Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/242/27.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 11:28:03+00:00

Document:
[242 U.S. 27, 28] Mr.John M. Killits, in propria persona, also for respondent.
[242 U.S. 27, 29] Attorney General Gregory, Assistant Attorney General Wallace, and Solicitor General Davis for the United States.
[242 U.S. 27, 33] Mr. Edwin J. Marshall for respondent.
[242 U.S. 27, 37] Richard W. Hale, Frank W. Grinnell, Homer Folks, and Charles L. Chute as amici curiae.
The remedial appropriateness of the writ of mandamus is at the threshold questioned, but we dispose of the subject by a mere reference to adjudged cases conclusively establishing the want of foundation for the contention. Ex parte Bradley, 7 Wall. 364, 19 L. ed. 214; Life & Fire Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 8 Pet. 291, 8 L. ed. 949; Re Winn, 213 U.S. [242 U.S. 27, 40] 458, 53 L. ed. 873, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 515; Re Metropolitan Trust Co. 218 U.S. 312 , 54 L. ed. 1051, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. U.S. 539, 55 L. ed. 575, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. U.S. 539, 55 L. ed. 575, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 600. In addition, however, it is urged that, as the right to resort to the extraordinary remedy by mandamus must rest upon the assumption that the order of suspension was absolutely void, therefore the rule for the writ should have been directed not against the judge, but against the clerk, to compel him to issue the commitment. But we pass from its consideration, as we are of opinion that its want of merit will be completely demonstrated by the slightest appreciation of the judicial duties of the court below and the ministerial relation of the clerk of the court to the same.
The argument on behalf of the respondent concedes that the order of suspension was permanent, and absolutely removed the accused from the operation of the punishment provided by the statute; and it is further conceded that a suspension of this character was the equivalent of an absolute and permanent refusal to impose, under the statute, any sentence whatever. However absolute may be the right thus asserted, it is nevertheless said it is not without limitation, since it may not be capriciously called [242 U.S. 27, 41] into play. Passing the question whether this assumed restriction is not in the nature of things imaginary as the result of the scope of the authority asserted, let us come to dispose of the contention made by examining the propositions relied upon to sustain it.
They are: 1. That the right to refuse to impose a sentence fixed by statute, or to refuse to execute such a sentence when imposed, is a discretion inhering in the judicial power to try and punish violations of the criminal law. 2. That even if there be doubt on this subject as an original proposition, such doubt is dispelled as the right was recognized and frequently exerted at common law. 3. That the power claimed has also been recognized by decisions of state courts and of United States courts of original jurisdiction to such an extent that the doctrine is now to be considered as not open to controversy. 4. That whatever may be the possibility of dispute as to this last view, at least it cannot be denied that in both the state and Federal courts, over a very long period of time, the power here asserted has been exercised, often with the express, and constantly with the tacit, approval of the administrative officers of the state and Federal governments, and has been also tacitly recognized by the inaction of the legislative department during the long time the practice has prevailed, to such an extent that the authority claimed has in practice become a part of the administration of criminal law, both state and Federal, not subject to be now questioned or overthrown because of mere doubts of the theoretical accuracy of the conceptions upon which it is founded.
Indisputably under our constitutional system the right to try offenses against the criminal laws, and, upon conviction, to impose the punishment provided by law, is judicial, and it is equally to be conceded that, in exerting the powers vested in them on such subject, courts inherently possess [242 U.S. 27, 42] ample right to exercise reasonable, that is, judicial, discretion to enable them to wisely exert their authority. But these concessions afford no ground for the contention as to power here made, since it must rest upon the proposition that the power to enforce begets inherently a discretion to permanently refuse to do so. And the effect of the proposition urged upon the distribution of powers made by the Constitution will become apparent when it is observed that indisputable also is it that the authority to define and fix the punishment for crime is legislative, and includes the right in advance to bring within judicial discretion for the purpose of executing the statute elements of consideration which would be otherwise beyond the scope of judicial authority, and that the right to relieve from the punishment fixed by law and ascertained according to the methods by it provided, belongs to the executive department.
'I. Ex mandato regis. . . .
'II. Ex arbitrio judicis. Sometimes the judge reprieves before judgment, as where he is not satisfied with the verdict, or the evidence is uncertain, or the indictment insufficient, or doubtful whether within clergy; and sometimes after judgment, if it be a small felony, tho out of clergy, or in order to a pardon or transportation. Crompt. Just. 22b, and these arbitrary reprieves may be granted or taken off by the justices of gaol-delivery, altho their sessions be adjourned or finished, and this by reason of common usage. 2 Dyer, 205a, 73 Eng. Reprint, 452.
