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privileged to enjoy its benefits and must bear its burdens.
IS THE POWER TO TAX THE POWER TO DESTROY ?
taxing power may be employed to raise revenue.
of its sovereignty in support of government and for public needs.
6. levied for a public purpose.
limit except those expressly stated in the Constitution.
of the judiciary to hold such an act unconstitutional.
welfare and protection of its citizens.
persons, property or other privileges to be taxed.
and interpretation of the law.
expenditures and other public needs.
1988) This case reversed the doctrine previously held in Republic v. L-41383. Cocofed v. the properties of the deceased are distributed to the heirs. Exception: If prior to the payment of the estate tax due. . CLASSIFICATION OF TAXES 1. As to taxing authority: a. Penalty – punishment for the commission of a crime. August 15. Regs. Customs Duties – duties charged upon the commodities on their being imported into or exported from a country. Videogram Regulatory Board. Margin Fee – exaction designed to stabilize the currency. Presidential Commission on Good Government (178 SCRA 236. c. the intervention of another party is needed for the computation of the tax. 4. if it appears that the corporate assets have passed into their hands or b. (Sec.. 6. apply the law in accordance to its plain and simple tenor. Edu. Direct Tax – both the incidence of or liability for the payment of the tax as well as the impact or burden of the tax falls on the same person. 9. OR COMBINED EXERCISE OF POLICE POWER AND THE POWER OF TAXATION.2 Contracts may not be impaired Taxes paid become part of public funds Contracts may be impaired Contracts may be impaired 5. and liberally in favor of the taxpayer. The state’s concern to make it a strong and secure source not only in the livelihood of the significant segment of the population. Transfer of Property Rights No transfer but only Transfer is effected restraint in its in favor of the State exercise All persons. 1967)) 3. 5. Revenue – a broad term that includes taxes and income from other sources as well. Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines. Excise Tax – imposed on the exercise of a privilege d. 3. 3. (Corporate Entity Doctrine) Exception: Stockholders may be held liable for unpaid taxes of a dissolved corporation: a. 2. b. 10. A system employed where the income tax treatment varies and is made to depend on the kind or category of taxable income of the taxpayer. Local Tax – levied by the local government As to rate: a. Property Tax – assessed on property of a certain class c. Not political in character Civil in nature. A system which itemizes the different incomes and provides for varied percentages of taxes. Customs duties and fees – duties charged upon commodities on their being transported into or exported from a country. 9. (Tio v. Indirect Tax . It prescribes a unitary but progressive rate for the taxable aggregate incomes and flat rates for certain passive incomes derived by individuals. As to subject matter: a. Tax laws are special laws and prevail over a general law. Tax laws operate prospectively unless the purpose of the legislature to give retrospective effect is expressly declared or may be implied from the language used. 7. Ad Valorem Tax – tax upon the value of the article or thing subject to taxation. If the law is clear.R No. 6. rights and privileges Only upon a particular property TAXES ARE PERSONAL TO THE TAXPAYER 1. Scope All persons. A system which taxes all categories of income except certain passive incomes and capital gains. Special Tax – levied for special purposes As to manner of computation: a. Public purpose is always presumed. not subject to ex post facto law prohibitions Not penal in character Estate taxes are obligations that must be paid by the executor or administrator out of the net assets and cannot be assessed against the heirs. expressly and unambiguously. Regressive Tax – tax rate decreases as the amount of income to be taxed increases. 4. Special Assessment – levied only on land based wholly on benefit accruing thereon as a result of improvements or public works undertaken by government within the vicinity. 5. Provisions of a taxing act are not to be extended by implication. Compromise Penalty – amount collected in lieu of criminal prosecution in cases of tax violations. Rev. No. September 15. the sustained growth of which is one of the imperatives of the economic growth. then the latter is subsidiary liable for the payment of such portion of the estate tax as his distributive share bears to the total value of the net estate. As to purpose: a. to the effect that motor vehicle registration fees are regulatory exactions and not revenue measures. see CIR vs. a. IMPOSITIONS NOT STRICTLY CONSIDERED AS TAXES 1. b. SYSTEMS OF TAXATION Schedular System A system employed where the tax system views indifferently the tax base and generally treats in common all categories of taxable income of the individual. National Tax – levied by the National Government b. Subsidy – a legislative grant of money in aid of a private enterprise deemed to promote the public welfare. Debt – a sum of money due upon contract or one which is evidenced by judgment. Specific Tax – the computation of the tax or the rates of the tax is already provided for by law. Progressive Tax – rate or amount of tax increases as the amount of the income or earning to be taxed increases. 6. The tax imposed on videogram establishments is not only regulatory but a revenue measure because the earnings of such establishments have not been subject to tax depriving the government of an additional source of income. No. b. 2. A corporation’s tax delinquency cannot be enforced against its stockholders.” Philippine Coconut Producers Federation. 2-2003. Motor vehicle registration fees are now considered revenue or tax measures. 252) CONSTRUCTION OF TAX LAWS 1. The “coconut levy funds” were all raised under the state’s taxing and police powers. 4. 5. Personal Tax – taxes are of fixed amount upon all persons of a certain class within the jurisdiction without regard to property. In case of doubt. As to burden: a. property and excises Global System 6. b.(Pal v. A statute will not be construed as imposing a tax unless it does so clearly. b. but also of export earnings. License or Fee – regulatory imposition in the exercise of the police power. General Tax – levied for the general or ordinary purposes of the Government b. occupation or business in which they may be engaged. 2. 7. to be applied thereto. Proportionate Tax – based on a fixed proportion of the value of the property assessed. 151 SCRA 208) c. L-22734. 32 SCRA 211. 3. it is construed most strongly against the Government. property. Pineda G. EXAMPLES OF TAXES LEVIED WITH A REGULATORY PURPOSE. G.R. Toll – amount charged for the cost and maintenance of the property used. Inc. Inc.The incidence of or liability for the payment of the tax falls on one person but the burden thereof can be shifted or passed on to another. NATURE OF TAX LAWS 1. 2. 8. when the stockholders have unpaid subscriptions to the capital of the corporation 2.
