Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/289/593/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 18:02:57+00:00

Document:
1. The boundary between the States of Vermont and New Hampshire is the low water mark, on the western side of the Connecticut River, not the top or westerly margin of the bank, as claimed by New Hampshire, and the low water mark for this purpose is taken to be (as found by the Special Master and not challenged by the parties) the line to which the river recedes at its lowest stage, without reference to extreme droughts. Pp. 289 U. S. 596, 289 U. S. 619.
2. Vermont's failure to file exceptions to the Special Master's report, eliminates her claim to the thread of the channel, which the master rejected. P. 289 U. S. 597.
(1) That the boundary of New York and New Hampshire originally was the river on its westerly side, and not a line on the bank above low water. P. 289 U. S. 598.
(2) That the Order-in-Council of July 20, 1764, declaring the boundary between New York and New Hampshire to be "the western banks of the River Connecticut" reaffirmed the original river boundary. P. 289 U. S. 600.
(3) In view of the nature of the controversy before the King-in-Council, which was settled by this Order -- a dispute between the two Provinces not as to whether the line dividing their respective jurisdictions ran higher or lower on the Connecticut River bank, but as to whether it was located near the Hudson River, as in the cases of Connecticut and Massachusetts, there is no ground to suppose that a shifting of the line from low water to the top of the bank of the Connecticut was the intent of the Order. P. 289 U. S. 600.
(4) The presumption is against any intention to cut off New York from access to the river. Pp. 289 U. S. 603, 289 U. S. 605.
(5) In this respect, the Order, like a treaty or grant fixing the boundary between two states, is to be construed with a view to public convenience and avoidance of controversy. P. 289 U. S. 606.
(6) Decisions of this Court establishing a "bank" boundary in other circumstances held inapplicable. P. 289 U. S. 604.
(7) This construction of the Order-in-Council is confirmed by the construction put upon it subsequently by the Governors of the two Provinces and the Lords of Trade. P. 289 U. S. 603.
(8) That the east boundary of Vermont, upon her admission as a state of the Union in 1791, was the low water mark of the Connecticut River, and not on the bank above the shore, is equally manifest whether the state be considered as carved out of New York territory pursuant to the formal consent given by that state or as an independent revolutionary state set up by the inhabitants of the "New Hampshire Grants," for, in the one case, she took the New York boundary declared by the Order-in-Council of 1764, and, in the other case, that same boundary was established by conditions laid down by Congress in 1781, during the negotiations for statehood, and by Vermont's assent thereto and New Hampshire's acquiescence. Pp. 289 U. S. 606-608.
(9) The acceptance by the Vermont Legislature on February 22, 1782, of the resolutions of Congress of August 20-21, 1781, requiring the relinquishment by the inhabitants of Vermont of "all demands of lands or jurisdiction on the east side of the west bank of the Connecticut River," operated to relinquish any claim on the part of Vermont to jurisdiction extending to the thread of the river in the territory of the New Hampshire Grants as defined by their declaration of independence, also to confirm the eastern boundary of Vermont as a boundary extending to the river as it had been fixed by the Order-in-Council of 1764. P. 289 U. S. 611.
(10) In the negotiations with Congress, the controversy respecting this boundary was whether Vermont had extended her boundary eastward beyond the line fixed by the Order-in-Council. It is not o be supposed that her acceptance of the "west bank" was intended to relinquish more than the resolutions of Congress, supra, required. P. 289 U. S. 612.
(11) Considerations of practical convenience fortify the conclusion that Vermont, upon her admission as a state, took a boundary to normal low water mark. P. 289 U. S. 612.
given by both states to the boundary, thus defined, in the long continued failure of New Hampshire to assert any dominion over tho west bank of the river and in her long acquiescence in the dominion asserted there by Vermont. P. 289 U. S. 613.
(13) Further important confirmation is found in the location of a monument at low water mark fixing the southeast corner of Vermont and the southwest corner of New Hampshire under authority from the two states. P. 289 U. S. 616.
The bill in this boundary suit was filed on December 18, 1915, and the answer on July 11, 1916. There were several amendments of the pleadings, some before and some after issue joined. On October 13, 1930, Edmund F. Trabue, Esquire, of Kentucky, was appointed Special Master. (282 U.S. 796.) His report was filed on February 6, 1933. The case was heard upon exceptions to the report taken by New Hampshire.
"such line is the westerly edge of the waters of the Connecticut River at its average and mean stage during the entire year without reference to the extraordinary freshets or extreme droughts."
