Source: http://goldfinds.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Itemid=1
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 02:58:17+00:00

Document:
Deprivation of Property Rights and Due Process of Law; Denial of Equal Protection of the Laws; Taking of Property Without Compensation; Violation of Civil Rights; Violation of the Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970, 30 U.S.C. § 21a; Violation of 30 U.S.C. §§ 21-54 (Mining Act); Violation of Plaintiffs’ Implied Rights to Use Public Lands (Quiet Title); Unlawful Interference With Commerce; Injunctive Relief; and Damages.
1. Jurisdiction is proper in this Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because this action arises under the laws of the United States. The conduct complained of creates an actual, justiciable controversy. The California legislature has passed an act, SB 670, and the Governor of California, the Honorable Arnold Schwarzenegger has signed into law SB 670, prohibiting all motorized mining, including vacuum and suction dredge mining, in the rivers, streams, and waterways of California, in derogation of Federal law authorizing, protecting, and permitting such mining.
2. This Court has jurisdiction, among other matters, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (federal question), §§ 2201, 2202 (declaratory relief), § 2202 (injunctive relief), and § 2409(a) (quiet title).
3. This action arises under the various acts, regulations, laws, and constitutions, as set forth in paragraph 8.
4. This Court has the power to grant declaratory and injunctive relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202.
5. This lawsuit requests judicial review of final actions taken by the Defendants (or their predecessors-in-interest). Defendants’ actions unlawfully abrogate, prescribe, and/or prohibit Federal statutorily prescribed rights of unpatented mining claim owners, miners and prospectors as well as violating Federal statutorily prescribed methods relating to mining and prospecting on Federal lands in the State of California.
6. Defendants are attempting to unlawfully alter the entire Federal regulatory framework for citizens, miners and prospectors in the State of California by adopting a rigid, narrow, and single-focus policy regarding closure of all rivers, streams, and waterways to motorized mining methods, including without limitation, vacuum and suction dredge mining. Defendants failed to consider any meaningful alternatives which could be applied specifically to miners, prospectors, and other citizens who are potential miners and prospectors.
7. This is an action for declaratory judgment, injunctive relief (Rule 65, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure), as well as for damages incurred by Plaintiffs. The Plaintiffs request the Court to declare unlawful, enjoin implementation of, and set aside the promulgation and adoption by the legislature and the Governor of California of the prohibition of all motorized means of mining in the rivers, streams, and waterways of California, including without limitation, vacuum and suction dredge mining, not only as it applies to miners and prospectors, but also all other members of the public who are potential mining claimants, miners and prospectors.
C. Numerous sections of the Code of Federal Regulations (“CFR”), as set forth in 36 CFR 228 et seq.; 36 CFR 261 et seq.; 43 CFR 3800; 43 CFR 3809.1 et seq., including without limitation 43 CFR 3809.3; and also including without limitation, numerous other sections of the CFRs regulating mining, prospecting, and associated activities on Federal lands.
P. Article I § 19 of the Constitution of California.
because the events and omissions giving rise to Plaintiffs’ claims occurred within this judicial district.
10. This case presents a classic conflict between prospectors, miners who hold unpatented or patented mining claims on Federal lands pursuant to the mining laws of the United States, and the State of California, Department of Fish and Game (“DF&G”). Until recently, DF&G issued permits for vacuum and suction dredge prospecting and mining on such claims for rivers, streams, and waterways in the State of California running through such Federal mining claims and estates, and unclaimed Federal lands open to prospecting and mining.
11. Beginning on August 6, 2009, DF&G would no longer issue permits for vacuum and suction dredge mining on Federal mining claims, and cancelled all such permits previously issued. This had the effect of prohibiting vacuum and suction dredge mining and prospecting in the State of California on all Federal mining claims and lands, and unclaimed lands open to location and entry under the United States mining laws, and unlawfully prohibited the location, utilization and development of mining claims and mineral estates in California. This unlawfully affected and unconstitutionally burdened interstate and foreign commerce, since many of the prospectors, and mining claim and mineral estate owners, are non-residents of California who prospect or work their claims and mineral estates in California with vacuum and suction dredges. This affected not only California residents who are mining claim owners, prospectors and miners, but also non-resident mining claim owners, prospectors and miners who purchased non-resident permits from DF&G in order to engage in vacuum and suction dredge mining in the State of California. This also had the effect of stopping the sale of equipment and accessories for vacuum and suction dredge mining both within and without the State of California. This placed an unlawful, unconstitutional, and undue burden and restriction on interstate and foreign commerce in the sale of the aforesaid mining equipment and accessories.
12. The California DF&G claims authorization to issue permits for vacuum and suction dredge mining in the State of California, even when such mining occurs on Federal lands and is pursuant to the mining laws of the United States. California Fish and Game Code § 5653 et seq.; California Code of Regulations 14 CCR § 228. Waters within the boundaries of Federal lands, including National Forests, National Parks, and lands within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) may be used for mining. 16 U.S.C. § 481. The attempt to stop suction dredge mining in California has a long and tangled history.
13. In 2004, the Karuk Tribe filed suit in the United States District Court in Oakland, California for declaratory and injunctive relief alleging improper management of suction dredge and other mining operations in waterways and riparian areas within the Klamath National Forest. The Karuk Tribe claimed violation of the National Forest Management Act, National Environmental Policy Act, and the Endangered Species Act. Judgment was rendered against the Karuk Tribe and for the defendants. Karuk Tribe of California vs. United States Forest Service, et al., 379 F.Supp.2d 1071 (2005). Anticipating a loss in Federal Court, the Karuk Tribe decided to try their legal luck in State Court. On May 6, 2005, the Karuk Tribe of California filed suit against the California Department of Fish and Game in the Superior Court of Alameda County. Karuk Tribe of California; and Leaf Hillman, Plaintiffs, v. California Department of Fish and Game; and Ryan Broddrick, Director, California Department of Fish and Game, Defendants, Case No. RG 05211597. The case was heard by Judge Bonnie Sabraw. Judge Sabraw is now retired, and the case was transferred to the Honorable Frank Roesch, Judge of the Superior Court, Alameda County. The object of this lawsuit was to stop all suction dredge mining in the Klamath, Scott, and Salmon Rivers, and specified tributaries, supposedly in order to protect Coho salmon. No notice was initially given to any miners that this litigation had been filed. The Karuk Tribe is headquartered on the Klamath River in Happy Camp, California.
15. The first that the miners heard of the State Court litigation filed by the Karuk Tribe in Alameda County was approximately December 7, 2005, when they were refused suction dredge mining permits by DF&G affecting the whole State of California, because of the Karuk Tribe litigation. At this stage, Judge Sabraw had issued no order authorizing such prohibition. DF&G did this without any rule making authority or process whatsoever, or in compliance with any court order.
