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[ "1930 – Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) American writer. Received the 1930 Nobel Prize for Literature “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.”", "Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) was the most popular of the early 20th century American realist novelists, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 1930. He is known for his sharply-observed and highly-detailed satirical novels, each focussing on a particular aspect of middle-class professional life.", "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 was awarded to Sinclair Lewis \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters\".", "1885 – Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.”  (d. 1951)", "1930: Sinclair Lewis (1885 – 1951) American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright, \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters\".", "Born in 1886, in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Henry Sinclair Lewis became the first American novelist to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. The son of a country doctor, from a family of three boys, he grew up introverted and intelligent in this town with a population of 2,800, most of which was Swedish and Norwegian. At the age of 17 he broke free of the mid-west, entering Yale, and from there he worked unsuccessfully in publishing for several years. In his spare time he wrote, and after producing five novels, all of which went unnoticed, he became a household name with Main Street in late 1920. After this publication, he had several consecutive successes: Babbitt (1922), Arrowsmith (1925), Mantrap (1926), Elmer Gantry (1927), The Man Who Knew Coolidge (1928), and Dodsworth (1929) were all well received. In 1926 Lewis was to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his novel Arrowsmith, but refused. Four years later, however, he accepted the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "Other notable writers to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature have been Rudyard Kipling (1907), William Butler Yeats (1923), George Bernard Shaw (1925), Eugene O’Neill (1936), William Faulkner (1949), Ernest Hemingway (1954), Albert Camus (1957), John Steinbeck (1962), and Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1982). Selma Lagerlof was the first woman recipient, in 1909, Rabindranath Tagore of India was the first non-European in 1913 and Sinclair Lewis (1930) was the first American writer to receive the award. Controversy has dogged the selection, with laureates being heavily European, and a large percentage of those writers being Swedish and obscure outside of Scandinavia.", "It's been more than 20 years since an American was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. That was Toni Morrison , in 1993. It's been hard for us to figure, because earlier in the 20th century, Americans dominated the Nobel Literature Laureates list: Sinclair Lewis (1930), Eugene O'Neill (1936), Pearl S. Buck (1938), William Faulkner (1949), Ernest Hemingway (1954), John Steinbeck (1962).", "[C] 1878 - Upton Beall Sinclair, Jr. (d. 1968), American novelist, writer, journalist, socialist and later Democratic candidate for governor of California, born. Upton Sinclair was a supporter of Sacco and Vanzetti and his 'documentary novel', 'Boston' (1928), was an indictment of the American system of justice set against the background of the prosecution and execution of the 2 anarchists, who themselves feature as characters. He was also an active supporter of the IWW free speech campaigns and strikes and in his anthology, 'The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest' (1915) he collected selections from the likes of Alexander Berkman ('Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist'), Peter Kropotkin ('Memoirs of a Revolutionist'), Voltairine De Cleyre, Francisco Ferrer, Auguste Vaillant, Henry David Thoreau, Octave Mirbeau, Leo Tolstoy, etc.", "Since the 1890s, an undercurrent of social protest had coursed through American literature, welling up in the naturalism of Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser and in the clear messages of the muckraking novelists. Later socially engaged authors included Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck, John Dos Passos, Richard Wright, and the dramatist Clifford Odets. They were linked to the 1930s in their concern for the welfare of the common citizen and their focus on groups of people – the professions, as in Sinclair Lewis's archetypal Arrowsmith (a physician) or Babbitt (a local businessman); families, as in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath; or urban masses, as Dos Passos accomplishes through his 11 major characters in his U.S.A. trilogy.", "The first US citizen ever to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature was Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951), whose novel Main Street (1920) was modeled on life in his hometown of Sauk Centre. Phil-ip S. Hench (b.Pennsylvania, 1896–1965) and Edward C. Kendall (b.Connecticut, 1886–1972), both of the Mayo Clinic, shared the 1950 Nobel Prize for medicine, and St. Paul native Melvin Calvin (1911–97) won the 1961 Nobel Prize for chemistry.", "Prominent literary figures, besides Sinclair Lewis, include Ignatius Donnelly (b.Pennsylvania, 1831–1901), a writer, editor, and Populist Party crusader; F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940), well known for classic novels including The Great Gatsby; and Ole Edvart Rølvaag (b.Norway, 1876–1931), who conveyed the reality of the immigrant experience in his Giants in the Earth . The poet and critic Allen Tate (b.Kentucky, 1899–1979) taught for many years at the University of Minnesota.", "SINCLAIR, UPTON (1878-1968). American novelist and social critic, author of the famous book about the meatpacking industry,", "Upton Sinclair, (1878; d.1968), novelist who exposed the Chicago stockyards in The Jungle (1906), and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Dragon's Teeth (1943). September 20", "Around 1911, Sinclair's wife ran off with the poet Harry Kemp (later known as the Dunes Poet of Provincetown, Massachusetts). Within a few years, Sinclair moved to Pasadena , California , where he founded the state's chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union in the 1920s. Sinclair went on to run unsuccessfully for Congress twice on the Socialist ticket: in 1920, for the United States House of Representatives , and in 1922, for the Senate. [4]", "Upton Sinclair 1878�1968 one-time candidate for governor of California. He achieved popularity in the first half of the twentieth century, acquiring particular fame for his classic muckraking novel, The Jungle (1906). It exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry", "John Steinbeck, the author awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Literature, was born in the little town of Salinas, California, a few miles from the Pacific coast near the fertile Salinas Valley. This locality forms the background for many of his descriptions of the common man's everyday life. He was raised in moderate circumstances, yet he was on equal terms with the workers' families in this rather diversified area. While studying at Stanford University, he often had to earn his living by working on the ranches. He left Stanford without graduating and, in 1925, went to New York as a freelance writer. After bitter years of struggling to exist, he returned to California, where he found a home in a lonely cottage by the sea. There he continued his writing.", "You probably know Churchill as the wartime prime minister of the United Kingdom, which is likely the reason why the United States bestowed honorary citizenship upon him. You might not know that he was also recipient of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature, placing him (in the often unreliable eyes of the Nobel committee) alongside Yeats, Hemingway (who won it the following year), and Marquez.", "Sinclair wrote almost one hundred novels in his lifetime. A few of these include Oil! (the basis for the movie There Will Be Blood) and the novel that permantly changed the meat industry, The Jungle. -Pagepulp.com", "Ernest Miller Hemingway ( July 21 , 1899  – July 2 , 1961 ) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction , while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature .", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.", "William Faulkner (1897-1962) was born in New Albany, Mississippi, but his family soon moved to Oxford, Mississippi. The action of almost all of his novels takes place in and around Oxford, which he renames Jefferson, Mississippi. Faulkner, therefore, was very familiar with the type of person presented through the characters of the Bundrens. Even though Faulkner is a contemporary American, he is already considered one of the world's greatest novelists. In 1949, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature, the highest prize awarded to a writer.", "Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 ) was an English journalist , short-story writer, poet and novelist, born in India. In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature , making him the first English language writer to receive the prize, and he remains today its youngest-ever recipient.", "* John Steinbeck – Nobel prize-winning author, one of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century ", "American novelist and short-story writer who was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature. Youth and early writings As the eldest of the four sons of Murry Cuthbert and Maud Butler Falkner, William Faulkner (as he later spelled his name) was well aware of his family background and especially of his great-grandfather, Colonel William Clark Falkner,...", "John Steinbeck is one of the best-known and most revered American literary figures. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his novel Grapes of Wrath (1939), highlighting the lives of migrant farm workers in the Salinas Valley, and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Seventeen of his works, including Cannery Row (1945), The Pearl (1947) and East of Eden (1955), were made into Hollywood movies.", "Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American novelist and was one of the best selling novelists of the early 20th century.", "American author and journalist . His distinctive writing style was characterized by the economy and understatement , influenced 20th-century fiction. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954", "Winston Churchill (November 10, 1871 – March 12, 1947) was an American best selling novelist of the early 20th century.", "JOSEPH RUDYARD KIPLING (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old.", "An American author, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential film critics in the U.S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family (1957), won the author a posthumous Pulitzer Prize." ]

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[ "Dench was born in Heworth, York, England, the daughter of Eleanora Olave (née Jones), a native of Dublin, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor who met Judi’s mother while studying medicine at Trinity College.[3] Dench was raised a Methodist until, at age 13, she attended The Mount School, a Quaker Public Secondary school in York, becoming a Quaker.[4][5] Her brothers, one of whom is actor Jeffery Dench, were born in Tyldesley, Lancashire.[4][5] Notable relatives also include her niece, Emma Dench, a Roman historian and professor previously at Birkbeck, University of London, and currently at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.[6]", "Dame Judi Dench was born on December 9th, 1934 in York, Yorkshire, England. She made her stage debut in 1957 as Ophelia in Hamlet. She also performed in musical roles, starring in the London premiere of Cabaret in 1968. She won an Oscar for her role as Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love. Currently she is portraying James Bond's boss M in the Bond film series.", "Dame Judi Dench was born on December 9, 1934, in York, England. Her childhood was spent in the company of performers, as her father was the resident doctor for a nearby theater company. There were consequently actors coming and going in Judi’s house at all hours, and it was by watching them that the young girl found herself mesmerized by their easy-going, cavalier lifestyle. Judi knew early on that she wanted to pursue a career in the arts, though her initial inclination was toward either painting or dancing.", "Dench was born in Heworth, North Riding of Yorkshire. Her mother, Eleanora Olive (née Jones), was born in Dublin. Her father, Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor, was born in Dorset, and later moved to Dublin, where he was raised. He met Dench's mother while he was studying medicine at Trinity College, Dublin. ", "Dame Judi Dench [7] is a widely acclaimed English actress who has received many awards for her acting in theatre, film and television including six British Academy Film Awards, four British Academy Television Awards, seven Olivier Awards (for excellence in professional theatre in London), two Screen Actors Guild Awards, two Golden Globes, an Academy Award, and a Tony Award (for achievement in live Broadway theatre).", "Her childhood provides a few clues. Dench is one of three children of a York GP and her parents seem to have had this same vulnerability. \"It really is true,\" she says, \"that when I appeared as Juliet and said: 'Where are my mother and father?', my father said: 'We're here in Row H, darling'. He wasn't thinking; the tears were streaming down his face.\"", "Through her parents, Dench had regular contact with the theatre. Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress. [12] Actors often stayed in the Dench household. During these years, Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in the 1950s. In 1957, in one of the last productions in which she appeared during this period, she played the role of the Virgin Mary , performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens . [13] Though she initially trained as a set designer, she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff attended the Central School of Speech and Drama . [12] She applied and was accepted by the School, then based at the Royal Albert Hall , London, where she was a classmate of Vanessa Redgrave , graduating with a first class degree in drama and four acting prizes, one being the Gold Medal as Outstanding Student. [12]", "Dame Judith Olivia \"Judi\" Dench is an award winning stage and tv/film actress. She is also regarded as one of the greatest British actress and she won the following awards : BAFTAs, 7 Laurence Olivier Awards, 2 Screen Actors Guild Awards, 2 Golden Globe Awards, and one Academy award. She also won a Tony award. She started her career in 1957 in stage plays and in several Shakespearean plays. She became more famous in he role in the musical movie \"Cabaret\" in 1968.", "Judi Dench as a young actress playing the virgin Mary in the 1957 York Festival of Mystery Plays. The plays were performed in St Mary's Abbey, the museum gardens, York, England.", "Through her parents, Dench had regular contact with the theatre. Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress. [12] Actors often stayed in the Dench household. During these years, Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in the 1950s. In 1957, in one of the last productions in which she appeared during this period, she played the role of the Virgin Mary , performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens . [13] Though she initially trained as a set designer, she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff attended the Central School of Speech and Drama . [12] She applied and was accepted, where she was a classmate of Vanessa Redgrave , graduating with a first class degree in drama and four acting prizes, one being the Gold Medal as Outstanding Student. [12]", "Dench is an Honorary Fellow of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge. In 1996, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate (D.Univ) from Surrey University[24] and in 2000-2001 she received an Honorary DLitt from Durham University. In July 2000, she was awarded a Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) by Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, where she actively supported their Drama School at the Gateway Theatre on Elm Row. On 24 June 2008, she was honoured by the University of St Andrews, receiving the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) at the university’s graduation ceremony.[25]", "In Britain, Dench has developed a reputation as one of the greatest actresses of the post-war period, primarily through her work in theatre, which has been her forte throughout her career. She has more than once been named number one in polls for Britain's best actor. [10] [11]", "Dench is an advisor to the American Shakespeare Center . She is a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival , a charity that enables school children across the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres. [120] She is patron of East Park Riding for the Disabled, a riding school for disabled children at Newchapel, Surrey . [121] Dench is also a Vice-President of national charity Revitalise , that provides accessible holidays for those with disabilities. [122] In 2011, along with musician Sting and billionaire entrepreneur Richard Branson , she publicly urged policy makers to adopt more progressive drug policies by decriminalizing drug use. [123]", "With over 50 credits to her name and almost a half-century spent in the business, Dame Judi Dench has firmly established herself as a screen legend in her own right. She’s worked alongside some of the best and brightest stars Hollywood has to offer, including Keira Knightley, Reese Witherspoon and Gwyneth Paltrow, and there’s little doubt that Judi deserves to be mentioned in the same breath as fellow stellar British imports Helen Mirren and Maggie Smith.", "British actress Judi Dench arrives for the British Academy Film Awards at the Royal Opera House in London on Sunday, Feb. 11, 2007. Dench was nominated for a best actress Oscar for her role in \"Notes on a Scandal.\"", "Actress Judi Dench was named a dame in 1988 for her classical and dramatic roles, but most U.S. audiences will know her as ...", "Image caption Sir Kenneth Branagh and Dame Judi Dench arrived together at the awards in central London", "Actress Judi Dench was named a dame in 1988 for her classical and... Photo-6005651.81728 - Houston Chronicle", "Actress Judi Dench was named a dame in 1988 for her classical and... Photo-6005651.81728 - San Antonio Express-News", "Dame Judi has appeared in a string of successful British dramas and comedies, including, \"Mrs. Brown\", \"Chocolat\", \"Iris\", \"The Shipping News\", \"Therese Raquin\" and \"The Importance of Being Earnest\". More recently she has earned Oscar nods for \"Mrs Henderson Presents\" (2005) and \"Notes on a Scandal\" (2006).", "Judi Dench, the elder of the two, has been a tour de force for over fifty years now, from the big screen to the small. She’s become a national treasure in the UK, with plaudits and awards amassed over the years. Her achievements include powerful performances at the National, Royal Court and Old Vic theatre, comedic roles on TV such as the long-running BBC sitcom As Time Goes By, and of course her varied roles on the big screen, from playing M in the James Bond series to her role as Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love in 1999. Some may hesitate to say it, but Dench has broken the mold. She has shown the world that age", "John Gielgud was born in South Kensington in London to Kate Terry-Lewis and Frank Gielgud. He had a theatrical lineage: on his father's side his great grandmother Aniela Aszpergerowa, had been a well known Polish actress (called by British press incorrectly Lithuanian); on his mother's side, he was the grandson of actress Kate Terry, whose actor-siblings included Ellen Terry, Marion Terry and Fred Terry.", "* Judi Dench (Mrs. Calloway in Home on the Range, Narrator in Doogal, Miss Lilly in Angelina Ballerina)", "EDIT : After @jampez77 comment I also found this wikipedia link on Judi Dench , where it is told that", "Williams gave birth to her son, Sam, on 6 June 1997. Her mother Judi Dench, said Williams didn't tell her she was going to be a mother until only days before the birth.", "* Judi Dench holds the distinction of being the only actress to win both dramatic and musical Olivier acting awards in the same year (1996) - for her performances in Absolute Hell and A Little Night Music.", "Dame Judi created the role of Sally Bowles in the London premire of the musical, CABARET.", "Dame Judi Dench is very close to her daughter. So why didn't she know she was pregnant? Cassandra Jardine reports", "British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards - Best Film ; Best Actress (Judi Dench)", "If you regularly access the Afternoon Tea website, you probably saw the video clip of Judi Dench performing \"Send in the Clowns\" from Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music. Is there nothing this Dame can't do!?", "But Dench wasn't just content with Shakespeare or drama. In 1959, she made her television debut in the BBC series Hilda Lessways. She stretched herself even more by taking on comedic work, including stage productions of Oscar Wilde. In 1968, she had a starring role as Sally Bowles in Cabaret.", "Benedict Cumberbatch has often said that Una Stubbs (above), who plays his screen landlady Mrs Hudson, mothers him on the set of Sherlock. But she has good reason: Stubbs is an acting contemporary of Cumberbatch’s mother Wanda Ventham (who made a surprise appearance in The Empty Hearse as Sherlock's Les Mis-loving  mother , alongside the actor's father Timothy Carlton as Holmes senior), and used to live around the corner from her when Cumberbatch was a child. So a four-year-old Benedict would often find himself forced to endure hours of boredom as Stubbs and his mother gossiped on park benches or street corners. Stubbs nonetheless found him “Very polite... A lovely boy.”" ]

