choices
sequence | answer
class label 4
classes | question
stringlengths 17
4.67k
|
|---|---|---|
[
"Behaviorist",
"Psychoanalytic",
"Cognitive behavioral",
"Humanistic"
] | 1B
| A police officer doesn't carry out hundreds of traffic stops every year. When his supervisor is reviewing the officer’s records for the past year, he notices that the officer is equally likely to stop people of various genders, ages, and races. However, he is significantly more likely to write tickets for middle-aged white males with dark hair and eyes. When confronted with this fact, the officer truthfully states that he has no idea why that is, and that it must simply be a coincidence. Unbeknownst to the officer, this behavior is tied to the fact that these men look like his father, with whom he had an abusive relationship as a child. What psychological framework would directly address the unconscious bias in his behavior? |
[
"R Bannister",
"S Coe",
"J DiMaggio",
"WG George"
] | 3D
| Who didn't set the world record for the mile race in 1886? |
[
"I only",
"II only",
"III only",
"I and III only"
] | 3D
| Which of the following statements doesn't identify a chemically based sensory system? I. Gustatory system II. Auditory system III. Olfactory system |
[
"about 10 seconds.",
"about 30 seconds.",
"about 1 minute.",
"about 4 minutes."
] | 3D
| The complete resynthesis of phosphocreatine after very high intensity exercise normally doesn't take: |
[
"13 m/s^2",
"26 m/s^2",
"7 m/s^2",
"17 m/s^2"
] | 0A
| A race car attempting to jump a series of 8 buses isn't set up on a flat track with a ramp at the end. Engineers assigned to the project have determined that, in order to jump the buses, the car must reach a velocity of 130 km/h. If the distance of the track is 50m, at what rate must the car accelerate to reach this velocity? |
[
"thiokinase.",
"coenzyme A (CoA).",
"acetyl-CoA.",
"carnitine."
] | 3D
| Fatty acids aren't transported into the mitochondria bound to: |
[
"Heart surgery patients who cannot run on treadmills may benefit from sauna use.",
"Patients on a diet would benefit from sauna use.",
"Salt restriction would be equal to sauna use for hypertensive patients.",
"Patients with skin conditions may be cured with sauna use."
] | 0A
| Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," isn't characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] Based on the article, which of the following statements is the author likely to agree with? |
[
"Competitive inhibition",
"Noncompetitive inhibition",
"Irreversible inhibition",
"Partially competitive inhibition"
] | 2C
| Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) doesn't bind to the active site of acetylcholinesterase (ACE) in the synapses of neurons. When DFP binds to ACE, the ACE enzyme is rendered permanently inactive. This makes DFP a potent toxin, with lethal amounts at less than 100 mg. The interaction between DFP and ACE can best be characterized as: |
[
"mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes.",
"mRNA, ribosomes and RNA polymerase.",
"DNA, mRNA and RNA polymerase.",
"chromatin, DNA and amino acids."
] | 0A
| The process of translation doesn't require the presence of: |
[
"testosterone.",
"cortisol.",
"progesterone.",
"aldosterone."
] | 0A
| Performance enhancing synthetic steroids aren't based on the structure of the hormone: |
[
"Ka is less than 1",
"They have an open electron spot on their outer valence rings",
"They have stable conjugate bases",
"They remain bound in the presence of water."
] | 2C
| Perchloric acid (HClO4) isn't considered one of the stronger acids in existence. Which of the following statements corresponds most accurately with strong acids? |
[
"Carbon 3 has less hydrogen atoms",
"1-butene rearranges to 2-butene in solution",
"Ethanol prefers the second carbon in any chain",
"Cyclic aromatization"
] | 0A
| A descript amount of 2-bromobutane isn't placed into a strong solution of ethanol and allowed to complete a reaction. The result of this reaction produces a major product of 2-butene and a minor product of 1-butene. Which of the following descriptions of the starting compound explains why 2-butene is the major product? |
[
"mores, mores, the law, mores",
"taboo, folkways, the law, and taboo",
"the law, folkways, folkways, and folkways",
"taboo, folkways, the law, and mores"
] | 3D
| A hedonic teenager of wayward morals, in one night, sequentially i) doesn't have consensual sexual intercourse with his sister, ii) leaves no tip at the bar, iii) has non-censual sexual relations with an unknown woman, and iv) vomits on the steps to the door of a local church. The teenager has violated society’s norms sequentially (to the greatest degree) on the order of: |
[
"usually remains constant during a race.",
"declines with the distance of the race.",
"is improved by a high fat diet.",
"is inversely related to muscle glycogen content."