'The only other remaining ways of avoiding the execution of the judgment are by a reprieve or a pardon; whereof the former is temporary only, the latter permanent.
'I. A reprieve (from reprendre, to take back), is the withdrawing of a sentence for an interval of time; whereby the execution is suspended. This may be, first ex arbitrio judicis; either before or after judgment; as, where the judge is not satisfied with the verdict, or the evidence is suspicious, or the indictment is insufficient, or he is doubtful whether the offense be within clergy; or sometimes if it be a small felony, or any favourable circumstances appear in the criminal's character, in order to give room to apply to the Crown for either an absolute or conditional pardon. These arbitrary reprieves may be granted or taken off by the justices of gaol delivery, although their session be finished, and their commission expired; but this rather by common usage, than of strict right. [242 U.S. 27, 44] 'Reprieves may also be ex necessitate legis: as, where a woman is capitally convicted, and pleads her pregnancy; though this is no cause to stay the judgment, yet it is to respite the execution till she be delivered. This is a mercy dictated by the law of nature, in favorem prolis.' Bk. 4, chap. 31, pp. 394, 395.
While it may not be doubted under the common law as thus stated that courts possessed and asserted the right to exert judicial discretion in the enforcement of the law to temporarily suspend either the imposition of sentence or its execution when imposed to the end that pardon might be procured, or that a violation of law in other respects might be prevented, we are unable to perceive any ground for sustaining the proposition that, at common law, the courts possessed or claimed the right which is here insisted upon. No elaboration could make this plainer than does the text of the passages quoted. It is true that, owing to the want of power in common-law courts to grant new trials, and to the absence of a right to review convictions in a higher court, it is, we think, to be conceded: (a) That both suspensions of sentence and suspensions of the enforcement of sentences temporary in character were often resorted to on grounds of error or miscarriage of justice which, under our system, would be corrected either by new trials or by the exercise of the power to review. ( b) That not infrequently where the suspension either of the imposition of a sentence or of its execution was made for the purpose of enabling a pardon to be sought or bestowed, by a failure to further proceed in the criminal cause in the future, although no pardon had been sought or obtained, the punishment fixed by law was es aped. But neither of these conditions serve to convert the mere exercise of a judicial discretion to temporarily suspend for the accomplishment of a purpose contemplated by law into the existence of an arbitrary judicial power to permanently refuse to enforce the law. [242 U.S. 27, 45] And we can deduce no support for the contrary contention from the rulings in 2 Dyer, 165a, 205a, and 235a, 73 Eng. Reprint, 359, 452, 519, since those cases but illustrate the exercise of the conceded, reasonable, discretionary power to reprieve to enable a lawful end to be attained. Nor from the fact that common-law courts possessed the power by recognizance to secure good behavior, that is, to enforce the law, do we think any support is afforded for the proposition that those courts possessed the arbitrary discretion to permanently decline to enforce the law. The cases of Hart's Trial, 30 How. St. Tr. 1344 and Reg. v. Dunn, 12 Q. B. 1026, 1041, 116 Eng. Reprint, 1155, 18 L. J. Mag. Cas. N. S. 41, certainly do not tend to so establish, since they simply manifest the exertion of the power of the courts after a conviction and the suffering of the legal penalty to exact from the convicted person a bond for his good behavior thereafter.
In 1874 in Com. v. Dowdican, supra, the right in a criminal case 'to lay the case on file' and postpone the sentence was sustained, the court declaring that the practice had long existed, and was recognized by statutes, one of which regulated the granting of parol by courts in liquor cases. [242 U.S. 27, 48] The case just cited was approvingly referred to in Sylvester v. State, 65 N. H. 193, 20 Atl. 954, and declared to express the practice long prevailing in New Hampshire.
In 1894, in People ex rel. Forsyth v. Court of Sessions, 141 N. Y. 288, 23 L.R.A. 856, 36 N. E. 386, 15 Am. Crim. Rep. 675, in holding that a trial court had power to permanently suspend a sentence for reasons dehors the legality of the conviction, it was declared that such power existed at common law and hence prevailed in the state, this being supported by a quotation from Hale's Pleas of the Crown. In addition it was said, referring to a state parol statute enacted subsequent to the conviction, that such statute, while it conferred no new or other power than that possessed at common law, nevertheless imposed the duty to see to it that the power was not lost to impose future punishment after the release if the condition of suspension was violated.
