Source: http://aoot.osa.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-25-26-33283
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 23:42:46+00:00

Document:
Bismuth-doped materials show fascinating near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence (PL) properties. However, synthesizing Bi-doped, NIR-luminescent, nanometer-sized materials with high PL quantum yields remains challenging. Here, Bi-doped CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with an average size less than 10 nm and showing a superbroad NIR PL covering the telecommunication and second biological optical windows were achieved. The NIR PL quantum yield of these NCs is up to 7.17% with the Bi doping concentration of 0.074%. Additionally, efficient energy transfer from the semiconducting CsPbI3 to bismuth-related active center can be realized. We anticipate that the developed systems may find applications in optoelectronic and photonic devices as well as biological imaging. This work enriches the bank of Bi-doped luminescent materials, and might stimulate research interest for synthesizing other classes of Bi-activated nanomaterials.
H.-T. Sun, J. Zhou, and J. Qiu, Prog. “Recent advances in bismuth activated photonic materials,” Prog. Mater. Sci. 64(10), 1–72 (2014).
B. B. Xu, S. F. Zhou, D. Z. Tan, Z. L. Hong, J. H. Hao, and J. R. Qiu, “Multifunctional tunable ultra-broadband visible and near-infrared luminescence from bismuth-doped germanate glasses,” J. Appl. Phys. 113(8), 083503 (2013).
I. Razdobreev, H. El Hamzaoui, V. Y. Ivanov, E. F. Kustov, B. Capoen, and M. Bouazaoui, “Optical spectroscopy of bismuth-doped pure silica fiber preform,” Opt. Lett. 35(9), 1341–1343 (2010).
H.-T. Sun, F. Shimaoka, Y. Miwa, J. Ruan, M. Fujii, J. Qiu, and S. Hayashi, “Sensitized superbroadband near-IR emission in bismuth glass/Si nanocrystal superlattices,” Opt. Lett. 35(13), 2215–2217 (2010).
A. N. Romanov, E. V. Haula, Z. T. Fattakhova, A. A. Veber, V. B. Tsvetkov, D. M. Zhigunov, V. N. Korchak, and V. B. Sulimov, “Near-IR luminescence from subvalent bismuth species in fluoride glass,” Opt. Mater. 34(1), 155–158 (2011).
B. Xu, D. Tan, S. Zhou, Z. Hong, K. N. Sharafudeen, and J. Qiu, “Enhanced broadband near-infrared luminescence of Bi-doped oxyfluoride glasses,” Opt. Express 20(27), 29105–29111 (2012).
B. Xu, J. Hao, S. Zhou, and J. Qiu, “Ultra-broadband infrared luminescence of Bi-doped thin-films for integrated optics,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18532–18537 (2013).
O. Laguta, H. E. Hamzaoui, M. Bouazaoui, V. B. Arion, and I. Razdobreev, “Anti-Stokes photoluminescence in Ga/Bi co-doped sol-gel silica glass,” Opt. Lett. 40(7), 1591–1594 (2015).
S. Gu, B. Zhou, W. Luo, L. Wang, W. Jiang, W. Jiang, and J. Ballato, “Near-infrared broadband photoluminescence of bismuth-doped zeolite-derived silica glass prepared by SPS,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99(1), 121–127 (2016).
S. Lin, X. Zhang, P. Zhang, D. Tan, J. Xu, W. Li, and K. Chen, “High-efficiency near-infrared emission from Bismuth-doped SiO0.73 thin films fabricated by ion implantation technology,” Opt. Lett. 41(3), 630–633 (2016).
A. G. Okhrimchuk, L. N. Butvina, E. M. Dianov, N. V. Lichkova, V. N. Zagorodnev, and K. N. Boldyrev, “Near-infrared luminescence of RbPb2Cl5:Bi crystals,” Opt. Lett. 33(19), 2182–2184 (2008).
H.-T. Sun, A. Hosokawa, Y. Miwa, F. Shimaoka, M. Fujii, M. Mizuhata, S. Hayashi, and S. Deki, “Strong ultra-broadband near-infrared photoluminescence from bismuth-embedded zeolites and their derivatives,” Adv. Mater. 21(36), 3694–3698 (2009).
L. Su, J. Yu, P. Zhou, H. Li, L. Zheng, Y. Yang, F. Wu, H. Xia, and J. Xu, “Broadband near-infrared luminescence in γ-irradiated Bi-doped α-BaB2O4 single crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(16), 2504–2506 (2009).
J. Xu, H. Zhao, L. Su, J. Yu, P. Zhou, H. Tang, L. Zheng, and H. Li, “Study on the effect of heat-annealing and irradiation on spectroscopic properties of Bi:α-BaB2O4 single crystal,” Opt. Express 18(4), 3385–3391 (2010).
L. Su, H. Zhao, H. Li, L. Zheng, G. Ren, J. Xu, W. Ryba-Romanowski, R. Lisiecki, and P. Solarz, “Near-infrared ultrabroadband luminescence spectra properties of subvalent bismuth in CsI halide crystals,” Opt. Lett. 36(23), 4551–4553 (2011).
L. Su, H. Zhao, H. Li, L. Zhang, X. Fan, X. Jiang, H. Tang, G. Ren, J. Xu, W. R-Romanowski, R. Lisiecki, and P. solarz, “Near-infrared photoluminescence spectra in Bi doped CsI crystal: Evidence for Bi-valence conversions and Bi ion,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(6), 757–764 (2012).
