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20,839,745	Climate of the Tampa Bay area	1,171,718,456	null	[ "Climate by city in the United States", "Climate of Florida" ]	The Tampa Bay area has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), closely bordering a tropical climate near the waterfront areas. There are two basic seasons in the Tampa Bay area, a hot and wet season from May through October, and a mild and dry season from November through April. Nearly two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the months of June through September. The area is listed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as being in hardiness zone 9b as well as hardiness zone 10a just along the immediate coast and in peninsular Pinellas; which is about the northern limit of where coconut palms and royal palms can be grown. Highs usually range between 65 and 95 °F (18–35 °C) year round. Tampa's official high has never reached 100 °F (38 °C) – the city's all-time record temperature is 99 °F (37 °C). St. Petersburg's all-time record high is exactly 100 °F (38 °C). Pinellas County lies on a peninsula between Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and much of the city of Tampa lies on a smaller peninsula jutting out into Tampa Bay. This proximity to large bodies of water both moderates temperatures and introduces large amounts of humidity into the atmosphere. In general, the local communities farthest from the coast have larger temperature ranges, both during a single day and throughout the seasons of the year. ## Seasonal weather ### Wet season The warm and rainy season typically begins in late May and runs through October. Average high temperatures are in the low 90s °F (around 32 °C) with lows in the mid-70s °F (around 24 °C) during this period, and the combination of warm temperatures and high humidity brings an almost daily chance of rain and thunderstorms, especially in the afternoon. Day-to-day weather is remarkably consistent, with summertime average highs and lows within five to ten degrees of the record high and low for any given date. In the typical summertime weather pattern, the combination of daytime heating and the interaction of the Gulf and Atlantic sea breezes creates thermal-fueled cumulus clouds over the Florida peninsula. These can produce rain showers or grow into towering thunderheads, either of which tend to drift westward on upper level winds produced by the Bermuda high, a semi-permanent weather feature over the Atlantic Ocean that strengthens during the summer months. These storms can form anywhere across Central Florida from the interior near Orlando to along the west coast, depending on the wind and local weather conditions. Wherever they develop, Tampa's most common summer weather pattern results in afternoon thundershowers that usually rain themselves out by sunset, though on occasion, a storm cell will persist and drift west to the Gulf of Mexico to produce nighttime lightning displays visible from local beaches. A less common summer weather pattern is for prevailing westerly winds to cause overnight thundershowers to form offshore along a land breeze front. These storms bring morning rain to the Tampa area before moving inland later in the day, reversing the more typical timing. While afternoon storms are usually followed by a clear and cooler evening, morning rain often results in higher than usual humidity levels and the possibility of more storms developing in the afternoon. Summer storms typically bring brief periods of heavy rain and gusty winds with frequent cloud-to-ground lightning. They can grow severe, bringing strong straight-line winds, small hail, and torrential rain, and an occasional tornado. (While Florida sees the highest number of tornadoes per square mile of any state, the majority are small, weak, and short-lived compared to those seen in mid-western states.) Waterspouts sometimes form when outflows from adjacent storm cells interact and begin to rotate over water, creating a funnel cloud over Tampa Bay or off the gulf beaches. These features usually stay offshore but occasionally reach land as a short-lived weak tornado. The Tampa Bay area is sometimes referred to as the "Lightning Capital of the World" for its frequent thunderstorms. Though Central Florida receives as much lightning during the summer months as the world's true lightning leaders such as the Lake Victoria region of Africa and the central Amazon River Basin, thunderstorms are much less common from about October to May, so the area from Tampa to Orlando is more accurately deemed the "Lightning Capital of North America". An average of about a dozen people are killed by lightning in Florida every year, with several annually in the Tampa area., and TECO Energy, Tampa's primary electric utility, spends several millions dollars annually to repair transformers and other equipment damaged by lightning strikes. University of Florida lightning expert Martin A. Uman has calculated that the average resident is within a half-mile of 10 to 15 lightning strikes every year. ### Dry season The dry season often begins in early November and can last into early May. The local weather during these months is normally sunny, mild, and quite dry, with a general cooling trend through the fall and a slow increase in temperatures starting in February. Highs during the coolest part of the winter average around 70 °F (21 °C), usually with sunny skies. The occasional passage of a cold front will bring rain followed by a few days of cooler temperatures. Lows rarely reach freezing 32 °F (0 °C), an occurrence which happens, on average, once every other year in areas away from the water and less frequently in areas on Tampa Bay or the Gulf of Mexico. While deep freezes are very infrequent, serious cold snaps are a significant concern due to the diverse range of freeze-sensitive agriculture and aquaculture industries in the area as well as tropical landscaping such as coconut palms and royal palms. Frozen precipitation is very rare in the Tampa Bay area. The only known measurable snowfall in Tampa after 1900 occurred on January 19, 1977. While the accumulation amounted to less than 0.5 inches (13 mm), the city is so unaccustomed to snow that public schools closed for the day and many businesses and roadways closed until it melted away that afternoon. Many residents of southern Pinellas County reported a light snowfall on December 23, 1989. However, no snow fell at official weather stations, and the weather record indicates that light sleet fell on St. Petersburg that day. The winter of 2009–2010 was one of the coldest in local history. Both Tampa and St. Petersburg set records for consecutive days in which the high temperature did not reach 60 °F (16 °C), and Tampa experienced ten consecutive days with a low temperature below freezing. Much of the area received a "wintry mix" of rain and sleet on January 9–10. According to The Weather Channel, Tampa's all-time record low temperature is 18 °F (−8 °C) and St. Petersburg's is 20 °F (−7 °C), both occurring during the same cold snap on December 13, 1962. During El Niño, the Tampa Bay area receives cooler and wetter conditions during the dry season while during La Niña, the Tampa Bay area becomes drier and warmer than normal. ### Precipitation and sunshine trends Due to the frequent summer thunderstorms, Tampa has a pronounced wet season, receiving a yearly average of about 30 inches (760 mm) of rain from June to September but only about 19 inches (480 mm) during the remaining eight months of the year combined. The historical averages late in the wet season are augmented by the passage of tropical cyclones, which can drop several inches of rain in just a few hours. Outside of the summer rainy season, most of the area's precipitation is delivered by occasional weather fronts - cold fronts often bring brief but intense rain while warm fronts tend to bring light rain over longer periods of time. Precipitation and temperature averages for the city of Tampa itself tend to fall near the median for the area. Communities to the interior tend to receive a bit more rain and experience slightly wider temperature fluctuations, while those on the Gulf coast tend to receive a bit less rain and less pronounced temperature differences, both in a single day and through the year. The area receives plentiful sunshine throughout the year, averaging a total of 2920 hours, or 66.7% of the possible total. The daily sunshine amount is highest in May, when the sun's angle of incidence brings more hours of daylight but the rainy season has not yet begun. ## Tropical systems June through November is hurricane season in the Atlantic Basin and Caribbean Sea, with the most tropical activity occurring between mid-August to mid-October. Rain dropped by tropical systems is an important component of the area's annual precipitation and is vital for replenishing the water supply of communities around Tampa Bay. The area is threatened by tropical systems almost every year and feels some effect from passing storms several times per decade. However, due to Tampa Bay's location on the west coast and the typical steering winds for storms, landfall in the area is very uncommon, with estimates of the probability of a hurricane making landfall in the Tampa Bay area during any given year ranging from 1 in 25 to 1 in 50. The small village of Tampa was devastated by the Great Gale of 1848, and the area suffered major damage during the Tampa Bay Hurricane of 1921. Since then, however, Tampa Bay has not seen the landfall of any hurricane. Manatee County, which is technically not part of the Tampa Bay area, in 1946 was the site of a Category 1 hurricane that lost hurricane strength immediately after landfall. The 2004 Atlantic Hurricane Season was historically busy for the Tampa Bay area. The region was affected by a record four hurricanes that year; Frances, Jeanne, Charley, and to a lesser extent, Ivan. Jeanne and Frances passed over Tampa as tropical storms after making their way across the state from the east coast. Charley was forecast to make a direct hit on Tampa Bay from the south-southwest, which would have been the worst-case scenario for local storm surge flooding. But the storm made a sudden and unexpected turn to the northeast and brought only tropical storm force winds to the region, devastating the Ft. Myers/Port Charlotte area instead. Ivan also threatened the area as it moved north up the eastern Gulf of Mexico. It remained far to the west of central Florida, however, and brought only a bit of rain and wind to Tampa Bay before eventually slamming into coastal Alabama and the Florida Panhandle. On September 10, 2017, Hurricane Irma struck the Florida Keys and made landfall near Marco Island in southwest Florida as a Category 3 storm. Irma moved north up the length of the Florida peninsula and had weakened to a Category 1 storm by the time it neared central Florida. On the night of September 10 and 11, the eye passed east of Tampa through eastern Hillsborough County, bringing at least tropical storm winds to the entire Tampa Bay area. Irma caused significant damage to the region, particularly to the electrical grid. ## Tampa data ## See also - Climate of Florida	[ "## Seasonal weather", "### Wet season", "### Dry season", "### Precipitation and sunshine trends", "## Tropical systems", "## Tampa data", "## See also" ]	2,271	12,053
33,264,947	Bizounce	1,122,209,057	null	[ "2001 debut singles", "2001 songs", "J Records singles", "Olivia (singer) songs" ]	"Bizounce" is the debut single recorded by American singer Olivia, from her self-titled debut studio album (2001). Producers Doug Allen and Joshua Thompson wrote the song in collaboration with Olivia and songwriters David L. Conley, Quincy Q. Patrick, and Juan Magic" Peters. It was released on March 20, 2001 as the lead single from the album. It is an upbeat, R&B track with lyrics that revolve around dissatisfaction with a relationship and the desire to "bizounce" or leave the partner. In her autobiography, Release Me: My Life, My Words, Olivia revealed her disappointment that "Bizounce" was chosen and released as the lead single because of interference by label executives. "Bizounce" received primarily mixed reviews from music critics; some critics praised Olivia's vocals, image, and its choice as her debut single while others questioned Olivia's connection with the music. The single was a commercial success in the United States, peaking at number fifteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks charts. It also peaked at number sixteen on the Canadian Singles Chart. "Bizounce" is Olivia's most successful solo single, leaving her 2005 collaboration with rapper 50 Cent on "Candy Shop" as her most successful overall. To promote "Bizounce", she performed it on various television and live shows. She also included the song as a part of the promotional tour leading up the album's release. The song's accompanying music video was directed by Marcus Raboy. ## Background Olivia initially performed rap under the name "O-Lovely", before abandoning it to attend Hofstra University and Five Towns College as a different way to advance her career in music. Olivia recalled that people frequently compared her voice to Brandy. Olivia was signed to J Records at age 17, becoming the first artist to join the record label. For her audition, she performed the gospel hymn "His Eye Is on the Sparrow" for American record producer Clive Davis. During an interview with Billboard, Olivia revealed that she was immediately signed to the label following the meeting. She described herself as "the one chosen to flagship the label" since her single and album were one of the first projects released by the company. Executives from the record company referred to her as "the First Lady of J". Joshua Thompson, who previously arranged for Olivia's audition for Arista Records' executives and Davis, produced her demo. "Bizounce" was produced by Thompson and Doug Allen, who also contributed to the writing along with Olivia, David L. Conley, Quincy Q. Patrick, and Juan Magic" Peters. J Records senior vice president Ron Gillyard described Olivia as "the real deal", emphasizing her roles as "a songwriter, a singer, and a rapper". Olivia later described the recording and promotion of "Bizounce" and the album as a learning experience for her future ventures; she said her time at J Records was: "cut short by the politics of the industry and me not actually taking my career into my own hands". She said record executives took away her control over the creation of the album because of her youth and inexperience. ## Composition and lyrics According to digital information from Beatport, "Bizounce" is a R&B and funk song composed in the key of G minor. The song's instrumentation is composed of drums, keyboards, and a bass guitar. AllMusic's Jon Azpiri praised the contrast between the "brutally frank" lyrics about break-ups and infidelity, and the "seductive" instrumentals, making the single one of the most memorable of 2001. According to a review in Billboard, Olivia's vocal performance reflects her hip hop influences and gives the single a "street edge" while its "orchestral tinges" are best-suited for R&B radio. In an interview with Billboard, Olivia called the single an "empowering women's song" for inspiring women to leave unfulfilling relationships. She said she wrote it: "for all the people who don't know how to tell the other person to 'bounce' ". An article in Vibe magazine noted lyrics, like: "I can't take this shit no more / Picture frame broken daddy 'cause I can't trust you / I'm ridin' high now / So nigga fuck you", as creating an impression of Olivia as a "potty-mouth". NME's John Mulvey commented that Olivia's "ruthlessness rather than her vocabulary" was the standout, especially in the lyric: "Shoulda known what you missed at home / Now you're all alone with no-one to bone". Mulvey joked that the amount of censorship on the radio edit made Olivia sound "avant-garde". ## Release and promotion "Bizounce" was released through J Records as the lead single from Olivia's debut album Olivia on March 20, 2001. The release included explicit and "PG-13" versions of the single along with a twenty-nine second snippet of the second single "Are U Capable", and a minute and twenty-two second snippet of the album track "It's On Again". The instrumental and "X-rated" versions of the single were released on vinyl. Olivia made appearances on television and on live shows to promote "Bizounce". Before the album's release, she performed the single on Soul Train, BET, MTV's hip-hop video block Sucker Free (known at the time as DFX), and The Source Sound Lab. It was included on the set list for her promotional tour leading up to the album's release on May 15, 2001. Director Marcus Raboy shot the accompanying music video for the single. A review from Billboard praised the video as something that would: "catch the eyes and ears of music fans". Raboy would later work with Olivia on the music video for the follow-up single "Are U Capable". During the record's promotion, Olivia described having a good working relationship with Davis, but she called him "extremely controlling" after leaving the label. Olivia claimed that she was forced to be the bad girl while label mate Alicia Keys was promoted as the good girl. In an official statement, J Records' representatives pointed to Olivia's credits as a co-writer for a majority of the album as proof of her involvement with the project and maintained: "Clive doesn't categorize artists as good or bad girls". In her 2014 autobiography, Release Me: My Life, My Words, Olivia wrote that she disagreed with the record label's decision to release "Bizounce" as her debut single. Despite saying the single was a perfect fit for the clubs, and one of her favorite tracks from the album, she believed it did not reflect her as an artist. She originally pushed for "It's On Again" to be the single. ## Critical response "Bizounce" received mixed reviews from music critics. Mark Bautz of Entertainment Weekly described "Bizounce" as "a saucy hit single" and noted it as one of the album's highlights. A review in Billboard praised Olivia's vocals, saying she "has the mouth of a bad girl and the voice of an angel", and described the single as making her: "a bona fide R&B singer". SongQuarters' Paulina Bozek wrote that "Bizounce" established Olivia as a "powerful R&B/rap debutante". Shaheem Reid of MTV named the single an "anthem for women who are fed up wit their mates" while an article in Vibe magazine opined that it was a "hit heavy on attitude". Mulvey of NME commended the single as giving a "steely boot to a crap lover" in the style of TLC, Kelis, and Eve as well as being a "vicious kiss-off" and a "boudoir come-on". The Morning Call's Len Righi criticized "Bizounce" for being indicative of a negative trend in R&B music, where "the plaintive human voice in the throes of transcendent ecstasy or bottomless hurt is not nearly as important as the right attitude, hip-hop production and clothing". Righi negatively compared the single to music by R&B singer Aaliyah, saying they both emphasized style over substance. ## Commercial performance "Bizounce" was a commercial success in the United States. It peaked at number fifteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and number four on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. The single was Olivia's highest charting entry on the Hot 100 chart until her 2005 collaboration with rapper 50 Cent on "Candy Shop" became her only number-one single on the chart. Prior to the release and success of "Candy Shop", Fred Bronson of Billboard viewed Olivia as a one-hit wonder with "Bizounce" as her only previous success. In Canada, the single peaked at number sixteen on the Canadian Singles Chart. As of August 13, 2003, "Bizounce" has sold 415,000 copies. ## Formats and track listings \; 12" single 1. "Bizounce" (X-Rated) – 3:28 2. "Bizounce" (Instrumental) – 3:28 \; Cassette single 1. "Bizounce" (Explicit Version) – 3:28 2. "Bizounce" (PG-13 Version) – 3:28 3. "Are U Capable" (Snippet) – 0:29 4. "It's On Again" (Snippet) – 1:22 \*; CD single 1. "Bizounce" (Explicit Version) – 3:28 2. "Bizounce" (PG-13 Version) – 3:28 3. "Are U Capable" (Snippet) – 0:29 4. "It's On Again" (Snippet) – 1:22 ## Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Olivia", J Records, BMG Rights Management. Management - Tallest True Music/DreamWorks (ASCAP) - Q-Zik Music/Music Pieces (BMI) - Melodic Noise/Plaything Music (ASCAP) - O Lovely Music/Kingmaker Music (ASCAP) Recording locations - Music recording –Tallest Tree Studios (West Orange, New Jersey); Right Track Studios (New York City) - Mixing – Tallest Tree Studios (West Orange, New Jersey) Personnel - Songwriting – Douglas A Allen, David L Conley, Olivia Longott, Quincy Q Patrick, Juan "Magic" Peters, Joshua P. Thompson - Production – Joshua P. Thompson, Juan "Magic" Peters - Vocal production and recording – Olivia, Quincy Patrick, Joshua P. Thompson - Instruments – Juan "Magic Peters, Doug Allen - Mixing – Earl Cohen - Background vocals – Olivia Longott and Quincy Patrick ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ## Release history	[ "## Background", "## Composition and lyrics", "## Release and promotion", "## Critical response", "## Commercial performance", "## Formats and track listings", "## Credits and personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "## Release history" ]	2,305	12,445
