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This book considers only some essential features of the physical world outlook characterizing physics as actualized and materially unified global electrodynamics. In this aspect, the different parts of physics, as mechanics, thermodynamics etc. are only partial cases of actualized classical electrodynamics. The reason for this interpretation of physics is an experimental fact, showed by Newton in his book "Optics" in 1704. Here he proves experimentally in an obvious form that the matter of the bodies and light has one and the same nature. However, with the present day view, which is experimentally proved, it follows that the matter of light is an electromagnetic field, i.e. its matter is electromagnetic one. Because of this fact it follows, that the matter of the bodies has electromagnetic nature as well, but in substantial form.
Since the bodies and light generate an equivalent in nature gravitational field, which by conside-ration of genesis follows to be an electromagnetic field of second order as well, being proportional to the squares , and of the alternating components of the well known electromagnetic field, then the gravitational field is unipolar one.
On this bases, the electromagnetic nature of material unity of the World is motivated and author's view concerning the theoretical and logical basis of the physical knowledge is exposed.
More widely, all is exposed in author's book "Another view on physics", Technical University, Sofia, 2000, in print in English. It will appear in Internet for gratis uses and copies. Later it will appear in Bulgarian as well.
Address for correspondence: Bulgaria, Sofia 1797, JK Mladost-1, Bl. 9, Entr. 9, Prof. P. R. Penchev. phone: 392-2-706805.
the tails of the comets deviates in direction opposite to the Sun.
1.2. In 1704, starting with observations of the phenomena of nature, I. Newton writes in his book "Optics": "Each body emits and absorbs light", "Do the large bodies and light transmute one in another?" and "The transmutation of the bodies in light and the transmutation of light in bodies are real processes in nature". From these regularities of nature, it is logical to motivate the law: The matter of light and one of the bodies have a common nature.
1.3. In 1686, I. Newton writes in his book "Principia mathematica...", book I, part XIV, that he is established experimentally attraction of light by bodies, i.e. it has the property attraction, similar to one of the bodies.
1.4. In 1864 J. Maxwell writes in his work "Dynamic theory of electromagnetic field", § 3: "This theory, which I propose, could be called the theory of electromagnetic field, ..., since it states, that in this space there is a matter, that moves and by which the observed electromagnetic phenomena appear". In § 4 one writes: "The electromagnetic field is this part of space, ..., that is in electric and magnetic state".
1.5. From the aforementioned, logically it follows the law: The matter of light and the bodies, generally as a matter of the World, in nature is only electromagnetic matter in the form of field or substance.
2.1. In 1873 J. Maxwell writes in his work "Treatise of electricity and magnetism": a) in § 638 "We must consider both magnetic and electric energies as kinetic energies...", b) in § 792 "That is why in a medium, in which waves propagates, pressure perpendicular to the direction of waves exists, and it is numerically equal to the energy per unit volume".
2.2. In 1883 in a paper in Nuovo Cimento, 15, p. 195, 1883, the Italian A. Bartoli gives a derivation of Eq. (2a) on the base of thermodynamics.
2.3. In 1900 H. Poincare in "Lorentz-Festschrift, 1900, p. 252, obtains the formula (1a), which is defined by Maxwell in § 272 of the treatise.
2.4. In 1906 Einstein writes in the beginning of his paper "Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Tragheit der Energie", Ann. Phys. 1906, 20, 627-663: "We have showed that to the change of energy it follows an equivalent change of mass ", "Although that this simple formal consideration, ... , principally is contained in the work of H. Poincare (see § 2.3), from considerations of obviousness we shall not state on this work". Here officially and without any doubt Einstein states , that writing the formula (2c) in 1905, he has known the formula (1b) of Poincare, where in essence the idea of 2c) is deposited. Thus Einstein proves, that in essence he does not give the idea, and he does not discover first the formula .
2.5. In 1901 P. Lebedev in Ann. der Phys. 1901, 6, 433, and in 1903 the Americans Nicols and Hull in Ann. der Phys. 1903, 12, 225, independently write that give an experimental proof of the Maxwell's formula for the light pressure (2a), since then (1901 and 1903 respectively) Einstein had not rediscovered Eq. (2c). But having proved Eq. (2a), the obtaining of Eq. (2c) is elementary.
It is interesting, that Einstein publishes the paper about in the same journal Ann. der Phys., but in 1905, resp. 4 and 2 years after Lebedev and Nicols and Hull, which had proved experimentally in fact the same formula ( ), which he propose as a new discovery.
The formula is discovered by Maxwell, and not by Einstein, that is why it should be called with the name of ones discoverer - Maxwellian.
With this conditions all points of the interferometer arms are mutually immobile. That is why all its points moves according to the ether with one and the same velocity , including the points at the origins and , and at the ends and of the arms and , i.e.