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[ "Billboard magazine started publishing in 1894. They published their first music \"hit parade\" in 1936 and their first \"Hot 100\" in 1958. We understand that from 1936 to 1958 the charts were irregular and didn't have a consistent form. In addition the focus was on \"sheet music\" sales so while the chart will say, for example, that the song \"Sentimental Journey\" was a hit in 1945 it won't tell you if the version by the Merry Macs, Hal McIntyre or Les Brown & Doris Day was the most popular.", "The Billboard magazine has published various music charts starting (with sheet music) in 1894, the first \"Music Hit Parade\" was published in 1936 , the first \"Music Popularity Chart\" was calculated in 1940 . These charts became less irregular until the weekly \"Hot 100\" was started in 1958 . The current chart combines sales, airplay and downloads.", "On January 4, 1936, Billboard magazine published its first music hitparade. The first Music Popularity Chart was calculated in July, 1940. A variety of song charts followed, which were eventually consolidated into the Hot 100 by mid-1958.", "Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegen's interest in 1900 for $500. In the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a mail service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the music industry as the jukebox, phonograph and radio became commonplace. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment, so that it could focus on music.", "Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of musical artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune, not just recordings of it. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some cover versions being more successful recording(s) than the original song(s). Cover versions of well-known, well-liked tunes are often recorded by new or up-and-coming artists to achieve initial success when their unfamiliar original material would be less likely to be successful. Before the onset of rock 'n' roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be brought out by singers of the day, each giving it their individual treatment. Cover versions could also be released as an effort to revive the song's popularity among younger generations of listeners after the popularity of the original version has long since declined over the years.", "Jancik's The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, because of the publisher's limitation on size, only includes the top twenty One-Hit Wonders, or roughly half of the one-hit wonders that made the Top 40 from 1955 through 1992, and (because it was officially licensed by Billboard magazine) used the Billboard Hot 100 as its reference chart. The author has published a website \"'One-Hit Wonders,' The Book\", which includes all the one-hit wonders' profiles that were excluded from the book.", ". 1947 ~ Billboard magazine began listing the top 15 popular records. Only 10 songs had been featured previously.", "At the time, Billboard magazine compiled charts in three different categories: Best Sellers in Stores, Most Played By Disc Jockeys, and Most Played in Juke Boxes - many songs like \"Rock Around The Clock\" topped all three and were a consensus #1. Elvis had his first chart-topper in 1956 with \" Heartbreak Hotel ,\" and rock music made steady gains from there, but to give you some idea of what the charts looked like before Haley hit the pinnacle, the 1955 #1s that hit before Haley were by Joan Weber, The Fontane Sisters, The McGuire Sisters, Bill Hays, Perez Prado, Georgia Gibbs and Les Baxter.", "• independent radio stations that programmed rock and roll were brought by chains who played Top 40 format nationwide • radio, which had lost adult audience to TV was reinvigorated • FTC payola investigations in 1959-60 Song Writing Early 1960’s • Don Kirsher o Music Publisher who cornered the teen market in the early 1960’s o Hired teams of NYC songwriters who composed Tin Pan Alley like songs for doo-wop and girls groups. • Brill Building • home of music publishers since the Tin Pan Alley era (early 20 th century) • songwriters included Carole King, who had a successful solo career in 1970s The Shirelles \"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow\" • exemplified \"girl group\" phenomenon • this song was the first #1 hit by an all-female group • sweet, polished image • precursor of later groups like the Supremes • written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin for Don Kirshner and went to #1 The Ronettes \"Be My Baby\" • sisters Ronnie and Estelle Bennett, and cousin Nedra Talley • discovered by Phil Spector, producer, who married Ronnie • tough-girl image: dark eye make-up, huge beehive hairdos, tight skirts • listen for dense texture—many instruments, background vocals, etc. • VCVCBCC form", "On August 4, 1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart: the Hot 100. Although similar to the Top 100, the first Hot 100 chart reset all songs’ \"weeks on chart\" status to \"1\". The Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13, 1958.", "August 4, 1958 - Billboard magazine introduced \"Hot 100\" chart, list of 100 best-selling pop singles in country; replaced multiple charts previously published (including Best Sellers in Stores, Most Played in Juke Boxes); first song to top Hot 100 list was \"Poor Little Fool\" by Ricky Nelson.", "Before late 1958, rather than unified pop and country singles charts, Billboard had as many as four charts for each, separately ranking records according to sales, jukebox play, jockey spins (i.e., airplay), and, in the case of pop, a general \"Top 100\". Billboard now regards the sales charts as definitive for the period. Widely cited chart statistician Joel Whitburn accords historical releases the highest ranking they achieved among the separate charts. Presley discographer Ernst Jorgensen refers only to the Top 100 chart for pop hits. All of the 1956–58 songs listed here as number one US pop hits reached the top of both the sales and with three exceptions, the Top 100 charts: \"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You\" (three), \"Hound Dog\" (two, behind its flip side, \"Don't Be Cruel\"), and \"Hard Headed Woman\" (two).", "By the 1970s, musical celebrity had become an integral component of this process, enabling listeners to situate their favorite performers - and by extension, themselves - in broad social, artistic, and political trends. Magazines and newspapers illuminated musicians' life-styles, and professional critics offered authoritative opinions about the relative value of different singers and songs. Founded in 1967, Rolling Stone would become, its editor promised, a forum for music and \"the things and attitudes that the music embraces.\" Its pages focused on musicians' ideas, opinions, and creative processes. Rolling Stone's gossip column, \"Random Notes,\" reported on musicians' marriages, break-ups, and public appearances. It functioned, ultimately, as \"a glossy life-style publication\" full of celebrity news. People magazine, launched in 1974, broadened the audience for rock gossip, granting musicians the kind of public attention once given only to movie stars. By the decade's end, Christopher Lasch decried the attention paid to style for its \"eclipse of achievement,\" but a culture of celebrity gave young people greater access to musicians' lives just as they were in the process of defining their own life-styles.8", "Sources & Notes: For this bio I gathered data from various sources, some confirmed, some not. All chart positions referred to are from Billboard Magazine and were compiled from Joel Whitburn's book \"Top Ten R & B Singles 1942-1988,\" published by Record Research, Inc..", "*paul ackerman (former \"billboard\" magazine editor for 3 decades, '43-'73, he witnessed the birth of rock and roll while running the industry's most influential publication) (1977)", "In 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart (alternatively titled Midline LPs) which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly (and later tri-weekly) basis.", "But the new era arrived quickly. The biggest hit from the decade? Chubby Checker 's rock-indebted dance track \"The Twist,\" the only song ever to hit No. 1 in two separate runs (in 1960 and again in 1962, due to its revival in its pop culture). Sounds were changing. The Beatles landed two entries on the top twenty -- an early number, \"I Wanna Hold Your Hand,\" and the expansive \"Hey Jude,\" from later in their career. Soul came on strong at the end of the decade: Otis Redding 's \"(Sittin' On) The Dock Of The Bay,\" from 1967, and Marvin Gaye 's \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine,\" from 1968.", "Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, A&M had such acts as Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass, Baja Marimba Band, Burt Bacharach, Sérgio Mendes & Brasil ’66, The Sandpipers, We Five, The Carpenters, Chris Montez, Elkie Brooks, Lee Michaels, Captain and Tennille, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Quincy Jones, Lucille Starr, Stealers Wheel, Gallagher and Lyle, Barry DeVorzon, Perry Botkin, Jr., Marc Benno, Liza Minnelli, Rita Coolidge, Wes Montgomery, Paul Desmond, Bobby Tench, Hummingbird, Toni Basil, and Paul Williams. Folk artists Joan Baez, Phil Ochs and Gene Clark also recorded for the label during the 1970s. Billy Preston joined the label in 1971, followed by Andre Popp and Herb Ohta in 1973.", "Billboard magazine recorded the release of \"I Want You\" in its June 25 issue, and predicted it would reach the Top 20. The track entered the Billboard Hot 100 charts on July 2, 1966 at #90, and Billboard tapped the single as a \"star performer\"—a side \"registering greatest proportionate upward progress this week\". It peaked at #20 on July 30. ", "1954: Billboard magazine featured a headline that read: “Teenagers Demand Music with a Beat – Spur Rhythm and Blues.” It was a sign of things to come. Within a year, R&B music by both Black and White artists caught the public’s fancy.", "^ Whitburn, Joel The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, Billboard Books, New York, 1992 p. 287", "The song was released as a single, which soon became a major pop hit. It remained on the Billboard Hot 100 for 11 weeks in 1975, reaching Number 36. ", "↑ T. E. Scheurer, American Popular Music: The Age of Rock (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1989), ISBN 0-87972-468-4 , pp. 119–120.", "Updating a recap first published on Billboard.com when \"Someone\" reached No. 1, let's time-travel through the chart's past … keying … in on some of the most notable such hits.", "Not too many ballads of any kind ruled the Hot 100 during the decade, as the Beatles helped craft an era of, largely, jangly pop/rock toppers. Pre-British Invasion, tempo also was an almost exclusive Hot 100 No. 1 ingredient, although with fewer guitars and more orchestral arrangements.", "The first number one song of the Hot 100 was \"Poor Little Fool\" by Ricky Nelson on August 4, 1958. As of the issue for the week ending December 17, 2011, the Hot 100 has had 1,009 different number-one hits. Its current number-one is \"We Found Love\" by Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris.", "Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7499-4 [ Amazon-US | Amazon-UK ]", "Music publishers still held significant power in those days, before artists routinely wrote their own songs. The publishers employed or contracted out work to songwriters, whose songs were then shopped to the record companies, who paired the compositions they liked with the artists in their stables, using house producers, arrangers, and engineers to get the records made. It was a remarkably rapid-fire process, and a remarkably localized one, too—the record labels were mostly in Midtown, as were the studios of choice, Bell Sound and Mira Sound. (There was even a little demo studio right in the Brill Building where songwriters could cut acetates of their songs to play for the labels.) The whole business had an exhilarating seat-of-the-pants aspect then, for teen music was still a relatively new phenomenon, as was, indeed, the very concept of “teenagers” as a consumer demographic. Yet the music that resulted was as sophisticated and urbane as youth pop would ever get—the antithesis of the deflavorized contemporaneous recordings of Pat Boone and Fabian, with which the Brill stuff is sometimes unfairly lumped. Its quality is the reason the Brill music has lasted, why these songs have been covered ad nauseam, why the Righteous Brothers’ “You’ve Lost That Lovin’ Feelin’” is the most played song in radio’s history.", "This magazine informed us that the best- selling single in the city was She Loves You by the Beatles. Runner-up was Billy J Kramer's Bad to Me. Other top sellers were Wishing by Buddy Holly and I'm Telling You Now by Freddie and the Dreamers.", "* One of the first artists achieving number-one hits in the United States and United Kingdom simultaneously.", "Other recent examples are in the 2/92 issue of Q Magazine, the 4/92 Keyboard Review article on MF, and Entertainment Weekly, 8/96, where they named AWSoP one of the 100 greatest Summer Songs (it came in an easy-to-remember Number 69). All say the same thing:", "(Includes the date the song reached the top of Billboard's Hot 100, and the duration of its stay there.)" ]

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[ "Angola , Republic of Angola - a republic in southwestern Africa on the Atlantic Ocean; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975 and was the scene of civil war until 1990", "Nov. 11, 1975: The Angolan independence group M.P.L.A. takes over the capital city of Luanda and declares Angola's independence from Portugal with heavy military assistance from Cuba.", "The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, for some years called the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola – Labour Party (), is a political party that has ruled Angola since the country's independence from Portugal in 1975. The MPLA fought against the Portuguese army in the Angolan War of Independence of 1961–74, and defeated the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), two other anti-colonial movements, in the decolonization conflict of 1974–75 and the Angolan Civil War of 1975–2002.", "ANGOLA In 1975 this Portugal's colony of Angola became the last European colony to gain independence", "It has a population of over 25.7 million and is bordered by Zambia to the east, Namibia to the south and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the north. Its capital city is Luanda and the national currency is the kwanza. Portuguese is its official language, but Bantu and other African languages are also spoken. Angola gained independence from Portugal in 1975.", "The Angolan Civil War () was a major civil conflict in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with some interludes, until 2002. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. Prior to this, a decolonisation conflict, the Angolan War of Independence (1961–74), had taken place. The following civil war was essentially a power struggle between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). At the same time, the war served as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War and large-scale direct and indirect international involvement by opposing powers such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa and the United States was a major feature of the conflict. ", "On the eve of Angola’s independence from Portugal in 1975, the agoraphobic Ludo bricks herself into an apartment in Luanda. She spends the next three decades in self-imposed isolation as a civil war rages outside, until a chance encounter with a young burglar finally brings her out into a transformed country. A remarkable novel from one of Angola’s most notable storytellers.", "Sudden and unexpected independence from Portugal in 1975 is the touch-paper for a destructive civil war between the two main factions in the country, the MPLA (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola) on one side, and the FNLA and Unita on the other. With interference mainly by Cuba (with 50,000 troops in the country) and South Africa (with its army there), the civil war alternates between phases of relative calm and intense action.", "Since independence from Portugal in 1975, a number of Angolan students continued to be admitted every year at high schools, politechnic institutes and universities in Portugal , Brazil and Cuba through bilateral agreements; in general, these students belong to the elites.", "The Portuguese regime, meanwhile, refused to accede to the demands for independence, provoking an armed conflict that started in 1961 when black guerrillas attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola. The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists were the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), founded in 1956, the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), which appeared in 1961, and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that lead to the weakening of all the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese regime headed by Marcelo Caetano.", "The Portuguese régime, meanwhile, refused to accede to the demands for independence, provoking an armed conflict that started in 1961 when freedom fighters attacked both white and black civilians in cross-border operations in northeastern Angola. The war came to be known as the Colonial War. In this struggle, the principal protagonists included the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which appeared in 1961, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), founded in 1966. After many years of conflict that weakened all of the insurgent parties, Angola gained its independence on 11 November 1975, after the 1974 coup d'état in Lisbon, Portugal, which overthrew the Portuguese régime headed by Marcelo Caetano.", "In 1974 Portuguese Guinea became independent as Guinea-Bissau, and the former Portuguese territories of Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Principe became independent in 1975. After Spain relinquished the Spanish Sahara (Western Sahara) to joint Moroccan-Mauritanian control in 1976, a guerrilla force undertook a struggle for independence there. Under rebel pressure, Mauritania yielded its sector of Western Sahara to Morocco in 1979; Morocco, for its part, built fortifications in the territory and resisted pressures for its independence. A cease-fire (1991) ended the fighting but did not lead to a final resolution. The Seychelles and the Comoros became independent in 1976 from Great Britain and France, respectively, and in 1977 the former French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became independent as Djibouti. When Rhodesia (formerly Southern Rhodesia) unilaterally declared itself independent in 1965, Great Britain termed the act illegal and imposed trade sanctions against the country; after a protracted civil war, however, Rhodesia gained recognized independence in 1980 as Zimbabwe. South West Africa, which had been administered by South Africa since 1922 under an old League of Nations mandate (South Africa's continued administration of the territory was declared illegal by the International Court of Justice in 1971), won its independence in 1990 as Namibia. Great Britain retains control of the islands of St. Helena and Ascension, and Mayotte and Réunion remain French. Spain retains the Canary Islands and Ceuta and Melilla, two small exclaves on Morocco's