31,590,648	San Marino at the 2012 Summer Olympics	1,162,651,486	null	[ "2012 in Sammarinese sport", "Nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics", "San Marino at the Summer Olympics by year" ]	San Marino competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its thirteenth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1960 Summer Olympics. The delegation sent by the Sammarinese National Olympic Committee consisted of four athletes: sprinter Martina Pretelli, archer Emanuele Guidi, trap shooter Alessandra Perilli and short-distance swimmer Clelia Tini. Three of the four Sammarinese athletes qualified for the Games by using wild cards for their respective events, bar Perilli who made the Olympics by meeting the required criteria for her sport. Although Pretelli, Guidi and Tini were unable to advance beyond the heats of their contests, Perilli came joint second in the final of the women's trap shooting event. Perilli narrowly missed out on claiming San Marino's first Olympic medal after placing fourth following a shoot-out for the bronze and silver medals. ## Background San Marino first entered Olympic competition at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Excepting the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics, they have participated in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games since, making London the nation's thirteenth appearance in the quadrennial event. No athlete who has represented San Marino has ever won a medal at the Olympic Games. The London Summer Games were held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The Sammarinesi delegation consisted of four athletes, archer Emanuele Guidi, sprinter Martina Pretelli, trap shooter Alessandra Perilli and short-distance swimmer Clelia Tini. They were accompanied by a press officer and five officials, including the San Marino State Secretary for Sport, Fabio Berardi, and the President of the Sammarinese National Olympic Committee, Angelo Vicini. The delegation flew to London on 24 July. Perilli was selected as the flag bearer for the opening and closing ceremonies. ## Archery The 2012 Summer Olympics marked Emanuele Guidi's first appearance at the Olympic Games at the age of 42. He qualified for the men's individual competition after receiving a wild card from the Tripartite Commission. The archery events at the 2012 London Games were held at the Lord's Cricket Ground. Guidi competed on 27 July in the ranking round, finishing 64th and last of all competitors with 589 points. He scored 110 points less than the leading competitor, Im Dong-Hyun of South Korea. Guidi competed against Im, the second-placed ranked archer in the world, in the Round of 64 three days later. Guidi made a good start but was unable to put Im under pressure throughout the contest and the latter took all three sets of the match to advance into the next round of the contest. After the competition, Guidi said to Reuters, "I am still shaking. Did you see me shaking on the shooting line? I had nothing to lose today. My first objective was being here and I am. I just hope I did not make such a bad performance." ### Men ## Athletics Martina Pretelli was the sole representative of San Marino in athletics and was making her début at the Olympics at the age of 23. She was the first woman athletics competitor sent by San Marino to the Summer Olympics since the 1976 Montreal Games. Pretelli qualified by using a wild card because her best time of 12.15 seconds set at the 2011 Campionati Universitari Italiani in Turin was 0.77 seconds slower than the "B" qualifying standard for the women's 100 metres. San Marino was unable to send high jumper Eugenio Rossi because the governing body of athletics, the International Association of Athletics Federations, denied a request from the Sammarinese National Olympic Committee to allow him to compete in London. Pretelli was drawn in the fourth heat of the women's 100 metres on 3 August, finishing third out of nine runners with a time of 12.41 seconds. She placed 12th overall and did not advance into the quarter-finals after being two-tenths of a second slower than the slowest athlete who made the later stages. Afterwards, Pretelli revealed her training was delayed by tendinitis and she was only able to run three races going into the Olympics. ### Women ## Shooting Alessandra Perilli was 24 years old at the time of the 2012 Summer Games and was making her début at the Olympics. She qualified for the women's trap contest by earning a quota spot through a victory in the 2011 ISSF World Cup in March that year. On 4 August Perilli competed in the qualification round of her event. She finished fifth out of 22nd athletes with a score of 71 points and qualified for the final held the same day due to her result. At the end of the final, Perilli was tied for second place with France's Delphine Réau and Zuzana Štefečeková of Slovakia with 93 points out of a possible 100. She then participated in a three-way shoot-out to determine the winners of the bronze and silver medals Perilli ended up finishing fourth overall and this stopped her from claiming San Marino's maiden medal at the Olympic Games but achieved the nation's best ever result at the Games. Despite the result, she spoke of her satisfaction with the effort she put in and dedicated the performance to her entourage and declared the fourth place result "a medal". ### Women ## Swimming At the age of 20, Clelia Tini was entering the Olympic Games for the first time and was the only athlete to represent San Marino in swimming competition at the London Olympics. She qualified for the Games by using a universality place from swimming's world governing body FINA because her fastest time of 58.12 seconds was 1.58 seconds slower than the "B" (FINA/Olympic Invitation) qualification time for her event, the women's 100 metre freestyle. Tini set herself the goal of lowering her personal best and go below under 58 seconds, "I am very excited but I am also very charged. I am aware that I have prepared very well and have all the credentials to make a race in line with my expectations." She was drawn in heat three on 1 August, placing eighth and last of all swimmers with a time of 58.29 seconds. Tini was 38th overall and she could not advance into the semi-finals as her effort was 3.86 seconds off the slowest competitor who made the later stages. After the event, she declared her happiness over her performance and revealed her preparation for the Olympics were hindered by a back injury. ### Women	[ "## Background", "## Archery", "### Men", "## Athletics", "### Women", "## Shooting", "### Women", "## Swimming", "### Women" ]	1,394	33,935
58,525,406	German torpedo boat T13	1,122,093,812	German torpedo boat	[ "1939 ships", "Type 37 torpedo boats" ]	The German torpedo boat T13 was the lead ship of her class of nine torpedo boats built for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) during the late 1930s. Completed in mid-1941, the boat was assigned convoy escort work in the Baltic Sea before she was transferred to Occupied France in early 1942. T13 helped to escort a pair of battleships and a heavy cruiser through the English Channel back to Germany in February in the Channel Dash and then returned to France in July after receiving a refit. There the boat laid minefields and escorted Axis blockade runners through the Bay of Biscay into the Atlantic Ocean. In mid-1943, she was assigned to the Torpedo School where she remained until mid-1944. T13 returned to the Baltic where she screened German ships as they bombarded Soviet positions for the rest of the year. The boat was then assigned convoy escort duties in the Skagerrak around the beginning of 1945. During one such mission in April, T13 was sunk by Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers. ## Design and description The Type 37 torpedo boat was a slightly improved version of the preceding Type 35 with better range. The boats had an overall length of 85.2 meters (279 ft 6 in) and were 82 meters (269 ft 0 in) long at the waterline. The ships had a beam of 8.87 meters (29 ft 1 in), and a mean draft of 2.8 meters (9 ft 2 in) at deep load and displaced 888 metric tons (874 long tons) at standard load and 1,139 metric tons (1,121 long tons) at deep load. Their crew numbered 119 officers and sailors. Their pair of geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller, were designed to produce 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000 kW) using steam from four high-pressure water-tube boilers which would propel the boats at 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). They carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 1,600 nautical miles (3,000 km; 1,800 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). As built, the Type 37 class mounted a single 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/32 gun on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a single 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 anti-aircraft gun superfiring over the 10.5 cm gun and a pair of 2 cm (0.8 in) C/30 guns on the bridge wings. They carried six above-water 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships and could also carry 30 mines (or 60 if the weather was good). ### Modifications Early-war modifications for the Type 37s were limited to the conversion of the foremast into a tripod mast, installation of a FuM 28 radar with fixed antennas angled 45° to each side and a 2 cm gun superfiring over the main gun. T13 received an additional 3.7 cm gun on her forecastle after November 1941. Boats participating in the Channel Dash in February 1942 were ordered to have their aft torpedo tube mount replaced by a quadruple 2 cm gun mount, but it is not certain if this was actually done. During a refit in May–July, T13 had her single mount in the superfiring position replaced by the quadruple mount. In September 1944 installation of a single 3.7 cm gun was ordered in all surviving boats, either the Flak M42 or the Flak M43, in lieu of the aft torpedo tubes, but it is also uncertain if this was done. Some boats did receive additional 4 cm (1.6 in) Bofors guns. They all received twin 2 cm gun mounts that replaced the single mounts in the bridge wings. Before the end of the war, all of the surviving boats probably had at least two 3.7 cm or 4 cm guns aboard. ## Construction and career T13 was ordered on 18 September 1937 from Schichau, laid down at their Elbing, East Prussia, shipyard on 26 September 1938 as yard number 1401, launched on 15 June 1939 and completed on 31 May 1941; construction was delayed by shortages of skilled labor and of raw materials. She was working up until October when she was transferred to the Baltic for convoy escort duties. The boat was transferred to France in early 1942. On the morning of 12 February, the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla (with T2, T4, T5, T11, T12) and the 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotilla (with T13 and her sisters T15, T16, and T17) rendezvoused with the battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen to escort them through the Channel to Germany in the Channel Dash. T13 then began a refit in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, that lasted until July when she returned to France. On 20–22 July the 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotilla, consisting of T13, her sister T14 and the torpedo boats T4 and T10 laid two minefields in the Channel. The flotilla, now with T13, T10 and T14, laid another minefield in the Channel on 1–2 August. The same three boats escorted the replenishment oiler Ermland as she made an unsuccessful attempt to break out into the Atlantic through the Bay of Biscay on 8–11 August. In September–October, T13 and her sisters T14, T18, T19 and T21 were some of the escorts for German blockade runners sailing from ports in the Bay of Biscay en route to Japan. The boat returned to Germany in March 1943 and began a refit in Hamburg that lasted until August when she was transferred to the Torpedo School. T13 returned to active duty in mid-1944 and returned to the Baltic. Rejoining the 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotilla, T13 and her sisters T18 and T20 sortied into the Archipelago Sea as a show of force on 12–13 September after the Prime Minister of Finland, Antti Hackzell, broke off diplomatic relations with Germany and ordered German forces to leave Finland on 2 September. On the return voyage, T18 was sunk by Soviet aircraft. On 23 September, T13, T17, T19 and T20 escorted the last evacuation convoy from Tallinn, Estonia, to Germany. During 10–12 and 13–15 October, the 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotilla, with T13, T16, T20 and T21, screened the heavy cruisers Lützow and Prinz Eugen as they bombarded advancing Soviet troops near Memel. T13, T19 and T21 escorted Lützow as she bombarded Soviet positions at Memel and Sworbe, on the Estonian island of Saaremaa, on 23–24 October. Screened by the 2nd and 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotillas (T13, T5, T9, T12, T16, T19 and T21) Prinz Eugen and the heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer shelled Soviet positions during the evacuation of Sworbe, between 20 and 24 November. Afterwards, the 3rd Flotilla was transferred to the Skagerrak for convoy escort duties. On the night of 9/10 April 1945, T13 and the escort ship F7 were escorting the transport ship SS Hansa I when RAF Handley Page Halifax heavy bombers attacked the small convoy off Læsø Island and sank T13 and the transport in the early morning of 10 April.	[ "## Design and description", "### Modifications", "## Construction and career" ]	1,674	23,732
26,807,728	Ammiraglio di Saint Bon-class battleship	1,138,605,346	Pre-dreadnought battleship class of the Italian Royal Navy	[ "Ammiraglio di Saint Bon-class battleships", "World War I battleships of Italy" ]	The Ammiraglio di Saint Bon class was a pair of pre-dreadnought battleships built for the Italian Navy (Italian: Regia Marina) during the 1890s. The class comprised two ships: Ammiraglio di Saint Bon, the lead ship, and Emanuele Filiberto. They were armed with a main battery of four 254 mm (10 in) guns and were capable of a top speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). Smaller and less powerfully-armed than most contemporary battleships, they marked a brief departure from Italian capital ship design, which had previously emphasized large ships equipped with large guns. Both ships served in the active duty squadron early in their careers, and participated in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912. They took part in the Italian offensives in North Africa and the island of Rhodes, but did not see combat with the Ottoman fleet. They were reduced to harbor defense ships by the outbreak of World War I, and they spent the war in Venice. The ships were discarded shortly after the end of the war, both having been stricken in 1920. ## Design The previous Italian capital ships, the Re Umberto and the Ruggiero di Lauria classes of ironclad battleships, marked a period of experimentation on the part of Benedetto Brin, Admiral Simone di Pacoret Saint Bon, and the strategists of the Italian navy. Since the planners had not determined what type of battleship would best suit their strategic needs, the government stepped in and mandated a 10,000-long-ton (10,160 t) design, a limit significantly lower than the earlier classes. Following the death of di Saint Bon, Brin took over the design process and proposed a small battleship armed with 10 in (254 mm) guns, a weaker main battery than those of contemporary foreign designs. The ships, much smaller than their contemporaries, and slower than cruisers, were not particularly useful warships. The mistake of building a battleship of only 10,000 tons was not repeated in the subsequent, and much more successful, Regina Margherita class. ### General characteristics and machinery The ships of the Ammiraglio di Saint Bon class were 105 meters (344 ft 6 in) long at the waterline and 111.8 m (366 ft 10 in) long overall. They had a beam of 21.12 m (69 ft 3 in) and a maximum draft of 7.69 m (25 ft 3 in). Ammiraglio di Saint Bon displaced 10,082 long tons (10,244 t) at normal loading and 10,531 long tons (10,700 t) at full load, while Emanuele Filiberto displaced 9,645 long tons (9,800 t) and 9,940 long tons (10,100 t), respectively. The ships had an inverted bow and a relatively low freeboard of only 3 m (9.8 ft). They had a fairly large superstructure with a conning tower and high bridge forward and a large military mast fitted with fighting tops placed amidships. Abreast the mast, each ship carried a number of small boats. Ammiraglio di Saint Bon had a crew of 557 officers and enlisted men, while Emanuele Filiberto had a slightly larger complement of 565. The ships' propulsion system consisted of two triple-expansion steam engines, which drove a pair of screw propellers. Steam for the engines was provided by twelve coal-fired cylindrical fire-tube boilers, which were ducted into a pair of widely spaced funnels. Ammiraglio di Saint Bon's were rated at 14,296 indicated horsepower (10,661 kW), while Emanuele Filiberto's engines only reached 13,552 ihp (10,106 kW). The ships' propulsion system provided a top speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) and a range of approximately 3,400 to 5,500 nautical miles (6,300 to 10,200 km; 3,900 to 6,300 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). ### Armament and armor The ships were armed with a main battery of four 254 mm (10 in) 40-caliber guns manufactured by Armstrong Whitworth. The guns were placed in two twin gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The ships were also equipped with a secondary battery of eight 152 mm (6 in) 40-cal. guns in individual casemates amidships. These guns were export derivatives of the British QF 6-inch /40 gun. Ammiraglio di Saint Bon was also equipped with eight 120 mm (4.7 in) 40-cal. guns in shielded pivot mounts directly above the casemate battery, while Ammiraglio di Saint Bon carried six 76 mm (3 in) guns. Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of eight 57 mm (2.2 in) guns and two 37 mm (1.5 in) guns. Emanuele Filiberto had eight 47 mm (1.9 in) guns instead. Both ships also carried four 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes in deck-mounted launchers. The ships were protected with Harvey steel. The main belt was 249 mm (9.8 in) thick, and the deck was 70 mm (2.75 in) thick. The conning tower was protected by 249 mm of armor plating on the sides. The main battery guns also had 249 mm thick plating on the turrets, and the casemates were 150 mm (5.9 in) thick. ## Ships of the class ## Service Ammiraglio di Saint Bon was built by the Venetian Arsenal in Venice. She was laid down on 18 July 1893, launched on 29 April 1897, and completed on 24 May 1901, although she had been commissioned on 1 February 1901. Emanuele Filiberto was named after Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta. She was built by the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia (Royal Shipyard of Castellammare di Stabia), Naples. She was laid down on 5 October 1893, launched on 29 September 1897, and completed on 16 April 1902, although she had been commissioned on 6 September 1901. The ships spend the first several years in the active duty squadron until they were replaced by the new Regina Elena-class battleships, which entered service by 1908. Both ships took part in the Italo-Turkish War in 1911–1912 in the 3rd Division with the two Regina Margherita-class battleships. Emanuele Filiberto took part in the attack on Tripoli in October 1911, though Ammiraglio di Saint Bon did not see action in the first months of the war. Both ships participated in the seizure of the island of Rhodes, where Ammiraglio di Saint Bon provided gunfire support to the soldiers ashore. The two ships were slated to be scrapped in 1914–1915 due to their age, but the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 prevented their disposal. Italy initially remained neutral during the war, but by 1915, had been convinced by the Triple Entente to enter the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Both Ammiraglio di Saint Bon and Emanuele Filiberto were used as harbor defense ships in Venice for the duration of the war, and did not see action there. Neither ship remained in service long after the end of the war. Emanuele Filiberto was stricken from the naval register on 29 March 1920 and Ammiraglio di Saint Bon was stricken on 18 June. Both ships were subsequently discarded.	[ "## Design", "### General characteristics and machinery", "### Armament and armor", "## Ships of the class", "## Service" ]	1,678	25,513
1,317,186	Significant Other (album)	1,173,268,504	null	[ "1999 albums", "Albums produced by DJ Premier", "Albums produced by Terry Date", "Flip Records (1994) albums", "Limp Bizkit albums" ]	Significant Other is the second studio album by American rap rock band Limp Bizkit, released on June 22, 1999, by Flip and Interscope Records. It saw the band expand their sound from that of their 1997 debut Three Dollar Bill, Y'all to incorporate further metal and hip hop influences, but with a more melodic and less hardcore punk-influenced sound. Significant Other received high commercial sales, peaking at number one on the US Billboard 200. The band's distinctive sound and performance, which was thought to be an improvement over the band's debut, received positive reviews from the critics. At least 16 million copies of the album have been sold worldwide. ## Production Following the radio success of the band's cover of George Michael's "Faith", the band was determined to record the follow-up to their first album in order to show that they weren't a "Korn ripoff" or a cover band; the band began writing an album which dealt with issues deriving from their newfound fame. Producer Terry Date, known for working with Pantera, White Zombie and Deftones, was chosen by Limp Bizkit to produce Significant Other. Guitarist Wes Borland stated of Date's production, "he doesn't get overly involved at the 'music' end of things. He's a producer who fools with sound and sonically makes everything perfect. He gets sounds that translate really well on tape and pretty much completely captures what we do, perfectly." The band immediately began recording after the conclusion of the Family Values Tour, despite the insistence of Interscope Records that the band take a break after it. ## Music and lyrics Significant Other has been described as a nu metal and rap metal album. An early version of "I'm Broke" was recorded for Three Dollar Bill, Yall\$, but was left off the album because of how different the song sounded from the rest of that album's material. The melody for "Trust?" originated from a melody played in rough form in early 1998, during the Ladies Night in Cambodia tour. In response to claims that the lyrics of Three Dollar Bill, Yall\$ were misogynistic, Fred Durst, member of Limp Bizkit, toned down his lyrical content on this album, which he described as being more lyrically mature. Durst's breakup with his girlfriend inspired the songs "Nookie" and "Re-Arranged". The band allowed Durst and DJ Lethal to explore their hip hop influences by recording with Method Man. DJ Premier of Gang Starr was brought in to produce the collaboration. The band wanted to record "a track that was straight hip-hop", according to Borland. The song was originally titled "Shut the Fuck Up", but was retitled "N 2 Gether Now" for marketing purposes. Durst also recorded a song with Eminem, "Turn Me Loose", which was left off the album. Durst also recorded a song with System of a Down's vocalist Serj Tankian named "Don't Go Off Wandering". Serj's vocals only appeared on the demo version of the song where he sang the bridge and ending chorus but his vocals don't appear on the album version of the song. The band also collaborated with Korn vocalist Jonathan Davis and Scott Weiland of Stone Temple Pilots on "Nobody Like You". Weiland would frequently visit NRG Recording Studios and help with the recording, vocally coaching Durst. Staind singer Aaron Lewis provided backup vocals on the song "No Sex", while Scott Borland, Wes' brother, played keyboards on "Just Like This", "Nookie", "Re-Arranged", "I'm Broke", "9 Teen 90 Nine" and "A Lesson Learned". The song "Show Me What You Got" is a sequel to "Indigo Flow" from Three Dollar Bill, Yall\$. "A Lesson Learned" is a psychedelic trip hop track similar to "Everything" from Three Dollar Bill, Yall\$. Describing the album's music, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that it contains "flourishes of neo-psychedelia on pummeling metal numbers and there are swirls of strings, even crooning, at the most unexpected background." While the band was opposed to solos, they allowed John Otto to perform an extended drum solo in the middle of "Nobody Like You". Scott Borland wrote string melodies for "Don't Go Off Wandering". The band also recorded interludes featuring celebrity cameos. The first was "Radio Sucks" with MTV VJ Matt Pinfield, in which he rants about "pre-fabricated sorry excuses for singers and musicians who don't even write their own songs" before praising Bizkit for helping launch a musical revolution. The second, "The Mind of Les" featured Primus bass player and singer Les Claypool in what begin as an album intro. Claypool stated, "I came in and they wanted me to write some sort of intro for the record. I got stoned and got in front of the mic and started babbling and they ended up not using the intro and using that instead." ## Cover art The album cover depicts a hooded microphone assassin (supposedly extra-terrestrial) donning Fred Durst's notorious red Yankees cap and striking a mean pose. American artist Mear One created the cover by painting it on a wall as graffiti. A time-lapse video of the process is featured in the enhanced CD version of Significant Other. Since its inception, the hooded figure is often being used as the band's logo as seen in 2003's Results May Vary and 2021's Still Sucks albums. ## Critical reception Significant Other received generally positive reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly reviewer David Browne wrote, "Significant Other isn't simply modern rock; it's postmodern rock." Robert Christgau gave the album an honorable mention and noted the songs "Just Like This" and "N 2 Gether Now" as highlights of the album, writing, "Give their image credit for having a sound." AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called the album "considerably more ambitious and multi-dimensional" than the band's previous album, Three Dollar Bill, Yall\$. In later reviews of the album, About.com's Tim Grierson gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "A buzz saw of bad attitude, metal guitar and white-boy rapping, Limp Bizkit's breakthrough album, Significant Other, is unapologetically rude and immature. But perhaps more importantly, it also rocks very, very hard." Rolling Stone and its album guide awarded the album three and a half out of five stars. A less favorable notice came from author Martin C. Strong, who gave the album 5 out of 10 stars in his book The Essential Rock Discography. In 2014, Revolver magazine said Significant Other was "one of the great guilty-pleasure hard-rock albums of all time", and listed it as one of ten essential nu metal albums "you need to own." In 2021, it was named one of the 20 best metal albums of 1999 by Metal Hammer magazine. ## Commercial performance Significant Other climbed to No. 