Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/157/683/
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 10:24:05+00:00

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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 157 › Last Chance Mining Co. v. Tyler Mining Co.
When the course of a mineral vein is across a claim, instead of in the direction of its length, the side lines of the location of the claim become, in law, the end lines, and the end lines become the side lines.
When the jurisdiction of a controversy by a court is unquestioned, and the cause proceeds to final judgment, and no review is sought for, the judgment is conclusive upon the parties to the suit as to the matters decided, but not as to matters which might have been decided, but were not.
In an action brought under the provisions of Rev.Stat. §§ 2324-2325 by an adverse claimant to a part of a mineral claim as located, the plaintiff alleged a priority of location and rested his right to recover upon it. The defendant answered, but subsequently and before judgment withdrew his answer and amended his application for a patent so as to exclude the tract in controversy. At the trial, the defendant did not appear, but the plaintiff introduced evidence, oral and documentary. The court made a finding of fact that the tract in controversy had already been located by the plaintiff as a part of his mining claim when the defendant located his claim upon it, and that consequently it was not subject to location by the defendant. Upon that finding, it was adjudged that, by reason of the law and premises, the plaintiff was the owner of the disputed tract, that he was entitled to the possession of it, and that he recover possession of it from the defendant.
and upon such determination had given judgment in favor of the plaintiff.
(2) That the defendant's withdrawal of his answer did not operate to take the complaint out of the case or the allegations of fact contained in it or to prevent a judicial determination of those facts.
(3) That the abandonment of his claim by the defendant did not take the jurisdiction for the settlement of the question out of the hands of the court or restore it to the Land Department.
(4) That the judgment of the court was in all respects regular, was conclusive as to the particular ground in controversy, and was binding by way of estoppel as to every fact necessarily determined by it, including the question of priority of location.
Findings of fact in such cases, even when no statute provides for making them, are a declaration by the court of the matter which it determines, and are conclusive as to it in subsequent controversies between the parties.
A judgment by default is just as conclusive an adjudication between the parties of whatever is essential to support the judgment as one rendered after answer and contest, and in such case, facts are not open to further controversy if they are necessarily at variance with the judgment on the pleadings.
In view of the conclusions reached, it is not necessary to consider what extraterritorial rights (if any) exist when a vein enters at an end line and passes out at a side line.
On August 8, 1891, the Tyler Mining Company brought its action in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Idaho to recover of the Last Chance Mining Company and others the possession of a certain portion of a mineral vein, as well as the value of the ores theretofore taken from the vein by the defendants. After disclaimer by two, and answer by the Last Chance Mining Company and other defendants, the case came on for trial. In this there was a verdict and judgment for the defendants. This judgment was reversed on error by the Court of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit, and a new trial ordered. 54 F. 284. At the February term, 1893, of the Circuit Court for the District of Idaho, the new trial directed by the court of appeals was had, and resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. On error to the court of appeals, this judgment was, on April 2, 1894, affirmed, 61 F. 557, whereupon, on application of the defendants, the case as brought to this Court by writ of certiorari.
Idaho Territory. In that action the owners of the Tyler claim appeared and filed answer, but when the case was called for trial, the answer was withdrawn and a judgment entered in favor of the plaintiffs. No reason for this withdrawal appears in the record of the proceedings of the district court, but the testimony in this case shows that pending those proceedings the owners of the Tyler claim amended their application for purchase in the Land Department by excluding therefrom the territory marked on the diagram 3, 4, 5, 6, thus leaving their application only for the territory outside the boundaries of the Last Chance claim.
At the first trial in the circuit court, the record of this judgment in the district court was admitted in evidence for the purpose of showing that the Last Chance claim had priority of location over the Tyler claim. On review in the court of appeals, its admission was adjudged error, and by reason thereof the judgment of the circuit court was reversed. On the second trial in the latter court, the record was again offered, but was excluded, and this ruling was sustained by the court of appeals.
According to the original location of the Tyler claim, the lode entered through an end line, 1, 2, but passed out through a side line, 2, 3, and did not touch the end line, 3, 4. Under the amended location, it passed through two parallel end lines, 1, 2, and 5, 6. The amended application was accepted by the Land Office, and a final certificate for the tract, with the reduced boundaries, was issued to the owners of the claim. Within the vertical planes of the end lines, 1, 2, and 5, 6, extended, the ore bodies in dispute are found; and, the dip of the vein being in that direction, it was held that the owners of the Tyler claim were entitled to follow the vein on its dip beyond the side line (2,6), and took these ore bodies as a part of the vein thus followed.
The course of this vein is across the Last Chance claim, instead of in the direction of its length. Under those circumstances, the side lines of that location become the end lines, and the end the side lines. Mining Company v. Tarbet, 98 U. S. 463; Argentine Mining Company v. Terrible Mining Co., 122 U. S. 478; King v. Amy &c. Mining Co., 152 U. S. 222.
