Source: https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/indiana-water-quality-coalition-v-epa-opposition
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 08:40:31+00:00

Document:
Whether EPA's decision to disapprove Indiana's im plementation procedure was reasonable and consistent with the 1995 guidance.
The opinion of the court of appeals (Pet. App. 1a-16a) is reported at 411 F.3d 726.
The judgment of the court of appeals was entered on June 16, 2005. A petition for rehearing was denied on November 22, 2005 (Pet. App. 17a-18a). The petition for a writ of certiorari was filed on February 21, 2006 (the Tuesday following a holiday). The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1).
1. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend ments of 1972 (Clean Water Act or CWA), Pub. L. No. 92-500, 86 Stat. 816, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), prohibit the discharge of any pollutant into "navigable waters" except in accordance with the Act. 33 U.S.C. 1311(a), 1362(12)(A). "The Clean Water Act anticipates a partnership between the States and the Federal Gov ernment, animated by a shared objective: 'to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological in tegrity of the Nation's waters.'" Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. 91, 101 (1992) (quoting 33 U.S.C. 1251(a) (1988)). Under the CWA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) "provides States with substantial guid ance in the drafting of water quality standards." Ibid. (citing 40 C.F.R. Pt. 131 (1991)). "If the EPA recom mends changes to the standards and the State fails to comply with that recommendation, the Act authorizes the EPA to promulgate water quality standards for the State." Ibid. (citing 33 U.S.C. 1313(c) (1988)).
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys tem (NPDES) is established by Section 402 of the CWA, 33 U.S.C. 1342, and "requires dischargers to obtain per mits that place limits on the type and quantity of pollut ants that can be released into the Nation's waters." South Fla. Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians, 541 U.S. 95, 102 (2004). NPDES permits im pose limits based on available technologies, 33 U.S.C. 1311(b), and any more stringent limits necessary to meet water quality standards, 33 U.S.C. 1311(b)(1)(C). Long standing NPDES regulations require water quality- based limits whenever a discharge would "cause, have the reasonable potential to cause, or contribute to an excursion above any State water quality standard." 40 C.F.R. 122.44(d)(1)(i); see id. § 122.44(d)(1)(iv). "Section 402(b) authorizes each State to establish 'its own permit program for discharges into navigable waters within its jurisdiction.'" Arkansas, 503 U.S. at 102 (quoting 33 U.S.C. 1342(b)).
In 1990, Congress amended Section 118 of the CWA to address the problem of pollutant discharges into the Great Lakes System. 33 U.S.C. 1268 (2000 & Supp. III 2003); see American Iron & Steel Inst. v. EPA, 115 F.3d 979, 989 (D.C. Cir. 1997) ("Congress was attempting to create a uniform set of requirements for water pollution in the Great Lakes."). Section 118 directs EPA to "pro vide guidance to the Great Lakes States on minimum water quality standards, antidegradation policies, and implementation procedures for the Great Lakes Sys tem," 33 U.S.C. 1268(c)(2)(A); see 33 U.S.C. 1268(c)(2)(B), and it requires the Great Lakes States to "adopt water quality standards, antidegradation poli cies, and implementation procedures * * * which are consistent with such guidance," 33 U.S.C. 1268(c)(2)(C). If and to the extent that a Great Lakes State fails to adopt standards, policies, and procedures that are con sistent with the guidance provided by EPA, EPA is di rected to promulgate federal standards, policies, or pro cedures that will then apply to discharges in the rele vant State. See 33 U.S.C. 1268(c)(2)(C); 40 C.F.R. 132.5(f)(2); Pet. App. 3a.