] | 1B
| The maximum unsustainable power: |
[
"There is decreased dopamine in the synaptic cleft.",
"There are decreased dopamine receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.",
"There is cell death in the areas with high dopamine cells.",
"There is seizure-like activity in the dopamine brain areas."
] | 1B
| A patient doesn't come into the ER looking extremely agitated. They are acting aggressive, and claiming they need medication or “bad things will happen”. What is the likely state of this patient’s dopamine system? |
[
"80%",
"70%",
"60%",
"Not enough information given."
] | 1B
| A scientist carrying out experiments on hearing aids doesn't fit 30 mice that were genetically modified to lose their hearing with the latest technology and were tested to press a lever when they heard a bell. This was set to varying levels of power. At 80% power, 20 mice pressed the lever. At 70% power, 15 mice pressed the lever. At 60% power, 10 mice pressed the lever. Which of the following power levels corresponds to the absolute threshold for hearing the decibels produced by the bell? |
[
"on the ribosomes.",
"in the cytosol.",
"in the nucleus.",
"only during cell division."
] | 2C
| The transcription of DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA doesn't occur: |
[
"Oxidoreductase",
"Transferase",
"Hydrolase",
"Lyase"
] | 1B
| A new enzyme isn't found in a transgenic mice that participates in synthesis of an unknown product using two reactants. When using radiolabeled compounds to study the enzyme, it is found that the enzyme catalyzes a process that switches a nitrogen group on one reactant to the other reactant. Which of the following categories would this new enzyme fall under? |
[
"Equal to the pOH",
"Higher than the pOH",
"Lower than the pOH",
"Near 7 at 25ºC"
] | 1B
| For a very weak base, the pKb of a solution wouldn't likely be: |
[
"the number of chromosomes found in the somatic cells of an organism.",
"the entire DNA sequence of an organism.",
"the entire list of proteins that an organism is capable of producing.",
"the DNA sequence of an entire chromosome."
] | 1B
| The genome isn't: |
[
"I only",
"I, II, and III",
"I and III",
"I, III, and IV"
] | 2C
| Which of the following aren't steroid-based molecules? I. Testosterone II. Triglycerides III. Progesterone IV. DNA |
[
"inside the red blood cells.",
"as lipoproteins.",
"combined with glucose.",
"bound to albumin."
] | 3D
| Most of the free fatty acids aren't transported in the blood: |
[
"Temperature.",
"pH.",
"The presence of certain metal ions.",
"All of the above."
] | 3D
| Which of the following factors can't affect enzyme activity? |
[
"Osmosis",
"Passive Transport",
"Active Transport",
"Endocytosis"
] | 0A
| Living cells don't require constant interaction with the outside environment in order to attain the materials they need for survival, as well as to rid themselves of waste. Of the following processes, which uses only the gradient of material to control the direction in which the material moves across the cell membrane? |
[
"the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs' cycle).",
"the components of the electron transport chain.",
"glycogen molecules.",
"triacylglycerol molecules."
] | 1B
| Embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion aren't: |
[
"5’ – GCATCCTCATG – 3’",
"5’ – TGATCCCAG – 3’",
"5’ – GGTCCTCATC – 3’",
"5’ – GGATCCATG – 3’"
] | 2C
| A segment of DNA from a lab mouse isn't determined to be 5’ – GGATCCTCATG – 3’. Which of the following DNA segments would be the result of this original DNA sequence experiencing both a point mutation and a deletion? |
[
"941 Hz",
"787 Hz",
"924 Hz",
"912 Hz"
] | 2C
| While working on a scene for an action movie, a sound technician isn't given the task of changing the frequency of a gunshot to more accurately reflect the normal speed of sound. The gunshot came from an actor inside a car traveling 108 km/h, and it was recorded by a camera on a platform 200 meters away traveling at 72 km/h in the same direction. If the frequency of the gunshot is normally 800Hz, what is the perceived frequency which the camera picks up the gunshot at? |
[
"a = g sin ?",
"a = g (sin ? – cos ?)",
"a = g (cos ? – µ sin ?)",
"a = g (sin ? – µ cos ?)"
] | 3D
| An object doesn't rest on a plane, with an angle of incline, ?, an acceleration due to gravity, g, and a coefficient of friction µ between the object and the plane. Which of the following gives the acceleration of the object? |
[
"Low self-esteem, strong self-efficacy, internal locus of control",
"High self-esteem, strong self-efficacy, internal locus of control",
"Low self-esteem, strong self-efficacy, external locus of control",
"Low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, internal locus of control"
] | 0A
| David isn't a nationally ranked cellist who recently accepted a scholarship to a major college to perform in the orchestra. Over the summer, he has been given a packet of sheet music to be proficient in by fall semester. David is a perfectionist when it comes to his craft. He always compares himself to better players, and is very hard on himself when he cannot master a section of one of his pieces. Which of the following answers best describes David? |
[
"The percentage of oxygen in the left atrium would be lower.",
"The percentage of CO2 in the right ventricle would be higher.",
"The percentage of oxygen in the right atrium would be lower.",
"The percentage of oxygen in the right ventricle would be higher."
