Source: https://openjurist.org/293/us/449
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 15:48:42+00:00

Document:
The District Court interpreted the clause as making the arbitration enforceable only in state courts of New York; and on that ground denied the stay. On an appeal from the order of denial, the Court of Appeals held that, even if the clause should be so interpreted, section 3 of the United States Arbitration Act (9 USCA § 3) authorized the stay.1 It therefore reversed the order and directed the District Court to grant the stay, with leave to that court 'to vacate it at any time, should it appear that the defendant is in default in proceeding with the arbitration.' 70 F.(2d) 297, 299. This Court granted certiorari 293 U.S. 541, 55 S.Ct. 95, 79 L.Ed. —-.
First. The order of the District Court denying the stay was not a final judgment appealable under section 128 of the Judicial Code, as amended (28 USCA § 225). Being an interlocutory order, it was appealable to the Circuit Court of Appeals under section 129, as amended (28 USCA § 227), only if the denial of the stay should be deemed the denial of an injunction. Compare General Electric Co. v. Marvel Co., 287 U.S. 430, 432, 53 S.Ct. 202, 77 L.Ed. 408. That question we must first determine, although it was not raised below or by counsel here. See Mansfield, etc., Ry. Co. v. Swan, 111 U.S. 379, 382, 4 S.Ct. 510, 28 L.Ed. 462. For the reasons stated in Enelow v. New York Life Insurance Co., 293 U.S. 379, 55 S.Ct. 310, 79 L.Ed. 440, decided this day, an order granting or denying a stay based on an equitable defense or cross-bill interposed in an action at law under section 274b (28 USCA § 398) is appealable under section 129, as amended (28 USCA § 227). We are of the opinion that the special defense setting up the arbitration agreement is an equitable defense or cross-bill within the meaning of section 274b, and that the motion for a stay is an application for an interlocutory injunction based on the special defense. Compare Red Cross Line v. Atlantic Fruit Co., 264 U.S. 109, 121, 44 S.Ct. 274, 68 L.Ed. 582. As bearing on this question of jurisdiction on appeal it is immaterial whether or not the terms of the contract sued on would preclude entry in a federal court of a decree for specific performance of the arbitration. Since the appeal here in question was taken within thirty days from the entry of the order denying the stay, the Court of Appeals had jurisdiction under section 129, as amended (28 USCA § 227).
Second. The plaintiff contends that the District Court was without power to grant the stay, because the contract provides that arbitration can be compelled only by proceedings in a state court of New York. The provision is that 'either party may apply to the Supreme Court of the State of New York for an order compelling specific performance of this arbitration agreement in accordance with the arbitration law of the State of New York.' The contract does not in terms prohibit proceedings in the federal court. Whether it should be construed so as to exclude the bringing of a suit in the federal court to compel specific performance of the agreement to arbitrate, we have no occasion to decide. For the District Court was not asked, in the proceedings now under review, to compel specific performance. The motion was to stay the action until arbitration shall have been had; and the direction of the Court of Appeals was limited to granting a stay. Section 3 of the United States Arbitration Act (9 USCA § 3) provides broadly that the court may 'stay the trial of the action until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement.' We think the Court of Appeals was clearly right in concluding that there is no reason to imply that the power to grant a stay is conditioned upon the existence of power to compel arbitration in accordance with section 4 of the act (9 USCA § 4).2 Marine Transit Co. v. Dreyfus, 284 U.S. 263, 274, 52 S.Ct. 166, 76 L.Ed. 282, is not to the contrary. There is, no the other hand, strong reason for construing the clause as permitting the federal court to order a stay even when it cannot compel the arbitration. For otherwise, despite congressional approval of arbitration, it would be impossible to secure a stay of an action in the federal courts when the arbitration agreement provides for compulsory proceedings exclusively in the state courts, since only in exceptional circumstances may a state court enjoin proceedings begun in a federal court. See Central National Bank v. Stevens, 169 U.S. 432, 18 S.Ct. 403, 42 L.Ed. 807. Compare section 265 of the Judicial Code (28 USCA § 379); Kline v. Burke Construction Co., 260 U.S. 226, 43 S.Ct. 79, 67 L.Ed. 226, 24 A.L.R. 1077.
Third. The plaintiff also contends that the defendant was not entitled to a stay because its answer raised no arbitrable issues, and because, on the facts developed by the affidavits, the defendant appears to have waived its rights under the arbitration clause by unreasonable delay in demanding arbitration. The reasons why these contentions are without merit are sufficiently stated in the opinion of the Court of Appeals.
In the lower federal courts there has been some difference of opinion as the whether a stay should be granted when the court is not in a position to compel arbitration. Compare Danielsen v. Entre Rios Rys. Co. (D.C.) 22 F.(2d) 326, 328, with The Silverbrook (D.C.) 18 F.(2d) 144. See, too, The Beechwood (D.C.) 35 F.(2d) 41; The Volsinio (D.C.) 32 F.(2d) 357, 358; Ex parte De Simone (C.C.A.) 36 F.(2d) 773; The Fredensbro (D.C.) 18 F.(2d) 983. Interpretations of the English arbitration statutes are in accord with the view adopted here. See Law v. Garrett, L.R. 8 Ch.Div. 26 (c.A.); Austrain Lloyd S.S. Co. v. Gresham Life Assurance Society, (1903) 1 K.B. 249; Kirchner & Co. v. Bruban, (1909) 1 Ch.Div. 413; The Cap Blanco, (1913) Pro. Div. 130.

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