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times, focusing on a single country allows them to go more in depth in their investigation, and Australia is their area of expertise: so their sources and examples are always Australian. Beyond this understandable degree of self-reference, in my opinion, the authors have needlessly made the book hard to sell to foreign countries.Their subject matter could easily be interesting to readers in the Western countries who are going through similar workplace developments, but the continuous referrals to Australian cities and companies are distracting. It is obvious in certain passages how the authors have Australia, and Australia only, on their minds. It wouldn't be different in any other country's factories, but foreign readers would have to make that link on their own. There are instances in which "Better than Sex" mentions facts, people or companies which readers from many countries, including Italy, would not be familiar with. However annoyingly, these instances could be easily explained in simple footnotes, and are not essential to the contents of the book.After all, American children have enjoyed reading "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" for decades without knowing exactly what Turkish delight is. There is no doubt about the existence of a market segment in Italy, similar to that of Australian "Better than Sex" target readers, made up of 30-to-45-year-old professionals who are dedicated to their work and identify with their careers.They are the ones reading Capital (a monthly magazine about the lives and lifestyle of successful managers) and business management manuals, of which a new series, e.g., has been launched by the "La Repubblica" newspaper in the first quarter of 2006 List of volume titles and information retrieved on April 25th from: Diamanti, I., October 2004, "Un posto per sempre", Lapolis working paper, retrieved on April 19th 2006 from: - over half of Italians think the ideal job should be a source of self-expression and relations;- 54% would prefer working autonomously, for reasons of personal satisfaction and income;- since 2000 the social importance of work, and time dedicated to it, have increased. Australia's unemployment rate is today only slightly lower than Italy's (5,2%, 2005 estimate, ranking 48th best in the world, against 7,9%, and 75th rank Rank Order - Unemployment rate, table in the CIA World Factbook website, retrieved on May 7th 2006 from: Dennis, R., July 2003, "The double dividend", retrieved on May 7th 2006 from: and Bertola, G. and Garibaldi, P., November 2002, "The Structure and History of Italian Unemployment", preliminary paper retrieved on May 7th from: However, Italy's situation remains worse and more stagnant than Australia's, and generally there might be a more negative attitude towards the work environment, including careerism. Recently published titles about the employment situation include: 2005, "Andrea Bajani, Cordiali saluti", title description in Einaudi's website (the book's publisher), retrieved on May 1st 2006 from: At Australia's stand at the London Book Fair in 2006, a diagram of participating exhibitors gave an overview of the genres within which each one works. Random House Australia was associated with "Biogs and autobiogs", "Adult fiction", "Children's books", "Mind, body and spirit" and

in reading skills development children's first approach to written language occurs through phonics teaching, children being exposed to written words and to their pronunciations. The identification of grapheme-phoneme relations seems to be the main strategy as far as writing is concerned, while global strategy, which involves the recognition of words as a whole without paying attention to letters, does not play any role in the acquisition of spelling (Goswami and Bryant, 1990). An additional strategy is the teaching of spelling rules, especially for those words which are an exception in the regular orthography of the language (e.g. homophones, digraphs, graphic accents and apostrophes). The main problem with these words is that learners cannot rely on their knowledge of the phonetics of the language. The spelling in these cases is mainly based on grammatical concepts (e.g. word classes), which children of this age can only difficultly cope with. The teacher usually tackles these issues through rhymes, short stories and songs, which convey the rules in a playful and relaxed atmosphere. Another effective practice in this stage of acquisition of basic written competence is the dictation, since it is expressively focused on testing spelling abilities in a more formal way and it allows children to have a positive or negative feedback on their use of written language. It is important to underline that reading and writing are integrated practices, which "develop together and support each other" (Goodman, 1986: 47). In the first phases of autonomous writing, children rely on stories they have already heard or read in class and they try to relate them to their own personal experience. Children's written language at this stage has the form of short sentences and the text often lacks in cohesion. However, through regular reading and writing practices, children gradually improve their skills in terms of fluency, syntax and lexical complexity. They acquire the notions of textual coherence and cohesion. Moreover, they gradually build up background knowledge through the identification of different structures of texts according to different genres ('formal schemata'). In this section I would like to draw the attention to the additional disciplines scheduled within the National Curriculum, namely 'physical education', 'education to sound and music' and 'education to images'. Psychological and physical factors are very important for the learning process of children and 'physical education' can play an important role in the development of coordination, spatial and temporal organization skills, control of posture, good attention and concentration abilities, etc. These are fundamental prerequisites for the normal acquisition of reading and writing skills (Massenz, 2004). Moreover, the practice of gymnastic and other recreational activities in groups helps children to reinforce friendship relations amongst schoolmates and develop social qualities such as collaboration, cooperation, responsibility, self-control, self-discipline and leadership. 'Education to sound and music' is also very important in schools and it can be more than just a source of enjoyment and pleasure. Many studies have focused on the relations between music and language development. In particular, music can help to control the instruments of speech, making the voice more modulated, varied and expressive; it can be

has common functions which allow users to use a consistent interface. It allows emails to be viewed using HTML. Emails can also be managed locally rather than via a host such as Hotmail. Alternative software does not receive enough advertising to make people switch - even though many are more secure. Email viruses will find ways of spreading around using new techniques. Updating one's anti-virus software would be a good way of protecting your computer. Being cautious with emails received is another. You never know who is out there! The books explaining the functioning of the internet are numerous, and so were the web sites. However, I had to find the particular paragraphs that explained the use of the telephone systems for communication and most sources went into generalist information and explained more how topologies and protocols were implemented. Finding information about email virus and Outlook Express was easier being a concern in today's Internet society. A longer report would have given more technical details, but I tried to include the most important points. Being generally curious about the way things work and an avid Internet user, it was a pleasure to complement the background knowledge I had, and I plan to read on more. I used many websites and books for references and had to filter which information would be useful for the reports. But the final references were those which had the most relevant and coherent information.

Orchids belong to the family of Orchidaceae. It is a unique group of plants that have over 800 genera and over 25000 species. There are two types of growth in Orchidaceae family; monopodial and sympodial. The stems are characterised by having one or more swollen internodes called pseudobulb. There are five characteristics that distinguish orchids in the plant kingdom. The orchid flowers are irregular, characterised by having bilateral symmetry. Each flower can be cut only in one plane dividing into two equal pieces. b) The pollen grains. Pollen grains form a pack called pollinia. Column. The pistil and the anther have been fused forming a unit called column. Inside the column there is a canal that starts from the stigmatic surface and ends to the ovary. Rostellum. Its position is between the anther cap and the stigmatic surface. The rostellum has two special roles. First of all, it separates the male and the female parts of the flower in order to prevent self-pollination. Secondly, it is a gland, excreting a sticky substance on the back of any insect that comes into contact with it. As the insect tries to reach the base of the flower so as to take the nectar, its back rubs the rostellum, and a sticky substance is applied to it. As insect abandons the flower, the sticky substance comes in contact with pollinia, and the insect takes them to the next flower that visits, ensuring cross-pollination. Seeds. Orchid flowers produce great amount of seeds. One seed may contain from 500,000 to 1 million seeds. They lack of endosperm and as a result they are unable to germinate in the wild without the aid of a fungus. The most commonly known that are used for cut flowers are: There are three types of propagation: Most monopodial orchids (Vanda) are propagated by tip cuttings. Some others monopodial or sympodial can be propagated by offsets that produce (Dendrobium). Other by flower stalks cuttings (Phalaenopsis). The second way of propagation is by division of the parent clump. The rhizome is cut and the two sections are two different plants. The final method of propagation is mericloning. It is a method where in one year can be produced one million plants from pre plant. The main advantages are uniformity of flowering and the fact that are identical to parental plants. The most important is osmunda fiber that exists in two types. The first is the soft light brown and the second dark brown. Osmunda comes from the roots of osmunda ferns. It lasts approximately 2-4 years and contains 2-3% of nitrogen. The second media is tree ferns. The fiber comes from the stems of tree ferns and lasts 5-7 years. The last media are barks that are by-products of lumber industry. They contain little nitrogen and last 3-4 years. The fact that they are decomposed from many microorganisms affects nitrogen concentration, because it is obtained by them and not by plants. The most important factor in having a satisfactory production is water quality. All the plants have to be watered with the same

they could never change the 'enormously important genetic causes of low intelligence'. (Fancher, 1985) Jensen claimed that ethnic minorities have lower intelligence ability, so black children would benefit more from a fair appraisal of their intelligence and should not have optimistic wishes for their future, (Fancher, 1985). A study using mid-twin, mid-parent analysis seems to support Jensen's claim, by showing that some aspects of cognitive ability lay the foundation for later cognitive functioning, (Benson et al 1993). These results may be useful for society and the government as they indicate from an early age which children are most likely to achieve little or no qualifications, become teen mothers or criminals, and are more venerable to depression (Feinstein and Bynner, 2004). These studies highlight the role genetics plays in intelligence tests. This is really interesting research form society's perspective, yet it does not benefit the individual child with a low intelligence score because this child can not change the genetic component of their intelligence. From a governmental perspective it would be worthwhile to test intelligence to see which are the most vulnerable areas in society, yet ultimately if genetics was the only factor involved the test results would be useless to the individual. Luckily it appears that intelligence scores are not only determined by genetics and environmental factors play a role too. A longitudinal study conducted on children in Dunedin showed that 10 per cent of children had changes in the intelligence score of up to 15 points over a two year period. 13 per cent of children had major changes in scores over longer periods, (Bee, 2000). Intelligence tests are worthwhile if the results they produce can be improved upon. A child's intelligence is certainly influenced by their genes, but this has been shown to account for 50 per cent of intelligence test score variation. The child is also influenced by peers, friends and family in their immediate community, through to the influences of the wider environment, (Siegler et al, 2003). The 'Head Start' programs designed to help children with lower intelligence levels seem to show that intervention programs do work, so in contrast to Jensen's stance intelligence levels can be altered. Operation 'Head Start' was introduced in the USA when black and white integration took place, to help alleviate the levels of poverty facing children from minority backgrounds, (Fancher, 1985). Lee et al (1988), conducted a longitudinal study into the effectiveness of 'Head start' and concluded that children did make significant cognitive improvements, the researchers suggested the reason these children may not have caught up completely with the intelligence levels of their peers was due to the selection process of the program and the short amount of time children were enrolled, and not the child's genetic predestination to a lower intelligence level. The average four and a half year old child, who sends four hours, five days a week at an intervention program, is there for 120 hours. However, this is actually only four per cent of their total waking time since they were born, (Howe, 1998). Despite the results of

the chart above. They are: after the 'team leader training', after the 'pilot' phase, after all the remaining groups have been trained, and one month into operation. It is suggested that Gantt charts are used as a tool for planning, monitoring and reporting progress. Review meetings should include the Project Manager and the Project Team. Other relevant representatives should be invited to the review meetings at different stages of the project, for e.g. trade union representatives. It is suggested that the review meetings are held once every three weeks. This is considered most appropriate as it is frequent enough in relation to the project duration; allowing the project to be sufficiently monitored and controlled. However discretion should be given to the Project Manager in deciding when to call for meetings whenever deemed necessary. The following should be identified: Actual activity performance compared with the original plan Percentage of activities completed within planned duration Estimated project/activity completion date and remaining duration of tasks Estimated project/activity overrun Review of the subsequent work package(s) should be done at the meeting prior to the planned start date of the particular work package(s). Specific performance indicators could be identified by the manager of each work package subject to agreement of Project Manager. For example, The Project Manager will be responsible to communicate the outcome of the review meetings to the Steering Committee. Each manager on the Project Team should relay information to their staff who are directly involved in the project. Information of progress must be updated regularly to those involved in the project through the use of: Mailing lists; by sending weekly updates Noticeboards; as reminders for everyone involved in the project Costs that are directly related to the project; i.e. the cost of overtime working and the cost of developing and installing the special software. Commitment i.e. the training experts to be contracted for the project. Earned value i.e. the value of work completed Recognition of overtime cost should be made monthly. Recognition of costs regarding software development and installation is to be made at the end of each stage respectively. Commitment regarding the specialist training contract is generated as soon as the first phase of training begins. Earned value is recognised equivalent to the budget cost when the cost is incurred. Generally only costs that are directly related to the project will be of concern. Specifically, expenses to be incurred in carrying out training e.g. materials etc. should be identified as training costs and hence booked to the project. Any expenses that are incurred to execute the particular tasks that are involved in software development and installation should be identified as 'software' costs. Overhead costs are to be absorbed within the company's overhead cost. A work-based system is recommended for the budget system. It should not be required to be broken down into time periods as it is deemed that the cost of implementing so is greater than the extensiveness of the project. It is proposed that further complexity should not be added since the project time scale is relatively short. A fixed type

imbalances in this region (Terada 2003, 255). On the other hand, the expansion of NAFTA to Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) integrating Western Hemisphere into an 800 million person marketplace and increasingly widening EU's deepening integration also stimulated the regional grouping in East Asia. Needless to say, however, the most powerful impetus toward the establishment of ASEAN+3 was the lesson of financial crisis in late 1990s. The experience of the collapse of macroeconomic stability and skyrocketing unemployment provoked by the IMF's conditionality for providing bail-out money, brought about the disillusionment of the necessity of institutionalization of intra-regional monetary cooperation. It is worthwhile to remind the fact that the description of financial crisis as a 'colonial rule by IMF' was appeared in this region. This response after the crisis increased the explanatory utility of neo-functionalism rather than the constructivism mainly focused on 'Asian Identity'. Instead, after the crisis, market-led economic reform was prevalent and the influx of foreign capital was dramatically enhanced including short-term portfolio investment in this region. The most striking response to external shock which East Asian governments experienced during the crisis was the currency swap and repurchase agreements entitled the 'Chiang Mai Initiative' in 2000. At the same time when they begin to get out of deep economic recession, the Finance Ministers Meeting in Chiang Mai launched new financial mechanisms to prevent a currency crisis caused by the temporary depletion of foreign exchange. The Chiang Mai Initiative dramatically enlarged the size of currency swap committed by existing agreements among five ASEAN members. As a result of bilateral swap arrangement to embody the Chiang Mai Initiative from 2001 to 2003, Japan's one-way based currency pledged reached US$ 12 billion (unlike the two-way swap with China). This is ten times as big as that of the maximum amount of currency which five members of ASEAN arranged in 1977 (ASEAN swap arrangements increased to US$1 billion in 2000). This arrangement was just activated in case of Indonesia in 1979, Malaysia and Thailand in 1980, the Philippines in 1981 and 1982. Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia In spite of the failure of the AMF initiative, Japan has also announced to provide US$ 30 billion through 'New Miyazawa Initiative' in October 1998. When it consider this, Japan's contribution increased to US$19.5 (Moonal. 144) However, it is clear that the Chiang Mai Initiative is not a solution to prevent financial crisis by East Asian countries' own effort. According to the agreement on currency swap, the 90 per cent of bilateral swap currency is linked the IMF facilities. The swap amount that can be provided without the consultation with the IMF is only 10 percent of pledged amount of currency. Above all, the Chiang Mai Initiative is based on bilateral approach, not on multilateral arrangement. Despite the debate over the amount of currency pledged and the autonomy secured from the U.S.-dominated IMF, it is worth noting the implication as a first step for the institutionalization of economic cooperation in this region. Actually, it triggered the subsequent monetary cooperation in this region. The Asian Bond

on them. MRP system requires high skilled computer professionals, certain database and integrated computer network. Meanwhile, demand management and supply management require raw material department and production department integrate completely. According to the analysis above, it is easy to draw a force field diagram showed as follow. We can see that the balance of driving forces and restraining forces is 20:20 which means high risk to fail the project. So, we need some solutions to redraw the balance of forces. There are different kinds of restraining forces, accordingly we have different solutions. We can demonstrate company's policy for employees to remove the scared feeling of no job. In fact, it is unnecessary to lay off anybody, although we do not need 200 peoples in machine shop. Because the people who would be seek out from machine shop will be ones who have an excellent performance in production, they will be members of new project teams, in which they are responsible for converting the process layout to cell layout as well as apply the six sigma quality improvement project as black belt and green belt. Indeed, the change of layout will provide new opportunities for everyone to promote. With the guarantee that no one lose job, it is feasible to remove the fear of unemployment. So, the score of this problem can reduce to 0. With the reduction of number of workers in a cell and growth of responsibility for multi-function machines, workload will definitely increase, although cell layout can decrease the movement of material and staffs. It is impossible to remove the dissatisfaction for increase of workload, but it is possible to fall the dissatisfaction. For example, increase the salary, bonus and holiday based on job environment; show them the change is necessary for business survival for holding their job. The score of this problem may reduce to 3 It is undoubted that training is the best choice for solving this problem. Employees should get adequate training course to learn specification of machines and correct operations. The training also can help workers to know how to communicate efficiently which is vital in teamwork. Then, the score reduce to 1 There are two solutions. As for heavy, expensive and unusually used equipment, we can seek in second-hand market, or buy from some companies which have bankrupted. The second solution is that we can apply government's grant and loans of low interest rate as a result of UK government's manufacturing strategy in which it offers a large sum of fund to help SME's to develop theirs career. The score can reduce to 2 Dismissal as a short-term method is a good way to solve this problem. However, this method may hurt and has a bad influence on other employees' morale. Building company's culture is a long-term method in which workers will be proud as members of Sun Company through a series of honour education. The score will keep 1. It is very hard to reduce or remove the score of this problem. We can look for some consultant and IT companies to help us