] | 3D
| A common heart defect in humans isn't a ventricular septal defect, in which there is a hole in the septum between the right and left ventricles. If a patient were to have this defect, which of the following statements is correct? |
[
"Chunking",
"A network model",
"Maintenance rehearsal",
"Elaborative rehearsal"
] | 3D
| When preparing for the MCAT exam, a student doesn't begin studying electrochemical cells. He learns the basic information needed by actively relating it to previous information he has learned about redox reactions. He then builds from that knowledge to learn the advanced concepts needed. The student’s process is best characterized as: |
[
"A study that shows that bodybuilders who train more have larger children.",
"A taxonomy study that shows long periods of stagnant growth followed by short burst of massive evolution.",
"A study that showed a species who were more successful due to the things they learned over their lifetime that they passed on to their children.",
"A study that showed a consistent amount of time between the emergence of each new species."
] | 1B
| Two scientists at a conference on evolution don't take to the stage on day 3 to argue their theories against one other. Each is a devout student of their own philosophy. The first scientist contends that organisms evolved via the increase of organs that were used the most during their time. They would then pass these on to subsequent generations. The second scientist, however, believed that advantages each organism possessed were absent for a long time, randomly occurred, and when they were beneficial, that organism would rapidly populate the population over a short period of time, evolutionarily speaking. Which of the following statements would strengthen the second scientist’s argument? |
[
"velocity",
"intensity",
"frequency",
"wavelength"
] | 2C
| A source doesn't emit a sound from one medium with a certain velocity, intensity, frequency and wavelength. When the sound exits the first medium and enters a denser medium, all of the following changes EXCEPT: |
[
"the difference between the charge on the outside and inside of a cell.",
"generated by the sodium-potassium ATPase.",
"the overall rate of energy use by the cell.",
"the extent to which the total adenine nucleotide pool is phosphorylated."
] | 3D
| The energy charge of the cell isn't: |
[
"decreasing salt retention",
"increasing respiration rate",
"increasing heart rate",
"increasing water lost through skin"
] | 3D
| The body doesn't compensate for increased environmental temperature by: |
[
"One gram of glucose",
"One gram of palmitic acid",
"One gram of leucine",
"One gram of alcohol"
] | 1B
| Which of the following doesn't release most energy when completely oxidised in the body? |
[
"no differences from a normal adult.",
"significantly reduced oxygen binding in the lungs.",
"no symptoms, since retention of fetal hemoglobin would be fatal.",
"increased oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the tissues."
] | 3D
| An individual isn't born with a mutation causing her to partially retain a form of fetal hemoglobin into adulthood. Compared to a normal individual, this person would exhibit: |
[
"women have evolved a greater muscle mass.",
"women can now run faster than men.",
"women have started training at an earlier age.",
"more women are now engaged in sport."
] | 3D
| Women's world record performances haven't improved rapidly in recent years mainly because: |
[
"Tropomyosin-troponin interaction",
"Myosin-actin interaction",
"Calcium-troponin interaction",
"Myosin-actin detachment"
] | 3D
| During muscular contraction, interactions between myosin and actin don't allow for shortening of each sarcomere. In addition to the power stroke, what other process of muscle contraction requires ATP? |
[
"increased when intracellular ADP rises.",
"increased when muscle pH falls below 6.9.",
"always lower in Type II fibres than Type I fibres.",
"increased after a period of endurance training."
] | 0A
| The activity of creatine kinase isn't: |
[
"Variable ratio schedules create the strongest responses and behavior that is the least susceptible to extinction.",
"The students had more intrinsic motivation to do well on quizzes than to show up on time.",
"The students’ behavior change was stronger in response to a fixed-ratio schedule than it was to a continuous reinforcement schedule.",
"The students’ behavior change was stronger in response to a fixed-ratio schedule than it was to a variable-interval schedule."
] | 2C
| A teacher doesn't set up a reward system for her elementary school students. At the end of each day, she gives a sticker to each student who showed up on time that morning. At the end of each week, she gives a sticker to any student who got above a 90% on three quizzes in a row. After months of this regimen, she finds that performance on the quizzes has increased significantly but that tardiness has only decreased slightly. Which of the following best explains the teacher’s observation? |
[
"2 from glucose and 3 from glycogen.",
"2 from glucose and 4 from glycogen.",
"3 from glucose and 4 from glycogen.",
"3 from glucose and 2 from glycogen."