New Hampshire, by its amended answer, asserts that the boundary is "at the top or westerly margin of the westerly bank of the Connecticut River and the east branch thereof."
Vermont's claim of a boundary at the thread of the channel was based upon the following propositions: township grants made by the Governor of the Province of New Hampshire, by royal authority, between 1741 and 1764, on the west side of the Connecticut River in the territory now Vermont, were bounded by the river, which was nontidal, and carried title to its thread by virtue of the common law of England; an order of the King-in-Council of July 20, 1764, fixing the boundary between the Provinces of New York and New Hampshire at the "western banks of the River Connecticut," thus including the territory now Vermont in the Province of New York, was nullified by the successful revolution of the inhabitants of the New Hampshire grants; hence the eastern boundary of the revolutionary State of Vermont was the same as the eastern limits of the township grants -- namely, the thread of the river; Vermont was admitted to the Union as a sovereign independent state with her boundaries those established by her revolution. Her eastern boundary was therefore the thread of the Connecticut River.
to a Congressional resolution of August 20, 21, 1781, prescribing terms upon which Congress would consider the admission of Vermont to the Union. In addition to the findings already indicated, the Special Master also concluded that the order of the King-in-Council of July 20, 1764, even if not rendered ineffective by the revolution of Vermont, was not intended to recognize any rights of New Hampshire west of the west side of the river at low water; that Vermont's claim of a boundary at the thread of the river would be defeated by her acquiescence in New Hampshire's exercise of dominion over the waters of the river even if it had not been relinquished by acceptance of the resolutions of Congress of August, 1781, and finally that, by practical construction of the two states by long usage and acquiescence, the boundary of Vermont was fixed at the low water mark on the west side of the river.
"The eastern boundary of the State of Vermont upon her admission to the Union was that stated in the resolutions of Congress of August 20, and 21, 1781, and in the resolution of the Vermont Legislature of February 22, 1782, and this I find to be the low water mark on the west side of the Connecticut River."
The line of low water mark thus specified was further defined as "the point to which the river recedes at its lowest stage without reference to extreme droughts," and no exception has been taken to this definition.
of varying width on the west side of the Connecticut River, extending along the entire eastern boundary of Vermont, which at some stages of the river is submerged and at others left uncovered by the water. In support of this contention, New Hampshire relies on the order of the King-in-Council of 1764, which it is argued established the eastern boundary of Vermont at the west bank of the Connecticut River not at low water mark, but at the top of the bank or the line upon it where vegetation ceases.
The Order-in-Council must be considered in the light of the colonial history out of which it grew, which is elaborately reviewed in the Special Master's report. The Royal Province of New Hampshire was established on September 18, 1679, by Commission of Charles II establishing the president and council of that province. On July 3, 1741, Benning Wentworth was appointed Governor by George II. His Commission, like that later issued to him by George III in 1760, defined the western boundary of the province only by the provision that its south line and its north line should extend westward "till it meets with our other governments." The government on the west of New Hampshire was the province of New York, originating in the grant of June 29, 1674, by Charles II to his brother James, Duke of York, which included "all the lands from the west side of Connecticut River to the east side of Delaware Bay." This grant merged in the Crown when James, Duke of York, became King James II in 1685.
Massachusetts had settled westerly to about the same line, and New York had made no attempt to disturb those settlements.
Governor Wentworth, construing his Commission as extending the Province of New Hampshire westwardly at least to this line east of the Hudson River, acting under authority of a royal Commission, made, from about 1752 to 1764, numerous grants of townships in the territory west of the Connecticut River, now a part of Vermont. Each of these grants comprised a territory six miles square and conferred on the inhabitants authority to organize town governments. Twenty-three of the towns were adjacent to the Connecticut River, and, with the exception of Vernon, which extended across the river at the southeastern corner of the present State of Vermont, the boundary line of these townships was described expressly or by implication as extending to or beginning at a tree or other designated monument standing on the westerly side or the west bank of the river and extending "thence up the river" or "thence down the river." At the time of these grants, the river was extensively used by the inhabitants on both sides for hunting and fishing.
The Special Master, upon an exhaustive examination of the evidence and the law, concluded that these boundaries were on the river and, with the exception of the Town of Vernon, carried the boundary of the townships to the thread of the river. Although this conclusion is challenged by the exceptions filed in behalf of New Hampshire, it is not denied that the boundary in the description of the New Hampshire township grants carried at least to the river.