coast.", "Angola , officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola ; Kikongo , Kimbundu and Umbundu : Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in Southern Africa . It is the seventh-largest country in Africa and is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north and east, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to west. The exclave province of Cabinda Province has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda .", "Portugal's foreign and colonial policies met with increasing difficulty both at home and abroad beginning in the 1950s. In fact, the bloodiest and most protracted wars against colonialism in Africa were fought against the Portuguese. Portugal lost the tiny remnants of its Indian empire—Goa, Daman, and Diu—to Indian military occupation in 1961, the year an insurrection broke out in Angola. For the next 13 years, Salazar, who died in 1970, and his successor, Marcello Caetano, fought independence movements amid growing world criticism. Leftists in the armed forces, weary of a losing battle, launched a successful revolution on April 25, 1974. After the 1974 revolution, the new military junta gave up its territories, beginning with Portuguese Guinea in Sept. 1974, which became the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. The decolonization of the Cape Verde Islands and Mozambique was effected in July 1975. Angola achieved independence later that same year, thus ending a colonial involvement on that continent that had begun in 1415. Full-scale international civil war, however, followed Portugal's departure from Angola, and Indonesia forcibly annexed independent East Timor. Also in 1975, the government nationalized banking, transportation, heavy industries, and the media. Portugal continued to experience social, economic, and political upheavals for the next decade.", "After independence in November 1975, Angola faced a devastating civil war which lasted several decades and claimed millions of lives and produced many refugees. Following negotiations held in Portugal, itself under severe social and political turmoil and uncertainty due to the April 1974 revolution, Angola's three main guerrilla groups agreed to establish a transitional government in January 1975. Within two months, however, the FNLA, MPLA and UNITA were fighting each other and the country was well on its way to being divided into zones controlled by rival armed political groups. The superpowers were quickly drawn into the conflict, which became a flash point for theCold War. The United States, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Africa supported the FNLA and UNITA. The Soviet Unionand Cuba supported the MPLA. During most of this period, 1975–1990, the MPLA organised and maintained a socialist regime. Despite the ongoing civil war, the model functioned to a certain degree, although it was foreseeable that it would eventually fail in face of UNITA opposition.", "The retreat from the colonies and the acceptance of its independence terms which would create newly independent communist states in 1975 (most notably the People's Republic of Angola and the People's Republic of Mozambique) prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million destitute Portuguese refugees — the retornados. By 1975, all the Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years. However, the country continued to be governed by a military-civilian provisional administration until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976.", "Portugal formerly had colonies in Africa and Asia totaling about 2.1 million sq km and with a population of about 16 million. They included Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, the Cape Verde Islands, and the islands of São Tomé and Principe in Africa and eastern Timor and Macao (Aomin) in Asia. After the overthrow of the fascist regime in April 1974, the Portuguese government recognized the colonies’ right to independence and self-determination. It recognized the independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau in 1974, and in accordance with bilateral agreements Mozambique, the Cape Verde Islands, the islands of São Tomé and Principe, and Angola gained their independence in 1975. The problem of the decolonization of Timor and Macao is under consideration.", "In 1961, the FNLA and the MPLA, based in neighbouring countries, began a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule on several fronts. The Portuguese Colonial War , which included the Angolan War of Independence , lasted until the Portuguese regime's overthrow in 1974 through a leftist military coup in Lisbon . When the timeline for independence became known, most of the roughly 500,000 ethnic Portuguese Angolans fled the territory during the weeks before or after that deadline. Portugal left behind a newly independent country whose population was mainly composed by Ambundu, Ovimbundu, and Bakongo peoples. The Portuguese that lived in Angola accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, and industry; once they fled the country, the national economy began to sink into depression .[27]", "After almost 500 years of Portuguese rule, Angola became an independent country in 1975. The seventh largest country in Africa, Angola lies on the southwestern coast of the continent, bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the far northwest by the Republic of the Congo, to the north and northeast by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the southeast by Zambia, and to the south by Namibia. In the northwest, a small area of Angola called Cabinda is separated from the rest of the country by the Congo River and the extreme southwestern tip of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital of Angola is Luanda. Area 481,354 square miles (1,246,700 square kilometers). Population (2016 est.) 29,508,000.", "Portuguese Angola or Portuguese West Africa are the common terms by which Angola is designated when referring to the historic period when it was a Portuguese overseas territory in southwestern Africa. The former Portuguese Angola became an independent country in 1975 and now forms the Republic of Angola.", "The parties agreed to hold the first assembly elections in October 1975. From 31 January until independence a transitional government consisting of the Portuguese High Commissioner Rosa Coutinho and a Prime Ministerial Council would rule. The PMC consisted of three representatives, one from each Angolan party, and a rotating premiership among the representatives. Every decision required two-thirds majority support. The twelve ministries were divided equally among the Angolan parties and the Portuguese government: three ministries for each party. Author Witney Wright Schneidman criticized this provision in Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire for ensuring a \"virtual paralysis in executive authority\". The Bureau of Intelligence and Research cautioned that an excessive desire to preserve the balance of power in the agreement hurt the transitional Angolan government's ability to function. [32] [56] [57]", "With Cuban support, the MPLA held Luanda and declared independence on 11 November 1975, with Agostinho Neto becoming the first president, though the civil war continued. At this time, most of the half-million Portuguese who lived in Angola – and who had accounted for the majority of the skilled workers in public administration, agriculture, industries and trade – fled the country, leaving its once prosperous and growing economy in a state of bankruptcy. ", "In 1962 a group of refugees in the Congo, led by Holden Roberto, organized the Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA). It maintained supply and training bases in the Congo, waged guerrilla warfare in Angola, and, while developing contacts with both Western and Communist nations, obtained its chief support from the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Angola's liberation movement comprised two other guerrilla groups as well. The Marxist-influenced Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, had its headquarters in Zambia and was most active among educated Angolan Africans and mestiços living abroad. The MPLA led the struggle for Angolan independence. The third rival group was the União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA), which was established in 1966 under the leadership of Jonas Savimbi . As a result of the guerrilla warfare, Portugal was forced to keep more than 50,000 troops in Angola by the early 1970s.", "In 1975 and 1976 most foreign forces, with the exception of Cuba, withdrew. The last elements of the Portuguese military withdrew in 1975 [42] and the South African military withdrew in February 1976. [43] However, Cuba's troop force in Angola increased from 5,500 in December 1975 to 11,000 in February 1976. [44] Sweden provided humanitarian assistance to both the SWAPO and the MPLA in the mid-1970s, [45] [46] [47] and regularly raised the issue of UNITA in political discussions between the two movements.", "The political parties that arose in the late 1950’s in the Portuguese colonies, renamed “overseas provinces” in 1951, assumed the leadership of the national liberation movement, which turned into an armed struggle in Angola in 1961, in Guinea-Bissau in 1962, and in Mozambique in 1964. The patriotic forces created central political and military bodies in the course of the armed struggle. They freed large areas from the colonialists’ control and established local governing bodies in the liberated areas. The formation of an independent Republic of Guinea-Bissau was announced in September 1973. Goa, Daman (Damão), and Diu had been liberated from Portuguese rule in December 1961 and reunited with India.", "Mozambique was a Portuguese colony, overseas province and later a member state of Portugal. It gained independence from Portugal in 1975.", "After the Berlin Conference in 1885, fixing the colony’s borders, British and Portuguese investments in mining began to develop the back country. Based on forced labor systems, railways and agriculture also developed. The Portuguese did not gain full control over the hinterland until the early 20th century. Portugal designated the area the Overseas Province of Angola in 1951. After nearly 500 years of Portuguese presence, independence called were met with mixed reactions. In the 1950’s, political organizations formed and began to demand rights in international forums like the Non-Aligned Movement.", "In Angola, after the Portuguese had stopped the war, an armed conflict broke out among the nationalist movements. This war formally came to an end in January 1975 when the Portuguese government, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ), the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ), and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) signed the Alvor Agreement ,", "When Angola achieved independence in 1975, a war was raging between competing national liberation movements and their foreign backers. Guus Meijer and David Birmingham revisit Angola’s colonial period and the independence struggle that followed and ask how the resulting social and economic divisions shaped and were manipulated by the warring parties. The article describes the introduction of authoritarian one-party rule under the MPLA and the impact of natural resource development and international and regional powers on the conflict. Tracing the conflict up to the signing of the Luena Memorandum, the authors conclude that Angola’s peace remains incomplete and that the country faces many challenges in achieving social and democratic reconstruction.", "Following their removal from power in 1914, the manikongos apparently retained their titles but had no power. These titular rulers are shown below with a shaded background. Any claim to the former throne seems to have ended with the country's independence in 1975, although it has been rumoured that Angola's current, long-lasting dictator, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, can claim descent in part from the royal family. This at least would explain the lack of any royal pretender to the lost throne, but it seems to be without any real basis or support (and his parents were immigrants into Luanda). The former capital city is now the capital of Zaire Province in Angola .", "The national flag of Angola came into use at independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half.", "In 1956, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was formed to overthrow Portuguese colonial rule. In 1966, its rival, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), was also formed." ]

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[ "David Soul (born August 28, 1943 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American actor and British citizen and singer best known for his role as the \"seat-of-the-pants\" California police detective Ken 'Hutch' Hutchinson (opposite co-star and long-time friend Paul Michael Glaser) in the cult television program Starsky and Hutch (1975-79).", "Born in Chicago, Illinois, David Soul is the son of a minister who was at one time serving as the religious affairs advisor to the U.S. High Commission in Berlin. At 24 years of age, young Soul joined a North Dakota musical revue, was noticed by a keen-eyed talent scout, and signed to a studio contract. He went on to study acting with the Irene Daly School of The Actors Company, and with the Columbia Workshop in Hollywood. He first appeared on TV in small roles in shows including I Dream of Jeannie (1965), Flipper (1964) and All in the Family (1971). Regular TV work kept coming in for Soul including making masked appearances on The Merv Griffin Show (1962), as the popular singer known only as \"The Covered Man.\"", "David Soul achieved pop icon status as handsome, blond-haired, blue-eyed Detective Kenneth Hutchinson on the cult \"buddy cop\" TV series Starsky and Hutch (1975), Soul also had a very successful singing career recording several albums, with worldwide number one hit singles including \"Silver Lady\" & \"Don't Give Up on Us Baby\". Born in Chicago, ... See full bio »", "The phrase northern soul emanated from the record shop Soul City in Covent Garden, London, which was run by journalist Dave Godin. It was first publicly used in Godin's weekly column in Blues & Soul magazine in June 1970. In a 2002 interview with Chris Hunt of Mojo magazine, Godin said he had first come up with the term in 1968, to help employees at Soul City differentiate the more modern funkier sounds from the smoother, Motown-influenced soul of a few years earlier. With contemporary black music evolving into what would eventually become known as funk, the die-hard soul lovers of northern England still preferred the mid-1960s era of Motown-sounding black American dance music. Godin referred to the latter's requests as \"Northern Soul\":", "It was around this time as the musician's popularity increased that he acquired the nickname \"Soul Brother No. 1\", after failing to win the title \"King of Soul\" from Solomon Burke during a Chicago gig two years prior. Brown's recordings during this period influenced musicians across the industry, most notably groups such as Sly and the Family Stone, Funkadelic, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, Booker T. & the M.G.s as well as vocalists such as Edwin Starr, David Ruffin and Dennis Edwards from The Temptations, and Michael Jackson, who, throughout his career, cited Brown as his ultimate idol. ", "Rhythm and Blues Singer. The son of an Apostolic preacher, he was born in Washington, DC, and learned to sing and play the organ in his father's church. After a stint in the United States Air Force, he formed his own groups before Harvey Fuqua lured him into to the latest edition of the singing group, the \"Moonglows\". Berry Gordy (founder of Motown) heard Gaye singing with the group in a Detroit, Michigan club during 1961 and offered him a solo deal- though before recording his own songs he... [Read More]", "Dave Prater, one-half of the soul duo Sam and Dave. Prater died in a car crash in Georgia. He was 50. Prater met partner Sam Moore in Miami in 1958. Sam and Dave's Memphis-style soul was popular throughout the 1960's on such hits as \"Hold On I'm Comin'\" and \"Soul Man,\" which won a Grammy Award. The duo, never on the best of terms, broke up in 1981. Sam and Dave gained renewed popularity in 1978 when the Blues Brothers, John Belushi and Dan Ackroyd, revived \"Soul Man\". Prater then reformed the duo with a new partner, Sam Daniels.", "Ironically, the term ‘northern soul’ was coined – where else? – in the south of England. Dave Godin of London’s Soul City record shop was looking for a shorthand way of describing the kind of, by then, dated soul that was being looked for by northern customers to the shop. Hence ‘northern soul’.", "Steven Patrick Morrissey, better known as Morrissey, is a British singer and lyricist of Irish descent born in Davyhulme, Lancashire, United Kingdom on May 22, 1959.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene alongside his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.", "If you were to search for the origins of Northern Soul, you might be surprised by what you find. Some would say it began through clubs like The Twisted Wheel in Whitworth Street in Manchester, or Stoke-on-Trent's The Torch (also called The Golden Torch).", "Presenting a far more beatific face to the world was the British singer Duffy. The 24-year-old diminutive blonde chanteuse from Bangor in north Wales headed a charge of female British soul talent with a retro feel. Duffy's album Rockferry was the biggest selling album of the year, outperforming Coldplay and Take That. It included her hit, Mercy, which was voted Song of the Year at the MOJO awards. Duffy, real name Aimee Duffy but never referred to as such except by friends, has also received three Grammy nominations. She has been compared to Dusty Springfield in both looks and voice and, like Dusty, has found fame in America. She has made 15 trips to New York and has sung at the legendary Harlem Apollo.", "Sam & Dave are members of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, and are Grammy Award and multiple gold record award-winning artists. According to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Sam & Dave were the most successful soul duo and brought the sounds of the black gospel church to pop music with their call-and-response records. Recorded primarily at Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee, from 1965 through 1968, these included \"Soul Man,\" \"Hold On, I'm Comin',\" \"You Don't Know Like I Know,\" \"I Thank You,\" \"When Something is Wrong with My Baby,\" \"Wrap It Up,\" and many other Southern Soul classics. Except for Aretha Franklin, no soul act during Sam & Dave's Stax years had more consistent R&B chart success, including 10 consecutive top 20 singles and 3 consecutive top 10 LPs.", "Chicago's soul music was dominated by the artistic persona of guitarist, songwriter, arranger and vocalist Curtis Mayfield (1), whose Impressions created a smooth, majestic, orchestral, jazzy style with carefully crafted vocal and horns arrangements to accompany his allegorical messages: For Your Precious Love (1958), one of the candidates to first soul record, Gypsy Woman (1961), the rumba-like It's All Right (1963) the anthemic Keep On Pushin' (1964) and People Get Ready (1965), the baroque Choice of Colors (1969). As a solo artist, Mayfield pioneered the format of the extended message-oriented psychedelic funk-pop shuffle on his concept albums Curtis (1971) and Roots (1972), and then applied the idea to the danceable soundtrack for the film Superfly (1972).", "Dee Dee Warwick (September 25, 1945 October 18, 2008 was an African-American soul singer. She was born in Newark, New Jersey as Delia Mae Warrick. Following the lead of her elder sister, Dionne Warwick, she changed her surname from Warrick to Warwick in the early 1960s.", "File - American soul singer Marvin Gaye visits the Mangrove Cafe in All Saint's Road, London, and is mobbed by admirers on the way out to his car on October 1, 1976. (Photo by John Minihan/Evening Standard/Getty Images)", "When I moved to Wigan, the very heartland of the Northern Soul movement, to take over the residency at the club Wigan Pier in 1980, the scene was on its knees, Wigan Casino struggling in its forlorn efforts to re-create the halcyon days of the ’70s. The following year it was (seemingly) all over, the Casino closing down and, as if to rub salt in the wounds, the hallowed building destroyed by a fire just a few months after the club’s demise. As the Casino declined, the Pier was in its ascent and would be named the North’s Top Club by readers of Blues & Soul, the magazine that had done so much to promote Northern Soul in previous years. It was a case of ring out the old and bring in the new as Jazz-Funk, and subsequently Electro-Funk, became the musical choice of a new generation of black music fanatics. The Pier, which opened in 1979, certainly played its part in the Casino’s downfall, but the Northern scene was already in a negative spiral, the Pier only hastening its decline.", "[on Solomon Burke ] I first saw Solomon at the Flamingo in 1965, the first soul singer I saw live, and he was amazing. I listened to Otis Redding and Sam & Dave , but he was always the best because he had a melodic way to him, he was more like a proper singer, and you know we became friends right away. He was just such a sweet man. The next time I saw him sing, I can't remember the night club, but it was 1965 again. I went backstage and he gave me a crown and said, 'You can't be the king of rock'n'soul because I am, but you can be the Prince of Wales.' He was such a lovely, lovely man, a family man, with a great sense of humor, a great personality, and a passion for music and people.", "Sam and Dave's biggest hit and best-remembered song, \"Soul Man\" (R&B #1/Pop #2), was released in August 1967. It was the number #1 song in the US according to Cashbox magazine Pop charts in November 1967. Sam & Dave won the Grammy Award in 1967 for \"Best Performance – Rhythm & Blues Group\" for \"Soul Man,\" their first gold record. \"Soul Man\" was voted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The song helped name the emerging music genre as \"Soul Music\". According to co-writer Isaac Hayes, the title was inspired by news reports of soul pride that emerged after the 1967 race riots, where stories that painting the word \"soul\" on your door was a message for looters to bypass your house. Hayes-Porter extrapolated that to \"I'm a soul brother, I'm a soul man.