Source: https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/560-U-S-48-2010-08-7412-Graham-v-Florida-606082714
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 00:13:38+00:00

Document:
Party Name: Terrance Jamar GRAHAM, Petitioner, v. FLORIDA.
CERTIORARI TO THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA, 1st DISTRICT.
Petitioner Graham was 16 when he committed armed burglary and another crime. Under a plea agreement, the Florida trial court sen­tenced Graham to probation and withheld adjudication of guilt. Sub­sequently, the trial court found that Graham had violated the terms of his probation by committing additional crimes. The trial court ad­judicated Graham guilty of the earlier charges, revoked his proba­tion, and sentenced him to life in prison for the burglary. Because Florida has abolished [130 S.Ct. 2015] its parole system, the life sentence left Graham no possibility of release except executive clemency. He challenged his sentence under the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Pun­ishments Clause, [176 L.Ed.2d 829] but the State First District Court of Appeal af­firmed.
Held: The Clause does not permit a juvenile offender to be sentenced to life in prison without parole for a nonhomicide crime. Pp. 2021 - 2034, 176 L.Ed.2d, at 835-850.
nonhomicide crimes against individuals. E.g., Kennedy v.
and by the Court's own understanding and interpretation of the Eighth Amendment's text, history, meaning, and purpose," Kennedy, supra, at 421, 128 S.Ct. 2641, 171 L.Ed.2d 525, the Court determines in the exercise of its own independent judgment whether the punishment in question violates the Constitution, Roper, supra, at 564, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1. Because this case implicates a particular type of sentence as it applies to an entire class of offenders who have committed a range of crimes, the appropriate analysis is the categorical approach used in Atkins, Roper, and Kennedy. Pp. 2021-2023, 176 L.Ed.2d, at 835-837.
(b) Application of the foregoing approach convinces the Court that the sentencing practice at issue is unconstitutional. Pp. 2023-2034, 176 L.Ed.2d, at 837-850.
(1) Six jurisdictions do not allow life without parole sentences for any juvenile offenders. Seven jurisdictions permit life without parole for juvenile offenders, but only for homicide crimes. Thirty-seven States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Government permit sentences of life without parole for a juvenile nonhomicide offender in some circumstances. The State relies on these data to argue that no national consensus against the sentencing practice in question exists. An examination of actual sentencing practices in those jurisdictions that permit life without parole for juvenile nonhomicide offenders, however, discloses a consensus against the sentence. Nationwide, [176 L.Ed.2d 830] there are only 129 juvenile offenders serving life without parole sen­tences for nonhomicide crimes. Because 77 of those offenders are serving sentences imposed in Florida and the other 52 are imprisoned in just 10 States and in the federal system, it appears that only 12 jurisdictions nationwide in fact impose [130 S.Ct. 2016] life without parole sentences on juvenile nonhomicide offenders, while 26 States and the District of Columbia do not impose them despite apparent statutory authoriza­tion. Given that the statistics reflect nearly all juvenile nonhomicide offenders who have received a life without parole sentence stretching back many years, moreover, it is clear how rare these sentences are, even within the States that do sometimes impose them. While more common in terms of absolute numbers than the sentencing practices in, e.g., Atkins and Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 102 S.Ct. 3368, 73 L.Ed.2d 1140, the type of sentence at issue is actually as rare as those other sentencing practices when viewed in proportion to the opportunities for its imposition. The fact that many jurisdictions do not expressly prohibit the sentencing practice at issue is not dispositive because it does not necessarily follow that the legislatures in those jurisdictions have deliberately concluded that such sentences would be appropriate. See Thompson v. Oklahoma , 487 U.S. 815, 826, n. 24, 850, 108 S.Ct. 2687, 101 L.Ed.2d 702. Pp. 2023-2026, 176 L.Ed.2d, at 837-841.
to conclude that the sentencing practice at issue is cruel and unusual. No recent data provide reason to reconsider Roper 's holding that because juveniles have lessened culpability they are less deserving of the most serious forms of punishment. 543 U.S., at 551, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1. Moreover, defendants who do not kill, intend to kill, or foresee that life will be taken are categorically less deserving of such punishments than are murderers. E.g., Kennedy, supra. Serious nonhomicide crimes "may be devastating in their harm . . . but 'in terms of moral depravity and of the injury to the person and to the public, ' . . . they cannot be compared to murder in their 'severity and irrevocability.' " Id . , at 438, 128 S.Ct. at 2660, 2641, 2660, 171 L.Ed.2d 525, 550. Thus, when compared to an adult murderer, a juvenile of­fender who did not kill or intend to kill has a twice diminished moral culpability. Age and the nature of the crime each bear on the analy­sis. As for the punishment, life without parole is "the second most severe penalty permitted by law, " Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1001, 111 S.Ct. 2680, 115 L.Ed.2d 836, and is especially harsh for a juvenile offender, who will on average serve more years and a greater percentage of his life in prison than an adult offender, see, e.g., Roper, supra, at 572, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1. And none of the legitimate goals of penal sanctions retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation, see Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 25, 123 S.Ct. 1179, 155 L.Ed.2d 108is adequate to justify life without parole for juvenile nonhomicide offenders, see, e.g., Roper, 543 U.S., at 571, 573, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1. Because age "18 is the point where society draws the line for many purposes between childhood and adulthood," it is the age below which a [176 L.Ed.2d 831] defendant may not be sentenced to life without parole for a nonhomicide crime. Id. , at 574, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1. A State is not required to guarantee eventual freedom to such an offender, but must impose a sentence that provides some meaningful opportunity for release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation. It is for the State, in the first instance, to explore the means and mechanisms for compliance. Pp. 2026-2030, 176 L.Ed.2d, at 841-846.

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