bridge An obligation imposed by law Created by contract Due to the government in its sovereign capacity May be due to the government but in its corporate capacity A demand of sovereignty A demand of proprietorship Payable in money Payable in money. III. tribute or duty. Edu) Tax Imposed on persons. being the lifeblood of the State. one of the real and substantial purposes. then the exaction is a tax. a consideration which is paid for the use of a property which is of a public nature. e. III. property or services No limit as to the amount of tax Does not draw interest except in case of delinquency Draws interest if stipulated or delayed Amount of toll depends upon the cost of construction or maintenance of the public improvement used Imposed only by the State Not assignable Assignable Not subject to compensation or set-off Subject to compensation or set-off May be imposed by: (1) Government (2) Private individuals or entities Non-payment is punished by imprisonment except in poll tax No imprisonment in case of non-payment (Art. Garlitos) DOCTRINE OF EQUITABLE RECOUPMENT NOT FOLLOWED IN THE PHILIPPINES A tax presently being assessed against a taxpayer which has prescribed may not be recouped or set-off against an overpaid tax the refund of which is also barred by prescription. it signifies any tax. property or services Does not draw interest except in case of delinquency Draws interest or delayed Not assignable Assignable Not subject to compensation or set-off Subject to compensation or set-off Emanates from police power Non-payment is punished by imprisonment except in poll tax No imprisonment in case of non-payment (Art. the government and the taxpayer are not mutually creditors and debtors of each other. at least. at least. (Domingo v. (Francia v. License Fee power of the TEST IN DETERMINING IF THE IMPOSITION IS A TAX OR A LICENSE FEE If the purpose is primarily revenue or if revenue is.3 11. Tax Special Assessment TEST IN DETERMINING IF THE IMPOSITION IS A TAX OR A LICENSE FEE If the purpose is primarily revenue or if revenue is.g. Sec. then the exaction is a tax. property and excises Levied only on land Personal liability attaches on the person assessed in case of non-payment Cannot be made a personal liability of the person assessed Not based on any special or direct benefit Based wholly on benefit Levied and paid annually Exceptional both as to time and locality Debt An obligation imposed by law Created by contract Due to the government in its sovereign capacity May be due to the government but in its corporate capacity Payable in money Payable in money. taxes are not contractual obligation but arise out of duty to the government 3. cannot be surrendered except for lawful consideration License fee may be with or without consideration Non-payment does not make the business illegal but maybe a ground for criminal prosecution Non-payment makes business illegal Exemption granted is applicable (Art. 20 1987 Constitution) To generate revenue Regulatory Imposed authority Can be imposed by private individual Amount is unlimited Amount is limited to the cost of (1) issuing the license. IAC) Exception: When both obligations are due and demandable as well as fully liquidated and all the requisites for a valid compensation are present. It is against public policy since both parties are guilty of negligence. In its limited sense. Edu) Tax Debt only by public if stipulated COMPENSATION OR SET-OFF General Rule: Taxes cannot be the subject of compensation or set-off. If property is exempt from Real Property Tax. (PAL v. (PAL v. N. compensation takes place by operation of law. lifeblood theory 2. Reasons: 1. and (2) inspection and surveillance Normally paid after the start of a business Normally paid before commencement of business Taxes. If the purpose is regulatory in nature. Sec.B. it means a duty on imported goods and merchandise. 20 1987 Constitution) Imposed authority Can be imposed by private individual only by public Tax Penalty Enforced proportional contributions from persons and property Sanction imposed as a punishment for violation of a law or acts deemed injurious. Sec. VI. Tax Toll Enforced proportional contributions from persons and property A sum of money for the use of something. violation of tax laws may give rise to imposition of penalty . If the purpose is regulatory in nature. road. it is a license. one of the real and substantial purposes. it is also exempt from Special Assessment. Impost – in its general sense. 28(3) 1987 Constitution) Tax Based on taxation the Exemption does not apply. it is a license.
obligations or bonds have acquired a business situs in the Philippines. b. VI. 3. (See Scope of Legislative Taxing Power. 5. (Sec. (Art. (2) residence. Residence of the taxpayer e. 1987 Constitution) 3. merely refers to tax administration or implementation (3) SITUS OR TERRITORIALITY OF TAXATION The power to tax is limited only to persons. industry. which is the duty of the State. Kind or classification of the tax being levied b. (3) shares.4 Intended to raise revenue Designed to regulate conduct May be imposed only by the government May be imposed by: (1) Government (2) Private individuals or entities taxpayer Real property tax Location of property (Lex rei sitae) Personal property tax -tangible: where it is physically located or permanently kept (Lex rei sitae) -intangible: subject to Sec.tax exempt unless when the law expressly provides for tax. or activity. 2. and (3) source of income (Sec. 104. . 32 B7) b. fees. 27C) 2. GOCCs General Rule: Income is taxable at the rate imposed upon corporations or associations engaged in a similar business. Illustration: For purposes of estate and donor’s taxes. 1997 NIRC) Transfer tax Residence or citizenship of the taxpayer or location of property Franchise Tax State which granted the franchise Tax All embracing term to include various kinds of enforced contributions upon persons for the attainment of public purposes Tariff A kind of tax imposed on articles which are traded internationally LIMITATIONS ON THE TAXING POWER A. Delegation to administrative agencies for implementation and collection. Jr. tonnage and wharfage dues. business or industry established in the Philippines. to provide. Exceptions: 1. and charges. (Sec. and (5) shares or rights in any partnership. (4) EXEMPTION OF THE GOVERNMENT As a matter of public policy. (Art. (2) shares. 27(C). Proprietary function – taxable unless exempted by law.) Business tax Place of business Excise or Privilege tax Where the act is performed or where occupation is pursued TAXPAYERS AND PUBLIC OFFCIALS HAVE LOCUS STANDI REQUISITES FOR TAXPAYERS’ SUIT a. b. Exception: GSIS. PCSO and PAGCOR. property of the State and of its municipal subdivisions devoted to government uses and purposes is deemed to be exempt from taxation although no express provision in the law is made therefor. property or businesses within the jurisdiction or territory of the taxing power. Flexible Tariff Clause: Authority of the President to fix tariff rates. Sec.refers to tax legislation Exceptions to Non-delegability: 1. That the petitioner seeks to restrain respondents from wasting public funds through the enforcement of an invalid or unconstitutional law Sales tax Where the consummated Income Tax Consider (1) citizenship. Situs of the excise. dissenting in Kilosbayan. Government Educational Institutions . privilege. import and export quotas. obligations or bonds issued by any corporation organized or constituted in the Philippines in accordance with its laws. as a government. 1997 NIRC). Power of local government units to levy taxes. That public money is being deflected to any improper purpose (Pascual vs Secretary of Public Works) c. Inc vs Guingona. (2) NON-DELEGABILITY OF THE TAXING POWER General Rule: The power of taxation is peculiarly and exclusively exercised by the legislature. The tax money is being extracted and spent in violation of specific constitutional protections against abuses of legislative power. INHERENT LIMITATIONS (KEY: SPINE) Territoriality or Situs of taxation Public purpose of taxes International comity Non-delegability of the taxing power Tax Exemption of the government (1) TESTS IN DETERMINING PUBLIC PURPOSE a. Administrative Agencies a. obligations or bonds issued by any foreign corporation if such shares. PHIC. (Sec. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE SITUS: a. When the property has acquired a business situs in another jurisdiction.28(2). (Sec. Situs of the thing or property taxed c. X. When an express provision of the statute provide for another rule. 1987 Constitution) 2. business or occupation being taxed APPLICATION OF SITUS OF TAXATION Kind of Tax Situs Personal or Community tax Residence or domicile of the sale is SITUS OF TAXATION OF INTANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY General Rule: Domicile of the owner pursuant to the principle of the mobilia sequuntur personam or movables follow the person. 1. 42.However. Promotion of General Welfare Test – whether the proceeds of the tax will directly promote the welfare of the community in equal measure. and other duties or imposts. Citizenship of the taxpayer d. 2. Sec. Source of the income taxed f. supra) . RULES: 1. 5. SSS. the following intangible properties are deemed with a situs in the Philippines: (1) franchise which must be exercised in the Philippines. it can also tax itself. Duty Test – whether the thing to be furthered by the appropriation of public revenue is something. obligations or bonds by any foreign corporation eighty-five percent (85%) of the business of which is located in the Philippines. Governmental function . 4. (4) shares. General Rule: The Government is tax exempt. 104 of the NIRC and the principle of mobilia sequuntur personam TAXPAYERS’ SUIT A case where the act complained of directly involves the illegal disbursement of public funds derive from taxation (Justice Melo. NIRC) 3.
Local government units are expressly prohibited by the LGC from levying tax upon National Government. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS A. III. (Sec. Directly And Exclusively Used For Religious.The means employed must be reasonably necessary to the accomplishment of the purpose and not unduly oppressive. 115455. 10. VI. Equitability – the burden falls to those who are more capable to pay. Equitability And Progressivity Of Taxation (Art. Revenue And Tariff Bills Shall Originate Exclusively From The House Of Representatives (Art.. 1. 1987 Constitution) The rule. (Substantive limitation) b. Sec. there is an implied understanding that the former does not thereby submit itself to the authority and jurisdiction of the other. process of law. 1987 Constitution) The constitutional provision (above cited) which grants tax exemption applies only to property or realty taxes assessed on such properties used actually. therefore. [Sec. VI. Sec. devises or transfers to or for the use of the Government or any political subdivision for exclusively public purposes is deductible from the gross estate. 19. Commissioner. (Sec. 5. except local water districts. Charitable And Educational Purposes. liberty or like circumstances of the same class. VI. However. 24. (Sec. 193. or not be deprived treated alike under kinds of property of life. NIRC) 6. Progressivity – rate increases as the tax base increases. 30. Sec. (EVAT En Banc Resolution. its agencies. When the exemption is granted under a franchise – it may be withdrawn at any time thus. 1957) 5. real or personal. as well as on its property held and activities undertaken in that capacity. SEC. 2. GR No. et al vs Secretary of Finance. not a violation of the nonimpairment of contracts 6. (Lladoc vs. are regressive. not limited to existing conditions only d. including GOCC.32 (B)(3). Sec. and the same is withdrawn by virtue of another law – no violation. Sec. like the VAT. (Sec. NIRC) 4. and instrumentalities. a progressive tax system.. Property or real estate tax – property actually. Income received by them as such are exempt from taxes. NIRC) b. LGC) (5) INTERNATIONAL COMITY These principles limit the authority of the government to effectively impose taxes on a sovereign state and its instrumentalities. Limitations On The Congressional Power To Delegate To The President The Authority To Fix Tariff Rates. is taxable. 60216. When the exemption is bilaterally agreed upon between the government and the taxpayer – it cannot be withdrawn without violating the non-impairment clause. 1. and local government units. c. Equal Protection Clause (Art. it is not considered as taxable income because it is an exclusion from the computation of gross income. (Sec. L-19201. 133 (o). October 30. their income from any of their activities conducted for profit regardless of the disposition. charitable and educational purposes. III. 1994) 4. (Sec. 1987 Constitution) No law impairing the obligation of contract shall be passed. they should not only . NIRC) 8. City of Manila. legacies. Uniformity. Sec. GENERAL OR INDIRECT CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS 1. NIRC) 7. commutations and pardons and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction (ART. Import And Export Quotas. (Sec.. L-9637. GR No. v. 1987 CONSTITUTION) Due Process Equal Protection Uniformity Taxpayer may Taxpayers shall be Taxable articles. 1987 Constitution Requisites of a Valid Classification: a. Non-Impairment Of Contracts (Art. 6938. 10. however. Sec. GR No. 1987 Constitution) 2. LGC) 10. 1965) The present Constitution required that for the exemption of “lands. regardless of the disposition. Inc. Even where one enters the territory of another. 20. SPECIFIC OR DIRECT CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS 1. III. Sec. tax exemptions granted to all persons. Sec. or to any political subdivision of the said Government are exempt from donor’s tax. (Tolentino vs. based upon substantial distinctions b. (Cagayan Electric & Light Co. Non-Imprisonment For Debt Or Non-Payment Of Poll Tax (Art. Secretary of Finance. for consideration or otherwise. 28(1). but to evolve. LGC] 9. 101(A)(2). Income derived from any public utility or from the exercise of any essential governmental function accruing to the Government of the Philippines or to any political subdivision thereof is not included in gross income and exempt from taxation. be direct double given in case of taxation failure to pay taxes B. April 30. Due Process Clause (Art. to a taxable person shall be exempt from payment of real property tax. 32(B)(7)(b). 1987 Constitution) A license tax or fee constitutes a curtailment of religious freedom if imposed as a condition for its exercise. last par.86 (A)(3). is taxable. Sec. apply equally to all members of the class Freedom Of Speech And Of The Press (Art. The mandate to Congress is not to prescribe. NIRC) 5. B. non-stock and non-profit institutions. whether natural or juridical. liabilities imposed. directly exclusively for religious. (Sec. be no therefore. June 16. III. Etc. (Art. 3. III. Tolentino. Rule Requiring That Appropriations. 30. VI. GR No. The interests of the public as distinguished from those of a particular class require the intervention of the State. buildings and improvements”. b. Gifts made to or for the use of the National Government or any entity created by any of its agencies which is not conducted for profit. The Constitutional provision means simply that indirect taxes shall be minimized. Unless otherwise provided in the Local Government Code (LGC). cooperatives duly registered under RA No. September 25. (Sec. (Art. (Procedural limitation) The constitutionality of a legislative taxing act questioned on the ground of denial of due process requires the existence of an actual case or controversy. 