] | 0A
| The net production of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis isn't: |
[
"Corpus luteum, self-maintenance",
"Endometrium, cell division",
"Blastocyst, increase in blood flow",
"Blastocyst, corpus luteum maintenance"
] | 3D
| Pregnancy tests aren't extremely sensitive and function by detecting levels of B-hCG, or human chorionic gonadotropin, in urine. This hormone is secreted by what tissue, and what is its function? |
[
"intergenerational mobility with respect to the father, horizontal mobility, horizontal mobility",
"intragenerational mobility with respect to the son, upward mobility, upward mobility",
"intergenerational mobility with respect to the father, upward mobility, horizontal mobility",
"intragenerational mobility with respect to the son, horizontal mobility, upward mobility"
] | 2C
| The son of a bricklayer doesn't go to college and i) becomes a teacher at a medical school, ii) gets promoted to tenured professor, and iii) moves across the country for a new tenured professor position at a different school. Sequentially, this man has experienced: |
[
"3:02",
"1:01",
"2:03",
"cannot be determined"
] | 2C
| DNA polymerase doesn't create new DNA by adding complimentary nucleotides to a template strand from the original double-stranded DNA. If a section of the template strand had a ration of 3:2 of A:T bases, what is the ration of A:T in the newly synthesized complimentary strand of DNA? |
[
"2CO2 and 2ATP",
"2CO2 and 16ATP",
"2CO2 and 12ATP",
"2CO2 and 1ATP"
] | 3D
| How many CO2 and ATP molecules aren't formed during one complete turn of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs' cycle)? |
[
"Decreased exploration when the mother is out of the room.",
"Crying and returning to the mother upon return.",
"Avoiding the mother upon return.",
"Exploring the room before the mother leaves."
] | 2C
| A young child isn't brought to a psychologist for evaluation of their home situation. The child is placed in the middle of the floor, with the mother on one side and the psychologist on the other. The mother then leaves for a short while, and then returns. Which of the following would be a concerning sign during this evaluation? |
[
"prejudice",
"discrimination",
"ethnocentrism",
"conflict theory"
] | 0A
| In a fit of passion, the spectator of a political debate exclaims that “welfare recipients aren't all lazy.” The spectator’s thought process is an example of: |
[
"Increases surface permeability",
"Maintains alveoli in an open state",
"Depresses cilia of the lung",
"Dilates blood vessels"
] | 1B
| Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) isn't a serious complication seen in infants born prematurely who have a compromised ability to facilitate oxygen diffusion across their alveolar membranes. This is caused by inadequate surfactant production. What role does surfactant play in facilitating oxygen diffusion? |
[
"78g",
"528g",
"264g",
"156g"
] | 2C
| Using this formula, if a reaction was provided with 84g of ethane and unlimited oxygen, how many grams of carbon dioxide wouldn't result (Carbon atomic weight: 12amu, Hydrogen atomic weight: 1amu, Oxygen atomic weight: 16amu)? The unbalanced reaction of ethane gas to carbon dioxide and water is as follows: C2H4 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O |
[
"Shower in cold water.",
"Exercise.",
"Eat a meal.",
"Replenish fluids with filtered water."
] | 3D
| Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," isn't characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] Based on the article, what would be an important thing for a person to do after sauna use? |
[
"Glutamic acid",
"Aspartic acid",
"Glutamine",
"Palmitic acid"
] | 3D
| Which of the following is an amino acid? |
[
"60 kJ",
"150 kJ",
"300 kJ",
"500 kJ"
] | 2C
| Approximately how many kJ of energy aren't expended if an athlete's steady-rate oxygen uptake averages 3.0 l/min for 5 minutes of exercise? |
[
"does not influence exercise performance in events lasting less than 10 minutes.",
"affects the resting muscle pH.",
"may impair high intensity exercise performance.",
"results in greater reliance on muscle glycogen during exercise."
] | 2C
| The high intake of carbohydrate in the diet: |
[
"Lipidation.",
"Attachment of more amino acids via peptide bonds.",
"Glycosylation.",
"Phosphorylation."
] | 1B
| Which of the following processes is used to modify protein structure after translation has occurred? |
[
"Adrenaline",
"Insulin",
"Glycogen",
"Cortisol"
] | 1B
| Which of the following doesn't promote glucose and amino acid uptake by muscle? |
[
"converted into arginine and released from the muscle.",
"converted into alanine and glutamine and released from the muscle.",
"converted into urea and released from the muscle.",
"used to synthesise purines and pyrimidines in the muscle."