On the assumption that the action of the owners of the Tyler claim in excluding from their application a portion of their claim was legal, obviously the priority of location becomes a pivotal question, for while the disputed ore is on the dip of the vein within the extended vertical planes of the end lines of the Tyler claim, it is also within the legal end lines of the Last Chance claim and on the dip of the vein as it passes through that claim. Naturally, therefore, the controversy in the circuit court was upon the priority of location. The judgment of the district court in the adverse suit having been excluded from evidence, parol testimony was admitted for the purpose of determining this priority, and the question of fact arising on such parol testimony was settled by the jury in favor of the owners of the Tyler claim. Was the judgment of the district court in the adverse suit properly excluded? The law in respect to estoppel by judgment is well settled, and the only difficulty lies in the application of the law to the facts. The particular matter in controversy in the adverse suit was the triangular piece of ground, which is not the matter of dispute in this action. The judgment in that case is therefore not conclusive in this as to matters which might have been decided, but only as to matters which were in fact decided. Hopkins v. Lee, 6 Wheat. 109; Smith v. Kernochan, 7 How. 198; Pennington v. Gibson, 16 How. 65; Stockton v. Ford, 18 How. 418; Washington &c. Packet Co. v. Sickles, 24 How. 333, 72 U. S. 5 Wall. 580; Parrish v. Ferris, 2 Black 606; Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U. S. 351; Davis v. Brown, 94 U. S. 423; Russell v.
Place, 94 U. S. 606; Campbell v. Rankin, 99 U. S. 261; Lumber Co. v. Buchtel, 101 U. S. 638; Stout v. Lye, 103 U. S. 66; Nesbit v. Riverside Independent District, 144 U. S. 610; Johnson Company v. Wharton, 152 U. S. 252.
"said adverse claim was duly allowed by the register of said Land Office, and all proceedings on said application for patent on the part of the claimants therefor were by the register ordered to be stayed until the controversy as to the right of possession shall have been settled by a court of competent jurisdiction;"
"brought in support of the protest and adverse claim so filed by the plaintiffs to determine the right of possession of the tract of ground by metes and bounds last hereinbefore described."
"be adjudged to be owners of, and entitled to the possession of, the said tract of mining ground by metes and bounds last hereinbefore described as a part of the hereinbefore mentioned and described Last Chance mining claim,"
"that at the time the said Tyler mining claim was located, that portion of the ground so in conflict as aforesaid had been located as a part of the Last Chance mining claim, and was not subject to location by the locators of the Tyler mining claim."
"that the plaintiff above named, the Last Chance Mining Company, is the owner of the ground and a portion of the mining claim described in the complaint herein as in conflict between the said Last Chance mining claim and the Tyler mining claim, by virtue of a valid location of the said Last Chance mining claim made by John Flaherty, J. L. Smith, M. Carlin, and John M. Burke on the 17th day of September, 1885, and that the plaintiff is entitled to the possession of the said ground so in conflict as aforesaid by virtue of such valid location."
"Therefore, by reason of the law and premises aforesaid, it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the Last Chance Mining Company, the plaintiff above named, is the owner of, and by virtue of a valid location of a mining claim called the Last Chance, made on the (17th) seventeenth day of September, A.D. 1885, by John Flaherty, J. L. Smith, M. Carlin, and John M. Burke, is entitled to the possession and the right of possession of all that piece or portion of said mining claim in the complaint herein described [here follows a description of the triangular piece, A], containing an area of 1.474 acres of ground, and the plaintiff do have and recover the possession and right of possession of said premises from defendant, the Tyler Mining Company."
proceeds upon the assumption of its validity. The findings are express as to priority, and contain no suggestion of any defect in the Tyler claim, or any fact in favor of plaintiff's right, other than that of priority of location, while the conclusion of law and the judgment recite and adjudge a valid location of the Last Chance mining claim on September 17, 1885, and a right of possession by virtue thereof. Upon the record, taken as a whole, there can be no escape from the conclusion that the court determined the question of priority of location, and upon this rendered judgment for the plaintiffs. What is there to impeach this conclusion?
"This finding, having gone into the judgment, is conclusive as to the fact found in all subsequent controversies between the parties on the contract. Every defense requiring the negation of this fact is met and overthrown by that adjudication."
than mere extrinsic evidence to the same end. We do not mean that the mere opinion of the trial judge, which may happen to be in writing and copied into the record, constitutes a part thereof, but we do say that where the decree, as in this case, refers to the opinion of the trial judge in terms that make it clear that the object was to refer to it to explain what was determined and the reasons therefor, then such opinion becomes legitimately a part of the record, and must be looked to to explain what was in issue and what was determined by the judgment or decree in question. See Burton v. Mills, 78 Va. at 470."
But if we ignore the findings altogether, and look simply at the judgment and the complaint, this will appear: the single ground stated in the complaint upon which superiority of right is claimed is priority of location. A judgment for the plaintiffs upon such a complaint is necessarily an adjudication in favor of that priority of location. There is no other fact upon which it can rest. It is doubtless true, as suggested, that other questions may be litigated in an adverse suit, but they can be litigated only when they are presented to the attention of the court by some appropriate pleading. The only pleading upon which the case passed to trial and judgment was the complaint, and in that, as we have seen, plaintiffs' right to recover is rested upon the single fact of priority of location.