\". It has been recognized as one of the best or most influential songs of 50 years by the Grammy Hall of Fame, The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Rolling Stone, and R.I.A.A. Songs of the Century. \"Soul Man\" was used as the soundtrack and title for a 1986 film, a 2008 film Soul Men, a 1997–1998 television series.", "Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States; where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential in the civil rights era. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa. ", "The simplest definition of ‘Northern Soul’ is Black American Soul music which became popular in the North of England. The story began in the mid sixties when Motown mania swept the country and found favour with the ‘Mod’ ‘Youth Culture. By the seventies ‘Funk’ had become the trendy music in the South of England but the North remained loyal to a more R&B influenced style. The type of venue also differed with the South adopting smaller and more intimate clubs. The North continued to utilize much larger ‘venues such as dilapidated Victorian Dance Halls, youth clubs, working men’s clubs, seaside piers. Anywhere with a large wooden dance floor which was prerequisite for their style of dancing.\"", "Neoclassical Punk Zydeco Rockabilly : As one example, David Live captures the transition from Diamond Dogs (the album the tour was supporting) to Young Americans via a mostly- Glam Rock setlist with horn-heavy, soul-influenced arrangements; this approach became even more pronounced later in the tour, which introduced some of the Young Americans songs.", "Solomon Burke was an American preacher and singer, who shaped the sound of rhythm and blues as one of the founding fathers of soul music in the 1960s and a \"key transitional figure in the developme...", "*Paul Stuart Davies recorded 'Northern Soul Reimagined' in 2015, with guidance from Russ Winstanley, presenting classic Northern Soul tracks in a new light.", "British soul and pop singer and songwriter. She won a Grammy Award for Rockferry, her 2008 United Kingdom chart-topping debut album.", "Rockferry is the debut studio album by Welsh recording artist Duffy, released on 3 March 2008 in the United Kingdom by A&M Records. It was released in the United States by Mercury Records. Duffy worked with several producers and writers on the album, including Bernard Butler, Steve Booker, Jimmy Hogarth and Eg White. The album took four years to record in total.Rockferry was re-released as a deluxe edition on 24 November 2008 in the UK, preceded by the lead single \"Rain on Your Parade\" which became the fifth overall single from the album.", "\"Every time I'm in America, I feel there's some atmosphere. I can't put my finger on it, but there's some excitement that exists nowhere else and I think it's because soul music, black music, is basically what started pop music.\" Duffy", "In partnership with songwriter David Porter, he was responsible for such classics as Sam and Dave's Soul Man and Hold On I'm Coming.", "• James Carr - Love Attack (1966): James Carr - At The Dark End Of The Street - The World’s Greatest Soul Singer", "Jimmy Soul - whose real name was James McCleese, hit #1 in 1963 with the novelty tune \"If You Wanna Be Happy\", died of a heart attack on June 25th, 1988. He was 45", "The hit song \"Soul Man\" written by Hayes and Porter, and first performed by \"Sam & Dave\" has been recognized as one of the most influential songs of the past 50 years by the Grammy Hall of Fame. This song was also honored by The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, by Rolling Stone magazine, and by the RIAA as the Songs of the Century.", "The term neo soul is a marketing phrase coined in the early 1990s by producer and record label executive Kedar Massenburg to describe a blend of 1970s soul-style vocals and instrumentation with contemporary R&B sounds, hip-hop beats and poetic interludes. The style was developed in the early to mid-1990s. A key element in neo soul is a heavy dose of Fender Rhodes or Wurlitzer electric piano \"pads\" over a mellow, grooving interplay between the drums (usually with a rim shot snare sound) and a muted, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano sound gives the music a warm, organic character." ]

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[ "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "* January 26 – Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. ", "NFL team the Chicago Bears, who recorded the song, “The Super Bowl Shuffle,” became the champions of Super Bowl XX. PHOTO: AP PHOTO/NFL PHOTOS", "The NFC champion Chicago Bears, seeking their first NFL title since 1963, scored a Super Bowl-record 46 points in downing AFC champion New England 46-10 in Super Bowl XX. The previous record for most points in a Super Bowl was 38, shared by San Francisco in XIX and the Los Angeles Raiders in XVIII.", "The most successful franchise of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers , which featured the West Coast offense of head coach Bill Walsh . This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP quarterback Joe Montana , Super Bowl MVP wide receiver Jerry Rice , and tight end Brent Jones . Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade ( XVI , XIX , XXIII , and XXIV ) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL. The 1980s also produced the 1985 Chicago Bears , who posted an 18–1 record under head coach Mike Ditka , colorful quarterback Jim McMahon , and Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton and won Super Bowl XX in dominating fashion. The Washington Redskins and New York Giants were also top teams of this period; the Redskins won Super Bowls XVII and XXII and the Giants claimed Super Bowls XXI and XXV . As in the 1970s, the Oakland Raiders were the only team to interrupt the Super Bowl dominance of other teams; they won Super Bowls XV and XVIII (the latter as the Los Angeles Raiders).", "With the fiery Mike Ditka coaching, the Bears stormed into the playoffs in 1984 on the back of Walter Payton's sensational running, only to lose the NFC championship game. Led by QB Jim McMahon, they came back strong in '85, posting a 15-1 regular season record and winning Super Bowl XX by a score of 46-10. They dominated the division for most of the decade.", "Super Bowl XX (1986) – Chicago Bears defensive end Richard Dent (No. 95) sacks New England quarterback Steve Grogan during Super Bowl XX. Dent had two sacks and two forced fumbles as a devastating defense helped Chicago crush the Patriots 46-10.", "Super Bowl XXIX was played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49–26, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowls. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens).", "As of 2016, Super Bowl XX remains the last Super Bowl to feature two teams both making their first appearance in the game. It was the fourth overall following Super Bowl I, Super Bowl III, and Super Bowl XVI. Any future Super Bowl that would have such a combination would have to have the Detroit Lions playing either the Cleveland Browns, Houston Texans, or Jacksonville Jaguars in the game.", "Super Bowl XXX (1996) – Dallas Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown is pushed out of bounds after one of his two interceptions in Super Bowl XXX. Brown's MVP efforts helped the Cowboys beat Pittsburgh 27-17 for their third championship in four years.", "Raymond Barry took over the Patriot coaching duties in 1984, and the following year New England had an 11-5 record to earn a wildcard berth. Winning three playoff games, the Patriots went to Super Bowl XX (which they lost to the Chicago Bears). This was Hall-of-Fame guard John Hannah's final game.", "The 1987 season began with a 24-day players' strike, reducing the 16-game season to 15. The games for weeks 4–6 were won with all replacement players. The Redskins have the distinction of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie The Replacements. The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory while also winning the games Super Bowl MVP award. Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super Bowl record 204 yd.", "With the win, the Redskins became the first team, and Joe Gibbs the first coach, to win a Super Bowl with three different quarterbacks. Two other teams have since duplicated this feat: the New York Giants (Phil Simms in Super Bowl XXI, Jeff Hostetler in Super Bowl XXV, and Eli Manning in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI) and the Green Bay Packers (Bart Starr in the first two Super Bowls, Brett Favre in Super Bowl XXXI, and Aaron Rodgers in Super Bowl XLV).", "Photo: Wide receiver Don Beebe of the Buffalo Bills (left) forces a fumble on defensive tackle Leon Lett of the Dallas Cowboys during Super Bowl XXVII at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. The Cowboys won the game, 52-17.", "Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by the score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders, and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the third team, after the Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowls VIII and IX) and the Denver Broncos (Super Bowls XXI and XXII), to lose back-to-back Super Bowls. The game was played on January 26, 1992, at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the first time the city has played host to a Super Bowl (the city will host Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium).", "Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13 year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII , Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win 10 out of 13 Super Bowls. In the years between 2001 and 2011, three teams – the Patriots, Steelers, and Colts – accounted for ten of the AFC Super Bowl appearances, with those same teams often meeting each other earlier in the playoffs. In contrast, the NFC saw a different representative in the Super Bowl every season from 2001 through 2010.", "27 Jan 1988: Quarterback Doug Williams of the Washington Redskins fields questions during Media Day for Super Bowl XXII against the Denver Broncos at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California. The Redskins won the game, 42-10. Mandatory Credit: Mike Powell via Getty Images", "Elway and the Broncos earned their second title in Super Bowl XXXIII, handily beating the Atlanta Falcons. In a rare NFC win, the St. Louis Rams took the title in Super Bowl XXXIV, but that was followed by a drubbing by the Baltimore Ravens of the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV.", "Super Bowl XXXV was played by the AFC's Baltimore Ravens and the NFC's New York Giants. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7. The game was played on January 28, 2001, at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida.", "Super Bowl XXIII was played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1988 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 20–16, winning their third ever Super Bowl. The game was played on January 22, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida, the first Super Bowl hosted in the Miami area in 10 years, and the first in Miami not held at the Orange Bowl.", "The most successful team of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, which featured the West Coast offense of Hall of Fame head coach Bill Walsh. This offense was led by three-time Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Montana, Super Bowl MVP and Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and tight end Brent Jones. Under their leadership, the 49ers won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV) and made nine playoff appearances between 1981 and 1990, including eight division championships, becoming the second dynasty of the post-merger NFL.", "During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII. Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl–record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award — this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision. The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19. Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception.", "* January 17, 1988: Cornerback Darrell Green knocks down a Wade Wilson pass at the goal line to clinch a victory over the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship game. The Redskins go on to defeat the Denver Broncos 42–10 in Super Bowl XXII.", "Why you might remember this Super Bowl: Besides the officiating, this Super Bowl is best remembered for being the final game of Jerome Bettis' career. In front of a hometown crowd in Detroit, the Bus carried the ball 14 times for 43 yards. Steelers wide receiver Hines Ward took home the Super Bowl MVP award after a five-catch, 123-yard, one touchdown performance.", "On January 22nd, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida, Sam Wyche's Cincinnati Bengals lost to Bill Walsh's San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl 23, 20-16. Super Bowl Twenty-Three MVP, Jerry Rice, set a Super Bowl record with 215 yards receiving and Joe Montana had a record 357 yards. Boomer Esiason, Anthony Munoz, Tim McGee and Icky Woods all struggled against Ronnie Lott, Charles Haley, Tim McKyer, and the 49er defense. But, the Bengals' D, led by Jason Buck, Leon White and Solomon Wilcots, made big plays when they had to, as Cincinnati found themselves up 16-13 with 3:20 remaining. Montana led an 11 play, 92 yard, game winning drive that ended with a 10 yard touchdown pass to John Taylor with 34 seconds remaining.", "On January 29th, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida, Siefert's San Francisco 49ers won Super Bowl 29 against Bobby Ross' San Diego Chargers, 49-26, in the highest scoring Super Bowl of all time. Super Bowl Twenty-Nine's MVP, Steve Young rushed for 49 yards and threw for a record breaking 6 touchdown passes; 3 to Jerry Rice, 2 to Ricky Watters, 1 to William Floyd. Natrone Means and Tony Martin scored offensive touchdowns for the Chargers, and Andre Coleman returned a kickoff for a 98 yard score. San Fran's secondary compiled of Martin Hanks, Deion Sanders, Eric Davis, and Tim McDonald held Stan Humphries under 50% passing.", "Super Bowl XXVI, held in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, wrested the mantle of northernmost Super Bowl away from the Detroit area; it holds the title to this day. Barring Seattle, no NFL market (not even Toronto!) can possibly top the superior geography of the Twin Cities.", "On January 14th, 1968 the Oakland Raiders met the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl 2 in Miami, Florida's Orange Bowl. The game drew over 75,000 people, the first $3 million gate. Super Bowl Two was no different than Super Bowl One for Bart Starr and Green Bay. Starr was named MVP and the Packers won easily for the second straight year, 33-14. Kicker Don Chandler added four field goals, and All-Pro cornerback Herb Adderley had a 60 yard interception return for a touchdown. Daryle Lamonica threw to Bill Miller for both of Oakland's touchdowns. This was Vince Lombardi's last Championship.", "During the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL agreed to merge, thus beginning what would become the Super Bowl -era. Behind the leadership of head coach Vince Lombardi , the Packers finished with an NFL-best 12-2 record. In the NFL Championship game against the Dallas Cowboys , with the Packers leading 34–27, the Cowboys had the ball on the Packers' two-yard line, threatening to tie the ballgame. But on fourth down, the Packers' Tom Brown intercepted Don Meredith's pass in the end zone to preserve their victory against Dallas.", "Photo: Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi is carried off the field after his team defeated the Oakland Raiders 33 to 14 in the Super Bowl II.", "Dan Reeves' Atlanta Falcons fell victim to Mike Shanahan's Defending Champion Denver Broncos on January 1st, 1999 at Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida. Super Bowl 33 had Dan Reeves' old club, Denver, against his new club, \"The Dirty Birds.\" John Elway played well in his last game, throwing an 80 yard touchdown to Rod Smith, while taking home MVP honors. Terrell Davis had 100 yards for the second straight year. Tony Martin and Terrence Mathis were Chris Chandler's main targets, but Chandler also threw 3 interceptions; 2 to Darrien Gordon; 1 to Darrius Johnson. Jamal Anderson had 96 yards, and Tim Dwight had a 96 yard kick return for Atlanta. Trevor Price, Glenn Cadrez and Ray Crockett led Denver's defense.", "Technically, the first two NFL championship games used the title of \"World Championship Game\" so the 50th \"Super Bowl\" would in fact be the one held in 2018. The \"Super Bowl I\" moniker was used retroactively." ]