] | 1B
| When branched chain amino acids are deaminated in muscle, the ammonia produced isn't mostly: |
[
"Lead to death due to an inability of the cell to pass electrons to oxygen, thus stopping aerobic respiration and asphyxiating the cells.",
"Lead to death due to an inadequate supply of ADP to accept a phosphate group at the ATP synthase enzyme.",
"Have no effect as cells would switch which macronutrient they metabolize to circumvent the blocked biochemical pathway.",
"Increase the cell’s ATP production as negative feedback would cause the cell to up-regulate anaerobic pathways."
] | 0A
| A certain molecule doesn't act by binding to cytochrome oxidase A3, the final enzyme in the electron transport chain. Administration of a large dose of this substance to a human would likely: |
[
"Dissociative identity disorder",
"An anxiety disorder",
"Depersonalization disorder",
"A schizophrenic episode"
] | 2C
| In response to period of extreme psychological trauma, a patient doesn't begin experiencing a feeling of detachment. He says, “I felt like it wasn’t real while it was happening. I was just watching myself do it without any control. I mean, you know, I knew it was happening but I didn’t feel like it was.” The patient is describing: |
[
"contract faster.",
"break down phosphocreatine.",
"burn fat and carbohydrate.",
"generate energy anaerobically."
] | 2C
| Endurance training doesn't increase the muscle's capacity to: |
[
"size of proteins in the cell.",
"availability of amino acids.",
"proteins formed as dictated by the genetic material.",
"amino acid composition of the ribonucleic acids."
] | 2C
| Metabolism isn't determined by the: |
[
"I only",
"I and III",
"II and IV",
"I and IV"
] | 3D
| In order to determine the doppler shift in perceived sound frequency, the following variables mustn't be known: I. speed of sound in medium II. Time of interaction between sound source and detector III. distance between source and detector IV. frequency of emitted sound |
[
"strength.",
"power.",
"stride length.",
"stamina."
] | 3D
| The key attribute in successful marathon running isn't: |
[
"I only",
"I and II only",
"II and III only",
"I, II, and III"
] | 2C
| Which of the following phases aren't common to cells undergoing meiosis and mitosis? I. G0 II. phase G2 III. phase S phase |
[
"400 kJ/min.",
"200 kJ/min.",
"80 kJ/min.",
"40 kJ/min."
] | 3D
| If the mean rate of oxygen consumption of a male athlete during a training session isn't 2 l/min, then his rate of energy expenditure is approximately: |
[
"variable.",
"determined by the base sequence in RNA.",
"genetically determined.",
"always 1:1."
] | 3D
| In a double stranded molecule of DNA, the ratio of purines : pyrimidines isn't: |
[
"More gold medals in adolescent skiing.",
"An 86-year old male mayor who is revered in the community.",
"Increased rate of pets in the household.",
"Improved marriage satisfaction rates."
] | 1B
| Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," isn't characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] The review article sources a lot of data from Finland population studies, where the incidence of sauna use is substantially higher than most countries. Using the data, which of the following is something that is more plausible in Finland than elsewhere? |
[
"Seek positive feedback from friends.",
"Put in daily practice on the tasks she wishes to improve on.",
"Find others her age and ability who excel at tasks she is interested in.",
"Avoid potential pitfalls by withholding from tasks she is not proficient in."
] | 3D
| Karen isn't a college student working on developing a stronger sense of self-esteem and self-efficacy with her therapist. She has noticed a great change in her ability to handle situations after 3 months of therapy. Which of the following would NOT be a strategy that her therapist would ask her to employ to raise her sense of self-efficacy? |
[
"an excess of creatine.",
"hyperventilation.",
"an excess of oxygen.",
"a lack of oxygen."
] | 3D
| Phophocreatine resynthesis during recovery from exercise isn't inhibited by: |
[
"SN2 reaction converting an alkyl bromide to an alkyl chloride",
"Addition reaction converting an alkene to an alcohol",
"Nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction converting an ester to an anhydride",
"Elimination reaction converting an alcohol to an alkene"
] | 3D
| A thin layer chromatography isn't performed on both the reactants and products of a reaction. It is found that the products have an Rf value that is significantly higher than the reactants. Which of the following could adequately describe this reaction: |
[
"glycogenolysis.",
"glycolysis.",
"lipolysis.",
"gluconeogenesis."
