Source: http://supreme.nolo.com/us/139/507/case.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 14:05:42+00:00

Document:
The provisions of the public townsite laws prohibiting acquisition of title thereunder to mines of the precious metals, and protecting therefrom possessory claims under the mining laws, must be construed in accord with the uniform exception in federal legislation of mineral lands from grant or sale, and held merely to prohibit passage of title thereunder to mines of gold, silver, cinnabar, or copper which are known to exist on the issue of the townsite patent and to mining claims and possessions then lawfully existing. Such exceptions include only those lands which at the date of the grant are of known sufficient mineral value and extent to justify expenditures for the extraction of the mineral.
Townsite patent of earlier date covering same premises embraced in junior mining patent carries the title in absence of proof establishing the known existence of the mine at date of such townsite patent. The claimant under the townsite patent may offer evidence to prove that the premises were not known to he valuable for minerals at date thereof to rebut the presumption contra indulged, without proof, solely from the fact of issue of such mineral patent.
Exception from the mineral patent of townsite occupancy and improvements, within recited limitations, is unimportant. A mineral patent carries with it all rights which the law confers, and officers of the Land Department cannot enlarge or diminish those rights by any reservation beyond or differing from those contained in the law.
mining laws no longer exists. While the patent of the government is exempt from collateral attack in actions at law, such exemption obtains only where jurisdiction of the Land Department over the land, and power to determine the facts necessary to such issue, exist.
This is an action for the possession of a parcel of mining land in Silver Bow County, formerly Deer Lodge County, of the Territory, now State, of Montana. It is designated in the complaint as a quartz lode, known as the "Gold Hill Lodge Mining Claim," in the Summit Valley Mining District in that county, and is described by metes and bounds. It is alleged to contain seven acres and a fraction of an acre of land, and to embrace 1,460 linear feet of the Gold Hill lode. The complaint avers that in January, 1881, the plaintiff was the owner and entitled to the possession of the property; that afterwards, in June, 1881, while he was still owner and entitled to its possession, the defendants wrongfully and unlawfully entered thereon and withheld the same from him, to his damage of $5,000, and that its rents and profits during that time amount to $10,000. The plaintiff therefore prays to be adjudged its owner, and to be entitled to its possession, and for his damages in the sum of $15,000.
One of the defendants, Andrew J. Davis, the appellant here, appeared to the action and filed a separate answer to the complaint, denying the ownership by the plaintiff or his right to the possession of portions of the quartz lode mining claim described in the complaint, which portions are designated as certain lots in block 13, in Butte City, Silver Bow County, according to the official survey of the townsite in the recorder's office of the county, and as to the residue of the premises, described in the complaint, disclaiming any right or interest therein. He further denied that he ever entered upon the lots described without right or title and ejected the plaintiff therefrom, and also the alleged value of the rents and profits since such supposed entry.
under whom he derived his interest had been in possession of the lots described more than five years, under a claim of title founded upon a written conveyance thereof, exclusive of any other right.
It is not disclosed by the record that any other of the defendants appeared in the action. To the answer filed the plaintiff replied, traversing the averments of the separate defense.
On the trial which followed, the plaintiff relied upon the patent of the United States for the mining claim described in the complaint, issued to him, bearing date January 15, 1880. It recites that in pursuance of the provisions of the Revised Statutes of the United States, chapter 6, Title 32, there had been deposited in the General Land Office of the United States the plat and field notes of survey of the claim of Heinrich C. Wiebbold (the plaintiff herein) upon the Gold Hill lode, accompanied by the certificate of the register of the land office at Helena, in the Territory of Montana, whereby it appeared that in pursuance of the Revised Statutes, Wiebbold did, on the 19th of September, 1878, enter and pay for said mining claim or premises, being mineral entry No. 438 in the series of said office, designated by the surveyor general as lot No. 65, in the district of lands subject to sale at Helena, containing seven acres and sixty-hundredths of an acre of land, more or less, and which is fully described by metes and bounds.
