Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/93/291/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 16:23:38+00:00

Document:
1. When instructions are asked in the aggregate and there is anything exceptionable in either of them, the court may properly reject the whole.
2. It is the settled law in this Court that if the charge given by the court below covers the entire case and submits it properly to the jury, such court may refuse to give further instructions.
3. In an action against a railroad company for injuries received by a passenger upon its road, it is not error for the court to instruct the jury, "that a person taking a cattle train is entitled to demand the highest possible degree of care and diligence, regardless of the kind of train he takes."
4. The rule of law that the standard of duty on the part of a carrier of passengers should be according to the consequences that may ensue from carelessness, applies as well to freight trains as to passenger trains. It is founded deep in public policy, and is approved by experience and sanctioned by the plainest principles of reason and justice.
5. A plaintiff is bound to state his case, but not the evidence by which he intends to prove it.
6. Where the evidence on the part of the plaintiff did not tend to establish contributory negligence on his part, and the court charged that the burden of proving it rested on the defendant and that it must be established by a preponderance of evidence, held that the charge was not erroneous.
7. The construction given in Nudd v. Burrows, 91 U. S. 426, to the Act of June 1, 1872, 17 Stat. 197, reaffirmed.
8. A motion for a new trial is not a mere matter of proceeding or practice in the district and circuit courts. It is therefore not within the Act of June 1, 1872, and cannot be affected by any state law upon the subject.
This was an action by the defendant in error against the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad Company for injuries received while traveling on a cattle train, and resulted in a verdict against the company for $8,000, whereupon it brought the case here. The facts are stated and the assignment of errors referred to in the opinion of the Court.
The defendant in error was injured while traveling on the road of the plaintiff in error, and brought this suit to recover damages. To set in their proper light the propositions of law relied upon by the plaintiff in error for the reversal of the judgment, a brief statement of the facts of the case is necessary.
the instructions asked for on both sides, are also fully set out. The defendant asked for twenty instructions. The court refused to give any of them. The plaintiff asked for six, which were all given. To both the refusal and the giving the defendant excepted. The plaintiff's prayers were excepted to severally.
When instructions are asked in the aggregate, as were those of the defendant, and there is anything exceptionable in either of them, the whole may be properly rejected by the court. Rogers v. Marshal, 1 Wall. 644; Harvey v. Tyler, 2 Wall. 338; Johnson v. Jones, 1 Black 209.
There were several things of this character in those in question. It is sufficient to refer to one of them. The court was asked to charge that the defendant was bound to exercise only ordinary care and diligence. This point will be considered presently in another connection.
It is the settled law in this Court that if the charge given by the court below covers the entire case and submits it properly to the jury, such court may refuse to instruct further. It may use its own language and present the case in its own way. If the results mentioned are reached, the mode and manner are immaterial. The court has then done all that it is bound to do, and may thus leave the case to the consideration of the jury. Neither party has the right to ask any thing more. Labor v. Cooper, 7 Wall. 565. We think the charge in this case fulfills the requisites we have defined. The errors of omission and commission alleged are not numerous. We might perhaps properly content ourselves in this connection with vindicating the charge as given. We shall, however, consider all the several assignments of error which we deem material, both with respect to the charge and otherwise, as we find them set forth in the printed brief of the counsel for the company. The same points were fully and ably argued by the same gentlemen orally at the bar.
"1. The court erred in instructing the jury that a person taking a cattle train is entitled to demand the highest possible degree of care and diligence, regardless of the kind of train he takes."
Such is the rule of care and diligence laid down by this Court in three adjudications where the action was against a carrier of persons. The first was the Philadelphia & Reading R.
"Where carriers undertake to convey passengers by the powerful and dangerous agency of steam, public policy and safety require that they should be held to the greatest possible care and diligence. . . . Any negligence in such case may well deserve the epithet of gross."
drive the carrier from his business. It does not, for instance, require, with respect to either passenger or freight trains, steel rails and iron or granite cross-ties because such ties are less liable to decay, and hence safer than those of wood; nor upon freight trains air brakes, bell pulls, and a brakeman upon every car; but it does emphatically require everything necessary to the security of the passenger upon either, and reasonably consistent with the business of the carrier and the means of conveyance employed. The language used cannot mislead. It well expresses the rigorous requirement of the law, and ought not to be departed from. The rule is beneficial to both parties. It tends to give protection to the traveler and warns the carrier against the consequences of delinquency. A lower degree of vigilance than that required would have averted the catastrophe from which this litigation has arisen. Dunn v. Grand Trunk R. Co., 58 Me. 157; Tuller v. Talbot, 23 Ill. 357; Pittsburg & C. R. Co. v. Thompson, 56 Ill. 138.
"2. The court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that their investigation as to the negligence of the defendant should be confined to the charges alleged in the declaration."