1987 Constitution) Uniformity – all taxable articles or kinds of property of the same class are taxed at the same rate. does not apply to public utility franchises or right since they are subject to amendment. property and conditions both shall be taxed at without due in the privileges the same rate. When it is unilaterally granted by law. III. 1985) RULES: a.5 a. are withdrawn upon effectivity of the LGC. III. 4. Donations in favor of governmental institutions are considered as income on the part of the donee. Commissioner. The Constitution does not really prohibit the imposition of indirect taxes which. 1987 Constitution) 5. Q: Is a tax law adopting a regressive system of taxation valid? A: Yes. directly and exclusively used for educational purposes – exempt but income of whatever kind and character from any of their properties. Presidential power to grant reprieves. 234. The amount of all bequests. 28(2). 1987 Constitution) There is curtailment of press freedom and freedom of thought and expression if a tax is levied in order to suppress this basic right and impose a prior restraint. 1987 Constitution) Requisites: a. alteration or repeal by the Congress when the public interest so requires. VII. Tax Exemption Of Properties Actually. conferred and There should Notice must. 1987 Constitution) 3. However. Art. 28(3) 7. Non-Infringement Of Religious Freedom And Worship (Art. August 25. (American Bible Society vs. Real property owned by the Republic of the Philippines or any of its political subdivisions except when the beneficial use thereof has been granted. germane to the purposes of the law c. 1995) 4. last par.
church. v. S. June 15. The credit method. within the same jurisdiction e. 4(3) And (4). XIV.refers to the imposition of comparable taxes in two or more states on the same taxpayer in respect of the same subject matter and for identical periods. 1999) Exemption Method Focus is on the income or capital itself Credit Method Focus is on the tax NOTE: Computational illustration between a tax deduction and a tax credit: . There is no constitutional prohibition against double taxation. (Art. 1988) EXCLUSIVE BUT NOT ABSOLUTE USE The term “ exclusively used” does not necessarily mean total or absolute use for religious. VI. Internal revenue allotments to local government units. 1991) 2.. subject to certain limitations. KINDS OF DOUBLE TAXATION (1) Direct Duplicate Taxation / Obnoxious – double taxation in the objectionable or prohibited sense. In some cases.R No. or support of any sect. including members of general professional partnerships or beneficiaries of estates or trusts (pro rata). GR No.the income or capital which is taxable in the state of source or situs is exempted in the state of residence. revenue. although actually owned by a religious. Aquino. charitable and educational purposes. 127105. if a property. If the property is incidentally used for said purposes. Endowments. This constitutes a violation of substantive due process. L-49336. 27(2). SECOND METHOD: The state of source is given a full or limited right to tax together with the state of residence. (Villanueva vs. Including Grants. educational. is reduced by imposing a lower rate of 15% (in lieu of the 35%). in effect exempting the payment from being further taxed. L-39086. levied in the latter. 8. IS DOUBLE TAXATION PROHIBITED IN THE PHILIPPINES ? No. the tax exemption may still subsist. charitable institutions Property tax Voting Requirement In Connection With The Legislative Grant Of Tax Exemption (Art. It is not favored but permissible. Tax deductions Example: vanishing deduction under Section 86(A)(2).  The donor’s tax imposed upon a citizen or a resident shall be credited with the amount of any donor’s tax imposed by the authority of a foreign country. by citizens. Tax credits Instances under the NIRC:  For VAT purposes. SEC 4(3) Non. the tax on inputs or items that go into the manufacture of finished products (which are eventually sold) may be credited against or deducted from the output tax or tax on the finished product. as well as domestic corporations. charitable and educational institution is used for a nonexempt purpose. TWO METHODS OF RELIEF ARE USED UNDER THE SECOND METHOD: 1.28 B 5b) (CIR vs Procter & Gamble) (GR No. (Art.) 2. June 15. Tax Exemptions 5. Donations And Contributions. L-39086. Hernando. or tariff bill. 1968). the same property or subject matter is taxed twice when it should be taxed only once. REMEDIES OF DOUBLE TAXATION 1. Principle of Reciprocity 6. 2. The absence of one or more of the above-mentioned elements makes the double taxation indirect. 2 And 5(2)(B). VI. or system of religion. Sec. 1987 Constitution) DOUBLE TAXATION DOUBLE TAXATION – taxing the same property twice when it should be taxed but once. Income tax. 1987 Constitution) 4. an exclusive right to tax is conferred in one of the contracting states. Power of the President to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation. City of Iloilo) (2) Indirect Duplicate Taxation – not legally objectionable. VI. covering the same kind or character of tax. NIRC 3. ART. August 31. both states are given the right to tax although the amount of tax that may be imposed by the state of source is limited.6 be “exclusively” but also “actually” and “directly” used for religious and charitable purposes. Sec. during the same taxing period f. Treaties with other states METHODS RESORTED TO BY A TAX TREATY IN ORDER TO ELIMINATE DOUBLE TAXATION FIRST METHOD: The tax treaty sets out the respective rights to tax by the state of source or situs and by the state of residence with regard to certain classes of income or capital. G. 1987 Constitution) Exemption From Taxes Of The Revenues And Assets Of Educational Institutions. Sec. VI. 6. (Abra Valley College Inc. however. (Art.  A tax credit is granted for estate taxes paid to a foreign country on the estate of citizens and resident aliens subject to certain limitations. Inc. Sec.although the income or capital which is taxed in the state of source is still taxable in the state of residence. on the condition that the country to which the NRFC is domiliced shall allow a credit against the tax due from the NRFC. 1988) Corollarily.(Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. both taxes are levied for the same purpose c. for other items of income or capital. et al. Elements: a. 137-187) ART. Dec. 1987 Constitution) 3. June 25. 1987 Constitution) OTHER SPECIFIC TAX PROVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION 1. In this case. vs.stock. (Art VI. 1987 Constitution) Non-Impairment Of The Jurisdiction Of The Supreme Court In Tax Cases (Art. the exemption from tax shall not attach Grantee Taxes covered 6. City of Butuan. Sec. Tax Sparing Rule – same dividend earned by a NRFC within the Phil. 28(4). Aquino. X. subject to certain limitations. Sec. Treatment of taxes levied for a special purpose. (Sec.C Johnson and Son. (Pepsi Cola Bottling Co. (3) Domestic. GR No. 1987 Constitution) 2. VIII. 1981) The test of exemption from taxation is the use of the property for the purposes mentioned in the Constitution. (Province of Abra vs. the treaty makes it incumbent upon the state of residence to allow relief in order to avoid double taxation. Sec. 29 (1).(This may be done using the tax deduction method which allows foreign income taxes to be deducted from gross income. although in some instances it may be taken into account in determining the rate of tax applicable to the tax payer’s remaining income or capital. Gr No. vs. XIV.  Foreign income taxes may be credited against the Phil. (Art. b. imposed by the same taxing authority d. 66838. 29 (3). Necessity of an appropriation before money may be paid out of the public treasury. The exemption method. VI. benefit. 7. non profit educational institution Income tax Custom Duties Property tax (DECS Order No. SEC 28(3) Religious. (Abra Valley College Inc. (Art. 1987 Constitution) 5. taxes deemed to have been paid in the Phil. 29 (2). 4.this arises when the taxes are imposed by the local or national government (within the same state) (4) International. The tax paid in the former is credited against the tax. Non-appropriation of public money or property for the use. Sec.