other hand, the overall weaknesses of a divisional structure are related to its long lines of communication and decision making, and the duplication of activities and resources, as two units may have a training office each, increasing the organization's costs. Conflict may occur in a divisional structure model, since there is little incentive for cooperation. That was clear the case with ISNAR, as MTPs rarely worked together in the same project. As a divisional structure, ISNAR adopted a decentralized approach. Decentralized structures have several advantages on a hierarchy model, as vertical layers (typical on hierarchy structures) tend to have high management costs, limited accountability, low productivity of managerial work, and misunderstandings that occur due to poor communication (Bauer, 2002). Internal communication was generally poor in ISNAR, as the organization did not have a culture of sharing information. More on this topic will be addressed in the coming section. As indicated by Robbins (1990), organizations have personalities and those personalities are called organizational cultures. The author also suggests that organizational culture The common understanding of what the organization is and how employees should behaviour are related to dominant values, the philosophy of the organization, basic assumptions and beliefs of members of the organization. In Figure 3, Cole (2004) illustrates important interrelationships between the organization and internal/external forces. Cole (2004) notes that the founders or their successors define the purpose and the goals of the organization based on the kind of culture they want to see. The culture of ISNAR was indeed defined by its founders and their ideologies, and also by its initial employees' views. Robbins (1990:545) argues that organizational culture can change, as it may be appropriate for certain time and conditions, as culture is influenced by several external factors, shown in Figure 3. This was the case of ISNAR, where the structure of the organization changed from a centralized to a decentralized approach, from a hierarchical to a more flexible approach, reflecting in its culture. The process of culture changing was observed by the staff when the organization's new road map was launched, in 2001. The new culture demanded ISNAR's employee to focus on projects supporting the new paradigm of innovation systems (changing tasks), work closely in partnership with other projects/professionals from the organization, and communicate directly to the middle and top management. New categories of performance evaluation were included, due to a cultural change, such as number of publications and fund raising abilities. However culture cannot be precisely defined but rather perceived (Handy, 1993:191) cited by Cole (2004:105), there are some key aspects of organizational culture, identified by the author, that are significant, as presented in Figure 4. Supporting the ideas of Handy, Robbins (1990:439) found that culture implies the existence of certain dimensions of characteristics that are closely associated and independent. Those key cultural characteristics are presented in Figure 5, with samples of those characteristics linked to ISNAR's culture. The ISNAR organizational culture changed due to its political circumstances. Robbins (1990) identifies several situational factors for changing organizational cultural, among them are "dramatic crises" Staff participated in the last

each symbol is adjusted to distinguish more clearly between adjacent symbols, see Figure 2.3. When setting a power level to use for a QAM scheme, the average power is used. 16-QAM performs favourably compared with 16-PSK. In optimal noise conditions this scheme can provide a data rate 6 times faster than BPSK. Convolutional coding is one of many coding methods that add redundancy to a signal in order to make its transmission more reliable. The encoding process is often implemented as, and best visualised as, a shift register with taps taken off at some of the flip-flops. The bits from these taps are modulo-2 added to produce two encoded bit streams, grouped together as one symbol. The system model was tested with two convolutional codes: The latter is known as NASA convolutional code. The former is an arbitrary, simple code designed for this project. In each notation, the first number is the number of flip-flops that are in the shift register. The numbers in square brackets are octal representations of where the taps are placed along the shift register in order to produce the two output symbols. Taking the example 3, [7,5] gives the encoder shown in Figure 2.4. Note the octal number 7 is 111b in binary, and each tap is used to create the first symbol, C The octal number 5 is 101b, thus only the first and last taps are used to create the second symbol, C Both of the convolutional codes mentioned in the previous paragraph are called half-rate coding schemes. This describes the way that the encoder will take 1 input bit and create 2 output bits, as in Figure 2.4. There are other fraction-rate schemes, but half-rate is the most common. The Viterbi algorithm is most commonly used to decode signals that have undergone convolutional coding. The algorithm is complicated, but an outline of the process should suffice for comprehension of this report: The decoder waits for a predetermined number of symbols. Starting with the last received symbol, it employs a statistic process of estimating the previous symbols, known as a traceback. The process can be visualised most easily as a trellis, and is sometimes called a trellis decoder. Symbol errors can be overcome, because the decoder will decide that a different symbol was more likely. The Viterbi decoder will be the same for any convolutional code, it just needs the parameters of the code in use. The decoding process introduces a delay because the traceback outputs symbols in reverse order. Puncturing is a technique used to increase data rate at the expense of noise immunity, by removing a regular pattern of symbols just after convolutional coding is carried out. It is a method of fine tuning the data rate, to obtain maximum throughput from a given coding and modulation scheme, which might otherwise exhibit an unnecessary level of redundancy. Recalling that coding schemes can be desribed by a rate. The convolutional codes in this project are half-rate. Puncturing will alter the coding rate of the scheme as shown in equation 1. (1) For example, a

5.7 of the SPS Agreement. In other words Japan defended imposition of the SPS measure on grounds that scientists' views were divided on the matter at hand, but the Panel and The Appellate Body rejected this argument, pointing out that: first of all application of Art. 5.7 is justified by the insufficiency of scientific evidence rather than scientific uncertainty (the two are not to be regarded as interchangeable) and secondly- The use and scope of the precautionary principle are, as mentioned earlier, made more difficult by the fact that there is no one generally accepted definition, and those that exist are sometimes quite contradictory. E.g. in terms of measures protecting the state of the environment, Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Development and the Environment (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], in: Hathcock, 2000) sanctions a precautionary approach under condition that there is a threat of "serious irreversible damage" to the environment and in such a situation a "lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation". Contrary to obligations enclosed in Art. 5.7 of the SPS Agreement, Principle 15 does not necessarily imply provisional nature of the precautionary measure and there is requirement to generate evidence to justify it (Hathcock, 2000). The European Union managed to combine both definitions in its 2000 Communication on the Precautionary Principle regarding food safety issues. (Schmidt, Bates, Archer, Schneider,2003). It should be mentioned that they are addressed as well in the context of the precautionray principle in The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety which is an international agreement - supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This regulatory act integrates the precautionary principle with reference to the arising much controversy (Saunders, 2000) living modified organisms (broadly equivalent to genetically modified organisms), used as food or as seeds for environmental release. Article 10.6 and 11.8, state "Lack of scientific certainty due to insufficient relevant scientific information and knowledge regarding the extent of the potential adverse effects of an LMO on biodiversity, taking into account risks to human health, shall not prevent a Party of import from taking a decision, as appropriate, with regard to the import of the LMO in question, in order to avoid or minimize such potential adverse effects." Evident reference to Principle 15 can be noticed. The said Protocol is an important source of information on possible applications of the precautionary principle, and as it may be strongly predicted that genetic engineering will see significant progress made in the future, it is the more significant to be able to take certain precautions within the legal frames, so as not to let potential negative consequences of this new technology occur. Precautionary principle is an issue of great relevance in the modern world. Reflected in Article 5.7 of the SPS Agreement, it still lacks generally accepted definition which makes it open for extensive interpretation, that in the WTO framework is carried out by the Dispute Settlement Bodies. Although scientific research is constantly conducted in all areas of human activity, including production of food and agricultural

build her own future, 'j'avais trouv Cardinal is criticising a society that forces women into a stereotype and then condemns them if they do not conform. She underlines the injustices in the patriarchal society, showing women that this is often the root of their unhappiness. Marie Cardinal, As above p. 121 As above p. 122 As above p. 220 Cardinal also raises the issue of class, which triggered off the May 1968 riots, and shows how the bourgeois values perpetuate oppression of women and widen gender inequality. From a young age, the narrator was told that she could not play alone with the boys, nor invite the children of her servants into the house. 'Je savais tr Not only was she being forced in a specific gender role, she was also being forced into a specific role based on her class. Her mother indoctrinated her with the belief that, 'Les valuers bourgeoises The narrator's mother was very aware of what society would say, and forced her daughter into living out these conventions. The lack of affection for her daughter stemmed from the fact that the narrator was born in the middle of her parents divorce. She was not planned and her mother made it clear that she was not wanted. As abortion was illegal, not to mention extremely dangerous at that time, her mother had tried to abort the baby herself, but nothing had worked. 'Apr The relating of this story affected the narrator for the rest of her life, instilling in her a sense of unworthiness, of not being loved. Had society's expectations been different, her mother may never have been in that situation, nor felt the need to tell her daughter this harrowing story. As above p. 232 As above p. 136 At the end of the book, the narrator accepts that if she wants to play her part in society, she must care for her family, ' si je voulais jouer un r Jean-Pierre et les enfants' Yet the difference is that the narrator has chosen this role for herself. She is not forced into it, and she promises that she will not impose her upbringing onto her children, but leave them free to discover their own place in society. Possibly because these events took part before May 1968, there were not as many options open to women, and so the narrator chose this as the best of those options available. After May 1968, many more possibilities opened up to women. Cardinal highlights it is not necessary to have a husband and children to be a woman, despite that being what society dictates. The narrator suffered because 'je n'avais aucun r What she comes to realise is that the patriarchal view of women as the servant of men, the mother and carer of children is false. 'C' Moi, je savais ce que c' J'en Cardinal's message is that if you are a woman, that is what being a woman is. There are no roles to fill or moulds to conform to. Cardinal wishes to liberate women from the stereotype

Dubbed as Blair's political guru, Anthony Giddens has been the leading proponent of the Third Way. It has had a huge influence upon New Labour's political outlook and has informed the party's approach to the welfare state since it took power almost eight years ago. As such, it will be the Third Way as promulgated by Giddens and its implementation overseen by New Labour, which will provide the main focus of the analysis. The essay will first elucidate the meaning of the Third Way and then will endeavour to answer key questions about its nature; namely, are the values that underpin the Third Way distinct from the New Right or are they rooted in it? Are there any parallels between the Third Way's approach to welfare policy and New Liberalism's? Does the Third Way constitute a new and coherent philosophy for welfare policy or merely a collection of previously thought of ideas? Having outlined the arguments on both sides of the debate this paper shall argue that the Third Way is neither particularly new nor totally coherent and that it is more of a political project than a political philosophy. In "The Third Way and its Critics" Giddens outlines four key principles that shape the Third Way (2001, p.50-56). Firstly and most fundamentally, the Third Way rests on the belief that both globalization and Thatcherism have brought profound changes to both Britain's economic and sociological landscape. Economically, the opening up of markets to the global economy has meant that more than ever the well being of society is determined by the whim of global capital. Countries need to compete with one another to create as attractive environments as possible for footloose businesses and foreign investment, and as such the Keynesianism and tax and spend policies of yesteryear are redundant (Martell & Driver, 1998). Sociologically, deindustrialization, the declining power of the Trade Unions and the post-Fordist pressures for flexibility have weakened the old working class solidarities and thus weakened Labour's traditional electoral base. Thus, in order for social democrats to achieve political success, welfare policy can no longer reflect the sectional interests of the working class alone, but the whole community, and in order for social democrats to achieve economic prosperity and sustain the welfare state, markets have to be embraced. Secondly, the increased individualism and the attendant dangers of social anomie renders the old-style social democratic tendency to treat welfare rights as unconditional defunct. A new settlement based on the notion that there are "no rights with out responsibilities" (Giddens, 1998, p.62) should emerge, enabling the government to obtain consent from the public to fund the welfare state and achieve social cohesion. Whilst the state is obligated to equip the individual with the skills required to gain jobs, individuals should recognize their duties as citizens and find work Thirdly, tying in well with the second point the welfare state should primarily become a "social investment state" (Giddens, 1998, p.42). While the post-war welfare state was defined negatively, constructed around the passive notion of risk and of security, seeking to fight against want,

abnormal behaviours (Laule , 2003). Although animal welfare benefits are the priority, there are other notable positive outcomes of PRT. These include: improved reliability and quantity of data collection (McKinley , 2003) and positive experiences for zoo visitors, who see visible, interactive animals while learning the importance of low-stress animal husbandry (Savastano , 2003). Potential costs involved with PRT require exploration. Many researchers show that the initial cost in terms of time investment is recouped within a short period of time (Prescott and Buchanan-Smith, 2003; Reinhardt, 2003; Colahan and Breder, 2003). In addition, once the first behaviour is trained, animals respond quickly to subsequent training (Savastano , 2003). Potential animal welfare costs include physical problems from performing tasks too frequently. For example, excessive scent marking could lead to urinary tract infections in marmosets (Prescott and Buchanan-Smith, 2003). Moreover, scent marking has been associated with stress in marmosets (Bassett , 2003), highlighting the issue of rewarding a stress-related behaviour (McKinley Saliva samples may prove a viable alternative to urine samples in the future, which might solve such issues (McKinley Within laboratory environments, training should not be seen as a substitute for housing of a high standard and enriching environments, as this could compromise welfare (Scott There are also concerns around habituation (Prescott, pers. comm.). However, exposing primates to positive human interactions may increase welfare, especially when frequent human contact is necessary (Bassett , 2003). O'Sullivan (1999) explores the issue of training in relation to re-introductions. In this context, PRT can have both positive and negative effects on an animal's behavioural repertoire. Increased human contact results in animals losing their fear of humans, which could be dangerous in a post-release environment (O'Sullivan, 1999). However, training can be used to teach skills and appropriate reactions necessary for survival in the wild (O'Sullivan, 1999). Institutions embarking on PRT programmes must plan to equip keepers with the necessary skills (Colahan and Breder, 2003). Consistency is important; otherwise the wrong behaviours can be accidentally reinforced (Prescott, pers. comm.). Changes in behaviour can occur outside of training (Prescott, pers. comm.). Schapiro (2003) demonstrated that training altered the overall behavioural repertoire of the low affiliators in their macaque study, which was a positive outcome as affiliation has been linked to psychological well being (Schapiro , 2001). The chimpanzee trained to station during feeding (Bloomsmith , 1994) retained normal levels of aggression and dominance outside the training sessions (Bloomsmith , 1994), so that the overall hierarchy of the group was not disrupted. These examples illustrate the importance of quantitative data to ensure that training objectives are carefully monitored and ultimately met. This essay has outlined the various ways in which PRT techniques can play a valuable role in the care and management of primates in captivity. Recent attempts to quantify its value in terms of time-investment and its successfulness have helped to clarify this. As demonstrated, some of the more complex potential costs are yet to be properly assessed and the advantages and disadvantages involved deserve more extensive and scientific exploration (Prescott and Buchanan-Smith, 2003). These may vary between species and

The impact of depreciation in real exchange on trade balance has been a long standing debate in policy circles. Proponents of the international monetarist approach argue that real devaluation of currency raises the price of traded good relative to non-traded goods leading to fewer imports while, Proponents of the absorption approach such as (Alexander 1952) argue that "devaluation may change terms of trade, increase production, and switch production from foreign to domestic goods, thus improving the trade balance" (Bahmani-Oskooee 1984). Channels through which devaluation can negatively affect the trade balance are discussed in (Katseli 1983). Empirical evidence is mixed: (Bahmani-Oskooee 1989) finds the long-term effect of devaluation to be negative in the case of India, Greece, and Korea; and positive in the case of Thailand. The U.S. trade balance deteriorated in 1972 after a devaluation of the dollar in 1971. (Upadgyaya, Dhakal 1997) find that though devaluation improved trade balance for Colombia, Mexico and Thailand, the effect was statistically significant only for Mexico. For Cyprus, Greece and Morocco, devaluation had a statistically significant negative effect on trade balance. (Himarios Jan 1989), in his extensive study, finds a positive effect of devaluation on trade balance in over 80% of the cases studied. He also finds a J-curve J-curve: Immediately following a devaluation trade balance deteriorates but improves in the long-run. (Krueger 1983) explains short-term deterioration in trade balance as being caused by domination of current account by goods already in transit, existing contracts and the like. (Junz, Rodolf 1973) attribute lagged improved of trade balance in response to devaluation of real exchange rate to five factors - Their empirical evidence supports lags of up to five years. This study focuses on India. India's closed economy approach precipitated a macroeconomic crisis in 1991 which led a paradigm shift in macro-policies. Pre-1991, India followed a largely socialist approach involving restrictions on industry, international trade, currency movements, financial and banking sector and private enterprise. Growth in the 1980s was fuelled largely by expansionary fiscal policies resulting in a balance of payments crisis in 1991. Following the crisis, India undertook a complete overhaul of its macroeconomic policies along more liberal and capitalist lines. The economy was opened up, freer trade was allowed, the over-valued exchange rate was allowed to depreciate both in nominal and real terms, policies to improve public finance were implemented, and fetters to the operation of private enterprise were slowly removed. In short, India's economy faced a radically different set of policies which led to improved economic performance - increased GDP growth rate to over 6%, increased capital formation, higher savings, etc. As a consequence of the change in policies, In this paper, we shall focus on the long-run relationship between trade and real exchange rate and proceed as follows: Section II will present the econometric model and data description. Section III contains the econometric procedures carried out, summary of results, explanation of the process and econometric interpretation of the results were relevant. Section IV presents the econometric results of Section III in a cohesive fashion and links them to the economic theory discussed

