Source: http://code7700.com/hazmat.htm
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 00:32:29+00:00

Document:
You can divide the air transportation world into two hazardous materials (HazMat) types: "will-carry" and "will-not-carry." The determination of which category you fall into is cut and dried in commercial aviation, but not so in general aviation.
will-carry vs. will-not-carry — The requirements and risks involved with being an authorized HazMat carrier are quite high and I would argue if you haven't been thoroughly trained, you should be in the "will-not-carry" category. (My will-not-carry Rationale appears below.) What follows is aimed towards those of us in the "will-not-carry" world.
Defining HazMat — Hazardous materials are harder to detect than simply looking for an offending sticker on a package. You must educate your crews, line personnel, and even your passengers. Defining HazMat is a start, but then you must also Recognize HazMat.
Exceptions — There are many exceptions to HazMat and the list is rather long. There are, fortunately, a few easier to reference documents. All of that below.
Cartoon: HazMat, from Chris Manno.
Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (Transportation), Subchapter C (Hazardous Materials Regulations), Part 175 (Carriage by Aircraft), is applicable to commercial operations. If you are an authorized "will-carry" operator, you should have Operations Specification A055, Carriage of Hazardous Materials, in accordance with FAA Order 8900.1, Vol 3, Chap 18, Part A.
49 CFR 175.1, Purpose, scope, and applicability.
(a) This part prescribes requirements that apply to the transportation of hazardous materials in commerce aboard (including attached to or suspended from) aircraft. The requirements in this part are in addition to other requirements contained in parts 171, 172, 173, 178, and 180 of this subchapter.
(2) Air passengers that carry any hazardous material on their person or in their carry-on or checked baggage.
(2) Other hazardous materials are carried in accordance with the regulations of the State (nation) of the aircraft operator.
[14 CFR 91, ¶91.13(a)] Aircraft operations for the purpose of air navigation. No person may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.
In my opinion, if you haven't been specifically trained to carry hazardous materials, you are in the "will-not-carry" category. Of course this begs the questions: What constitutes a hazardous material? and Are there any exceptions?
[49 CFR 171, §171.8] Hazardous material means a substance or material that the Secretary of Transportation has determined is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce, and has designated as hazardous under section 5103 of Federal hazardous materials transportation law (49 U.S.C. 5103). The term includes hazardous substances, hazardous wastes, marine pollutants, elevated temperature materials, materials designated as hazardous in the Hazardous Materials Table (see 49 CFR 172.101), and materials that meet the defining criteria for hazard classes and divisions in part 173 of this subchapter.
[49 USC 5103, ¶(a)] Designating Material as Hazardous.—The Secretary shall designate material (including an explosive, radioactive material, infectious substance, flammable or combustible liquid, solid, or gas, toxic, oxidizing, or corrosive material, and compressed gas) or a group or class of material as hazardous when the Secretary determines that transporting the material in commerce in a particular amount and form may pose an unreasonable risk to health and safety or property.
The current 49 CFR 172.101 Hazardous Materials Tables encompass 112 pages with about 25 line items each, giving a total of est. 2800 entries, not counting the additional tables of Hazardous Materials other than radionucleides (13 pages), radionucleides (7 pages) and Marine Pollutants (4 pages).
Transporting HazMat is regulated by 49 CFR. Handling of HazMat is more in the realm Occupational Safety and HazMat Communication, which is a completely different set of rules with sometimes/often different markings. Both areas of these activities require MANDATORY training. It is getting quite complicated, so let us restrict ourselves to TRANSPORT only.
Download: DOT Chart 15 Hazardous Materials Marking, Labeling and Placarding Guide.
The list goes on and on. Many of the traveling public don't understand that something that is perfectly safe at ground level may become deadly at lower pressures or in the face of a rapid decompression. It has always been a problem but awareness should improve. Starting January 1, 2015, commercial air passengers must acknowledge that they have been advised what they can bring on board or not as carry-on or checked in luggage before a reservation is confirmed and a "ticket" is issued.
In corporate aviation, where no ticket need be issued, it is up to the operator to ensure passengers are made aware of what can, and cannot be carried aboard aircraft. It might be easier to consider the exceptions.