If ambiguous. As to form (1) Express – expressly granted by organic or statute law (2) Implied – when particular persons. INDICIA OF FRAUD IN TAX EVASION 1. Tax exemption must be strictly construed against the taxpayer and liberally in favor of the taxing authority. d. thereby turning out his units at a lower cost. Deductions for income tax purposes 2. EXCEPT: if by reason of appraisal.agreed to by the taxing authority in contracts lawfully entered into by them under enabling laws d. KINDS OF TAX EXEMPTION 1. a course of action which is unlawful. Statutory – those which emanate from legislation Examples of Statutory Exemptions Sec. SEC 28(4) OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION) IMPACT OF TAXATION – point on which tax is originally imposed. such as the Omnibus Investment Code of 1987 (EO 226). g. 105 Tariff and Customs Code Sec. Constitutional grants of tax exemption are self-executing. Contractual. Fertilizer Industry Act (RA 3050. (1) SHIFTING – the process by which the tax burden is transferred from the statutory taxpayer (impact of taxation) to another (incident of taxation) without violating the law. Exemptions from taxation are highly disfavored in law and are not presumed. the net difference between the original cost basis and new basis is taxable under the economic benefit principle. Constitutional – immunities from taxation that originate from the constitution. as amended). the end to be achieved. March 19. Mineral Resources Development Decree of 1974 (PD 463 as amended). The seller is required by law to pay tax. L-17962) PRINCIPLES GOVERNING TAX EXEMPTION a. 104 PHIL 1061) TAX AVOIDANCE TAX EVASION Validity Legal and not subject to criminal penalty Illegal and subject to criminal penalty Effect Minimization of taxes Almost always results in absence of tax payments (6) TAX EXEMPTION – a grant of immunity to particular persons or corporations from the obligation to pay taxes. (4) TAX AVOIDANCE – the exploitation by the taxpayer of legally permissible alternative tax rates or methods of assessing taxable property or income. in order to avoid or reduce tax liability.when the tax is shifted 2 or more times either forward or backward (2) CAPITALIZATION – a mere increase in the value of the property is not income but merely an unrealized increase in capital. Illustration: Value added tax. Onward shifting. h. 157 SCRA 349) (5) TAX EVASION – use by the taxpayer of illegal or fraudulent means to defeat or lessen the payment of the tax. Tax exemptions are not presumed. Tax exemptions are personal. there is no exemption. in bad faith. vs. Failure to declare for taxation purposes true and actual income derived from business for 2 consecutive years (Republic vs Gonzales. As to object (1) Personal – granted directly in favor of certain persons (2) Impersonal – granted directly in favor of a certain class of property INCIDENCE OF TAXATION – point on which the tax burden finally rests or settles down. Tax amnesty 4. 3.7 Tax deduction method Gross income Less: allowable deductions including foreign taxes paid Income subject to tax Multiplied by rate Income tax due Tax credit method Gross income Less: allowable deductions excluding foreign taxes paid Income subject to tax Multiplied by rate Income tax due Less: foreign taxes paid Net income tax due FORMS OF ESCAPE FROM TAXATION 2. Substantial under-declaration of income tax returns of the taxpayer for 4 consecutive years coupled with intentional overstatement of deductions (CIR vs Reyes. IAC.e. Treaty e. 234 Local Government Code Special Laws. b. 2. No income until after the actual sale or other disposition of the property in excess of its original cost. As to source a. fearing the loss of his market if he should add the tax to the price. Forward shifting. Licensing Ordinance 2. or paying no tax when it is shown that the tax is due. Claims for refund 3. 1998) (3) TRANSFORMATION – the manufacturer or producer upon whom the tax has been imposed. e. 029. tax exemption is the exception. b. property or excises are deemed exempt as they fall outside the scope of the taxing provision itself. THE FOLLOWING PARTAKE THE NATURE OF TAX EXEMPTION 1. Philippine Overseas Shipping Act (RA 1407 as amended). or deliberate and not coincidental. payment of less than that known by the taxpayer to be legally due. i. Backward shifting. As to extent (1) Total – absolute immunity (2) Partial – one where a collection of a part of the tax is dispensed with 4. willful. an accompanying state of mind which is described as being evil. (BIR Ruling No. c. the cost basis of property increased and the resultant basis is used as the new tax base for purposes of computing the allowable depreciation expense. as amended) and exemptions in “Housing for Low Income Group” (PD 1205. and 3. NIRC Sec. Cottage Industry Act (RA 318. He who claims exemption should prove by convincing proof that he is exempted. LEGAL BASIS: No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the members of Congress (ART VI. 27. f. He who claims as exemption must be able to justify his claim by the clearest grant of organic or statute law by words too plain to be mistaken. KINDS OF SHIFTING a.when burden of tax is transferred from a factor of production through the factors of distribution until it finally settles on the ultimate purchaser or consumer b. FACTORS IN TAX EVASION 1. Condonation of unpaid tax liabilities NOTE: must be strictly construed against the taxpayer .when burden is transferred from consumer through factors of distribution to the factors of production c. Example: “estate planning” (conveyance of property to a family corporation for shares) (Delpher Trades Corp. Taxation is the rule. as amended) c. pays the tax and endeavors to recoup himself by improving his process of production. but the burden is actually shifted or passed on to the buyer.