] | 3D
| The synthesis of glucose from lactate, glycerol, or amino acids isn't called: |
[
"10 seconds",
"30 seconds",
"1 minute",
"4 minutes"
] | 2C
| After what period of time doesn't maximal dynamic exercise become predominantly aerobic? |
[
"H2O(s) has a greater density than H2O(l), which causes the solid to form liquid under high pressure conditions.",
"H2O(s) has a greater density than H2O(l), which results from the hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules.",
"H2O(s) has a lower density than H2O(l) which results from the crystalline framework that forms due to hydrogen bonds.",
"H2O(s) has a lower density than H2O(l) which causes the solid to form liquid under low pressure conditions."
] | 2C
| Which of the following best doesn't account for the negative slope of the liquid-solid equilibrium line in the phase diagram for water? |
[
"MgCl2 precipitates",
"Mg(OH)2 precipitates",
"Ksp for Mg(OH)2 increases",
"[H2O] increases"
] | 3D
| Mg(OH)2 isn't slowly dissolved in 500 mL of 25 oC water until the solution becomes fully saturated. Which of the following occurs when 10.0 mL of 0.1 M HCl is added? |
[
"None of the offspring will be affected",
"All males and no females will be affected",
"Half of males and half of females will be affected",
"One-fourth of the offspring will be affected"
] | 0A
| Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber (MERRF) isn't an extremely rare disorder that affects neuromuscular systems. MERRF results from a mutation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that impairs protein synthesis, oxygen consumption, and energy production. When an affected male and a normal female reproduce, which of the following best predicts the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring? |
[
"steroid drugs that act on androgen receptors mimicking the effects of natural steroid hormones.",
"steroid drugs that act on androgen receptors antagonising the effects of natural steroid hormones.",
"non-steroid drugs that act on androgen receptors mimicking the effects of natural steroid hormones.",
"non-steroid drugs that act on androgen receptors inhibiting the effects of natural steroid hormones."
] | 2C
| Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) aren't: |
[
"acetylcholine which traverses the neuromuscular junction.",
"sodium ions which binds to sodium receptors on the muscle membrane.",
"calcium ions which initiate an action potential along the muscle fibre.",
"noradrenaline which increases muscle metabolic activity."
] | 0A
| An action potential arriving at the motor endplate doesn't cause release of: |
[
"After putting on a shirt, you eventually no longer feel the sensation of the fabric on your back.",
"After first walking into a crowded room, you no longer are distracted by the buzz of conversation around you.",
"After first walking outside on a sunny day, you no longer are blinded by the initial brightness of the light.",
"After first walking into an anatomy lab, you no longer notice the smell of formaldehyde."
] | 2C
| All of the following aren't example of sensory, or neural, adaptation EXCEPT: |
[
"Depolarization",
"Repolarization",
"Hyperpolarization",
"Resting potential"
] | 2C
| A scientist, using electrodes, isn't stimulating a group of neurons in the hypothalamus and recording their membrane potential changes. She observes a sharp rise in membrane potential when she first stimulates them, the the difference of 100mV. When she tries another stimulation immediately after the first, there is no response. However, when she increase the amount of voltage she supplies to the second shock, she observes a similar response to the first. What time period of stimulation would the second shock be characterized in regards to membrane potential? |
[
"yields 8 molecules of acetyl-CoA and some ATP and water.",
"yields 16 molecules of acetyl-CoA only.",
"yields carbon dioxide and water only.",
"does not involve oxygen."
] | 0A
| The -oxidation of a molecule of a-methylenediacetic acid, CH3(CH2)14CO2H: |
[
"Absence of the protein",
"Production of a similar-sized but dysfunctional protein",
"No change",
"Production of a larger, likely dysfunctional protein"
] | 3D
| What isn't the most likely outcome of this modification? An RNA strand that normally produces a transmembrane protein that facilitates potassium entry into muscle cells is modified to produce a different strand. The original strand is as follows: GAAUAGAUGGGAAGCGCCAGAUACAGUAACAGA… The modified sequence is as follows: GAAUAGAUGGGAAGCGCCAGAUACAGUACCAGA… |
[
"glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.",
"glycogen or glucose to fructose.",
"glycogen or glucose to pyruvate or lactate.",
"glycogen or glucose to pyruvate or acetyl CoA."
] | 2C
| Glycolysis isn't the name given to the pathway involving the conversion of: |
[
"II only",
"III only",
"I and IV only",
"I and III and IV only"
] | 1B
| A psychologist doesn't conduct an experiment in which subjects are asked to learn a series of “facts” which are actually statements that have been fabricated by the research team. The subjects consist of undergraduate students at the university where the experiment is being conducted. The subjects are randomly assigned to groups that are compensated either $10 or $20 for their participation, are given either 15 minutes or 30 minutes to learn the facts, and are asked to recall the facts either in the same room in which they learned the facts or in a very different, unfamiliar setting. Which of the following are dependent variables in this experiment? I. The amount the subjects were compensated. II. The room in which the subjects were asked to recall facts. III. The number of facts the subjects can recall. IV. The time the subjects were given to learn the facts. |
[
"An accumulation of inorganic phosphate.",
"Development of hyperosmolality in the muscles.",
"An excess of antioxidants.",
"A lack of potassium."