The speed of light, which in the interferometer may have the points and as light sources, and the points and as acceptors (observers) and vice versa, do not depend on the velocity of the ether according Eq. (2), because these are points of a rigid body. In this case, the Doppler effects for the light from the arms mutually compensate one another, since the Doppler effects for the source and the acceptor are equal in value and opposite in sign for each arm, in right and reverse directions. That is why, with the condition (2), the projection of the resultant velocities of light on the axes of the arms and in right and reverse direction are equal in absolute values and coincide with its phase velocity , i.e.
and the difference between them is zero, i.e.
From Eq. (5) it follows that there could not be interference between the rays along the arms and . With rotation of the interferometer at its arms change only ones roles with respect to the ether, in result of which Eq. (5) is valid again and the experiments confirms this. Thus one confirms the adequacy with the reality of the proposed perfection of the theoretical treatment of the Maikelson-Morley experiment. It is received only by classical regularities, without any suppositions ad hoc with aim fitting to the experiment.
Up to now there is not an experimental corroboration of the statement, that the speed of light , or the speed of any wave process (mechanical or electromagnetic) is the same with respect to a moving observer (receiver). Just the contrary, there are considerations permitting to measure the speed v of moving object (receiver) on the base of change of the speed of electromagnetic waves by the Doppler effect (DE).
In principle Eqs. (1.1) and (1.2) express DE in the theory of the wave processes regarding the source and the observer, namely the velocity of the wave process with respect to a moving observer is not constant, but depends on the velocity of the observer.
Ref. , § 7 do not give anything concerning the wavelength with respect to the observer.
. Then the velocity of the mechanical waves obeys Eq. (1.5), without , and instead the mechanical wave velocity participates.
According to Ref. , § 5, here (2.1) is the mathematical proof that the velocity of light is constant with respect to a moving observer at velocity , and Eq. (2.2) is the generalized record of the verbally expressed regularity above, which is a consequence of Eq. (2.1) as a generalized mathematical regularity, but without any experimental proof.
First. DE falls, although it is proved experimentally in 1867.
Second. The velocity dependence of mass falls, though proved experimentally in 1901.
Third. One rejects the shortening of bodies, and time dilatation.
Fourth. LT falls, STR as well.
Fifth. Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2) can not be deduced, because they follow from LT.
These, as well as other inadequacies, prove explicitly the inadequacy of Einstein's derivation of Eqs. (2.1.) and (2.2), and consequently the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuum with respect to a moving observers.
If we apply the classical theory of the wave processes, specified by Einstein for DE with the help of LT, in the manner exposed in part 1 and the introduction, then we obtain automatically Eq. (1.5) instead Eq. (2.2), eliminating the inadequacies in part 3. Thus we restore STR as well, but without the postulate for constancy of the velocity of light. Just the contrary, we state that the velocity of light in vacuum with respect to an observer is not constant (1.5), but depends on the velocity of the observer.
, and with respect to the observer , i.e.
where and are the coordinates and time, and - the distances in the reference frames, related by LT.
called the space-time continuum (STC).
Further, after the fall of (5.1), and the validity of (5.4), there are not physical reasons to accept the equations (5.2) as adequate. Then the relation (5.3) fall as well. Thus it is proved, that the so called space-time continuum of Minkowski falls as well, since its physical basis (5.1) falls, or in essence there is not such STC.
That is why one can not receive the relation (5.3) (only with and ), but always one could receive a relation with the participation of v and v . Because of this one can not receive STC of Minkowski (5.3). Since the theory of relativity (TR) has starting point in (5.1) and (5.3), which are inadequate, then it follows to accept, that the foundations of TR are inadequate as well, i.e. it is an inadequate theory.
In principle, the speed of light in vacuum is not constant. There is not space-time continuum.
1. A. Einstein. Zur electrodynamic der bewegter K?rper. Ann. der Phys. 1905, 17, 891-921.
In the book "Optics" (1704), Isaac Newton states that "Each body emits and absorbs light", "Do the bodies and light transmute one in another?", and "The transmutation of the bodied in light and of light into bodies corresponds to the natural processes in Nature". From these irrefutable empirical regularities, it follows the logical and genetic reason for an implicit deduction, that the matter forming light and bodies is one and the same in nature. Since the electromagnetic nature of light is proved, then it follows as well that the matter of the bodies has an electromagnetic nature - it is an electromagnetic matter. From this facts it follows that as a whole the matter and all its properties and manifestations in the world have only electromagnetic nature.
and are respectively the electric and magnetic constants (permittivity and permeability of free space), - the speed of light in vacuum, - the gravitational constant, and - the distance from the point like object creating the gravitational field.