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 643,874 copies in its first week of release. In its second week of release, the album sold an additional 335,000 copies. The band promoted the album by appearing at Woodstock 1999 and headlining the year's Family Values Tour. Durst directed music videos for the songs "Re-Arranged" and "N 2 Gether Now". ## Controversy Violent action sprang up during and after Limp Bizkit's performance at Woodstock 1999, including fans tearing plywood from the walls during a performance of the song "Break Stuff". Several sexual assaults were reported in the aftermath of the concert. Durst stated during the concert, "People are getting hurt. Don't let anybody get hurt. But I don't think you should mellow out. That's what Alanis Morissette had you motherfuckers do. If someone falls, pick 'em up. We already let the negative energy out. Now we wanna let out the positive energy". Durst later stated in an interview, "I didn't see anybody getting hurt. You don't see that. When you're looking out on a sea of people and the stage is twenty feet in the air and you're performing, and you're feeling your music, how do they expect us to see something bad going on?" Claypool told the San Francisco Examiner, "Woodstock was just Durst being Durst. His attitude is 'no press is bad press', so he brings it on himself. He wallows in it. Still, he's a great guy." Durst saw the band as being scapegoated for the event's controversy and later stated that the promoters of Woodstock '99 were at fault for booking his band, due to their reputation for raucous performances. While the performance was the subject of much controversy, the violence did not affect sales of Significant Other. The video for "Re-Arranged" would refer to the controversy, with the band being shown on trial for the events of the concert. ## Track listing Notes - On the digital version, "Outro" and "Radio Sucks" are separated tracks (with "Radio Sucks" renamed to "Rant (Matt Pinfield)") and "The Mind of Les" is omitted. ## Personnel Limp Bizkit - Fred Durst – vocals - Wes Borland – guitars, artwork - DJ Lethal – turntables, keyboards - John Otto – drums - Sam Rivers – bass Additional musicians - Method Man – vocals on "N 2 Gether Now" - Les Claypool – spoken word on hidden track - Matt Pinfield – spoken word on hidden track - Anita Durst – guitar, vocals on hidden track - Mathematics - Scott Borland – keyboards - Jonathan Davis – vocals on "Nobody Like You" - Aaron Lewis – backing vocals on "No Sex" - Scott Weiland – backing vocals on "Nobody Like You" Production - Produced by Limp Bizkit, Terry Date, and DJ Premier - Mixed by Brendan O'Brien - Cover art by Mear One ## Charts ### Weekly charts ### Year-end charts ### Decade-end charts ## Certifications	[ "## Production", "## Music and lyrics", "## Cover art", "## Critical reception", "## Commercial performance", "## Controversy", "## Track listing", "## Personnel", "## Charts", "### Weekly charts", "### Year-end charts", "### Decade-end charts", "## Certifications" ]	2,168	6,644
19,700,775	County Route 41 (Onondaga County, New York)	1,078,478,297	Highway in Onondaga County, New York	[ "County routes in Onondaga County, New York" ]	County Route 41 (CR 41) in Onondaga County, New York is a 6.20-mile (9.98 km) highway in the Finger Lakes towns of Skaneateles and Marcellus. The route is unsigned, like most of Onondaga County's routes, serving as a connector between the villages. The route begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Skaneateles and heads northeast for most of its length. Route 41 does not intersect with another state-maintained highway, but does follow the former alignment of two. The highway ends at an intersection with CR 83 (South Street) and CR 150 (Platt Road). Route 41 was once part of a realignment of a 19th-century turnpike, the Seneca Turnpike. Being a newer alignment, the signs along the highway read "New Seneca Turnpike". The route, when the 1930 New York State Route renumbering occurred, was designated as part of New York State Route 175 (NY 175) from US 20 to NY 174, which is now part of CR 41. The highway then followed an older alignment of Route 174 southward, out of Marcellus. Route 175 was decommissioned and realigned several times along that alignment, and the Route 174 alignment came in the 1970s. By 1989, Route 41 was assigned along its entire alignment. ## Route description CR 41 begins at an intersection with US 20 (East Genesee Street) in the village of Skaneateles. Route 41 heads to the northeast through the densely populated community, passing homes and trees. The highway then intersects with the northern terminus of East Lake Street, the continuation of NY 41. The county route, however, continues to the northeast, leaving the village portion of Skaneateles at an intersection with Highland Avenue, losing its Onondaga Street moniker. The highway, now known as the New Seneca Turnpike, parallels US 20 in a less dense area of Skaneateles. The highway continues, leaving Skaneateles for the town of Marcellus. After a while, the dense housing becomes farmland and fields, with the highway continuing towards downtown Marcellus. However, as the route progresses farther, this reverts itself, and houses follow along the highway once again. Route 41 then intersects with Gully Road and the Old Seneca Turnpike, a realignment of itself. The real "Old Seneca Turnpike" is intersected farther north. After passing a large farm, Route 41 intersects with the northern terminus of CR 259A (Richard Road). Route 41 passes to the south of a pond, making a swing to the north. The route then makes a swing to the east, and soon after a straight path to the northeast. The highway intersects with CR 211A (Lawrence Road), which heads eastward towards NY 174. After the county route, the population around Route 41 quickly dips, and fields surround the highway. A local road, CR 202 (Murphy Road), starts to the west after a short distance. The northeast curving begins to straighten into a northward track, until intersecting with the southern terminus of CR 236 (Gypsy Road). A short distance after, Route 41 intersects with CR 133, the old alignment of the Seneca Turnpike, and the two highways merge. The county highway then follows the Old Seneca Turnpike along East Main Street, entering the village of Marcellus. Route 41 then makes a turn to the south along an old alignment of NY 174. The population becomes dense once again, as Route 41 follows South Street towards its eastern terminus. Paralleling Marcellus County Park, the highway continues southward. Route 41 finally terminates at an intersection with CR 83 (South Street) and CR 150 (Platt Road). South Street continues towards an intersection with NY 174 and NY 175. ## History ### Old roads Route 41 from US 20 to South Street, is a realignment of the Seneca Turnpike, which was assigned in 1800. Originally chartered as Genesee Road, the Seneca Turnpike consisted of a highway from Canandaigua to Utica. The turnpike had a long track in Onondaga County, running along CR 133, NY 174, NY 175, NY 173, and NY 92. The turnpike was realigned in 1806 onto CR 41 instead of CR 133. After CR 41, it continued along the same track. The Seneca Turnpike Corporation, which maintained the turnpike, closed its doors in 1852. As of 2008, County Routes 41 and 133 still retain the Seneca Turnpike moniker. ### Designation In 1930, during a massive State Route renumbering, the Skaneateles – South Street alignment of CR 41 was assigned as NY 175. The rest was portioned as an alignment of NY 174. The NY 174 alignment remained intact for many years, while NY 175 went through several different alignments. NY 175 was truncated off the CR 41 alignment by 1936, until being realigned back onto the highway in the 1960s. However, this time, the highway was maintained by the Onondaga County Department of Transportation. NY 175 was realigned by 1989 onto CR 73 (the Lee Mulroy Highway) south of CR 41. The alignment of CR 41 in Marcellus was established as a county highway in the 1970s and 1980s, when NY 174 was realigned onto a different highway. ## Major intersections ## See also - County Route 236 (Onondaga County, New York) - Seneca Turnpike	[ "## Route description", "## History", "### Old roads", "### Designation", "## Major intersections", "## See also" ]	1,235	26,497
26,056,137	Pakistan at the 2010 Winter Olympics	1,069,568,717	null	[ "2010 in Pakistani sport", "Nations at the 2010 Winter Olympics", "Pakistan at the Winter Olympics by year" ]	Pakistan competed in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. Pakistani skier Muhammad Abbas raced in the men's giant slalom, placing 79th. Abbas was also the country's flag bearer in the opening and closing ceremonies. ## Background The first ski resort in Pakistan was opened in 1958, in the Naltar Valley. It was originally for air force pilots to train, but later opened up to civilians. The Ski Federation of Pakistan was founded in 1990. The 2010 Olympic Games was Pakistan's debut at the Winter Olympics. They first participated at the Summer Olympics in the 1948 Games, and won their first Summer Olympics medal in 1956. The country's sole athlete, alpine skier Muhammad Abbas, carried the country's flag at both the opening and closing ceremonies. ## Alpine skiing Muhammad Abbas was Pakistan's first Winter Olympic athlete, competing in the giant slalom. He trained for two weeks in 2008 and six weeks in Austria in 2009, training under an Austrian coach. The slope he trains on in Pakistan is about 500 meters long, with a 100 meter elevation change. The Olympics were his first competition of 2010, since he did not have money to compete in other contests. The Ski Federation of Pakistan considered spending approximately \$7000 on his training, but decided to save that money for future skiers. The event was supposed to start on February 21, but was postponed two days to allow for the men's super combined to take place. Abbas finished the first run in 1:38.27, placing 87th on that run. On his second run, he completed the event in 1:42.31 in 79th place. His total time was 3:20.58, for 79th place overall, out of 81 competitors that finished the event.	[ "## Background", "## Alpine skiing" ]	392	37,227
2,230,677	Li He	1,171,734,182	Chinese writer	[ "790s births", "816 deaths", "9th-century Chinese poets", "Poets from Henan", "Tang dynasty poets", "Writers from Luoyang" ]	Li He (c. 790–791 – c. 816–817) was a Chinese poet of the mid-Tang dynasty. His courtesy name was Changji, and he is also known as Guicai and Shigui. He was prevented from taking the imperial examination due to a naming taboo. He died very young, and was noted for his sickly appearance. He was a diligent poet, going out on journeys during the day and, when a line of poetry came to him, jotting it down, and completing the poems when he arrived home in the evening. His poems famously explored ghostly, supernatural and fantastic themes. His popularity and place in the Chinese literary canon has fluctuated throughout the centuries. His idiosyncratic style of poetry was frequently imitated in China until the Qing dynasty. During this era, the popularity of his poetry suffered from a change in literary tastes, with his works notably being excluded from the influential Three Hundred Tang Poems, but there was a revival of interest in him in the twentieth century. He was among the Tang poets most admired by Mao Zedong. ## Names His courtesy name was Changji, and he is also known by a combination of his surname and courtesy name, Li Changji. He was also known as Guicai (鬼才, "devilish talent") by contrast of his morbid poetic style to Li Bai's Tiancai (天才 "heavenly talent") and Bai Juyi's Rencai (人才 "humanistic talent"). This title was given him by the Song scholar Qian Yi [zh] in his work Nanbu Xinshu [zh]. He was also dubbed the "Poetry Devil" (詩鬼), while Li Bai was called the "Poetry Immortal" (詩仙) and Du Fu the "Poetry Sage" (詩聖). ## Biography ### Background and early life His family were of distant royal descent (from the Li family who were the ruling dynastic family of the Tang dynasty), but his branch's fortunes had declined early on, and by Li He's time they were of low rank. Both the Tang state histories refer to him as a "descendant of Zheng Wang", but there is dispute as to the identity of Zheng Wang. The theory with more support among scholars is that it refers to Zheng Xiao Wang Liang (zh), an uncle of Li Yuan, the first Tang emperor; another theory is that it refers to the thirteenth son of Li Yuan, Zheng Wang Yuan Yi (zh). He was born in 790 or 791. It seems likely that he was born in the year of the Horse, as some twenty-three of his surviving poems use the horse as a symbol for the poet. A native of Fuchang County (west of modern-day Yiyang County, Henan Province), he started composing poetry at the age of seven, and by around 15 he was being compared to the yuefu master Li Yi. ### Political career When Li was 20, he attempted to take the Imperial Examination, but was forbidden from doing so because of a naming taboo: the first character (晉, jin) of his father's given name (晉肅, Jinsu) was homophonous with the first character (進) of Jinshi (進士), the name of the degree that would have been conferred on him had he passed. Ueki et al. (1999) speculate that this was a pretext devised by rivals, who were jealous of his poetic skill, to prevent him from sitting the examination. Han Yu, who admired his poetry, wrote Hui Bian (諱弁) to encourage him to take the exam, but Li was ultimately unsuccessful. He served only three years, in the low-ranking office of Fenglilang (奉禮郎) before returning to his hometown. ### Sickness and death He is described as having a very sickly appearance: he was supposedly very thin, had a unibrow, and let his fingernails grow long. Li He died a low-ranking and poor official in 816 or 817, at the age of 26 or 27. The Short Biography of Li He reports that at the hour of his death he was visited by a figure in scarlet who told him that Shangdi had summoned him to heaven to write poetry. ## Poetry In literary history, Li is generally considered a poet of the so-called Middle Tang period, which spanned the late-eighth and early-ninth centuries. Among his poetic influences were his older contemporary Meng Jiao and the aforementioned Han Yu. Other sources that have been identified as influencing Li's poetry were the shamanistic elements of the Chu Ci and the idiosyncratic poetry of Li Bai. About 240 of his poems survive. The New Book of Tang reports that few of his poems survived because of their strangeness and because of Li's early death. An anecdote in the Taiping Guangji records that a cousin of Li's was asked to compile a collection of his poems, but because he did not like Li personally he eventually threw what had been collected in the privy. There are two extant anthologies of his poems: the Collected Songs and Verses of Li He (simplified Chinese: 李贺歌诗篇; traditional Chinese: 李賀歌詩篇; pinyin: lǐ hè gē shī piān) and the Wai Ji (Chinese: 外集; pinyin: wài jí). The Short Biography of Li He describes him as a diligent poet, who carried an old brocade bag around with him, and when a line of poetry came to him he would jot it down and put it in this bag. After getting home, he would arrange these lines into a poem. His poetry is unique, filled with fantastic and unusual imagery, which is where he gets his nickname "Guicai" (see above). Virtually none of his surviving poems are in regulated verse form, and his poems make frequent use of inauspicious words such as "aging" (Chinese: 老; pinyin: lǎo) and "death" (Chinese: 死; pinyin: sǐ). In poems like "Tianshang yao" and "Meng tian", he wrote evocatively of the worlds of gods and Buddhas. He also gave eerie descriptions of the world of ghosts in his poems "Qiu lai" and "Shen xian qu". The spiritual symbolism Li employed in the latter poem has been called "nearly impenetrable". "Shen xian qu" was the name of a popular folk song going back at least as far as the Six Dynasties period, and Li's poem borrows the name of this song. The song originated in the Nanjing area, as a ritual song meant to be played at religious ceremonies to invite the favour of the gods. Li's poem describes the supernatural world but this is not the case with the original folk song. He frequently combined colour and feeling imagery in his poetry, as can be seen in his poems "Tianshang yao" (see above) and "Qin wang yin jiu". His poetic style was dubbed Changji-ti (simplified Chinese: 长吉体; traditional Chinese: 長吉體; pinyin: cháng jí tǐ) by later critics, after his courtesy name. The Song commentator Yan Yu listed this as one of the individual author-based styles of poetry that was frequently imitated. ## Reception Several modern Western and Japanese critics, including A. C. Graham, Naotarō Kudō, and J.D. Frodsham, have claimed that Li's poetry was not widely read until the modern era, but this is not entirely accurate. In a 1994 survey, Wu Qiming pointed out that Li was in premodern China more subject to imitation than to neglect. ### Tang and Song dynasties Two poets of the generation following Li He, Du Mu and Li Shangyin, commemorated Li in their prose writings: a preface to Li's collected poems and a short biography of Li, respectively. Du Mu's preface in particular is taken as proof that Li's poetry was being compiled and edited within a few decades of his death, as internal textual evidence dates the preface to 831. The Tang author Pi Rixiu also wrote about Li He's poetry alongside that of Li Bai in his critical work "Liu Zao Qiang Bei" (traditional Chinese: 劉棗強碑; simplified Chinese: 刘枣强碑; pinyin: liú zǎo qiáng bēi). He was also one of a group of Tang poets frequently quoted in the lyrics of Song-era musicians such as Zhou Bangyan (1056–1121). Yan Yu, in his work Canglang Shihua, contrasted Li to the earlier poet Li Bai. The earliest surviving edition of Li's poetry was collected and annotated in the Southern Song dynasty. ### Yuan and Ming dynasties Many shi poets of the Yuan dynasty emulated Li's poetic style. These included Cheng Tinggui (成廷珪), Yang Weizhen, and Gu Ying (顧瑛), as well as the early Ming poet Gao Qi. The Ming scholar Hu Yinglin read Li's poetry politically as "the tones of a ruined state" and recognized that Li's poetic style was especially influential during the latter years of various dynasties. ### Qing dynasty There was an upswing in popularity of Li's poetry from the late Ming to the mid-Qing dynasties. A great many newly annotated collections of Li's poetry appeared during this period, and his poetry was widely imitated. The scholar wrote a five-volume commentary on his poetry. Around the mid-Qing dynasty, though, Li's poetry began to fall out of favour with the literary establishment. The anthologist Shen Deqian included a scant ten of Li's poems in his influential work ''. Shen was highly critical of his contemporaries' tendency to imitate Li's poetry. Li's poetry was also conspicuously absent from the Three Hundred Tang Poems, the arbiter of poetic tastes in the late Qing and early twentieth century. ### Modern era Along with Li Bai and Li Shangyin, Li He was one of the "Three Lis" (三李) admired by Mao Zedong. In 1968, Roger Waters of the rock band Pink Floyd borrowed lines from Li's poetry to create the lyrics for the song "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun". In his article on Li for the Chūgoku Bunkashi Daijiten, Japanese sinologist Kazuyuki Fukazawa called him "the representative poet of the Middle Tang". According to French sinologist François Jullien, Li He's poetry was readmitted to the Chinese literary canon "at the end of the nineteenth century ... [when] ... Western notions of romanticism [allowed] the Chinese to reexamine this poet, allowing the symbolism of his poems to speak at last, freeing his imaginary world from the never-ending quest for insinuations." Paul W. Kroll, in his chapter on Tang poetry for The Columbia History of Chinese Literature'', called Li "[t]he most eccentric poet of the T'ang, perhaps in all of Chinese poetry", and dubbed him "the Chinese Mallarmé" for his almost inscrutable poetic style and use of imagery.	[ "## Names", "## Biography", "### Background and early life", "### Political career", "### Sickness and death", "## Poetry", "## Reception", "### Tang and Song dynasties", "### Yuan and Ming dynasties", "### Qing dynasty", "### Modern era" ]	2,423	18,877
