Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/271/467/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 14:15:02+00:00

Document:
1. The authority of the United States to punish crimes committed by or against tribal Indians in the "Indian country" (Rev.Stats. § 2145) in Oklahoma continued after the admission of that state as before. P. 271 U. S. 469.
2. The term "Indian country," within the meaning of § 2145, applies to a restricted Osage Indian allotment. P. 271 U. S. 470.
3. There is no difference in respect of the applicability of § 2145 between a "restricted" and a " trust " allotment. Id.
the Act of Congress approved June 28, 1906, . . . the title to which said allotment . . . was held in trust by the United States and was inalienable"
by the allottee, who had never had issued to her a certificate of competency authorizing her to sell the allotment. The indictment is drawn under § 2145 R.S., which extends the general laws of the United States as to the punishment of crimes committed in any place within the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, to the Indian country, with certain exceptions not material here. The court below sustained a demurrer to this indictment upon the ground that the allotment described in the indictment as the locus of the crime was not Indian country within the meaning of § 2145. Thereupon, the construction of the statute upon which the indictment is drawn being involved, the case was brought here on writ of error under the Criminal Appeals Act of March 2, 1907, c. 2564, 34 Stat. 1246.
(Matter of Heff, 197 U. S. 488, 197 U. S. 499; United States v. Celestine, 215 U. S. 278, 215 U. S. 290).
The sole question for our determination, therefore, is whether the place of the crime is Indian country within the meaning of § 2145. The place is a tract of land constituting an Indian allotment, carved out of the Osage Indian reservation and conveyed in fee to the allottee named in the indictment, subject to a restriction against alienation for a period of 25 years. That period has not elapsed, nor has the allottee ever received a certificate of competency authorizing her to sell. As pointed out in United states v. Bowling, 256 U. S. 484, 256 U. S. 486, there are two modes by which Indians are prevented from improvidently disposing of their allotments. One is by means of a certificate, called a trust patent, by the terms of which the government holds the land for a period of years in trust for the allottee with an agreement to convey at the end of the trust period. The other mode is to issue a patent conveying to the allottee the land in fee, but prohibiting its alienation for a stated period. Both have the same effect so far as the power of alienation is concerned, but one is commonly called a trust allotment, and the other a restricted allotment. The judgment of the court below turns upon this narrow difference.
"The explicit provision in the Act of 1897, as to allotments, * we do not regard as pointing a distinction, but rather as emphasizing the intent of Congress in carrying out its policy with respect to allotments in severalty, where these have been accompanied with restrictions upon alienation or provision for trusteeship on the part of the government. . . . The allottees were permitted to enjoy a more secure tenure, and provision was made for their ultimate ownership without restrictions. But meanwhile, the lands remained Indian lands, set apart for Indians under governmental care, and we are unable to find ground for the conclusion that they became other than Indian country through the distribution into separate holdings, the government retaining control."
"the United States possess a supervisory control over the land and may take appropriate measures to make sure that in inures to the sole use and benefit of the allottee and his heirs throughout the original or any extended period of restriction."
In practical effect, the control of Congress, until the expiration of the trust or the restricted period, is the same.
quite unreasonable to attribute to Congress an intention to extend the protection of the criminal law to an Indian upon a trust allotment and withhold it from one upon a restricted allotment, and we find nothing in the nature of the subject matter or in the words of the statute which would justify us in applying the term "Indian country" to one, and not to the other.
"include any Indian allotment while the title to the same shall be held in trust by the government, or while the same shall remain inalienable by the allottee without the consent of the United States. . . ."

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