First. The mass (matter), respectively its density, is always positive.
Second. The gravitational field is always unipolar.
where and are the electric, magnetic and gravitational induction; - the current density; is the gravitational permeability. Here and have not a practical importance, but are written for a symmetry with and . The system (6) could be considered as an aspect of an unified field of the electromagnetic matter in the World.
The exposed facts could be considered in aspect of a fragment of the motivation of the material unity of the World.
Millenniums the idea exists about the material unity of the World, which later generates the idea about its cognitive unity.The cooperation of these ideas makes the principle of WORLD UNITY.
However, this principle could be treated as physical reality only with the motivation of the formation of an united kernel of logical regularities, which in essence to be the theoretical basis of physics. According to Einstein  "The science is an essay to reduce the chaotic variety of our sensitive experience in correspondence with some system of thinking", and further "It is necessary to determine some starting view point, which would restricted in a reasonable degree the infinite variety of possibilities. While it is not found, the theory of field could not give a ground of all the physics", "One can not pretend, that these parts of the theory of relativity, which could be considered as completed, are full and satisfactory foundation of physics" and at the end "For now, we must recognize, that we have not a common theoretical basis of physics, which could be considered as its logical foundation."
With this last quotation of Einstein, the author motivates ones idea to expose ones view-point concerning the kernel of the theoretical basis of the principle of the World unity (material and cognitive), as a starting logical foundation of physics.
Since in our mind there is nothing, which is not product of our senses, in a form of reflection of the realities of nature, this information (according to Einstein  too) is the initial resource (raw material) for the formation of the knowledge about the World. The reason is the axiomatic truth, that the experimental facts (the practice), reflected in our mind, are the primary real source (direct or indirect) of the knowledge, being simultaneously a criterion for its correspondence to the reality. In this sense, the cognition and the logic are products of the experience, hence they have a common experimental ground. By them the essence of the notion of theoretical knowledge is determined, i.e. this theoretical basis, which like them has an experimental origin, i.e. experimental nature. Usually one call theoretical knowledge this experimental in origin knowledge, which is more large generalization of experimental facts. Though they seems as implicit (they are indirect), but they have always in ones root an experimental cognition as an indirect empirical regularity.
In conclusion, it follows, that in essence the theoretical, logical and empirical regularities or knowledge are always obvious or indirect empirical (experimental) regularities.
The formation of the kernel of the theoretical foundations of the physical knowledge is reduced to the finding of a minimum necessary and sufficient number basic initial laws, which determine in nature and manifestations its substance called matter, that makes the nature and the characteristic features of the notion of natural reality or World. The notion of matter (as a physical reality) has not a concrete India-pendent (separate) form of existence without ones manifestations; it is an unity-tandem of all ones manifestations in the form of different natural realities in field and substantial forms, as energy, fields, properties, phenomena, processes etc., considered to have as a bearer something called matter , and its alternative component called energy . This is so, since the latter participates indivisible in a tandem (matter-energy) in all manifestations of the matter (mass), and is related quantitatively with it by the law , where is the speed of the electromagnetic waves in vacuum. In this sense, each material physical process is energetic one, and vice versa, since the matter is the bearer and the generator of ones manifestations, including the energy. In this aspect, the first central and key starting question is about the nature of matter, and the second (in essence methodological) is to determine the minimal necessary and sufficient number initial basic laws, from which one could describe the regularities in the World. It requires from these initial laws (axioms) to be logically independent and experimentally proved.
In this sense the kernel (theoretical, logical and empirical) of the physical knowledge could be deduced by more exact and adequate answers of the raised questions, and to be confirmed by experiment or by generalization of crucial (essential) experimental facts.
Thus in a closed system of N material fragments energy and mass obey the law of conservation.
These basic laws (4.1) (except § 7) have an essential consequence, which is especially crucial for the theoretical base of the physical knowledge, and from methodological view-point is often interpreted as independent of (4.1), i.e. as an independent law. Since the total energy of a closed system is constant, the sum of exchanged energies (or matter ) in result of interaction is always zero, i.e.
because the given (with the index "0') quantities are negative, while the accepted (with the index "p") are positive. In absolute value they are equal ( ).
The law (4.2) called the law of interaction, is also fundamental for the theoretical ground of the physical knowledge. It participates in implicit (indirect) form in describing of almost all physical processes related with the energy in one or another form. These laws must be followed obligatory (without exclu-sions) as a condition for adequacy in each describing of a physical phenomenon. In this aspect the laws (4.1) and (4.2) are fundamental fragments of the kernel of the theoretical basis of the physical knowledge.