Tax amnesty a) like tax exemption. BIR Rulings 10. as where injustice will result to the taxpayer. tax statutes may provide for statute of limitations. Exemptions to traditional exemptees. RULE OF NO ESTOPPEL AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT General Rule: The Government is not estopped by the mistakes or errors of its agents.Government not estopped from questioning the tax liability even if amnesty tax payments were already received. b.if the tax exemption is granted by the Constitution. granted under special circumstances to special classes of persons. In the case. CA. PRINCIPLE OF LEGISLATIVE APPROVAL OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE INTERPRETATION THROUGH REENACTMENT Where a statute is susceptible of the meaning placed upon it by a ruling of the government agency charged with its enforcement and the legislature thereafter reenacts the provision without substantial change. 2. or charges shall be assessed within five (5) years from the date they became due. SOURCES OF TAX LAWS (Key: SPEC2TRA BLT) 1. the exemption may be withdrawn by the taxing authority. fees or charges the same may be assessed within ten (10) years from discovery of the fraud or intent to evade payment. It is an act of liberality which could be taken back by the government unless there are restrictions.” (Sec 1603. civil and administrative liabilities arising from non payment of taxes Immunity from civil liability only Applies only to past tax periods. (E. Basis: Lifeblood Theory NOTE: Administrative regulations must always be in harmony with the provisions of the law. In case of fraud or intent to evade the payment of taxes. Revenue Regulations 8. 3. Rodriguez. it is never favored nor presumed b) construed strictly against the taxpayer (must show complete compliance with the law) REQUISITES OF TAX REGULATIONS 1. hence retroactive application Prospective application DOCTRINE OF I MPRESCRIPTIBILTY As a rule. with subsequent delivery. which then becomes contractual and is covered by the non-impairment clause of the Constitution. Not contrary to law 4.) Tariff and customs code It does not express any general statute of limitation. In case of discrepancy between the basic law and the implementing rule or regulation.) Local Government Code Local Taxes. To give tax evaders. 1969) Exception: In the interest of justice and fair play. GR No. The government is never estopped by mistakes or errors of its agents. 3. 246. Since taxation is the rule and exemption therefrom is the exception. 3. vs. such as those in favor of religious and charitable institutions. Reason: Erroneous application and enforcement of the law by public officers do not block subsequent correct application of the statute. taxes are imprescriptible as they are the lifeblood of the government.) National Internal Revenue Code The statute of limitation for assessment of tax if a return is filed is within three (3) years from the last day prescribed by law for the filling of the return or if filed after the last day. 117982. Feb. Statutes 2. Constitution 5. NIRC) Exceptions: 1. If exemptions refer to the public property Q: May a tax exemption be revoked? A: Yes. Collector. The rules that have been adopted are as follows: a. 2. however. the period to assess is within ten years from discovery of the omission. Exemptions from certain taxes. fraud or falsity. that ‘’ when articles have entered and passed free of duty or final adjustment of duties made. Partakes of an absolute forgiveness of waiver of the government of its right to collect. CA. July 31. If no return is filed or the return NON-RETROACTIVITY OF BIR RULINGS General Rule: Rulings are not retroactive if they are prejudicial to the taxpayer.TCC) c. When the law so provides for such liberal construction. Marcos. 2. Where the exemption was granted to private parties based on material consideration of a mutual nature. CIR vs. erroneous application and enforcement of law by public officers do not bar the subsequent correct application of statutes. Exemptions in favor of the government.8 WHEN EXEMPTIONS ARE CONSTRUED LIBERALLY IN FAVOR OF GRANTEE 1. (see CIR vs. Presidential Decrees 3. the period to collect is within ten years from discovery without need of an assessment. it provided. of omission to file or if the return filed is false or fraudulent. Non impairment clause. 194. fees. its political subdivisions or instrumentalities.Defense of tax amnesty. Inc) filed is false or fraudulent. Where the facts subsequently gathered by the BIR is materially different from the facts on which the ruling is based. Within the authority conferred 3. However. in the absence of fraud or protest. Administrative Issuances 9. Tax Codes 7. Feb. Local Tax Ordinance 11. Where the taxpayer acted in bad faith. unless the liquidation of import entry was merely tentative. L-23041. Tax amnesty Tax exemption Immunity from all criminal. its revocation may be effected through Constitutional amendment only c. however. Inc. like insanity. is a personal defense. Adherence to form. 4. Where the taxpayer deliberately misstates or omits material facts from his return or any document required of him by the BIR. The period to collect tax is within three years from date of assessment. Reason: Relates to the circumstances of a particular accused and not the character of the acts charged in the information. who wish to relent and are willing to reform a chance to do so. 1999) . Reasonable 2. Executive Orders 4. such entry and passage free of duty or settlement of duties will. Must be published 2. 5. General or intentional overlooking by the state of its authority to impose penalties on persons otherwise guilty of evasion or violation of a revenue or tax law. Tax Treaties and Conventions RULES ON TAX AMNESTY 1. Court Decisions 6. the former prevails. 3. from the date of the final payment of duties. (Mactan Cebu International Airport Authority vs. 107135. 261 SCRA 667) RESTRICTIONS ON REVOCATION OF TAX EXEMPTIONS a. They shall also be collected either by administrative or judicial action within five (5) years from date of assessment (Sec. (Sec. be final and conclusive upon all parties. after the expiration of one (1) year. b. within three years from date of actual filling. 1997. GR No. 6. 3. LGC) TAX ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION NATURE OF TAX AMNESTY 1. Where the tax exemption grant is in the form of a special law and not by a general law even if the terms of the general act are broad enough to include the codes in the general law unless there is manifest intent to repeal or alter the special law (Province of Misamis Oriental vs Cagayan Electric Power and Light Co. such action is to some extent confirmatory that the ruling carries out the legislative purpose.