"His Majesty . . . doth accordingly hereby order and declare the western banks of the River Connecticut, from where it enters the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, as far north as the forty-fifth degree of northern latitude, to be the boundary line between the said two Provinces of New Hampshire and New York."
As it is conceded that the King-in-Council had authority to fix the boundary between the two royal provinces, the meaning and effect of the order of 1764 must first be considered. The Special Master concluded that the purpose and effect of the order were to leave undisturbed the boundary of New York as established by the grant to the Duke of York of all the lands from the west side of the Connecticut River; that the boundary fixed was therefore at the river, and not at some point upon its bank. We think this conclusion correct.
"Your Majesty's Lieutenant Governor of New York contends that . . . 'the Province of New York does, both by the words and construction of the grant to the Duke of York, extend eastward as far as Connecticut River.'"
"the western banks of the River Connecticut from where it enters the Province of the Massachusetts Bay as far north as the forty-fifth degree of northern latitude should be declared to be the boundary line between the two Provinces."
"as the reasons you assign for making Connecticut River the boundary line between the two provinces appear to us to have great weight, we have adopted and recommended that proposition."
"those principles of true policy and sound wisdom which appear to have dictated the proposition of making the River Connecticut the boundary between the two colonies."
And the response of the Governor of New Hampshire to a questionnaire sent out by the Lords of Trade in 1774 recited that "the River Connecticut from Hinsdale runs through this Province, and is its boundary to the 45¡ of north latitude. . . ."
in Oklahoma v. Texas, supra, that the designation of the banks of the river as the boundary, rather than the river itself, necessarily implies that the line is higher upon the bank than low water mark, stated in brief and argument to be the place where vegetation ceases.
At most, the decision may be thought to establish a rule of interpretation which must govern in the absence of affirmative evidence that the language used was intended to have a different meaning, for the court was careful to say that the conclusion reached "has full confirmation in available historical data respecting the negotiations which attended the framing and signing of the treaty." P. 260 U. S. 632. Here, it is apparent on the face of the documents that the language of the order was not used with the intention of fixing a line upon the bank above low water mark, and the history of the controversy clearly establishes that the intention of the order was to confirm, and not to change, the boundary as fixed by the grant to the Duke of York of "all the lands on the west side of Connecticut River."
We cannot disregard this history without disregarding decisions of this Court which establish either expressly or by example that, in the interpretation of a treaty or grant between two states for the settlement of boundary dispute, the nature and history of the controversy must be considered. Massachusetts v. New York, supra; 41 U. S. Waddell, 16 Pet. 367, 41 U. S. 411. Upon considerations of this nature, we held in Massachusetts v. New York, supra, that the words "shore" and "lake," used in the Treaty of Hartford of 1786 in defining the boundary of New York and Massachusetts, were synonymous, and the boundary upon the shore was fixed at low water mark on Lake Ontario.
"Even when a state retains its dominion over a river which constitutes the boundary between itself and another state, it would be extremely inconvenient to extend its dominion over the land on the other side which was left bare by the receding of the water. And this inconvenience is not less where the rising and falling is annual than where it is diurnal. Wherever the river is a boundary between states, it is the main, the permanent, river which constitutes that boundary, and the mind will find itself embarrassed with insurmountable difficulty in attempting to draw any other line than the low water mark."
It is true that a different rule has been applied in the case of grants bounded by tidal waters, which carry only to high water mark. Shively v. Bowlby, 152 U. S. 1; Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U. S. 577; Smoot Sand & Gravel Corp. v. Washington Airport, 283 U. S. 348. But, as was pointed out in Massachusetts v. New York, supra, 271 U. S. 93, such grants, since they carry to tidal water, and since the public has rights in the foreshore, do not deny access to the sea, and even grants of this class may, by construction, be deemed to carry to low water mark where the surrounding circumstances show that such was the boundary intended.
and the consequent uncertainty whether she was admitted under the second clause of Art. IV, § 3, of the Constitution as a new state formed out of the territory of New York, with her boundary accordingly determined by that of New York, or whether she was admitted under the first clause of Art. IV, § 3, as an independent revolutionary state with self-constituted boundaries.
the Articles of Confederation or under the Constitution, but that her independence was recognized by New Hampshire in 1777, by Massachusetts in 1781, and by New York in 1790. The latter finding is contested by New Hampshire, as is his conclusion of law that, even if Vermont was not recognized as an independent state prior to her admission to the Union, her status as a revolutionary state may be determined by this Court where necessary to the settlement of a boundary dispute between two states.