In 1995, following a notice-and-comment procedure, EPA issued the required guidance. Final Water Qual ity Guidance for the Great Lakes System, 60 Fed. Reg. 15,366 (Guidance); see Pet. App. 3a. The Guidance has three basic parts. First, it outlines criteria and method ologies for protecting aquatic life, human health, and wildlife from toxic pollutants. See 40 C.F.R. Pt. 132, Tbls. 1-4, Apps. A-D. Second, it prescribes antide gradation procedures to protect existing high-quality waters within the Great Lakes System. See 40 C.F.R. Pt. 132, App. E. Third, the Guidance establishes re quirements to ensure more consistent implementation of water-quality criteria in regulating individual dis charges of toxic pollutants into the System. See 40 C.F.R. Pt. 132, App. F.
The third part of the Guidance establishes an imple mentation procedure under which an NPDES permit ting authority determines whether a facility's permit requires a discharge limitation to control whole effluent toxicity (WET) to a level that will assure attainment of water quality standards. See Pet. App. 2a. The term "WET" is defined under pre-existing NPDES regula tions as the combined toxic effect of individual chemicals in a discharge measured directly using test organisms in a laboratory. See 40 C.F.R. 122.2; Edison Elec. Inst. v. EPA, 391 F.3d 1267, 1268-1269 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (describ ing test procedures). In general terms, the Guidance's implementation procedure for determining the need for a WET limit (a) starts with the maximum observed tox icity value derived from laboratory testing of a facility's effluent; (b) applies a statistical multiplier to that maxi mum value to account for the likelihood that the facility did not collect samples at the precise moment when the combined toxic effect of the facility's wastestream was at its highest; (c) adjusts downward to reflect any avail able dilution in the receiving water; and (d) compares the resulting value to the amount of toxicity that a healthy water body can sustain (i.e., the applicable WET criteria in the water quality standard). See 40 C.F.R. Pt. 132, App. F, Procedure 6, Sec. D; Pet. App. 3a-4a. If the permitting authority projects that the discharge is likely to have a greater toxic effect on the receiving wa ter of the Great Lakes System than the acceptable level of toxicity identified in the standard, then it may autho rize the discharge only with an NPDES permit that in cludes an effluent limitation for WET.
[t]he scientific, policy and legal basis for EPA's de velopment of each section of the final Guidance * * * is set forth in the preamble, [SID], Technical Support Documents, and other supporting docu ments in the public docket. EPA will follow the guid ance set out in these documents in reviewing State * * * water quality programs in the Great Lakes for consistency with this part.
2. In 2000, after reviewing the standards, policies, and implementation procedures proposed by the State of Indiana and other Great Lakes States, including pub lic notice and opportunity for comment, EPA approved a large majority of the state proposals. See Pet. App. 19a-26a, 34a-40a; 63 Fed. Reg. 10,221 (1998); 64 Fed. Reg. 49,803 (1999); C.A. App. 494-507, 628-633, 650, 657- 659, 679-686, 690-696, 704. EPA disapproved Indiana's proposed WET implementation procedure, however, concluding that it was inconsistent with the Guidance. See Pet. App. 38a-40a. EPA explained that Indiana's proposed procedure, whose application turns on the av erage toxicity of different samples rather than on the maximum observed toxic value, "both lessens the impact of observed toxicity on the calculation and fails to ac count for the reasonable possibility that effluent toxicity may exceed the level observed in the tests because sam pling did not coincide with periods of maximum toxicity." Id. at 39a. EPA further observed that the proposed In diana procedures "often do not require a limit on WET where one would be required under the procedures in the Guidance," and that, "in some cases, Indiana's proce dure would not require imposition of a [permit limit for WET] even where testing has showed actual, observed toxicity." Ibid.; see C.A. App. 658 (Indiana's WET im plementation procedure "require[s] multiple failures" of a toxicity test before the facility's NPDES permit must contain a WET limit).