16. The mining claim owners and miners who were denied permits by DF&G contacted Mr. Hobbs, as President of PLP, and informed him of their situation. Mr. Hobbs informed other mining groups of the Karuk Tribe litigation, and the unilateral and unauthorized prohibitions placed on suction dredge mining in California by DF&G. Mr. Hobbs requested the Court not to sign the Proposed Stipulated Judgment (“PSJ”). In 2006, Mr. Hobbs, and another mining organization, were allowed by Judge Sabraw to intervene in the Karuk Tribe litigation. Mr. Hobbs immediately set about opposing the PSJ which the Karuk Tribe and DF&G had presented to Judge Sabraw.
18. DF&G initially opposed the Karuk Tribe in the litigation before Judge Sabraw. However, DF&G has openly admitted that it does not want to be the agency administering suction dredge mining in California. Seeing an opportunity to rid itself of issuing permits for suction dredge mining, DF&G decided to switch horses in mid-stream.
19. Thereafter, DF&G changed its position and filed two affidavits from its officials and employees asserting that suction dredge mining could have an adverse effect on Coho Salmon in the litigation relating to the Klamath, Scott, and Salmon Rivers. The miners strongly disputed any such alleged admissions of DF&G.
20. No miner in California would ever rely on DF&G to protect his or her interest. The mining community in California has no confidence in DF&G to protect their interest in anything relating to mining.
21. Judge Sabraw encouraged all parties to enter into settlement negotiations. After two meetings in Sacramento, and much blood, sweat, and tears, all parties were finally able to reach settlement of the Karuk Tribe litigation. On December 20, 2006, Judge Sabraw entered the Court’s Order and Consent Judgment. The heart of the Court’s December 20, 2006, Order and Consent Judgment was that DF&G will conduct a review relating to the Klamath, Scott, and Salmon Rivers, pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”), Public Resources Code § 21000 et seq., which was to be completed within 18 months. During this period, suction dredge mining was to be permitted in the Klamath, Scott, and Salmon Rivers, and their tributaries. All requests for injunctive relief against DF&G barring suction dredge mining were withdrawn pending such environmental review. Thus, suction dredge mining continued pending an environmental determination as to whether any prohibition whatsoever would be justified.
23. The aforesaid review was to be completed within eighteen months, and the Court retained jurisdiction of the matter. DF&G was not able to complete the review in the time frame set by Judge Sabraw, claiming (a) that they could not do an EIR limited to only the Klamath, Scott and Salmon Rivers, but had to do an all inclusive statewide EIR; and (b) further claiming that the California financial crisis prevented it from being funded by the legislature to complete the DF&G unilaterally expanded statewide review. There is now pending a hearing before Judge Roesch to hold DF&G and its Director, Donald Koch, in contempt for failing to timely complete the DF&G inspired statewide review.
24. The two suspect affidavits filed by DF&G turned out to cost the State $230,000.00. The Karuk Tribe later filed a motion for attorneys fees against DF&G, who, after negotiations, agreed to and did pay the Karuk Tribe $230,000.00. The Karuk Tribe agreed to seek no further attorneys fees in the litigation before Judge Sabraw.
25. Although the Karuk Tribe consented to the judgment entered by Judge Sabraw on December 20, 2006, the Karuk Tribe then became an initiator and supporter of new legislation, AB 1032, which supposedly was meant to protect trout by prohibiting suction dredge gold mining in approximately sixty-eight rivers throughout California, including the Klamath, Scott, and Salmon Rivers. AB 1032 was unusual in referring numerous times to the Karuk Tribe litigation in Alameda County, still then pending before Judge Sabraw. AB 1032 by its terms was to remain in effect until January 1, 2011, unless DF&G has completed the CEQA environmental review prior to that date which has been mandated by Judge Sabraw in the Karuk Tribe litigation in Alameda County. Thus, the heart of AB 1032 was to prohibit suction dredge gold mining in sixty-eight rivers throughout California, including the Klamath, Scott, and Salmon Rivers, and their tributaries, until the CEQA environmental review is completed. This stood Judge Sabraw’s December 20, 2006, Order and Consent Judgment on its head.
mercury, and other heavy metals and precious and semi-precious gems. However, AB 1032’s inherently illogical provisions were not its chief fault and defect.
27. AB 1032 was meant to subvert Judge Sabraw’s court order permitting suction dredge mining, including gold mining, in the Klamath, Scott, and Salmon Rivers pending an environmental review. AB 1032 was special, private, legislation that enhanced the Karuk Tribe’s economic and political position in a way that Judge Sabraw, after hearings and consideration, refused to sanction.
28. Plaintiff Gerald E. Hobbs testified before the legislature against the passage of AB 1032. However, AB 1032 was eventually passed and went to Governor Schwarzenegger for his signature. What AB 1032 was meant to do is make Governor Schwarzenegger a party to the subversion of a valid court order. AB 1032 struck at the very heart of a court’s authority to uphold the rule of law. Governor Schwarzenegger vetoed AB 1032.
30. After Governor Schwarzenegger vetoed AB 1032, legislative allies of the Karuk Tribe then attempted to stop suction dredge mining in California by attaching a prohibition of such mining to the California state budget bill. Governor Schwarzenegger line-item vetoed that attempt.
31. After the stealth attack on suction dredge mining via the state budget failed, the Karuk Tribe then petitioned the Department of Fish & Game to have suction dredge mining prohibited throughout California. DF&G rejected the Karuk Tribe’s petition.
32. This did not stop the Karuk Tribe’s longstanding attempt to end suction dredge mining in California. On February 5, 2009, three members and officials of the Karuk Tribe filed a purported taxpayers action in the Alameda County Superior Court seeking to stop suction dredge mining throughout all of California. Hillman et al. v. California Department of Fish and Game. Case No. RG009 434444. That case was eventually assigned to Judge Roesch, in light of his involvement with the prior Karuk Tribe litigation upon the retirement of Judge Sabraw.
33. After pointing out to the Court that the supposed outraged taxpayer Plaintiffs were really stand-ins for the Karuk Tribe, an amended Complaint was filed consisting of the Karuk Tribe, its three initial members, and a bevy of environmental groups and allies of the Karuk Tribe.
34. The same relief the Karuk Tribe sought in the taxpayer suit, Hillman v. DF&G, supra, could have been brought in the initial case heard by Judge Sabraw, Karuk Tribe v. DF&G, supra. That case is still subject to the Superior Court’s jurisdiction. However, since no further attorneys fees could be obtained in Karuk Tribe v. DF&G, a supposed taxpayers’ suit was initiated with the hope of obtaining further attorney’s fees. The State is concerned that in light of the Preliminary Injunction issued by Judge Roesch, they will be subject to further substantial attorney’s fees.