This is an example of A An A The reaction between an unknown phenol A and an acid / acyl chloride (benzoyl chloride) was investigated in this experiment, in order to identify the unknown phenol A from the melting point of the crystalline derivative produced. Here is the mechanism diagram: 1.0g unknown phenol (brown solution) in 10ml 2M NaOH The solution turned to dark orange brown, looks similar to iodine solution, after NaOH addition. In a fume cupboard, 2ml C The solution turned from dark orange brown into red orange. White / pale yellow precipitates formed. Meanwhile, the boiling tube became warm, which indicated this is an exothermic reaction. All crude product was filtered off using a buchner funnel at water pump Any lumps were crushed and washed well with distilled H crude product was collected and weighed Crude product was recrystallised with minimum hot C Left to dry. Solid was dissolved in ice cold C Purified solid was removed from mother liquor at pump and dried. Purified solid was placed into a labelled specimen bottle and dried in desiccator over fresh anhydrous CaCl Either end of 3 glass tubes were sealed using a Bunsen burner Trace amount of purified solid was tapped down into the tubes Tubes then were placed into the 3 holes of a melting point thermometer. Switched on. The purified solid in tubes were observed down the magnifying glass installed. The melting point was noted from the thermometer attached once the purified solid started to melt. Percentage Yield The average melting point of unknown phenol A is calculated as This slightly higher value, difference of 3 This is due to some sources of errors: The main source of error is probably transfers of chemicals e.g. at the beginning, 1.0g unknown phenol was first transferred from the bottle to a weighing boat to be weighed, then to the boiling tube. Collecting all possible crystalline product from the filter paper after filtration is always hard. A spatula is suggested to scrap off all product, this however increases the amount of impurities (filter paper material). Thus the melting point of phenol A is affected. For measuring melting point of phenol A, triplicate glass tubes of purified solid were prepared, which increases reliability of results. A melting point thermometer was used to measure melting point, which is heavily dependent on the experimenter's judgement. It could result delay in noting melting points of the three samples while reading off from the thermometer manually. It is possible to also use an Electrothermal - electronic melting point thermometer, thus to compare two sets of values obtained from both thermometers. This surely increases the validity of the results. Vigorous shaking and mixing of unknown phenol, NaOH This enables a more efficient and controlled step. It is good laboratory practice to have rinsed the apparatus e.g. glass rod and edge of the funnel with minimum C Accurate apparatus is used e.g. 50cm The percentage yield is calculated as 44.3%, which shows a relatively low yield of crystalline. In other words, a relatively low efficiency in preparation, which

by implication only (the In Fred's response by showing he has the legal right to make the request (line14) he appears to feel free to commit a variety of FTA's. In lines 9 to 11 the writer is flouting the maxim of quality. Because the possibilities given are so implausible, the evidence is that he probably does not believe this is the case. Thus the Through our background knowledge or Because the writer does not say this directly it is defined as According to Searle's speech acts (cited in Cutting, 2002), lines 9 to 11 are 'indirect' speech acts. The function of Questioning is, it seems, intended as an accusation of incompetence. Perhaps the interrogative form is being used here as the statement form would be a direct accusation. Not only could an accusation be libellous, but it would also fail to convey the deliberate flouting of the Lines 7i. to 9 are The perlocutionary force or effect on the reader would be to understand they are being blamed. Even though the maxim of quality is flouted with 'good'; using a positive adjective with a negative meaning is sarcasm, the purpose of which might be to ridicule/ embarrass/express contempt. Line 8 can also be termed an: Line 12i. is by its very nature an Although no maxims seem to be obviously flouted in line 15, by referring to the implicature already generated in the letter (incompetence), the writer effects sarcasm with lexis ('usual procedures') normally used to imply efficiency. Overall, there are 9 FTA's, 4 of which are This could suggest: great social distance or very little (as in a family fight); and that the power relations are heavily imbalanced. As this correspondence is only the 2 This is probably attributable to the added protection and right afforded Fred by the law. In contrast, text B contains 1 main, 'painful' positive-face threatening act, but also many politeness strategies. Patricia judges the risk of her FTA to be so 'weighty', that she must begin with (line 3) a positive politeness strategy: "I'm sorry". According to Leech's maxims (1983) this could be viewed as a "The Modesty Maxim [is exemplified intrinsically in] apologies". (ibid p132) Another expression which realises this goal is: "I'm afraid' (line 3i). Both phrases are formulaic which brings into question whether Patricia really means it. According to Searle a sincerity condition for an apology is that the speaker "should truly regret it" (cited in Brown and Levinson, 1987). However Cameron (2001) suggests that if the recipient takes it as a real apology it is irrelevant whether it is sincere or not. Additionally we cannot really know the true meaning as we can only assume Patricia's intentions based on the context. (Leech, 1983) Distancing theory, first proposed within psychology, states that the bearer of bad news will in some way distance themselves from the recipient. In replies to job applicants this manifests as "more words before the rejection and fewer words before an acceptance." (Ahmed and Bigelow). With text B this is not the case, perhaps because Patricia sees a need

The function of the Chorus of Time is not only important to highlight the contrast, but also the structural similarities. Schanzer argues that "by his gesture of turning the hour-glass Time...creates in us a feeling of repetition" His point that "both parts of the hour-glass look alike" is a valid and significant one. Each half of the hour-glass is a mirror image of the other. In many respects, so is each half of the play. Therefore in answer to those critics such as Panofsky who believe that "the figure of Father Time is used as a mere device to indicate the lapse of months, years or centuries" Ernest Schanzer, E. Panofsky, It is easy to underestimate the importance of time, as it has a more subtle presence in narrative than, for example, the plot or central characters. Nonetheless, after a close analysis of a text it is clear that its use of time is fundamental to its interpretation. After all, every writer or dramatist uses time, whether they intend to or not. I think Johnson had a valuable point when he said "Time is, of all modes of existence, most obsequious to the imagination: a lapse of years is as easily conceived as a passage of hours" This is a fact that is fundamental to story-telling, for we need to believe and accept the time scheme of the narrative before the story can be told. cited in Howard Felperin,

There is a consensus amongst nursing theorists and researchers that caring is the central and unifying core of nursing (Crowden, 1994; Scott,al. 1995; Bassett, 2002), yet paradoxically caring is itself an inherently difficult and elusive concept not only to define and conceptualize, (Webb, 1996) but also to assess (Morse,al. 1991; McCance,al. 1997). As such, formal definitions of what constitutes quality care are numerous (Peters, 1991) as are the approaches and methods used to assess and measure quality of patient care (Harvey, 1991; Beck, 1999). For example, whilst some nurse researchers only favour single-strategy methods, such as qualitative explorations of caregivers' interpretations and/or perceptions of care (Valentine, 1991) or quantitative examinations of caring behaviour through the use of psychometric instruments (Larson and Ferketich, 1993), an increasing number of health care researchers are now integrating both quantitative and qualitative methods via multi-strategy research (Shih, 1998; Barbour, 1999) despite the overt epistemological concerns that these paradigms represent mutually exclusive ideal types (Winchester, 1996; Oakley, 1998; Clarke, 1998). The current discussion will attempt to provide a critical discussion of the virtues and drawbacks of single- and multi-strategy research within the context of nursing by comparing the following articles: 'The delivery of quality nursing care: a grounded theory study of the nurse's perspective' in the journal of advanced nursing (volume 27, number 1) by Anne, M. Williams (1998) and 'Integrating quantitative and qualitative methodologies for the assessment of health care systems: emergency medicine in post-conflict Serbia' by Brett, D. Nelson and colleagues (2005) from the BMC health services research (volume 5, number 14). Emphasis will also be placed on discussing the epistemological and methodological complexities involved in multi-strategy enterprises, and ascertaining the appropriateness of the researchers choice of methodologies in relation to their specific research aims and objectives. Whilst both Williams' (1998) and Nelson et al's (2005) work stresses the importance of obtaining user views of health care, the underlying research questions and the manner in which the research is conducted, differ immensely. According to Patton (2001), this difference in the choice of methodologies is very much shaped by the specific nature of the researchers enquiry. For example, Williams adopts a single-strategy qualitative research design to explore nurses' perceptions of what constitutes caring behaviour and to identify factors that facilitate or hinder the delivery of this type of care to patients. In this instance, the use of semi-structured interviews seems appropriate as it provides Williams with ample opportunity to explore and understand the caring phenomenon (Pretty et al 1995; Williams, 1998: 809). In addition, since the findings derived from qualitative analyses are grounded in the nurses' real and lived experiences and perspectives (Jayaratine and Stewart, 1991; Oakley, 1998) coupled with their feelings, opinions and values of caring and/or nursing (Avis,al. 1997; Coyle, 1997), Williams' study can directly contribute to efforts aimed at improving and maintaining quality nursing care (Department of Health, 1997; Williams, 1998: 809). Despite this however, a number of researchers warn against the use of single-strategy methods in the context of health system assessments on the grounds that they cannot adequately expose or elucidate the

Selecting the 'SUBMIT SCORES' button submits all of the summarised information to the competition database stored on the MasterScorer. On successfully submitting the scores, a dialog box informing the user appears. Depending on the configuration of the MasterScorer, the results will appear almost instantly on the main scoreboard. Alternatively, the results can be queued and displayed in a timely and organised manner. The satellite scoreboard can also display the results instantly, if required. Alternatively, the user can choose the change the start value, deductions and hence the final score or even change the competitor. Stage 6 - Shut down Users of the judging station software can exit the program at any time, by clicking the exit button located on the lower right of the screen. This will ensure the correct shutdown procedure is followed The Master Scorer PC generates competition results in CSV format as shown in Figure 2-13. The results can be ordered by the final score or by the competitor number and subsequently saved and printed. Alternatively, using the CSV to HTML program converts the CSV results file into a HTML page with a table of results that can be uploaded to the WMAGA website. The program uses a FileOutputStream to create a new HTML file to store the results. A PrintStream is used to write the data inside HTML tags. The output file is shown in Figure 2-14. The main body of the CSV to HTML program is as follows: To upload the HTML files to the WMAGA web-server a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) program was written. File Transfer Protocol is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to another. Transferring files from one computer to another is one of the most common tasks used in a networking or internetworking environment. Although transferring files from one system to another seems simple and straightforward, some problems must be dealt with first. For example, two systems may have different ways to represent text and data. Two systems have different directory structures. All of these problems have been solved by FTP in a very simple and elegant approach. FTP differs from other client-server applications in that it establishes two connections between the hosts. One connection is used for data transfer, the other for control information (commands and responses). Separation of commands and data transfer makes FTP more efficient. The control connection uses very simple rules of communication. We need to transfer only a line of command or a line of response at a time. The data connection, on the other hand, needs more complex rules due to the variety of data types transferred. Figure 2-15 shows the basic model of FTP. The client has three components: the user interface, the client control process, and the client data transfer process. The server has two components: the server control process and the server data transfer process. The control connection is made between the control processes. The data connection is made between the data transfer process. The control connection remains connected during the entire interactive FTP session. The data

growing establishment in colonial society. Ib id., p.95 Henretta, James A. and Nobles, Gregory H., Such distinctions become important to the debate at hand when one considers that, at the same time, discriminations between black and white were taking shape. The very fact that a separate name, the 'negro', was given to black people from the outset (as the Census records) emphasises their difference in society, and other evidence confirms this distinction. For example, white female servants were rarely allowed to undertake fieldwork at this time, whereas black females were, something likely to explain the higher price paid for an African female servant. Similarly the language of horror and disgust used in contemporary pieces concerning the sexual union of black and white emphasises their innate separateness. For instance, a Virginia man was sentenced to whipping for "abusing himself to the dishonour of God and shame of Chrisitians, by defiling his body in lying with a Negro." It would appear then that at the This, in turn, means that racism can hardly have In doing so such concepts of difference and inferiority would need to have been in place well Jordan, '"The Mutual Causation" of Racism and Slavery', p.97. Such complex interactions have led some historians, namely Winthrop D. Jordan to take on the idea that racism and slavery were mutually causal, constantly acting upon one another to increase the general debasement of the African in American colonial society. Economic factors such as the need for a stable labour force may have played a role, but the demarcation of the African as slave rather than servant is evidence enough that some form of discrimination was essential in the emergence of this institution. If this prejudice was not in its totality caused by inherent racism, as I have argued, then a further factor must be brought into the debate. This I believe is the importance of race as a culturally and historically specific concept Berlin, Ira, Even from the earliest European migrations the concept of 'whiteness' was culturally loaded, containing far more than simply a notion of colour. Particularly for the English settlers, to be white meant also to be Christian and to be civilised, something that equated itself to freedom through common law. This explains why the English were capable of viewing other European settlers with disdain, and as holding a lower status, without reducing them to slaves. Africans represented the exact opposite of what it meant to be 'white' and also therefore what it meant to be deserving of freedom. Such opposition was not achieved simply through race in the traditional sense as meaning colour, but also through something historians have called the 'heathen condition'. This incorporated the ideas Europeans had picked up through historical experience of religious wars, that to be Christian was the norm and therefore to define anything outside as an 'other'. That the inauguration of slavery into colonial society is linked to religion ought hardly to be surprising given the extent to which European, particularly English, migration was the result of religious factors. As the importance of religion

(BE) (i.e., instrument independence to determine monetary policy) as part of a new monetary arrangement introduced in the UK As a consequence of this arrangement the BE has assumed the responsibility for setting interest rates to meet the Government's stated inflation target. In what follows, the framework addressed in Alesina and Summers (1993) is extended to analyse the possible effects of this reform on UK economic performance. The sample data was divided in three parts: 1955-88 (AS), 1989-96 (after AS and pre-reform) Figure 8 shows the negative effect on average and variance inflation obtained after the BE achieved economic independence in 1997. Worth highlighting is that the reduction in inflation was also important in the period 1989-96 compared to those values reported by AS for 1955-88, which suggest that 'conservative monetary policy' had been conducted by the BE before 1997. Here, again, empirical evidence of the effects of CB independence on economic performance seems not to be conclusive since other factors may affect the final outcome. For instance, jointly with being more independent the BE also instrumented an inflation targeting regime which may help in explaining the overall reduction in inflation. From Figures 9 and 10 one should note that considering neither the output growth rate nor the unemployment rate does UK economic performance seems to worsen. Furthermore, considering the mean and the variance of the output growth rate, the impact of the 1997 monetary reform seems to be highly favourable. This paper critically addressed the TCP that a policymaker may suffer when conducting monetary policy, defined as a situation where his optimal decision is not the same before and after the public set the expected inflation, even though the information set between periods remains equal. I explained that behind the TCP remains the assumption that an institutional setup exists which allows the policymaker to behave with discretion. In other words, the policymaker is able to optimise his objective function in each period. Since he faces a trade-off between unexpected inflation and output and the public knows such incentive, the latter sets the expected inflation at a level at which the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost that the government faces for generating inflation. Thus, the economy ends up in a suboptimal equilibrium with positive average inflation without any effect on output beyond the natural rate. How this suboptimal outcome could be improved was extensively addressed. First, the expected social loss under discretion was compared with that given by the 'optimal rule': a fully credible institutional framework which commits the government not to depart from the announced inflation rate while still allows it to manage monetary policy to reduce the effects of supply shocks. However, it was pointed out that such a framework could not be very useful in practice since it is difficult to anticipate the contingencies that an economy may suffer. Nowadays, delegating monetary policy to an independent CB tends to be one of the most popular ways in which modern States try to overcome the TCP, analytically based on the Rogoff (1985) contribution. With a particular insight to the

territories. Interestingly, European historians tend to present Ottoman decline solely from the perspective of the wars with Europe. Yet, while these external threats in the form of economic and military challenges were significant, they were merely immediate threats to the already declining empire and the Ottoman Empire's decline was more pronounced internally. It must be emphasized again that the interaction of external and internal factors contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire. However, while external factors merely played a complementary part to internal factors and supporting part in explaining the decline, internal factors dictate the origins and nature of the decline. The various internal factors will be examined in sub categories of societal, political, ideological, economic and military. To begin with, the foundational tenets that characterise the Ottoman society were upset by internal changes. The society was sustained by the "Circle of Equity" that referred to the circular relationship and interdependence between the various social classes and their functions within the state. Within that circular context, the two fundamental institutions of the Ottoman Empire were the slave and timar system. They defined the state's military and political order, taxation system and forms of land tenure, determining its whole social and political structure. The infiltration of the reaya into the askeri class through the acquisition of timars meant a loss of revenue, because they escaped their tax obligations. More importantly, this marked the blurring of boundaries between the two great social divisions. Furthermore, the growing complexity of provincial society made it more difficult for the sovereigns to control the peripheries of the domain. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire, p. 47 Lastly, population increases also led to more social unrest as peasants who had to vacate their lands due to lack of land, joined up with existing bandits from nomadic Anatolian tribes. They ravaged the countryside and defied political authority, contributing to a breakdown in law and order. This is illustrated in the state records from the second half of the 16 Linked to a disintegrating society, there was also a lack of political integration as the Ottoman Empire was a congeries of people with conflicting loyalties. Furthermore, in such an absolutist state, the personality and ability of the sultan was very crucial and the empire was unfortunately characterised by a deplorable succession of inept sultans. And nearly all the 17th century sultans came to the throne without having had any experience of government, Murad III (1574-95) was the last sultan to have had trained as a provincial governor and none of his successors had seen active service with the army before their accession. Hence, the political system was disintegrating from within, as bribery and corruption, coupled with oppression spread downwards through the administration system. Eric Jones (ed.), The European Miracle, Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, (Cambridge, 2003), p. 180 Jones (ed.), The European Miracle, p. 186 Following on, the Ottoman Empire also faced a financial crisis that aggravated the domestic situation. With the influx of cheap silver, mainly from Peru entering the Empire via Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and

be heavier, although both are more robust than those of an anatomically modern human. Evidence suggests that both the fossils of Neander and Kebara were adapted to the cold. The German fossil, in such close proximity to the glacier (fig 4), had developed a step further than the Israeli example, from the relatively warmer climate of the Middle East, reflected in his increased height. Due to the absence of the mid-face of both fossils, this paper has not discussed the possibility of the 'radiator theory' as proposed by Coon, however, it is considered a plausible explanation and should not be discounted. Gamble observed the fluctuations in climate during the last interglacial (OIS 5e) occurred within a single lifetime, suggesting hominid adaptation was less likely during the period 300kyr-60kyr BP (1999). During this particular sequence the climatic oscillations were relatively short but when compared with considerably longer periods during other sequences, the possibility should be reconsidered. The frequent oscillations in the oxygen isotope analysis of the Neanderthal period show a fluctuating climate of one extreme to another; temperatures fell dramatically over a fairly short period, and then rose to exceed the current climate. Neanderthal communities were likely to have adapted their subsistence strategies to survive, however, examination of their fossil remains provide evidence that nature intervened. The increased robusticity of the bones is evident in both the Eastern and Western fossils, although the taller stature of the Kebara remains, reflect a slightly warmer climate in the Middle East. In conclusion, it is my belief that the Neanderthals did indeed adapt skeletally to survive a harsh climate, however, improved subsistence strategies must also have been implemented. Unfortunately, neither secured their future.