Under the circumstances of the present case, the questions raised by these conclusions of the Special Master and the contentions of New Hampshire with respect to them need not be decided. For New York, by Commissioners acting under a resolution of her legislature of March 6, 1790, gave formal consent to the admission of Vermont into the Union, and, if Vermont was admitted as a state carved out of the territory of New York, her boundaries on the east were those of New York, as fixed by the Order-in-Council. If admitted as a free and independent state, her boundaries were those fixed by her own declaration of independence as limited by her acceptance of the conditions of the congressional resolution of August 20, 21, 1781. That boundary, we conclude, was also one carrying to the river and to low water mark.
grants, with the qualification that, if the Continental Congress should recognize Vermont as an independent state, New Hampshire would acquiesce, and, until Congress settled the dispute, would exercise jurisdiction "as far west as the western banks of Connecticut River, and no further." Vermont, on her part, attempted to annex towns in New Hampshire on the east side of the river.
After various efforts to enlist the interest of the Continental Congress in a settlement of the controversy, the Vermont Legislature, on June 22, 1781, adopted a report of a committee recommending the appointment of delegates to propose to Congress and receive from it terms for a union with the United States. The matter was also brought to the attention of Congress by a letter from the President of New Hampshire of June 30, 1781.
"in case the said states shall relinquish their respective claims to said districts called the New Hampshire Grants or the Vermont, bounded east by Connecticut River . . . formerly granted by the Governor of New Hampshire,"
"the people inhabiting the New Hampshire Grants on the West side of Connecticut River called the State of Vermont, concerning their respective claims of jurisdiction over the said territory,"
guaranty of territory contained in the Articles of Confederation."
And, in pursuance of the same resolution, Congress, on August 8, appointed a committee of five to confer with persons representing the New Hampshire grants "on the west side of Connecticut River," with respect to their claim to be an independent state and the terms upon which they should be admitted to the Union in case Congress should recognize their independence. On August 18, Vermont's representatives proposed that Vermont be recognized as an independent state with a boundary extending eastward "to the west bank of the Connecticut River; thence up the river as it tends to the 45th degree of north latitude." The same day, answering written interrogatories of the committee of Congress, they stated that the boundaries of Vermont specified in their proposal were the same as those contained in the resolution of Congress of August 7th, in which the New Hampshire grants were described as being "on the west side of Connecticut River."
"that it be an indispensable preliminary to the recognition of the independence of the people inhabiting the territory called Vermont, and their admission into the federal union, that they explicitly relinquish all demands of lands or jurisdiction on the east side of the west bank of Connecticut River. . . ."
over the said districts of territory without said boundary lines."
On February 22, 1782, the legislature, after reciting the quoted recommendation of the Committee of the Whole, resolved that it be complied with, and "that the west bank of Connecticut River" and a specified boundary on the New York side of the state "shall be considered as the east and west boundaries of this state;" any claim to jurisdiction over all territory "without said boundary lines" was formally relinquished. On April 17, 1782, a committee of Congress to which the matter had been submitted reported that the congressional resolutions of the 20th and 21st of August had been fully complied with, and recommended that the Territory of Vermont, as defined in these resolutions, be recognized and admitted to the Union as a free and independent state.
But action by Congress was postponed, and no further progress was made towards the admission of Vermont until July 16, 1789, when the New York Legislature passed an act, reaffirmed March 6, 1790, authorizing the appointment of Commissioners with power to declare upon such terms as they might think proper, the consent of New York to her admission. Vermont, in turn, appointed Commissioners to treat with the representatives of New York. Their negotiations resulted in agreement between the two states as to the eastern boundary of New York and payment by Vermont of New York of the sum of $30,000 for the relinquishment of all claims of sovereignty by New York, and for the confirmation of the New Hampshire township grants. In 1791, the matter of admission was again presented to Congress by Commissioners selected for the purpose under resolution of the Vermont Legislature of January 20, 1791, and the admission of Vermont followed by Act of Congress of February 18, 1791.
of practical convenience which fortify the conclusion that the boundary fixed by the order carried to the river lead to the like conclusion that the boundary intended by the resolutions of Congress and of the Vermont Legislature to be that of Vermont upon her admission into the Union was a boundary on the river carrying to normal low water mark.
