Source: https://openjurist.org/134/us/351
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 05:53:12+00:00

Document:
Rufus M. Williams, for plaintiff in error.
B. F. Tracy and W. W. MacFarland, for defendant in error.
This action was brought in March, 1884, in the supreme court of New York, Kings county, by the plaintiff in error, against the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railroad Company, a corporation created under the laws of Kentucky and Tennessee. Its object was to recover damages alleged to have been sustained by the plaintiff on the 30th of November 1882, in the state of Tennessee, in consequence of the careless, negligent, and wrongful conduct of the defendant and its servants while he was a passenger upon one of its trains. Upon the petition of the company, the action was removed into the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of New York, where, after the evidence was concluded, the jury, under the direction of the court, returned a verdict for the defendant. This direction was given because, in the opinion of that court, the plaintiff's cause of action was barred by the statutes of limitation of New York.
'The following actions must be commenced within the following periods after the cause of action has accrued: * * * Within three years: * * * An action to recover damages for a personal injury, resulting from negligence.' Code Civil Proc. N. Y. §§ 380, 383.
'(1) Where the cause of action originally accrued in favor of a resident of the state.
'(2) Where, before the expiration of the time so limited, the person in whose favor it originally accrued was or became a resident of the state, or the cause of action was assigned to, and thereafter continuously owned by, a resident of the state.' Id. § 390.
A motion for new trial having been overruled, a judgment was rendered for the company. That judgment is here for review, the only error assigned being the court's instruction to find for the defendant.
It was agreed that at the trial the plaintiff gave testimony tending to show the following facts: He lived in Harlem, N. Y., when a boy of 14 years of age, married in Brooklyn, removed from that city to Michigan, from the latter state to Illinois, and from Illinois to St. Louis, Mo., where he had resided for about one year prior to the accident. At the time of the accident, he was a traveling salesman for an agent of the Michigan Salt Association located in St. Louis, and when the trial took place was engaged in that capacity. When injured, he resided in St. Louis, with his wife and children. In August, 1883, he 'sent his wife and children to Brooklyn, N. Y., where they took up their residence, and commenced to keep house, and where they have resided ever since August, 1883, and do now reside.' The plaintiff himself did not go to Brooklyn with his family in August, 1883, nor did he join them there until December 31, 1883, or January 1, 1884. 'He remained with his family in Brooklyn for about three months, when he again went to St. Louis, and from there went traveling for said agency as said salesman.' He 'again joined his wife and children the next December, 1884, and remained with them some three months, when he again went out on the road.' He joined his family in October, 1885, and was with them at the time of the trial. He lived with them when at home, and always lived with his wife since their marriage, except when absent on business. The attorney for the defendant addressed the plaintiff at his place of business in St. Louis up to December 28, 1883, on which day the latter notified him by letter of his change of address to Brooklyn, for which place he was in the act of starting to join his family.
Upon the issue as to the residence o her husband, Mrs. Penfield's evidence was that they had lived together constantly for about 22 years, and she was always with him except when he was traveling. Having stated that at the time of the accident, and during the sickness of her husband, resulting from the injuries received by him, they resided at St. Louis, her examination continued: 'Question. How long did you continue to live there yourself after this sickness? Answer. Until the next August. Q. What year was that? A. 1883. Q. In August, 1883, what did you do? A. Came here to Brooklyn; hired a house, and went to housekeeping; moved all my things I wished to retain, and have lived here ever since with my children. Q. What about your furniture? A. Part I sold in St. Louis, and part I brought here. Q. And have you been residing here ever since? A. Yes, sir. Q. Your husband's place of abode is here with you in your house? A. Yes, sir. Q. At the time you removed from St. Louis to Brooklyn, will you state, if you know, the reason why your husband did not come on with you at that time.' This question was objected to as immaterial and irrelevant, and was not answered.
As the railroad company is a corporation of Tennessee, where the injury occurred, and as the plaintiff was not a resident of New York when the cause of action orginally accrued to him, the suit was barred by section 390, unless he became a resident of the latter state before the expiration of the period limited by the laws of Tennessee for the commencement of actions like this; that is, before the expiration of one year from November 30, 1882. The contention of the plaintiff is that, although he was not in the state of New York for some years prior to December 1883, he became, within the meaning of the statute, a resident of that state when, in August, 1883, he sent his family to the city of Brooklyn. We are not aware of any determination of this precise question by the highest court of New York; but there are decisions of that court construing statutes, other than statutes of limitation, which contain the words 'resident' and 'residence.' Those decisions may throw some light upon the present case.
In that case, it appeared that Brisbin, a citizen and resident of New York, purchased a stock of goods, took them to Milwaukee, and established himself in business in the latter city, leaving his wife and child to board at his former residence in New York. There was evidence tending to show that he went to Milwaukee with intent to make it his permanent residence. But there was also evidence tending to show that he had no fixed purpose, when he went to that city, of making it his permanent abode, unless he was successful in business, and that when arrested he had the purpose not having been thus successful—to close up his business, and return to his former residence, though without any certain plans as to his future course.