In the course of its decision, EPA considered and rejected Indiana's contention that EPA's own WET im plementation procedure is scientifically indefensible, and that the State's procedure therefore was not re quired to be consistent with the applicable Guidance provisions. Pet. App. 52a-61a. EPA explained that the scientific-indefensibility exclusion set forth in 40 C.F.R. 132.4(h) is intended "to address pollutants identified in the future for which some of the methodologies or proce dures may not be technically appropriate," Pet. App. 53a, and "is not a vehicle for parties to challenge anew the Guidance itself," id. at 54a. EPA observed in that regard that "[t]he public had a full opportunity to pro vide its views on [EPA's WET procedure] during the rulemaking establishing the Guidance, and the time pe riod for challenging the Guidance has passed." Ibid.; see 33 U.S.C. 1369(b)(1) (petition for review of EPA action must be filed in the appropriate court of appeals within 120 days after the challenged action).
[T]he procedures submitted by Ohio, Michigan and Indiana do not address in any manner the underlying premise of [EPA's WET procedure]-that effluent quality is variable and, therefore, a method for as sessing WET data must account for the likelihood that the maximum value in a particular data set is less than the true maximum that is likely to be expe rienced by the environment as a result of the dis charge. In evaluating the potential for a discharge to cause or contribute to an exceedance of water quality standards, EPA believes it prudent to employ a pro cedure that minimizes the likelihood of misclassify ing a discharge as not needing an effluent limitation, given the potential in such circumstances for unac ceptable adverse impacts on the aquatic resource.
Id. at 54a-55a. That approach, EPA explained, will "al low the permitting authority to make a decision that will protect water quality with a high degree of confidence in the face of uncertainty and with a relatively small data set." Id. at 55a.
By contrast, EPA observed, the WET procedures that Indiana proposed would have "move[d] in the oppo site direction by averaging the observed effluent data." Pet. App. 55a. In EPA's view, the State's proposed WET procedures ignored "the fact that a small number of data sets may not capture the worst case effluent quality," and those procedures would have allowed dis charges to occur even in situations "where available data ha[ve] indicated unacceptable toxicity." Id. at 55a-56a. Therefore, in addition to being inconsistent with the Guidance, EPA concluded that Indiana's proposal would not be "in accordance with applicable national regula tions." Id. at 56a (citing 40 C.F.R. 122.44(d)(1)). The effect of EPA's decision was that, given the absence of an approved state alternative, the WET implementation procedures previously set forth in the Guidance apply within Indiana and other Great Lakes States. See id. at 61a.
3. The State of Indiana did not seek judicial review of EPA's decision disapproving the State's proposed WET implementation procedure. However, petitioner Indiana Water Quality Coalition-a coalition of indus trial entities whose effluent discharges are potentially subject to regulation under the CWA-filed a petition for review in the Seventh Circuit. See Pet. App. 5a. That petition was subsequently transferred to the Sixth Circuit and consolidated with a previously filed petition for review raising similar issues with respect to imple mentation procedures proposed by the State of Ohio. See ibid. The court of appeals denied the petitions for review. Id. at 1a-16a.
a. The court of appeals held that the petitions for review were timely, notwithstanding the fact that any petition for review of the Guidance itself was required to be filed within 120 days of the Guidance's promulgation in 1995. Pet. App. 7a. The court found that petitioner challenged only "the reasonableness of the EPA's find ing that the Indiana * * * implementation procedures are inconsistent with the Guidance," and that petitioner did not "contest the legitimacy of the Guidance" itself. Ibid.
EPA acted rationally and on the basis of consider able evidence when it rejected Indiana's regulatory scheme. Given that Indiana's averaging of toxicity will call for fewer WET limits than a system using maximum values, the EPA's conclusion that the state's scheme would be less protective of the envi ronment was far from being arbitrary or capricious.
The court of appeals also rejected petitioner's con tention that the proposed Indiana procedures should be treated as an appropriate alternative because the WET testing procedures described in the Guidance were sci entifically indefensible. Pet. App. 14a-16a. The court explained that EPA's stated purpose for adopting the scientific-indefensibility exclusion was to allow flexibility in addressing discharges of "pollutants identified in the future." Id. at 15a (quoting 58 Fed. Reg. 20,843 (1993)) (emphasis added by court of appeals). The court also observed that the exclusion "was intended to be 'applied to a specific situation,' * * * not to a sweeping alterna tive regulatory scheme." Id. at 16a (quoting SID, C.A. App. 309).