Leaving aside the question of the asserted duty to sustain the doctrine because of the long-established prac- [242 U.S. 27, 49] tice, which we shall hereafter consider, we think it clear that the long and settled line of authority to which we have previously referred, denying the existence of the power, is in no way weakened by the rulings which lie at the basis of the cases relied upon to the contrary. In the first place, on the face of the opinion in Com. v. Dowdican, supra, it would seem certain that that case treated the power as being brought by the state legislation which was referred to within the domain of reasonable discretion, since by the effect of that legislation the right to exert such power, if not directly authorized, was at least, by essential implication, sanctioned by the state law. In the second place, in so far as the Forsyth Case, supra, is concerned and its declaration as to what was the common law upon the subject, the error thus fallen into is not only demonstrated by what we have said as to the common law, but is additionally shown by the fact that the quotation from Hale's Pleas of the Crown, made in the opinion, contains clauses supporting the opinion expressed as to the common law when in fact the clauses in question, it would seem, were, by some error of citation, mistakenly attributed to Hale. We say this because the clauses referred to and attributed to Hale in the quotation are not found in any edition of the Pleas of the Crown which we have been able to examine, and it is stated by counsel for the United States that, after diligent search, no passage containing the clauses has been discovered, and the existence of any edition of the work containing them is not pointed out by opposing counsel. But whether this be well founded or not, as the conclusion concerning the common law which the case expressed is, we think, obviously unsound, we are unable, on the authority of such a mistaken view, to disregard the long established and sound rule laid down in the many state cases which we have quoted.
So far as the courts of the United States are concerned [242 U.S. 27, 50] it suffices to say that we have been referred to no opinion maintaining the asserted power, and, on the contrary, in the opinion in the only case in which the subject was considered, it was expressly decided the power was wanting. United States v. Wilson, 46 Fed. 748 (1891). It is true that in the District of Columbia the existence of the power was maintained. Miller v. United States, 41 App. D. C. 52 (1913). But the unsoundness of the grounds upon which the conclusion was based is demonstrated by what we have previously said; and, aside from this, as the subject was covered by an act of Congress conferring power of parol (Act of June 25, 1910, 36 Stat. at L. 864, chap. 433), the case requires no further consideration.
There is no doubt that in some states, without reference to probation legislation or an affirmative recognition of any doctrine supporting the power, it was originally exerted, and the right to continue to do so came to be recognized solely as the result of the prior practice. State ex rel. Gehrmann v. Osborne, 79 N. J. Eq. 430, 82 Atl. 424.
As to the courts of the United States, in one of the circuits, the first, especially in the Massachusetts district, it is admitted the practice has in substance existed for probably sixty years, as the result of a system styled 'laying the case on file.' The origin of this system is not explained, but it is stated in the brief supporting the practice that courts of the United States have considered the existing state laws as to probation, and have endeavored in a certain manner to conform their action thereto. It is true, also, that in the courts of the United States, sometimes in one or more districts in a circuit and sometimes in other circuits, in many instances the power here asserted was exerted, it would seem without any question, there being no objection raised by the representatives of [242 U.S. 27, 51] the United States; indeed, it is said that in Ohio, where the power, as we have seen, was recognized as existing, it was exerted by Mr. Justice Matthews of this court when sitting at circuit, and there and elsewhere, it is pointed out, the power was also exerted in some instances by other judges then or subsequently members of this court. But yet it is also true that, numerous as are the instances of the exertion of the power, the practice was by no means universal, many United States judges, even in a district where the power had been exerted, on a change of incumbency, persistently refusing to exert the power on the ground that it was not possessed. Indeed, so far was this the case that we think it may be said that the exertion of the power under the circumstances stated was intermittent, and was not universal, but partial.