35. The Karuk Tribe then sought a Preliminary Injunction in the taxpayers’ action before Judge Roesch. On July 10, 2009, Judge Roesch issued a Preliminary Injunction, relying on the two suspect affidavits filed by officials and employees of DF&G relating to Coho salmon in the Klamath, Scott, and Salmon Rivers in the litigation initiated before Judge Sabraw.
36. The Preliminary Injunction ordered by Judge Roesch prohibited the California Department of Fish and Game from issuing any permits for suction dredge mining in every river, stream, and waterway throughout California. Judge Roesch’s Preliminary Injunction applied to every river, stream, and waterway in California irrespective of whether or not they had any Coho salmon in them or indeed any fish at all. Only a small percentage of the rivers, streams, and waterways in California have any salmon in them whatsoever, and a substantially smaller percentage contain any Coho salmon. The Preliminary Injunction ordered by Judge Roesch is presently on appeal.
37. On February 27, 2009, another attempt was made by the Karuk Tribe to circumvent Judge Sabraw’s Order. Allies of the Karuk Tribe introduced SB 670 in the State Senate again seeking to prohibit all suction dredge mining in every river, stream, lake, and waterway in California until a CEQA review had been completed and new regulations were operative. The prohibition would take place whether or not there were Coho salmon, trout, minnows, or any fish whatsoever in any of the State’s waters. SB 670 was, in many respects, a replay of AB 1032.
38. SB 670 was aimed at suction dredge mining, and prohibited the issuance by DF&G of any new permits for suction dredge mining in California. In addition, SB 670 invalidated any prior permits issued by DF&G for suction dredge mining. SB 670 prohibited suction dredge mining in every river, stream, lake, and waterway throughout the State of California, not just the three rivers in the initial suit brought before Judge Sabraw--the Klamath, Scott and Salmon Rivers--nor the 68 rivers and streams targeted in AB 1032. This prohibitory progression is regulation run riot.
39. SB 670 passed the legislature and was sent to Governor Schwarzenegger for his signature. Reversing his position where he vetoed AB 1032, and the attempt to prohibit suction dredge mining through a rider to the state budget. Governor Schwarzenegger signed SB 670 into law. This constituted a triumph of money and raw political power over the laws of the United States, including without limitation, those laws relating to mining on Federal lands.
40. For Plaintiff Public Lands for the People, Inc. (“PLP”), and its members as well as all other Plaintiffs, suction dredge prospecting and mining in the rivers, streams, and waterways of California is not recreational. It is an important economic endeavor that has a direct economic impact on family finances, business finances, and in these hard economic times, often is the difference between having to choose whether to put gas in the car, or buy food or medicine for the family. For PLP and its members, and all other Plaintiffs, suction dredge prospecting and mining is not merely a question of having “fun”. Prohibiting suction dredge mining to prospectors and miners, who are Federal mineral estate grantees, forces them to face serious economic hardship. With a perilous economy, being able to sell even an ounce of gold for over $900.00 makes a substantial difference as to the economic choices a family has regarding basic necessities.
41. Prospecting, placer mining, suction dredge mining, and granted rights of way associated with mining and prospecting activities, all of which are mining operations pursuant to the mining laws and the Code of Federal Regulations (“CFR”), and all of which have valid pre-existing rights pursuant to the mining laws and CFRs, are traditionally common in the State of California, and done in accordance with the rules and customs of miners. Suction dredge mining is the only reasonable, economical, and environmentally sound method for extracting precious metals from the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways in California.
42. Plaintiffs are informed and believe, and thereon allege, that prohibition of vacuum and suction dredge mining has already taken place and is being implemented. DF&G has sent letters to holders of permits validly issued prior to the passage of SB 670 telling them to cease and desist all suction dredge mining in California. DF&G will no longer issue permits for suction dredge mining in California.
43. This has direct and immediate effect upon mining claim owners, prospectors and miners in California, in that they need mechanized methods of mining, including vacuum and suction dredge mining, in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California in order to economically prospect and mine in those rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways, and to engage in other associated mining activities therein. DF&G asserts that permits are needed in order to engage in vacuum or suction dredge mining anywhere in the State of California, whether such mining occurs on private, State, or Federal lands, or pursuant to mining claims authorized by the State of California or the United States, or authorized in any manner whatsoever.
44. Plaintiffs are informed and believe, and thereon allege, that the prohibition of vacuum and suction dredge mining in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California will affect over ninety-five percent (95%) of all mineral production from the aforesaid rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways.
45. The legislature did not consider any alternatives to the prohibition of all motorized means of mining, including vacuum and suction dredge mining, in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California.
46. SB 670 adds to the CF&GC a newly enacted Section 5653.1.
47. Present law prohibits the use of any vacuum or suction dredge equipment by any person in any river, stream, or lake in California without a permit issued by DF&G. California Fish and Game Code § 5653 (“CF&GC”). On average, DF&G has issued approximately 3,200 suction dredge mining permits to California residents every year for the last fifteen (15) years. It is estimated that suction dredge miners, resident and non-resident, spend approximately $60,000,000 in the rural counties of California on supplies, fuel, food, camping, equipment, hardware, lodging, goods and services. Any person required to possess a permit pursuant to Section 5653, shall present his or her dredging equipment for inspection upon request of a State or County Fish and Game Warden. CF&GC § 5653.3. For purposes of §§ 5653 and 5653.3, “person” does not include a partnership, corporation, or other type of association. Under existing law, it is unlawful to possess a vacuum or suction dredge in areas, or in or within a hundred yards of waters that are closed to the use of vacuum or suction dredges. A violation of the permit requirement is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $1,000.00 and six months in jail. CF&GC § 5653 et seq.; 14 CCR § 228 et seq. The Plaintiffs, as well as other miners and prospectors, are concerned that they will be cited for a criminal violation by DF&G should they attempt to engage in vacuum or suction dredge mining, as well as any other motorized mining use.
48. DF&G is authorized to close areas otherwise open for dredging and for which permits have been issued, if there is an unanticipated water level change and the department determines that the closure is necessary to protect wildlife and water resources. 14 CCR § 228. No such determination has been made by DF&G as it relates to SB 670.
49. Existing law requires DF&G to adopt regulations to implement certain of the vacuum and suction dredge equipment requirements, and authorizes the DF&G to issue regulations with respect to other requirements. Existing law requires that the regulations be adopted in accordance with the requirements of CEQA. CF&GC § 5653.9.