It is said that the defendants did not contest, that they withdrew their answer, and that there was only a judgment by default. But a judgment by default is just as conclusive an adjudication between the parties of whatever is essential to support the judgment as one rendered after answer and contest.
"Upon principle, we think that the denial of a fact subsequently judicially established ought not to impart to an adjudication any greater effect than if all the parties had expressly or impliedly admitted the fact to be beyond controversy when such adjudication was made, and this is the view taken by the greater portion of the American courts."
"The meaning simply is that judgment by default, like judgment on contest, is conclusive of what it actually professes to decide as determined from the pleadings; in other words, that facts are not open to further controversy if they are necessarily at variance with the judgment on the pleadings."
Brown v. Mayor, 66 N.Y. 385; Blair v. Bartlett, 75 N.Y. 150; Nemetty v. Naylor, 100 N.Y. 562; Orr v. Mercer County Ins. Co., 114 Penn.St. 387.
The withdrawal by defendants of their answer may have prevented any judicial determination as to the special facts set up therein in defense or avoidance of plaintiffs' claim. Finnegan v. Campbell, 74 Ia. 158. But such withdrawal was not operative to take out of the case the complaint, or the allegations of fact therein contained, or to prevent a judicial determination of those facts.
"all proceedings, except the publication of notice and making and filing of the affidavit thereof, shall be stayed until the controversy shall have been settled or decided by a court of competent jurisdiction, or the adverse claim waived."
As said by this Court in Richmond Mining Company v. Rose, 114 U. S. 576, 114 U. S. 585, referring to the action of the officers of the department pending proceedings in court: "After the decision, they are governed by it. Before the decision, once the proceeding is initiated, their function is suspended."
way in which any waiver is claimed to have been made was by a proceeding on the part of the applicants in the Land Office, and every proceeding there was, as we have seen, directed to be stayed. It is doubtless true that if, notwithstanding the pendency of such an action, the Land Office accepts a reduced application for ground, no part of which is covered by the adverse claim and in respect to which there is no opposition, and proceeds subsequently upon such amended application to grant a patent, there is no one who can object, for the matter is one wholly of procedure between the United States and the applicant, and the former, by granting the patent, waives any irregularity in the procedure.
passing to judgment. Whether he confesses plaintiff's right or defaults in answer or files a denial or a disclaimer is alike immaterial. In each and all of these cases, the jurisdiction remains, and the court may enter the appropriate judgment. Where the defendant simply withdraws his answer, as was this case, the court is under no obligation to inquire whether he has lost all interest, but may proceed to judgment, and its judgment is an adjudication of the rights of the plaintiff, as shown by the complaint and testimony. Can it for a moment be supposed that after the entry of this judgment, the defendants, treating it as a nullity, could again amend their application so as to include all the ground covered by the original application, and thus the disputed territory, and, if such amendment were permitted by the Land Office, press the application to success and obtain a patent for the entire claim? And yet, if the judgment be a nullity, and the defendants out of the district court, why might not this be done? The defendants, by the proceedings which they initiated in the Land Office, compelled the plaintiffs to institute a suit in a court of competent jurisdiction to enforce their rights. After such suit has been commenced, and the defendants have been made parties thereto, and the court has proceeded to judgment, will the defendants be heard to say that that judgment amounts to nothing? We are clearly of the opinion that this cannot be tolerated; that the judgment was in all respects regular; that it was conclusive as to the particular ground in controversy, and binding, by way of estoppel, as to every fact necessarily determined by it, and that priority of location was one fact so determined. There was error, therefore, in excluding the record of that judgment.
the vein on its dip beyond the vertical plane of the side line. But if it were not, and the original location was the only valid one, has the owner the right to follow the vein outside any boundaries of the claim extended downward? It has been held by this Court in the cases heretofore cited that where the course of a vein is across, instead of lengthwise of, the location, the side lines become the end lines, and the end the side lines; but there has been no decision as to what extraterritorial rights exist if a vein enters at an end and passes out at a side line. Is that a case for which no provision has been made by statute? Are the parties left to the old rule of the common law -- that the owner of real estate owns all above and below the surface, and no more? Or may the court rely upon some equitable doctrine, and give to the owner of the vein the right to pursue it on its dip, in whatever direction that may go, within the limits of some equitably created end lines?
If the common law rule as to real estate obtains in such a case, then, of course, on the original location, the owners of the Tyler claim would have no right to follow the dip of their vein outside the vertical planes of any of its boundary lines, and even if the amended application was perfectly valid, the question would arise whether the rights acquired under it related back to the date of the original location, or arose simply at the time of the amendment, in which case there would be no doubt of the fact that the owners of the Last Chance had by years a prior location. However, in the view we have taken of the other question, it is unnecessary to consider this.
Reversed, and the case is remanded to the latter court, with instructions to grant a new trial.

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