219. 6(D). It should be based on actual facts. Assessments are prima facie presumed correct and made in good faith. any office or officer of the national/local government. taxpayer did not file any return at all 3. ERRONEOUS ASSESSMENT. summon. to Examine any relevant Book. Networth Method. Enforcement of all forfeitures. NIRC] Deficiency tax liability arising from a tax audit conducted by the BIR [Sec. the burden lies on the taxpayer. SECTION 5 (power to obtain information. 4. and 4. 3. and charges 1. Exceptions: 1. examine and take testimony of persons) 3. It is discretionary on the part of the Commissioner. In the application of statute of limitations. city and municipal assessors and treasurers – local and real property taxes NOTE: Assessments by the BIR must have on its face the law and facts upon which the presumption is made. paper. fees. there is evidence of possible source or sources of income to account for increases in networth. 12. 1997 NIRC) 2. The liability is determined and assessed for the following reason: a.  Applies the accounting principle: assets – liabilities = networth Condition for its use: 1. 2. presumption of regularity in performance of public functions The authority of the Commissioner to assess taxes may be delegated. Bureau of Internal Revenue – internal revenue taxes Agents of the CIR a. To recommend the assessment of any deficiency tax due in the same manner that the said acts could have been performed by the Revenue Regional Director.assessment wherein tax assessor has no power to assess at all 4. 4. 2004) KINDS 1. b.inventory method of income tax verification. the finding of the CIR will be conclusive and he will assess the taxpayer. except the power to make final assessments. Court of Appeals. there must be proper adjustments to conform with the income tax laws. October 12. 3. Commissioner of Customs with respect to taxes on imported goods b. It is also a written notice to a taxpayer to the effect that the amount stated therein is due as a tax and containing a demand for the payment thereof. volume of production. Victorino. gross income. For the Commissioner to ascertain: (a) correctness of any return or in making a return where none has been made (b) liability of any person for any internal revenue tax or in correcting such liability (c) tax compliance The Commissioner is authorized: 1. penalties. NIRC] Dissolving corporation [Sec. In the establishment of tax liens. POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE BIR Assessment and collection of all national internal revenue taxes.assessor has power to assess but errs in the exercise thereof BURDEN OF PROOF IN PRE-ASSESSMENT PROCEEDINGS There is a presumption of correctness and good faith on the part of the CIR. General Rule: income tax returns are confidential. 3. and d. NIRC) 5. General rule: Taxes are self-assessing and thus. DEFICIENCY ASSESSMENT. 2. Interpret provisions of this Code and other tax laws subject to review of the Secretary of Finance (Quasi-legislative) 2. banks duly accredited by the CIR (Sec. vs. Reviewer on Taxation. there is a fixed starting point or opening networth. Otherwise. amount ascertained exceeds that which is shown as the tax by the taxpayer in his return b. if the taxpayer does not controvert. inspection is authorized upon written order of the President of the Philippines. ILLEGAL AND VOID ASSESSMENT. b. SECTION 4 (power to interpret tax law and decide tax cases) 1. 33 of the Secretary of Finance. on a regular basis from: i. 52(c). 2. thus. production of the tax return is material evidence in a criminal case wherein the government is interested in the result. Bureau of Customs – customs law enforcement 3. 4. and fines connected therewith 2. In the proper pursuit of judicial and extrajudicial remedies to enforce taxpayer liabilities and certain matters that relate to it. Authority of a Revenue Officer . 122451. no amount of tax is shown in the return c. Provincial. gov’t agencies and instrumentalities (Bangko Sentral. 2. lifeblood theory b. c. receipts. etc). record or other data 2. ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF THE BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE (BIR) BIR shall be under the supervision and control of the Dept. Execution of judgments in all cases decided in its favor by the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) and the ordinary courts 3. inspection is authorized under Finance Regulations No. SELF. GR. ASSESSMENT – a finding by the taxing authority that the taxpayer has not paid the correct taxes. Tax period of a taxpayer is terminated [Sec. 3.pursuant to a Letter of Authority issued by the Regional Director a. NIRC] Tax lien [Sec. The same is true even if the CIR is wrong. Give effect to and administer the supervisory and police powers conferred to it by the Code or other laws PRINCIPLES GOVERNING TAX ASSESSMENTS 1. or production or inspection thereof is authorized by the taxpayer himself. sales.made by the tax assessor himself whereby the correct amount of the tax is determined after an examination or investigation is conducted.ASSESSMENT. (Mamalateo. taxpayer’s books do not clearly reflect his income or the taxpayer has no books. 2. Decide: (Quasi-judicial) a) disputed assessment b) refunds of internal revenue taxes. 4) II. In estimating the revenues that may be collected by government in the coming year. It must be directed to the right party. POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE COMMISSIONER I. head of the appropriate government office with respect to energy tax c. No. to Obtain any information (costs. do not require the issuance of an assessment notice in order to establish the tax liability of a taxpayer. or if he has books.one in which the tax is assessed by the taxpayer himself 2. any person other than the person under investigation or ii. 56(B). Exception: inquiry into income tax returns may be authorized1. such as the imposition of surcharges and interests. of Finance (Sec.9 AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TAX ADMINISTRATION 1. fees and charges c) penalties imposed in relation thereto d) other matters arising from this Code or other laws or portions thereof administered by the BIR subject to the exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the CTA (Sec. gov’t . 2000) Reasons: a. he refuses to produce them. NIRC] SIGNIFICANCE OF ASSESSMENT a. To examine taxpayers within the jurisdiction of the district in order to collect the correct amount of tax. (Cagayan Robina Sugar Milling Co.
