Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/226/551/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 18:15:47+00:00

Document:
Notwithstanding the obligation to make continuing payments for maintenance of a wife and children is not, even when fixed by judicial decree, in the nature of a technical debt, it may, when so fixed, be estimated on expectancy of life, and the total amount may sustain a jurisdiction based on amount involved.
Statutory maintenance is assimilated to alimony under § 980 of the Code of the District of Columbia.
In this case, as the amount due under a judgment of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia for support and maintenance at the rate of $75.00 a month together with amount to accrue due during expectancy of life of the wife amounts to over $5,000, this Court has jurisdiction under the Act of February 9, 1893.
The words "every court within the United States," as used in § 905, Rev.Stat., carrying into effect the full faith and credit clause of the Constitution, include the courts of the District of Columbia.
The full faith and credit clause of the federal Constitution and the statutes enacted thereunder do not apply to judgments rendered by a court having no jurisdiction.
Under the prior decisions of this Court, service of the summons in a suit for divorce may be by publication if brought in a court of the matrimonial domicile. Atherton v. Atherton, 181 U. S. 155; Haddock v. Haddock, 201 U. S. 562.
The state in which the parties were married, where they resided after marriage, and where the husband resided until the action for divorce was brought is the matrimonial domicile, and has jurisdiction over the absent wife.
A decree of divorce is not valid even when granted by a court of the matrimonial domicile except on actual notice to the defendant, or, if a nonresident, by publication according to the law of the state.
made on information and belief, the court acquires jurisdiction and the judgment based thereon is entitled to full faith and credit in the courts of other states.
This Court is bound to assume, in the absence of any general law or policy of a state to the contrary being shown, that where the court adjudges the proceedings to be in accord with proper practice, such is the case.
Although an affidavit used as a basis for an order of publication of the summons may be defective in the mode of stating material facts, if the facts are stated, the judgment, though voidable on direct attack, is not void on its face and coram non judice.
Where the courts of a state have held that a wife may by her conduct forfeit the right to the support of her husband, and cannot have alimony on a divorce decreed in his favor, the courts of other states must give the decree full faith and credit as foreclosing the right of the wife to have alimony and a bar to a suit for maintenance in the courts of other states.
The facts, which involve the degree of faith and credit to be given by the courts of the District of Columbia to a judgment of divorce obtained in Virginia on service of the summons by publication, are stated in the opinion.
without cause, and that, notwithstanding his repeated entreaties and endeavors to induce her to return, she had refused to do so. An order of publication having been made and published, the Virginia court, on October 19, 1907, made a decree granting to the husband a divorce a mensa et thoro. He thereafter, on being served as already mentioned with process in the wife's suit, filed a plea setting up the Virginia decree and the proceedings upon which it was rendered as a bar to her action. This plea was, on hearing, overruled, the husband being allowed time in which to answer the bill. He answered, denying the wife's charges of cruelty and setting up other matters pertaining to the merits, and also averred that his domicil, as well as the matrimonial domicil of the parties, was in Loudoun county, Virginia, and again pleaded the Virginia proceedings and decree as a bar to the wife's suit. The Supreme Court of the District, upon final hearing, held the Virginia divorce to be invalid, and made a decree awarding to the wife custody of an infant child born to the parties during the pendency of the proceedings and requiring the husband to pay to the wife $75 per month for the maintenance of herself and the child, to forthwith pay to her the sum of $500 for counsel fees, and also to pay the costs of suit to be taxed. From this decree the husband appealed to the Court of Appeals of the District, which court reversed the decree and remanded the cause with directions to enter an order vacating the decree and dismissing the bill. 35 App.D.C. 14.
on the ground that the matter here in dispute does not exceed the sum mentioned.
Under the decree of the Supreme Court, the payments of $75 per month for support of the wife and child were to commence on July 15, 1909. Supposing that decree to be now reinstated by a reversal of the decree of the Court of Appeals, the installments already accrued would amount to considerably more than one half of the jurisdictional amount. The expectancy of life of the parties is clearly sufficient to make up the balance.
It is true that the obligation to make such payments for maintenance in the future, even when fixed by judicial decree, is not in the nature of a technical debt.
"Whenever any husband shall fail or refuse to maintain his wife and minor children, if any, although able so to do, the court, on application of the wife, may decree that he shall pay her periodically such sums as would be allowed to her as permanent alimony in case of divorce for the maintenance of herself and the minor children committed to her care by the court, and the payment thereof may be enforced in the same manner as directed in regard to such permanent alimony."