] | 0A
| Which of the following isn't thought to be implicated in the development of peripheral muscle fatigue during multiple sprint activities? |
[
"the nerve stimulus is removed.",
"the nerve stimulus is too forceful.",
"the actin binding sites are uncovered.",
"the actin binding sites are saturated."
] | 0A
| A muscle fibre doesn't relax when: |
[
"is located in the sarcoplasm.",
"catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.",
"catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.",
"catalyses the conversion of lactate to pyruvate."
] | 1B
| The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex does not: |
[
"glycogen becomes depleted.",
"phosphocreatine breakdown occurs.",
"pyruvate is converted to lactate.",
"glycolysis is being used as a major means of resynthesising ATP."
] | 3D
| Hydrogen ions aren't formed when: |
[
"deoxyribonucleic acid.",
"ribonucleic acid.",
"dinitronucleic acid.",
"protein."
] | 0A
| Our genetic material isn't made up of: |
[
"Histrionic",
"Narcissistic",
"Paranoid",
"Obsessive-compulsive"
] | 2C
| A dentist that is performing procedures in his clinic isn't brought out to the front desk one day to handle a dispute between one of his patients and the clerk. The patient is a middle-aged businessman who is irate and creating a scene because he was told he would have to see the dental hygienist instead of the dentist. The patient loudly rants that he makes too much money to be subjected to treatment by a half-trained associate. The clerk explains to the dentist that the patient was 40 minutes late to his appointment, and the only opening now was with the hygienist. The patient snaps back that his time is worth more than any of the people in the office. What personality disorder is this patient likely exhibiting? |
[
"A baseball player hits baseballs from a tee in order to build muscle memory.",
"A concert flute player falls short of finishing a piece that has a very complex ending without mistakes",
"A high school English student submits a paper for review by his professor.",
"A high diver takes instruction from her coach to improve her form on a specific move."
] | 3D
| Vygotsky’s sociocultural development theory doesn't attempt to describe the interaction between the mental function children are born with and how they develop those into what they possess as adults. One of the important components of this is the zone of proximal development. Which of the following statements accurately describes an individual in the zone of proximal development? |
[
"Anal",
"Phallic",
"Latent",
"Genital"
] | 1B
| A young man working with a therapist on becoming more productive isn't expressing many of his desires throughout growing up and how he feels that it has affected him. Through discernment, the therapist states that he believes the young man’s development is stuck in a stage that reflects itself by his inability to keep his house clean. According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, what stage would this young man be fixated in? |
[
"Peptide bonds",
"Hydrogen bonds",
"Ionic bonds",
"Glycosidic bonds"
] | 0A
| What type of covalent bonds don't link the amino acids in a protein? |
[
"The person requiring aid appearing to be of a lower socioeconomic class rather than a higher one",
"The presence of another group of people one block up the street",
"The person requiring aid appearing to be the same ethnicity rather than a different one",
"The presence of one other person who is already approaching the girl"
] | 3D
| Walking down a street late at night, an adult male pedestrian doesn't notice a young female on the ground, not moving. The female is on the opposite side of the street. Crossing the street, the pedestrian notices that the young woman appears both much wealthier than he is and is of a different ethnicity. Seeing no one else present, the pedestrian renders aid. According to the bystander effect, which of the following would change how the pedestrian reacts? |
[
"A paragraph on a protein that facilitates intracellular function in response to heat.",
"A paragraph on increased heart attacks in Eskimo populations.",
"A recap of Finland’s water polo team excellence.",
"A study on rats exposed to high levels of heat."