that a fate had been laid down before her birth, one may see that it was in fact Esteban in his wild youth, raping many young peasant girls that began the tragic chain of events that Alba is talking about. Without Esteban raping Garcia's grandmother, Garcia would not have even been born to rape Alba. Consequently, if Esteban Trueba had not been a part of the novel, events could have turned out very differently. Alba also suggests that writing the story of the Trueba family was like 'assembling a jigsaw puzzle in which each piece had a specific place.' This shows that in Alba's eyes, Esteban's place in the novel is undisputed as everything fits into place perfectly when she is constructing her story. Esteban plays another particularly striking role in the novel in his first person passages that appear incorporated into the chapter. Allende clearly highlights these passages by setting them aside with a space at the beginning and end of them. It is clear that this does have an impact on the novel as Esteban is the only character whom we directly see the thoughts of. In this passage Esteban describes his feelings on the news of the death of Rosa the Beautiful, his bride to be: Isabel Allende 'The House of the Spirits' (Black Swan Books, 1986.) p. 47 This kind of description of a character's feelings is rarely seen elsewhere in the novel meaning that the reader may find it possible to relate to Esteban more than other characters. It is important to note that Allende gives Esteban the most intimate narrative role in the book. These passages appear in nearly every chapter; so they appear regularly do contribute to the reader understanding of his character. He fills in the gaps that are present in both Clara's notebooks and Alba's narrations. For example, he tells us about when he attacked Pedro Tercero Garcia: This is one of his longer passages and without passages like this we would not know what actually happened at certain points in the novel. It also shows how much of an influence he has on the plot. He chops off the fingers of Pedro Garcia which, using Alba's theory of the chain of events started before her birth; one can link the loss of Alba's fingers as a punishment to Esteban for chopping off the fingers of Pedro. Another issue that is brought to light in this passage is that of the sinister nature of Esteban Garcia because he was the one who gave away Pedro's location and who picked up his sliced off fingers 'holding them like a bouquet of bloody asparagus." This gives Esteban an important part in the novel, filling in the gaps that the other narrators have in their narratives. However, one could say that the roles of Clara's notebooks, Blanca's letters and Alba's actual narration are far more important than Esteban's first person narrative. He only contributes a small amount to the narrative as a whole as Allende places the emphasis on the females in the family who provide

socialist style principles, who were defeated in order to gain control, confuses matters somewhat. This confusion is exacerbated by the fact that the Communist party also advocated nationalist principles, promising to unite China after the strain of Civil War and to stamp out the corruption that was rife under imperial rule. While this did fit with Mao's ideologically pure ideals, many of the people who supported these aspects of the revolution were not totally committed to the other side, Mao's version of Marxist/Leninist communism. "The first years of the People's Republic were exciting. Corruption, that ancient Chinese curse, suddenly seemed to have been wiped out by Mao's 1951 'mass movement' against the 'Three Evils" Removal of corruption was not a specifically communist principle, so while support was high, the lack of a common agenda among the people of China casts doubts on the levels of entrenchment of the communist ideology. Jackson, Doreen and Jackson, Robert J (1999) wikipedia.org Ruocheng, Ying Mao said "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun" Many believe the problem with communism is a fundamental flaw in the assessment of human beings, hoping to establish a society where they would behave unselfishly as defined by Marxist-Leninists. However, because the embracing of communism was not necessarily as deep as popular support for the revolution suggested a certain amount of coercion was required in order to promote Mao's egalitarian principles. On an ideological level, the majority are only concerned about their livelihoods, "philosophy is a luxury" and this means that the success or failure, in their eyes, of a particular system is determined by how it leaves them economically. In communist thinking, the proletariat take control of the means of production but in practice this means the party must run the economy. For all the communist states, bureaucracy and administration have been major difficulties but what many economists believe to be insurmountable is the economic calculation problem, which states that the use of price controls within an economy will completely obscure necessary information about quantity leading to massive shortages and queues, photographs of which were often used to characterise the flaws of a planned economy Mao appeared to be more committed to his ideology than most, not only in his rhetoric but also in the policies he enacted; unlike in Soviet Russia where in 1921 the New Economic Policy was instituted restoring some private ownership. This commitment to communist principle, that was arguably unmatched in the long term by other communist states, all of who made concessions to market economics, perhaps means it failure proved more conclusively than any other the inherent ideological flaws It must also be acknowledged that Mao's understanding of economics could be responsible. Mao Tse-Tung, November 6, 1938 Steele, D.R. War Communism's strict adherence to principles was also considered to be a resounding failure, leading to the establishment of the New Economic Policy. Mao knew that economic reform according to his principles would not be easy famously saying that "Revolution is not a dinner party". The aim was not personal material advancement but collective

to access areas. Some modern fencing materials are used but long term dry stone walls are the preferred option. Much of the land has been modified by the effects of Gripping. Gripping is a method for draining moorland that was in popular use in the 1960s through to the mid 1980's. The process is the creation of a closely spaced network of open trenches which rapidly drain upland bogs into watercourses. This activity was popular in the described time period as governments grants were given for such activity with the aim of improving productivity of hill farms. However the idea proved hugely damaging to biodiversity of the area and led to increased flooding of lowland areas. Grants were stopped and many grips blocked with straw of peat to try and in effort to return land to previous state and stop flooding. Some areas of land have been irreversibly edited and now cannot be converted back to previous conditions. The main land use is grazing of the local breed of Swaledale sheep which maintains the stunning surroundings of the area. The Swaledale breed has been used for years to graze the area as is ideally suited to cope with the tough environment. In winter sheep are moved to better lowland grazing or barns during winter months. The breed is very distinct with a white nose and black upper face, with low set rounded horns, a medium length of body and long deep fleece. The breed is very alert and good at rearing lambs in challenging environments (Swaledale breed society-2003). The breed can make good use of rough grasses and herbage in hard to access places. By grazing the natural pastures and moorland the biodiversity of these areas is maintained in balance with economic farming land. Another land use in the Yorkshire dales is Grouse breeding. Game keepers maintain heather moorland by burning it in approximately 5 year cycles. The controlled burning of heather clears the land, generates nutrients that stimulates growth of new grasses and heather needed grouse breeding or sheep grazing and stop succession of other species on heather land (Scotland's Mooreland forum-2003). Grouse then have the ideal habitat to breed on the moors and are shoot for sport. Grouse shooting brings massive amounts of money in to the local economy and is vital way to maintain local livelihoods. This land use is becoming increasingly popular in the Yorkshire Dales as poor wool and meat prices mean more and more sheep farmers get into debt and poverty. Many environmentalists believe moorland burning is damaging to the biodiversity of an area and should not continue. Finally the landscape is being edited by barn conversions for housing. As mentioned earlier farmers struggling to make a living from just sheep grazing are looking at alternative incomes. Now a massive number of dry stone barns used for sheep housing are being converted into houses for commuters who want to live in the beautiful surroundings. Strict planning regulations maintain the look of the buildings but the use of barns for stock is declining as theses buildings get

a unique mental image for the reader similar to the one perceived by Wordsworth himself. In this way the reader is able to experience the poem using nature as a symbolically relevant tool in exploring the creative and emotional inner workings of Wordsworth's thoughts. The vivid sensation of the intense descriptions are given further strength by the artistic imagery drawn by Wordsworth in the lines 'and wreaths of smoke/ Sent up in silence from among the trees'. Once again we witness the linking of soft sounds in the repetition of the word 's', and the image of the smoke has the quality of a painting, described as a 'wreath'. This associated imagery builds on the impression that Wordsworth is painting a mental picture that comprises of a unifying wholeness, which is due to Wordsworth's thoughts and impressions flowing freely in his mind and in close association. The 'silence' is observed because of the quietness of his internal perception, indicating that the sense of sound is not operating in his acknowledgement of his existence. In reality, the smoke would have come from industrial factories that were built in the area of Tintern Abbey, but in choosing not to admit the perception of industrialisation into his description, Wordsworth's imaginative powers transform his sense of reality into an ideal external environment. Stabler (2002, 110) states that in many of Wordsworth's poems 'comparable moments of transition are usually recognitions of absence'. The recognition of the 'Smoke' provides the reader with the sense that Wordsworth is aware of the industrialisation of the countryside, but chooses to reject the unsightly appearance that the area of Tintern Abbey has developed since his last visit. In this way, Wordsworth is able to create a picture of the surrounding countryside using his knowledge of what it had previously appeared like to him before the factories were built. This is a very subtle use of the technique that Blake employs in his Here Wordsworth expresses his experience of the industrial revolution with the effects it has (smoke) but It is not only his perception of the area that is recreated, but also his outlook on life through his re-connection with the natural world seen in the lines: , Wordsworth, W, Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, from Lyrical Ballads (1978), cited in: p267-8, Wu, D, (ed Nature here is seen as a place to refresh Wordsworth's thoughts and clear his mind of modern life, thoughts of which drift around his conscious being as the 'still, sad music of humanity'. The sense of loss that Wordsworth feels for his absent 'thoughtless youth' is given a 'power'. This 'power' is seemingly generated by Wordsworth's 'simply being aware of loss' (Stapler, 2002, 110) and the feeling acquired form this awareness allows the poet to transcend his previous state and recognise a 'different mode of being' (110). The 'power' created is thus not from external influences, but from a descent into the 'secondary' imagination. The poet is no longer speaking on an 'elementary' level of 'I am', or as witnessed in the previously discussed

and has a poor self concept. At present the sense of hopelessness Alice feels at achieving at having a better self concept and increased self esteem has meant she is not willing to try. Creek (2002) believes that the Therapist needs to take these things into account when working with a client who experiences a condition such as depression. Carter and Kulbuck (2002) have found that whilst theorists misuse theories of motivation to explain why individuals do or do not seek health, there is evidence to suggest that the individual's locus of control and self concept can affect motivation to seek health. It is evident that the concept of the sick role does not apply to all situations. For example when a person is chronically ill they cannot simply get better. In this situation how illness affects the individuals is better explained by the level of control or power they have over their condition. McNamara (2001) considers that "The terminally ill person's experience...will be influenced largely by their ability to participate in decisions (p245 McNamara in Purdy and Banks, 2001). In this case study Julie is participating in decisions about her condition. However despite Julie's involvement in her treatment and care she is still not in control of the debilitating effects of the condition. The experience of living with a chronic condition can further be explained in relation to inability to perform the practical matters of everyday life (Locker 2004). Despite treatment Julie has lost her ability to participate in activities of daily living and needs to be cared for. Julie's self concept is also affected by her illness. Pain, nausea and fatigue can all alter self-concepts (McNamara, 2001) . Julie's body has been significantly changed by her illness, not only through surgery but by the effects of chemotherapy this has had a major impact upon her self concept. Sociology helps us to understand these effects on the individual by the development of social construction theories. Social construction theories offer explanations of what it means to be a person (McNamara, 2001). Julie and her doctor have a relatively equal and client centred relationship. This has had a positive effect on her experience of illness. May et al (2004) have found that how doctors conceptualise chronic illness can affect how they respond to patients. Both sociologists and psychologists have explored doctor patient relationships in more detail and through these studies it has become apparent that there is not always an equal distribution of power in service delivery. The individual cannot demand attention, time or understanding from the doctor. In fact medical knowledge can be seen as a source of power in itself. Byrne and Long (1976) have found that some doctors practise seems to be based upon the idea that the doctor is the expert. At the other end of the continuum doctors base their consultations on a more patient centred approach which is focused more on listening and responding to individual needs. Stimson and Webb (2001) have found that both patients plan what to say to the doctor so that he takes

at a 55 The transmitter beam was at 45 Therefore it is surprising that the expected shear wave maxima would occur 14 The velocity measured using the travelling time of the waves produced a result in good agreement with the expected value. However, the error in the measurement was too small; the velocities of the waves as they moved through the transducer parts were not taken into account. Ultrasound is used predominantly in non-destructive testing to determine the internal structure of solids. The detection and sizing of defects is an important industrial procedure, relying on the 6 dB drop technique. A 6 dB drop in amplitude is indicative that the sound pressure has been attenuated to half its initial amplitude. Using equation 2 and letting the measured pressure be half the initial pressure gives On the A-scan it is not necessary to measure the actual decibel drop. Since the ultrasound beam can be considered collimated, when the centre of the beam is directly over the edge of a flat-bottomed hole, half the amplitude will return from the base of the object and half from the hole. This is shown on the A-scan obtained from one of the holes. See Figure 23. By sliding the transducer across the top of the object and noting when the 6 dB drops occur it is possible to detect the defects, and size them by noting the position of the centre of the transducer when the drop occurs. Although not required for this experiment it would be possible to know the depth of the defect by knowing the velocity of sound in the material and by measuring at what time the first echo received. Marks were made on the block by eye according to the transducer position and measured with a Vernier calliper to a precision of The error in position of the transducer was The object contained four holes. Here are the recorded 6 dB drops: As the holes were circular the transducer has to be centred along the block so the 6 dB drop technique would be accurate. Any back-forth offset would result in the 6 dB drop being detected sooner or later than the actual beginning or end of a hole. A better technique for this experiment would be to have used the C-scan method. This is usually done by a robotic arm and computer, which scans the object in a sweeping pattern until the entire surface is covered. The computer then displays a plan view of the object with the echo-time or echo-intensity displayed as a shade of grey according to its magnitude. This would reveal any and all defects, and it would be possible to accurately measure their dimensions whatever the shape as long as the defect was greater than the resolution of the transducer. From equation 3, letting Letting By sending longitudinal waves at these two angles the only surface waves produced would be creep waves, which decay rapidly. As stated in the introduction Rayleigh waves are produced by longitudinal waves striking the interface at slightly more than the second critical

relationships; these may be with other mothers or between partners. It enables parents the opportunity to express and receive affection in a greater circle than what they would previously have done (Phoenix et al, 1991. p48). Motherhood allows women to share a familiar experience and enables women to establish relationships outside the nuclear family. Motherhood is a destiny as it unites women in a common sense of knowledge. Where role segregation is dominant, Rainwater (1965) argues that women may want children to compensate for the lack of affection from the husband (cited in Andorka 1978. p340). The mother-child relationship gives mothers this 'opportunity for caring and nurturance and the expression of love and affection' (Phoenix et al, 1991.p56). This relationship can be hugely rewarding and fulfilling as the love which children give parents is unqualified and exclusive. It is vital for women to experience motherhood to experience such a unique form of love and closeness. Children also offer an insight to a 'life of fun and freshness' (Phoenix et al, 1991.p 57). Motherhood is the destiny of all women as it provides not only a source of love and affection and an outlet for the innate caring and nurturing side of women, but also allows a source of stimulation and variety that would be lost if children were not in the equation. As a conclusion to this section, I will touch on Freud. Although lacking empirical research, Freud's psychoanalysis on parenthood has been widely accepted into society today. Freud viewed parenthood as a natural development to adulthood, and asserted that women become mothers to compensate for their penis envy. Women who do not have a child may become neurotic (Bartlett, 1994, p17). To Freud, becoming a mother was the ultimate destiny as it allowed women to transfer all the ambition to her children that she has had to suppress in herself. Badinter, 1981, pg 317 The contradictory argument, as illustrated by the quote above, poses the case that motherhood is the source of a woman's subordination. In this section, I will focus on the subordination that mothers encounter in the workplace, in the public sphere and within the term motherhood as an entity as a whole. Yet what does subordination mean? In our patriarchal society, men have an unfair advantage over women in all social aspects, parenthood included. As Mill illustrates in 'The Subjection of Women'; 'by the mere fact of being born a male, he is by right the superior of all and every one of an entire half of the human race' (Okin, S. 1988, p86). Women enter parenthood with less power and privilege than men. From this lowered platform women must try to conform to an idealistic role of motherhood prescribed by society. If a mother chooses to resist maternal prescriptions, she faces extreme discontent from family, friends, and society. If she chooses to embrace these ideologies, she faces a great loss of independence and agency; either way, a mother stands to lose. As illustrated by the quote above, Mill also calls up an image of slavery in relation

products, it is rather common to encouter issues that are ambiguous, thus require further examination. In such cases- when relevant scientific information is not sufficient at a given point in time, SPS Agreement signatories may try to resort to the precautionary principle. As shown in the chosen case studies, it is not easy to prove that state of insufficient number of scientific answers to the problem at hand. Risk assessment seems to be a tricky and demanding exercise to carry out in a way that would be satisfactory for the Dispute Settlement Bodies. Risk and hazards may be perceived differntly in different systems, and hence the necessity to attempt the use of a precautionary measure is not judged identically by all the countries. In fact there are conflicting interests between countries that want to export, make profits and those that consider some goods not safe enough to be imported, but every action must be in line with the binding rules of law. It seems to be rational behaviour to take precautions when certain conditions occur, especially when people's health is at stake, therefore it seems necessary to examine further the issue of the precautionary principle, so that its use is clear and predictible, which will definitely contribute to more stability and correctness of trade relations.