The charge in both counts of the declaration was "carelessness and negligence and improper conduct" of the defendant's servants in connection with the injury. The plaintiff was bound to state his case, but he was not bound to state the evidence by which he intended to prove it. We have looked through the proofs as set out in the bill of exceptions, and have found nothing in this connection that did not support with more or less cogency the plaintiff's averment.
"3. The court erred in permitting the plaintiff to prove the manner of changing cabooses at Mattoon, after the injury, to show the wrongfulness of defendant's conduct at the time of the accident."
was made was a matter of choice, and in no wise of necessity. The point is covered by Toledo &c. R. Co. v. Owen, 43 Ind. 405. We think the decision there was correct.
"4. Although the plaintiff's evidence showed that the accident resulted from the plaintiff's negligence, the court charged that"
"The burden of proving contributory negligence rests on the defendant, and it will not avail the defendant unless it has been established by a preponderance of evidence."
1. That the burden of proof rested on the defendant.
2. That "it," meaning contributory negligence, could "not avail the defendant unless established by a preponderance of evidence."
proof. It is not improbable that the charge was so given by the court from an apprehension that the jury might without it be misled to believe that it was incumbent on the plaintiff to show affirmatively the absence of such negligence on his part, and that if there was no proof, or insufficient proof, on the subject, there was a fatal defect in his case. It was therefore eminently proper to say upon whom the burden of proof rested, and this was done without in any wise neutralizing the effect of the testimony the plaintiff had given, if there were any, bearing on the point adversely to him. We think the instruction was properly expressed. If there was any ambiguity unfavorable to the defendant, it was the duty of his counsel to bring it to the attention of the court and ask its correction. Lock v. United States, 2 Cliff. 574. This was not done, perhaps because it was deemed unnecessary. If the defendant had, in the first instance, required any charge upon the subject, it should have been refused. It is not the duty of the court to instruct where the instruction demanded assumes a theory of fact which is unsupported or contradicted by the evidence. On the contrary, it is error to do so, and the jury should be distinctly told that the requisite evidence is wanting. Such instructions cannot aid the jury, and may confuse and mislead them. Michigan Bank v. Eldred, 9 Wall. 544; Ward v. United States, 14 Wall. 28.
"5. The court refused the motion of the defendant to instruct the jury to find specially upon particular questions of fact involved in the issues, in the event they should find a general verdict."
States, and was intended to relieve the legal profession from the burden of studying and of practicing under the two distinct and different systems of the law of procedure in the same locality, one obtaining in the courts of the United States, the other in the courts of the state, but that it was not intended to fetter the judge in the personal discharge of his accustomed duties, or to trench upon the common law powers with which in that respect he is clothed. Whether Congress could do the latter was left open to doubt. It was not then, and it is not now, necessary to decide that question. The statute expressly recognizes the distinction between proceedings in equity, in admiralty, and at common law. The separate character of the two former is recognized by the Constitution, and it protects them. The latter Congress can change and regulate as it may see fit, within the limits of its constitutional authority. Here the question is one of legislative intent. The intention of the lawmaker constitutes the law: a thing may be within the letter of a statute and not within its meaning, and within its meaning though not within its terms. 9 Bouv.Bac.Ab. title Stat., sec. 5, pp. 246, 247; Burgett v. Burgett, 1 Ohio, 221; Stater v. Cave, 3 Ohio St. 85; United States v. Babbit, 1 Black 61.
to be "as near as may be" -- not as near as may be possible, or as near as may be practicable. This indefiniteness may have been suggested by a purpose: it devolved upon the judges to be affected the duty of construing and deciding, and gave them the power to reject, as Congress doubtless expected they would do, any subordinate provision in such state statutes which in their judgment would unwisely encumber the administration of the law or tend to defeat the ends of justice, in their tribunals.
"The Supreme Court shall, upon the decision of every case, give a statement of each question arising in the record of such case, and the decision of the court thereon."
This was held to be directory, and not mandatory. Willets v. Ridgeway, 9 Ind. 367.
The Criminal Code of Practice of Arkansas provided that the court should admonish the jury that it was their duty not to allow any one to speak to them upon any subject connected with the trial, nor to converse among themselves upon any such subject, until the cause was finally submitted to them. It was held this provision was only directory and cautionary, and that the omission to comply with it was not error, and did not affect the validity of the verdict. Thompson v. State, 26 Ark. 326. See also Wood v. Terry, 4 Lans. 86; State v. Carney, 20 Ia. 82; Bowers v. Sonoma, 32 Cal. 66; Hill v. Boyland, 40 Miss. 618.
"6. The motion for a new trial should have been granted in the court below."
In the courts of the United States, such motions are addressed to their discretion. The decision, whatever it may be, cannot be reviewed here. This is a rule of law established by this Court, and not a mere matter of proceeding or practice in the circuit and district courts. Henderson v. Moore, 5 Cranch 11; Boswell v. De la Lanza, 20 How. 29; Schuchardt v. Allen, 1 Wall. 371. It is therefore not within the Act of Congress of June 1, 1872, and cannot be affected by any state law upon the subject.

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