50. CEQA requires a lead agency, as defined, to prepare, or cause to be prepared by contract, and certify the completion of, an environmental impact report on a “project”, as defined, that it proposes to carry out or approve that may have a significant effect on the environment, or to adopt a negative declaration if it finds that the project will not have that effect. SB 670 declares that the issuance of permits to operate vacuum or suction dredge equipment is a “project” pursuant to CEQA. CF&GC § 5653.1(a).
51. The act exempts from its provisions, among other things, certain types of ministerial projects proposed to be carried out or approved by public agencies, and emergency repairs to public service facilities necessary to maintain service. CF&GC § 21080(b)(1); 14 CCR § 15060©(1). The issuance of permits for vacuum or suction dredge mining authorized by Federal law is a non-discretionary and ministerial act.
52. After SB 670 designated the issuance of permits to operate vacuum or suction dredge equipment to be a “project” under CEQA, it suspended the issuance of permits, including permits issued prior to the passage of SB 670, and any mining pursuant to such permit, until the DF&G has completed an environmental impact report for the “project” as ordered by the Court in Karuk Tribe et al. v. California Department of Fish and Game, et al., Alameda County Superior Court, Case No. RG 05211597. DF&G has stated that it will not complete the Court ordered environmental review of its permitting program until, at the earliest, in the late summer of 2011.
53. SB 670 prohibits the use of any vacuum or suction dredge equipment in any river, stream, or lake, for in-stream mining purposes, until the director of DF&G certifies to the Secretary of State that: 1) The DF&G has completed the environmental review of its existing vacuum or suction dredging regulations as ordered by the Court; 2) DF&G has transmitted for filing with the Secretary of State, a certified copy of new regulations as necessary; and 3) the new regulations are operative. There is no time frame set for this cascade of contingencies, and there is no realistic expectation that they will ever be completed within the next decade, if then.
56. Thus, the legislative finding is dependent upon the completion of an environmental impact review (“EIR”) that is yet to take place, and may never take place. If an EIR ever does take place, it will most likely affirm that not one fish has ever been killed or harmed through present day suction dredge mining; that such mining causes no discernable harm to the natural environment of the water resources of the State of California; and is, in fact, beneficial to the environment and natural resources of the State of California. The purported legislative finding is without basis in fact, and is a political, not a scientific conclusion, and is contrary to the scientific evidence that was available to the legislature.
57. DF&G will not issue refunds for those who have purchased permits prior to the passage of SB 670, since SB 670 does not provide for any such refunds.
58. DF&G has stated that vacuum or suction dredge equipment lawfully placed in the waters of California prior to the passage of SB 670 must be immediately removed pursuant to CF&GC § 5563. No compensation is to be provided by the DF&G or SB 670 to any mining claim owner, miner or prospector for the expense of purchasing such equipment, lawfully placing such equipment in the State’s waters, or having to remove such equipment from the waters.
59. Plaintiff Public Lands for the People, Inc. is a California 501 c-3 non-profit corporation (“PLP”). PLP is a nationwide organization of miners, who are mineral estate grantees, and prospectors. With its constituent members, PLP constitutes approximately 40,000 people. Its founder and President is Gerald E. Hobbs of San Bernardino, California. PLP, has among its membership, miners and prospectors with mining claims and estates in National Forests in California, Federal lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management in California, National Parks in California, and other Federal lands in California, and throughout the United States. Large numbers of the membership of PLP receive yearly permits from DF&G to engage in vacuum or suction dredge mining in California, and do so engage in such mining in California. These PLP members are directly affected in their mining, prospecting and associated operations by passage of SB 670 that prohibits the issuance of permits for vacuum and suction dredge mining by DF&G, and the cancellation by DF&G of permits already issued, for vacuum and suction dredge mining in California. These PLP members are directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
60. Gerald E. Hobbs is a member of, founder, and President of PLP. Mr. Hobbs has mining claims and mineral estates in three National Forests, all of which are in California. They are Angeles National Forest, Tahoe National Forest, and Six Rivers National Forest. Mr. Hobbs has permits from DF&G to engage in vacuum and suction dredge mining in California. Mr. Hobbs has paid DF&G for these permits. These permits are subject to cancellation, and have been cancelled, by DF&G pursuant to SB 670. Mr. Hobbs has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Mr. Hobbs earned income from suction dredge mining in California which was necessary to maintain his economic viability. Mr. Hobbs is directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
61. Patrick Keene is part of a third generation family-owned business that has been serving the mining community in California, the United States, and throughout the world for the past 60 years. Mr. Keene is Secretary/Treasurer of Keene Engineering Co., Inc. (“Keene Engineering”) of Chatsworth, California. Keene Engineering is the largest supplier of small scale dredging and mining equipment in the world. The Company, as well as many other manufacturers, sells to small businesses and dealers who provide equipment to prospectors and miners throughout California and the United States. Many of the people who operate suction dredges come to visit California to dredge for gold and work their mining claims. While doing so, they support local businesses in the process of filling their other needs. Mr. Keene has been working for Keene Engineering for over 30 years. Mr. Keene is a member of PLP. Mr. Keene and Keene Engineering are directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
62. The economic impact of the prohibition of suction dredge mining in California is devastating to Keene Engineering. Since the majority of Keene Engineering’s business is in California, it would not allow the Company and the many others small businesses who also sell prospecting and mining equipment or supplies, to survive. Much of Keene Engineering’s business relies on California suction dredge miners. The losses involved with Keene Engineering’s business would be in the many millions of dollars.
63. Since the introduction of SB 670, suction dredge sales by Keene Engineering and its California dealers have stopped. The fear of this activity becoming illegal, and it being a misdemeanor, carrying up to $1,000.00 in fines, and six months in jail, has been devastating to Keene Engineering’s business, as well as its dealers.
64. Forty percent of Keene Engineering’s business is based on equipment sold to small and medium scale suction dredge miners in California, and the people who travel from other states to suction dredge mine in the rivers and streams in California. Thousands of those people also enjoy associated tourism in California and support local seasonal businesses.
65. Most of Keene Engineering’s suppliers, who provided it with components to build suction dredges are profoundly impacted as well. These businesses also have had a substantial drop in their business. The passage of SB 670 has created a ripple effect on many other industries both in and out of the State of California adversely affecting interstate commerce. SB 670’s prohibition on vacuum and suction dredge mining has cost, or will cost, California economic damage in an amount of approximately 60 million dollars a year, and possibly much more.
66. SB 670 will put Keene Engineering out of business. Keene Engineering employs 35 workers. Keene Engineering will lay off approximately 12 employees in an attempt to economically survive. A number of Keene Engineering’s dealers have contacted the Company, and told Keene Engineering that they are closing their doors since they cannot economically survive selling just non-motorized equipment such as sluice boxes and gold pans.
