Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2017.113?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c573052b-8117-4315-adc1-d928df362daf
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 22:57:43+00:00

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Marco Diana is currently Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Sassari, Italy, and has a background in electrophysiology, neurochemistry, neuroanatomy and behaviour of central dopaminergic systems applied to the study of animal models of addictive behaviour and its cognitive reflections.
Tommi Raij is currently Associate Professor at Northwestern University and Director of the Shirley Ryan AbilityLab Center for Brain Stimulation, Chicago, Illinois, USA. He develops and utilizes multimodal neuroimaging (electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetoencephalogram (MEG), functional MRI, MRI and diffusion MRI) and brain stimulation (transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) techniques, with the goal of understanding the human brain and illuminating the physiology and treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Miriam Melis holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience and is currently an associate professor of pharmacology at the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy. Her research focuses on understanding the neurobiology (for example, adaptations of both the mesocorticolimbic dopamine and endocannabinoid systems) underlying resilience and vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as substance use disorder.
Aapo Nummenmaa is currently Instructor in Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Director of the TMS Core Laboratory at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. His current area of research is methodological development for integrating noninvasive neuroimaging and brain stimulation.
Lorenzo Leggio serves as the Chief of the joint NIAAA/NIDA Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology. He also serves as the Associate Director for Clinical Research for the NIDA IRP Medications Development Program. Additionally, he is an adjunct professor at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. He conducts clinical research on medications development for addiction, primarily via human laboratory studies.
Antonello Bonci is the Scientific Director of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Bethesda, Maryland. His laboratory uses electrophysiological, optogenetic, molecular and behavioural procedures to study the cellular mechanisms underlying substance use disorders. Finally, he is currently developing an optogenetically based treatment for cocaine use disorders by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In spite of considerable advances in understanding the neural underpinnings of SUDs, therapeutic options remain limited. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an innovative, safe and cost-effective treatment for some SUDs. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) influences neural activity in the short and long term by mechanisms involving neuroplasticity both locally, under the stimulating coil, and at the network level, throughout the brain. The long-term neurophysiological changes induced by rTMS have the potential to affect behaviours relating to drug craving, intake and relapse. Here, we review TMS mechanisms and evidence that rTMS is opening new avenues in addiction treatments.
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Supported by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (A.B., L.L.), the Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (L.L.), the University of Sassari Department of Antidrug Policies and the Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) (M.D.), the Dr Ralph and Marian Falk Medical Research Trust and NIH grants R01MH106512 and S10OD020080 (T.R.) and NIH grants R00EB015445 and R01MH111829 (A.N.). The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or other funding organizations.
'G. Minardi' Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Center for Brain Stimulation, the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and the Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)/Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)/Harvard Medical School (HMS) Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (NIAAA DICBR) and US National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP), NIH (National Institutes of Health), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; and at the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
US National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP); and at the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
A.B. made substantial contribution to discussion of content and reviewed or edited the manuscript before submission.
M D., T.R., M.M. A.N. and L.L. contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
A form of TMS sequences where the pulses are given at regular intervals (for example, 1 Hz or 20 Hz).
(D-mechanism). A mechanism in TMS in which the pyramidal neurons are directly activated by the TMS-induced E-fields.
(E-field). The field induced by the TMS coil. When the E-field interacts with a conducting medium, this drives electric currents.
(I-mechanism). A mechanism in TMS in which the pyramidal neurons are activated trans-synaptically, that is, indirectly.
(MT). The minimum TMS intensity that must be applied to the motor cortex to induce a peripheral muscle contraction.
(QPS). A form of patterned TMS where the TMS pulses are arranged in more complex patterns than in conventional rTMS.
(rppTMS). A form of patterned TMS where the TMS pulses are arranged in more complex patterns than in conventional rTMS.
(rTMS). A form of TMS in which individual TMS pulses are presented at regular time intervals (for example, 1 Hz, 20 Hz). Also known as 'conventional rTMS'.
(TBS). A form of patterned TMS where the TMS pulses are arranged in more complex patterns than in conventional rTMS.
A device that enables accurate tracking of the TMS coil position relative to the subject's head. Often integrated with MRI of the subject's head.
Food addiction: a valid concept?

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