Source: https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/memorandum-support-united-states-motion-limine-exclude-evidence-reasonableness
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 18:39:55+00:00

Document:
The United States anticipates the defendants will attempt to introduce evidence purporting to show the prices they paid for scrap metal were "reasonable" or "competitive." For the reasons discussed below, such evidence is inadmissible.
Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1, condemns those agreements that restrain trade unreasonably. Standard Oil Co. v. United States, 221 U.S. 1 (1911). Some agreements, however, have such a pernicious effect on competition and are so lacking in redeeming value, they are conclusively presumed unreasonable, i.e., they are unreasonable per se. Northern Pac. Ry. v. United States, 356 U.S. 1, 5 (1958); Jefferson Parish Hosp. Dist. No. 2 v. Hyde, 466 U.S. 2, 9 (1984). Of those illegal agreements, none is more firmly established as unreasonable per se than a horizontal agreement to fix prices. Catalano, Inc. v. Target Sales, Inc., 446 U.S. 643 (1980); Standard Oil, 221 U.S. at 1; Northern Pac. Ry., 356 U.S. at 5; Jefferson Parish, 466 U.S. at 9; All Care Nursing Serv., Inc., v. High Tech Staffing Servs., Inc., 135 F.3d 740, 746 (11th Cir. 1998); Cha-Car, Inc. v. Calder Race Course, Inc., 752 F.2d 609, 612 n.6 (11th Cir. 1985); Construction Aggregate Transp., Inc., v. Florida Rock Indus., Inc., 710 F.2d 752, 772 (11th Cir. 1983). In fact, the Supreme Court has referred to horizontal price fixing as "perhaps the paradigm of an unreasonable restraint of trade." National Collegiate Athletic Assoc. v. Board of Regents of the Univ. of Okla., 468 U.S. 85, 101 (1984).
Congress has not left with us the determination of whether or not particular price-fixing schemes are wise or unwise, healthy or destructive. It has not permitted the age-old cry of ruinous competition and competitive evils to be a defense to price-fixing conspiracies. It has no more allowed genuine or fancied competitive abuses as a legal justification for such schemes than it has the good intentions of the members of the combination.
This principle of per se unreasonableness . . . avoids the necessity for an incredibly complicated and prolonged economic investigation into the entire history of the industry involved, as well as related industries, in an effort to determine at large whether a particular restraint has been unreasonable -- an inquiry so often wholly fruitless when undertaken.
Northern Pac. Ry., 356 U.S. at 5. In other words, one need not debate what is already common knowledge: price fixing is so inimical to our free enterprise system, there is no justification for it.
To prove a price-fixing conspiracy, the United States need not prove the defendants committed any overt acts in furtherance of their conspiracy. Proof of the violation is not dependent on subsequent events such as the conspiracy's actual effects; rather, the government need only prove that the conspiracy existed. Nash v. United States, 229 U.S. 373, 378 (1913). The agreement itself is the complete offense, whether actually carried out or not. Socony-Vacuum, 310 U.S. at 224-25 n.59; Trenton Potteries, 273 U.S. at 402.
[A]ny evidence of justification or reasonableness after such an agreement has been established is properly excluded in a Sherman Act case. A defendant cannot say, "I have entered into a price-fixing agreement, but the prices fixed are reasonable ones dictated by economic pressures." The fact that the prices were reasonable is no defense. Once the defendant admits the agreement he may say no more for it is illegal per se.
281 F.2d at 143-44 (citations omitted).
The Indictment charges a simple agreement among competitors to fix the prices paid to suppliers of scrap metal and to allocate suppliers of scrap metal. The defendants conspired to pay reduced prices to their suppliers with the purpose of reducing their costs and increasing their profits. Most of the scrap suppliers cheated were smaller auto wreckers, junk dealers and individual citizens who wanted a competitive price for the scrap metal sold to the defendants. Such a naked restraint of trade is per se unreasonable and, therefore, illegal pursuant to Section 1 of the Sherman Act. Northern Pac. Ry., 356 U.S. at 5; Jefferson Parish, 466 U.S. at 9. There is no exception to the proscription on the admission of evidence of "reasonableness" of prices as a defense. Accordingly, no evidence related to concerning the "reasonableness" or "competitiveness" of the prices paid to scrap suppliers should be admitted in this case.
Even if such evidence was relevant, it is excludable under Rule 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Rule 403 provides: "Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury." Even if the Court were to find the defendants' evidence marginally relevant as proof of lack of a conspiracy, there is no doubt such evidence would confuse the issues and mislead the jury. The jury would probably believe that, because the prices the defendants' were "reasonable," none of the suppliers were injured and, therefore, none of the defendants were guilty. This is exactly the type of erroneous inference that Rule 403 is designed to protect juries from drawing. For this reason, evidence that the defendants charged "reasonable" prices is also inadmissible pursuant to Rule 403.
If this Court were to admit any such evidence, at the very least this Court should instruct the jury on this issue at the commencement of the trial and whenever such evidence is introduced by the defendants.
For the foregoing reasons, the Motion of the United States to Exclude Evidence of Reasonableness should be granted.

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