New Hampshire does not appear to have assented formally to the resolutions of Congress of August 20, 21, 1781, but she was represented by agents before the Congressional committee on whose reports of July 31 and August 2 the resolution was, in part, based. Both they and the New Hampshire representatives in Congress were familiar with the terms of the resolutions, and could not have been unaware of the fact that, in all the formal representations made to Congress in behalf of Vermont and in the various reports and resolutions of committees and the resolutions of Congress itself, the eastern boundary of Vermont was described interchangeably as the west side of the Connecticut River or as not extending east of the west banks of the river. Although these were public acts of notoriety, New Hampshire does not appear ever to have made any objection to these definitions of the boundary line.
attempts to revive its ancient claim to dominion over the river to its thread by invitations to New Hampshire to join in the appointment of Commissioners to settle the boundary. Resolution of Vermont Legislature of November 6, 1792, as amended October 20, 1794; Resolution of October 25, 1830; Resolution of November 6, 1830. None of these efforts except the last appears to have provoked any formal action in behalf of New Hampshire, but, in response to the resolution of November 6, 1830, the New Hampshire Legislature adopted a resolution of July 1, 1831, declining to appoint Commissioners as requested, and declaring that no doubt had hitherto been entertained or suggested in relation to the boundary, and that "the River Connecticut for the whole extent of the line between the two states" was "conceded to be within the limits and exclusive jurisdiction of the State of New Hampshire." No jurisdiction over the west bank was asserted.
of the use of the water. In the absence of evidence of like character showing the assertion of title or jurisdiction in New Hampshire above the low water line, these facts have some persuasive force in showing that inhabitants along the questioned boundary considered that it extended along the river at low water mark. See Handly's Lessee v. Anthony, supra, 18 U. S. 384.
Voluminous evidence was given with respect to the history of taxation by the two states of property along the contested boundary line. New Hampshire taxed thirty bridges and several dams, all structures extending across the river, but the tax records give no clear indication of any purpose or intention to tax property above low water mark on the west bank, or to do more than tax so much of it as was within the state, without reference to any defined boundary. Vermont taxed five of the bridges in varying years, the property taxed being the "abutment" to the bridge on the Vermont side, or the "end of the bridge with abutment," in several instances a fractional part of a bridge and, in one, the "end of bridge abutment to low water mark." Only in this last instance does it definitely appear that the property taxed extended to low water, although it seems probable that the abutment or the fractional part of the bridges taxed may in some other cases have extended to that point.
not so find, and the fact does not clearly appear. In 1912, the New Hampshire taxing authorities taxed seven corporations, three partnerships, and persons unknown having structures located on the Vermont bank of the river near Bellows Falls at a valuation in excess of $1,000,000. The same property appears to have been taxed by Vermont, the record of taxation of some of it belonging to the Bellows Falls Canal Company, going back to a date as early as 1820. It is conceded that the property taxed included structures extending on the bank below the line of vegetation. The Special Master's finding that it was this "unprecedented" taxation by New Hampshire which precipitated the present suit is unchallenged. The fact that, in the period of over a century following Vermont's admission to statehood, this is the first well authenticated instance of an effort on the part of the New Hampshire authorities to tax property located on the west bank of the river is of substantial weight in indicating acquiescence by New Hampshire in the boundary line restricting her jurisdiction to the river at the low water mark.
River as is practicable, having reference to its stability."
It is shown by the evidence that the point designated as "Belding," or sometimes as "Belden," was at a marker located on the line between Massachusetts and Vermont at the top of the west bank of the river. The point designated as the corner by the agreement between the states was therefore east of the top of the bank.
"The southwest corner of New Hampshire and southeast corner of Vermont are marked by a copper bolt in the apex of a granite block set upon a stone pier and sunk in the shore of the western bank of the Connecticut river, and its location designated by a large polished granite monument, five hundred and eighty-two feet distant on the western bank of the river above high water mark."
the river. The monument is shown by other testimony to be 17 feet below and 36.5 feet east of the Belding marker referred to in the agreement between the states for establishing the corner. This marker, as already mentioned, is shown to be located at the top of the bank. It is so located in New Hampshire's amended answer of October 6, 1930, which alleges that the boundary "from the ancient Belden' bound, so called, on the west bank of the Connecticut River . . . is at said top or westerly margin of said [westerly] bank."
The evidence fully supports the conclusion that the monument was intended to be located at low water mark, and was in fact placed below the shore line at a point near the water's edge when the river was "very low."
"The position of the southwest corner of New Hampshire having been agreed upon, as before stated, the Commissioners of New Hampshire and Vermont, after careful deliberation and consultation with experts competent to advise in such matters, proceeded to mark the same in this manner. The corner is situate on the west bank of the Connecticut River at the line where vegetation ceases, and it was difficult to place a suitable monument, that should always be visible at this precise point, owing to the great variations in the level of the river at different seasons of the year, without incurring a large and useless expense."
point where the vegetation ceases to grow" as showing that the monument was erroneously located.