"After a decree of divorce in any case granting alimony and providing for the care and custody of children, the case shall still be considered open for any future orders in those respects."
The statutory maintenance is thus assimilated to alimony, in that it is subject to be modified from time to time or even cut off entirely, in the event of a change in the circumstances of the parties, and it, of course, ceases wholly upon the death of the husband. See Lynde v. Lynde, 181 U. S. 183; Audubon v. Shufeldt, 181 U. S. 575, 181 U. S. 578; Lynde v. Lynde, 64 N.J.Eq. 736, 751.
Nevertheless, such a decree clearly and finally settles the obligation of the husband to contribute to the support of the wife and offspring, and fixes the amount of contributions required for the present to fulfill that obligation. The future payments are not in any proper sense contingent or speculative, although they are subject to be increased, decreased, or even cut off, as just indicated.
"whether the petitioner is subject to a prosecution which may end in a sentence dismissing him from the service, and depriving him of a salary as paymaster general during the residue of his term as such, and as pay inspector afterwards, which, in less than two years, would exceed the sum of $5,000."
This Court sustained the appellate jurisdiction. That case has been repeatedly cited upon the present point, Smith v. Adams, 130 U. S. 167, 130 U. S. 175; South Carolina v. Seymour, 153 U. S. 353, 153 U. S. 358; Simon v. House, 46 F. 317, 318; Chesapeake & Delaware Canal Co. v. Gring, 159 F. 662, 664, and its authority upholds our jurisdiction in the case before us.
The next question is whether the Court of Appeals was right in holding that the Supreme Court of the District erred in refusing to give credit to the Virginia decree.
"full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof."
"the said records and judicial proceedings, so authenticated, shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court within the United States as they have by law or usage in the courts of the state from which they are taken."
This latter clause finds its origin in the first act passed by Congress to carry into effect the constitutional mandate (Act of May 26, 1790, c. 11, 1 Stat. 122), and, in an early case, it was held that the words "every court within the United States" include the courts of the District of Columbia, and require those courts to give full faith and credit to the judicial proceedings of the several states when properly authenticated. Mills v. Duryee, 7 Cranch 484, 485.
But it is established that the full faith and credit clause, and the statutes enacted thereunder, do not apply to judgments rendered by a court having no jurisdiction of the parties or subject matter, or of the res in proceedings in rem. D'Arcy v. Ketchum, 11 How. 165; Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457; Reynolds v. Stockton, 140 U. S. 254; Bigelow v. Old Dominion Copper Co., 225 U. S. 111, 225 U. S. 134.
an absolute decree of divorce. It was held that this decree was entitled to full faith and credit in the courts of New York. In the Haddock case, the husband and wife were domiciled in New York, and the husband left her there, and, after some years, acquired a domicil in Connecticut, and obtained in that state, and in accordance with its laws, a judgment of divorce, based upon constructive, and not actual, service of process on the wife, she having meanwhile retained her domicil in New York, and having made no appearance in the action. The wife afterwards sued for divorce in New York, and obtained personal service in that state upon the husband. The New York court refused to give credit to the Connecticut judgment, and this Court held that there was no violation of the full faith and credit clause in the refusal, and this because there was not at any time a matrimonial domicil in the State of Connecticut, and therefore the res -- the marriage status -- was not within the sweep of the judicial power of that state.
In the present case, it appears that the parties were married in the State of Virginia, and had a matrimonial domicil there, and not in the District of Columbia or elsewhere. The husband had his actual domicil in that state at all times until and after the conclusion of the litigation. It is clear, therefore, under the decision in the Atherton case and the principles upon which it rests, that the State of Virginia had jurisdiction over the marriage relation, and the proper courts of that state could proceed to adjudicate respecting it upon grounds recognized by the laws of that state, although the wife had left the jurisdiction and could not be reached by formal process.
the law of the state. Cheely v. Clayton, 110 U. S. 701; Atherton v. Atherton, 181 U. S. 155, 181 U. S. 171-172. In Cheely v. Clayton, because the notice was published against the defendant without making such effort as the local law required to serve process upon her within the state, this Court held, following repeated decisions of the state court, that the decree of divorce was wholly void for want of jurisdiction in the court that granted it, and that the liberty conferred by the local statute upon a defendant on whom constructive service only had been made, to apply within three years to set the decree aside, did not make it valid when the constructive service was so defective.