This essay argues that the implementation of Structural Adjustment Programmes, such as trade liberalisation, inflation control and fiscal deficit reduction, had a direct influence on the rise of the Brazilian Movement of Landless Rural Workers in the 1990s. These policies did not take into account the country's reality and the result was an increase in poverty and inequality, creating a contingent of rural unemployed people. The peasants could not be incorporated into the urban workforce for two main reasons: lack of formal education and lack of jobs, since the cities were also suffering the consequences of the SAPs. The MST seized the opportunity and recruited almost 70,000 landless families, enlarging by 466.36 percent in a decade. This rise was marked by intensification of land occupations and radicalisation of rural conflicts. Public demonstrations for agrarian reform led the World Bank, who imposed the SAPs in the first place, to release US$ 90 million to fund purchase of land and settlements. In this essay we argue that the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) introduced in Brazil by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank had direct influence on the rise of the Brazilian Movement of Landless Rural Workers (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, MST) in the 1990s. Between 1989 and 1999, the government took US$ 8.5 billion in loans from the IMF. In exchange, the country had to adopt neo-liberal policies such as trade liberalisation, privatisation, inflation control and public deficit reduction. Both rural and urban areas were affected by these changes. We will focus on the impact of these policies on the rural areas only; during that decade the landless movement grew by 466.36%. We begin by introducing the concept of SAPs and its implementation by the IMF and the World Bank in developing countries. Next we present the MST in historical perspective, looking into its grassroots' origins. In the third part, we assess of the influence of SAPs on the growth of the MST in the 1990s. We conclude by claiming that the implementation of SAPs without considering the Brazilian realities penalised the rural poor. The increase in poverty and inequality in the countryside and the rise of land concentration provided fertile ground for the development of the MST, whose success is related both to its fight for access to land and to its opposition to the neo-liberal order. The World Bank introduced Structural Adjustment Programmes as part of the loans package in 1980. The International Monetary Fund adopted the same procedure in 1986. To understand the reasons behind the adoption of conditionality for loans to developing countries, we must look back to the 1970s and understand the roles played by the two institutions within the international economic order. The World Bank and the IMF were created in the end of the Second World War in the context of the Bretton Woods' agreements, in 1944. While the World Bank's objective was to provide financial resources for countries devastated by the war, the IMF's aim was to assure stability of exchange rates and to make the necessary adjustments to keep this

estates' Also, most marriages experienced a 'pooling of resources' Keith Wrightson, Fletcher, Linda Pollock, ' "Teach her to live under obedience": the making of women in the upper ranks of early modern England', S.Mendelson and P.Crawford, Lady Mary Verney never ultimately 'believed she was equal in any way' But, there are instances when 'domestic patriarchy' Mary wanted to name their child Ralph, but her husband refused, preferring Richard. In the end, 'Lady Mary got her own way and named their child Ralph' Contrary to Stone's conviction that 'evidence of close affection between husband and wife is both ambiguous and rare' Fundamentally, there are other circumstances that served to counter 'the normal power relations between a wife and her husband' Immediately after childbirth, only women could visit the mother, resulting in the husband's deficiency of 'her domestic labour and her sexual services' This 'immersion of the mother in a female collectivity...elegantly inverted the central feature of patriarchy, namely its basis in individual male property' Also, women gained in authority when a husband was dyeing, having to nurse him. Elizabeth Freke could not 'exert any effective influence upon him' In the last six years of his life however, she became authoritative. Women also acquired power when a husband committed adultery, as opposed to what Keith Thomas claims about them having to endure it. They could tarnish his image within the community, forcing the husband to submit to her wishes if she threatened to leak his misdemeanours. When Samuel Pepys initiated an affair with their servant, seventeen-year-old Deb Willet, his wife triumphed in getting him to cease the romance with threats of publishing his infidelity to the whole world Indeed, the ability to scold was a real source of power; Skimmingtons, common rituals that humiliated men who were easily dominated by their wives, shows authoritative women existed Fletcher, Stone, Fletcher, Stone, Sir Ralph remained a widower forty years after her death and built a monument in Claydon dedicated to her which took three years to construct; Fletcher, Ibid., p.187. Ibid., p.187. A.Wilson, 'The ceremony of childbirth and its interpretation', in V.Fildes (ed.) Elizabeth was forced to watch her husband spend her dowry within two years and was bullied into returning to Ireland in 1692 away from her ageing father; Fletcher, Ibid., p.171. David Underdown talks of a gender crisis in the early modern era- plays such as Shakespeare's "Taming of the Shrew" demonstrating widespread anxiety about controlling women; David E.Underdown, 'The Taming of the Scold: the Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England', in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds.) Blatantly, there are instances when women were not 'willing simply to match...the rule of prescription' But these were atypical, husbands generally having ultimate power. Lady Anne Clifford was 'an individual woman holding out against the combined patriarchal forces of...uncles, husbands...and even the king' Yet, for the majority of time, she complied with her husband's wishes Likewise, Katherine Knyvett managed the estate while her husband was imprisoned during the Civil War, but he did not permit her to have a say in her son's decision

(2000) found mix support for Korman's theory and they suggested that the results were inconclusive. There are several more factors affecting the relationship between satisfaction and performance proposed by researchers. Nevertheless, pointed out by Judge et al (2000), it is difficult to evaluate the validity of those variables since very few of them have been tested in more than one investigation. Consequently, there is a lack of assimilation and integration though numerous studies are engaged in the moderators' perspective research. With regard to two positions that satisfaction leads to performance and performance leads to satisfaction, some could argue that both theoretical explanations are reasonable. They tend to offer a hybrid model which shows that job satisfaction and job performance are reciprocally related. As Selladural (1991) highlighted, there appeared to be "a circular, continuous relationship" between satisfaction and performance. However, the chief criticism of this model is that it lacks a theoretical foundation. Thus Judge et al (1999) raised some questions such as how it would work if the relationship was reciprocal. Some researchers argue that the traditional concept that attitudes lead to performance has its merit on the condition that attitudes and performance are reconceptualized (Judge et al, 1999). George and Brief (1996), for instance, used emotion replaced satisfaction in the satisfaction - performance hypothesis and claimed that positive emotions associated with motivation are related to job performance. Likewise, Organ (1988) stated that the failure to find a relationship between satisfaction and performance was due to the narrow definition of job performance. He pointed out that when performance included both task performance and citizenship behaviors, its correlation with satisfaction would improve. To sum up, among the five models of job satisfaction - job performance relationship which are examined herein, the results seem inconsistent. There probably is no one single "accurate" relationship between satisfaction and performance. Nonetheless, Job satisfaction could lead to high performance under certain conditions, to certain employees. Other various factors rather than these two dependent variables would jointly impact on the satisfaction - performance relationship. While some researchers treat happiness as job satisfaction, others (e.g. Wright and Cropanzano, 1997; Wright and Staw, 1999) regarded it as an affective construct when analyzing the happy - productive worker relationship. They indicated that when happiness was operationalized as emotional well-being, it seemed to demonstrate consistent relationship to job performance. That the statement "a happy worker is a productive worker" may be true in this context. Some recent researches focusing on psychological affect show a moderate support on the relationship between a dispositional measure of well-being and work-related behaviours. Adopted expectancy theory, George and Brief (1996) illustrated that positive effect might improve individual's expectancy that one's effort could lead to performance and that performance would lead to positive outcomes. Moreover, a goal-setting model of motivation was used by Locke and Latham (1990), who reported that workers with optimistic propensities set more challenged goals and engage in higher performance. Similarly, According to Weiner (1985)'s attributional model of motivation, affect has a significant influence on task persistence. Optimists are inclined to perceive failure as a temporary

of error observed and the number of bits processed. The AWGN Channel transmits data, adding random numbers to simulate a noisy channel. Set the stop time to 1000000-1 to allow for the simulation of 1 million bits through the system. Start the simulation. Obtain the BER of the system for SNR values of 0,2,4,... 20dB. After finished Put all the results in a table and draw a graph of BER against SNR in Excel, including all the schemes. So we can compare and contrast them clearly. Table 4.3 Bit Error Rate Performance on different modulation schemes From the Excel diagram 4.1, we can see the clear BER vs SNR performances in different modulation schemes. When the SNR is a fixed value, we hope smaller the BER the better. When the BER is a given value, we hope the required value of SNR to be smaller. It is obvious that the BPSK has the best performance according to the results in the diagram, the following are: QPSK, 16QAM, 16PSK and 64QAM. The reason why they have such differences in performance will be fully discussed in next session, which will include the complexity, the bit/symbol rates and error rates of these modulations and will trade off these aspects when facing different practical applications. Up to data, we have implemented the modulation tests and research. The next big topic is about coding. As has introduced in the background part, we use the convolutional coding to protect the data transmitted by adding redundancy. So we add the convolutional encoder and Viterbi decoder in the model. Because Viterbi decoder does not accept bits but rather symbols allowing for puncturing, we introduce a unipolar to bipolar converter. First we will Set a model ( We find that The result is Now that the convolutional coder is functioning, it is time to test the error correction capability of the convolutional coding scheme. Try To do this, add convolutional coding to the 16QAM BER model. As such we are supplying a coded bit stream, rather than an uncoded bit stream to the modulator. The model is seen The steps to obtain BER performance is the same as in modulation part. Start simulation, we will get the BER vs SNR results. Since the simple (3, [7 5]) scheme only has 4 states and is too simple, in practice we use the Again Record their results carefully. Now the system becomes more and more complicated, looking rather cluttered. So we need to manage the model by It makes sense to The models can be found in Appendix1 and the different sub-systems also can be found As mentioned in the background research part, the performance of the Viterbi Decoder can be improved if This can be achieved by To create this packet of data, edit the content of the Baseband Coding sub-system ( We also need to remove the 8 pad bits from the decoded data. Note that the traceback depth in Viterbi decoder is 128 and the parameter of the Input port width is 128 while the Elements is [1: 120] in

a complex system of structures are in place to aid this process. The major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is the presence of membrane bound organelles. An organelle is an independent, bound structure which performs a specific task The major organelles are as follows: (see figure 2) Nucleus - the major site of genetic material with in the cell, more than 95% of the DNA is found here. The DNA is in the form of linear chromosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body - the endoplasmic reticulum is a series of folds of membrane which is the building site of most of the complex molecules produced in the cell. The Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum interact with vesicles for transport of molecules between the two structures. In the Golgi chemicals adjustments are preformed on newly produced molecules and then transported to their required site. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - mitochondria oxidise fuel molecules e.g. carbohydrates to produced useable energy for the cell in the form of ATP. Chloroplasts produce carbohydrates to be used in respiration by harnessing light energy. Cytoskeleton - is a web of protein fibres extending through the cell providing structural support and channels for molecules to flow through. Eukaryotes reproduce sexually by crossing genetic material with another cell in a process called meiosis, this allows for more rapid evolution as each offspring is genetically different to its parents. The idea that the eukaryotic cell was a colony of microbes was first suggested by Ivan Wallin an American biologist working in the 1920's. The modern theory was proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1981 while working at the University of Boston. The theory postulates that mitochondria are ancestors of modern day The chloroplast is a possible ancestor of modern day cyanobacteria which are free living photosynthetic organisms. A protist is thought to be the cell the bacteria were engulfed by, it is an intermediate cell between prokaryote and eukaryote with no organelles except from a membrane bound nucleus. It is believed to resemble an archaebacterium similar to modern day Thermoplasma that can withstand high temperatures and acid condition. Margulis proposed that these bacteria were once free-living organisms and were engulfed by protists in a manner similar to phagocytosis. Once inside the cell they entered into a mutualistic relationship where one cell benefited from another. In the case of mitochondria the bacteria respired the harmful oxygen building up in the atmosphere to produce energy in the form of ATP which could be used by the host cell. Chloroplasts produce carbohydrates and sugars to be used as an energy source by the cell. In return these bacteria were provided with a safe living environment and a constant supply of nutrients. The reason for engulfing the bacteria is unknown but it is thought that the bacteria were possibly engulfed as a source of food for the protists but for some unknown reason entered into symbiotic relationship. A further characteristic in eukaryotes is the whip like cilia which are not found in prokaryotes. Margulis suggested that this feature is from different free living bacteria that

Archaeologists seek to find remains of the dead not simply because it is fascinating but also because it provides an authentication to people's past lives. The physical remnants of the dead, for example: bones, hair and skin provide more details about the life of the individual rather than their actual death. In this essay, I will attempt to understand past funerary practises, and why they were enacted in the ways that they were. I will also talk about the discoveries made by archaeologists, their interpretations of the evidence, and also draw a conclusion as to how all this helps us, the modern day humans, in developing and shaping our own societies. In general, archaeologists study the material traces of the disposal of the dead to make inferences about ethnicity and identity, religion and ideology, status, wealth, social hierarchy, as well as gender relations, health and diet, location and movement. When examining the dead, archaeologists make inferences through the evidence given to them by means of studying bones and tissue remains. We can find out "how long they lived, what sex they were, what illnesses or diseases they suffered, how tall they grew, what genetic ancestry they had, what sorts of foods they ate, what injuries they sustained and whether they were deliberately deformed, bound, tattooed, body-painted or even scarified." ( "The Archaeology of Death and Burial" - 1999) Mortuary analysis teaches us that sex, gender, age, cultural or ethnic identity, and various roles in the society help determine the type of burial, its associated ritual and the selection of objects buried with the dead. One of the main factors which tells us about the individual and the way in which s/he was buried, is the position in which the body is found. "Bodily positioning is an important part of the body's manipulation. ( "The Archaeology of Death and Burial" - 1999) The body may be curled up, laid on its side or flat on its back. In arranging the body in a particular way, the living might have had a special purpose in doing so. It could have been to differentiate between social groups (mainly gender and age groups.) One of the ways in which they did this in the Early Bronze Age was to bury males on their right sides and females on their left. Another important factor includes orientation. The direction which the corpse faces highlights what body positioning symbolises. The archaeological remains of the body are the culmination rites of passage which serve to separate the dead from the living and install them within another dimension of human understanding." ( "The Archaeology of Death and Burial" - 1999) There is another type of social differentiation apart from age and sex which appears in the Mesolithic cemetery of Oleni'Ostrov in Karelia. Generally, men's grave goods tended to have more bronze and gold than women's. Klavs Randsborg, in his analysis of social differentiation during the period of the Bronze Age, concluded that graves which contained more metal gave an indication as to the individual's social status; thereby implying that men were

In 1937, accompanied by many renowned Latin American writers of the 20 This congress aimed to inspire writers to engage with the conflict that threatened a divided Spain and reflect their passion for humanism and liberation in antifascist poetry. While Neruda began writing his collection of Spanish Civil War Poetry, Furthermore, Neruda was a well-travelled diplomat who had been put in charge of a number of honorary consulships, which amplified his interest in international politics. In 1924, he travelled as a consul to Madrid where he remained at the heart of the conflict for the first few months of its progression. In His experience of the Civil War is elevated above any historian as he witnessed the devastation with his own eyes and suffered the personal loss of close friends such as Federico Garcia Lorca. This experience led him to produce poetry that, not only exhibited his reaction to the Civil War for future generations, but was significant to the lives of republican civilians and soldiers who had access to his poetry during the warfare. The Spanish Republican Army reprinted Their great efforts demonstrate the significance of Neruda's words that spoke directly to them, nourishing their minds to inspire their bodies to persist in their struggle for freedom. In a 1937 interview, Neruda refuses to categorise his stance in the battle: Pablo Neruda, Ren Neruda certainly expresses an unwavering dedication to the common man, liberation and unity in his Civil War poetry. He progresses from a state of solitude in the first two volumes of In an interview with Robert Bly, Neruda explains how his experience of the war marked a severe change in his poetry: Robert Bly, "The Lamb and the Pinecone: An interview with Pablo Neruda" in It simply was not possible for Neruda to continue writing poetry without addressing the masses who were troubled by a conflict that soon became an international issue. In order to explain the shift in direction of his poetry, Neruda published This poem is divided into the past and present where Neruda expresses nostalgia for a time before the outbreak of Civil War and details a world of chaos and devastation attached to the conflict. The poet prepares to deliver everything that is happening to him, which is highly effective as he highlights himself as a single representative of the masses, suggesting his suffering can be multiplied by the thousands of civilians affected by this brutal war. Neruda begins in the present tense by voicing his readership who will wonder why his poetry has undergone such drastic development. While the poet's use of 'preguntar The poet then shifts to the past tense to describe the flowers that could be found in his pre-Civil War poetry: A literal description of flowers creates a warm image of colour and beauty that has been lost in divided Spain. Neruda returns to this image later on by describing 'la casa de las flores' where 'todas partes estallaban geranios' and tells that ruins of 'metal ardiendo' have now replaced these attractions. While the extinction of the abundance of 'lilas',

major universal ways in which women are subjected to discrimination while men retain power' (Mullender 1996, p.28). Moreover, as Dobash and Dobash (1980, p. 10) argue 'husbands use physical force... as an expression of unequal status, authority and power of marital partners'. Therefore domestic violence is, for feminists, intrinsically interlinked with the unequal power relations between men and women. Thus although the Amnesty definition does to some extent support feminist definitions of violence against women; it neglects the central tenet of the feminist definition, that gender-based violence is an expression of the domination of men over women. Amnesty's definition may not correspond directly with feminist definitions; nonetheless it does engage with the important feminist debate surrounding the acceptance of violence against women. The feminist argument is that violence against women is accepted by wider society as it entrenched in our cultural values and social practices. Moreover it is to some extent condoned and even enforced by the state and social institutions. In order to explore this debate in the Amnesty writings I will explore how violence is accepted through blame culture, the invisibility of violence against women and the supposed public/private divide. The Amnesty campaign acknowledges both the state involvement with and cultural acceptance of violence against women. The campaign literature argues that laws must be adopted or abolished and that 'above all, attitudes, prejudices and social beliefs... must change' ( Therefore Amnesty is emphasizing the necessity to change cultural notions and out-dated laws as they foster and reinforce the acceptance of this violence. The campaign goals of the Stop Violence Against Women campaign are to hold governments to account and to challenge attitudes that 'provoke and sustain the normalization and acceptance of violence' ( Therefore Amnesty is directly engaging in the feminist debate that acceptance of violence against women is ingrained in our cultural beliefs, practices. Part of the Stop Violence Against women campaign is the "Problem? What Problem?" campaign that aims to confront 'the way we tolerate... justify... and ignore violence against women' ( Thus again Amnesty is addressing the normalization of violence against women using feminist concepts without explicit reference to feminism. More overt feminist language is used when discussing state enforcement: 'social and political institutions foster women's subservience' ( However, more explicit feminist concepts of misogyny, chauvinism, sexism and patriarchy are not used. The Amnesty website highlights 'historically unequal power relations' ( Therefore this is using the language of liberal feminists as it references the historical tradition of gender inequality, a gendered social hierarchy and women as second class citizens. However, the language of radical feminists is not used as a society with unequal gender power relations is a patriarchal society nonetheless patriarchy is not mentioned. Amnesty states that 'violence against women is frequently used by men to reinforce their position of power' ( For feminist writers violence against women is fundamentally caused by male supremacy; as Dobash and Dobash (1980, p.15) argue that the correct interpretation of violence against wives is as 'the extension of domination and control of husbands over their wives'. The other causes of

them, but reading it from the bottom, each course will be a part of only one department. Additionally, each department would have a set of teaching staff to take care of the courses, but each member of staff would be associated with only one of the departments of the university. The next set of relationship is a many-to-many relation and may need to be resolved for further analyses. The relation between the courses and the modules indicates that, each course would have various modules running. And on the other hand, each module could be a part of at least one or more than one course. This could be resolved by perhaps adding another entity between them for ease of analyses. The next set of relationship also is a many-to-many type of relation and would have to be resolved too. The relation between the teaching staff and the modules suggests that each module needs to have one or more staff for it to be taught. While reading the relation the other way, there is a case of optionality in the relation. Each staff may be a part of one or more module and they could be a part of no module as well. They could be staff who are on a break or do not have any modules assigned to them. Nevertheless, they are still a part of the university as they belong to certain departments, as shown in the figure. ] According to Buxton (2007), there are broadly 4 basic rules to refining the entity relationship diagram. It could be done by, As per the instructions, the ERD in figure 1 could be resolved by making few changes to it. According the rules laid by Buxton (2007), the diagram does have all the entities participating in relationships. The remaining 3 rules could come to use while refining the ERD. The new and refined ERD is as shown below in figure 2. As shown in the figure above, the ERD shown in figure 1 could be refined in terms of reducing the redundant relation (Teaching staff and department relation, eliminating the many-to-many relationship (the relation between the course and the modules and the teaching staff and the modules) and it could also do away with reducing complex relations. The refinement was done by adding an entity and by removing few redundant relations. Firstly the relation between the teaching staff and the department could be done away with. This is done because, it is understood and can be realised that the teaching staff is related to certain modules which in turn are related to the departments. This helped in reducing the redundant and complex relations. Apart from this a new entity was added to reduce the number of many-to-many relations that were present in the older ERD. The new entity added was the term time entity. This helped in reducing the previous many-to-many relations that was existing between the teaching staff and the module and the module and the course entity. The new ERD now defines the various relations as follows. As shown in