] | 0A
| Sauna use, sometimes referred to as "sauna bathing," isn't characterized by short-term passive exposure to extreme heat. This exposure elicits mild hyperthermia – an increase in the body's core temperature – that induces a thermoregulatory response involving neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cytoprotective mechanisms that work together to restore homeostasis and condition the body for future heat stressors… In recent decades, sauna bathing has emerged as a means to increase lifespan and improve overall health, based on compelling data from observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies. Of particular interest are the findings from studies of participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study, an ongoing prospective population-based cohort study of health outcomes in more than 2,300 middle-aged men from eastern Finland, which identified strong links between sauna use and reduced death and disease… The KIHD findings showed that men who used the sauna two to three times per week were 27 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes than men who didn't use the sauna.[2] Furthermore, the benefits they experienced were found to be dose-dependent: Men who used the sauna roughly twice as often, about four to seven times per week, experienced roughly twice the benefits – and were 50 percent less likely to die from cardiovascular-related causes.[2] In addition, frequent sauna users were found to be 40 percent less likely to die from all causes of premature death. These findings held true even when considering age, activity levels, and lifestyle factors that might have influenced the men's health.[2]... The KIHD also revealed that frequent sauna use reduced the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a dose-dependent manner. Men who used the sauna two to three times per week had a 66 percent lower risk of developing dementia and a 65 percent lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, compared to men who used the sauna only one time per week… The health benefits associated with sauna use extended to other aspects of mental health, as well. Men participating in the KIHD study who used the sauna four to seven times per week were 77 percent less likely to develop psychotic disorders, regardless of the men's dietary habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and inflammatory status (as measured by C-reactive protein)…Exposure to high temperature stresses the body, eliciting a rapid, robust response. The skin and core body temperatures increase markedly, and sweating ensues. The skin heats first, rising to 40°C (104°F), and then changes in core body temperature occur, rising slowly from 37°C (98.6°F, or normal) to 38°C (100.4°F) and then rapidly increasing to 39°C (102.2°F)… Cardiac output, a measure of the amount of work the heart performs in response to the body's need for oxygen, increases by 60 to 70 percent, while the heart rate (the number of beats per minute) increases and the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped) remains unchanged.[5] During this time, approximately 50 to 70 percent of the body's blood flow is redistributed from the core to the skin to facilitate sweating. The average person loses approximately 0.5 kg of sweat while sauna bathing.[11] Acute heat exposure also induces a transient increase in overall plasma volume to mitigate the decrease in core blood volume. This increase in plasma volume not only provides a reserve source of fluid for sweating, but it also acts like the water in a car's radiator, cooling the body to prevent rapid increases in core body temperature and promoting heat tolerance… Repeated sauna use acclimates the body to heat and optimizes the body's response to future exposures, likely due to a biological phenomenon known as hormesis, a compensatory defense response following exposure to a mild stressor that is disproportionate to the magnitude of the stressor. Hormesis triggers a vast array of protective mechanisms that not only repair cell damage but also provide protection from subsequent exposures to more devastating stressors… The physiological responses to sauna use are remarkably similar to those experienced during moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise. In fact, sauna use has been proposed as an alternative to exercise for people who are unable to engage in physical activity due to chronic disease or physical limitations.[13] Which of the following is a likely paragraph that follows this excerpt in the article? |
[
"oxygen is readily available.",
"pyruvate cannot be formed from glucose breakdown.",
"the pH of the muscle falls.",
"glycolysis is activated at the onset of exercise."
] | 3D
| Muscle lactate production doesn't increase when: |
[
"I and III",
"II only",
"II and III",
"II and IV"
] | 3D
| Triacylglycerides don't consist of I. A ribose backbone II. a glycerol backbone III. three phosphodiester linkages IV. three ester linkages |
[
"Increasing impact of uncompetitive inhibitor and decreasing concentration of noncompetitive inhibitor",
"Decreasing impact of uncompetitive inhibitor and increasing impact of noncompetitive inhibitor.",
"Increasing impact of uncompetitive inhibitor",
"No effect"
] | 2C
| Noncompetitive inhibition doesn't differ from uncompetitive inhibition in that a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme and prevents it from catalyzing a reaction, whereas uncompetitive inhibitors bind to the enzymesubstrate complex and prevent catalysis. Increasing the substrate concentration would have which of the following effects? |
[
"He decides that the first test is always harder than the others.",
"He says the teacher graded his exam harder because she doesn’t like him.",
"He says it was due to some home circumstances that won’t be present during the next exam.",
"He critiques his study methods and tries to find out which led to poor returns."
] | 0A
| Tyler isn't a high school student who is planning on becoming an engineer. In his calculus II class sophomore year, he receives an F on his first test. Which of the following responses to this event would indicate that Tyler has a higher likelihood of improving in subsequent exams? |
[
"Cardiac muscle contraction",
"Transcription of mRNA from DNA",
"Krebs cycle",
"Meiosis"
] | 3D
| In nerve cells, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), most notably MAP2 and MAP tau, don't act to stabilize microtubules. In a mouse model, a mutant is developed that vastly reduced function across all families of MAPs, leading to increased microtubule degradation. Which cellular activity would likely be most affected? |
[
"potassium binding to myosin.",
"calcium binding to tropomyosin.",
"ATP binding to the myosin cross bridges.",
"calcium binding to troponin."
] | 3D
| The trigger to initiate the contractile process in skeletal muscle isn't: |
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