000 or less and 2. Such minimum amount shall be considered correct. who prepare and file tax returns and other papers or who appear before the BIR (b) The Commissioner shall create national and regional accreditation boards.accounting records of entries relating to the business of the person liable for tax or any other person -. Examination of returns and determination of tax due A. SECTION 7 (Authority to Delegate Power ) 12. III. has in the meantime. willfully or otherwise files a false or fraudulent return. . Failure to do so within the prescribed period shall be deemed as approval for accreditation.113 (Invoice requirements for VAT-registered persons) and Sec. to Summon i. subject to limitations/restrictions imposed under the rules and regulations EXCEPT. After a return has been filed the Commissioner or his representative may authorize i. or b) Fair market value as shown in the schedule of values of the provincial and city assessors. LTO. Regional Director iii. revoke modify any existing rule of the BIR c) power to Compromise or Abate any tax liability provided however that the regional evaluation board may compromise: 1.g. prescribe additional requirements for tax administration and enforcement) 4. B. Assessment and Collection Div. Revenue District Officer having jurisdiction over the taxpayer d) power to Assign or reassign internal revenue officers to establishments where articles subject to excise tax are kept. The findings may be used as basis for assessing the taxes and shall be deemed prima facie correct. Failure to file a return shall not prevent the commissioner from authorizing the examination of any taxpayer. Commissioner may. at any time during the taxable year (a) order the inventory taking of goods of any taxpayer or (b) may place the business operations of any person (natural/juridical) under observation or Surveillance. The Commissioner shall Make or Amend the return from i. When the books of accounts or records do not correctly reflect the declarations made or required to be made in a return. 1405 (Bank Secrecy Law) the Commissioner is authorized to inquire into the Bank deposits of: (a) a decedent to determine his gross estate (b) a taxpayer who has filed an application to compromise payment of tax liability by reason of financial incapacity The taxpayer’s application for compromise shall not be considered unless he waives in writing his privilege under RA 1405 and other general or special laws. 5. Failure to submit required returns and other documents If a person i. the Examination of any taxpayer and ii. and other data and to give testimony 4. Asst. papers. Terminate taxable period Commissioner shall declare the tax period of a taxpayer Terminated and send notice to the taxpayer of such decision with a request for immediate payment of the tax when it has come to the knowledge of the Commissioner: a) that a taxpayer is retiring from business subject to tax or b) is intending to leave the Phils. the person liable for tax or required to file a return or ii. of Finance b) power to Issue rulings of first impression or to Reverse. the value of the property shall be whichever is higher of: a) Fair market value as determined by the Commissioner. but within three years from date of filing. the same may be modified. minor criminal violations as may be determined by the rules and regulations 3. discovered by regional and district officials Regional Evaluation Board is composed of: i. if there is reason to believe that such is not declaring his correct income. provided that no notice for audit or investigation of such return. under oath as may be relevant to the inquiry 5. Presumptive Gross Sales A. Register of Deeds) 3. When a person has failed to issue receipts as required by sec. Those who are denied accreditation may appeal the same to the Sec. assessments issued by regional offices involving deficiency taxes of P500. Commissioner may prescribe a Minimum amount of gross receipts. Prescribe Real Property Values The Commissioner is authorized to: a. individuals and general professional partnerships and their rep. 6. 237 (Issuance of Receipts or Commercial Invoices) or ii. iv.A. 11. Authority to Prescribe Additional Requirements The Commissioner may prescribe the manner of compliance with any documentary or procedural Requirement for the submission or preparation of financial statements accompanying tax returns. Such waiver shall authorize the Commissioner to inquire into his bank deposits. statement or declaration filed in any authorized office shall not be withdrawn. his own knowledge or ii.10 owned and controlled corporations) (e.the books of accounts. 7. Surveillance. fails to file a required return or report at the time prescribed or ii. The Commissioner may delegate the powers vested in him to . Of Finance who shall rule on the appeal within 60 days from receipt of such appeal. Authority to Register tax agents (a) The Commissioner shall accredit and Register. SECTION 6 (power to make assessments. changed or amended. (the following powers shall NOT be delegated) a) power to Recommend the promulgation of rules and regulations by the Sec. the Assessment of the correct amount of tax. * Any tax or deficiency tax so assessed shall be paid upon notice and demand from the Commissioner or his representative * Any return. 9. B. been actually served upon the taxpayer. Divide the Phils. -. IV. Determine the fair market value of real properties located in each zone or area For tax purposes. 10. any officer or employee of such person or iii. from such information as he can obtain through testimony or otherwise which shall be prima facie correct and sufficient for all legal purposes Inventory-taking. or c) to remove his property therefrom or d) to hide or conceal his property or e) is performing any act tending to obstruct the proceedings for the collection of tax 8. sales and taxable base (taking into account the sales and income of other persons engaged in similar business): i. Regional Director as Chairman ii.subordinate officials with rank equivalent to Division Chief or higher. Authority to Inquire into Bank Deposit Notwithstanding R. to cause revenue officers and employees to make a Canvass of any revenue district or region Nothing in Section 5 shall be construed as granting the Commissioner the authority to inquire into bank deposits other than as provided for under sec. into different zones or areas and b. Heads of the Legal. 6 (F) of the Code. records. to take the Testimony of the person concerned.to produce such books. any person having in his possession/custody/care -. sales or receipts for tax purposes.
14. Estate and donor's taxes 3. La Suerte Cigar and Cigarette Factory. Other percentage taxes 5. assign or reassign internal revenue officers involved in excise tax functions to establishments where articles subject to excise tax are produced or kept (Sec. 2002) SOURCES OF REVENUE The following taxes. certificates. 16. Income tax 2. Excise taxes 6. Duty to ensure the provision and distribution of forms. Value-added tax 4. . receipts. (Sec. An appeal from such court. Authority to assign or reassign internal revenue officers and employees of the BIR to other or special duties connected with the enforcement or administration of the revenue laws (Sec. NIRC) 1. GR No.11 V. July 4. 16) 17. The institution or commencement before a proper court of civil and criminal actions and proceedings arising under the Tax Reform Act which shall be conducted by legal officers of the BIR is not in dispute. 17 (Other Powers) 13. (Commissioner vs. 15) 16. 14) 15. Such other taxes as are or hereafter may be imposed and collected by the Bureau of Internal Revenue. 15. however. and appliances. It is still the Solicitor General who has the primary responsibility to appear for the government in appellate proceedings. 17) ARE LEGAL OFFICERS OF THE BIR AUTHORIZED TO INSTITUTE APPEAL PROCEEDINGS WITHOUT THE PARTICIPATION OF THE SOLICITOR GENERAL? NO. Documentary stamp taxes 7. Authority to administer oaths and to take testimony (Sec. 8) 14. Authority to employ. SECTIONS 8. 21. is not a matter of right. Authority to make arrests and seizures (Sec. fees and charges are deemed to be national internal revenue taxes. 144942. and the acknowledgment of payment of taxes (Sec.

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