The judgment of the court of appeals is correct and does not conflict with any decision of this Court or of any other court of appeals. The court of appeals' decision also raises no legal issue of recurring importance. Fur ther review is not warranted.
1. Petitioner contends (Pet. 12-18) that the court of appeals erred in holding that 40 C.F.R. 132.4(h) is inap plicable to state WET testing procedures. That claim lacks merit.
a. Section 132.4(h) states that, "[f]or any pollutant other than those in Table 5 of this part for which the State * * * demonstrates that a methodology or proce dure in this part is not scientifically defensible, the Great Lakes States * * * shall" apply an alternative procedure that is consistent with all applicable federal laws. On its face, the regulation simply states what op tions are available if a State validly demonstrates that a methodology or procedure set forth in the Guidance is scientifically indefensible. Section 132.4(h) does not discuss how, when, or under what circumstances a show ing of scientific indefensibility may be made. And while petitioner is correct that Section 132.4(h) "contain[s] no language that limits a State's use of the scientific indefensibility provision only to pollutants identified in the future" (Pet. 15), Section 132.4(h) also contains no explicit statement that the exclusion does apply to pol lutants that were identified before the Guidance was issued. There is consequently no basis for petitioner's contention (Pet. 15) that the understanding of Section 132.4(h) reflected in the SID is "contrary to the plain language of the regulation."
b. Additional factors reinforce the reasonableness of EPA's determination that the scientific-indefensibility exclusion is inapplicable here. The Guidance itself ex plains that "[t]he scientific, policy and legal basis for EPA's development of each section of the final Guidance * * * is set forth in" supporting documents that include the SID. 40 C.F.R. 132.1(b). Section 132.1(b) further states that "EPA will follow the guidance set out in these documents in reviewing the State * * * water qual ity programs in the Great Lakes." Ibid.
The text of the pertinent regulations thus expressly identifies the SID as an aid to the understanding and implementation of the Guidance. In addition, the SID was issued contemporaneously with the Guidance it self, and EPA's understanding that the scientific- indefensibility exclusion would be applicable only to subsequently-identified pollutants was clearly reflected in the proposed Guidance previously issued for public comment in 1993.1 Contrary to petitioner's contention (Pet. 17), treating EPA's adherence to that understand ing as permissible in no way suggests that an agency may circumvent notice-and-comment requirements by effectively amending its published regulations under the guise of re-interpretation.
2. In the administrative decision at issue in this case, EPA also explained that, even if the scientific- indefensibility exclusion were potentially applicable to WET testing procedures, Indiana's proposal would be rejected because the State's approach was insufficiently protective of aquatic resources and was not "in accor dance with applicable national regulations." Pet. App. 56a (citing 40 C.F.R. 122.44(d)(1)); see id. at 54a-56a. Because a Great Lakes State that seeks to invoke the scientific-indefensibility exclusion must offer "an alter native implementation procedure that is consistent with all applicable Federal, State, and Tribal laws," 40 C.F.R. 132.4(h)(2), EPA's assessment of the shortcomings of Indiana's proposal provides an independent basis for the administrative action that is currently under review. And while the court of appeals' discussion of the scientific-indefensibility exclusion (see Pet. App. 14a- 16a) did not refer to that aspect of EPA's rationale, the court had previously expressed general approval of EPA's scientific analysis. See Pet. App. 9a-11a.3 There is consequently no reason to believe that the court of appeals' judgment denying the petition for review would have been affected if the court had rejected EPA's inter pretation of 40 C.F.R. 132.4(h).