Isaac Newton states in "Optics" (1704) that "Each body absorbs and emits light", "Do the bodies and light transmute one in another?", and "The transmutation of the bodies in light and of the light in bodies corresponds to the natural processes in nature". From these irrefutable empirical regularities , it follows logically the genetic reason for the implicit conclusion that the matter, which forms the light and the bodies has a common nature. However, since the nature of the matter of light is electromagnetic, it follows, that the same is the nature of the matter of the bodies. The matter is in a field form in the case of light, and in substantial form in the case of bodies. With this fact and law one confirms the ideas for material unity of the World. From this it follows the logical and genetic reason-law, that all manifestations (fields, properties, interactions etc.) of the electromagnetic matter have an electromagnetic nature - they are electromagnetic, i.e. the nature as a whole, the world is an electromagnetic continuum.
This law is another fragment as basic law of the kernel of the theoretical basis of the physical knowledge.
Since all fields and material manifestations of matter have as a bearer and a source the matter, which according to § 5 has an electromagnetic nature, on the base of the genetic principle it follows that they have an electromagnetic nature.
As usual, the generation of forces of attraction is denoted with a sign of minus (-), and are the dielectric and magnetic constants, - the speed of light in vacuum, - the gravitational constant, and - the distance.
which is in a full correspondence with the Newtonian gravitation, but on the other hand has a structure similar to one of the Maxwell equations.
Since Einstein agree, that as a first approximation and with a sufficient accuracy for our and the neighboring galaxies the Newtonian gravitation is valid, we use the form (6.4). In essence, these condi-tions conserve the physical meaning of the interpretation of the new results, which are corroborated experimentally as well [3} (p. 87, Ch. 6).
describing the unified field of the electromagnetic matter.
- the electric current density, and - time.
In thermodynamics a common material bearer of the heat energy is not defined. That is why there is not full unity of the physical positions concerning its first and second laws. Eventually on this occasion Max Planck wrote in Ann. der Phys., 1900, Bd. 1, that "For the successful cognition of the electromagnetic nature of the heat exchange, one pose the actual problem to rationalize the second law of thermodynamics in its application to the heat motion (absorption and emission of heat - P.P.) in purely electromagnetic plan, and if it is possible, to prove it. Of course, a starting point is our understanding of the phenomena that the emission and absorption of the heat radiation are electromagnetic processes".
In this sense here one considers this problem.
Starting with the Stefan-Boltzmann law for the emitted by the bodies heat energy in the form of photons, which are the bearers of this energy, implicitly one establishes the fact, that the heat energy is electromagnetic.
where is the natural electromagnetic force, which transfers the particles from the places with higher temperature to ones with lower temperatures up to their equality.
From the exposed we see, that thermodynamics and its laws are electromagnetic.
According to the appendix it is showed, that the laws of Newton in classical mechanics are reduced laws of the actualized Maxwell's electrodynamics, with the condition that the velocity v of a body is much less than the velocity of light (v<< ). That is why the Newtonian laws in mechanics are electromagnetic in nature, and consequently in essence mechanics is a special case of classical electro-dynamics. Moreover, we prove that the physical meaning of the force is the exchanged energy per unit way, because the force is a derivative of the energy with respect to the path. In this sense the nature of the force is electromagnetic as well.
1. The nature of matter is electromagnetic.
2. Laws of conservation of matter (mass) and energy.
3. The unified field of the matter (gravitational and electromagnetic) is electromagnetic.
4. Thermodynamics is a special case of classical electrodynamics.
5. The laws of Newton in mechanics are special cases of the law of energy conservation.
6. The laws of mechanics are special cases of the laws of electrodynamics at low velocities.
The exposed above grounds and regularities (as conclusions), which are confirmed by experiments, makes the kernel of the theoretical basis of the physical knowledge in the form of a verbal mathematical system from fundamental initial regularities. They are the minimal number of necessary and sufficient regularities as components of the logical foundations, as components of the initial kernel of the physical knowledge and for consolidation of the material and cognitive unity of the World, respectively affirming of the principle for the unity of the World, which in nature (substance and manifestations) is only electromagnetic.
where is the mass at rest, and v is the velocity.
Here is, for example, a classical and relativistic versions of the laws of Newton in mechanics.
Second case. The force is equal to the derivative of the energy with respect to the path.
Here the meaning of the notion of force is the exchanged energy per unit travel.
i.e. this is the record of the principle of action and counteraction.
2. A. Einstein. Remarks on Bertrand Russell's theory of knowledge, v. 5, Nordwestern University, 1944, 278-291.
3. P. R. Penchev. Electromagnetic theory of matter. Technical University, Sofia, 1998.

References: § 3
 § 4
 § 638
 § 792
 § 272
 § 2
 § 7
 § 5
 § 7
 § 5
 v.