The Virginia decree now in question is attacked for want of jurisdiction on the ground that the affidavit used as a basis for the order of publication was made upon information and belief, and not upon personal knowledge. It is insisted that the order was therefore unauthorized, and all proceedings based upon it null and void.
By § 3250 of the Virginia Code it is provided that, "on affidavit that a defendant is not a resident of this state . . . , an order of publication may be entered against such defendant." Succeeding sections prescribe the form of the order, the mode of publication, and the proceedings to be taken when the order has been thus executed.
"the said Charles N. Thompson filed an affidavit setting forth that the said Jessie E. Thompson was not a resident of the State of Virginia, said affidavit to be used as basis for an order of publication against the said Jessie E. Thompson, . . . in the words and figures following, to-wit:"
" Charles N. Thompson, plaintiff, this day made oath before me in said office that Jessie E. Thompson, defendant in the suit aforesaid, is not a resident of the said state, as he is informed and verily believes. "
"It appearing from legal evidence that the said defendant is not a resident of this state, it is ordered that she do appear within fifteen days after due publication hereof, in the clerk's office of our said court, and do what is necessary to protect her interests."
"It appearing that the complainant hath proceeded regularly at rules to mature this suit against defendant, who is a nonresident of Virginia, both by personal service of process and by publication, in the mode prescribed by statute, this case was set down for hearing and came on this day to be heard on said proceedings at rules, the bill of complaint, and the depositions of witnesses regularly taken and returned to the court; on consideration whereof, the court, being of the opinion that complainant hath made out his case by legal evidence, doth adjudge, order, and decree that the prayer of the bill be and the same is hereby granted; that the complainant, Charles N. Thompson, be and hereby is granted a divorce a mensa et thoro from said defendant, Jessie E. Thompson, and that each of them be, and he and she are, divested of all marital rights in the other's property. And it is further ordered that this cause be placed upon the suspended docket, with leave to the complainant to apply for further relief whenever he may be advised that he is entitled thereto."
"affidavit stating the amount and justice of the claim, that there is present cause of action therefor, that the defendant or one of the defendants is not a resident of this state, and that the affiant believes he has estate or debts due him within the county or corporation in which the suit is,"
it was held that so much of the affidavit as set forth the amount and justice of the claim, that there was present cause of action therefor, and that the defendant was nonresident in the state, must be absolute, and not made upon information and belief. Clowser v. Hall, 80 Va. 864. This decision was in 1885, and thereafter the section relating to foreign attachments was amended by permitting all of the averments of the affidavit to be based upon the belief of the plaintiff, his agent or attorney. Va.Code, § 2959.
We are not able to discover here or elsewhere any general law or policy of the State of Virginia excluding the use of affidavits based upon information and belief as the foundation of an order of publication. In the very decree before us, the Virginia court has adjudged such an affidavit to be sufficient. We are therefore bound to assume that the use of such an affidavit is in accord with proper practice in that state.
But, were it otherwise, it seems well settled that, where the affidavit used as the basis for an order of publication is defective not in omitting to state a material fact, but in the mode of stating it or in the degree of proof, the resulting judgment, even though erroneous and therefore voidable by direct attack, cannot be said to be coram non judice, and therefore void on its face. Atkins v. Atkins, 9 Neb. 191, 200; Pettiford v. Zoellner, 45 Mich. 358, 362; Adams v. Hosmar, 98 Mich. 51; Long v. Fife, 45 Kan. 271; Belmont v. Cornen, 82 N.Y. 256; 7 Encyc. Pl. & Pr. 110; 17 Encyc. Pl. & Pr. 60, 61.
The material fact upon which, according to the laws of that state, the jurisdiction of the Virginia court depended was the nonresidence of the defendant. The Code required (§ 3230) that this fact should appear by affidavit. The affidavit in question set forth the fact; the circumstance that it was averred on information and belief affected merely the degree of proof. In the absence of any local law excluding the use of such an affidavit, the decision of the state court accepting it as legal evidence must be deemed sufficient, on collateral attack, to confer jurisdiction in that court over the subject matter, in accordance with local laws.
have alimony on a divorce decreed in favor of the husband (Harris v. Harris, 31 Gratt. 13), it is plain that such a decree forecloses any right of the wife to have alimony or equivalent maintenance from her husband under the law of Virginia.
From this it results that the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia correctly held that the Virginia decree barred the wife's action for maintenance in the courts of this District.

References: § 980
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 § 3250
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 § 2959
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