As amply shown by the case before us, we think also it is apparent that the situation thus described was brought about by the scrupulous desire of judges not to abuse their undoubted discretion as to granting new trials, and yet to provide a remedy for conditions in cases where a remedy was called for in the interest of the administration of the criminal law itself, as well as by the most obvious considerations of humanity and public well-being,-conditions arising in the nature of things from the state of proof in cases coming before them which could not possibly have been foreseen and taken into consideration by the lawmaking mind in fixing in advance the penalty to be imposed for a particular crime. And the force of this conclusion will become more manifest by considering that nowhere except sporadically was any objection made to the practice by the prosecuting officers of the United States, who, indeed, it is said, not infrequently invoked its exercise. Albeit this is the case, we can see no reason for saying that we may now hold that the right exists to continue a practice which is inconsistent with the Constitution, since its exercise, in the very nature of things, [242 U.S. 27, 52] amounts to a refusal by the judicial power to perform a duty resting upon it, and, as a consequence thereof, to an interference with both the legislative and executive authority as fixed by the Constitution. The fact that it is said in argument that many persons, exceeding two thousand, are now at large who otherwise would be imprisoned as the result of the exertion of the power in the past, and that misery and anguish and miscarriage of justice may come to many innocent persons by now declaring the practice illegal, presents a grave situation. But we are admonished that no authority exists to cure wrongs resulting from a violation of the Constitution in the past, however meritorious may have been the motive giving rise to it, by sanctioning a disregard of that instrument in the future. On the contrary, so far as wrong resulting from an attempt to do away with the consequences of the mistaken exercise of the power in the past is concerned, complete remedy may be afforded by the exertion of the pardoning power; and, so far as the future is concerned, that is, the causing of the imposition of penalties as fixed to be subject, by probation legislation or such other means as the legislative mind may devise, to such judicial discretion as may be adequate to enable courts to meet, by the exercise of an enlarged but wise discretion, the infinite variations which may be presented to them for judgment, recourse must be had to Congress, whose legislative power on the subject is, in the very nature of things, adequately complete.
While the conclusions just stated inevitably exact that the rule which is before us be made absolute and that the mandamus issue, nevertheless we are of opinion that the exceptional conditions which we have described require that we exercise that reasonable discretion with which we are vested to temporarily suspend the issue of the writ so as to afford ample time for executive clemency or such other action as may be required to meet the sit- [242 U.S. 27, 53] uation. And for this purpose the issue of the writ will be stayed until the end of this term, unless the United States otherwise requests, when it will go as a matter of course.