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[ "Under the influence of the European Enlightenment , in the latter part of the 18th century there began a movement to limit the scope of capital punishment. Until that time a very wide range of offenses, including even common theft, were punishable by death—though the punishment was not always enforced, in part because juries tended to acquit defendants against the evidence in minor cases. In 1794 the U.S. state of Pennsylvania became the first jurisdiction to restrict the death penalty to first-degree murder, and in 1846 the state of Michigan abolished capital punishment for all murders and other common crimes. In 1863 Venezuela became the first country to abolish capital punishment for all crimes, including serious offenses against the state (e.g., treason and military offenses in time of war). Portugal was the first European country to abolish the death penalty, doing so in 1867; by the early 20th century several other countries, including the Netherlands, Norway , Sweden , Denmark , and Italy , had followed suit (though it was reintroduced in Italy under the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini ). By the mid-1960s some 25 countries had abolished the death penalty for murder, though only about half of them also had abolished it for offenses against the state or the military code. For example, Britain abolished capital punishment for murder in 1965, but treason, piracy, and military crimes remained capital offenses until 1998.", "Since 1997 to 2015, Belarus has been the only country in Europe to still carry out executions. 2009 and 2015 were the first two years in recorded history when Europe was completely free of executions. This century the following European countries have abolished capital punishment; Ukraine (2000), Malta (2000), Cyprus (2002), Turkey (2004), Moldova (2005), Albania (2007), Russia (2009), and Latvia (2012).", "For many people, it was a tremendous humiliation for France, the birthplace of human rights and the Enlightenment, to be the last country in Western Europe to use the death penalty. The abolition movement began when Portugal abolished the death penalty for common crimes in 1867 and by the late 1970s, nobody was using it in Europe. Even in Spain , one of the first things they did after the death of Franco was abolish the death penalty.", "564. Which country was the first to abolish capitol punishment 1826? Russia Czar Nicholas - Siberia instead", "Note: Where a country has abolished, re-instated, and abolished again (e.g. Philippines, Switzerland, Portugal) only the later abolition date is included. Countries who have abolished and since reinstated (e.g. Liberia) are not included. Non-independent territories are considered to be under the jurisdiction of their parent country – which leads to unexpectedly late abolition dates for the UK, New Zealand and the Netherlands, where Jersey (UK), the Cook Is (NZ), and the Netherlands Antilles, were the last territories of those states to abolish capital punishment, and all were rather later than the more well known abolitions on the respective mainlands. Defunct countries such as the GDR (East Germany), which abolished capital punishment in 1987 but was dissolved in 1990, are also not included. References are in the continental tables above and not repeated here.", "has recently, as a move towards EU membership, undergone a reform of its legal system. Previously there was a de facto moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey as the last execution took place in 1984. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended its constitution in order to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol no. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006. As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states but Russia, which has entered a moratorium, having ratified the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the sole exception of Belarus", "In Turkey, over 500 people were sentenced to death after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. About 50 of them were executed, the last one 25 October 1984. Then there was a de facto moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey. As a move towards EU membership, Turkey made some legal changes. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law by the National Assembly in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended its constitution in order to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol no. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006. As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states but Russia, which has entered a moratorium, having ratified the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the sole exception of Belarus, which is not a member of the Council of Europe. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practise the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may seek the death penalty. ", "The guillotine was last used in France in 1977. The French abolished capital punishment in 1981.", "European states abolished torture from their statutory law in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Sweden and Prussia was the first to do it in 1722 and 1754, respectively; Denmark abolished it in 1770, Austria in 1776, France in 1780, and the Netherlands in 1798. Russia abolished torture in 1801. Bavaria did it in 1806 and Württemburg in 1809. In Spain the Napoleonic conquest put an end to the torture in 1808. Norway abolished it in 1819 and Portugal in 1826. Swiss cantons abolished torture in the first half of the nineteenth century.", "For a long time, the death penalty in France had been a topic of heated debate, with many favoring it as the right way to punish the guilty for their horrendous crimes, while others disapproved of the fact that such executions, in their eyes, completely smothered out the flames of human life and basic rights. Finally, on August 26th, 1981, the Council of Ministers of the French Parliament approved the bill to abolish the death penalty in the country. It was soon passed by the Assemblée Nationale, and was implemented in the nation. Thus, brought to an end was the role of the infamous French guillotine, and Djandoubi's 1977 execution still stands as the last capital punishment administered by the French legal system.", "Capital punishment was abolished in 1787, although restored in 1795. Legal reforms gained comprehensive \"Austrian\" form in the civil code (ABGB: Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch) of 1811 and have been seen as providing a foundation for subsequent reforms extending into the 20th century. The first part of the ABGB appeared in 1786, and the criminal code in 1787. These reforms incorporated the criminological writings of Cesare Beccaria, but also first time made all people equal in the eyes of the law.", "In Spain,garrotting was abolished, along with the death penalty, in 1978. in 1990, Andorra, in 1990 became the last country to abolish the death penalty by garrotting,", "In 1846 Michigan became the first state in the Union, as well as the first English-speaking government in the world, to abolish the death penalty. Historian David Chardavoyne has suggested that the movement to abolish capital punishment in Michigan grew as a result of enmity toward the state's neighbor, Canada. Under British rule, it made public executions a regular practice.", "Capital punishment in the United Kingdom was used since before the creation of the state in 1801 until the practice was abolished in the 20th century. The last executions in the United Kingdom were by hanging, and took place in 1964, prior to :capital punishment being abolished for murder (in 1965 in Great Britain and in 1973 in Northern Ireland). Although unused, the death penalty remained a legally defined punishment for certain offences such as treason until it was completely abolished in 1998. In 2004 the 13th Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights became binding on the United Kingdom, prohibiting the restoration of the death penalty for as long as the UK is a party to the Convention.", "Abolition was often adopted due to political change, as when countries shifted from authoritarianism to democracy, or when it became an entry condition for the European Union. The United States is a notable exception: some states have had bans on capital punishment for decades (the earliest is Michigan, where it was abolished in 1846), while others actively use it today. The death penalty there remains a contentious issue which is hotly debated.", ", which is not a member of the Council of Europe. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practice the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may seek the death penalty.", "Capital punishment has in the past been practiced in virtually every society, although currently only 58 nations actively practice it, with 95 countries abolishing it (the remainder having not used it for 10 years or allowing it only in exceptional circumstances such as war) [10] . It is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region. In the EU member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment. [1]", "As the spirit of liberté, égalité and fraternité swirled through Paris in the early days of the French Revolution, Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin rose before the National Assembly in 1789 to lobby for equality in a most unlikely area: capital punishment. The Parisian deputy and anatomy professor argued that it was unfair for common criminals in France to be executed by tortuous methods such as hanging, burning at the stake and breaking on the wheel while aristocratic felons had the privilege of quick decapitations, particularly if they tipped their executioners to ensure swift sword chops.", "Giovanni Battista Bugatti, executioner of the Papal States between 1796 and 1865, carried out 516 executions (Bugatti is pictured here offering snuff to a condemned prisoner). The Vatican City abolished its capital punishment statute in 1969.", "Similarly, in medieval and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment. For example, in 1700s Britain there were 222 crimes which were punishable by death, including crimes such as cutting down a tree or stealing an animal. [24] Thanks to the notorious Bloody Code , 18th century (and early 19th century) Britain was a hazardous place to live. For example, Michael Hammond and his sister, Ann, whose ages were given as 7 and 11, were reportedly hanged at King's Lynn on Wednesday, September 28, 1708 for theft . The local press did not, however, consider the executions of two children newsworthy. [25]", "Capital punishment was made illegal in Michigan, the first state to do so, and the first English-speaking government in the world to totally abolish the death penalty for ordinary crimes.", "up to 1938.� All the European countries that previously used beheading have now totally abolished the death penalty.", "Beheading is an ancient form of execution, but the French made the process eerily efficient during the French Revolution. During the Revolution's Reign of Terror, tens of thousands were beheaded in a wave of class conflict that changed the face of France forever. Joseph-Ignace Guillotine, a physician, suggested a more ethical means of beheading, as it often took several strokes of the sword or axe to sever a victim's head. He invented a machine, the guillotine, that took the head off in one swift stroke. The guillotine was still used in some countries into the 20th century. The Nazis beheaded thousands using guillotines, and in East Germany the Stasi used them to perform secret executions.", "Capital punishment was totally abolished in 1990. Protocol No. 6 to the ECHR was adopted on", "between 1800 and 1866.� From 1866 until manual beheading was replaced by the guillotine in 1903 only 14 more people were to suffer this fate. Capital punishment was abolished in", "1847 - Michigan becomes 1st English-speaking jurisdiction to abolish the death penalty (except for treason against the state)", "Although Israel has provisions in its criminal law to use the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, it has only been used once. On May 31, 1962, Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was executed by hanging.", "In 1938 the issue of the abolition of capital punishment was brought before parliament. A clause within the Criminal Justice Bill called for an experimental five-year suspension of the death penalty. When war broke out in 1939 the bill was postponed. It was revived after the war and to everyone's surprise was adopted by a majority in the House of Commons (245 to 222). In the House of Lords the abolition clause was defeated but the remainder of the bill was passed. Popular support for abolition was absent and the government decided that it would be inappropriate for it to assert its supremacy by invoking the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 over such an unpopular issue.", "The 25th April 1792 saw the world’s first use of the guillotine as a method of execution. Nicolas Jacques Pelletier, a French highwayman found guilty of killing a man during one of his robberies, was the.... . .", "The 1814 Act also permitted the King to authorise the use of an alternative method, beheading, which was not abolished until 1973 (although obsolete long before then). The Act was amended by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 when the death penalty was abolished and replaced with imprisonment at the discretion of the court, up to life imprisonment.", "Beheading was abolished as a method of execution for treason in 1973. However hanging remained available until 1998 when, under a House of Lords amendment to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, proposed by Lord Archer of Sandwell, the death penalty was abolished for treason and piracy with violence, replacing it with a discretionary maximum sentence of life imprisonment. These were the last civilian offences punishable by death.", "In 1792, a public executioner named Charles-Henri Sanson recommended reconsideration of the guillotine and Dr. Antoine Louis (the secretary of the Academy of Surgeons) supported him. In April 1792, Tobias Schmidt (a German piano maker) built the first working model in less than a week. On April 17, 1792, the executioner tested the prototype by decapitating sheep, calves, and corpses from the local poorhouse. On April 25, Nicolas Pelletier (a thief who viciously assaulted his victims) entered the history books as the first criminal beheaded by the guillotine." ]

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[ "On April 19, 1988, Japanese telecommunications company NTT began offering nationwide ISDN services trademarked INS Net 64, and INS Net 1500, a fruition of NTT's independent research and trial from the 1970s of what it referred to the INS (Information Network System). ", "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a switched telephone service capable of transporting voice and digital data, is one of the oldest Internet access methods. ISDN has been used for voice, video conferencing, and broadband data applications. ISDN was very popular in Europe, but less common in North America. Its use peaked in the late 1990s before the availability of DSL and cable modem technologies. ", "In the 1990s, the National Information Infrastructure initiative in the U.S. made broadband Internet access a public policy issue. In 2000, most Internet access to homes was provided using dial-up, while many businesses and schools were using broadband connections. In 2000 there were just under 150 million dial-up subscriptions in the 34 OECD countriesThe 34 OECD countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,", "It is estimated that the 51% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 2000 were flowing through the Internet (most of the rest (42%) through the landline telephone). By the year 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) through mobile phones). , an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%). In terms of broadband access, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world. ", "By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected of which 10 million were in Nepal and 8.2 million in India. This 200 millionth is only 6.7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. (When counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers—max bitrate 72% of the 200kbit/s which defines 3G—the total size of the nearly-3G subscriber base was 475 million as of June 2007, which was 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.) In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%. In Europe the leading country for 3G penetration is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries for 3G use include Nepal, UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 32% migration level.", "In 1993 the World Wide Web (originally designed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland ) and the graphical Mosaic Web Browser (created by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois ) brought the Internet to a much larger audience. Between 1993 and 2000 the “dot-com” boom drove the transformation of the Internet from an underground research phenomena to a nearly ubiquitous and essential technology with far-reaching effects. Commercial investment in infrastructure and in “web presence” saw explosive growth; new modes of interaction and communication (e.g., e-mail, Internet messaging, and mailing lists) proliferated; Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as http://www.britannica.com ) became a common (and highly valued) feature of advertisements and corporate identity; and artists, scientists, citizens, and others took up the challenge of both using and understanding the new medium.", "The global Internet took shape in academia by the second half of the 1980s as well as many other computer networks of both academic and commercial use such as USENET, Fidonet and the Bulletin Board System. By 1989 the Internet and the networks linked to it were a global system with extensive transoceanic satellite links and nodes in most rich countries. Based on earlier work from 1980 onwards Tim Berners Lee formalized the concept of the World Wide Web by 1989 and performed its earliest demonstrations in December 1990 and 1991. Television viewing became commonplace in the Third World, with the number of TV sets in China and India increasing by 15 and 10 times respectively. ", "     ICQ (\"I seek you\") was a firm founded in Tel Aviv, Israel, \"the brainchild of four Israeli computer programmers ... [Within six months] it claimed the title of world's largest online communication network.\" [NIESE, A., 11-15-01] Another Israeli computer company, StarBand, \"is America's first consumer two-way, always-on, high-speed satellite Internet service provider.\" [CEO: Zur Feldman; President: David Trachtenberg]", "The Internet is a vast worldwide conglomeration of linked computer networks. Its roots lie in the mid-twentieth century, with a number of projects by the United States government and the private sector, most notable of which was the computer network created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense (DOD) in 1969. Until the early 1990s, the Internet remained largely the province of specialists, including defense personnel and scientists. The creation of browsers, or software that provided a convenient graphical interface between user and machine, revolutionized the medium, and spawned rapid economic growth throughout the 1990s. In addition to the World Wide Web and e-mail, the parts of the Internet most familiar to casual users, the Internet", "ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network - digital, high bandwidth telephone lines that can deliver data over the Internet. Data, including encoded audio and video, travels at 128K bits per second over an ISDN line.", "In 1996, Senegal achieved full Internet connectivity with Enda and Telecom Plus. Since then several ISP and cybercafes have been added, including Metissacana, Arc Information, Africa online, Cyber Business Center and Africa-network, making a total of six Internet providers and 30,000 users. This development stimulated the growth of information technology-based services.", "By 1978 the ARPAnet had grown to encompass dozens of universities and military research sites in the United States . At this point the project leaders at ARPA recognized a need for a specific kind of standardization to keep the network feasible, namely a common operating system and networking software that could run on all of the diverse hardware connected to the network. Based on its widespread adoption in the 1970s, the UNIX operating system was chosen by ARPA as one official platform for the Internet. UNIX was known for its portability (ability to be installed on different kinds of hardware) and extensibility (ease with which new components could be added to the core system). Bill Joy (who later cofounded Sun Microsystems) is credited with the first widespread implementation of the Internet Protocol (IP) software in a UNIX operating system, a version known as Berkeley Systems Distribution (BSD).", "American Personal Communications (APC), the first GSM carrier in America, provided the first text-messaging service in the United States. Sprint Telecommunications Venture, a partnership of Sprint Corp. and three large cable-TV companies, owned 49 percent of APC. The Sprint venture was the largest single buyer at a government-run spectrum auction that raised $7.7 billion in 2005 for PCS licenses. APC operated under the brand name of Sprint Spectrum and launched its service on November 15, 1995 in Washington, D.C. and in Baltimore, Maryland. Vice President Al Gore in Washington, D.C. made the initial phone-call to launch the network, calling Mayor Kurt Schmoke in Baltimore. ", "2. The US nationwide network into which one dials to access CompuServe. It was created by John Goltz, one of the founders and system guru of CompuServe. He later worked for Tymshare, one of CompuServe's big competitors.", "Not to be confused with a separate application known as the World wide web which was invented much later in the early 1990s (see article on the English inventor Tim Berners-Lee), the Internet is the global system of overall interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. The concept of packet switching of a network was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s, and the mathematical formulations behind packet switching were later devised by Leonard Kleinrock. On October 29, 1969, the world's first electronic computer network, the ARPANET, was established between nodes at Leonard Kleinrock's lab at UCLA and Douglas Engelbart's lab at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). Another milestone occurred in 1973 when Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf co-invented Internet Protocol and Transmission Control Protocol while working on ARPANET at the United States Department of Defense. The first TCP/IP-wide area network was operational on January 1, 1983, when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed the university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. This date is held as the \"birth\" of the Internet. ", "By the early 1990s, modems made e-mail a viable alternative to Telex systems in a business environment. But individual e-mail accounts were not widely available until local Internet service providers were in place, although demand grew rapidly, as e-mail was seen as the Internet's killer app . It allowed anyone to email anyone, whereas previously, different system had been walled off from each other, such that America Online subscribers could only email other America Online subscribers, Compuserve subscribers could only email other Compuserve subscribers, etc. The broad user base created by the demand for e-mail smoothed the way for the rapid acceptance of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s.