67. The suction dredge community supports many other businesses in gold bearing areas which are in danger of economic failure. Many jobs are being lost due to the loss of tourism that the passage of SB 670 has engendered. Many campgrounds are empty along rivers and mining areas across California. Many businesses are seasonal, including campgrounds, hotels, restaurants, service stations, and grocery stores. Many of these businesses are located in severely economically depressed areas. These business owners rely on small scale suction dredge miners, prospectors, and tourism in order to survive economically. Many of the counties in Northern California, in the gold bearing area, are economically depressed and having very hard economic times. SB 670 is adding to this economic suffering, eliminating jobs, and creating a loss of tax base for these areas and for the State of California.
68. Californians, and people who come from other states to visit California, spend an average of $3,200.00 per month in local economies as of a study made in 1994. In 2009, the amount spent is substantially higher. Californians, and people from other states, purchase special vehicles such as trucks, campers, trailers, quads, and recreational vehicles to prospect and mine for gold in California.
69. Since the passage of SB 670, many mining claim and mineral estates will lose considerable value because their claim owners cannot mine them effectively, and the counties where they are situated will be compelled to reassess the value of their claims. This will create a large loss to County and State tax basis, and will ultimately curtail governmental services.
70. Mr. Keene is also a small scale independent miner who owns mining claims and estates throughout California. Mr. Keene’s mining claims are on Federal land in National Forests in California and on Bureau of Land Management land in California. Mr. Keene engages in vacuum and suction dredge mining in California, and has permits from DF&G allowing him to engage in such mining. Mr. Keene has paid DF&G for these permits. Mr. Keene has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Mr. Keene supplements his and his family’s income from being able to engage in suction dredge mining. By not being able to engage in suction dredge mining on Federal land in California, Mr. Keene, in his individual capacity, is directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
71. Robert Haiduck is a prospector and miner with mining claims and mineral estates in the Sequoia National Forest, Trinity National Forest, Cleveland National Forest, and other National Forests in California. Mr. Haiduck also has mining claims on federal lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”). Mr. Haiduck is a member of PLP. Mr. Haiduck engages in suction dredge mining on his mining claims in the National Forests in California, as well as, his mining claims on lands administered by BLM. No waters where Mr. Haiduck has mining claims contain any salmon of any species whatsoever. Pursuant to BLM regulations, every ten (10) acres of his unpatented mining claims on BLM land must be sampled for mineral values. Since these claims are on the water, they have to be suction dredged to be correctly and legally sampled. Mr. Haiduck has permits from DF&G to engage in suction dredge mining in California. Mr. Haiduck has paid DF&G for these permits. Mr. Haiduck has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining in California. Mr. Haiduck is severely ill. He is financially dependent for the support of himself and his family, which includes three (3) small children, on suction dredge mining on his mining claims in the National Forests and on BLM land in California. Mr. Haiduck and his family have substantial amounts of personal money invested in mining claims that can only be worked feasibly, economically, and in an environmentally friendly manner by suction dredge mining. Without the ability to suction dredge mine Mr. Haiduck and his family stand to lose almost all of their money, and be completely wiped out economically. Being unable to engage in suction dredge mining on his mining claims in the National Forests of California, and BLM land in California, causes immediate and substantial financial harm to Mr. Haiduck and his family. Mr. Haiduck is directly, severely and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
72. Terry Stapp is a 60% disabled Vietnam veteran who retired in 1991 after 25 years in the United States Air Force. Mr. Stapp is a suction dredge miner and has so mined on Federal land in the Downieville area in Sierra County, California for over 30 years. His mining claims and estates in Sierra County are worthless without the ability to engage in suction dredge mining. The economic loss to Mr. Stapp and his wife, Dee, is devastating. Mr. Stapp supplemented his income by suction dredge mining while he was on active duty in the United States Air Force. Since Mr. Stapp retired from the Air Force, suction dredge mining in California is his sole source of income, other than his military retirement pension. Mr. Stapp is directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
73. Dee Stapp is the wife of Terry Stapp. Mrs. Stapp is a member of PLP. Mrs. Stapp has mining claims and estates on Federal land in California. Mrs. Stapp engages in suction dredge mining on her claims in California, and has permits from DF&G to engage in such mining. Mrs. Stapp has paid DF&G for these permits. Mrs. Stapp has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Mrs. Stapp supplements her and her husband’s income through suction dredge mining in California. Mrs. Stapp is directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
viability of Mrs. Stapp’s business, and the ability of her store to remain open.
75. Mrs. Stapp sells the gold she and her husband obtain from suction dredge mining through the Internet throughout the United States and in foreign commerce. The inability to suction dredge mine will substantially impact the Stapps’ financial and economic well-being, since the Internet sales of suction dredge mined gold amounts to many thousands of dollars per year, and is a necessity for the Stapps to financially survive.