There are two types of nucleic acid in cells, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which carries the genetic information, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is involved in protein synthesis. They could be distinguished by the different bases they possess. Uracil is only present in RNA whereas Thymine is present DNA. In this experiment, samples A and B were acid hydrolysed and were run in a chromatograph together with samples of adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. It is shown that A is DNA and B is RNA since uracil is present in B. Two other samples, C and D, were hydrolysed using deoxyribonuclease I and ribonuclease. 10 tubes were set up with various amounts of MgCl The tubes were centrifuged after incubating for 15mins. The reaction of enzyme and the nucleic acid could be shown by measuring A A higher A It was shown that C is DNA and D is RNA. DNA and RNA have very similar structures, they both consists of a ribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. However, they carry out very different roles in cells. DNA carries genetic information whereas RNA is involved in protein synthesis. One major difference is that DNA possesses thymine whereas RNA has uracil. The bases can be identified using chromatography. The nucleic acids could be hydrolysed by strong acids, such as perchloric acid and heat to give free nucleotides. Since nucleotides with different bases have different masses, they could be separated using chromatography. When standards of the five bases are run in the same chromatogram the bases in the samples could then be compared with and identified. Another way of identifying is to mix the unknown samples with DNases and RNases. EDTA and magnesium choloride activates the nucleases. The nucleases work in highest efficiency at around 37 The nucleases break nucleic acids down into strands of a few nucleotides. 10 tubes of various compositions were incubated and the reaction was stopped by cooling in ice and the addition of albumin solution and perchloric acid precipitates the undigested nucleic acid. When centrifuged, complete nucleic acid strands accumulate in the pellet and broken down nucleic acid molecules dissolve in the supernatant. Therefore a higher A The materials and methods were similar as described in the manual with no major amendments. A precision pipette was used to load 10 The TLC plate was left in the chromatography tank until the solvent is 2/3 up the plate. On the TLC plate, bases travel up the plate in the order of thymine, uracil, cytosine, adenine and guanine, where thymine travel the furthest to the top of the plate and guanine is near the bottom. Sample A gives a region between the cytosine and guanine marks. Sample B has clear absorbing areas around adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. Therefore it could be deduced that sample A is DNA and B is RNA. Tubes 3 and 9 act at controls for the experiment since RNase contamination is common, it is necessary to set up controls to monitor the amount of contamination. Tubes 1 and 10 has no enzyme added, therefore

This paper analyzes the Representative Theory of Perception. It starts by giving an account of a general form of the theory and then proceeds with objections to representativism. In particular, I consider the sceptical 'veil of perception' objection, which holds that representativism undermines its intelligibility and that it collapses into phenomenalism. Another objection denies that R represents a common sense view of perception and thus is less attractive as has been thought of. The connection representativism has made between sense data and the physical world is also judged as false. And the last objection refutes the idea that sense data alone can explain all perceptual experience. The objections are also evaluated in light of possible R replies. In the end, I try to make some conclusion about the plausibility of the theory on the whole. The main thesis of the essay is that even though the Representative Theory of Perception has serious weaknesses, it is not the sceptical objections that pose the biggest problems to it. To begin with, it is necessary to give an account of the Its' basic and a very simple thesis is that This seems to be quite a common sense approach to explain/identify/analyze our perceptual experience. This is also one of the attractive features of the theory. R could be called the "picture-original theory of sense-perception" (Mackie 1976:37) which implies that we get to know how things look "out there" (meaning how things look outside our mind) by looking at so called pictures of the physical objects. The name of the pictures varies with authors, e.g. Locke calls them ideas or precepts. I am going to use the term The idea of sense data was introduced by the Argument from Illusion which aimed to prove that all we ever have direct access to are the sense data. In other words, the mind can attend to the SD only. To understand this better we need to look at the R metaphysics of perception. R works with three distinct parts or concepts. Firstly we have the world of physical objects where each of them has their own individual qualities (E.g. Tomato has the quality of being red and round). Secondly we have the perceiver or the mind, i.e. us, with our sense-perceptual experience to account for. R adds the sense data to this picture. They act as intermediaries between our mind and the external world. In R account they are truthful picture of physical world and their qualities. For instance, if we see a tomato, in reality we are directly aware of a sense data which has the qualities of a tomato, i.e. redness and roundness. In this sense SD have the qualities of the physical objects, which are being perceived (red object -> red sense datum). An important feature of R is that it is an indirect theory of perception. Since all we all directly aware of / perceive are Sense data, the external world stays hidden behind a "veil of perception" and consequently all information we have about the physical objects and external world are indirect and

however, is today regarded with mistrust. After all, the functioning of the general will depends entirely upon the full dedication of the citizenry to the social contract, and we find 'no restriction of principle on what it may command in that form'. As soon as all sovereignty passes from the individual to the state, a greater power comes to exist which '[man] cannot use without the help of others'. In a wider interpretation of the social contract as merely a thought experiment, this socialisation obtains a somewhat enforced character. Bertram, Blum, Hampsher-Monk, 'Rousseau and totalitarianism: with hindsight?', p. 272. Ibid, p. 268. One form of criticism of the general will draws parallels with the Jacobin rule during the French revolution. Both reveal traces of absolutist totalitarianism: 'It is absolutely necessary that evil come from others and from them alone'. Eastern block socialism, which has been suggested as imposing some for of a state-directed will upon its citizens, has been severely criticised. Lacking everywhere has been the binding together of lawgiver and subject, which according to Rousseau results only in the imposition a particular will of a state governed by a political elite. Jean Starobinski, 'La Mise en accusation de la Soci Blum, Hampsher-Monk, 'Rousseau and totalitarianism: with hindsight?', p. 272. It is true that Rousseau is most concerned with the organisation of social order based upon the exercise of virtue, rather than on preserving the individual's relative freedom of action. Through this construct, Rousseau categorically denies the individual any sovereignty except for a participatory role in the community. Effectively, the state attains a strongly fortified position in which ' [t]he more the natural strengths are dead and destroyed, the more the acquired ones are great and durable, and the more solid and perfect this institution is'. Viroli, Blum, Hampsher-Monk, 'Rousseau and totalitarianism: with hindsight?', p. 275. One of Rousseau's ideas of human nature was that the strongest of human passions was 'If this leads to intervention in 'areas which are perceived as illiberal, such as the social and economic conditions of citizen's lives and with their beliefs and values', this is seen by Rousseau as a decision of the general will in order to secure the necessary conditions for socio-political liberty. Executive and lawmaking government of the welfare state is now generally expected to create policy that benefits the community in a broad social sense. Taxation, health security and economic intervention are put in place to equalise conditions and ensure a minimum standard of welfare for each citizen, whereas participation in elections for government positions is open to each citizen. This form of moderate liberal welfare state, however, fails to pass the test, since in this model the law does not come from all. Bertram, Hampsher-Monk, 'Rousseau and totalitarianism: with hindsight?', p. 281. Ibid, p, 275. Bertram, The dichotomy between modern, individualist liberalism and the Rousseauean state lies predominantly in their different interpretations of liberty. Whereas the former stress the lack of protection for the individual in Rousseau's social contract, Rousseau in turn entertains concerns with the crude, unsocial kind of liberty

60, 63). In this sense, RAs can be taken as political actors able to exercise power. And, in fact, they do exercise power, as defined by Strange, over developing countries once they steer these governments towards following neoliberal policies they may have not otherwise adopted: 'Power is simply the ability of a person or a group of persons so to affect outcomes that their preferences take precedence over the preference of others' (1996, 17). We must emphasize, however, an important difference between institutions, such as the IMF and the World Bank, and rating agencies. While the former were created by states to intervene and regulate the international economy, the latter were born by the market itself; eventually RAs ended up regulating market actors and states alike. Therefore, ironically, the neoliberal paradigm, so strongly defended by the IFIs, became their own curse: they have been replaced by private actors in the role of setting the rules at the global level. We advance our argument for the new role of RAs by comparing the implementation of conditionality on developing countries by international financial institutions and rating agencies. The main difference between IFIs' and RAs' conditionality is that the former one is formal, while the latter is informal. An agreement with the IMF, for instance, assumes that the country accepts all the rules and requirements of the Fund. It must be willing to take on a macroeconomic adjustment programme based mainly on trade liberalisation, privatisation, debt control and inflation management policies. An assessment will then take place whenever part of the loan is released to make sure that the borrower is following the contract and implementing the SAPs. In the case of the RAs, on the other hand, the conditionality is not imposed through contract or agreement. RAs frequently mention in their reports what they consider good practice regarding states' administration. Recent studies suggested that sovereign ratings are significantly linked with selected economic fundamentals, such as per capita GDP, inflation and the level of external debt. Indicators of default history and of economic development are also important determinants of these ratings (Lee 1993, Cantor e Parker 1996, quoted in Reinhart 2002, 256). Those indicators closely match the ones tracked by IMF's structural adjustment programmes. Thus, borrowers know what to do to achieve good ratings; they just have to follow the agencies' good practice advices. Without formal conditionality, however, states must act by themselves, without any international institution's support, in order to improve their grades. Furthermore, while in a contract with IFIs countries will have access to some credit even before implementing the required policies, with RAs their creditworthiness depends on the their previous behaviour of conditionality compliance. We must emphasize that this informality is essential to keep RAs in business. Despite the fact that countries will pay to be rated, the real consumer of the results are the investors, who expect impartial ratings. For this purpose, borrowers must not influence the ratings. In fact, as the RAs strongly care about their reputation, which depends on providing objective information on the creditworthiness of borrowers, they distance

it will be more difficult to deter shirking and the no-shirking condition would tend to rise. If the first effect dominates then the effort inducing effect of wages would tend to diminish business cycles. If the second effect dominates the opposite would happen; wages would tend to accentuate business cycles as firms respond to business downturns by raising wages and respond to upturns by decreasing wages Weiss A, " Weiss A, " The wage level necessary to deter workers from shirking does not only depend on the unemployment level. A key variable that determines firm behaviour and workers behaviour is the level of unemployment benefits and hence the expected utility stream of being unemployed (V The higher the unemployment benefits the higher the wage the firm should offer to deter workers from shirking. If To induce workers not to shirk, a higher wage must be paid independent of the unemployment rate present in the economy. In the Shapiro-Stiglitz model firms are assumed not to be able to monitor the activities of their employees perfectly (i.e. continuously and precisely) and costlessly, there is a principal-agent information problem. Productivity cannot be observed through the amount of output produced as it is difficult to identify the outcome of an individual worker when he is involved in team production. When wages are chosen to deter shirking the rigor of supervision as well as the standards imposed by the firm for a worker to keep his job are critical choice variables of the firm In an effort model the cost of supervision affects both the wage and the equilibrium unemployment; since firms cannot afford perfect monitoring they must offer efficiency wages above market-clearing level to induce workers to exert effort on the job, this creates unemployment. The more imperfect the monitoring system, the higher is the wage necessary to deter workers from shirking. Weiss A, " Decreasing the monitoring intensity decreases workers' incentives to be productive. If aware that the probability of detection has decreased, workers would be tempted to risk shirking due to the equivalent increase in the probability of shirking without getting caught while receiving the same salary. Therefore, a wage increase would be necessary (at each level of employment) to induce individuals to exert effort; the NSC curve would shift upwards. This leaves the demand for labour unchanged, and hence the equilibrium level of unemployment and the equilibrium wage are both increased Shapiro C and Stiglitz J, Shapiro C and Stiglitz J, " If perfect monitoring were sufficiently cheap, firms could pay wages that were arbitrarily close to the reservation wage of their workers (that is, the wage that makes worker indifferent between working and being unemployed), and still prevent them from shirking. For this to hold some level of unemployment must exist and unemployment benefits must not be attractive, making the prospect of being unemployed less appealing. In the presence of high unemployment level firms could consider lowering monitoring intensity. High unemployment levels entail long unemployment spells, therefore, as long as the utility the worker receives from being a non-shirking employee is higher

UK sales in 2004/2005 totalled Group sales totalled So the proportion of UK sales to group sales was 79.6%. Overseas capital expenditure was Group capital expenditure was So the proportion of capital expenditure overseas to group capital expenditure was 30.86%. Tesco.com made money. Profits were Tesco Personal Finance made money too. It made According to the Directors' report, the company is not aware of any ordinary shareholders with interests of 3% or more. However almost a third of shareholders, over 86,000 people, are members of staff. The auditors are an independent company, PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP, Chartered Accountants and Auditors. They give the company a clean bill of health. The report doesn't disclose the amount that they are paid. In 2005, net borrowings were as follows: In 2004, net borrowings were as follows: So total net borrowings have The balance sheet values are conservative due to the prudence concept. This implies that the accountants should be cautious in the valuation of assets. The lowest reasonable estimate of an asset's value should be taken. The directors state they believe the market value of the properties of the group to be in excess of the book value of They go on to state that in the year they received We can interpret from this that perhaps this amount was not included in the book value due to it not being absolutely certain (the prudence concept). A first impression based on the profit and loss account is that the company performed well. The share price performance is an improvement on last year. This is largely related to the Directors' pay having a high performance-related component to it. The remuneration committee is made up of non-executive Directors. Their remuneration is not directly affected by the performance of the company. One of the roles of the committee is to ensure that the level and structure of remuneration is designed to attract, retain, and motivate Executive Directors needed to run the company. For this reason the remuneration policy is structured so that the fixed element (base salary) is a smaller component (20%-40%) of the total remuneration, compared to the performance related elements. The performance-related elements are: Short term performance A cash bonus is based on achievement, as is a deferred share bonus. This element of compulsory deferred shares ensures a stronger link between incentives received and shareholder value delivered. Long term performance The performance Share Plan (PSP) and share options assure a focus on long term business success. Almost a third of shareholders, about 86,000 people, are staff. Since the remuneration of the Directors is strongly linked to shareholder value delivered, the profit sharing of these shareholders increases as the Directors' performance-related pay increases. In addition, the Shares in Success scheme is for the benefit of employees with at least one year's service, including Executive Directors. Here again, profit sharing amongst employees is strongly linked to performance of Executive Directors. The employment costs for wages and salaries were The average number of full-time equivalents was: UK 163,006, Rest of Europe 47,204 and Asia 32,770. The average pay of an employee

not tried to learn a new language apart from English for many years and since I was not used to working by myself. Thus, I was quite engrossed in seeing how I would respond to this unknown learning situation. Another factor which affected the learning process was that I entertained no motivation for the language apart from the completion of the assignment. The fact that I had no real-life purpose or any communicative needs to fulfil, apart from a practical goal, limited my desire to acquire the language. As Brown (1994:152) argues "Motivation is commonly thought of as an inner drive, impulse, emotion, or desire that moves one to a particular action". Thus, generally speaking, motivation is the internal drive which pushes people towards the achievement of a particular goal. Although motivation is a quite intricate concept, it is a common belief that the more value the individual places in the completion of the goal, the stronger his motivation will be. A concept which is of paramount importance according to Gardner (1985), cited in D He distinguishes between integrative and instrumental orientation. The former is concerned with the desire of a learner to become assimilated in the target-language culture whereas the latter has to do with the wish to accomplish a practical goal. Another distinction which is perhaps more useful for language learning, because it can be more easily identified and manipulated by teachers, is that of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. As Brown (1994:155-6) quotes Deci (1975:23), intrinsic motivation derives from the learner's enjoyment of the learning process whereas extrinsic comes from external factors, the need, for instance, to pass an exam or to achieve a financial reward. Most researchers consider integrative and internal motivation to be of higher significance and to promote language learning the best. As Maslow argues (1970), cited in Brown (1994:156), people strive more for self-recognition and peer-approval than for any kind of external incentive. On the contrary, the motivation that I entertained could be identified as instrumental and extrinsic because my wish to learn the language was for the purposes of study. Consequently, it is apparent that there is a strong correlation between motivation and success. But one aspect of the motivation theory that has not been sufficiently clarified yet is the difficulty to discern whether motivation leads to success or success is something which promotes further motivation. Skehan (1989), cited in Lightbown and Spada (1999:56), supports "...the question is, are learners more highly motivated because they are successful, or are they successful because they are highly motivated?" According to my personal experience of learning Persian, I started to feel more interested and involved in the learning process when I noticed the first steps of progress whereas I felt reluctant to continue when things became blurred in my mind. To begin with, I initiated the learning process by listening first to the sounds from the cassette. I noticed that the correspondence between letters and sounds was relatively easy. More specifically, some sounds were similar to my mother tongue's so it was easy for me to pronounce them.