35,647,294	Kingdom Rush	1,173,629,783	2011 video game	[ "2011 video games", "Android (operating system) games", "Armor Games games", "Browser games", "Flash games", "IOS games", "Ironhide Game Studio games", "MacOS games", "Single-player video games", "Steam Greenlight games", "Tower defense video games", "Video games developed in Uruguay", "Windows games" ]	Kingdom Rush is a tower defense game developed by Ironhide Game Studio and published by Armor Games. It was released on July 28, 2011, as a browser game, followed by ports for iOS in December 2011, Android on May 13, 2013, and Windows and macOS on January 6, 2014. In the game's medieval fantasy setting, players take control of a general serving under King Denas of Linirea, who must defend the land from an onslaught of evil monsters. Each level is composed of a number of pre-set roads, which the player can place defensive towers around to fight off the approaching monsters. Slaying enemies gives the player gold, which they can use to buy new towers or upgrade existing ones to improve their capabilities. Kingdom Rush was developed over the span of six months by the Uruguay-based developer Ironhide Game Studio. The studio was founded in 2010 by Álvaro Azofra, Pablo Realini and Gonzalo Sande, who conceived Kingdom Rush as their first major project after working on a number of minor flash games. After seeing the success of tower defense games, the three decided to replicate the basic strategy of the genre, combining it with elements of other games they played in their youth. Kingdom Rush was first released on July 28, 2011, as a free browser game. Versions for iOS devices were released in December 2011, followed by ports to Android on May 17, 2013, and Windows and macOS on January 6, 2014. A later release for Nintendo Switch was published on July 30, 2020, and versions for Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S were released on January 24, 2023. The game was a financial success and received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised the graphics and tower upgrades, with many considering it a standout tower defense game. After release, Ironhide Game Studio supported Kingdom Rush with a number of free content updates and expansions. The game's success incited plans to grow the video game industry of Uruguay, and encouraged Ironhide Game Studio to produce related media. ## Gameplay `Kingdom Rush is a tower defense game set in a medieval fantasy setting. Levels are composed of a number of pre-set roads that enemies march across, and the player must defeat them before they reach the end of the path and drain lives to cause a game over. To prevent enemies from reaching the end, the player must purchase defensive towers at set points around the road to attack any incoming monsters.` The player can choose between four types of towers to place: archers, mages, artillery, and barracks. Each tower type has its own distinct strengths, such as artillery being more effective against grouped monsters, archers better at targeting flying threats, and barracks training soldiers that attack in melee and slow down enemies. Slaying monsters gives the player gold, which they can use to buy more towers or upgrade existing ones. Each tower type can be improved three times before the player must choose between two final upgrades with their own distinct abilities. For example, the final upgrade for a mage tower could be either an "Arcane Wizard" that shoots lightning and teleports monsters back down the road, or a "Sorcerer" that summons a defensive earth elemental and weakens enemy armor. In addition to towers, the player can fight the monsters with two abilities that can be deployed anywhere in the level, and take time to recharge before they can be reused: a powerful meteor spell that deals damage in an area, and a reinforcement ability that summons soldiers to block and distract enemies. Furthermore, the player is also given control of a single hero unit, which is more powerful than typical soldiers, can be moved move freely around the level, and features its own distinct abilities. Completing levels in Kingdom Rush allows the player to unlock new hero options and earn a currency called "stars", which can be spent in exchange for permanent upgrades for towers and defenses. Additional stars can be earned through special challenges on already completed levels, which feature more difficult enemy placements and fewer resources. ### Plot The player takes the role of a general serving King Denas of Linirea. After being dispatched to fight outlaws reported around the city of Southport, the general discovers that the outlaw gangs are actually orc legions serving the evil wizard Vez'nan. Learning that Vez'nan has invaded Linirea, the general returns to the capital city and defends it from the enemy army, proceeding into the nearby mountains with the objective of defeating the wizard. Arriving at the Stormcloud Temple, the resident sorcerers use a spell to teleport the king's army into the wasteland near Vez'nan's tower. The general fights through the wasteland and reaches the tower, defeating Vez'nan and returning home in celebration. In a post-credits scene, a hooded figure discovers and claims Vez'nan's discarded wizard's staff. ## Development Kingdom Rush was developed over the span of six months by the Uruguay-based developer Ironhide Game Studio. The studio had been founded in 2010 by Álvaro Azofra, Pablo Realini and Gonzalo Sande, who conceived Kingdom Rush as their first major project after working on a number of minor flash games. After seeing the success of tower defense games, the three decided to replicate the basic strategy of the genre, combining it with elements of other games they played in their youth. The medieval theme was inspired by references of knights and wizards throughout popular media, in addition to the team's experiences as Dungeons & Dragons players. The programming was managed by Realini, while the art design was done by Sande, who focused on creating a cartoon-esque style that would feature a significant amount of detail. The team received no feedback during the development process, and had run out of money and savings by the time of release. The initial flash version of the game received one of the most favorable ratings on Kongregate and was a financial success, with the studio brokering a deal with their marketer and publisher Armor Games for ports to mobile devices. Realini took charge of coding and programming the port for iOS, which was finished after four months, reaching the top charts of the App Store and attracting over 100 million downloads. ## Release Kingdom Rush was first released on July 28, 2011, as a free browser game, becoming one of the most popular games on the Kongregate game portal within a few days of launch. Versions for iOS devices were released in December 2011, followed by ports to Android on May 17, 2013, and Windows and macOS on January 6, 2014. A later release for Nintendo Switch was published on July 30, 2020, followed by versions for Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on January 24, 2023. After release, Ironhide Game Studio supported Kingdom Rush with a number of free content updates and expansions. An update called "Winter Storm" was released on March 21, 2013, adding a harder difficulty mode, new hero options, and two levels centered around the player fighting against the troll warlord Ulguk-Kai. A new set of levels collectively called the "Burning Torment" campaign was introduced on October 3, 2013, adding two additional heroes, five new types of enemies, and a boss fight against Moloch the Archdevil. A free level called the Fungal Forest was released on December 19, 2013, alongside a new hero and a boss fight. An expansion composed of four levels and featuring eight new enemies was added for iOS on January 21, 2015, with the campaign centered around a battle against the evil Lord Blackburn and his undead army. ## Reception According to the review aggregate website Metacritic, Kingdom Rush received "generally favorable reviews" for its iOS version. Critics considered Kingdom Rush to be a standout tower defense game, with reviewers calling it memorable, and "an instant classic". IGN and Paste applauded the graphics, believing that they set a lighthearted mood that complimented the gameplay. Pocket Gamer wrote that the visuals and sound effects created a "sense of fun" that prevented gameplay from becoming tedious or repetitive. Eurogamer further appreciated the art, writing that it acted as distinct element of the game that complemented its upgrade systems. Although reviewers found the structure of gameplay to follow familiar conventions of the tower defense genre, they highlighted the customization offered by the different upgrades. TouchArcade liked the strategic choices available to the player, calling the presentation of the upgrades modest, with their customization expansive in variety. The reviewer considered the upgrades to all have value, noting that game did not overtly coerce players into choosing a specific one. Similarly, IGN found the final upgrades demonstrated a level of utility beyond the four base tower options, and gave prudent players a distinct advantage. The difficulty of Kingdom Rush was subject to commentary from reviewers, who considered the game challenging. TouchArcade found gameplay to be satisfying regardless of the chosen difficulty mode, and said that none of the challenges were frustrating. IGN agreed with this assessment, writing that none of the levels felt unfair, and were instead well-balanced and executed. Some reviewers said that the game's tough difficulty was offset by the easygoing tone and presentation of gameplay, Pocket Gamer shared in this viewpoint, calling the game "a rare combination of frustration and frivolity" that nonetheless remained fun. The reviewer concluded by saying that the game's combination of challenging mechanics with a lighthearted tone helped it stand out from the rest of the tower defense genre. ## Legacy The success of Kingdom Rush prompted plans to help grow the games industry of Uruguay, which had a small number of developers and lacked a formal developer association at the time of release. Ironhide Game Studio would later add in-app purchases to the game to help monetize the game's success. The team began development of a sequel called Kingdom Rush: Frontiers, which they decided to self-publish. Frontiers was planned to expand upon the narrative presented in the original game while presenting new upgrades for towers and skill trees for heroes. The franchise was further supported when the developers released comic books that built upon the story. Kingdom Rush: Frontiers was first released on June 6, 2013, for iOS, receiving "generally favorable reviews" according to Metacritic. A prequel to the original game called Kingdom Rush: Origins was released for iOS and Android on November 20, 2014, featuring a story involving a nation of elves waging war against their ancient enemies. A further entry in the franchise called Kingdom Rush: Vengeance was released for iOS and Android on November 22, 2018. The story of Vengeance sees the player controlling the dark wizard Vez'nan and his army, helping them fight against elves, dwarves, and the playable characters of the previous three games. Major changes to gameplay mechanics in Vengeance include the removal of the two final upgrade options, and the addition of sixteen different tower types, of which the player can choose to use up to five during gameplay. Ironhide Game Studio released a spin-off game titled Legends of Kingdom Rush on June 11, 2021, for iOS through Apple Arcade. Unlike the other entries in the series which are tower defense games, Legends is a turn-based strategy game.	[ "## Gameplay", "### Plot", "## Development", "## Release", "## Reception", "## Legacy" ]	2,324	18,306
38,526,114	Johanna Welin	1,157,044,192	German wheelchair basketball player	[ "1984 births", "German women's wheelchair basketball players", "Living people", "Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics", "Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics", "Naturalized citizens of Germany", "Paralympic gold medalists for Germany", "Paralympic medalists in wheelchair basketball", "Paralympic silver medalists for Germany", "Paralympic wheelchair basketball players for Germany", "People from Pajala Municipality", "Recipients of the Silver Laurel Leaf", "Swedish emigrants to Germany", "Wheelchair basketball players at the 2012 Summer Paralympics", "Wheelchair basketball players at the 2016 Summer Paralympics" ]	Johanna Welin (born 24 June 1984) is a Swedish-born German 2.0 point wheelchair basketball player. She played for USC Munich in the German wheelchair basketball league, and for the national team that won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, after which President Joachim Gauck awarded the team with the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt (Silver Laurel Leaf). ## Biography Johanna Welin was born on 24 June 1984 in Pajala, Sweden, a small town near the border between Sweden and Finland about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of the Arctic Circle. She has played football for Töreboda IK in the Swedish league. In the winter, her passion was snowboarding, until a bad fall in a snowboarding competition at Gothenburg in January 2004 left her paralysed from the waist down. She then took up wheelchair basketball, playing for GRBK Gothenburg in the Swedish league, but Sweden had no national women's team. She spent two semesters studying German in Insbruck, but there was no wheelchair basketball team there, and she began playing for USC Munich, initially for their second team. There, she caught the attention of Holger Glinicki, the coach of the German national team, who asked her if she would like to play for the German national team. She took German citizenship, a relatively painless procedure for an athlete, and made the German national team, which went on to win gold at the 2011 European Championships in Nazareth, Israel, defeating the Netherlands in the final, 48–42. In June 2012 she was named as part of the team that competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in London, where they faced the Australia women's national wheelchair basketball team, a team that had defeated them 48–46 in Sydney just a few months before. They defeated the Australians 44–58 in front of a capacity crowd of over 12,000 at the North Greenwich Arena to win the gold medal, the first that Germany had won in women's wheelchair basketball at the Paralympics since 1984. They were awarded another Silver Laurel Leaf by President Joachim Gauck in November 2012 and were again named Team of the Year for 2012. In February 2013, Welin's name was entered in the Golden Book of Munich. The German team claimed silver at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and beat the Netherlands in the 2015 European Championships, to claim its tenth European title. At the 2016 Paralympic Games, it won silver after losing the final to the United States. She has modelled for the advertising campaigns of team sponsors ING DiBa and LoFric, and is currently studying medicine in Munich. ## Achievements - 2011: Gold European Championships (Nazareth, Israel) - 2012: Gold Paralympic Games (London, England) - 2013: Silver European Championships (Frankfurt, Germany) - 2014: Silver at the World Championships (Toronto, Canada) - 2015: Gold at the European Championships (Worcester, England) - 2016: Silver at the Paralympic Games (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) ## Awards - 2012: Team of the Year - 2012: Silver Laurel Leaf - 2013: Entry in the Golden Book of Munich	[ "## Biography", "## Achievements", "## Awards" ]	733	14,899
30,487,307	New Harmony Toll Bridge	1,163,672,138	Bridge across the Wabash River	[ "1930 establishments in Illinois", "1930 establishments in Indiana", "2012 disestablishments in Illinois", "2012 disestablishments in Indiana", "Bridges completed in 1930", "Buildings and structures in White County, Illinois", "Former toll bridges in Illinois", "Former toll bridges in Indiana", "Parker truss bridges in the United States", "Road bridges in Illinois", "Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana", "Steel bridges in the United States", "Transportation buildings and structures in Posey County, Indiana", "Wabash River" ]	The New Harmony Toll Bridge, also known as the Harmony Way Bridge, is a now-closed two-lane bridge across the Wabash River that connects Illinois Route 14 with Indiana State Road 66, which is Church Street in New Harmony, Indiana. The bridge links White County, Illinois with Posey County, Indiana and carried U.S. Route 460 from 1947 until 1974 when the highway was decommissioned in Illinois and Indiana. The four-span bridge is owned by the White County Bridge Commission and was built without federal funds in 1930 by the Big Wabash Bridge Company of Carmi, Illinois. The next bridge across the Wabash about 15 miles (24 km) downstream is the Wabash Memorial Bridge near Mount Vernon, Indiana and the next bridge upstream is for Interstate 64, which does not allow farm vehicles. ## Details As originally designed, the bridge is 2,579 feet (0.49 of a mile) long. It has 47 spans and a 20 foot wide concrete roadway. The bridge is the first highway bridge erected across the lower Wabash River and the oldest remaining bridge in use over the Wabash's length in Illinois and half of Indiana. The original owner was a private company, the Big Wabash Bridge Company of Carmi, Illinois, which was chartered by Congress to build and operate the bridge on May 1, 1928. The company contracted with the Nashville Bridge Company of Nashville, Tennessee to build it. The bridge opened on December 21, 1930, and 10,000 people attended the dedication of the bridge on December 30, 1930. In 1941, Congress created the White County Bridge Commission as a joint Illinois-Indiana agency to purchase the bridge from the Big Wabash Bridge Company for \$895,000. About 900 vehicles crossed the bridge each day. The bridge collected an average of \$30,000 in monthly tolls and had \$22,000 in monthly expenses. The bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 in part because of its relationship to historic New Harmony, Indiana, as well as the bridge's age. The three-member commission was established by Congress on April 12, 1941, but Congress repealed the statute providing for an appointment mechanism in 1998. The commission's general manager, who is 75, speculated that the bridge would close if the three current commissioners would resign or die. In 1951, the current toll booth on the western edge of the river was constructed by the Electronic Signal Company, to replace an earlier booth on the eastern edge. In 1952, a tollpayer sued to exercise his right to inspect the books and records of the commission, but lost his lawsuit and was not allowed access. In 1955, the General Accounting Office issued a report critical of the commission and claiming that one commissioner had a conflict of interest. In response, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a suit seeking removal of the commissioner and recovery of the misapplied funds. However, the courts dismissed the case. In 1994, the commission contracted to apply an epoxy coating on the bridge's surface, but the coating delaminated and the commission refused to pay the contractor claiming that the coating had not been applied correctly. After a trial, the commission lost the lawsuit and paid. From September 2007 to April 2008, the bridge to closed to all traffic when cracks appeared in some of the concrete support piers. During the closure, contractors added new pilings to the existing piers and made other required repairs. In 2010, engineers determined that the bridge required an additional \$6 million in repairs. The National Bridge Inventory rated the bridge "Structurally Deficient." ## Closure On May 21, 2012, it was announced that the bridge would close permanently at noon on May 29, 2012. White County Bridge Commission member Jim Clark stated, "the cost to make repairs was more than we could imagine." However, Clark then made the decision to close the bridge immediately after receiving the complete report from a team of nine engineers who inspected the bridge. "I knew it was bad, but didn't know just how bad until I received their full report by email Monday morning," Clark said. "Once I saw their weight-load calculations, I knew we had to shut it down right away. We couldn't wait until May 29." The thirteen toll booth employees were laid off. As of the closure there are \$49,015 in toll tickets that have not been used. Refunds were given for thirty days from the closure. The closure of the New Harmony Bridge as reported in the Evansville Courier & Press would have a significant impact on farmers in the area and the oil industry. The bridge's closure increases the distance between New Harmony and Crossville, Illinois, by about ten miles. The New Harmony Toll Bridge was identified as a top priority among the thousands of rural bridges in the United States worthy of repair in President Biden's “American Jobs Plan” proposed on March 31, 2021. The Bill must first be approved by The US Congress, including votes by Indiana's 8th Congressional District Representative Larry Bucshon and US Senators Todd Young and Mike Braun. All three subsequently voted against the final bill. On the Illinois side, Mary Miller of Illinois's 15th congressional district voted no, while Senators Dick Durbin and Tammy Duckworth voted yes.	[ "## Details", "## Closure" ]	1,123	6,892