C. Li, Z. Song, J. Qiu, Z. Yang, X. Yu, D. Zhou, Z. Yin, R. Wang, Y. Xu, and Y. Cao, “Broadband yellow–white and near infrared luminescence from Bi-doped Ba10(PO4)6Cl2 prepared in reductive atmosphere,” J. Lumin. 132(7), 1807–1811 (2012).
A. A. Veber, A. N. Romanov, O. V. Usovich, Z. T. Fattakhova, E. V. Haula, V. N. Korchak, L. A. Trusov, P. E. Kazin, V. B. Sulimov, and V. B. Tsvetkov, “Luminescent properties of Bi-doped polycrystalline KAlCl4,” Appl. Phys. B 108(4), 733–736 (2012).
B. M. Liu, Z. G. Zhang, K. Zhang, Y. Kuroiwa, C. Moriyoshi, H. M. Yu, C. Li, L. R. Zheng, L. N. Li, G. Yang, Y. Zhou, Y. Z. Fang, J. S. Hou, Y. Matsushita, and H. T. Sun, “Unconventional luminescent centers in metastable phases created by topochemical reduction reactions,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 55(16), 4967–4971 (2016).
H.-T. Sun, Y. Sakka, M. Fujii, N. Shirahata, and H. Gao, “Ultrabroad near-infrared photoluminescence from ionic liquids containing subvalent bismuth,” Opt. Lett. 36(2), 100–102 (2011).
H.-T. Sun, Y. Sakka, H. Gao, Y. Miwa, M. Fujii, N. Shirahata, Z. Bai, and J.-G. Li, “Ultrabroad near-infrared photoluminescence from Bi5(AlCl4)3 crystal,” J. Mater. Chem. 21(12), 4060–4063 (2011).
E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped optical fibers: a challenging active medium for near-IR lasers and optical amplifiers,” Light Sci. Appl. 1(5), e12 (2012).
H. T. Sun, J. Yang, M. Fujii, Y. Sakka, Y. Zhu, T. Asahara, N. Shirahata, M. Ii, Z. Bai, J. G. Li, and H. Gao, “Highly fluorescent silica-coated bismuth-doped aluminosilicate nanoparticles for near-infrared bioimaging,” Small 7(2), 199–203 (2011).
B. Saparov and D. B. Mitzi, “Organic-inorganic perovskites: structural versatility for functional materials design,” Chem. Rev. 116(7), 4558–4596 (2016).
Y. Zhou, Z. J. Yong, K. C. Zhang, B. M. Liu, Z. W. Wang, J. S. Hou, Y. Z. Fang, Y. Zhou, H. T. Sun, and B. Song, “Ultrabroad Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence at New Wavelengths from Doped Organometal Halide Perovskites,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7(14), 2735–2741 (2016).
Y. Zhou, Z.-J. Yong, W. Zhang, J.-P. Ma, A. Sadhanala, Y.-M. Chen, B.-M. Liu, Y. Zhou, B. Song, and H.-T. Sun, “Ultra-broadband optical amplification at telecommunication wavelengths achieved by bismuth-activated lead iodide perovskites,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 5(10), 2591–2596 (2017).
Y. Zhou, D.-D. Zhou, B.-M. Liu, L.-N. Li, Z.-J. Yong, H. Xing, Y.-Z. Fang, J.-S. Hou, and H.-T. Sun, “Ultrabroad near-infrared photoluminescence from bismuth doped CsPbI3: polaronic defects vs. bismuth active centers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(12), 2295–2301 (2016).
X. Li, Y. Wu, S. Zhang, B. Cai, Y. Gu, J. Song, and H. Zeng, “CsPbX3 Quantum Dots for Lighting and Displays: Room Temperature Synthesis, Photoluminescence Superiorities, Underlying Origins and White Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(15), 2435–2445 (2016).
D. Mocatta, G. Cohen, J. Schattner, O. Millo, E. Rabani, and U. Banin, “Heavily doped semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots,” Science 332(6025), 77–81 (2011).
J. C. de Mello, H. F. Wittmann, and R. H. Friend, “An Improved Experimental Determination of External Photoluminescence Quantum Efficiency,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 230–232 (1997).
Fig. 1 Characterization of doped and undoped CsPbI3 NCs. (a) XRD patterns of undoped and Bi-doped CsPbI3 NCs with different Bi doping concentrations. The red vertical lines at the bottom correspond to the diffraction peaks of the cubic CsPbI3. TEM images and statistical distributions of the edge length of undoped (b/c) and 2%-doped (d/e) CsPbI3 NCs.
Fig. 2 (a) Absorption and PL spectra of Bi doped and undoped CsPbI3 NCs. The PL spectra were obtained under 450 nm excitation. (b) Visible PL decay curves of Bi-doped and undoped CsPbI3 NCs.
Fig. 3 (a) NIR PL excited by 450 nm and PLQY of Bi-doped CsPbI3 NCs with different nominal Bi concentrations. (b) NIR PL decays of Bi-doped CsPbI3 NCs. The monitored wavelength is 1145 nm. (c) Schematic illustration of the electronic transition in doped NCs. The thick and thin red lines represent the direct excitation of CsPbI3 NCs and nonradiative decay from the conduction band to the in-gap state, respectively. The violet line represents the NIR emission.

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.