Source: http://aoot.osa.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-27-6-8375
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 17:05:27+00:00

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Metamaterial absorbers, consisting of assembling arrays of optical resonators with subwavelength dimensions and spacing, allow efficiently absorption electromagnetic radiation by leveraging the strong electrical and magnetic resonances. Beyond the enhanced absorption, there is a growing interest to realize multi-functional absorbers, for example, absorbers with extended bandwidth, strong polarization extinction ratio, to name a few. Traditionally, designing multi-functional absorbers require complex brute-force optimizations with sizable parameter space, which turn out to be rather inefficient. Here, using the particle swarm optimization algorithm, we design and experimentally demonstrate broadband and highly polarization selective mid-IR metal-insulator-metal absorbers, covering the technologically important 3–5 μm atmospheric transparency band. With spectrally averaged absorption exceeding 70%, a high polarization extinction ratio of 40.6 is concurrently achieved by the algorithm. We also investigate the incident angle dependence of the spectral absorption and clarify the origin of optical losses. By integrating with the growing range of mid-IR detectors and imagers, our devices can enable new applications such as mid-IR full Stokes imaging polarimetry for remote sensing.
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Fig. 1 (a) Micro-polarizer based polarization imaging architecture. (b) PMAs based polarization imaging architecture (c) and (d) Schematic diagram of the proposed three-layered optimized absorber. The inset of (c) shows the SEM image of the fabricated sample with P = 2.672 μm, t1 = 50 nm, t2 = 100 nm, and H = 67.5 nm. Strip widths (from W1 to W6) form an arithmetic sequence, with average width W = 386.7 nm, the difference ∆ = 54.3 nm, and the spaces S = 58.7 nm.
Fig. 2 (a) Evolution of the fitness values as a function of the number of iterations during the PSO optimization by using 20 particles for 50 iterations. Blue star markers represent the fitness values of the 20 particles in each iteration. The “average fitness” represents the averaged fitness value of the 20 particles in each iteration and the “global best” records the largest value of the “current best” since the first iteration. (b) Comparison of the absorption spectra between the absorber with multi-sized nanostrips and the single-sized nanostrip absorber. Mark I to VI stand for six absorption peaks of the absorber with multi-sized nanostrips, respectively. (c) Comparison between (i) the PMA based architecture and (ii) the micro-polarizer based architecture and regarding the optical crosstalk. For the PMA based architecture, the metamaterial absorber converts the incident electromagnetic waves into heat directly to the corresponding pixels, and there is no significant optical crosstalk between adjacent pixels under oblique incidence. For the micro-polarizer based architecture, due to the air gap between the micropolarizer and the pixel, the obliquely incident wave could penetrate the micropolarizer above a pixel (Pixel 1) and hit its neighboring pixel (Pixel 2), thus leading to crosstalk [47,50].
Fig. 3 The distribution of the normalized magnetic field magnitude |H| in the optimized structure under TM polarization at (a) peak II (c) peak IV and (e) peak VI of the spectral absorption shown in Fig. 2(b). Fig. (b), (d) and (f) show the corresponding normalized absorption intensity distribution. (g) The distribution of |H| under TE polarization at λ = 4μm and (h) the corresponding distribution of absorption intensity.
Fig. 4 The spectral absorption of the TE polarization (yellow line) and TM polarization (purple line) and the corresponding FF (green line) as a function of the number of nanostrips per period assuming (a) silicon dioxide (c) silicon nitride and (e) amorphous silicon (α-Si) as the spacing material. The optimal number of nanostrips per period and the corresponding maximal FFs are also labeled in the plots. (b), (d) and (f) show the absorption spectra of TE polarization and TM polarization corresponding to (a), (c) and (e), assuming the number of nanostrips per period is 3, 4 and 6, respectively. The black arrows point out the influence of the excited SPP. The black dash lines show the averaged absorption of the TM polarization in the 3 μm–5 μm range. (g) and (h) SEM images of the optimized absorbers with silicon nitride and amorphous silicon as the spacing materials.
Fig. 5 (a) The spectral absorption of the optimized absorber as a function of the incident angle. The white dash line stands for the resonant wavelength of the surface plasmon polariton excited in the structure as a function of the incident angle. (b) The red solid line stands for the FF as a function of incident angle of the impingent light as compared to the blue solid line showing the incident angle dependence of the normalized polarization extinction ratio of the micro-polarizer .
Fig. 6 The refractive index of silicon dioxide is from reference , while the refractive index of silicon nitride and α-Si are obtained by ellipsometry measurement (IR-VASE II from J.A.Woollam).
(6) FF= ∫ λ=3μm λ=5μm A TM (λ) dλ ∫ λ=3μm λ=5μm A TE (λ) dλ .
(8) x iD k+1 = x iD k + v iD k+1 Δt.

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