76. David DeCosta has been a suction dredge miner in California for over 20 years. Mr. DeCosta is a member of PLP. Mr. DeCosta has mining claims and estates on Federal land in California. Mr. DeCosta has permits from DF&G to engage in suction dredge mining in California. Mr. DeCosta has paid DF&G for these permits. Mr. DeCosta has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Suction dredge mining has provided additional income for Mr. DeCosta and his family. Mr. DeCosta and his family are directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
77. James Gregory Lee has been a suction dredge miner in California for over 40 years. Mr. Lee is partially disabled. Mr. Lee is a member of PLP. Mr. Lee has mining claims and estates on Federal land in California. Mr. Lee has permits from DF&G, including an assistant suction dredge permit for an aide to help him operate his suction dredge, due to his disability, in order to engage in suction dredge mining in California. Mr. Lee has paid DF&G for these permits. Mr. Lee has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Suction dredge mining has provided additional income for Mr. Lee and his family. Mr. Lee and his family are directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
78. Mike Holt has been a suction dredge miner in California for over 24 years. Mr. Holt is a member of PLP. Mr. Holt has mining claims and estates on Federal land in California in the Tahoe National Forest. Mr. Holt has also engaged in suction dredge mining on private properties, for which he needs permits from DF&G. Mr. Holt has permits from DF&G to engage in suction dredge mining in California. Mr. Holt has paid DF&G for these permits. Mr. Holt has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Suction dredge mining has provided the main source of income for Mr. Holt and his family. Suction dredge mining has allowed Mr. Holt to support his wife and four children, and in these difficult economic times, to continue to help out his children economically. Mr. Holt and his family are directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
79. Todd Bracken has been a suction dredge miner in California for over 15 years. Mr. Bracken has been awarded a Certificate of Recognition by the California State Assembly for his mining activities on his family’s historic mining claims, and his use and popularization of California gold throughout the world in his artistic creations. Mr. Bracken is a member of PLP. Mr. Bracken has mining claims and estates on Federal land in California on the Yuba River. Mr. Bracken has permits from DF&G to engage in suction dredge mining in California. Mr. Bracken has paid DF&G for these permits. Mr. Bracken has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Suction dredge mining has provided additional income for Mr. Bracken and his family. Mr. Bracken takes much of the gold he obtains from suction dredge mining and uses it to make fine jewelry. Mr. Bracken sells that jewelry throughout the United States and in foreign commerce. This involves many thousands of dollars in sales per year. Mr. Bracken maintains a website advertising his jewelry for sale. That website states that Mr. Bracken sells natural California gold jewelry. California gold commands a higher price in the market place because of its natural purity and the history of gold mining associated with California. The prohibition of suction dredge mining in California dramatically and drastically affects Mr. Bracken’s mining and jewelry business, and its economic viability. Mr. Bracken and his family are directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
80. Shannon Poe is suction dredge miner in California. Mr. Poe is a member of PLP. Mr. Poe has mining claims and estates on Federal land in California, including National Forest and Bureau of Land Management lands in California. Mr. Poe has permits from DF&G to engage in suction dredge mining in California. Mr. Poe has paid DF&G for these permits. Mr. Poe has spent over $27,000.00 since January 1, 2009 in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Suction dredge mining has provided additional income for Mr. Poe and his family. Mr. Poe and his family are directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
81. David Richard has been a suction dredge miner in California for over 20 years. Mr. Richard is a member of PLP. Mr. Richard has mining claims and estates on Federal land in California. Mr. Richard has permits from DF&G to engage in suction dredge mining in California. Mr. Richard has paid DF&G for these permits. Mr. Richard has spent substantial sums in order to engage in suction dredge mining. Suction dredge mining has provided additional income for Mr. Richard and his family. Mr. Richard and his family are directly and substantially financially harmed by the passage of SB 670.
82. Defendant State of California is a State of the United States, one of whose agencies is the California Department of Fish and Game (“DF&G”).
83. Defendant Arnold Schwarzenegger is the Governor of the State of California, and is sued in his official capacity as Governor.
84. The California Department of Fish and Game is a department of the Executive Branch of the State of California, and among its other duties, is responsible for the issuing of permits for vacuum and suction dredge mining in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways within California.
85. Defendant Donald Koch is Director of the California Department of Fish and Game, and is sued in his official capacity as Director of the aforesaid Department.
86. The true names and capacities, whether individual, corporate, associate, or otherwise, of Defendants DOE 1 through DOE 20 are unknown to Plaintiffs at this time, who therefore sue said Defendants by such fictitious names and will ask leave of Court to amend this Complaint to show their true names and capacities when the same are ascertained. Said Defendants are sued as principals and/or agents, servants, and employees of said principals, and all of the acts performed by them as agents, servants, and employees were performed within the course and scope of their authority and employment. Each of the Defendants is in some way responsible for the injuries sustained by the Plaintiffs.
87. At all times herein, all named Defendants and Defendants DOES 1 though 20 inclusive, and each of them, were the agents and employees of each of the remaining Defendants and were at all times acting within the purpose and scope of said agency and employment and each Defendant ratified and approved the acts of its agent.
88. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 87 of this Complaint.
89. The heaviest concentrations of placer gold and other valuable minerals on unpatented mining claims held under Federal law, and on unclaimed Federal lands open to mining, are in waterways where a natural concentration of gold and other valuable minerals is in the gravels and on or near the bedrock of the riverbed or streambed. The only viable, economic and environmentally sound manner to recover the placer gold under these conditions is through use of a suction dredge. Suction dredge mining is the highest and best use for placer mining claims. Miners and prospectors have a federally granted right to use such waters in order to develop their mining claims and mineral estates. 16 U.S.C. § 481 (Use of Waters). All state laws, or regulations, in conflict with this right, are void and of no effect. 43 CFR § 3809.3.
90. Miners and prospectors have a statutory right, not a privilege, to go upon open Federal public domain lands for mineral prospecting, exploration, and development. Administrators may not unreasonably restrict the exercise of that right. The Federal Mining Law of 1872, as amended (30 U.S.C. § 21 et seq.), provides that all valuable mineral deposits in lands belonging to the United States shall be free and open to exploration and development. The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, Article VI, Clause 2, further provides that “the laws of the United States . . . shall be the supreme law of the land . . . with anything in the laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding”. Article IV, § 3, of the United States Constitution, provides that “Congress shall have the power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States.” The absolute prohibition of SB 670 of vacuum or suction dredge mining in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways for Federal mining claims within Federal lands in the State of California, directly conflicts with those Federal mining laws, and violates the Supremacy Clause and Article IV, § 3, of the United States Constitution.
91. Plaintiffs are entitled to secure the necessary permits to conduct vacuum or suction dredge mining operations on Federal lands, and the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways within those Federal lands, pursuant to, and including, without limitation, the Mining Acts of 1866 and 1870, the Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970, 30 U.S.C. § 21a.; the Federal Mining Law of 1872, as amended (30 U.S.C. § 21 et seq.); 16 U.S.C. § 481, (Use of Waters); the Stock Raising Homestead Act of 1916 (Ch. 9, 39 Stat. 862, codified at 43 U.S.C. § (1976); the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (“FLPMA”) 43 U.S.C. § 1701 et seq., including without limitation §§ 1732(b), 1761 and 1769; the National Forest Management Act (“NFMA”); 16 U.S.C. § 1600 et seq. (1976); Multiple Surface Use Sustained Yield Act (“MUSYA”); 16 U.S.C. § 528 et seq. (1960); Multiple Surface Use Act, 30 U.S.C. §§ 612, 613, 615; Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12132; 5 U.S.C. §§ 601, 602, 603(b), Regulatory Flexibility Act As Amended By The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996; 5 U.S.C. §§ 801-808) [SBREFA]; the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.); and numerous sections of the Code of Regulations (“CFR”), including without limitation, 36 CFR 228 et seq.; 36 CFR 261 et seq.; 43 CFR § 3800; 43 CFR § 3809.1 et seq., including without limitation, 43 CFR § 3809.3. Thus, SB 670’s absolute prohibition of vacuum or suction dredge mining in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways within those Federal lands violates Plaintiffs’ rights pursuant to the aforesaid statutes, rules, and regulations mandated by Congress.