thickness of disk and what should the spacing between the disks Table 5.9.1 shows some examples of existing designs, mostly turbines, collected from various sources. The data was gathered to see if there was any correlation between disk size, thickness and spacing. Much of the early small model development done by Tesla used disk spacing of 1/32" (0.79mm) and 20 gauge (0.79mm) thick disks. The actual disk diameters and number of disks varied between less than 3 inches diameter up to 60 inches diameter for large scale turbines. More recent analysis done by Brieter & Pohlhausen They use Equation 5.9.1 to define the gap size, D. This gap size ensures that only laminar flow is present in the space between the disks. BREITER, M.C & POHLHAUSEN, K "Laminar flow between two parallel rotating disks" Aeronautical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, March 1962 Equation 5.9.1 - Critical Gap size to maintain boundary layer Since the Kinematic viscosity decreases with temperature, Equation 5.9.1 shows that a higher temperature fluid requires a larger disk spacing, but as the angular velocity increases the gap width reduces. In the case of the pump, pumping fluid at constant temperature, the disk spacing will vary with angular velocity. Table 5.9.2 shows the typical disk spacing for water at 20 An example calculation can be seen below: Discflo Their pump designs are a variant of Tesla's design, an example of which can be seen in Figure 5.9.1. Discflo Corporation Their designs typically have very large disk spacing allowing solids to be pumped, which suggests that small disk spacing is not a necessity for effective pump design. The aim is to test these theories by varying the disk spacing and angular velocity on the prototype. For practical reasons the disk spacing on the prototype will be 0.2mm minimum. During research into Tesla pump there were several designs of interest. One such design was that used by Tesla during his demonstrations early on in the pumps development stages. This pump design used several disks approximately 3 inches in diameter. Although no quantative data was published for this demonstration model text suggests it generated modest flow rates for its size. Another design was for use in the automotive industry as a coolant pump for an engine. The design specification was for a four inch diameter water pump. "Specifically designed to pump cooling water for internal combustion engines of all sizes and types. It has an inch and a quarter inlet and a one inch outlet. It will pump approximately 1,000 gallons of water per hour at 12 PSI. It is driven by a flat pancake type D. C. motor that is only 1/2" thick. It's power requirement is 100 watts." Automobile System Coolant Pump On the Phoenix Turbine Builders Club The data on the website suggests running it off of compressed air (3-5HP) and achieving fractional HP output. Phoenix Turbine Builders Club Another Tesla turbine has been manufactured by John A. Davis These disks are approximately 3.25 inches in diameter, with a disk spacing of 1.27mm (.05") which is standard disk spacing in hard

are requested to link to the website on which researcher put the questionnaires in advance. Students are acknowledged that they would complete a battery of questionnaires at the beginning of the term and then again after twelve weeks. In order to understand the possible language difficulty when participants do the questionnaires, the pilot study was done at the end of term one. The initial questionnaires (Time 1) are administered within the first three weeks of term two; the second questionnaires (Time 2) are administered twelve months after Time 1. A minimum of 200 subjects completed both the Time 1 and Time 2 questionnaires will be required. According to the information from the International Office, the mean age of international students is 25 years old (SD=4). The main measures in this study are humour, social support, social adaptation and wellbeing. Other measures such as optimism and extroversion are administered for confounding elimination. Some research indicated that there are high correlation between optimism, humour and extroversion (Martin, 2003). All measures are administered twice, once at the initial stage (Time 1) and once at the second stage (Time 2). The battery of the questionnaire is designed to be understandable for students with limited English proficiency. Possible vocabularies are hyper linked to a brief definition. The subjects' optimism is assessed by Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R; Scheier et al., 1994). There are six self-report items and four filler items in this measure. Subjects rate by using a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Sample items for the scale are: 'In uncertain times, I usually expect the best' and 'If something can go wrong for me, it will'. Scores ranged from 5 to 24, with higher numbers reflecting greater optimism. Participants' humour is assessed by using the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ; Martin et al., 2003), a 32-item questionnaire developed to measure individual differences in uses of humour. There are four dimensions of humour usage: Using humour to enhance their selves (Self-enhancing), to improve the relationships with others (Affiliative), to enhance their selves at the expense of others (Aggressive) and to enhance relationships at the expense of their selves (Self-defeating). Extroversion is measured by the sub-scale of The Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue, & Kentle, 1991). The BFI consists of 44 descriptive phrases to assess the Big Five factors of personality: Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Neuroticism, and Openness. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1=disagree strongly, 5=agree strongly). The sub-scale 'Extroversion' of the BFI consists eight items, including three reverse-score items. Participants' social support is measured by The Index of Sojourner Social Support (ISSS, Ward, C., 2005). The ISSS is an 18-item measure designed for use with sojourner in the Singapore to assess the four functional dimensions (i.e., emotional support, social companionship, tangible assistance, and informational support) of social support. The statements describe certain helpful behaviours that might help a sojourner stay in Singapore easier or more pleasant. Sample items include: Listen and talk with you whenever you feel lonely or depressed? (Emotional support); Explain and help you understand the local culture

The project could be wrecked in a variety of ways. The software could not be what the user is expecting or requiring or the project may eventually cost more than the client is willing to spend. The software may not work at all, or may not be compatible with the client's current systems. The client or their staff may not be able to understand it. To reduce the risk of this happening: If the same consultancy firm were working on the behalf of two competing firms, there may be a conflict of interest. They may give bad advice, which would work to the advantage of another company, or they may not be discrete with information they learn about your company's performance, which could damage share prices. From the point of view of the consultant, this is extremely unethical behaviour as it is almost impossible to work to the mutual interest of two competing employers. The best strategy would be to choose a consultancy firm with a good reputation, preferably one that publishes its client lists. If a consultancy firm has a low standard of ethics on issues such as human rights, they may advise strongly to exploit cheap workforce from countries with very low standards of pay and conditions. The consultancy company may imply that this is the only real path to take in the current economy, or may even conceal the true nature of the businesses you are doing business with. It is therefore prudent to check on any businesses that you employ to ensure that they do not violate human rights, or pass your trade onto another company that does. As defined by This does not apply to instantaneous communications, such as oral, telephone and fax. The grey area is the application of the postal rule to email, which could be argued to be non-instantaneous. There are numerous potential problems here. The main problem is the lack of a single organisation to deal with the communication. A letter is handled by the Postal Service, but an email may go through the servers of many companies. If the email is lost on the way, whose responsibility is it? Also, what happens if the email is encrypted and unreadable, or if it bounces from the recipient's account due to lack of space? As the Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002 concentrates on receipt of orders, and says little about entering into agreements, it is of limited use here. We really need to re-examine the law and decide on a definitive decision about how the postal rule applies to modern communication methods. The technical research community should always be on the lookout for new technologies. Some of these will change the market in a drastic way, and others may close the market on existing products. If handled badly, either of these could have a severely negative effect on the company. The key here is to find the technology fast. It is best to employ people not only to research into new areas, but also to find what is being researched elsewhere. It is also useful

first question, except 3 persons who spotted the error. A quick look at the literature did not help to understand this phenomenon but that shows how small the difference between consecutive scales is. The second question was cancelled. - Being tenants ourselves, we clearly cannot identify the impact of that status on the trend of answers. -Finally, most of the tenants are from three areas out of 13 existing locations managed by the SFAS. A quick check shows that the spread of property sizes, in the 3 locations chosen, belongs to the higher set of 1/2 bedrooms (112 properties out of 133). Thus, these areas are representative of the entire property population. -The SFAS team has no direct management control on all aspects of the service whatsoever (maintenance, internet, post, external security etc). -On a five-points Likert scale, we did not find sufficient literature telling what is or is not the "acceptable" gap. Therefore, we consider all gaps during the discussion of findings. Yet, drawing from Modelling literature on the normal distribution, we do know that there exist an interval around calculated means which includes the mean of the entire population. In an ideal study, we should have ignored any gap which does not go beyond that interval. -The questionnaire could not be used to assess all gaps from the gap model (Zeithaml et al, 1990). However, we could still conclude on the main gap between customers' expectations and perceptions. From the outset, there has been no thorough evaluation as to which tool is better for this piece of work. The idea was to use SERVQUAL, one of the most renowned tools for service quality assessment and analyse how it fits to this study. SERVQUAL has undoubtedly had a major impact on the business and academic communities. However, it has got many limitations listed by scholars among which we experienced the following: -It allows to measure service quality trends rather than an absolute level of quality. -It is based on the quality of questions that cannot help to pinpoint an improvement area precisely -Given the number of nationalities (33), following questions should be considered seriously: How do cultural factors influence customer evaluation of service quality? How can service quality measurement questionnaires be designed and adapted in order that they suit and provide accurate reflections of a local environment? (Xiande et al, 2002) This paper assessed the usefulness of SERVQUAL for this context. The gap and segmentation analysis directed us to unexpected findings, neither from the management survey, nor from the customers' comments. Further research is required to disaggregate the telecommunication variable and assess the core reason of customer dissatisfaction. Yet, service quality assessment is an ongoing process which needs to be done regularly to spot the trends in customer satisfaction.

In this paper I argue that the "war on terror" has prevented the US from establishing its hegemony in the East Asian region. Here I subscribe to the Gramscian idea of hegemony which refers to a state of absolute control achieved through the ready consent of the controlled. It is in the light of this definition that I establish the claim made above. The argument focuses on three countries, namely, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. I begin by examining the control US maintains in these countries through the support it provides to their military strength and internal counter-terrorism machinery. However, this control is insufficient if the US wishes to claim hegemonic status in the region. For this it requires to elicit the consent of these countries (people and government), and the second part of my argument deals with how the "war on terror" has prevented the US from achieving this end; thereby, keeping it from gaining hegemonic status in the region. Ever since the cold war period the United States has been a crucial actor in East Asia. It has maintained its control in the region by providing military and monetary assistance to the countries in the region. Though the "war on terror" was prompted by the September 11 terrorist attacks, the US grabbed it as an opportunity to further strengthen the control it had been maintaining in East Asia. However, this paper argues that this strengthened control is not hegemony. Though the "war on terror" has enabled the strengthening of US control in the region, it has on the other hand prevented the country from establishing its hegemony in the East Asia. It is important to mention here that I am using the Gramscian idea of hegemony in this paper. According to Gramsci, hegemony is a state of absolute control that is established and maintained through the " 'spontaneous' consent" of the controlled (Gramsci 2002; p. 61). Such a conception of hegemony emphasises that for control to be absolute, the controlled needs to be convinced as to the legitimacy of the control; for only then would the former " 'spontaneous[ly]' consent" to it (the control). In the light of this nuanced conception of hegemony I argue that the "war on terror" has had a negative impact on US' ambition to establish its hegemony in the East Asian region. For, though the war has enabled the US to maintain and even strengthen its control in the region, by necessitating the latter's support for building up the military strength The "war on terror" has also enabled the US to gain control over the region through its economic ties with various countries. For instance , it has signed FTAs with certain East Asian countries to keep itself involved in the region, which according to the US is essential for the security of the region (Rajan in Dosch 2007;p. 77). However, in the countries I am specifically concerned with-Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines- the most crucial developments have been the security cooperation arrangements by virtue of which the US has gained control in these countries.

A quotation from Haspels reads: I call him after the repeated subject of the Sphinx with her victim. Haimon the son of Kreon was the last and fairest victim of the Sphinx. There is not a comprehensive monograph on the Haimon Painter and the 1936 book by Haspels is still being used as the main textbook. Moreover, there is negative sentiment in the literature about the Haimon Painter. He is being discussed within the context of the degeneration of art and the Haimon Painter is being described productive rather than artistic. Haspels (1936: 131) emphasises that the conception of the decoration on the Haimon Painter vases is vague and there is no unity between the scenes. There are definite problems with the existing literature on the Haimon Painter. Firstly, there are a number of limitations relating to the art-historical approach. The emphasis has been on stylistic distinctiveness because style has been used for chronology. The attribution of vases to this painter has been based on detailed comparisons. Secondly, there are generalisations about the function and value of the Haimon lekythoi. They are assumed to be cheap oil flasks for the poor or for commodity trading. They are also assumed to relate to ritual and burial use just because the lekythoi shape is a funerary shape. Therefore, there is a disparity in the existing literature. On the one hand, the Haimon Painter has been a specific academic construction. On the other hand, the use and value of the Haimon lekythoi are discussed within the context of generalised assumptions. There is surely more we can learn from these pots. Beazley's legacy would make us look for the characteristic thin rays on the lekythoi shoulder. However, there are far more questions we ask about these vases. The main question we can address in this piece of research is whether we can learn about the function and importance of the Haimon lekythoi by examining their find locations. The circulation patters of these vases are particularly interesting as a preliminary search on the online Beazley archive revealed an intriguing geographic distribution: From Olbia in South Russion to Ampurias in Spain. The question that arises here then is why these cheap quality vessels be circulating so widely. Were they personal gifts? Were they widely traded because they were so cheap? It is necessary to analyse a number of archaeological contexts in depth. For instance, the Agora wells in Athens exemplify deposits from domestic rubbish. This contrasts with the presence of these vessels in major sanctuaries such as Delphi and with the ever-presence of Haimonian lekythoi in cemeteries in Attica and all over Greece. The Haimon Painter can be defined as a successful business person or as a smart marketer who manufactured vases in a mass-production manner at a time when the black-figured decoration technique was well established within classical Athens. He appears to have been targeting a particular market niche. Therefore, there was a certain social need or cultural taste for Haimonian lekythoi. It is more likely that they were used and valued as mere oil flasks rather

appropriate value will be sent in the correct category. The action software module will take values from the decision software module and take the correct action. If there was a fire in the house then this module will receive a high value in the heat section and so call for the fire brigade. This software module would have different levels of action. If there were a low danger, for example if the cooker were left on, then the action module would send a message to a call centre. The call centre would then call the house to make sure everything is okay. The two types of output would speakers and a digital phone line. If the elderly person had fallen over then they would need confirmation that help is on the way. The system could give the message, "Help is on its way," through the speakers. The speakers would be flat panel speakers so that they are less obtrusive. To contact the emergency services the system would need some form of communication. This would be through the digital phone line. The whole system would be connected together by firewire. This is because firewire is cheap and reliable. There are many hubs and devices that support firewire and it can also carry power sufficient for the purpose of this system. The central processing unit would be an IBM Thinkpad R31. This is because it has high specification for a low price. It also has the bonuses that it has a built in sound card, for audio input and output, and USB connectivity for easy connection to the modem and phone lines. The decision software module would be responsible for the calling of action and so has to be designed well. It must be reliable and safe whilst still being accurate and fast. For this reason it must employ some guidelines. The software should be capable of making decisions on its own so that it speeds up response times. It would waste a lot of time if it had to go from computer to human and back to computer; the time wasted in extreme cases could cause loss of life. The data received from the analysis module would need to be converted to a form that was easier for the computer to process and understand, i.e. converting form a human language to a communication suitable for the computer. The conversion should comply with the scale of danger. The scale of danger is a method designed to reduce the number of false alarms. If there is low danger in one area then no action is taken, or a warning is sent. If there is a high danger in one area then action is taken. If there is a low danger in many areas then action is also taken. There is an example of this in the appendix. To meet these requirements a high level artificial intelligence system is needed. The artificial intelligence of the system must be adept in pattern recognition. The software should be able to distinguish between habit and accident. The emergency services

The accommodation sector is the largest sector in the tourism industry (Cooper 29% of tourists stay in hotels in the UK, and 41% of their spending goes on hotels ( This goes to show how big the hotel sector is within the hospitality industry. Accommodation establishments vary from youth hostels, where several people share a room, to 5 star resort-style hotels with several hundred rooms, and countless facilities. Hotels vary greatly in size and the facilities they provide. A bed and breakfast with just 3 rooms is classed as a hotel (Mintel, 2004) along with the aforementioned resort style establishments. This essay will focus on the hotel area of the industry, particularly the operations of the Hilton International Hotel Group. Hilton is a large international hotel group, with at least seven brands (Hilton Hospitality Inc, 2004) and operates in seventy nine countries, with a total of three hundred and ninety two hotels included in all of their brands. In the UK, there are over 33,000 hotels ( Hilton provide a mid to high class style of accommodation (Hilton Hospitality Inc, 2004), in a variety of markets. Such examples are beach resorts, golfing hotels, spa breaks, business hotels, airport hotels, as well as resort style hotels (Hilton Hospitality Inc, 2004). This means that Hilton have established a wide range of hotel styles to attract many different market segments. The variety of hotel styles also means that if there are problems in one sector of the hotel industry, then Hilton can play to their strengths in other parts of the industry. Hilton Group PLC has reported a 19% growth in profits in the 4 months up to October 2004 (Financial Times, 2004). It is suggested that this growth will continue for the next 3 years. At present, Hilton is in the process of selling 11 hotels in the UK, mainly in Scotland, though it is not clear why (Paton, 2004). This would suggest that Hilton are making plans for the future, and need money to fund the plans. The sales of the hotels should generate However, there are threats within the hotel industry that are completely unpredictable. A major threat to the hotel industry over not only the last year, but two before, is that of terrorism around the world. Countless acts of terrorism have taken place, although none have yet to target Britain on a large scale. However, there have been several flawed attempts, one on Canary Wharf in November 2004, the main business area of London (BBC, 2004). This sort of news doesn't build the confidence of travellers, and can deter people from travelling to these areas. Another major threat is the war that is currently taking place in Iraq. Although this doesn't directly affect the hotel industry in the UK, Hilton stated in May 2003 that they believed it to be a reason for a slump in profits (BBC, 2003). The pre-tax profits of the firm had dropped by 25% in the four months to April 2003. Hilton's other reason for this drop in profits was the SARS outbreak in Asia.