21,305,735	Hurricane Darby (2004)	1,118,280,836	Category 3 Pacific hurricane in 2004	[ "2004 Pacific hurricane season", "2004 in Hawaii", "Category 3 Pacific hurricanes", "Hurricanes in Hawaii", "Tropical cyclones in 2004" ]	Hurricane Darby was the first Eastern Pacific major hurricane since Hurricane Kenna in 2002. The sixth tropical cyclone, fourth named storm, and second hurricane of the 2004 Pacific hurricane season, Darby developed from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on July 12. After crossing into the Eastern Pacific, the storm became a tropical depression on June 26. The system steadily intensified, and became a hurricane on 000 UTC July 28. Darby peaked as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, though it quickly deteriorated due to cooler waters and increasing wind shear. While Darby dissipated on August 1, the remnants of the tropical cyclone affected the Hawaiian Islands. The system produced high waves and heavy rainfall that led to extensive flash flooding. Numerous roads were closed, while minor landslides and rockslides were reported. Despite the effects, no fatalities or severe damages occurred. ## Meteorological history A tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa on July 12 and entered the Atlantic Ocean. The wave progressed westward, crossing the Atlantic and Caribbean Sea before crossing into the Eastern Pacific on July 20. The west began to exhibit signs of development on July 23. The next day, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted an associated area of showers and thunderstorms, indicating that gradual development was possible. The system had become better organized and on July 25, the NHC continued to remark upon the potential for the weak low pressure area—accompanied by disorganized convective activity—to develop. On July 26, the system became better-organized, and under favorable conditions it was upgraded to a tropical depression at 1200 UTC, while located about 760 miles (1,220 km) to the south-southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. Under the steering currents of a subtropical ridge of high pressure, the depression continued moving westward. Upon becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression contained a somewhat well-defined low-level center of circulation, as well as convective banding. Based on Dvorak classifications, the storm was upgraded to a tropical storm at 0000 UTC on July 27; as the fourth tropical storm of the 2004 season, it was named Darby by the NHC. Darby continued to intensify, with established outflow and a well-defined banding feature. Later that day, forecasters predicted the storm to peak as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Darby was upgraded to a hurricane at 0000 UTC on July 28, at which time it began to turn towards the northwest. An eye, embedded within the deep convection, developed later in the day. Darby attained Category 2 intensity at around 1800 UTC, and it rapidly strengthened to Category 3, becoming the first Eastern Pacific major hurricane since Hurricane Kenna of the 2002 season. Shortly after peaking in intensity, Darby moved over coolers waters and began to deteriorate. The eye became less well-defined and the associated convection started weakening. Increasingly colder waters and growing wind shear continued to affect Darby, and the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm on July 30. The low-level center of circulation became exposed from the thunderstorm activity, and the storm quickly degenerated into a swirl of clouds, although it maintained tropical storm strength. On July 31, it weakened to a tropical depression. Darby soon crossed into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, and it dissipated as a tropical cyclone on August 1. However, its remnants continued westward under the low-level trade winds, and dropped heavy rainfall on Hawaii several days after the cyclone dissipated. ## Impact Upon reaching the Hawaiian Islands, the remnants of Darby contributed to heavy rainfall and high winds, prompting the issuance of flash flood watch. Along the eastern shores of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii, the system generated 4 to 8 feet (1.2 to 2.4 m) swells. The Honolulu Airport reported a daily record of 2.92 inches (74 mm) of rainfall, breaking the previous record of 0.96 inches (24 mm) set in 1948. Elsewhere, parts of Maui reported in excess of 8 inches (200 mm) of precipitation, while 4.6 inches (120 mm) fell on Oahu. The rainfall was beneficial in some areas, where dry conditions had persisted. Although crop damage from the storm system was limited, some farming operations were postponed and some coffee and nut trees were damaged. Along the eastern shores of several Hawaiian Islands, the storm system triggered surf of 4 to 8 ft (1.2 to 2.4 m). The heavy rainfall resulted in flash flooding throughout several areas. On Oahu, roads and some structures were flooded, and minor landslides were reported. On the island, telephone and electrical service were disrupted. At one location, a large boulder rolled down a hillside and struck a fire hydrant; firefighters were called to shut it off. On Kauai, the Wailua River exceeded flood stage on August 4. Small stream and drainage ditch flooding was reported in the Kau District of Hawaii. Excessive runoff around Kailua-Kona resulted in extensive flooding that forced the closure of five schools, submerged several roads, and triggered rockslides. Due to high water, several roads, including part of the Piilani Highway on Maui, were temporarily shut down. A portion of the Kamehameha Highway was also closed after being submerged under waters of up to 1.5 feet (0.46 m) deep. Despite the flooding, neither Darby nor its remnant moisture caused any casualties or severe property damage. ## See also - List of Hawaii hurricanes - Other tropical cyclones named Darby - Timeline of the 2004 Pacific hurricane season - Hurricane Blas (2022)	[ "## Meteorological history", "## Impact", "## See also" ]	1,242	21
24,155,086	Battle of Long Khánh	1,153,077,419	1971 battle of the Vietnam War	[ "1971 in Vietnam", "Battles and operations of the Vietnam War", "Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1971", "Battles involving Vietnam", "Battles of the Vietnam War involving Australia", "Battles of the Vietnam War involving New Zealand", "Battles of the Vietnam War involving the United States", "Conflicts in 1971", "History of Đồng Nai Province", "June 1971 events in Asia" ]	The Battle of Long Khanh (6–7 June 1971) was fought during the Vietnam War between elements of 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) and the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) during Operation Overlord. The fighting saw Australian infantry from 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) attack a heavily fortified communist base camp in Long Khanh Province, while Centurion tanks providing close support crushed many bunkers and their occupants. Regardless, the VC fought hard to delay the Australian advance and although the bunker system was subsequently captured, along with a second system further south, the Australians suffered a number of casualties and the loss of a UH-1 Iroquois helicopter. With the Australians unable to concentrate sufficient combat power to achieve a decisive result, the bulk of the VC/PAVN force successfully withdrew intact, although they probably sustained heavy casualties in the process. ## Background As a consequence of the overall allied strategy of Vietnamization and with the Australian government keen to reduce its own commitment to the war, 8 RAR was not replaced at the end of its tour of duty in December 1970. 1 ATF was again reduced to just two infantry battalions, albeit with significant armour, artillery and aviation support remaining. The Australian area of operations (AO) remained the same however, with the reduction in forces only adding further to the burden on the remaining battalions. Regardless, following a sustained effort by 1 ATF in Phuoc Tuy Province between September 1969 and April 1970, the bulk of PAVN/VC forces had become inactive and had left the province to recuperate. Accordingly, the Australians shifted focus, turning their attention to denying the VC the chance to resupply by close ambushing around villages and towns, such as Dat Do and Hoa Long. Although not always successful, such operations yielded significant results and by the end of 1970 the Army of the Republic of Vietnam were increasingly responsible for the security of major population centres. Indeed, the major battles of earlier years were now seen as a thing of the past in Phuoc Tuy. However, in May 1971, following a request from Brigadier Bruce McDonald—the task force commander—the Australian AO was extended a further 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north across the border into Long Khanh Province. Several reconnaissance patrols from the Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) were subsequently inserted in the vicinity of the Courtenay rubber plantation, and later on the other side of Route 2. These patrols were highly successful, detecting the presence of a substantial PAVN/VC force, while a number of VC were also killed. ## Prelude Intelligence reports in June, in conjunction with the invaluable information gathered by the SASR, located the VC D445 Battalion and the PAVN 3/33 Regiment east of Route 2 along the border between Phuoc Tuy and Long Khanh in an area 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of the Australian base at Nui Dat. These reports indicated that the PAVN/VC were attempting to disrupt the continuing pacification program, and were also using the area to rest, retrain and refit. In response the 1 ATF commander, McDonald, launched a brigade-sized "search and clear" operation, known as "Operation Overlord". Named after the D-Day landings during the Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944, the operation was scheduled to begin on the same day, 27 years later. There was some trepidation among the Australian sub-unit commanders about the use of this name, for operational security reasons, as it was felt that it might telegraph their intentions. The concept of operations called for a significant blocking force to be inserted, with 4 RAR/NZ (ANZAC) deployed along the line of the Suoi Ran river, A Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment to their west and United States Army 2/8th Battalion, 3rd Cavalry Regiment to the north-east. Meanwhile, 3 RAR—under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Peter Scott—and the Centurion tanks from C Squadron, 1st Armoured Regiment were tasked with driving the PAVN/VC into these positions. A number of fire support bases would be established, with A Field Battery and 104 Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery providing indirect fire support in conjunction with American gunners, while 3 RAR would search its AO—belatedly designated as AO Gwenda—with three rifle companies (A,B, and C), while D Company would be held in reserve. The plan envisioned movement by road of both troops and equipment using Route 2, as well as air insertion. The terrain in the new AO was thickly wooded with some areas of secondary growth beneath the 30-metre (98 ft) high canopy, as well as numerous water courses, spurs and re-entrants. ## Battle The operation commenced on 5 June with the insertion of blocking forces consisting of Australian, New Zealand and US troops, followed by the aerial insertion of 3 RAR. The landing zone (LZ) was clear of large trees to about 200 metres (220 yd) and was secured by the M113 armoured personnel carriers (APCs) from A Squadron. As A Company landed it was suddenly engaged by intense fire, which also targeted the unsecured B Company LZ 1,300 metres (1,400 yd) to the south-west. The firing eased after a few minutes, however, thereby allowing the insertion of the remaining companies. The Australians subsequently began patrolling and it soon became apparent that they had been dropped within 500 metres (550 yd) of an extensive bunker system. Signs of a strong PAVN/VC presence were detected almost as soon as 3 RAR began its sweep, while the blocking elements also had a number of sightings, and a few contacts with small parties moving north. Possibly alerted by allied air and road movements, the PAVN/VC seemed to be avoiding open combat. Late on the afternoon of 6 June, 5 Platoon, B Company, located what was thought to be the main PAVN/VC position, however with nightfall approaching, it was decided not to press the attack that night. During the evening a few shots were exchanged between the Australians and VC, and the Australian platoon subsequently withdrew into a night harbour. At 06:00 artillery commenced bombarding the position, and following a half-hour of preparation, 5 Platoon resumed its advance expecting the PAVN/VC to have vacated the position during the night, as they had done numerous times in the past. However, after having proceeded only 90 metres (98 yd) the Australians came under heavy fire from the front and both flanks, suffering several casualties in the initial volleys. It soon became apparent that the platoon was pinned down on the edge of a strongly defended and well-concealed bunker system, with the platoon commander calling for assistance from helicopter gunships, as well as indirect mortar fire rather than risking further casualties by withdrawing. Moving to support the platoon in contact, Scott ordered D Company to conduct an assault against the flank and rear of the bunker complex, mounted in APCs with tanks in support. Two troops of Centurions spearheaded the assault through the jungle from the north, and they soon began receiving heavy small arms fire and rocket-propelled grenades, one of which subsequently caused external damage. Realising that the bunker system was larger than previously estimated, the tanks were forced to halt while the infantry were brought up to begin the assault. Meanwhile, 5 Platoon was in dire straits and was beginning to run low of ammunition, while a number of its M60 machine-guns were also beginning to fail because of the prolonged firing. Moving to outflank the heavily outnumbered Australians, VC were observed emerging from their bunkers. Indeed, only heavy indirect fire and effective suppressing fire from helicopter gunships prevented them from being overrun. Attempting to gain a better position to direct the fire, the B Company forward observer, Lieutenant Ian Mathers, moved forward to 5 Platoon and was killed almost immediately. However, by 09:15 the remainder of B Company was able to link up with the beleaguered platoon, and after an aerial resupply of ammunition, stabilised the situation temporarily. At 11:00, however, a second attempt to resupply B Company resulted in an Australian Iroquois helicopter being shot down by heavy ground fire and exploding on impact. Two crew members were killed and another two injured, while another soldier was injured on the ground. With ammunition exploding among the burning wreckage a number of Australians rushed to aid the injured, scrambling through the debris and removing the unexploded ammunition and pulling the survivors to safety. Subsequently, another winch point was established to the rear of the Australian positions for casualty evacuation and resupply. By mid-afternoon, D Company had moved into position and commenced an assault, pushing through the bunker system from the north-east with the Centurion tanks in close support crushing many bunkers and their occupants with their tracks. The progress of the Australian assault was slowed by thick vegetation and the size of the position, even as the resistance slackened and volume of fire diminished. Indeed, the bunker system was later found to cover nearly a square kilometre and was wider than the front of the assaulting company. Painstakingly the Australians searched each bunker systematically. With the action now over, D Company and the tanks subsequently linked up with B Company and established a night defensive position. During the final assault, C Company, located to the south, had uncovered a second bunker system which was subsequently captured by the Australians after being hastily abandoned. More than 16,000 rounds of M60 ammunition had been fired during the fighting, along with 6,000 rounds of M16 ammunition. The artillery had fired over 1,453 rounds of 105 mm and 200 rounds of 155 mm high explosive in support. Over the next six days Australian pioneer and engineer demolition teams proceeded to destroy the remaining bunkers. ## Aftermath Despite significantly underestimating the size of the position they faced, the Australians had succeeded in pushing the D445 Battalion and the 3/33 Regiment out of a valuable base area intended for long-term use. Regardless, there were few other tangible results to show for the casualties they had incurred as, although numerous blood trails and body parts scattered around the battlefield indicated that PAVN/VC casualties had been heavy, the majority of their dead had either been removed from the battlefield or were entombed in the bunkers that had been crushed by the Australian tanks. The battle had cost the Australians three killed and six wounded, while only five VC bodies were recovered. The PAVN/VC had defended strongly in order to allow an orderly evacuation of personnel and stores, and with the Australians unable to concentrate sufficient combat power rapidly enough to ensure a decisive result, they were largely able to achieve this objective. Unfazed by the loss of their base-camps, the bulk of the PAVN/VC force remained intact and later carried out a highly successful ambush by VC 274th Main Force Regiment on 12 June. Seven Australians were killed and three wounded from the HQ 1 ATF Defence and Employment Platoon in this subsequent action, with the bulk of the casualties occurring when an RPG-7 exploded on a box of M18A1 Claymores sitting atop an M113 armoured personnel carrier, igniting them. Operations in Long Khanh continued however, and the Australians established a number of ambushes on possible withdrawal routes, although little contact subsequently occurred. Operation Overlord finally ended on 14 June and 1 ATF returned to Nui Dat. Overall, despite the heavy contact experienced early on, it had yielded little for the Australians although neither the D445 nor the 33rd Regiment were encountered in Phuoc Tuy again. Overlord was one of the larger task force operations of the war, while it was also the last joint US-Australian battalion-sized operation. Indeed, although the fighting continued, Australian operations began to wind down. On 18 August 1971, Prime Minister William McMahon announced that 1 ATF would cease operations in October, commencing a phased withdrawal. Ultimately, the last Australian forces were withdrawn from South Vietnam by 1973.	[ "## Background", "## Prelude", "## Battle", "## Aftermath" ]	2,558	19,432
20,040,721	You're Not Sorry	1,162,285,702	2008 promotional single by Taylor Swift	[ "2000s ballads", "2008 songs", "Big Machine Records singles", "Rock ballads", "Song recordings produced by Chris Rowe", "Song recordings produced by Nathan Chapman (record producer)", "Song recordings produced by Taylor Swift", "Songs written by Taylor Swift", "Taylor Swift songs" ]	"You're Not Sorry" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her second studio album, Fearless. It was released for download via the iTunes Store as a promotional from the album on October 28, 2008, by Big Machine Records. Swift was inspired to write "You're Not Sorry" by an ex-boyfriend who she realized was the contrary to what he had appeared to be. Produced by Swift and Nathan Chapman, "You're Not Sorry" is a rock power ballad with gentle piano in the verses and dramatic electric guitar in the build-up. A remix version for the television episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, in which Swift made an appearance, was later released. Some critics praised the production of "You're Not Sorry", but others took issue with the balladic production as overdone. The song peaked at number 11 on both the Canadian Hot 100 and the US Billboard Hot 100. In the United States, it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On the Fearless Tour (2009–2010), Swift performed a mashup of "You're Not Sorry" and Justin Timberlake's "What Goes Around.../...Comes Around". She included it as part of a mashup with "Back to December" and OneRepublic's "Apologize" on her next tour, the Speak Now World Tour. She also sang the track at the 44th Academy of Country Music Awards in 2009. Swift released a re-recorded version, "You're Not Sorry (Taylor's Version)", as part of her re-recorded album Fearless (Taylor's Version) (2021). The re-recorded version charted on the Canadian Hot 100 and the Billboard Global 200. ## Background "You're Not Sorry" was written by Swift and produced by Nathan Chapman alongside Swift. It was inspired by an ex-boyfriend who was later revealed to be opposite of what Swift had originally thought. Swift recalled that, at first, "He came across as prince charming." As the relationship continued, Swift was informed of numerous secrets about her boyfriend she was not aware of. "And one by one, I would figure them out. I would find out who he really was," she said. She wrote "You're Not Sorry" in an emotional state, which she described as "the breaking point", where she thought to herself, "'You know what? Don’t even think that you can keep on hurting me.'" The circumstances reached a point where she felt she had to walk away. "You're Not Sorry" was first released as a promotional single from Fearless on October 28, 2008, as part of Countdown to Fearless, an exclusive campaign by the iTunes Store. The song was reissued on March 5, 2009, as remix, the same day she made her guest appearance on the television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation in the episode "Turn, Turn, Turn". The remix was featured in the episode. A re-recorded version of "You're Not Sorry", titled "You're Not Sorry (Taylor's Version)", was released on April 9, 2021, as the ninth track from Fearless (Taylor's Version), the re-recorded version of Fearless. The re-recording was part of Swift's move after a public dispute with Big Machine and talent manager Scooter Braun over the acquisition of the master recordings to her past albums. ## Composition "You're Not Sorry" is four minutes and 21 seconds long. Critics described it as a power ballad with minimal influences of country, contrary to Swift's self-identity as a country musician at the time. Jordan Levin of The Miami Herald characterized the song as a "rebellious rock tune". Anna Rosales from the Evansville Courier & Press thought the track has a "hard rock edge" to it. The song is set in common time and has a slow tempo of 67.5 beats per minute. It is written in the key of E♭ minor and Swift's vocals span two octaves, from G♭<sub>3</sub> to C♭<sub>5</sub>. It follows the chord progression E♭m–C♭–G♭–D♭. The musical arrangement contains a prominent pop hook in its refrains, according to Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine. Rob Sheffield in Rolling Stone described the track as a "dramatic piano-and-strings ballad". "You're Not Sorry" features a soft piano introduction, and in the refrains progresses with dynamic, loud electric guitars, which eventually reach a solo. The production additionally incorporates cello and strings. Scott Mervis of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette compared "You're Not Sorry" to a "chanteuse a la Tori Amos". In the lyrics, the protagonist criticizes an ex-lover who betrayed her trust. Sheffield, in a review for Blender, noted the lyrics to "You're Not Sorry" had many "tingling pheromones". Kyle Anderson from MTV said that the theme of "You're Not Sorry" is more serious than the "dreaminess" of the previous upbeat Fearless tracks: "the weight of the lyrics actually weighs down the arrangement (it literally sounds like it's being played just a hair too slow, which creates a palpable tension)." The re-recorded "You're Not Sorry (Taylor's Version)" features an identical production, but critics also commented that Swift's vocals became richer and deeper. Joe Coscarelli opined that the production of the re-recording sounded "fresh and refined", an improvement from the original. Music professor Michael A. Lee observed that on "You're Not Sorry (Taylor's Version)", Swift's vocals are less nasal and come more from the chest, the background vocals are more subdued, and the strings are recorded in a closer proximity to the microphones. ## Critical reception Music critics gave "You're Not Sorry" mixed reviews. Sheffield in Blender described the track as "drippy" and opined that it is not as effective as other upbeat Fearless tracks. Todd Martens from the Los Angeles Times deemed Swift's vocals weak. Nick Catucci of New York commented that "You're Not Sorry" contrasts with Swift's identity as a country-music artist because the track "isn't the stuff of redneck women but earnest suburban princesses". Catucci said that although he could come up with better songs by other singer-songwriters in the last ten years, "this bittersweet bit of pop fluff succeeds splendidly. She's an American idol, on her own terms." Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine was more favorable, remarking that the production of "You're Not Sorry" showcases Swift's songwriting with a prominent hook. Craig Rosen of The Hollywood Reporter said the song proved Swift's crossover potential beyond country music. Retrospectively, critics have considered "You're Not Sorry" one of Swift's weaker songs in her catalog. Hannah Mylrea in NME (2020) ranked it 146th out of 161 songs in Swift's discography, calling it "overdone". Nate Jones from Vulture ranked it 122nd in a ranking of Swift's 179 tracks, describing it as an "unflinching kiss-off song". In Rolling Stone, Sheffield placed it at number 111 in his 2021 ranking of Swift's 206-song catalog, highlighting the track for showcasing her vocal development from her debut album. Brittany Spanos from the same magazine praised Swift's singing for conveying the dramatic sentiments: "Her voice pierces through the sound of her band for one of her first truly dramatic vocal deliveries." Joe Coscarelli from The New York Times said he had admired Swift's songwriting "You're Not Sorry" but felt the production "[plods] a little"; after the re-recorded version was released, Coscarelli became more appreciative of the track. ## Chart performance "You're Not Sorry" debuted and peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 2008, becoming the week's highest debut. After being featured in the CSI series, supported by the remix, "You're Not Sorry" re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 67. It is one of the 13 Fearless tracks that charted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100, breaking the record for the most top 40 entries from a single album. It spent a total of five weeks on the Hot 100. On the Pop 100 chart compiled by Billboard, the track peaked at number 21. By December 2011, "You're Not Sorry" had sold 653,000 copies in the United States. In 2017, the song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for surpassing one million units based on sales and streaming. In Canada, it peaked at number 11 on the Canadian Hot 100. ## Live performances Swift performed "You're Not Sorry" on all venues of her first headlining concert tour, the Fearless Tour, which extended from April 2009 to June 2010. During each performance, Swift donned a black cocktail dress with sparkly ornaments along the stomach. She began the performance by sitting on a bench, playing black grand piano. Midway through "You're Not Sorry", Swift ceases playing the piano and commences to sing a cover version of Justin Timberlake's "What Goes Around.../...Comes Around" while whipping her hair, maintaining on the bench. Throughout the remainder of the performance, she intermingled between the two songs as smoke swirled and lightning was projected on the stage. Jon Pareles of The New York Times referred to the performance as one of the night's highlights at the August 27, 2009, concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Reed Fischer of Miami New Times attended the March 7, 2010, concert at BankAtlantic Center in Sunrise, Florida and, of the cover of "What Goes Around.../...Comes Around", said, "That, and some extended beating on an oil drum sculpture, made for the only unsavory moments of the night." Alice Fisher of the United Kingdom magazine The Observer believed the performance at the May 7, 2009, concert at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London, England "was undermined by the way Swift writhed on her stool and awkwardly thumped the piano lid in one of the most unconvincing displays of passion I've seen since Footballers' Wives finished." Swift also performed the song at an exclusive performance, hosted by 95.8 Capital FM, the 2009 Academy of Country Music Awards, and the 2009 CMA Music Festival. During her Speak Now World Tour, she used elements of "You're Not Sorry" and "Apologize" while performing "Back To December". She also performed the song three times during the Red Tour and the first night in Houston on the Eras Tour. ## Charts ### "You're Not Sorry" ### "You're Not Sorry (Taylor's Version)" ## Certifications	[ "## Background", "## Composition", "## Critical reception", "## Chart performance", "## Live performances", "## Charts", "### \"You're Not Sorry\"", "### \"You're Not Sorry (Taylor's Version)\"", "## Certifications" ]	2,301	5,999