In Haggart v. Morgan, 5 N. Y. 422, 428, which was the case of an attachment against the defendant as a non-resident debtor, it was held that, although the defendant was domiciled in New York, he was, by reason of a continuous, h ough temporary, absence in New Orleans, for about three years, to be deemed a non-resident, within the meaning of the statute regulating attachments.
These cases show that, within the meaning of the statutes regulating attachments against the property of debtors, as well as those regulating arrests on civil process for debts, it was the actual residence of the defendant, and not his domicile, that determined the rights of the parties.
A like construction appears to have been given or assumed by the courts of New York in regard to similar words in that clause of its statute of limitations which provides that if, after the cause of action shall have accrued, the defendant shall 'depart from, and reside out of, the state, the time of his absence' shall not be included in the period of limitation. The supreme court of the state, discussing that provision, said: 'The expressions 'and reside out of the state,' and 'the time of his absence,' have the same meaning. They are correlative expressions. So that, while the defendant in this case resided out of, he was absent from, the state, and, accordingly, until he again became a resident of the state, the suspension of the operation of the statute continued.' Burroughs v Bloomer, 5 Denio, 532, 535. It was held in that case, as well as in two later and well-considered opinions, the one of the superior court of the city of New York, delivered by Mr. Justice DUER, and the other of the court of appeals, delivered by Judge SELDEN, that where a defendant, after the cause of action accrued against him, departed from, and resided out of, the state, several times, returning to the state in the intervening periods, all the times of absence or non-residence were to be added together, and deducted from the term of limitation. Ford v. Babcock, 2 Sandf. 518, 527, 531; Cole v. Jessup, 10 N.Y. Y. 96, 104, 107. In each of those three cases, it was not alleged or contended, and could not be inferred from any language in the pleadings or in the opinion, that the defendant changed his domicile upon each departure and return. To the same effect is Satterth waite v. Abercrombie, 23 Blatchf. 308, 24 Fed. Rep. 543. And in a very recent case the court of appeals said: 'The law gives a creditor six years' continued presence of his debtor within the state after the cause of action has accrued.' Engel v. Fischer, 102 N. Y. 400, 404, 7 N. E. Rep. 300.
To give a different meaning to the word 'residence,' or 'resident,' or 'reside,' in that clause of the New York statute of limitations which relates to plaintiffs, from that which the courts of the state have given it in that clause of the same statute which relates to defendants, as well as in various statutes of the state on other subjects, would produce much confusion.
Assuming, without deciding, that the testimony introduced for the plaintiff in the present case would warrant the impression that he had obtained a domicile in the state of New York by virtue of his wife and family, with his consent, having made their home in that state, there is nothing in the evidence which had the slightest tendency to show that his own actual residence was in the state of New York for many years prior to his going there from St. Louis in December, 1883.
To illustrate by referring to other statutes, let us suppose that the plaintiff, while engaged in business in St. Louis, had brought this action in the supreme court of New York, immediately after his family took up their residence in Brooklyn. Could he not have been compelled to give security for costs, under section 3268 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which declares that 'the defendant, in an action brought in a court of record, may require security for costs to be given * * *w here the plaintiff was, when the action was commenced, either a person residing within the state.' Or, if the defendant in this action had, within the same period, brought in one of the courts of New York a suit against the present plaintiff upon a cause of action for an 'injury to personal property in consequence of negligence,' could not be doubted, in view of the decisions heretofore cited, that an attachment could have been sued out and sustained under sections 635 and 636 of the Code, which provide that a warrant of attachment against the property of one or more defendants in such an action may be granted upon the application of the plaintiff, where it appears by affidavit 'that the defendant is * * * not a resident of the state.' Could Penfield, in the last case supposed, have been deemed a non-resident of New York when sued for 'aninjury to personal property in consequence of negligence,' and under the same facts be regarded as a resident of New York if he sued the same party 'for a personal injury resulting from negligence?' Could he be deemed a resident of the state, for the purpose of bringing this action, immediately after his family reached Brooklyn, and a non-resident if the railroad company had at the same time sued him in New York, and taken out an attachment against his property? The answer to these questions suggests that, in view of the course of decisions in New York, the plaintiff, by retaining his residence for purposes of business in St. Louis, did not become a resident of New York, within the meaning of section 390, until he changed his actual residence to that state. If he had, before the expiration of the period limited by the law of Tennessee, quitted his residence in Missouri, and joined his family in New York, for the purpose of making the latter state his residence in fact, he would have been entitled to bring his action within the period fixed by the laws of New York for the commencement of actions like this by one who is a resident of that state when the cause of action accrues.
As, under the evidence, the jury could not, by any reasonable inference from the proof, have found that the plaintiff became himself a resident of New York within a year after the cause of action accrued, the instruction to find for the defendant was right.
Affirming 29 Fed. Rep. 494.

References: § 390
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