[ citation needed ] Fax machines were another technology that helped displace the telegram.", "For a long time, the federal government did not allow organizations to connect to the Internet to carry out commercial activities.  By 1988, it was becoming apparent, however, that the Internet's growth and use in the business sector might be seriously inhibited by this restriction. That year, CNRI requested permission from the Federal Networking Council to interconnect the commercial MCI Mail electronic mail system to the Internet as part of a general electronic mail interconnection experiment. Permission was given and the interconnection was completed by CNRI, under Cerfs direction, in the summer of 1989. Shortly thereafter, two of the then non-profit Internet Service Providers (UUNET [xii] and NYSERNET) produced new for-profit companies (UUNET and PSINET [xiii] respectively). In 1991, they were interconnected with each other and CERFNET [xiv] .  Commercial pressure to alleviate restrictions on interconnections with the NSFNET began to mount.", "In December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT-12) in Dubai. WCIT-12 was a treaty-level conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations, the international rules for telecommunications, including international tariffs. The previous conference to update the Regulations (ITRs) was held in Melbourne in 1988. ", "William Henry \"Bill\" Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with 6.4 percent of the common stock. He has also authored or co-authored several books.", "The Internet is a computer network that was designed to interconnect other computer networks. Its origins lie in the ARPANET, an experimental network designed for the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1969. The original ARPANET had some features that were unique in its day.", "The new numbering plan was officially accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas (NPAs). The area codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10, 1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing (DDD) was subsequently introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities and most larger towns.", "The Internet began in the 1960s as a small network of academic and government computers primarily involved in research for the U.S. military. Originally limited to researchers at a handful of universities and government facilities, the Internet quickly became a worldwide network providing users with information on a range of subjects and allowing them to purchase goods directly from companies via computer. By 1999, 84 million U.S. citizens had access to the Internet at home or work. More and more Americans were paying bills, shopping, ordering airline tickets, and purchasing stocks via computer over the Internet.", "Various private networks like UUNET (founded 1987), the Well (1985), and GEnie (1985) had e-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, US$25 to US$50 per month, just for e-mail. Internet use was then largely limited to government, academia and other government contractors until the net was opened to commercial use in the 1980s.", "Various private networks like UUNET (founded 1987), the Well (1985), and GEnie (1985) had e-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, US$25 to US$50 per month, just for e-mail. Internet use was then largely limited to government, academia and other government contractors until the net was opened to commercial use in the 1980s.", "International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)-Formerly called the Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT), ITU-T is now an international organization that develops communication standards. The ITU-T developed X.25 and other communications standards.", ";Development (ITU-D): Established in 1992, this sector helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies (ICT).", "In the last few years, we have seen a new phase of commercialization. Originally, commercial efforts mainly comprised vendors providing the basic networking products, and service providers offering the connectivity and basic Internet services. The Internet has now become almost a \"commodity\" service, and much of the latest attention has been on the use of this global information infrastructure for support of other commercial services. This has been tremendously accelerated by the widespread and rapid adoption of browsers and the World Wide Web technology, allowing users easy access to information linked throughout the globe. Products are available to facilitate the provisioning of that information and many of the latest developments in technology have been aimed at providing increasingly sophisticated information services on top of the basic Internet data communications.", "Many charts in the public domain use the 10/29/1969 as radix first chart for the internet. It is described as the date that the ‘backbone’ for internet was activated.", "A National Science Foundation decree that prevented commercial use of the Internet was dissolved in 1991, the same year the World Wide Web came into existence. By then, personal computer use by businesses, institutions, and individuals had spiraled. When the graphics-based Web browsing program known as Mosaic was released in 1993, the Internet's growth exploded. Firms like Netscape and Yahoo! were founded soon after, making access to the Internet even easier. By 1996, an estimated 40 million individuals were accessing the Internet, and by 1999, that number had grown to 200 million.", "All of this took some time, but by the beginning of 1983, when the TCP/IP was ready to go and finally adopted, the Internet—or a network of networks—was finally born. To this point, most of the business on the \"Net,\" as it came to be called, was science-oriented. About this same time, however, the microcomputer revolution was also starting to be felt. Called \"personal computers,\" these new, smaller, desktop-size computers began slowly to enter businesses and homes, eventually transforming the notion of what a computer was. Until this time, a computer was a very large, super-expensive, anonymous-looking machine (called a \"mainframe\") that only corporations could afford. Now however, a computer was a friendly, nearly-portable, personal machine that had a monitor or screen like a television set. As more and more individuals purchased a personal computer and eventually learned about a way of talking to another computer (via e-mail), the brand-new Internet soon began to experience the problems of its own success.", "The Internet (or 'Net') is built on a chaotic mishmash of hardware, governed by minimal standards and even fewer rules. Thousands of different software packages broadcast on the Net, connecting millions of users each day. During the Clinton administration, the Internet was nicknamed \"The Information Superhighway\", a term which has now become grossly inadequate to describe the sheer magnitude of the Internet's reach.", "The Internet has had a profound affect on the world of computers. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates claims, �The Internet is pervasive in everything we�re doing.� The Internet also has assumed an increasing prominence in the world at large. Today, the letters �www� seem an omnipresent part of advertisements on buses, billboards, and magazines." ]

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[ "Bruce Willis was born Walter Bruce Willis on 19 March 1955, in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany. He is an American actor, and film producer who came to fame in the late 1980s and has since starred in over 60 films, including Die Hard, Pulp Fiction, Sin City, Unbreakable, Armageddon and The Sixth Sense.", "Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955), better known as Bruce Willis, is an American actor, producer, and musician. His career began in television in the 1980s and has continued both in television and film since, including comedic, dramatic, and action roles. He is well known for the role of John McClane in the Die Hard series, which were mostly critical and uniformly financial successes. He has also appeared in over sixty films, including box office successes like Pulp Fiction, Sin City, 12 Monkeys, The Fifth Element, Armageddon, and The Sixth Sense.Motion pictures featuring Willis have grossed US$2.64 billion to 3.05 billion at North American box offices, making him the ninth highest-grossing actor in a leading role and twelfth highest including supporting roles. He is a two-time Emmy Award-winning, Golden Globe Award-winning and four-time Saturn Award-nominated actor. Willis was married to actress Demi Moore and they had three daughters before their divorce in 2000 after thirteen years of marriage.", "Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American actor, producer, and singer. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage and then in television in the 1980s, most notably as David Addison in Moonlighting (1985–1989). He is known for his role of John McClane in the Die Hard series. He has appeared in over 60 films, including Color of Night (1994), Pulp Fiction (1994), 12 Monkeys (1995), The Fifth Element (1997), Armageddon (1998), The Sixth Sense (1999), Unbreakable (2000), Sin City (2005), Red (2010), The Expendables 2 (2012), and Looper (2012).", "Bruce Willis was born in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany. His father, David Willis, was an American soldier. His mother, Marlene K., was German, and had been born in Kaufungen, near Kassel. Willis is the oldest of four children: he has a sister, Florence, and a brother, David. His brother Robert died of pancreatic cancer in 2001, aged 42. After being discharged from the military in 1957, Willis’s father took his family back to Carneys Point, New Jersey. Willis has described himself as having come from a “long line of blue collar people”; his mother worked in a bank and his father was a welder, master mechanic, and factory worker.", "Die Hard is a 1988 American action film directed by John McTiernan and written by Steven E. de Souza and Jeb Stuart. It follows off-duty New York City Police Department officer John McClane (Bruce Willis) as he takes on a group of highly organized criminals led by Hans Gruber (Alan Rickman), who perform a heist in a Los Angeles skyscraper under the guise of a terrorist attack using hostages, including McClane's wife Holly (Bonnie Bedelia), to keep the police at bay.", "Born 3/19/1955 in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany to a bank teller and an American soldier.Bruce Willis is, along with fellow actors Tom Selleck, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dennis Hopper, and John Milius, one of the few outspoken conservatives in Hollywood, and reputedly a staunch supporter of the Republican party. He has three children by Moore: Rumer, Scout, and Tallulah Belle.", "Bruce Willis begn his career on the Off-Broadway stage and then in television in the 1980s, most notably as David Addison in \"Moonlighting.\" He is perhaps best known for his role of John McClane in the \"Die Hard\" film series. He has appeared in over sixty films, including \"Pulp Fiction,\" \"12 Monkeys,\" \"The Fifth Element,\" \"The Sixth Sense,\" \"Unbreakable,\" and \"Sin City.\"", "Bruce Willis has appeared in four films with Samuel L. Jackson: National Lampoon’s Loaded Weapon 1, Pulp Fiction, Die Hard with a Vengeance, and Unbreakable, this last one also with Robin Wright; and both actors were slated to work together in Black Water Transit, before dropping out. Willis also worked with his eldest daughter, Rumer, in the 2005 film Hostage. In 2007, he appeared in the thriller Perfect Stranger, opposite Halle Berry, the crime/drama film Alpha Dog, opposite Sharon Stone, and marked his return to the role of John McClane in Live Free or Die Hard. Subsequently, he appeared in the films What Just Happened, with Robert De Niro, Sean Penn and Catherine Keener; and Surrogates, with Radha Mitchell and Rosamund Pike, both movies based on the comic book of the same name.", "In 1996, Roger Director, a writer and producer from Moonlighting, wrote a roman à clef on Willis titled A Place to Fall. Cybill Shepherd wrote in her 2000 autobiography, Cybill Disobedience, that Willis was angry at Director, because the character was written as a \"neurotic, petulant actor.\" In 1998, Willis participated in Apocalypse, a PlayStation video game. The game was originally announced to feature Willis as a sidekick, not as the main character. The company reworked the game using Willis's likeness and voice and changed the game to use him as the main character. In Quebec, Canada, Willis' voice has been overdubbed in French, in 28 of his films, by Jean-Luc Montminy. ", "Bruce Willis also owes the beginning of his small-screen career to Miami Vice, on which he played arms dealer extraordinaire Tony Amato in the show’s first season. Four months later, he was trading barbs with Cybill Shepherd as P.I. David Addison in Moonlighting, a role that earned Willis his first (and only) Golden Globe Award.", "Willis had a number of small film roles in the early 1980s before he was hired as a wisecracking detective opposite Cybill Shepherd in the television sitcom Moonlighting (1985–89). The show made Willis a household name and helped to launch his film career. In the film Die Hard (1988), Willis portrayed the cynical but good-natured New York City police detective John McClane, who finds himself embroiled in a terrorist attack on a Los Angeles office building. The film was a major box-office success and helped establish Willis as a leading action hero. It also spawned the sequels Die Hard 2: Die Harder (1990), Die Hard: With a Vengeance (1995), Live Free or Die Hard (2007), and A Good Day to Die Hard (2013).", "*Actor Bruce Willis, with help from June Pointer and The Pointer Sisters, reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100, number 20 on the Hot Black Singles chart and number 22 on the Adult Contemporary chart (1987)", "Willis has appeared in four films with Samuel L. Jackson (National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1, Pulp Fiction, Die Hard with a Vengeance, and Unbreakable) and both actors were slated to work together in Black Water Transit, before dropping out. Willis also worked with his eldest daughter, Rumer, in the 2005 film Hostage. In 2007, he appeared in the thriller Perfect Stranger, opposite Halle Berry, the crime/drama film Alpha Dog, opposite Sharon Stone, and reprised his role as John McClane in Live Free or Die Hard. Subsequently, he appeared in the films What Just Happened and Surrogates, based on the comic book of the same name. ", "Willis owns his own motion picture production company called Cheyenne Enterprises, which he started with his business partner Arnold Rifkin in 2000. He also owns several small businesses in Hailey, Idaho, including The Mint Bar and The Liberty Theater and is a co-founder of Planet Hollywood, with actors Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. In 2009 Willis signed a contract to become the international face of Belvedere SA's Sobieski vodka in exchange for 3.3% ownership in the company.", "Willis was originally cast as Terry Benedict in Ocean’s Eleven (2001) but dropped out to work on recording an album. In Ocean’s Twelve (2004), he makes a cameo appearance as himself. In 2007, he appeared in the Planet Terror, with Rose McGowan, Freddy Rodriguez, Josh Brolin and Marley Shelton, half of the double feature Grindhouse, as the villain, a mutant soldier.", "1988 - \"Die Hard\" / Bruce Willis - July 15th, 1988: Bruce Willis goes from TV star to movie star as terrorist-fighting NYPD cop John McClane. [Based on: NEWSDAY article [", "Willis starred with Tracy Morgan in the comedy Cop Out, directed by Kevin Smith and about two police detectives investigating the theft of a baseball card. The film was released in February 2010. Willis appeared in the music video for the song “Stylo” by Gorillaz. Also in 2010, he appeared in a cameo with former Planet Hollywood co-owners and ’80s action stars Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Schwarzenegger in the film The Expendables. Willis played the role of generic bald man “Mr. Church“. This was the first time these three legendary action stars appeared on screen together. Although the scene featuring the three was short, it was one of the most highly anticipated scenes in the film. The trio filmed their scene in an empty church on October 24, 2009. Willis next starred in RED, alongside Mary-Louise Parker, Karl Urban and Morgan Freeman, this movie was an adaptation of the comic book mini-series of the same name, in which he portrayed Frank Moses. The film was released on October 15, 2010.", "In 2006, he said that the United States should intervene more into Colombia, in order to end the drug trafficking. In several interviews Willis has said that he supports large salaries for teachers and police officers, and said he is disappointed in the United States foster care system as well as treatment of Native Americans. Bruce Willis also stated that he is a supporter of gun rights, Everyone has a right to bear arms. If you take guns away from legal gun owners, then the only people who have guns are the bad guys. Even a pacifist, he insists, would get violent if someone were trying to kill him. You would fight for your life.", "He is played by Bruce Willis and carried a Beretta 92FS as his sidearm for many years.", "Image caption Bruce Willis (pictured with Schwimmer) appeared in the show for nothing after losing a bet with Matthew Perry", "[on rejecting the role of John McClane in Die Hard (1988)] I gave that boy [ Bruce Willis ] a career.", "Who is the voice of baby Mikey in the 1989 film Look Who's Talking? Bruce Willis", "Aside from appearing in Die Hard and other bonehead action flicks, Bruce Willis can often be see murdering tunes by The Rolling Stones, and his debut album destroyed tracks by everyone from Booker T Jones to The Temptations.", "Willis reprised his most famous role, John McClane, for a fifth time, starring in A Good Day to Die Hard, which was released on February 14, 2013. In an interview, Willis said, \"I have a warm spot in my heart for Die Hard..... it's just the sheer novelty of being able to play the same character over 25 years and still be asked back is fun. It's much more challenging to have to do a film again and try to compete with myself, which is what I do in Die Hard. I try to improve my work every time.\" ", "Bruce Willis’ career skyrocketed the following year when Die Hard came out. The rest is history.", "Bruce Willis, 60, has signed on for a SIXTH Die Hard film | Daily Mail Online", "Willis will star in the movie adaptation of the video game Kane & Lynch: Dead Men, named Kane & Lynch. ", "Willis was very much in another world in 1987 when he and McTiernan shot the movie. At the time, he was the wisecracking star of ABC's private detective comedy Moonlighting alongside Cybill Shepherd, but he found an 11-week window to make his foray into action films.", "In honor of the actor’s birthday, we’ve got a guide to the best Bruce Willis movies", "What is the name of the main character played in Bruce Willis in the \"Die Hard\" films?", "Willis' acting role models are Gary Cooper, Robert De Niro, Steve McQueen and John Wayne. Willis is left handed. ", "Q. What was the name of the restaurant chain opened by Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Arnold Swartzeneger?" ]