1,280,171	Chris Higgins (ice hockey)	1,132,301,790	American ice hockey player (born 1983)	[ "1983 births", "AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans", "American men's ice hockey centers", "Avon Old Farms alumni", "Calgary Flames players", "Florida Panthers players", "Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players", "Ice hockey players from New York (state)", "Living people", "Montreal Canadiens draft picks", "Montreal Canadiens players", "National Hockey League first-round draft picks", "New York Rangers players", "Sportspeople from Smithtown, New York", "Utica Comets players", "Vancouver Canucks players", "Yale Bulldogs men's ice hockey players", "Yale College alumni" ]	Christopher Robert Higgins (born June 2, 1983) is an American former professional ice hockey winger and current Skills and Development coach for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). While playing college hockey, he was selected 14th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He finished a two-year career with the Yale Bulldogs, earning ECAC Hockey Player of the Year honors as a sophomore, before turning professional for the 2003–04 season. After two seasons with the Canadiens' minor league affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League (AHL), he joined the NHL in 2005–06. He recorded three consecutive 20-goal seasons to begin his NHL career before being traded to the New York Rangers in June 2009. After brief stints with the Rangers, Calgary Flames and Florida Panthers, he joined the Vancouver Canucks in February 2011. Internationally, Higgins has competed for the United States in two World Junior Championships (2002 and 2003) and one World Championship (2009). ## Playing career ### Amateur career (1998–2003) Higgins played four years of high school hockey for Avon Old Farms, a preparatory school in Avon, Connecticut, graduating in 2001. He then opted to play in the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) with the Yale Bulldogs. Higgins also considered offers from Boston College and Harvard University. In 2001–02, Higgins began a two-year stint with the Yale Bulldogs of the ECAC Hockey Conference. After recording a team-leading 31 points (14 goals and 17 assists) over 27 games as a freshman, he was named the ECAC Rookie of the Year. He additionally received ECAC All-Rookie and Second All-Star Team honors. In the off-season, Higgins was selected 14th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He became the first ECAC Hockey player to be selected in the first round of the NHL Entry Draft since Normand Lacombe in 1983 (the Buffalo Sabres selected him 10th overall). Returning to Yale for one more season, he improved to 41 points over 28 games, leading his team in scoring for the second consecutive year. Higgins earned ECAC Player of the Year (co-recipient with Cornell Big Red goaltender David LeNeveu) and First All-Star Team honors; he was also recognized regionally on the NCAA East All-American Team. ### Montreal Canadiens (2003–2009) Following his sophomore year, he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Canadiens on May 22, 2003. Higgins made his NHL debut on October 11, 2003, registering three minutes of ice time in a 4–0 win against the Toronto Maple Leafs. Struggling to play his way onto the Canadiens' lineup, he was often made a healthy scratch (non-dressing player) in October before being assigned to the team's minor league affiliate, the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League (AHL), by the end of the month. He recorded 48 points over 67 AHL games in 2003–04, ranking fifth in team scoring. Due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Higgins automatically remained in Hamilton and improved to 51 points, ranking third among Bulldogs scorers. The following season, as NHL play resumed, Higgins made the Canadiens' roster out of training camp. He scored his first career NHL goal on October 6, 2005, against New York Rangers goalie Kevin Weekes during an away game at Madison Square Garden. The Canadiens won the contest 4–3 in overtime. He finished the season with 23 goals, ranking seventh among league rookies, and 15 assists for a total of 38 points. A month into the 2006–07 season, Higgins suffered a sprained left ankle during a game against the New Jersey Devils. At the time of the injury, on November 4, 2006, he was leading the Canadiens with eight goals. Sidelined for 6 weeks, Higgins was limited to 61 games, though still managed to match his previous season's points total with 22 goals and 16 assists. Set to become a restricted free agent in the off-season, Montreal re-signed Higgins to a two-year, US\$3.4 million deal on June 25, 2007. Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season, Higgins was named an alternate captain for the Canadiens. He went on to have a career season with personal bests of 27 goals, 25 assists and 52 points. On November 11, 2008, Higgins recorded his first NHL hat-trick in a 4–0 win over the Ottawa Senators. However, his points total decreased in his fourth NHL campaign with 23 points over 57 games. ### Rangers, Flames and Panthers (2009–2011) Coming off what was the lowest statistical season of his career, he was traded by the Canadiens, along with Ryan McDonagh, Pavel Valentenko and Doug Janik, to the New York Rangers in exchange for Scott Gomez, Tom Pyatt and Michael Busto on June 30, 2009. A restricted free agent at the time of the trade, he agreed to a one-year, US\$2.25 contract with the Rangers six days later. He scored his first goal with the Rangers on November 3, 2009, against the Vancouver Canucks, his team's lone marker in a 4–1 loss. His offensive struggles continued in New York (he recorded 15 points in 55 games) and he was subsequently traded to the Calgary Flames on February 2, 2010. Higgins was dealt, along with Aleš Kotalík, in exchange for Olli Jokinen and Brandon Prust. He scored his first goal with the Flames on March 9, an empty netter, in a 4–1 win against the Detroit Red Wings. Two days later, he suffered a foot injury that sidelined him for the remaining 14 games of the regular season. Splitting the season between New York and Calgary, he had eight goals and 17 points over 67 games. Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off-season, Higgins signed a one-year, US\$1.6 million deal with the Florida Panthers on July 2, 2010. He had considered re-signing with Calgary, but cited new Florida Panthers General Manager Dale Tallon's experience as a strong factor for joining Florida (Tallon was largely responsible for assembling the Chicago Blackhawks team that won the Stanley Cup the previous season). In December 2010, he was sidelined four games with a Staphylococcal infection in his foot, an injury that was misdiagnosed first as "skate bite," then a spider bite. Higgins later missed an additional seven games the following month with a hamstring injury. ### Vancouver Canucks (2011–2016) With the Panthers out of playoff contention late in the season, the team began trading away numerous veterans and core players. At the NHL trade deadline, on February 28, 2011, Higgins was dealt to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for defensive prospect Evan Oberg and a third-round draft pick in 2013. The Canucks had reportedly been interested in a different Panthers player, but with a minute left until the trade deadline, Panthers Assistant General Manager Mike Santos called the Canucks back and offered Higgins. In 48 games with the Panthers, he had recorded 11 goals and 23 points. Injured with a hand injury at the time of the trade, he did not debut with the Canucks until March 10. He scored his first two goals as a Canuck on March 27 in a 4–1 win against the Columbus Blue Jackets. He completed the season with 13 goals and 28 points in 62 games between Florida and Vancouver. While Higgins played the majority of the regular season with the Canucks as a bottom-six forward, by the playoffs, he was playing on the second line centered by Ryan Kesler. Entering the post-season as the Presidents' Trophy champions, the Canucks held the first seed in the West. After eliminating the Chicago Blackhawks, Nashville Predators and San Jose Sharks in the first three rounds, the Canucks advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals. Facing the Boston Bruins, the series went to a seventh game, which the Canucks lost 4–0. Following the Canucks' defeat, it was revealed that several Canucks players had been playing with injuries, including Higgins. His injury occurred in the second round against the Predators, when he blocked a shot with his skate, breaking his foot. Over 25 playoff games, Higgins recorded four goals and eight points. Three of his goals were game-winners, tying him with Geoff Courtnall (1994) for the most in a single playoff season by a Canucks player. During the off-season, Higgins re-signed with Vancouver to a two-year, \$3.8 million contract on July 1, 2011. The deal was agreed upon prior to his scheduled unrestricted free agency. During the season, Higgins struggled with two bouts of Staph infection, one in December 2011 and the other in February 2012. He missed a combined 11 games as a result of swelling and suffering from severe side effects to the associated medication. Though he missed time, Higgins also played through the adverse reactions for several games following both bouts with the infection. Through the first half of the season, he often played on the second line with Kesler and David Booth; the trio were dubbed the "American Express Line," as they were all born in the United States. Towards the end of the season, he was consistently placed on the team's third line, a defensive shutdown unit with fellow two-way forwards Jannik Hansen and deadline-acquisition Samuel Påhlsson. Used in both roles over the campaign, Higgins was often recognized as the team's most consistent and hardest-working forward. On the last day of the regular season, he was accordingly awarded the Fred J. Hume Award, voted by fans as the team's "unsung hero." Appearing in 71 games, Higgins recorded 43 points (18 goals and 25 assists), his highest total in four years and fifth among team forwards. On April 2, 2013, Higgins signed a four-year, \$10 million extension with the Canucks. During the 2015–16 season, on January 12, 2016, Higgins was put on waivers after unsuccessful attempts to trade the winger. He cleared waivers the next day and was sent down to the Utica Comets, the AHL affiliate of the Canucks. On March 19, 2016, Higgins was recalled by the Vancouver Canucks after multiple injuries occurred on both the Canucks and Comets rosters. He would finish the season with the Canucks. In the off-season, on June 27, 2016, Higgins's tenure in Vancouver ended when he was placed on waivers by the Canucks for the intention of buying out the remaining year of his contract. On August 30, 2016, unable to secure an NHL contract, Higgins signed a PTO to attend training camp with former club, the Calgary Flames. On October 10, Higgins was released from his tryout. ## International play Higgins played in back-to-back World Junior Championships during his college career. First appearing in 2002, he recorded four goals and two assists over seven games. He helped the United States qualify for the quarterfinal, where they were eliminated by Russia 6–1. The following year, Higgins matched his points total with three goals and three assists. After losing their semifinal to Canada 3–2, the United States lost by the same score to Finland in the bronze medal game. Higgins made his first international appearance for the American men's team at the 2009 IIHF World Championship. He scored his only goal of the tournament in a 4–3 overtime loss to Switzerland in the qualifying round. After losing their semifinal game to Russia, the United States lost the bronze medal to Sweden by a 4–2 score. ## Coaching career On September 11, 2019, it was announced that Higgins had returned to the Vancouver Canucks organization to serve as an assistant director of player development. On December 23, 2020, the Canucks announced they had reassigned Higgins to serve as the team's Skills and Development Coach. ## Playing style Listed at 6 feet (1.8 meters) tall and 203 pounds (92 kilograms), Higgins plays mostly in the style of a power forward. He is known as a two-way player with good skating, capable of contributing offensively while remaining defensively responsible. He has alternated between playing the wing and center positions. Early in his career, he was compared to Dallas Stars forward Brenden Morrow. ## Personal life Higgins grew up in Smithtown, New York, the second eldest among five siblings. His father, Robert, is a New York City firefighter and his younger brother is a New York City police officer. As a youth, Higgins played in the 1996 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Connecticut Yankees minor ice hockey team, and then in the 1997 tournament with the New York Islanders minor team. As a minor, he played on teams with his future Canadiens teammate Mike Komisarek and his future Flames teammate Eric Nystrom, both of whom he remains close friends with. He was a student of Lithuanian hockey coach Aleksey Nikiforov at hockey camps in his teenage years. Though he grew up on Long Island, Higgins was a Montreal Canadiens fan as a child, following after his father; his favorite players on the team were goaltender Patrick Roy and captain Kirk Muller. Higgins left home to join the high school hockey program of Avon Old Farms in Connecticut. Following his high school graduation, Higgins was enrolled in Yale University for two years, majoring in political science while playing on the school's hockey team. Higgins and his ex-partner Chantel have a daughter named Bowen who was born in Vancouver on April 10, 2015. ## Career statistics ### Regular season and playoffs ### International ## Awards and honors	[ "## Playing career", "### Amateur career (1998–2003)", "### Montreal Canadiens (2003–2009)", "### Rangers, Flames and Panthers (2009–2011)", "### Vancouver Canucks (2011–2016)", "## International play", "## Coaching career", "## Playing style", "## Personal life", "## Career statistics", "### Regular season and playoffs", "### International", "## Awards and honors" ]	2,938	10,162
27,818,546	Lebanon women's national football team	1,173,842,853	Lebanon female national association football team	[ "Asian women's national association football teams", "Lebanon women's national football team", "Women's football in Lebanon" ]	The Lebanon women's national football team is the official women's national football team of the country of Lebanon. The team was established in 2005, and is controlled by the Lebanon Football Association (LFA), the governing body for football in Lebanon. Whilst the team has yet to qualify for the FIFA Women's World Cup or the AFC Women's Asian Cup, they have finished runners-up at the 2022 edition of the WAFF Women's Championship, and in third place at the 2007 and 2019 editions. Lebanon played their first match in 2006 against Algeria in a 12–0 defeat at the Arab Women's Championship. However, their first qualification campaign took place eight years later, on the occasion of the 2014 Women's Asian Cup. While Lebanon ultimately failed to qualify for the final tournament, they won 12–1 against Kuwait on 9 June 2013 in their biggest win to date. Colloquially called "the Lady Cedars" (Arabic: صبايا الأرز), their home kit is predominately red and their away kit white, in reference to their national flag. From 2014 Lebanon's FIFA ranking has been relatively steady, with their best ranking being 102nd in December 2013 and their worst being 145th between April and August 2021. ## History ### 2005–2018: Formation and first tournaments Known as "the Lady Cedars" (Arabic: صبايا الأرز), the Lebanon women's national team was formed in 2005 as one of the earliest women's national teams in the West Asian Football Federation. Their first match was a 12–0 defeat against Algeria at the 2006 Arab Women's Championship. They finished in last place after three games without having scored a single goal. Their first WAFF Women's Championship campaign was in 2007; after two 3–0 losses, first against Jordan and then against Iran, Lebanon beat Syria 7–0 thanks to an Iman Chaito hat-trick, and finished in third place in the tournament. In their second WAFF Women's Championship in 2011 they were drawn with Iran, Syria and hosts the United Arab Emirates (UAE). After losing their first match against Iran 8–1, Lebanon won 1–0 against Syria. In their final match, against the UAE, Lebanon lost 5–0 and were knocked out of the competition. Managed by Farid Nujaim, Lebanon took part in the qualification campaign for the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup. This was their first official qualification tournament, eight years from their inception. They were drawn with Jordan, Uzbekistan and Kuwait in their group. In their first match, they lost 5–0 against Jordan before being defeated by Uzbekistan 4–0. Already eliminated, Lebanon beat Kuwait 12–1 in a consolatory victory, ending their qualifying campaign with three points. Lebanon were drawn with Thailand, Chinese Taipei, Guam and Palestine in the 2018 Asian Cup qualification, to be played in the West Bank in Palestine. However, Lebanon withdrew as they refused to play on the grounds that "it legitimises Israel's occupation of the territory". ### 2019–present: Recent history Coached by Wael Gharzeddine, Lebanon competed in the 2019 WAFF Women's Championship in January. They began their campaign with a slim 3–2 defeat to hosts Bahrain. In their second match, Lebanon's late goals in each half secured a 2–0 win over the UAE. They then suffered a 3–1 defeat to Jordan, before beating Palestine 3–0, finishing in third place. In the 2021 Arab Women's Cup, played in August, Lebanon were drawn with Egypt, Tunisia and Sudan. Following a 0–0 to Tunisia, Lebanon's first-ever draw, they lost 4–0 to hosts Egypt. In their final group stage game, Lebanon beat Sudan 5–1, and finished third in their group with four points. The team began the qualifiers for the 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup in October 2021, losing 4–0 to Myanmar; a 1–0 win against the UAE, and a 3–0 win against Guam were not enough to qualify them to their first-ever Asian Cup, as Lebanon finished in second place and were eliminated. Between August and September 2022, Lebanon took part in the 2022 WAFF Women's Championship in Jordan under coach Hagop Demirjian. After winning 3–0 against Palestine, Lebanon lost to hosts Jordan 2–1 before winning the last game against Syria 5–2. They finished runners-up in the WAFF Championship for the first time, with Lebanon's Lili Iskandar being voted best player of the tournament. ## Results and fixtures As of 21 July 2023, the complete official match record of the Lebanese women's national team comprises 49 matches: 17 wins, 2 draws, and 30 losses. During these matches, the team scored 84 times and conceded 155 goals. Lebanon's highest winning margin is 11 goals, which has been achieved against Kuwait in 2013 (12–1). The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled. Legend ### 2022 ### 2023 ## Players ### Current squad The following players were called up for two friendly games against Palestine on 18 and 21 July 2023. ### Recent call-ups The following footballers were part of a national selection in the past 12 months, but are not part of the current squad. ## Player records ### Most-capped players As of 21 July 2023. Highlighted names denote a player named to the national team in the past year. ### Top scorers As of 21 July 2023. Highlighted names denote a player named to the national team in the past year. ## Competitive record ### FIFA Women's World Cup ### Summer Olympics ### AFC Women's Asian Cup ### Arab Women's Cup ### WAFF Women's Championship ### Other tournaments ## FIFA ranking Lebanon were first included in the FIFA World Ranking in September 2011, placing in 124th place. Until early 2021, FIFA's ranking criteria required teams to have been active in the previous 18 months to be listed. As Lebanon went inactive for 18 months for several periods, they were unranked in various years (2014, 2016, 2017, 2020). Lebanon's best ranking was 102nd in December 2013, and their worst was 145th between April and August 2021. The table shows the position that Lebanon held in December of each year (and the current position as of 2023), as well as the highest and lowest positions annually. `Best ranking Worst ranking ` ## See also - List of women's national association football teams - Lebanon women's national under-20 football team - Lebanon women's national under-17 football team - Lebanese Women's Football League - Women's football in Lebanon	[ "## History", "### 2005–2018: Formation and first tournaments", "### 2019–present: Recent history", "## Results and fixtures", "### 2022", "### 2023", "## Players", "### Current squad", "### Recent call-ups", "## Player records", "### Most-capped players", "### Top scorers", "## Competitive record", "### FIFA Women's World Cup", "### Summer Olympics", "### AFC Women's Asian Cup", "### Arab Women's Cup", "### WAFF Women's Championship", "### Other tournaments", "## FIFA ranking", "## See also" ]	1,507	21,025