[ Footnote 1 ] People v. Kennedy, 58 Mich. 372, 25 N. W. 318 (1885); Gray v. State, 107 Ind. 177, 8 N. E. 16 (1886); People v. Blackburn, 6 Utah, 347, 23 Pac. 759 (1890); State v. Voss, 80 Iowa, 467, 8 L.R.A. 767, 45 N. W. 898 (1891); People ex rel. Benton v. Court of Sessions, 8 N. Y. Crim. Rep. 355, 19 N. Y. Supp. 508 (1892) affirmed in 66 Hun, 550, 50 N. Y. S. R. 234, 21 N. Y. Supp. 659 (1893); Re Strickler, 51 Kan. 700, 33 Pac. 620 (1893); People ex rel. Smith v. Allen, 155 Ill. 61, 41 L.R.A. 473, 39 N. E. 568 (1895); Re Markuson, 5 N. D. 180, 64 N. W. 939 (1895); Re Webb, 89 Wis. 354, 27 L.R.A. 356, 46 Am. St. Rep. 846, 62 N. W. 177, 9 Am. Crim. Rep. 702 (1895); United States v. Folsom, 8 N. M. 651, 46 Pac. 447 (1896); State v. Murphy, 23 Nev. 390, 48 Pac. 628 (1897); Neal v. State, 104 Ga. 509, 42 L.R.A. 190, 69 Am. St. Rep. 175, 30 S. E. 858 (1898); Republic v. Pedro, 11 Haw. 287 ( 1898); Re Beck, 63 Kan. 57, 64 Pac. 971 (1901); Miller v. Evans, 115 Iowa, 101, 56 L.R.A. 101, 91 Am. St. Rep. 143, 88 N. W. 198 (1901); People ex rel. Boenert v. Barrett, 202 Ill. 287, 63 L.R.A. 82, 95 Am. St. Rep. 230, 67 N. E. 23 (1903); Re Flint, 25 Utah, 338, 95 Am. St. Rep. 853, 71 Pac. 531 (1903); State v. Dalton, 109 Tenn. 544, 72 S. W. 456, 15 Am. Crim. Rep. 653 (1902); Grundel v. People, 33 Colo. 191, 108 Am. St. Rep. 75, 79 Pac. 1022 (1905); Tuttle v. Lang, 100 Me. 123, 60 Atl. 892 (1905); McCampbell v. State, 116 Tenn. 98, 93 S. W. 100 (1905); Re St. Hilaire, 101 Me. 522, 64 Atl. 882, 8 Ann. Cas. 385 (1906); Tanner v. Wiggins, 54 Fla. 203, 45 So. 459, 14 Ann. Cas. 718 (1907); State v. Hockett, 129 Mo. App. 639, 108 S. W. 599 (1908); Ex parte Clendenning, 22 Okla. 108, 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1041, 132 Am. St. Rep. 628, 97 Pac. 650 (1908); Ex parte Cornwall, 223 Mo. 259, 135 Am. St. Rep. 507, 122 S. W. 666 (1909); Wall v. Jones, 135 Ga. 425, 69 S. E. 548 (1910); State v. Smith, 173 Ind. 388, 90 N. E. 607 (1909); State ex rel. Cary v. Langum, 112 Minn. 121, 127 N. W. 465 (1910); Re Peterson, 19 Idaho, 433, 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1067, 113 Pac. 729 (1911); State v. Abbott, 87 S. C. 466, 33 L.R.A.(N.S.) 112, 70 S. E. 6, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1189 (1911); Spencer v. State, 125 Tenn. 64, 38 L.R.A.(N.S.) 680, 140 S. W. 597 (1911); State ex rel. Dawson v. Sapp, 87 Kan. 740, 42 L.R.A.(N.S.) 249, 125 Pac. 78 (1912); Daniel v. Persons, 137 Ga. 826, 74 S. E. 260 (1912); State v. Sturgis, 110 Me. 96, 43 L.R.A.(N.S.) 443, 85 Atl. 474 (1912); State v. Talberth, 109 Me. 575, 85 Atl. 296 (1912); Fuller v. State, 100 Miss. 811, 39 L.R.A.(N.S.) 247, 57 So. 806, Ann Cas. 1914A, 98 (1912); Ex parte Bugg, 163 Mo. App. 44, 145 S. W. 831 (1912); Snodgrass v. State, 67 Tex. Crim. Rep. 615, 41 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1144, 150 S. W. 162 (1912); Roberts v. Wansley, 137 Ga. 439, 73 S. E. 654 (1912); Hancock v. Rogers, 140 Ga. 688, 79 S. E. 558 (1913); Brabandt v. Com. 157 Ky. 130, 162 S. W. 786 (1914); Re Hart, 29 N. D. 38, L.R.A.1915C, 1169, 149 N. W. 568 (1914); Reese v. Olsen, 44 Utah, 318, 139 Pac. 941 (1914).
[ Footnote 2 ] State v. Addy, 43 N. J. L. 113, 39 Am. Rep. 547 (1881); People v. Mueller, 15 Chicago Leg. News, 364 (1883); Com. v. Maloney, 145 Mass. 205, 13 N. E. 482 (1887); Ex parte Williams, 26 Fla. 310, 8 So. 425 (1890); State v. Crook, 115 N. C. 760, 29 L.R.A. 260, 20 S. E. 513 (1894); State v. Whitt, 117 N. C. 804, 23 S. E. 452 (1895); People ex rel. Dunnigan v. Webster, 14 Misc. 617, 36 N. Y. Supp. 745 (1895); Weber v. State, 58 Ohio St. 616, 41 L.R.A. 472, 51 N. E. 116 (1898); Schaefer v. State, 7 Ohio C. C. N. S. 292, 27 Ohio C. C. 791 (1905); Re Lee, 3 Ohio N. P. N. S. 533, 16 Ohio S. & C. P. Dec. 259 (1905); State v. Hilton, 151 N. C. 687, 65 S. E. 1011 (1909); State ex rel. Buckley v. Drew, 75 N. H. 402, 74 Atl. 875 ( 1909); State ex rel. O'Connor v. Drew, 75 N. H. 604, 76 Atl. 191 (1910); Re Hinson, 159 N. C. 250, 36 L.R.A.(N.S.) 352, 72 S. E. 310 (1911); State ex rel. Gehrmann v. Osborne, 79 N. J. Eq. 430, 82 Atl. 424 (1911); People v. Goodrich, 149 N. Y. Supp. 406 (1914); State v. Tripp, 168 N. C. 150, 83 S. E. 630 (1914); State v. Johnson, 169 N. C. 311, 84 S. E. 767 (1915). See Greene v. State, 88 Ark. 290, 114 S. W. 477 (1908); Joiner v. State, 94 Ark. 198, 126 S. W. 723 (1910); People v. Patrich, 118 Cal. 332, 50 Pac. 425 (1897); Com. ex rel. Nuber v. Keeper, 6 Pa. Super. Ct. 420 (1898); Com. v. Dunleavy, 16 Pa. Super. Ct. 380 (1901).

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.