and of fourteen hundred and sixty (1,460) linear feet in the said Gold Hill vein, lode, ledge, or deposit, for the length hereinbefore described, throughout its entire depth, although it may enter the land adjoining, and also all other veins, lodes, ledges, or deposits throughout their entire depth, the tops or apexes of which lie inside the exterior lines of said survey at the surface, extended downward vertically, although such veins, lodes, ledges, or deposits in their downward course may so far depart from a perpendicular as to extend outside the vertical side lines of said survey, provided that the right of possession hereby granted to such outside parts of said veins, lodes, ledges, or deposits shall be confined to such portions thereof as lie between vertical planes drawn downward through the end lines of said survey at the surface, so continued in their own direction that such vertical planes will intersect such exterior parts of said veins, lodes, ledges, or deposits, excepting and excluding, however, from these presents all town property rights upon the surface, and there are expressly excepted and excluded from the same all houses, buildings, structures, lots, blocks, streets, alleys, or other municipal improvements on the surface of the above-described premises not belonging to the grantee herein, and all rights necessary or proper to the occupation, possession, and enjoyment of the same, and provided further that nothing in this conveyance shall authorize the grantee herein, his heirs or assigns, to enter upon the surface of a mining claim owned or possessed by another, to have and to hold said mining premises, together with all the rights, privileges, immunities, and appurtenances of whatsoever nature thereunto belonging, unto said Heinrich C. Wiebbold, and to his heirs and assigns forever, subject, nevertheless, to the following conditions and stipulations:"
"First. That the grant hereby made is restricted to the land hereinbefore described as lot No. 65, with fourteen hundred and sixty (1,460) linear feet of the Gold Hill, throughout its entire depth as aforesaid, together with all other veins, lodes, ledges, or deposits throughout their entire depth as aforesaid, the tops or apexes of which lie inside the exterior lines of said survey. "
"Second. That the premises hereby conveyed, with the exception of the surface, may be entered by the proprietor of any other vein, lode, ledge, or deposit, the top or apex of which lies outside the exterior limits of said survey, should the same in its downward course be found to penetrate, intersect, extend into, or underlie the premises hereby granted, for the purpose of extracting and removing the ore from such other vein, lode, ledge, or deposit."
"Third. The at the premises hereby conveyed shall be held subject to any vested and accrued water rights for mining, agricultural, manufacturing, or other purposes, rights to ditches and reservoirs used in connection with such water rights as may be recognized and acknowledged by the local laws, customs, and decisions of courts."
"Fourth. That in the absence of necessary legislation by Congress, the Legislature of Montana may provide rules for working the mining claim or premises hereby granted, involving easements, drainage, and other necessary means to its complete development."
"In testimony whereof, I, Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States of America, have caused these letters to be made patent, and the seal of the General Land Office to be hereto affixed."
"Given under my hand at the City of Washington, the fifteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty, independence of the United States the one hundred and fourth. "
"By WM. H. COOK, Secretary"
"S.W. CLARK, Recorder of Gen. Land office"
To the introduction of this patent the defendant objected on the ground that the exception contained in it excluded all town lots from the grant, and that it was necessary for the plaintiff to show that the property in controversy did not consist of lots thus excepted. But the court overruled the objection and allowed the patent to be introduced, and to the ruling the defendant excepted.
"Now know ye that the United States of America, in consideration of the premises and in conformity with the several acts of Congress in such case made and provided, have given and granted, and by these presents do give and grant, unto the said Orville B. O'Bannon, probate judge as aforesaid, in trust as aforesaid, and to his successors, the said tract above described, to have and to hold the same, together with all the rights, privileges, immunities, and appurtenances of whatsoever nature thereunto belonging, unto the said Orville B. O'Bannon, probate judge as aforesaid, in trust as aforesaid, and to his successors and assigns, in trust as aforesaid. No title shall be hereby acquired to any mine of gold, silver, of cinnabar or copper, or to any valid mining claim or possession held under existing laws of Congress."
"In testimony whereof, I, Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States of America, have caused these letters to be made patent, and the seal of the General Land Office to be hereunto affixed. "
"Given under my hand at the City of Washington, the twenty-sixth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven, and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and second."