92. SB 670 is prohibitory, not regulatory, in its fundamental character. It strikes at the central purpose and objectives of the applicable Federal law regarding mining. Through SB 670, the State of California attempts to substitute its political judgment for that of Congress. The Federal government has authorized a specific use of Federal lands for mining, and California cannot prohibit that use either temporarily or permanently.
93. Vacuum and suction dredge mining is the only practical way any of the Plaintiffs can economically mine the valuable mineral deposits located in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways within Federal lands in California. SB 670 is a de facto prohibition on all such mining. To the extent DF&G may issue permits, plaintiffs are entitled to secure the necessary permits to conduct vacuum and suction dredge mining operations on Federal and non-Federal lands within the State of California pursuant to, and including without limitation, the above-stated statutes and regulations. Thus, SB 670’s absolute prohibition of vacuum and suction dredge mining in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways within Federal and non-Federal lands, violates Plaintiffs’ rights thereto. SB 670 directly conflicts with Federal law relating to mining, and stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment of the full purposes and objectives of Congress in enacting not only the mining laws but all other laws stated above. All matters dealt with by SB 670 are preempted and fully occupied by the laws of the United States, including without limitation, its mining laws, its environmental laws, its laws relating to clean water, 33 U.S.C. § 1151, et seq. (2004), and its laws relating to endangered species, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531, et seq. (2004).
95. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 94 of this Complaint.
96. Prior to the passage of SB 670, plaintiffs invested many thousands of dollars in order to be able to engage in vacuum and suction dredge mining. Plaintiffs obtained Federal mining claims, invested substantial sums in those claims, kept those claims current, paid taxes on those claims, bought and sold equipment, paid permit fees to DF&G, and otherwise spent substantial sums of money for the purpose of conducting mineral exploration and development pursuant to the laws of the United States and the State of California.
and by the passage of SB 670, has wrongfully taken plaintiffs’ property without compensation in violation of the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California.
b. Failing to provide a mechanism for the Plaintiffs to contest the deprivations of their property rights once they occurred.
d. SB 670 is in direct conflict with the laws of the United States, which state that the mining of minerals on and within Federal lands is necessary for the economic development and security of the United States.
g. SB 670 is in direct conflict with the encouragement of mining, including vacuum or suction dredge mining by and in the State of California, as being essential to the economic well-being of California, its people, and the needs of society. Thus, Defendants deprivation of Plaintiffs’ property is manifestly unfair, given that the Plaintiffs, with the State of California’s encouragement, have made a substantial investment for the exploration and development of minerals through suction dredge mining.
100. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 99 of this Complaint.
101. The Plaintiffs are entitled to equal protection under the laws of California pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and Article I § 7(a) of the Constitution of the State of California.
102. Defendants, through the passage of SB 670, specifically intended to deny, and have denied, Plaintiffs the same treatment, privileges, and immunities received by all other mine owners and operators, or potential mine owners or operators, that utilize other than vacuum or suction dredge mining methods, or users of vacuum and suction dredge equipment for purposes other than mining within the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California.
103. There is no rational basis for this difference and treatment which has denied Plaintiffs’ equal protection under the laws.
104. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 103 of this Complaint.
105. Defendants, through the passage of SB 670, have deprived Plaintiffs of their mineral rights and estates within the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California in violation of the 5th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States; and Article I § 7(a) and Article I § 19 of the Constitution of California.
106. SB 670 contains no provision for compensating the Plaintiffs for the substantial property deprivations they have suffered, and will suffer, and the defendants have not compensated, nor offered to compensate, Plaintiffs for such deprivation. Defendants have made clear that they do not intend to offer any such compensation.
107. Plaintiffs are entitled to just compensation for their property taken.
108. The Defendants’ actions in preparing, adopting, and implementing SB 670 and other rules and policies that interfere with, and prohibit, the Plaintiffs’ rights to prospect, and to access their mining claims and mineral estates in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California, were without public purpose, and in direct conflict with the laws of the United States. Such actions have caused and will continue to cause immediate, direct, adverse and irreversible harm to Plaintiffs and other miners and prospectors.
109. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 108 of this Complaint.
110. Defendants, through the passage of SB 670, have deprived Plaintiffs of their mineral rights, estates, and property within the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California, as well as depriving Plaintiffs of rights, privileges, and immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, as well as the Constitution and laws of the State of California, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiffs are entitled to attorneys’ and experts’ fees and costs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988.
111. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 110 of this Complaint.
112. The Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970, 30 U.S.C. § 21a, declares that it is the continuing policy of the Federal Government to foster and encourage private enterprise in the development of a stable domestic minerals industry and the orderly and economic development of domestic mineral resources. This act includes all minerals, including sand and gravel, geothermal, coals, and oil and gas. 30 U.S.C. § 615 prohibits the interference, limitation, or restriction of any existing rights to any Federal mining claimant holding a valid mining claim on Federal lands.
113. SB 670 hinders the national policy as expressed by Congress to foster and develop mining and mineral resources. The actions of Defendants as set forth above, in closing and prohibiting vacuum and suction dredge mining in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways within Federal lands in California violates the policy of the Mining and Minerals Policy Act as set forth above.
114. Defendants’ actions were in direct violation of Congressional intent and purpose as set forth above, and an abuse of Plaintiffs’ rights. These actions of Defendants have caused, and will continue to cause, immediate, direct, adverse, and irreversible harm to Plaintiffs, other miners and prospectors, and the United States, as well as the State of California.
115. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 114 of this Complaint.
116. 30 U.S.C. § 22 states that: “Except as otherwise provided, all valuable mineral deposits in lands belonging to the United States, both surveyed and unsurveyed, shall be free and open to exploration and purchase, and the lands in which they are found to occupation and purchase, by citizens of the United States and those who have declared their intention to become such, under regulations prescribed by law, and according to the local customs or rules of miners in the several mining districts, so far as the same are applicable and not inconstant with the laws of the United States”. 30 U.S.C. § 615 prohibits the interference, limitation, or restriction of any existing rights of any mining claimant holding a valid mining claim on Federal lands.
117. The lands of the United States cannot be free and open to exploration if the historical means of development and utilization by prospectors and miners can be prohibited by SB 670’s prohibitions and closures, either temporarily or permanently, in an attempt to substitute any other judgment for that of Congress. SB 670 is prohibitive and not merely regulatory.
118. The actions of SB 670 as set forth above in closing and prohibiting vacuum and suction dredge mining to prospecting and developing of mining claims in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California within Federal lands violates the purpose of the aforesaid Act.