In the entire history of the boundary between these two states, this appears to be the first occasion when any reference to the boundary as being "the line where vegetation ceases" is to be found in any official document. Aside from the location of the monument at such a point being inconsistent with the statement in the New Hampshire report itself that it was difficult, owing to variation in the level of the river, to place a suitable monument there, where it would be visible, this pronouncement of the Commissioners is plainly insufficient to impeach the formal declaration of the legislatures of both states that the monument had been "sunk in the shore of the western bank of the Connecticut River," or the conclusion of the Special Master that it had been placed at the point chosen and intended by the Commissioners, and that that point was at the low water line.
It is significant also that no definite and certain location of the boundary has ever been continuously claimed by New Hampshire either by her public acts or by her pleadings in this suit. Her claim as originally stated in her answer that the boundary was at high water mark was changed by amendments to a line at the top of the west bank. In brief and argument here, the contention is that the line is to be fixed at the point where vegetation ceases.
as the line drawn at the point to which the river recedes at its lowest stage without reference to extreme droughts. The costs will be divided between the parties in accordance with the general rule in cases of this kind. Michigan v. Wisconsin, supra, 270 U. S. 319; North Dakota v. Minnesota, 263 U. S. 583. The parties, or either of them, if so advised, may, within thirty days, submit the form of decree to carry this opinion into effect, failing which the court will prepare and enter the decree.
"the River Connecticut is in all respects the most certain and proper boundary; that it will be more convenient that the lands to the Westward of that river should be included in New York, because Hudson's River being navigable by Vessells of considerable Burthen to Albany, the Trade of that part of the Country will probably center there, to which place the Transportation or Carriage will be much easier than to the Ports of New Hampshire, and where the Inhabitants are likely to meet with a better Market for their produce; that, as the Quit Rent in New Hampshire is but one shilling the hundred Acres, and that of New York two shillings and six pence, the revenue to your Majesty, if the Lands are settled under New York, will be greater than if granted under New Hampshire, and that there is another Circumstance of great weight at this Juncture, and operating in favor of this proposition, which is that a great number of reduced Officers have located their Claims to Lands under Your Majesty's Proclamation in this part of the Country, and were willing to take out Grants for the same under the Province of New York, but absolutely decline any application to the Government of New Hampshire."
"arguments urged by the Lieutenant Governor of New York in support of his proposition, appear to us to have great weight, if not absolutely to decide upon the Question, and the only probable inconvenience that is stated to arise from making the River Connecticut the boundary line between the two Provinces is the effect which the limitation of New Hampshire to narrower Limits than is contended for may have to disable them from making such a provision for its establishment as may be necessary to support it as a separate Government; but, as we humbly apprehend that the great extent of this Province to the Northward leaves sufficient room for much further improvement and Settlement, this objection does not appear to us to be of sufficient weight to counterbalance the convenience and advantage that seems to attend the other proposition. . . ."
"all judges, justices, and other civil officers within the same to continue to exercise jurisdiction in their respective functions as far as to the banks of Connecticut River, the undoubted eastern limits of that part of the province of New York, notwithstanding any contrariety of jurisdiction claimed by the Government of New Hampshire."
See letters of Governor Moore to the Earl of Shelbourne, June 9, 1767, the Earl of Dunmore to the Earl of Hillsborough, July 20, 1764, Governor Tryon to the Rev. Mr. Dewey, May 19, 1772.
Upon the argument of the present case, it was conceded that the flow of the Connecticut River, always of substantial volume, is confined by precipitous banks extending to or near the water at all normal stages of the river, except for relatively small stretches where the banks are low and overflowed at high water. It does not appear that there are flats of any substantial area lying between the precipitous banks and the water at its lowest stage, or that the river has shifted its bed to any material extent at any time. In all these respects, the physical characteristics of the Connecticut River differ from those of the Red River, described in Oklahoma v. Texas, supra, 260 U. S. 634-635.
The Order-in-Council was specifically referred to in the resolution of Congress of August 7, as having "superseded the pretensions of New Hampshire in favor of New York," and having been "assented to on the part of the former."
Authorization of the town of Stratford, N.H. October 1, 1893, for laying out a highway between Stratford and Bloomfield, Vermont; contract of April 24, 1896, between Lyme, N.H. and Thetford, Vermont, for the erection of a bridge across the river between the two towns.

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