18,305,039	Adams Avenue Parkway	1,128,538,928	Road in South Weber, Washington	[ "2001 establishments in Utah", "Non-freeway toll roads", "Streets in Utah", "Toll roads in Utah", "Transportation in Davis County, Utah", "Transportation in Weber County, Utah" ]	The Adams Avenue Parkway is a 1.6-mile-long (2.6 km) road that is almost entirely within Washington Terrace, Utah, United States, that connects Interstate 84 (I‐84) with U.S. Route 89 (US‐89/Washington Boulevard). Approximately 1⁄2 mile (800 m) of the southern end of the road is also a private toll road. The southern (toll) section opened in 2001 at a cost of \$8.9 million (equivalent to \$ million in ) and was created after decades of requests by locals to connect the existing 500 East (Adams Avenue) to I‐84. The toll section allowed commuters to bypass the rest of US‐89 through southern Weber County to I‐84. ## Route description The parkway begins at the Adams Avenue interchange on I‐84 (Exit 85) in South Weber in Davis County. (The diamond interchange, which existed prior to the construction of the southern end of the parkway, also provide a connection south to 475 East in South Weber.) On the north side of the interchange is an intersection to the west end of Cottonwood Drive, which continues easterly to Uintah. North of Cottonwood Drive the road widens to five lanes, begins the privately owned toll section, and crosses over the Weber River. (The river forms the border between South Weber and Washington Terrace, as well as between Davis and Weber counties.) Heading northwesterly, the toll section (which has no shoulders, sidewalks, or side roads) has a posted speed limit of 35 mph (56 km/h). Just north of the river the parkway crosses over the Union Pacific Railroad's Evanston Subdivision tracks, before climbing the north river bank. The climb includes an elevation gain of more than 200 feet (61 m), but a maximum grade of nine percent, Near the top of climb, the parkway reaches the tollplaza, which collects the payments for both directions of traffic. After one intersection with 5900 South, which presently serves only the toll road company's headquarters, a single commercial building, private maintenance gives way to a four-lane city street with sidewalks just shy of 5800 South. The roadway continues northeasterly to the top of the hill near 5600 South, where pre-existing Adams Avenue (500 East) heads north, passing the Ogden Regional Medical Center to an intersection with Washington Boulevard (US-89) on the Washington Terrace-South Ogden border. Adams Avenue continues through South Ogden and into Ogden as a minor street one block east of US-89, with a gap near 4600 South and more north of downtown Ogden. In 2006 approximately 1,400 cars traveled the parkway on an average weekday. ## Tolls Tolls are collected in cash or via an ExpressCard account, a prepaid system that offers a discount for a \$10 deposit to the account. The current toll is \$2 in each direction for most vehicles and \$1.00 additional if pulling a trailer. Extra large vehicles are \$1 per axle. Previously emergency vehicles (ambulances) were not charged a toll, however beginning July 3, 2003, they must pay the standard \$2 toll. To allow quick passage through the toll barrier, these vehicles pay through a charge account. The Utah Department of Transportation worked out an agreement during local road construction for four days in 2003 to allow commuters to use the parkway free of charge. ## History The parkway was opened in 2001 after just under a year of construction. Local residents led by Doug and Bruce Stephens urged the state to connect I-84 directly to Adams Avenue, bypassing the congested US-89. Then-governor Mike Leavitt suggested that a private company rather than the state would need to build the road. The roadway cost \$8.9 million (equivalent to \$ million in ) to build, of which the state provided \$2 million (equivalent to \$ million in ). Additional funds came from taxes levied on property owners along the parkway. The entire stretch of road between Washington Boulevard and I-84 was constructed or rebuilt by the Adams Avenue Turnpike LLC; however, they returned most of the road to local authorities. The only portion retained was a one-half-mile-long (0.80 km) segment between about 5800 South and I-84. The roadway is defined under Weber County Ordinance, Title 31, which grants a franchise to Adams Avenue Turnpike LLC for an initial term of 50 years (expiring in 2051). ## Intersections ## See also - List of toll roads in the United States	[ "## Route description", "## Tolls", "## History", "## Intersections", "## See also" ]	965	29,254
1,882,040	Stig Inge Bjørnebye	1,170,910,905	Norwegian footballer (born 1969)	[ "1969 births", "1994 FIFA World Cup players", "1998 FIFA World Cup players", "Association football scouts", "Blackburn Rovers F.C. non-playing staff", "Blackburn Rovers F.C. players", "Brøndby IF players", "Danish Superliga players", "Eliteserien players", "Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark", "Expatriate men's footballers in England", "Footballers from Innlandet", "IK Start managers", "Kongsvinger IL Toppfotball players", "Liverpool F.C. players", "Living people", "Men's association football fullbacks", "Norway men's international footballers", "Norway men's under-21 international footballers", "Norway men's youth international footballers", "Norwegian expatriate men's footballers", "Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark", "Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in England", "Norwegian football managers", "Norwegian men's footballers", "People from Elverum", "Premier League players", "Rosenborg BK players", "Strømmen IF players", "UEFA Euro 2000 players" ]	Stig Inge Bjørnebye (born 11 December 1969) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played in Norway, England, and Denmark, most notably for Liverpool, and is currently the sports director of the Danish football club AGF Aarhus. His preferred position was left back, which he occupied for domestic clubs and the national team. Bjørnebye was appointed assistant manager of Norway in 2003, relinquishing the role three years later to succeed Tom Nordlie as manager of IK Start. He was the sports director of Rosenborg Ballklub from March 2015 until November 2019. For club and country, Bjørnebye was noted for his precise deliveries from the flanks. Described as a "solid, no-nonsense full-back", Bjørnebye played competitive football for 16 years, and appeared in 194 Premier League matches, until injury compelled retirement in March 2003. He represented the Norwegian national team in the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cup and the Euro 2000 and was capped 75 times, scoring once. ## Club career Stig Inge Bjørnebye was born in Elverum, the son of skier Jo Inge Bjørnebye, who competed in the 1968 and 1972 Winter Olympics. As a child, Bjørnebye exhibited an interest in emulating his father by becoming a ski jumper. His footballing career began as a youth player with home club Elverum IL, before joining Strømmen IF in the late 1980s. He moved to Kongsvinger IL in 1989, establishing himself as a first-team regular in the Norwegian top division. After three seasons with Kongsvinger, he transferred to Rosenborg in 1992, where he in his inaugural season won the Norwegian top division and the Norwegian Cup, in the final of which he scored the deciding goal against Lillestrøm SK. His performances merited inclusion in the national team and attracted the attention of Liverpool's manager Graeme Souness, who bought Bjørnebye for £600,000 less than one year after moving to Rosenborg. Signed as a replacement for David Burrows, Bjørnebye debuted inauspiciously on 19 December 1992 in a 5–1 defeat to Coventry City. Initial difficulties adapting to the Premier League caused many fans to question his displays on the pitch and he returned to Norway on loan to Rosenborg in 1994. Bjørnebye's experiences as a Reds' player in the 1994–95 season, under the management of Roy Evans, were markedly more successful than that of previous campaigns. He gained a regular place in the senior team, supplanting the left back position from Julian Dicks, and featured in the 2–1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the final of the 1995 League Cup Final on 2 April 1995. Subsequent injury, a broken leg sustained on 5 April 1995 in a 3–1 win match against Southampton, terminated his season and he was replaced by Steve Harkness. Unavailable for several months, Bjørnebye appeared just twice for Liverpool in the 1995–96 season. Recovery and injuries to other left back candidates enabled Bjørnebye to reclaim his place the following season, in which he scored his first goal for Liverpool on 17 August 1996 in a 3–3 draw against Middlesbrough. He contributed to the club's most convincing title challenge since the inception of the Premier League by supplying club strikers Stan Collymore and Robbie Fowler with precise crosses. He was ultimately included in the PFA Team of the Year with Steve McManaman and Mark Wright. The acquisition of Steve Staunton and arrival of Gérard Houllier in the 1998–99 season, limited Bjørnebye's first-team opportunities, leading to his effective marginalisation. Bjørnebye affirmed his recurring determination to stay at Liverpool that season, remarking "If I didn't have any fight in my stomach I'd have left Liverpool at least three times before". Unable to displace Staunton and Dominic Matteo, Bjørnebye agreed to a loan move to Danish side Brøndby IF in 2000, who finished second in the Danish Superliga with Bjørnebye on the team. He decided to permanently leave Liverpool after returning from the European Championship, accepting a £300,000 transfer to Blackburn Rovers that reunited him with former manager Graeme Souness. Promotion to the Premier League was achieved in his first year with Rovers, in the process, Bjørnebye scored his only goal for the club on 11 November 2000, in a 2–2 draw against Portsmouth. His final trophy was gained when Blackburn defeated Tottenham Hotspur 2–1 in the 2002 League Cup Final. Successive injuries after the cup victory disrupted and eventually ended his career as a footballer. While preparing for the 2002–03 season, Bjørnebye fractured his eye socket in a training accident. He complained of double vision, underwent surgery, and was rendered unavailable for seven months. Further injury inflicted during a League Cup match on 17 December 2002, in a 2–0 win against Wigan Athletic escalated, while Bjørnebye was recovering in Norway, necessitating emergency surgery to avert the possibility of foot amputation. Bjørnebye announced his retirement on 11 March 2003. Blackburn manager Graeme Souness reacted to the decision with a statement: > It's a very sad day. As far as I am concerned it could hardly be worse for Stig is the consummate dedicated professional. He is as good a professional as any I have worked with, I couldn’t name anybody better and he is [a] fine role model and a proper, proper human being. Stig has had a wonderful career, it's a great shame that it has to end with a freak training-ground accident as he felt, quite rightly, that he could have played longer. ## International career Bjørnebye was capped 75 times by Norway, scoring once – an olympic goal in a 1–0 friendly against the United States on 8 September 1993. Having represented his country at youth, under-21, and "B" level, Bjørnebye debuted for the senior team on 31 May 1989 against Austria. The majority of his caps were collected during Egil Olsen's eight-year tenure as manager of Norway. Under Olsen's guidance, Norway employed a "long ball" policy that was contingent on the height of Olsen's squad. The tactic of directing long passes to the tall winger Jostein Flo, principally delivered by Bjørnebye, became popularly referred to in Norway as the "Flo Pass" (Flo-pasningen). Although criticised for employing the long-ball approach and maintaining a defensively-orientated mentality, Olsen secured qualification for the World Cups of 1994 and 1998. Bjørnebye participated in both tournaments – seven matches in total. He decided to retire from international football after the 1998 World Cup, intending to focus on his domestic career and family. Bjørnebye unexpectedly reversed his decision after Nils Johan Semb persuaded him to return to the squad for Euro 2000. Unused in Norway's 1–0 win against Spain on 13 June 2000, Bjørnebye was first introduced to the competition in the second match of the group stage, in a 0–1 loss on 18 June 2000 against Yugoslavia, as a 35-minute substitute for his Liverpool colleague Vegard Heggem. He retained his place, featuring in the goalless draw against Slovenia on 21 June 2000, which eliminated Norway from the tournament. His final international match was in a 1–1 draw World Cup qualifier on 7 October 2000 against Wales, placing him ninth in the overall record of appearances for Norway as of 2007. ## Managerial career Bjørnebye returned to football in a non-playing capacity when he was selected by the Norwegian Football Association to replace Harald Aabrekk as Norway's assistant manager, subordinate to the newly appointed Åge Hareide. Prior to the announcement, the media in England had reported that Bjørnebye was considering maintaining a relationship with Blackburn by becoming a scout for the club. He vacated his position in 2006 to succeed Tom Nordlie as manager of IK Start. Success was forthcoming in his first season; the club competed in Europe and Bjørnebye was the highest earning coach of the season, ahead of his predecessor Nordlie, with an income of almost seven million krone. His appointment lasted two seasons, ending with dismissal in September 2007, after a series of poor results that placed the club in serious danger of being relegated from the Tippeligaen. He was replaced by Benny Lennartsson, who was unable to preserve the club's premier league status; Start were relegated to Norway's second tier. On 15 March 2015, Stig Inge Bjørnebye succeeded Erik Hoftun as the sports director of Eliteserien club, Rosenborg Ballklub. He since has won The Double with Rosenborg Ballklub two years in a row, in 2015 and 2016. Rosenborg Ballklub is the first club in the history of Norwegian football to do so two years in a row. As the sports director of Rosenborg Ballklub he has many responsibilities, among many others signing on new players and renewing contracts with existing players. The most notable signing came on 6 March 2017: Nicklas Bendtner signed on for a three-year contract with the Norwegian side. This was the most surprising and most notable signing in the history of Norwegian football. Teammate Pål André Helland commented: "It shouldn't come as a surprise if he becomes the top scorer and we win the league." ## Personal life Bjørnebye is married to the former Byåsen IL handball player Hege Frøseth, with whom he has three children. ## Career statistics ### Club ### International Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Bjørnebye goal. ## Managerial statistics Source: ## Honours Rosenborg - Tippeligaen: 1992, 1994 - Norwegian Football Cup: 1992 Liverpool - Football League Cup: 1994–95 Blackburn Rovers - Football League Cup: 2001–02 Individual - PFA Team of the Year: 1996–97 Premier League	[ "## Club career", "## International career", "## Managerial career", "## Personal life", "## Career statistics", "### Club", "### International", "## Managerial statistics", "## Honours" ]	2,229	5,630
12,450,880	Patient X (The X-Files)	1,168,142,282	null	[ "1998 American television episodes", "Television episodes directed by Kim Manners", "Television episodes set in Kazakhstan", "Television episodes set in Massachusetts", "Television episodes set in New York (state)", "Television episodes set in Pennsylvania", "Television episodes set in Russia", "Television episodes written by Chris Carter (screenwriter)", "Television episodes written by Frank Spotnitz", "The X-Files (season 5) episodes" ]	"Patient X" is the thirteenth episode of the fifth season of American science fiction television series The X-Files. It was written by series creator Chris Carter and Frank Spotnitz, directed by Kim Manners and aired in the United States on March 1, 1998, on the Fox network. The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12.6, being watched by 20.21 million people in its initial broadcast. The episode received moderately positive reviews from critics. The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. Mulder is a believer in the paranormal, while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work. In this episode, as a rebel alien race secretly attacks several groups of former alien abductees, the agents meet Cassandra Spender (Veronica Cartwright), a woman who claims to be a multiple abductee and wants to deliver a positive message about aliens. Agent Mulder, now skeptical about extraterrestrial activity, is disturbed when Agent Scully forms a special bond with the woman. "Patient X" was a story milestone for the series. It introduced several new recurring characters for the series. It was the first episode to feature Chris Owens as Jeffrey Spender and Veronica Cartwright as Cassandra Spender. It is the first of a two-part story that concludes with the following episode, "The Red and the Black". ## Plot In Kazakhstan, two young boys see an unknown object fall from the sky. Seconds later, they witness a man being burned alive, and one of the boys is killed by an Alien Rebel who has his eyes and mouth sewn shut. The next day, Marita Covarrubias (Laurie Holden) leads an investigation of UN peacekeepers of the area. She runs into Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea), who has caught Dimitri, the other Kazakh boy. Krycek tells Marita to tell her superiors that "it is all going to hell". Meanwhile, Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) attends a lecture at MIT, where the testimony of Cassandra Spender (Veronica Cartwright), an alien abductee, is being presented. Mulder argues against other members of the lecture over the existence of alien life, claiming that it is a lie created to cover up a program of medical experimentation on civilians run by the military industrial complex. When the lecture ends, Mulder is met by Dr. Heitz Werber, who is surprised to see that Mulder has lost his belief in alien life since the last time they met. Werber tells Mulder that he is Cassandra's doctor, and asks him to visit her. Meanwhile, Krycek, who has beaten Dmitri into telling him what he saw, orders his Russian colleagues to infect him with the black oil. Back in the United States, Werber introduces Mulder to Cassandra, who considers him a hero of hers. She claims that the aliens are in a state of upheaval and that she will be abducted by them again. Mulder tells Cassandra there is nothing he can do for her and leaves. In Russia, Krycek, working against the orders of his superiors, kidnaps the infected Dmitri and flees to the U.S., sewing shut the boy's eyes, nose, and mouth to keep the black oil from leaving his body. At FBI headquarters, Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) meets Agent Jeffrey Spender (Chris Owens), Cassandra's son, who fears the damage to his reputation if his colleagues learn about his mother. He tells Scully to keep Mulder away from her. Marita reports to the Syndicate, which expected colonization at a much later date. Krycek offers Dmitri to the Syndicate in exchange for all their research on a vaccine. Meanwhile, Scully talks to Mulder about his meeting with Cassandra. She realizes that she has much in common with Cassandra, including being abducted at Skyland Mountain and having an implant inserted in the base of her neck. Scully visits Cassandra, who immediately realizes that she's a fellow abductee. Scully tells her not to remove the implant. Cassandra assures Scully that she never will, as she looks forward to being abducted again. A group of abductees meet at Skyland Mountain and are burned alive by more faceless Alien Rebels. Scully and Mulder visit the scene, with Mulder continuing to be very skeptical of any alien involvement. The Syndicate is shocked by the massacre. Mulder and Scully visit Cassandra again, who knew many of the people who died. They encounter Spender, who is upset about their visit with his mother. Krycek is met by Marita and it is revealed that they are secretly lovers, conspiring against the Syndicate. When Krycek returns to the cell where Dmitri is held, he finds him gone, and the Well-Manicured Man there instead. Mulder finds that the victims of the attack had implants in their necks and all claimed to be abductees. He believes they were led there by the military, not aliens. Mulder is called by Marita, who kidnapped Dmitri. Dmitri pulls the stitches off his eyes, resulting in Marita getting infected with the black oil. Mulder calls Cassandra, looking for Scully, but Jeffrey answers and reveals that Cassandra is gone. At that moment Cassandra is with a group of abductees, including Scully and Dmitri, at the Ruskin Dam, brought there by Syndicate assassin Quiet Willy. The abductees see a UFO appear in the sky. Suddenly screams are uttered as a man is set on fire and two faceless aliens arrive. ## Production ### Casting This episode marks the first appearance of Chris Owens as Jeffrey Spender. Owens previously appeared in earlier episodes, the first being "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", in which he played the younger version of The Smoking Man. Owens later reprised this role in episode "Demons". During the fifth season of the show, Owens was cast as The Great Mutato in "The Post-Modern Prometheus". After his stint on The X-Files, Owens attempted to get a job as a waiter in Vancouver, to no avail. One day, however, he ran into series creator Chris Carter at a bar, who humorously told him, "I didn't know they served guys with two faces here", a reference to his portrayal of The Great Mutato. Carter explained that David Duchovny had "taken careful notice" of Owens' acting abilities and requested that he return to the series in some capacity. Heeding Duchovny's advice, Carter created the role of Jeffrey Spender just for him. "Patient X" also introduced the recurring character of Cassandra Spender, played by Veronica Cartwright. Rick Millikan, the series' casting director, was very pleased with Cartwright's performance, noting, "She's got a voice that adds a little creepiness and a little mystery that I thought played really well. She was just the perfect X-Files person." Because the script called for a number of Russian characters to appear, the