Source: http://supreme.nolo.com/us/258/483/case.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 02:14:14+00:00

Document:
1. Findings of fact made by the Federal Trade Commission are conclusive when supported by evidence. P. 258 U. S. 491.
2. A manufacturer's practice of selling underwear and other knit goods made partly of wool but labeled as "natural merino," "natural worsted," "natural wool" and with other like terms taken by a substantial part of the consuming public and sometimes in the retail trade as indicating pure wool fabrics, with the result of misleading part of the public into buying, as all-wool, garments made largely of cotton and of aiding and encouraging misrepresentations by unscrupulous retailers and their salesmen, is an unfair method of competition as against manufacturers of like garments made of wool or wool and cotton, who brand their products truthfully, and is subject to be suppressed under § 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. P. 258 U. S. 491.
become so well known to the trade that retailers, as distinguished from consumers, are no longer deceived by it. P 258 U. S. 493.
Certiorari to review a decree of the circuit court of appeals setting aside an order of the Federal Trade Commission under § 5 of the Act of September 26, 1914, C. 311, 38 Stat. 719.
"cease and desist from employing or using as labels or brands on underwear or other knit goods not composed wholly of wool, or on the wrappers, boxes or other containers in which they are delivered to customers, the words 'Merino,' 'Wool,' or 'Worsted,' alone or in combination with any other word or words, unless accompanied by a word or words designating the substance, fiber or material other than wool of which the garments are composed in part (e.g., 'Merino, Wool and Cotton;' 'Wool and Cotton;' 'Worsted, Wool and Cotton;' 'Wool, Cotton, and Silk') or by a word or words otherwise clearly indicating that such underwear or other goods is not made wholly of wool (e.g., part wool). "
"Conscientious manufacturers may prefer not to use a label which is capable of misleading, and it may be that it will be desirable to prevent the use of the particular labels, but it is in our opinion not within the province of the Federal Trade Commission to do so."
272 F. 957, 961. The case is here on writ of certiorari. 256 U.S. 688.
The order of the Commission rests upon findings of fact, and these upon evidence which fills 350 pages of the printed record. Section 5 of the act makes the Commission's findings conclusive as to the facts, if supported by evidence.
people, understand the words "Merino," "Natural Merino," "Gray Merino," "Natural Wool," "Gray Wool," "Australian Wool" and "Natural Worsted," as applied to underwear, to mean that the underwear is all wool. By means of the labels and brands of the Winsted Company bearing such words, part of the public is misled into selling or into buying as all wool underwear which in fact is in large part cotton. And these brands and labels tend to aid and encourage the representations of unscrupulous retailers and their salesmen who knowingly sell to their customers as all wool underwear which is largely composed of cotton. Knit underwear made wholly of wool has for many years been widely manufactured and sold in this country, and constitutes a substantial part of all knit underwear dealt in. It is sold under various labels or brands, including "Wool," "All Wool," "Natural Wool" and "Pure Wool," and also under other labels which do not contain any words descriptive of the composition of the article. Knit underwear made of cotton and wool is also used in this country by some manufacturers who market it without any label or marking describing the material or fibers of which it is composed, and by some who market it under labels bearing the words "Cotton and Wool" or "Part Wool." The Winsted Company's product, labeled and branded as above stated, is being sold in competition with such all wool underwear and such cotton and wool underwear.
manufacturer of underwear could maintain a suit against the Winsted Company, and that, even if consumers are misled because they do not understand the trade signification of the label or because some retailers deliberately deceive them as to its meaning, the result is in no way legally connected with unfair competition.
This argument appears to have prevailed with the court of appeals, but it is unsound. The labels in question are literally false, and, except those which bear the word "Merino," are palpably so. All are, as the Commission found, calculated to deceive and do in fact deceive a substantial portion of the purchasing public. That deception is due primarily to the words of the labels, and not to deliberate deception by the retailers from whom the consumer purchases. While it is true that a secondary meaning of the word "Merino" is shown, it is not a meaning so thoroughly established that the description which the label carries has ceased to deceive the public, for even buyers for retailers and sales people are found to have been misled. The facts show that it is to the interest of the public that a proceeding to stop the practice be brought. And they show also that the practice constitutes an unfair method of competition as against manufacturers of all wool knit underwear and as against those manufacturers of mixed wool and cotton underwear who brand their product truthfully. For when misbranded goods attract customers by means of the fraud which they perpetrate, trade is diverted from the producer of truthfully marked goods. That these honest manufacturers might protect their trade by also resorting to deceptive labels is no defense to this proceeding brought against the Winsted Company in the public interest.
The fact that misrepresentation and misdescription have become so common in the knit underwear trade that most dealers no longer accept labels at their face value does not prevent their use being an unfair method of competition.
A method inherently unfair does not cease to be so because those competed against have become aware of the wrongful practice. Nor does it cease to be unfair because the falsity of the manufacturer's representation has become so well known to the trade that dealers, as distinguished from consumers, are no longer deceived. The honest manufacturer's business may suffer not merely through a competitor's deceiving his direct customer, the retailer, but also through the competitor's putting into the hands of the retailer an unlawful instrument which enables the retailer to increase his own sales of the dishonest goods, thereby lessening the market for the honest product. That a person is a wrongdoer who so furnishes another with the means of consummating a fraud has long been a part of the law of unfair competition. [Footnote 2] And trademarks which deceive the public are denied protection although members of the trade are not misled thereby. [Footnote 3] As a substantial part of the public was still misled by the use of the labels which the Winsted Company employed, the public had an interest in stopping the practice as wrongful, and since the business of its trade rivals who marked their goods truthfully was necessarily affected by that practice, the Commission was justified in its conclusion that the practice constituted an unfair method of competition, and it was authorized to order that the practice be discontinued.
The original order of the Commission was based on findings which rested upon an agreed statement of facts. The petition for review urged, among other things, that the agreed statement did not support the findings. Thereupon the Commission moved in the court of appeals that the case be remanded to the Commission for additional evidence as provided in the fourth paragraph of § 5 of the act. Under leave so granted, the evidence was taken, and modified findings of fact were made. The modified order was based on these findings. It is this modified order which was set aside by the court of appeals, and we have no occasion to consider the original order or the proceedings which led up to it.
Von Mumm v. Frash, 56 F. 830; Coca-Cola Co. v. Gay-Ola Co., 200 F. 720, 722; New England Awl & Needle Co. v. Marlborough Awl & Needle Co., 168 Mass. 154, 155.
Manhattan Medicine Co. v. Wood, 108 U. S. 218; Worden v. California Fig Syrup Co., 187 U. S. 516, 187 U. S. 538.

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