The actual list of exceptions is contained in 49 CFR 175, §175.10, and it makes fascinating reading. But it is long and hard to find what you are looking for. But there is a much easier to use list and you can download that here: Hazardous Materials Carried by Passengers and Crewmembers. You might also consider the FAA document: Pack Safe.
[49 CFR 175, §175.8]] Exceptions for operator equipment and items of replacement.
(1) Aviation fuel and oil in tanks that are in compliance with the installation provisions of 14 CFR, chapter 1.
(2) Hazardous materials required aboard an aircraft in accordance with the applicable airworthiness requirements and operating regulations. Items of replacement for such materials must be transported in accordance with paragraph (a)(3) of this section.
(i) In place of required packagings, packagings specifically designed for the items of replacement may be used, provided such packagings provide at least an equivalent level of protection to those that would be required by this subchapter.
(ii) Aircraft batteries are not subject to quantity limitations such as those provided in §172.101 or §175.75(c) of this subchapter.
(4) Unless otherwise addressed by FAA regulation or policy (e.g. Advisory Circular), hazardous materials used by the operator aboard the aircraft, when approved by the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.
(1) Oxygen, or any hazardous material used for the generation of oxygen, for medical use by a passenger, which is furnished by the aircraft operator in accordance with 14 CFR 121.574 or 135.91. For the purposes of this paragraph, an aircraft operator that does not hold a certificate under 14 CFR parts 121 or 135 may apply this exception in conformance with 14 CFR 121.574 or 135.91 in the same manner as required for a certificate holder. See §175.501 for additional requirements applicable to the stowage of oxygen.
(2) Dry ice (carbon dioxide, solid) intended for use by the operator in food and beverage service aboard the aircraft.
(3) Aerosols of Division 2.2 only (for dispensing of food products), alcoholic beverages, colognes, liquefied gas lighters, perfumes, and portable electronic devices containing lithium cells or batteries that meet the requirements of §175.10(a)(18) carried aboard a passenger-carrying aircraft by the operator for use or sale on that specific aircraft. A liquefied gas lighter design must be examined and successfully tested by a person or agency authorized by the Associate Administrator.
(4) A tire assembly with a serviceable tire, provided the tire is not inflated to a gauge pressure exceeding the maximum rated pressure for that tire, and the tire (including valve assemblies) is protected from damage during transport. A tire or tire assembly which is unserviceable or damaged is forbidden from air transport; however, a damaged tire is not subject to the requirements of this subchapter if it contains no material meeting the definition of a hazardous material (e.g., Division 2.2).
[49 CFR 175, §175.10]] Exceptions for passengers, crewmembers, and air operators.
(ii) Other aerosols in Div. 2.2 (nonflammable gas) with no subsidiary risk carried in checked baggage only. Release devices on aerosols must be protected by a cap or other suitable means to prevent inadvertent release; and√(iii) The aggregate quantity of these hazardous materials carried by each person may not exceed 2 kg (70 ounces) by mass or 2 L (68 fluid ounces) by volume and the capacity of each container may not exceed 0.5 kg (18 ounces) by mass or 500 ml (17 fluid ounces) by volume.
(2) One packet of safety matches or a lighter intended for use by an individual when carried on one's person or in carry-on baggage only. Lighter fuel, lighter refills, and lighters containing unabsorbed liquid fuel (other than liquefied gas) are not permitted on one's person or in carry-on or checked baggage.
(3) Implanted medical devices in humans or animals that contain hazardous materials, such as a heart pacemaker containing Class 7 (radioactive) material or lithium batteries; and radiopharmaceuticals that have been injected or ingested.
(ii) More than 24% and not more than 70% alcohol by volume when in unopened retail packagings not exceeding 5 liters (1.3 gallons) carried in carry-on or checked baggage, with a total net quantity per person of 5 liters (1.3) gallons for such beverages.
(5) Perfumes and colognes purchased through duty-free sales and carried on one's person or in carry-on baggage.
(6) Hair curlers (curling irons) containing a hydrocarbon gas such as butane, no more than one per person, in carry-on or checked baggage. The safety cover must be securely fitted over the heating element. Gas refills for such curlers are not permitted in carry-on or checked baggage.
(7) A small medical or clinical mercury thermometer for personal use, when carried in a protective case in carry-on or checked baggage.