show's casting scouts hired a number of Russian expatriates living in the Vancouver, British Columbia, area. Alex Shostak Jr., a teenage Ukrainian immigrant, was selected to play Dmitri. He worked 12–14 hours a day, much of which was spent applying the elaborate make-up effect that gave the appearance that his eyes and mouth had been sewed up. During filming, he was "literally" blind and guided by the crew members throughout the filming of his scenes. When it came to the dialogue, Shostak provided the Russian translation for his own lines. Both Nicholas Lea and Laurie Holden had to learn Russian for the episode, which, according to the former "was 'not hard'." Holden and Lea worked diligently together to perfect their pronunciation, with Holden explaining, "We'd come up with these fun ways to test ourselves to know if we had really nailed it. Show tunes come to mind, but I also remember this one time my dialect coach had me call a Russian friend of his on his cell phone to see if he could understand me. I passed the test." "Patient X" was the first episode in which Lea was credited under the Also Starring tag, alongside Mitch Pileggi and William B. Davis. ### Filming and visual effects Filming the scene with the burning camp was "tricky", according to Kim Manners, as the production crew was forced to follow a number of limiting safety precautions. To light the fires in the episode, the crew made use of propane. Manners wanted the shots to be as close to the fire as possible, so they also used fireproof cameras. According to Manners, "They used a half a million dollar camera on a crane wrapped in asbestos" and ran it through the fire. For the scene in which the alien rebels incinerate people, the production crew used a "very dangerous" stunt known as a "full burn", in which a person is set on fire with the aid of a special suit. In total, the stuntman who performed in the scene was on fire for about 30 seconds—quite a long time by filming standards. Special effects supervisor Toby Lindala supervised the creation of the faceless alien rebels, Dmitri's mutilation, and the incinerated victims of the rebels. Lindala also designed the rig used to infect Dmitri with the black oil. The set for the Russian gulag was erected at North Shore Studios, under production designer Graeme Murray's supervision. The ship scenes were filmed at a warehouse in Vancouver. When filming the Syndicate meeting, Manners wanted Marita Covarrubias to look as strong as possible since this marked the first appearance of a woman in the Syndicate meeting room. Since very little movement occurs during these scenes, the director tried to make things visually interesting by mixing wide shots with unique camera angles. ## Reception "Patient X" premiered in the United States on the Fox network on March 1, 1998. This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 12.6, with a 19 share, meaning that roughly 12.6 percent of all television-equipped households, and 19 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was viewed by 20.21 million viewers. Veronica Cartwright was nominated in the category "Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series" in the 1998 Emmy Awards for her performance in this episode and its follow-up, "The Red and the Black". The episode was later included on The X-Files Mythology, Volume 3 – Colonization, a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien Colonist's plans to take over the earth. Critical reception to the episode was largely positive. Television Without Pity ranked "Patient X" the eighth most nightmare-inducing episode of the show, citing, in particular the abuse of Dmitri. The article noted that "If The X-Files has taught us anything, it’s that if a G-Man asks us if we know anything about anything and we foolishly say yes, our mouths and eyelids will be sewn shut and we will be brainwashed to kill on demand." The A.V. Club reviewer Emily VanDerWerff gave "Patient X" a B+, and wrote that the episode "feels epic, in a way the mythology episodes do at their best". However, VanDerWerff noted that "The problem with breaking the status quo on a TV series is that your audience is always going to know in the back of its head that the status quo isn’t really broken." She reasoned that the audience never fully believed that "Mulder could lose his belief in the all-consuming alien conspiracy" or accept the idea that "Scully could find herself dabbling with belief in [aliens]." Despite these setbacks, however, she noted that "Patient X" was the episode where the series' mythology "gets moving again, after chasing its own tail throughout much of season four and reaching a sort of climax in the opening episodes of season five." Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated the episode four stars out of five. The two described the tone of "Patient X" as "truly visceral", citing the faceless men incinerating people as well as the mutilation of the innocent Dmitri, who was "at the wrong place at the wrong time". Furthermore, Shearman and Pearson praised the episode for "shift[ing] the goalposts" and allowing Mulder and Scully to switch roles as the believer and skeptic. Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it two-and-a-half stars out of four. Vitaris praised the episode's premise and writing. "'Patient X' is a rare episode in that it actually advances The X-Files mythology, with the news of a vaccine to combat the black oil". However, she was critical of the episode's reliance on shock value, noting that the "camera seems to take a perverse delight in death, pain, and mutilation, with the distressing effect of numbing the viewer to the horror."	[ "## Plot", "## Production", "### Casting", "### Filming and visual effects", "## Reception" ]	2,751	936
10,771,505	Neil Barrett (footballer)	1,170,273,667	English footballer	[ "1981 births", "Basingstoke Town F.C. players", "Chelsea F.C. players", "Dundee F.C. players", "Ebbsfleet United F.C. players", "England men's schools international footballers", "English Football League players", "English men's footballers", "Footballers from Tooting", "Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players", "Isthmian League players", "Leatherhead F.C. players", "Living people", "Livingston F.C. players", "Men's association football midfielders", "Metropolitan Police F.C. players", "National League (English football) players", "Portsmouth F.C. players", "Scottish Premier League players", "Woking F.C. players", "York City F.C. players" ]	Neil William Barrett (born 24 December 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder. He played in the Football League for Portsmouth and in the Scottish Premier League for Dundee and Livingston. Barrett started his career in the youth system of Chelsea, before joining Portsmouth in 2001. He made over 20 appearances in his first season with Portsmouth, but having not played over a season-and-a-half he moved to Dundee on loan. He joined them permanently in 2004, but left a year later following their relegation from the Scottish Premier League. Following a period with Livingston, he signed for Conference National club Woking in 2007. After half a season with them he joined Ebbsfleet United, and played for them in their victory in the 2008 FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium. Barrett left Ebbsfleet after two seasons to sign for York City in 2009 and played for them in the 2010 Conference Premier play-off final at Wembley Stadium. He was released by York in 2011 and after a short spell with Havant & Waterlooville in the Conference South he returned to Ebbsfleet United. After their relegation to the Conference South in 2013 he signed for their divisional rivals Basingstoke Town, but was released by them after one season. He finished his career with spells in the Isthmian League Premier Division with Leatherhead and Metropolitan Police. ## Career ### Chelsea and Portsmouth Barrett started his career as a trainee in the Chelsea youth system. While at the club he was an England schools international. He joined First Division club Portsmouth on 25 June 2001 on a free transfer and made his first-team debut in a 1–0 victory away to Stockport County on 25 August. His first goal for Portsmouth came with the equaliser against Gillingham on 8 September 2001 with a header from a Robert Prosinečki cross, in a match that finished as a 2–1 victory. Barrett was offered a new contract with Portsmouth in October 2001 after impressing in the first team. He finished the 2001–02 season with 26 appearances and two goals, despite not playing any matches for Portsmouth from March 2002. Barrett was taken to hospital with a suspected broken knee suffered during a reserve-team match against Bristol City in September 2002, although an X-ray later confirmed there was no break. However, tests were carried out and he was expected to be out of the team for six weeks to recover from the injury. Having fallen out of favour at Portsmouth, he had a trial at Notts County in December 2002 and manager Bill Dearden commented that Barrett "could be a reasonable prospect". He finished 2002–03 with no appearances for Portsmouth and was told by manager Harry Redknapp he was surplus to requirements. He had a one-week trial with Wimbledon in August 2003, having been told he could leave Portsmouth. ### Dundee Having made no appearances for Portsmouth up to that point during 2003–04, Barrett joined Scottish Premier League (SPL) club Dundee on loan until the end of the season on 23 January 2004. His debut came two days later in the 2–1 victory over Dundee United in a Dundee derby match, in which he made a reasonable contribution and was cautioned for a "bone-crunching" challenge on Charlie Miller. He scored his first two goals for Dundee in the Scottish League Cup against Motherwell, with a shot set up by Sebastian Kneißl and a header, although Dundee went on to lose 5–3. He finished the loan period with 13 appearances and two goals, during which he had to deal with a "serious" ankle injury. He joined Dundee permanently on 18 July 2004, signing a one-year contract, after having his contract at Portsmouth cancelled. He scored his first goal of 2004–05 on 18 December 2004 with a 57th-minute goal against Aberdeen that was set up by Fabián Caballero, which earned his team a 1–0 victory. He finished the season with 32 appearances and two goals while Dundee were relegated to the Scottish First Division, and was released by the club in May 2001. ### Livingston Barrett had a trial with Major League Soccer team the New York/New Jersey MetroStars, and claimed he was offered a two-year contract, although this claim was denied by an organisation spokesman. He started a trial with League Two club Oxford United in August 2005 and in his first match was substituted after six minutes after sustaining a head injury. He resumed playing in the SPL after signing for Livingston on 9 September 2005, on a contract until January 2006, with the option of it being extended for a further three years, following a successful trial. He made his debut two days later in a 4–1 defeat to Hearts, during which he conceded a penalty kick. He made 11 appearances for Livingston, with his last coming in December 2005. Conference National club Exeter City handed him a one-week trial in September 2006, and after training with them for six weeks he was offered a contract until January 2007. ### Woking He eventually signed for another Conference National club, Woking, in January 2007 after being recommended to the club by former Dundee teammate Tom Hutchinson and he made his debut in a 2–0 victory over Altrincham on 20 January, in which he had a goal disallowed that was adjudged to be offside. Barrett missed some matches because of injury and finished 2006–07 with seven appearances for Woking, and manager Frank Gray wanted him to return to the club for pre-season training. ### Ebbsfleet United He signed for Woking's Conference Premier rivals Ebbsfleet United on a free transfer on 19 June 2007 as a replacement for Mark DeBolla. He made his debut in a 2–1 victory over Northwich Victoria on 11 August 2007. He sustained an ankle injury in the second match of 2007–08, which meant he was expected to be unable to play for six weeks, before he made a "surprise" return after four weeks in a 1–1 draw with Burton Albion. He scored his first goal with a shot from 20 yards, which was Ebbsfleet's first goal in a 4–1 victory over Grays Athletic. He went on to score goals in two consecutive matches, with strikes in victories over Burton and Weymouth. Barrett played for Ebbsfleet in the 2008 FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium on 10 May 2008, which the team won 1–0 against Torquay United. He finished the season with 44 appearances and three goals, after which he signed a new one-year contract with Ebbsfleet. He played for Ebbsfleet in their 3–2 defeat to Stevenage Borough in the semi-final first-leg of the FA Trophy on 14 March 2009, during which he sustained a broken jaw while scoring a goal, which ruled him out for the remainder of 2008–09. He finished the season with 37 appearances for Ebbsfleet, scoring seven goals. ### York City Barrett signed for Ebbsfleet's Conference Premier rivals York City on a free transfer on 29 June 2009. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat to Oxford on 8 August 2009, before scoring his first goal for the club with the opener in a 1–1 draw with Luton Town on 20 October with a shot in the bottom corner. He scored the opening goal in a 3–1 defeat to Premier League team Stoke City in the FA Cup third round on 2 January 2010, with a header from an Alex Lawless free kick. He picked up a hamstring injury during March 2010, missing one match before making his return in a 1–0 victory over Mansfield Town later that month. He played in both legs of York's play-off semi-final victory over Luton, which finished 2–0 on aggregate. He signed a new one-year contract with York on 13 May 2010. He started in the 2010 Conference Premier play-off final at Wembley Stadium on 16 May, being substituted on 81 minutes, with York losing 3–1 to Oxford. He finished 2009–10 with 51 appearances and five goals for York. Barrett made his first appearance of 2010–11 in the second match, starting in a 0–0 draw away to Grimsby Town on 17 August 2010. He scored his first goal of the season with an effort from six yards out to score the final goal in a 4–0 victory away to Rushden & Diamonds on 20 November 2010. He finished the season with 25 appearances and two goals before being released on 23 June 2011 after being told he could find another club. ### Havant & Waterlooville Following his release by York, Barrett went on trial with Luton and played the first half of their first friendly of the 2011–12 pre-season, a 4–2 victory away to Hitchin Town. He subsequently went on trial with Kingstonian of the Isthmian League Premier Division and played in a friendly against former club Woking. His next move came on 9 September 2011, when he signed for Havant & Waterlooville of the Conference South on non-contract terms, making his debut the following day after starting in a 2–2 draw at home to Sutton United. He was released by Havant in October 2011 after making seven appearances for the club. ### Return to Ebbsfleet United Barrett returned to Conference Premier club Ebbsfleet United on 4 November 2011 on non-contract terms after contacting manager Liam Daish over the possibility of signing. His second debut for the club came the following day in a 1–0 away win over Newport County, and scored his first goal of 2011–12 came with a header in a 3–2 win away to Gateshead on 3 March 2012. Barrett made 28 appearances and score done goal as Ebbsfleet finished 14th in the Conference Premier, before signing a new one-year contract with the club in July 2012. He combined playing with being Ebbsfleet's commercial manager during 2011–12. Barrett missed only four matches for Ebbsfleet in 2012–13, making 45 appearances and scoring one goal, as the team were relegated to the Conference South after ranking 23rd in the Conference Premier table. ### Later career Barrett signed for Conference South club Basingstoke Town on 1 July 2013. His debut came in Basingstoke's 2–1 win away against Concord Rangers on 17 August 2013, before scoring his first goal for the club in a 2–0 home win over Eastleigh on 24 August. He made 28 appearances and scored four goals in 2013–14 as Basingstoke finished in 14th place in the Conference South table. He was released by the club in May 2014. Barrett joined Isthmian League Premier Division club Leatherhead during 2014–15 and made his debut as a 73rd-minute substitute in their 2–1 away defeat to Maidstone United on 9 December 2014. He made 11 appearances as they achieved a 10th-place finish in the Isthmian League Premier Division table. Barrett signed for Leatherhead's divisional rivals Metropolitan Police in September 2015, and made his debut in a 1–1 home draw with VCD Athletic on 19 September. He later worked as the club's commercial manager. ## Style of play Barrett played as a central midfielder and provided "plenty of drive in midfield". He described himself as being "one to get in the box" and having "a bit of a knack of being in the right place at the right time". He was described as being "not afraid of sticking his foot in". Ebbsfleet manager Liam Daish commented that "He will bring a physical presence to our midfield and is capable of getting his name on the score sheet." and while at the club was pivotal in midfield. ## Personal life Barrett was born in Tooting, Greater London. His wife Rebecca, whom he married in Leatherhead, Surrey on 29 May 2010, works as a flight attendant for Virgin Atlantic and he has a son called George. ## Career statistics ## Honours Ebbsfleet United - FA Trophy: 2007–08	[ "## Career", "### Chelsea and Portsmouth", "### Dundee", "### Livingston", "### Woking", "### Ebbsfleet United", "### York City", "### Havant & Waterlooville", "### Return to Ebbsfleet United", "### Later career", "## Style of play", "## Personal life", "## Career statistics", "## Honours" ]	2,672	35,063
16,304,859	U.S. Route 45 in Michigan	1,096,859,003	US Highway in Michigan	[ "Transportation in Gogebic County, Michigan", "Transportation in Ontonagon County, Michigan", "U.S. Highways in Michigan", "U.S. Route 45" ]	US Highway 45 (US 45) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Mobile, Alabama, to the Upper Peninsula (UP) of the state of Michigan. The highway forms a part of the state trunkline highway system that is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). It enters the state from Wisconsin south of Watersmeet, ending at an intersection with Ontonagon Street in Ontonagon. In between, the roadway crosses the UP running for approximately 54+3⁄4 miles (88.1 km) through the Ottawa National Forest and parallel to the Ontonagon River. The highway dates back to the 1930s in Michigan. At the time it was extended into the state, it replaced sections of M-26 and M-35. An eight-mile (13 km) segment was significantly reconstructed in the late 1950s, and an alignment change in the 1970s moved the routing of US 45 near Rockland before it was reversed soon afterwards. A segment of roadway that formerly carried US 45 is the site of the Paulding Light, a local phenomenon whose origins were scientifically described in 2010. ## Route description US 45 crosses from Wisconsin to Michigan near Land O' Lakes, Wisconsin, east of the Sylvania Wilderness area of the Ottawa National Forest. The highway angles northeast from the state line before curving around to the north toward Watersmeet, where it intersects US 2. Watersmeet is home to the northern section of the Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation. Continuing north across the Gogebic–Ontonagon county line, US 45 crosses the boundary between the Central and Eastern time zones. In southern Ontonagon County, the highway runs west of the Bond Falls Flowage near Paulding. North of here, the trunkline enters Bruce Crossing and intersects M-28. After leaving town, US 45 runs northward parallel to the Middle Branch of the Ontonagon River, and the highway crosses the river near a roadside park south of Rockland. East of Rockland, US 45 meets the southern terminus of M-26; after the intersection, US 45 turns northwesterly and runs parallel to the Ontonagon River and a snowmobile trail (a former branch of the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad). US 45 enters the south side of Ontonagon on Rockland Road near the Holy Family Cemetery. The roadway turns due north, still running parallel to the course of the river. South of downtown, the highway crosses an intersection that serves as the joint termini of M-38 and M-64. M-64 crosses the river from the west on a bridge built in 2006 and ends at the intersection. M-38 comes into town from the east and also ends at the same intersection. US 45 continues north on Rockland Road and turns northwest on River Street along the eastern river bank through downtown. The northern terminus of US 45 is at Ontonagon Street, about 1,000 feet (300 m) from Lake Superior. ## History US 45 debuted in Michigan by 1935 on maps of the time. The highway previously terminated in Des Plaines, Illinois, until it was extended northward to Michigan. US 45 replaced M-26 between the state line north toward Rockland, as well as M-35 between Rockland and Ontonagon. The Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) rebuilt an eight-mile (13 km) section of the highway in the Military Hills area of eastern Ontonagon County starting in 1957. As part of the project, tons of waste copper rock were hauled into the area to provide a base for the reconstructed roadway, which was previously quite steep through the hills and muddy during rains. The project included a new bridge over the Ontonagon River that opened in late 1959. Along with this bridge, the last eight miles (13 km) of US 45 in the country were paved, connecting the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Superior with a hard-surfaced road. A rerouting in late 1971 moved the US 45 designation along M-26 between Rockland and Greenland. From Greenland, US 45 followed Ontonagon–Greenland Road to Ontonagon. In late 1973, MDOT reversed the rerouting—US 45 was restored to its previous routing on Rockland Road between Rockland and Ontonagon and M-26 was re-extended south from Greenland to Rockland; M-38 was extended west along Ontonagon–Greenland Road. In 2010, students from Michigan Technological University solved the mystery of the Paulding Light, a local phenomenon commonly attributed to paranormal activity. The phenomenon is viewable from a section of Robbins Pond Road, the former routing of US 45 in the Paulding area. According to area folklore, and indicated on signs in the viewing area, the light is from the ghost of a railroad brakeman. Other explanations say the light comes from a ghost train from the 19th century. The students' investigation showed that the light comes from headlights of cars on US 45 in the Paulding area. ## Major intersections ## See also	[ "## Route description", "## History", "## Major intersections", "## See also" ]	1,073	43,946

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modified version of Goodwiki Dataset from https://huggingface.co/datasets/euirim/goodwiki
added section column (markdown headings), token column (computed with tiktoken)
only contains articles with less than 3,000 token
train, validate, test split (80, 15, 5)

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