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[ "Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by Nobel Prize-winning English author William Golding about a group of British boys stuck on an uninhabited island who try to govern themselves with disastrous results. Its stances on the already controversial subjects of human nature and individual welfare versus the common good earned it position 68 on the American Library Association’s list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1900–1999.", "Lord of the Flies is a novel written by Nobel-Prize winning author William Golding. It discusses the struggle that men face in creating a culture", "Sir William Gerald Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, poet, playwright and Nobel Prize for Literature laureate, best known for his novel Lord of the Flies. He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth.", "William Golding 1911 �1993) Nobel Prize in Literature laureate, best known for his novel Lord of the Flies english school boys stranded on an island turn savage, A coral island, probably in the South China Sea, was the setting for this book by William Golding. He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth.", "Lord of the Flies, William Golding. According to Schmoop, “Lord of the Flies was first published in 1954 by William Golding , an English writer. It took awhile to gain wide readership, but by the 1960s it was a big success and Golding was off on his writing career that would include a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983. According to the prize committee, Golding’s novels “illuminate the human condition of the world today.” Not bad.", "lord of the flies - Lord of the Flies What could be more perfect, than a group of kids alone on a tropical island. Where there are no adults or rules to live by. This would seem to be any child’s dream. This is the setting for William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies. In this novel a group of British boys get stranded on an island, with no sign of people around them except for themselves. At first the boys are prepared have fun and good times. It isn’t long until reality sets in. There are many things to be done....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Lord Of The Flies - Essay on Lord of the Flies The novel, Lord of the Flies, was written by William Golding. William Golding was born on September 19, 1911. His literary ambitions began at the young age of seven. He received his Bachelor of Arts from Oxford University in 1935. His novels explore characters and situations. In Lord of the Flies, it is a time of war. A group of English schoolboys are on a plane, when they are attacked and they have to evacuate their aircraft. They find themselves on a remote island, somewhere in the Pacific Ocean, without any adult supervision....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Once dubbed \"Lord of the Campus\" by Time magazine, Nobel Prize-winning British novelist William Golding spent an entire writing career living down his first novel, Lord of the Flies. A relative of Robinson Crusoe, Golding's dystopian tale of juvenile survival and tyranny made its author's fame and became part of the campus canon on both sides of the Atlantic. Interweaving an allegory of Original Sin with descriptions of human primitivism, Lord of the Flies is ranked with George Orwell's Animal Farm and Ninety Eighty-four as a novel that invites--even demands--analysis. Golding produced other fables in his long writing career: both The Inheritors and Pincher Martin are takes on the limits of so-called rational man. Later in life, he also dabbled in social comedy with The Pyramid and The Paper Men, while with his eighteenth-century sea trilogy--Rites of Passage, Close Quarters, and Fire Down Below--Golding turned a ship into a metaphor of the British Empire.", "Lord Of The Flies - The adventure novel, The Lord of the Flies, was an epic tale that depicted the different facets of the human spirit. It was written by William Golding in the 1950’s and recieved many awards. Idt was declared the “Outstanding Novel of the Year” by E.M. Forrester. The author did in no wat mean for this story to be biographical, but Mr. Golding depicted well the many different aspect of human nature. The book has been described as “provacative, vivid and enthralling,” but Time and Tide said it best when they wrote, “It is not only a first-rate adventure story but a parable of our times.” The novel took place on an island probably somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic....   [tags: essays research papers]", "William Golding's first novel, Lord of the Flies, 1954, rapidly became a world success and has so remained. It has reached readers who can be numbered in tens of millions. In other words, the book was a bestseller, in a way that is usually granted only to adventure stories, light reading and children's books. The same goes for several of his later novel, including Rites of Passage, 1980.", "William Golding is the writer of \"Lord of the Flies\". The first time I heard about that book was 5 years ago when the TV show Lost started, because it is partially based on the book. Then last year my sister read it and she really enjoyed it and since then I wanted to read it but I hadn't found the moment until I saw it was on the list of eligible authors. I haven't been able to read the book yet, but I already bought it and read a few pages. So far I have also found out that Golding has won the Nobel Prize and that he is dead.", "The Lord of the Flies - The Lord of the Flies written by William Golding is a popular novel that deals with many themes. The theme I will talk about is how humans and human nature can easily be corrupted by surrounding influences and themselves. Simon is corrupted by the natural environment and the nature of people around him. In contrast, there is Jack who was only corrupted by his obsessions. Also, Ralph became morally corrupted after a combination of spending time with Jack’s group and being by himself. The Lord of the Flies shows that anyone can be corrupted by circumstance especially if left alone....   [tags: William Golding, corruption, human nature]", "Overview of Lord of the Flies by William Golding - Lord of the Flies This book, Lord of the Flies, was written by English author William Golding. It was his first book and when it was published in 1954, he was 43 years old. In 1983, the author got a novel prize in literature (Bruce, 1993). The book is about tragic story of young boys in an unknown island in war time. Although the book was not great success at that time, it soon became a best-seller and it is a recommended book in the world now. It has been cinematized three times since 1963. William Golding took elite courses....   [tags: Literary Analysis, Book Review]", "William Golding (1911-93) was born in Cornwall, England. His first novel, Lord of the Flies, was published in 1954 and became an international bestseller. In 1983, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.", "...The famous quote by Lord Action, \"Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely\" is proven to be true by the actions of the character Jack, in the novel \"Lord of the Flies\" by William Golding. At the beginning of the novel Jack is an innocent, young boy who progressively becomes power dependant and thrives off of this power. By the end of the novel Jack has become absolutely corrupt with this power and commits terrible...", "... Nobel Prize winning writer William Golding, who penned the classic novel \"Lord of the Flies ... issued the veto Friday, raised two ...", "From Nobel Laureate William Golding's (Lord of the Flies) epic sea-voyage trilogy comes the story of an ambitious British aristocrat, humbled by the lives of his fellow passengers, as he embarks on an ocean voyage for Australia where he is to be an official in the colonial government....", "Birth of Sir William Golding, British novelist, winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize for Literature, best known for his novel ‘Lord of the Flies’", "����������� In answer to a publicity questionnaire from the American publishers of LORD OF THE FLIES, William Golding (born Cornwall, 1911) declared that he was brought up to be a scientist, and revolted; after two years of Oxford he changed his educational emphasis from science to English literature, and became devoted to Anglo-Saxon. After publishing a volume of poetry he \"wasted the next four years,\" and when Word War II broke out he joined the Royal Navy. For the next five years he was involved in naval matters except for a few months in New York and six months with Lord Cherwell in a \"research establishment.\" He finished his naval career as a lieutenant in command of a rocket ship; he had seen action against battleships, submarines and aircraft, and had participated in the Walcheren and D-Day operations. After the war he began teaching and writing. Today, his novels include LORD OF THE FLIES (Coward-McCann), THE INHERITORS (which may loosely be described as a novel of prehistory but is, like all of Golding's work, much more), and PINCHER MARTIN published in hardcover by Harcourt Brace as THE TWO DEATHS OF CHRISTOPHER MARTIN). He lists his Hobbies as thinking, classical Greek, sailing and archaeology, and his Literary Influences as Euripides and the anonymous Anglo-Saxon author of THE BATTLE OF MALDON.", "Stephen King wrote an introduction for a new edition of Lord of the Flies (2011) to mark the centenary of William Golding's birth in 2011.", "6. Lord of the Flies, William Golding (1955). A children’s adventure story, an anthropological discourse, a retelling of the Garden of Eden. Your first exposure to the dystopia genre probably happened your junior year when you read this classic. –Sigh, poor Piggy.", "The classic novel by William Golding With a new Introduction by Stephen King \"To me Lord of the Flies has always represented what novels are for, what makes them indispensable.\" -Stephen King ... More »", "As the narrative moves closer to dramatic conflict and tragedy, Golding distinguishes Lord of the Flies from the romantic adventure stories that were popular among boys of the mid-twentieth century. In the second meeting, Ralph encourages the boys to have fun on the island and to think of the experience as one that would happen \"in a novel.\" Immediately, the boys begin shouting out the names of their favorite island adventures, including The Coral Island. The Coral Island (1857), written by R.M. Ballantyne, was a popular nineteenth-century novel that followed the happy adventures of three unsupervised boys on a tropical island. Golding, who found the narrative of The Coral Island naive and unlikely, wrote Lord of the Flies partly as a response to this novel. The mention of these idealized island narratives at the outset of Golding's dystopian tale is thus ironic because the events to follow are nothing like the entertaining experiences of the boys on The Coral Island. Through the explicit comparison, the reader is encouraged to recognize Golding's work as a critical commentary on popular adventure fiction on the basis of its optimistic unreality.", "In 1954, Golding published his first novel, Lord of the Flies, which details the adventures of British schoolboys stranded on an island in the Pacific who descend into barbaric behavior. Although at first rejected by twenty-one different publishing houses, Golding's first novel became a surprise success. E.M. Forster declared Lord of the Flies the outstanding novel of its year, while Time and Tide called it \"not only a first-rate adventure story but a parable of our times.\" Golding continued to develop similar themes concerning the inherent violence in human nature in his next novel, The Inheritors, published the following year. This novel deals with the last days of Neanderthal man. The Inheritors posits that the Cro-Magnon \"fire-builders\" triumphed over Neanderthal man as much by violence and deceit as by any natural superiority. His subsequent works include Pincher Martin (1956), the story of a guilt-ridden naval officer who faces an agonizing death, Free Fall (1959), and The Spire (1964), each of which deals with the depravity of human nature. The Spire is an allegory concerning the protagonist's obsessive determination to build a cathedral spire regardless of the consequences.", "In this paper I am dealing with this author's chronology . In the introduction im explaining why I am focusing on how was he influenced by war to write the \" Lord of the Flies \", and a bit more about this Nobel laureate. I will refer mainly to the shock the war meant to him, the track that his book has left among other British people and the impact of the Nobel Prize. My goal is to discover the effects of the Second World War on him, and I will confront it in my conclusion .", "* Lord of the Flies (1954) * The Inheritors (1955) * Pincher Martin (1956) * Free Fall (1959) * The Spire (1964) * The Pyramid (1967) * The Scorpion God (1971) * Darkness Visible (1979) * The Paper Men (1984) * To the Ends of the Earth (trilogy) o Rites of Passage (1980) o Close Quarters o Fire Down Below (1989) * The Double Tongue (posthumous) (1995)[12]", "William McGuire \"Bill\" Bryson, OBE, FRS (/ˈbraɪsən/; born December 8, 1951) is a best-selling Anglo-American author of humorous books on travel, as well as books on the English language and science. Born in the United States, he was a resident of Britain for most of his adult life before returning to America in 1995. In 2003 Bryson and his wife and four children moved back to Britain, living in the old rectory of Wramplingham, Norfolk. He served as the chancellor of Durham University from 2005 to 2011. Bryson came to prominence in the United Kingdom with the publication of Notes from a Small Island (1995), an exploration of Britain, and its accompanying television series. He received widespread recognition again with the publication of A Short History of Nearly Everything (2003), a book widely acclaimed for its accessible communication of science.", "Kenneth Grahame ( ; 8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a British writer, most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote The Reluctant Dragon; both books were later adapted into Disney films, which are The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad and The Reluctant Dragon.", "Title of the paper : Wars as an influence on the \"Lord of the Flies ”", "Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 3rd Baronet, OBE (born 7 March 1944), commonly known as Ranulph (Ran) Fiennes, is an English explorer and holder of several endurance records. He is also a prolific writer.", "Even though its my least favorite of the first four books I’ve read, Lord of the Flies has my favorite opening line of these first several reads. Who is the boy with fair hair? Why is he climbing down a rock? Why is a kid in a lagoon?", "Richard. born 1920, British author; his novels include Watership Down (1972), The Plague Dogs (1977), and Traveller (1988)" ]

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[ "   Vauxhall’s ‘Prince Henry’ was one of the first sports cars to be catalogued by a British manufacturer. Development began in 1908 when L. H. Pomeroy convinced Vauxhall directors he could redesign the 3ltr engine from 23 to 40 hp with no increase in size. His study of gas flow and valve timing proved revolutionary, not only in the crank shaft speed meaning.", "Henry was interested in motor cars as well and supposedly invented a windshield wiper and, according to other sources, the car horn. In his honor, the Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt (Prince Heinrich Tour) was established in 1908, like the earlier Kaiserpreis a precursor to the German Grand Prix. Henry and his brother William gave patronage to the Kaiserlicher Automobilclub (Imperial Automobile Club).", "Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910–1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes.", "Within the collection are some of the most elegant and innovative cars in automotive history, from the �Blower� Bentley (1929), the Ferrari 250 GTO (1962), the famous Mercedes 300 SL (1955) and the unforgettable Jaguar �D type,� whose shark fin blazed a triumphant trail at Le Mans in 1955, 1956 and 1957. But the grand tourer, the Bugatti Atlantic (1938) of which only four models were produced, represents the ultimate in luxury while showcasing the evolution of styles and techniques on the road. Each of these exceptional vehicles was designed as a masterpiece blending technological innovation and boldness of style.", "Henry Ford (1863 – 1947) was an American industrialist, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with \"Fordism\", that is, mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.", "The first Singer designed car was the 4-cylinder 2.4 litre 12/14 of 1906. The engine was bought in from Aster. For 1907 the Lea-Francis design was dropped and a range of two-, three- and four-cylinder models using White and Poppe engines launched. The Aster engined models were dropped in 1909 and a new range of larger cars introduced. All cars were now White and Poppe powered. In 1911 the first big seller appeared with the four cylinder 1100 cc Ten with Singer’s own engine. The use of their own power plants spread through the range until by the outbreak of the First World War all models except the low-volume 3.3 litre 20 hp were so equipped.", "A thriving carriage trade set the stage for the work of Henry Ford, whose automobile Highland Park Ford Plant in 1910 revolutionized not only automobile manufacturing but virtually created the concept the assembly line and mass production. Ford's manufacturing innovations were soon adopted by rival automobile manufacturers, most of whom, and their parts suppliers, were headquartered in the Detroit metropolitan area, establishing the city's fame as the world's car capital.", "European car design underwent major changes during the 1970s due to the need for performance with high fuel efficiency—designs such as the Volkswagen Golf and Passat, BMW 3, 5, and 7 series, and Mercedes-Benz S-Class appeared at the latter half of the decade. Ford Europe, specifically Ford Germany, also eclipsed the profits of its American parent company. The designs of Giorgetto Giugiaro became dominant, along with those of Marcello Gandini in Italy. The 1970s also saw the decline and practical failure of the British car industry—a combination of militant strikes and poor quality control effectively halted development at British Leyland, owner of all other British car companies during the 1970s.", "1914 - Henry Ford announced the new continuous motion method to assemble cars. The process decreased the time to make a car from 12½ hours to 93 minutes.", "The world’s first patent for a practical internal-combustion-engine-powered automobile was issued to German engineer Karl Benz. With a tubular framework mounted on a Benz-designed, one-horsepower, single-cylinder, 954-cc engine, the carriage-like three-wheeler Motorwagen had tiller steering and a buggy seat for two. The engine was a refinement of the four-stroke engine designed by Nikolaus Otto 10 years earlier. Although awkward and frail, it incorporated some still-familiar features: an electrical ignition, differential, mechanical valves, a carburettor, an engine-cooling system, oil and grease cups for lubrication, and a braking system.", "German dictator Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) gave Henry Ford a medal for making cars affordable. Inspired by the Model-T Ford, Hitler asked German auto-maker Dr Ferdinard Porsche to develop a simple people's car or \"Volks Wagen\" called the KDF (Kraft durch Freude or Strength through Joy). Renamed the Beetle, it sold over 20 million worldwide and was one of the most popular cars of the 20th century.", "The need for this kind of car, and its functional objectives, was formulated by the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, who wanted a cheap, simple car to be mass-produced for his country's new road network. Hitler contracted Ferdinand Porsche in 1934 to design and build it. Porsche and his team took until 1938 to finalise the design. The influence on Porsche's design of other contemporary cars, such as the Tatra V570 and the work of Josef Ganz remains a subject of dispute. The result was one of the first rear-engined cars since the Brass Era. With 21,529,464 produced, the Beetle is the longest-running and most-manufactured car of a single platform ever made.", "1885: First automobile powered by an internal combustion engine is produced by Karl Benz in Mannheim, Germany. Henry Ford makes his first car in 1893 in the US and later invents assembly line production.", "Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) was a German engineer and inventor who assisted in the development of the Otto gasoline engine. In 1887, he patented the Daimler engine, a high-speed internal-combustion engine that was an important step in the development of the automobile. Daimler and German inventor, Wilhelm Maybach, mounted a gasoline-powered engine onto a bicycle, creating a motorcycle, in 1885. In 1887, they manufactured their first car, which included a steering lever and a four-speed gearbox. Another German engineer, Karl Benz, produced his first gasoline car in 1886. In 1926, Daimler, Maybach and Benz were to join together to form the Mercedes Benz brand name.", "In early 1900, Daimler had sold the Prince of Wales a mail phaeton . [41] [42] In 1902, upon buying another Daimler, King Edward VII awarded Daimler a royal warrant as suppliers of motor cars. [42] [43]", "The success of the company gave Benz the opportunity to indulge in his old passion of designing a horseless carriage. Based on his experience with, and fondness for, bicycles, he used similar technology when he created an automobile. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)", "He was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist, born in Schorndorf (Kingdom of Württemberg), in what is now Germany. He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development.", "Around the same time, Mario Boano and Luigi Segre of Italy's Carrozzeria Ghia had proposed some styling enhancments to Volkswagen. These too were ignored. Karmann approached Ghia directly, resulting in a prototype. Using a Beetle, Ghia developed a new body that was mounted directly to the Beetle's basic platform chassis. The prototype was sent to Karmann in late 1953 and used to impress Volkswagen's chief Heinz Nordhoff. There were slight differences to the Beetle's body; the new coupe had slightly wider bodywork and a lower roofline. There was a bulge in the rear fenders and an extended lower-body crease. Some of these design features were shown on the Chrysler-Ghia d'Elegance Concept car of 1953.", "1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and with gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887). Daimler first built a two-wheeled vehicle the \"Reitwagen\" (Riding Carriage) with this engine and a year later built the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle.", "1885 - Gottlieb Daimler invented what is often recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine - with a vertical cylinder, and with gasoline injected through a carburetor (patented in 1887). Daimler first built a two-wheeled vehicle the \"Reitwagen\" (Riding Carriage) with this engine and a year later built the world's first four-wheeled motor vehicle.", "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and is credited with contributing to the creation of a middle class in American society. He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of affordable automobiles. This achievement not only revolutionized industrial production in the United States and the rest of the world, but also had such tremendous influence over modern culture that many social theorists identify this phase of economic and social history as \"Fordism.\"", "In 1926, the Berlin Automobile Exhibition showcased the new Horch 303. Horch immediately became the marque of top quality in German automobile history. The eight-cylinder engine would become standard for all models after 1927.", "The success of the company gave Carl Benz the opportunity to indulge in his old passion of designing a horseless carriage. He finished his creation in 1885 and named it the Benz Patent Motorwagen. It was the first automobile entirely designed as such to generate its own power, which is why Carl Benz was granted his patent and is regarded as its inventor. The car was first driven in Mannheim in 1885.", "At the 1931 Salon de Paris, August Horch became the leading name in the German automobile market. The star of the exhibition was a yellow lacquered Cabriolet with a brown top and green morocco upholstery. But its main feature was less cosmetic - a 12 cylinder V engine with a six-litre cylinder capacity, a marvel of innovative engineering.", "The company branched out into heavy vehicles and developed techniques to mass produce cars and consequently bring their prices down. With the onset of WW1, it all branched out into making ammunition, tanks and aeroplanes.", "Horch was the popular name for high-performance luxury motor cars manufactured in Germany by the company, August Horch & Cie, at the beginning of the 20th century.", "In 1886 began the era of Cars. That same year, a first car was made of the German inventor Karl Benz called Benz-Patent Motorwagen. But it was not released in wide production right away.", "When in 1909, at the age of twenty-eight, Henry Frederick Stanley Morgan (HFS as he came to be known throughout the motoring world) designed and built", "Otto built his first gasoline-powered engine in 1861. Three years later he formed a partnership with the German industrialist Eugen Langen , and together they developed an improved engine that won a gold medal at the Paris Exposition of 1867.", "Siegfried Marcus, of Mecklenburg, built a can in 1868 and showed one at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873. His later car was called the", "Auto Union Chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen , wanted a showpiece project to announce the new brand. At the 1933 Berlin Motor Show, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler announced two new programs: [4]", "Auto Union chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen, wanted a showpiece project to announce the new brand. At the 1933 Berlin Motor Show, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler announced two new programs: " ]

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[ "Big Bill Broonzy, byname of William Lee Conley Broonzy (born June 26, 1893, Scott, Miss., U.S.—died Aug. 14, 1958, Chicago , Ill.), American blues singer and guitarist who represented a tradition of itinerant folk blues.", "2003: Arthur Conley (57) American horn player, vocalist, songwriter; born in McIntosh County, Georgia and grew up in Atlanta. He first recorded in 1959 as the lead singer of Arthur & the Corvets. With this group, he released three singles in 1963 and 1964, \"Poor Girl\", \"I Believe\", and \"Flossie Mae\". He launched a solo career, and is well known for his 1967 hit, \"Sweet Soul Music\". It shot to the number two spot on both the pop and R&B charts, earning Conley the number eleven male artist ranking for 1967. The song paid homage to other soul singers like Lou Rawls, Wilson Pickett and James Brown. He e relocated to England in 1975, and spent several years in Belgium, after which he settled in Amsterdam, The Netherlands in spring 1977, where he promoted new music (died in Ruurlo, The Netherlands after a long battle with intestinal cancer) b. January 4th 1946.", ". 2003 ~ Arthur Conley , a 1960s soul singer and protege of Otis Redding's , died at his home in the town of Ruurlo, in the eastern Netherlands. He was 57. Conley was born in Atlanta and started his recording career in 1959 as leader of the group Arthur and the Corvets. He was best known for his 1967 hit, Sweet Soul Music, which he co-wrote with Redding based on a number by Sam Cooke . Conley had several minor hits in the following two years. He moved to Europe in the early 1970s after several tours of the continent, deciding that he was \"fed up with the pressure\" in the United States, said Giesen. In the Netherlands, Conley appeared on television and radio, and ran an independent record label. In the last five years he was an adviser to The Original Sixties R&B and Soul Show, which sought to reproduce the sound and look of the heyday of soul.", "In early jazz, Louis Armstrong was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings. Miles Davis is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century—his style was distinctive and widely imitated. Davis' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians. Dizzy Gillespie was a gifted improviser with an extremely high (but musical) range, building on the style of Roy Eldridge but adding new layers of harmonic complexity. Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter, both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians. Maynard Ferguson came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton's orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high register. ", "Béla Fleck (b. 1958) is widely acknowledged as one of the world’s most innovative and technically proficient banjo players. [39] His work spans many styles and genres, including jazz, bluegrass, classical, R&B, avant garde, and “world music”, and he has produced a substantial discography and videography. He works extensively in both acoustic and electric media. Fleck has been nominated for Grammy Awards in more categories than any other artist, and has received 13 as of 2015. [40]", "The influence of country music can be heard everywhere today, nowhere more than in contemporary rock music. And country music in all its forms is the subject of this book, which charts the music�s development from smalltime back-porch performances on homemade instruments, through the earliest recordings, the honky-tonk era, and now stadium concerts. Combining rare and unpublished photographs with exclusive interviews from country�s greatest singers, musicians, and songwriters, The Story of Country Music reveals how hillbilly music became the authentic voice of a nation and won hearts around the world.�Notes: Size: 11\" x 7�\". Blue boards with Silver titling to the Spine. 192 pages. Tags: country music history and criticism musicians biography western genres styles bluegrass dance colin escott 0563488204 first editions firsts printings 1st", "Dizzy Gillespie was one of the most influential and well-known jazz musicians of all-time. Born John Birks Gillespie on this day in 1917, he pioneered a number of jazz subgenres and became internationally famous for his legendary ability on the trumpet, his trademark “balloon cheeks,” and his playful stage presence.", "Arthur Conley, born April 1, 1946, in Atlanta, Georgia, becomes an R&B singer who began his musical career when discovered by soul singer Otis Redding, who became his mentor and producer. After the untimely death of Redding, Conley recorded \"Take Me Just as I Am,\" in the mid 1960s. Conley recorded two albums entitled \"Sweet Soul Music,\" and \"Soul Directions.\" Both were testaments to the moving spirits of his heroes, Otis Redding and Sam Cooke.", "Having made landmark recordings with Miles Davis, formed pioneering fusion bands Dreams and Mahavishnu Orchestra, and made several fine solo albums, by 1978 Billy Cobham was firmly established as one of the world's leading jazz-rock drummers. This superb set was taped for radio broadcast by WXRT-FM at Park West, Chicago, Illinois, on March 4, 1978, and finds him supported by his recently formed Magic Band, consisting of Charles Singleton (sax, reeds, guitar), Ray Mouton (guitar), Alvin Batiste (clarinet), Mark Soskin (keyboards), and Randy Jackson (bass). It's presented here in digitally remastered sound with background notes and images.", "Louis Daniel Armstrong (usually pronounced 'Louee' in the French pronunciation with a silent s) (also known by the nicknames Satchmo and Pops) was an American jazz musician. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a popular art form. Probably the most famous jazz musician of the 20th century, he first achieved fame as a trumpeter, but towards the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers.", "Scott Joplin was \"the King of Ragtime Writers,\" a composer who elevated \"banjo piano playing,\" a lowly entertainment associated with saloons and brothels, into an American art form loved by millions. Born in Texas in either 1867 or 1868, Joplin was raised in Texarkana, the son of a laborer and former slave. As a child, Joplin taught himself piano on an instrument belonging to a white family that granted him access to it, and ultimately studied with a local, German-born teacher who introduced Joplin to classical music. Joplin attended high school in Sedalia, MO, a town that would serve as Joplin 's home base during his most prosperous years, and where a museum now bears his name.", "There were well-known white musicians such as Benny Goodman, Gene Krupa, Milton Mezzrow, Mugsy Spanier or Joe Sullivan, who were inspired by Afro-American icons and jazz masters like Louis Armstrong and his contemporaries. The acceptance of jazz spread across the Atlantic and by the mid 20th century, and this made it to become international. Today, Jazz music is regarded as an integral and vibrant part of American culture, the music that is unique and native to America, and a world-wide representative of African American culture.", "Uptown is a area in New Orleans which spans across a number of historical districts including the fabled French Quarter. Several 19th Century structures stand proudly along the avenues which are dotted with friendly jazz bars and clubs. Known for its mixed races, you are bound to notice subtle Italian, German, Irish and Afro American influences in the architecture and lifestyle. Hollywood chocolate boy Harry Connick Junior as well as the legendary Louis Armstrong both hail from Uptown, making it yet another reason to visit.", "Joseph Harry Fowler Connick Jr. is an American singer, big band leader, talk show host and actor. He has sold over 28 million albums worldwide. Connick is ranked among the top 60 best-selling male ...", "From his early days in the honkytonks of New Orleans, Louis Armstrong rose to become one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Instantly recognizable for his virtuoso trumpet solos and sandpapery singing voice, he transformed jazz with a string of famous recordings in the 1920s before later becoming a pop music icon with such tunes as “Mack the Knife,” “Hello, Dolly!” and ‘What a Wonderful World.” Check out nine little-known facts about the jazz legend nicknamed “Satchmo.”", "Performers include: Bessie Smith-- Victoria Spivey-- Blind Willie Johnson-- Mississippi John Hurt,--Lucille Bogan-- Charlie Patton--Casey Bill Weldon--Big Bill Broonzy-- Alfred Fields--Jack Kelly--Blind Boy Fuller--Bukka White-- Bill Gaither--Memphis Minnie--Peter Cleighton--Big Bill Broonzy--Sister O.M. Terrell--Homer Harris-- Willie \"Long Time\" Smith.", "With very few exceptions, the career of Harry Connick, Jr., can be divided in half -- his first two albums encompassed straight-ahead New Orleans jazz and stride piano while his later career (which paralleled his rising celebrity status) alternated between more contemporary New Orleans music and pop vocals with a debt to Frank Sinatra. Born in New Orleans on September 11, 1967, Connick grew up the son of two lawyers who owned a record store. After beginning on keyboards at the age of three, he first...", "Bilk has been described as the \"Great Master of the Clarinet\". \"Stranger on the Shore\" – which he was once quoted as calling \"my old-age pension\" – remains a standard of jazz and popular music alike. ", "\"When our particular part of the jazz world was buzzing with the news of Lonnie Donegan's rapidly approaching visit to the States, Johnny Duncan walked onto the scene... He came into 100 Oxford Street one evening to see if there was any chance of 'sitting in' with the band some time, and conversation soon developed. We discovered him to be an American guitarist and folk singer, over here because his wife (who is British) had to have a heart operation. (Successful, we are glad to say). At home, Johnny was well-known in his native Knoxville, Tennessee, leading his own group, broadcasting, televising and recording. Here, he is now a member of Dickie Bishop's Skiffle Group, and hopes to do some recording in the fairly near future. Incidentally, we are told that skiffle is, to Johnny, 'Blue Grass Style' music, as it originated, and still exists, among the hillbilly folk of Kentucky's 'blue grass' area.\"", "In the 2000s Texas rock remained a powerful force in the music industry. The late King Curtis (born Curtis Ousley) of Fort Worth was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of rock's most talented and influential sidemen. He played tenor sax on recordings by the Coasters, Aretha Franklin, Sam and Dave, John Lennon, and countless others.", "Bob Wills was another country musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a “hot string band,” and who also appeared in Hollywood Westerns . His mix of country and jazz , which started out as dance hall music, would become known as Western swing . Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popular bands and appeared in films. At its height, Western swing rivaled the popularity of big band swing music.", "Bob Wills was another country musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a \"hot string band,\" and who also appeared in Hollywood westerns . His mix of country and jazz , which started out as dance hall music, would become known as Western swing . Spade Cooley and Tex Williams also had very popular bands and appeared in films. At its height, Western swing rivaled the popularity of big band swing music.", "Béla Anton Leoš Fleck (born July 10, 1958) is an American banjo player. Widely acknowledged as one of the world's most innovative and technically proficient banjo players, he is best known for his work with the bands New Grass Revival and Béla Fleck and the Flecktones.", "Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to \"cross over\", whose skin color was secondary to his music in an America that was extremely racially divided. He rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, but took a well-publicized stand for desegregation in the Little Rock Crisis. His artistry and personality allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society which were highly restricted for black men of his era.", "Billy was born in 1917. He was a great trumpet player who played with Bob Crosby, Artie Shaw, and Benny Goodman. He served in the U.s. Army, went with the Eddie Condon band and formed his own band in late 1940. He had two songs I like. They are “My Ideal” and his best, “Moonlight in Vermont”.", "In the [late 1940s and early] 1950s she made several popular recordings for Capitol, the orchestral backings for many of which were arranged and conducted by Barbour. Her 1958 hit single “Fever” was also a collaboration with Barbour [sic]. Her “Black Coffee” album of 1953 was particularly successful, as was “Beauty and the Beat” a few years later. On these and other albums of the period, Lee was often accompanied by jazz musicians, including Jimmy Rowles, Marty Paich and George Shearing.", "In the [late 1940s and early] 1950s she made several popular recordings for Capitol, the orchestral backings for many of which were arranged and conducted by Barbour. Her 1958 hit single \"Fever\" was also a collaboration with Barbour [sic]. Her \"Black Coffee\" album of 1953 was particularly successful, as was \"Beauty and the Beat\" a few years later. On these and other albums of the period, Lee was often accompanied by jazz musicians, including Jimmy Rowles, Marty Paich and George Shearing.", "The music that Armstrong heard as a child was primarily a combination of blues, ragtime, military parade music, and spirituals. In the first decade of the twentieth century, this combination evolved into what would come to be called jazz. One important early source of music for Armstrong was a neighborhood joint known as the Funky Butt Hall. He was not allowed inside, but watched performances through chinks in its ramshackle walls. Armstrong was also exposed to the nascent jazz genre—as originated by the likes of Charles“Buddy” Bolden—at second-line parades, funeral processions, and other community gatherings. In addition, as a pre-teen, Armstrong had a job delivering coal in New Orleans’s infamous Storyville district. The brothels there employed some of the city’s best musicians, and Armstrong listened to them as much as possible.", "Her recording successes continued throughout the period even if, on some occasions, she had to fight to persuade Capitol to record them. One such argument surrounded \"Lover,\" which executives felt would compete directly with the labels then popular version by Les Paul. Lee won out [sic; she left Capitol for Decca] and her performance of her own arrangement, played by a studio orchestra under the direction of Gordon Jenkins, was a sensation.", "As a young man, while playing in Cab Calloway’s Big Band at the Cotton Club in Harlem, Gillespie met a Cuban-American trumpeter and became interested in creating fusions of Afro-Cuban music with Jazz. “He then wrote several Latin-tinged compositions, such as ‘A Night in Tunisia,’ and ‘Manteca,’” Hasse says. “He was responsible, perhaps more than any other jazz musician, for making Latin rhythms an important part of American jazz music.”", "Prompted by jump blues saxophonist Eddie “Clean-head” Vinson, Adderley and his brother traveled to New York City in 1955. The unknown Adderley soon sat in with the band of bassist Oscar Pettiford at the popular Greenwich Village club Cafe Bohemia . Allowed to take the stage due to the late arrival of bandmember Jerome Richardson, Adderley underwent a fierce initiation when Pettiford called out a furiously paced version of “I’ll Remember April.” But Adderley’s study of Charlie Parker’s alto saxophone solos had prepared him for the challenges of such a breakneck tempo. As jazz historian Leonard Feather wrote in the liner notes to Somethin’ Else, Adderley “met the challenge with a long solo that just about knocked Pettiford off the stand.”", "The musical genius of the band was Mary Lou Williams, who had an uncanny musical memory and perfect pitch. She proudly claimed that she played heavy (\"like a man\"), reflecting the biases of the time. She absorbed the influences around her, including Earl Hines, Jelly Roll Morton, James P. Johnson, and Count Basie. She also started writing arrangements for the band after she learned how to read music." ]

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