serpent, and finally be immortalised in his bestial form. The play ends with him as an aged social outcast. The death of his grandson has eradicated his line and rendered him impotent. Cadmus is the male who acquiesces to Dionysus, yet is still punished along with those who resist him. KADMOS My life will be an open wound, / for I shall never die, / never be blown down through the black peace of Acheron. (Bagg 430) DIONYSUS ... you shall drive an oxcart / commanding a vast barbarian army / whose killer hordes burn many cities. (Bagg 439) Snakes are emblematic with the feminine in both the natural and demonic spheres, as the chorus of Bacchante's assert: The Earth, as female, embodies many of the hostilities to the masculine ideal: she drinks the blood of warriors, murdered kings and libations She provides Bacchante's with wells of milk and honey. And though the scenes of pastoral provision by Bacchus for his maenads herald a return to the ancient Golden Age, disturbing emasculative forces are lurking beneath the rural idyll. Cithaeron seems an ideal milieu for masculine voyeurism, and the shepherds CLYTEMNESTRA Remember too all those midnight libations, / not winebowls, but liquor much redder and thicker (Harrison 87) They note, however, the snakes wound "like belts around each woman" (Bagg 399) and maenad wands that drip honey "in sweet threads from their wands." (Bagg 399) Milk oozes "fresh and white" (Bagg 399) from the raked earth. One maenad enters the earth (womb-like and feminine, as previously discussed), with her thyrsis; With their phallic wands the Bacchante's seemed to have acquired a principle emblem of masculinity. This particular maenad is now androgynous, or at least, she can fulfil all of the social functions traditionally upheld by the male. She is farmer of the earth, and as the shepherds soon find, rapturous defender of her sisters: she renders the notion of the male provider obsolete. It is also the feminine invested in the natural world and it's miscellany that is diminutive of the male tragic hero. The few well-placed props in Aeschylus and Euripides are manifest emasculation. They are reductive of status and emblematic of an individual's Noteworthy objects include the dress and wig of Pentheus, the red carpet Clytemnestra lays as welcome-mat for her husband and the trammel she casts over him in the act of murder. The net is the product of weaving, a pastime denoting domestic fidelity and obedience. Semele's sisters wove before Dionysus ensnared them in his frenzy. Agave declares "I quit my loom and found more serious work" (Bagg 422). Now she and her sisters are as "netted birds, caught up in sex." (Bagg 410) Upon returning home, Agamemnon has never been more secure in his masculine ascendancy: his monarchical supremacy is restored replete with the military glory Troy's destruction endows upon his reputation. He journeys back to his wife with Cassandra as his sexual trophy. In all respects, politically, militarily and (in the realm of the domestic) sexually, Agamemnon is the Alpha Male. Yet the loom that has

patient. "Medicine, Patients and the Law" by Margaret Brazier, 3rd Ed. , 2003, pg 439 "Euthanasia", From Wikipedia, Other controversial issues are the issuing of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders, where a patient can instruct the hospital staff to refrain from resuscitating her if she suffers cardiac arrest. According to the British Medical Association and Royal College of Nursing guidelines, the decision to do this lies in the hands of the consultant with appropriate consultation of the family. Also at the centre of the debate are the decisions to switch off life support. It is now the doctor who makes the first step in suggesting that life support be turned off. Should medical professionals be involved in conduct that is designed to bring about death? One of the basic principles of medicine is the precept "First do no harm". Deliberately taking the life of another, even if that life was ebbing away, constitutes murder, both in the eyes of the judiciary and possibly in the eyes of the public. The consequences of doctors being involved in Euthanasia can go in two different directions. To the few who are strong willed and capable of making a competent decision about how they would want to end their lives- but due to illnesses that cause their body to decay- are unable to, the knowledge that a doctor they trust could end their life in a peaceful manner would be a relief. But what then of the weak willed and the easily bullied? Many of problems already being witnessed by the Netherlands which has legalized euthanasia and physician assistance in certain circumstances by its One of the most important consequences is the erosion of the relationship between doctor and patient. A physician shall do all he can to cure, most times becoming a friend to the patient. The Remmelink report, a study conducted by the Dutch government into Euthanasia, prior to the 2002 Act revealed that "more than half of Dutch physicians considered it appropriate to introduce the subject of euthanasia to their patients. They seemed not to recognize that they were thereby telling the patient that his or her life was not worth living, a message that would have a powerful effect on the patient's outlook and decision." Dr. Herbert Hendin, M.D., Executive Director of the American Suicide Foundation and Professor of Psychiatry at New York Medical College said that when a suffering patient requests euthanasia, it is a strong cry for mental and physical relief. The assurance of a "caring, sensitive, and knowledgeable physician who can address their fear, relieve their suffering, and assure them that he or she will remain with them to the end, most patients no longer want to die and are grateful for the time remaining to them" "Testimony for Congressional Subcommittee on the Constitution" - Herbert Hendin M.D., April, 29,1996, Ibid. Another consequence that anti-euthanasia activists claim is inevitable is what they term the "slippery slope argument". In general form it claims that "an apparently innocuous small step can act as the thin edge of the wedge to bring

Food is an essential factor of life; everyone needs to eat to survive. Because of this, food safety plays a very large and important part in our lives too. Food safety means ensuring food is safe and fit to be eaten and does not cause harm to the consumer. When it arises that a food is not safe there can be bad consequences such as food poisoning occurring. There are many aspects involved in trying to keep food safe and a lot of opportunities for something to go wrong so it is very important that every detail, in food manufacture and once it reaches the consumer, is payed careful attention to. Food poisoning appears to be increasing. In 1983 the number of cases was 17,735. By 1993 this had reached 68,587 and the figures for 2003 show the number of cases to be 70,895. Over 20 years there has been almost a four times increase in the notifications of food poisoning, even though there are now many more precautions and regulations to prevent this from occurring. These increases can possibly be explained with several reasons. People are now more aware of food poisoning and the symptoms of it, and more readily report it to their GP so more cases are being officially documented. There have been large changes in eating habits over the last 20 years, and more people are eating out more often, increasing the chances of getting food poisoning. There are also changes in food preparation, a large number of the population readily consume 'convenience' cook-chill foods using microwaves and may not reheat products adequately. There are a lot more people traveling abroad and eating food which may not have been prepared to the same standards we have in the UK. There are also demographic changes, showing that there are a greater number of elderly people due to people living longer, and they are at high risk of contracting food poisoning. There are three main food safety hazards; microbiological, physical and chemical. Microbiological hazards include bacterial contamination which can lead to food poisoning and is the most serious hazard as it can result in illness and sometimes death. Physical hazards include contamination by foreign bodies. Plasters, glass, metal wire, nuts and bolts, insects and wood splinters have all been found contaminating food products before and can cause damage to the consumer. The foreign body may also be contaminated with bacteria and could lead to a microbial hazard. Chemical hazards include contamination with pesticides, bird or animal repellent, cleaning and disinfecting agents, and other chemicals. To avoid this chemicals should never be stored near food and should be cleared away before food preparation begins. Microbiological hazards are the most serious and are the hardest to eliminate. These hazards include viral contamination, parasites present in raw meat or fish, moulds and yeast primarily causing spoilage but can also cause illness, and bacterial contamination. There are four main preventative measures against bacteria which should always be followed but there are many occasions where people are not aware of them, or do not follow

the latter circumstance is seen by many DCs as a problem because they in their opinion they tend to be underrepresented in the negotiations. The new regionalism is seen by some as evidence of DCs wanting to participate in a multilateral system currently dominated by developed countries (Robinson and Thierfelder, 2002). Trade liberalisation and related policy reforms create winners and losers, an RTA may serve as a coordination device for those who stand to gain from trade liberalisation, and it may increase cooperation on issues that are important to the interests of the RTA members (Stern, 1999). Since in the event of trade creation domestic production is replaced by cheaper imports from partner countries, resistance will be strongest against an RTA having this outcome (Hoekman and Schiff, 2002). Generally, coordination is more difficult for those favouring free trade than those opposing it, as gains from liberalisation are widely distributed, uncertain, difficult to quantify, and perhaps longer term, while losses are immediate, visible and fall on specific and identifiable sectors (Fern In case of North-South agreements, the exporters of agricultural products being beneficiaries may promote further liberalisation. While farmers are likely to oppose the accession of additional members because, although in the initial stage of an RTA formation the established farmers earn some profits due to their unrecoverable investment costs creating quasi-rents, the rise in sales and profits will attract new entrants (Baldwin, 1995). RTA can also serve as a coordination device in making tradeoffs between different policy areas such as environmental and labour standards. In case of NAFTA, the US commits to continue its relatively open trade policy with Mexico, while Mexico commits to improving labour and environmental standards so that both sides benefit. In multilateral negotiations this is far more difficult to pursue, as they have to deal with multiple issues as well as numerous countries having widely varying standards (Fern Combined, DCs have greater bargaining power than separately (Gaisford et al., 2003). Bargaining power of customs union having a common external tariff is greater than those of a free trade area (Stern, 1999). Neighbouring DCs tend to belong to the same climatic belts and or the same geological areas, which increases the probability that they supply homogenous agricultural and mineral commodities in the same markets. RTA partners may engage themselves in concerted actions in primary commodity markets, in jointly demanding better access to markets of industrialised countries (Langhammer and Hiemenz, 1990). According to Krueger (1999), DCs need the multilateral system of rules, because it offers some protection against the large industrialised countries who have bargaining power in international trade. DCs are small economies with comparative advantages only in a small range of goods and therefore they are highly dependent on trade. Moreover, they are in an earlier state of development and their stake in the healthy growth of the world economy is larger than those of the industrialised countries (Krueger, 1999). Multilateral institutions with their dispute settlement processes give DCs the chance to take disciplinary actions against erratic anti-dumping, countervailing duty actions and efforts to achieve protection against developing countries'

windows and doors are one of the biggest expenses and the delivery times can be measured in months, the mistakes can both push back the completion date and turn to be very costly. For example, the cost of windows was the second most expensive item on the bill of quantities for Yanley Lane development and it took more than ten weeks for their delivery. Apart from drawing, architects have to communicate certain issues by compiling documents. I had to compile several information packages. On Yanley Lane studio building, I had to submit a written report to the client. It concentrated on resolving some critical issues before the project was to be started on site. Because of topography, it would turn too costly for the studio to be linked to the main sewerage system, as the building was planed to be downhill from it. As the result I have researched into several sewerage system options, citing in report the cost and the design implication of all of them. Also, the report has concentrated on the relation of window sizes to the overall cost of the project. It is important to make design process as transparent as possible. Drawings are good tool to explain a building, but I felt that they could not explain some issues, particularly to clients who may have not engaged in the process of development beforehand. Another instance when I had incorporated drawings in more comprehensive documents was when submitting a design for planning approval. I felt that, apart from filling in necessary forms and sending through the drawings showing the development, it is important to create a written explanation on certain design features and show how the development responds to development plans. By doing so on Yanley Lane studio and Stanpit Marsh visitor centre submissions, the planning approval came within statutory time period. Delays in planning approval can have a significant impact on the work schedule. This often may be due to misunderstanding between the architect and local authority. It is through these reports that some issues are clarified. Also, they can serve to open up a constructive discussion between these two parties, which helps in resolving problems. I have also been involved in creating documents such as tendering specifications, whereby I have learnt the importance of cross - referencing specification clauses and component drawings. For example, I have been given to do the NBS specification section on sanitary - ware for the Hengistbury Head Classroom of the Future project and relate it to specific drawings. By citing specification clause on drawings and vice versa, the information is much more legible to the contractor and subcontractors. This may fractionally speed up the construction process. Surveying encompasses activities such as site surveying, site investigation and site inspection. To various degrees, I have been involved in all them. Namely, in terms of architectural survey I have conducted it with senior colleagues on Yanley Lane project and Friezecroft Avenue redevelopment. It thought me the importance of spending enough time on site doing a thorough measurement and investigation, as mistakes at this early

Quantitative and qualitative research strategies occupy two distinctive foundations in the domain of social research. Their different assumptions about knowledge and reality lead to different sets of methodologies, which in turn have the strengths and limitations of their own (Bryman 2004, Creswell 2003, Denzin 1970) A straightforward solution to maximize their strengths will be the application of a multi-strategy research, which refers to the integration of quantitative and qualitative research strategies within one single project (Bryman 2004). However, instead of a simple assumption about "the more the better", a multi-strategy research can arouse more problems than it is supposed to resolve(Green, Preston 2005). If we would like to draw a critical comparison between single and multi-strategy research, three key questions should be addressed: 1. How effective is the chosen research strategy in answering the research questions? 2. Does the multi-strategy research enjoy exclusive "merits" that make it naturally "better" than the single strategy research? 3. Are there any defects in multi-strategy research? I would firstly give a brief introduction of my selected studies before I answer the questions. The study sought to answer the question, "Why do working class kids end up with working class jobs?", by following 12 white working class kids from school to work in two years. A range of qualitative research strategies such as participant observation, group discussions and informal interviews were adopted. Willis concluded that modern schools functioned as authoritative institutions, where teacher-student relationships became a relationship between the powerful and the powerless. Working class "lads" rejected the school's authority together with the knowledge, which made them remain with the working class jobs. This is a multi-strategy research which examined the financial arrangement inside a household. 102 pairs of couple with at least one child who was under 16 years old were selected for interviews. Multi-strategy skills were employed in both of the data collection and data analysis process. For instance, in-depth interviews (qualitative) were carried out based on a structured questionnaire (quantitative), and findings were presented in figures (quantitative) and as direct quotations from the respondents (qualitative). The study identified 4 different finance arrangements among the couples; these typologies reflected the different power dimensions within a marriage. Enormous (and probably indefinite) approaches in combining the quantitative and qualitative strategies have been offered by many scholars. For examples, mixing strategies can be applied in the different stages of research (Brannen 2005), or in different priorities (Creswell 2003). The two research strategies may corroborate with, or contrast against each other (Bryman 2004, Hammersly 1996). In spite of their differences in the research objectives and strategies, the two pieces of study that I picked are both concerned about one central issue - the dimension of power. It is either about power inside a school (Willis) or within a marriage (Pahl). How was the question of power answered differently by different strategies? In "Learning to Labour", Willis provided the justification for his preference towards qualitative strategy, "Instead of charting the objective causal relationship between job choice, class, school and home, we wanted to know how these structural determinants actually worked

"consultation rather than command", and instead of instructions, communication is based on advice. Meyer (2000) seems to share the same opinion, by stating that creativity is enhanced when directions are given in the form of feedback and not through strict control. Finally, Hackett and Robinson (1997) specify the role of communication among leaders in creative companies by mentioning that communication among leaders can help on making and implementing changes in the organisation more effectively. These are the last key-factors for creative organisations. According to an employee: "...one of the important things about being creative is to be encouraged, to be told that what you are doing is valuable..." (Andriopoulos 2003, p.380). Sutton (2001, p.101), states that creative companies reward both success and failure, since it is "impossible to generate a few good ideas without also generating a lot of bad ideas". He highlights though, that what it is important for creative organisations is not to permit their employees to be inactive; only this attitude deserves punishment. Finally, Amabile (1998) states that acknowledgment of creative work is a vital factor, and should be made before the commercial results of a creative effort become known. The key-barriers to implementing the abovementioned key-factors, as well as the ways of overcoming these key-barriers, are analysed below. A key-barrier connected with organisations' human resources is identified by Amabile (1998), who points out that managers usually lack detailed information about their employees and the existing projects. Thus, they fail to successfully allocate the available assignments to the appropriate people. Instead, what erroneously do is simply allocating the most qualified employee to the most urgent project. Usually, such an action results in disappointing outcomes. Overcoming this barrier demands from managers to have or (to search for) all the available information for both employees and projects. Companies on the other hand must ensure that such data are available. Amabile (1998, p.82) also suggests that organisations often 'kill' creativity by pushing their employees to succeed in unrealistic or impossibly achieved deadlines, creating thus either "distrust or burnout". Moreover, managers often keep their resources tight, making their employees search for additional funding instead of creative ideas. Strong leadership is essential here since the appropriate allocation of company's resources is very important. Thus, managers must roughly know in advance the amounts of time and money that a project will necessitate and should try to ensure that the company would agree to them. Sutton (2001, p.103) seems to agree with the abovementioned, but he approaches this problem from a different perspective. He states that companies usually devote more resources (time, people and money) on "exploiting old ideas than to exploring new ones". However, what companies must do is exploit the gained knowledge and experience and successfully implement them in new ideas. Instead of building multidisciplinary teams, Amabile (1998, p.83) states that managers quite often prefer to form homogeneous teams, encouraged by the fact that these teams often reach solutions more quickly. However, as very cogently stated by the author, "everyone comes to the table with a similar mind-set. They leave with the same". Managers