119. Defendants’ actions in violating 30 U.S.C. §§ 21-54 (Mining Act) were in direct violation of Congressional intent and purpose as set forth above, and an abuse of Plaintiffs’ rights. These actions have caused and will continue to cause, immediate, direct, adverse, and irreversible harm to Plaintiffs, other miners and prospectors, as well as citizens of the United States who wish to become prospectors and miners.
120. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 119 of this Complaint.
121. The mining laws, and other statutes enacted by Congress, granting the right to prospect and mine on the public lands throughout the Western United States, including California, as well as the granting of mining claims and mineral estates to Plaintiffs, and other miners and prospectors, implies a right of access to the minerals therein accompanying the grant, arising out of the rules and customs of prospectors and miners to use such methods as are available for prospecting and mining on Federal lands, and to access their mining claims and mineral estates in an unimpeded manner. Closure by SB 670 to vacuum and suction dredge mining on the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California within Federal lands adversely and unlawfully interferes with their implied right, causing them harm and damages.
122. The actions of SB 670, as set forth above, in closing and prohibiting vacuum and suction dredge mining or prospecting and developing of mining claims in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways of California within Federal lands violates the aforesaid implied right of Plaintiffs. Therefore, Plaintiffs are entitled to an order quieting title to their mining claims and mineral estates, including their right to use vacuum and suction dredge mining in prospecting on Federal lands, and developing their aforesaid mining claims and mineral estates. 28 U.S.C. § 2409 (a).
123. The Defendants’ actions in preparing, adopting and implementing the proposed closure and prohibition, and other rules and policies that interfere with the Plaintiffs’ implied right were in unlawful derogation of Plaintiffs’ rights. Such actions have caused and will continue to cause immediate, direct, adverse and irreversible harm to Plaintiffs, and other miners and prospectors.
124. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 123 of this Complaint.
125. Plaintiffs are small business entities that engage in interstate and foreign commerce. The Federal government encourages and favors small business entities. It has established the Small Business Administration to assist such entities, and has passed special laws, rules, and regulations favoring and protecting small business entities. Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. § 603(b) as amended by The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act Of 1996) 5 U.S.C. §§ 801-808.
126. The Plaintiffs sell or buy valuable minerals obtained through vacuum or suction dredge mining in California on federal lands. Plaintiffs sell such minerals throughout the United States and in foreign commerce. Plaintiffs also use such minerals obtained from federal lands in the manufacture of valuable products that are sold throughout the United States and in foreign commerce.
127. Many citizens of other States and foreign countries come to California in order to engage in vacuum and suction dredge mining for valuable minerals. These non-California citizens purchase permits from DF&G in order to engage in vacuum or suction dredge mining.
128. The total amount of money spent and invested by these mining claim owners, prospectors and miners in suction dredge mining amounts to many millions of dollars each year. The Plaintiffs, and other prospectors and miners, including non-citizens of California, as set forth above, engage in these activities that are specifically authorized, protected, and encouraged by Congress. The Plaintiffs, and other prospectors and miners, including non-citizens of California, engage in interstate and foreign commerce, as set forth above, such interstate and foreign commerce being specifically authorized, protected, and encouraged by Congress.
129. Plaintiffs, and other persons, as set forth above, spend many millions of dollars each year on goods, services, equipment, food, and other supplies both in and out of the State of California in order to engage in suction dredge mining within the State of California.
violation of the Constitution of the United States, Article I, § 8, and in direct conflict and in direct violation of the intent and purpose of Congress.
131. Defendants’ actions constituting an undue burden on domestic and foreign commerce are in violation of the Constitution of the United States, Article I, § 8, and are in violation of Congressional intent and purpose as set forth above, and an unlawful derogation and prohibition of Plaintiffs’ rights. These actions have caused, and will continue to cause, immediate, direct, adverse, and irreversible harm to Plaintiffs, non-citizens of California, other miners and prospectors, and citizens of the United States who wish to become prospectors and miners.
132. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 131 of this Complaint.
133. Plaintiffs request injunctive relief, since the harm to them from the actions of the Defendants in enacting and implementing SB 670 prohibits them from prospecting and accessing their mining claims and mineral estates in the rivers, streams, lakes, and waterways in California within Federal lands. This causes damage to them which is immediate and irreparable, because they must be able to use vacuum and suction dredge methods of mining and prospecting in order to feasibly and economically prospect and mine on their mining claims and mineral estates.
134. The actions of the Defendants as set forth above in closing and prohibiting vacuum and suction dredge mining and prospecting and developing of their mining claims and mineral estates causes Plaintiffs irreparable harm and entitles them to immediate injunctive relief.
135. The Defendants’ actions in preparing, adopting and implementing the closure, prohibition, and other rules and policies that interfere with the Plaintiffs’ rights to prospect, and to access their mining claims and mineral estates as set forth above, are in derogation of Plaintiffs’ rights. Such actions by Defendants have caused, and will continue to cause, immediate, direct, adverse and irreversible harm to Plaintiffs and other miners and prospectors.
136. Plaintiffs are entitled to an immediate injunction, including, without limitation, a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, and permanent injunction, enjoining and restraining Defendants from the implementation and enforcement of SB 670, and enjoining and restraining Defendants from interfering with Plaintiffs’ rights to prospect, to access and develop their mining claims and mineral estates, as set forth above, through all lawful means, including, without limitation, motorized mining methods such as vacuum and suction dredging, or by other lawful means.
137. Plaintiffs repeat and incorporate by reference the allegations of Paragraphs 1 through 136 of this Complaint.
138. As a direct and proximate result of the aforesaid violations by Defendants as set forth in Counts I – X of this Complaint, Plaintiffs have suffered present and future damages in an amount not presently ascertainable, the exact amount to be proven at trial.
4. Issue and order quieting title to Plaintiffs’ mining claims and mineral estates by determining Plaintiffs’ aforesaid property is benefited by an implied right to use vacuum and suction dredge mining in order to prospect on Federal lands and develop Plaintiffs’ mining claims and mineral estates.
7. Grant such other and further relief as the Court deems just and proper, including an award of attorney’s fees, costs, and expenses.

References: § 21
 § 1331
 § 1331
 § 2202
 § 2409
 § 19
 § 5653
 § 228
 § 481
 v. 
 § 21000
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 5653
 § 5653
 § 5653
 § 228
 § 228
 § 5653
 § 5653
 § 21080
 § 15060
 v. 
 § 5563
in fine
 § 481
 § 3809
 § 21
 § 3
 § 3
 § 21
 § 21
 § 481
 § 1701
 § 1600
 § 528
 § 12132
 § 4321
 § 3800
 § 3809
 § 3809
 § 1151
 § 7
 § 7
 § 19
 § 1983
 § 1988
 § 21
 § 615
 § 22
 § 615
 § 2409
 § 603
 § 8
 § 8