(8) Small arms ammunition for personal use carried by a crewmember or passenger in checked baggage only, if securely packed in boxes or other packagings specifically designed to carry small amounts of ammunition. Ammunition clips and magazines must also be securely boxed. This paragraph does not apply to persons traveling under the provisions of 49 CFR 1544.219.
(9) One self-defense spray (see §171.8 of this subchapter), not exceeding 118 mL (4 fluid ounces) by volume, that incorporates a positive means to prevent accidental discharge may be carried in checked baggage only.
(ii) When carried in checked baggage, each package is marked “DRY ICE” or “CARBON DIOXIDE, SOLID,” and marked with the net weight of dry ice or an indication the net weight is 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds) or less.
(11) A single self-inflating personal safety device such as a life jacket or vest fitted with no more than two small gas cartridges (containing no hazardous material other than a Div. 2.2 gas) for inflation purposes plus no more than two spare cartridges. The personal safety device and spare cartridges may be carried in carry-on or checked baggage, with the approval of the aircraft operator, and must be packed in such a manner that it cannot be accidently activated.
(12) Small compressed gas cylinders of Division 2.2 (containing no hazardous material other than a Division 2.2 gas) worn by the passenger for the operation of mechanical limbs and, in carry-on and checked baggage, spare cylinders of a similar size for the same purpose in sufficient quantities to ensure an adequate supply for the duration of the journey.
(13) A mercury barometer or thermometer carried as carry-on baggage, by a representative of a government weather bureau or similar official agency, provided that individual advises the operator of the presence of the barometer or thermometer in his baggage. The barometer or thermometer must be packaged in a strong packaging having a sealed inner liner or bag of strong, leak proof and puncture-resistant material impervious to mercury, which will prevent the escape of mercury from the package in any position.
(14) Electrically powered heat-producing articles (e.g., battery-operated equipment such as diving lamps and soldering equipment) as checked or carry-on baggage only and with the approval of the operator of the aircraft. The heat-producing component, the energy source, or other component (e.g., fuse) must be removed to prevent unintentional functioning during transport. Any battery that is removed must be protected against short circuit by placement in original retail packaging or by otherwise insulating terminals (e.g., by taping over exposed terminals or placing each battery in a separate plastic bag or protective pouch).
(D) Is handled in accordance with paragraph (a)(16)(iv) of this section.
(iii) For a non-spillable battery, the battery and equipment must conform to §173.159a(d). Each battery must not exceed a voltage greater than 12 volts and a watt-hour rating of not more than 100 Wh. No more than two individually protected spare batteries may be carried. Such equipment and spare batteries must be carried in checked or carry-on baggage.
(iv) Articles containing lithium metal or lithium ion cells or batteries the primary purpose of which is to provide power to another device must be carried as spare batteries in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph.
(ii) For lithium ion batteries, a Watt-hour rating of 100 Wh.
(ix) Fuel cells must be of a type that will not charge batteries when the consumer electronic device is not in use and must be durably marked by the manufacturer with the wording: “APPROVED FOR CARRIAGE IN AIRCRAFT CABIN ONLY” to indicate that the fuel cell meets this requirement.
(21) Permeation devices for calibrating air quality monitoring equipment when carried in checked baggage provided the devices are constructed and packaged in accordance with §173.175.
(iv) It contains no other hazardous materials subject to the requirements of this subchapter.
(23) Non-infectious specimens transported in accordance with §173.4b(b).
(24) Insulated packagings containing refrigerated liquid nitrogen when carried in checked or carry-on baggage in accordance with the ICAO Technical Instructions (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter), Packing Instruction 202, the packaging specifications in part 6, chapter 5, and special provision A152.
(25) Small cartridges fitted into devices with no more than four small cartridges of carbon dioxide or other suitable gas in Division 2.2, without subsidiary risk with the approval of the operator. The water capacity of each cartridge must not exceed 50 mL (equivalent to a 28 g cartridge).
(b) The exceptions provided in paragraph (a) of this section also apply to aircraft operators when transporting passenger or crewmember baggage that has been separated from the passenger or crewmember, including transfer to another carrier for transport to its final destination.
(c) The requirements to submit incident reports as required under §§171.15 and 171.16 of this subchapter apply to the air carrier.

References: §171
 §175
 §175
 §172
 §175
 §175
 §175
 §175
 §171
 §173
 §173
 §173
 §171