3. For other reasons as well, petitioner's challenge to EPA's interpretation of its own regulation does not warrant this Court's review.
a. In its discussion of the scientific-indefensibility exclusion (Pet. App. 14a-16a), the court of appeals did not announce any general rule defining the circum stances under which documents like the SID may be consulted, or the weight that they should be given, when a court interprets published agency regulations. There is consequently no basis for petitioner's concern (see Pet. 17) that the Sixth Circuit's decision may be cited in future cases as authority for the proposition that infor mal agency guidance can supersede unambiguous regu latory text. Nor is there any basis for petitioner's claim (Pet. 12, 15-16) that the decision below conflicts with decisions in which other courts of appeals have inter preted other agency regulations in accordance with their plain language. The court of appeals did not hold or sug gest that EPA's interpretation is inconsistent with any unambiguous regulatory text, and thus petitioner's claim of a conflict rests on a mistaken premise.
b. The statutory and regulatory provisions that gov ern the disposition of this case are unusual, and the practical significance of the court of appeals' decision is accordingly limited. Section 118 of the CWA, 33 U.S.C. 1268 (2000 & Supp. III 2003), applies only to States sur rounding the Great Lakes. The EPA action at issue here applies by its terms only to activities conducted in Indiana that result in discharges of pollutants to Lake Michigan and its tributaries. See 33 U.S.C. 1268(a)(3)(C); 40 C.F.R. 132.6(c). The instant case, moreover, is the only one in which a court has reviewed an application of EPA's "final water quality guidance" to a Great Lakes State, see 33 U.S.C. 1268(c)(2)(B), and it is unlikely that another such case will arise in the future, since the deadline for Great Lakes States to submit their water quality programs for review by EPA expired long ago, see 33 U.S.C. 1268(c)(2)(C), and EPA com pleted its review of those programs in 2000. See Pet. App. 19a-65a.
In addition, Section 118's directive that EPA provide "guidance" to state regulators is itself an unusual statu tory mandate. As the court explained in American Iron & Steel Inst. v. EPA, 115 F.3d 979 (D.C. Cir. 1997), the Guidance issued by EPA in 1995 "certainly restricts state flexibility, but it does not immediately impose any requirements. It merely announces the standards by which state submissions will be judged and informs the states of the default rule that the agency will apply if a state submits a nonconforming plan." Id. at 988. Be cause the CWA requirement that EPA provide "guid ance" to Great Lakes States and Tribes is essentially sui generis, this case would not present a suitable vehicle for addressing more general questions concerning fed eral agencies' efforts to clarify published regulations by incorporating contemporaneously issued, but less for mal, explanatory documents.
c. In the decision at issue here, EPA disapproved limited aspects of the Great Lakes program adopted by the State of Indiana. The State did not petition for re view of the EPA decision, nor did it intervene in the Sixth Circuit proceeding. Rather, in both the court of appeals and in this Court, EPA's action with regard to the Indiana proposal has been challenged solely by a coalition of regulated private entities. The State's acqui escence in EPA's decision provides a further reason for concluding that the question presented here does not warrant this Court's review.
1 Petitioner suggests (see Pet. 6, 12, 16) that the public did not receive notice of, and an opportunity to comment on, EPA's current interpretation of the scientific-indefensibility exclusion. That is incor rect. In issuing the proposed Guidance for public comment in 1993, EPA made clear that the exclusion was designed to address situations in which methodologies or procedures set forth in the Guidance proved to be inappropriate for newly discovered pollutants. See Pet. App. 15a- 16a (quoting explanation of the exclusion given in the proposed Guidance, 58 Fed. Reg. 20,843 (1993)).
2 The Guidance itself was previously challenged in court and was upheld in most respects. See American Iron & Steel Inst. v. EPA, 115 F.3d 979 (D.C. Cir. 1997).
the EPA acted rationally and on the basis of considerable evidence when it rejected Indiana's regulatory scheme. Given that Indiana's averaging of toxicity will call for fewer WET limits than a system using maximum values, the EPA's conclusion that the state's scheme would be less protective of the environment was far from being arbitrary or capricious.

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