"S.W. CLARK, Recorder of General Land Office"
The defendant also introduced a deed for the probate judge to himself, dated March 24, 1877, of the lots claimed by him in his answer. This deed recites that the site of the Town of Butte had been duly entered by the probate judge, pursuant to the act of Congress; that a portion of the lots in such townsite were regularly preempted and conveyed by the probate judge to the parties entitled thereto; that there remained a portion of the town lots unclaimed after the expiration of sixty days; that in pursuance of the act of the Legislature of Montana Territory relating to the preemption of townsites, and the disposal of lots therein, the probate judge had given notice more than 10 days that he would sell, on a day designated at public sale, certain of the lots remaining unclaimed; that in pursuance of the notice the property described in the deed was, on the 12th of March, 1877, offered for public sale, and no bid having been received therefor, and the property offered being thereby rendered subject to private entry, the party of the second part, the defendant herein, had filed with the probate judge an application to enter the same, and therefore, in consideration thereof, and the sum of $220 paid, the probate judge, by virtue of the authority vested in him by the acts of Congress and the Legislature of Montana, thereby remised, released, and quitclaimed unto the said party of the second part the property described in his answer, with the exception of three lots, to have and to hold the premises, together with all the rights, privileges, and appurtenances thereunto belonging, to himself and to his heirs and assigns, as fully as by virtue of the acts of Congress and of the Legislature of Montana, and the proceedings thereunder, the said party of the first part could convey the same.
The defendant then offered himself as a witness to prove that, for the five years preceding the commencement of the action, he had been in the exclusive possession of the premises, with the exception of three lots, as set forth in his answer, under the patent to the probate judge, and the latter's deed to him, under a claim of title exclusive of other rights, founding his claim upon those conveyances; but the plaintiff objected that the patent to the Gold Hill lode was issued June 5, 1880, and the action was commenced on the 8th day of August, 1884, showing that five years had not elapsed between the issuing of the patent and the commencement of the action, which objection the court sustained, and to the ruling an exception was taken.
The defendant also offered to prove by sundry witnesses that at the time the patent of the Butte townsite to the probate judge was issued in trust for its occupants, the premises embraced by the Gold Hill lode were not known to be valuable for minerals of any kind. To this evidence objection was taken on the ground that the patent to the plaintiff proved that the premises contained valuable minerals, and as such could not be granted by the patent for the townsite, which objection the court sustained, and to the ruling an exception was taken. Evidence was also introduced by both parties as to the value of the rents and profits of the property.
No other evidence was given or offered than as above stated. The court gave judgment that the plaintiff recover possession of certain portions of the premises claimed, which portions are designated by lots in block 13 of Butte City, and that a writ of restitution issue therefor, and also that the plaintiff recover $900 as damages for the detention of the property. On appeal to the supreme court of the territory, the judgment was affirmed, and to review this latter judgment the case is brought to this Court by appeal, the statute providing that mode of bringing up the case for review here instead of by a writ of error. Pending this appeal, the appellant died, and the case was, by order of the court, continued in the name of his special administrator, James A. Talbott.
The record in stating the judgment below does not show any findings of fact by the court, which tried the case without the intervention of a jury. The order for the judgment necessarily implies that the facts were found by the court upon which the order was made, but, like a verdict of a jury, the findings should properly appear in the record. The omission, it is true, was not noticed by counsel in the supreme court of the territory, nor has it been called to our attention. It was probably a mistake of the copyist in making the transcript, for the argument has proceeded upon the theory that such findings were made. The plaintiff assigns as one of the errors committed that the court erred "in finding for plaintiff on all of the issues presented in the pleadings." We have therefore passed by this omission, and permit the party who defends the ruling below to supply the defect.
with the laws of the United States. 14 Stat. c. 262, sec. 1, p. 251.
"where mineral veins are possessed, which possession is recognized by local authority, and to the extent so possessed and recognized, the title to town lots to be acquired shall be subject to such recognized possession, and the necessary use thereof,"
with the reservation, however, that nothing in this section shall be so construed as to recognize any color of title in possessors for mining purposes as against the United States. By another section of the chapter, and near its close, it is enacted that "no title shall be acquired" under its provisions "to any mine of gold, silver, cinnabar, or copper, or to any valid mining claim or possession held under existing laws." Sec. 2392.
In Deffeback v. Hawke, we said of this statement of the legislation of Congress that it was plain that no title from the United States to land known at the time of sale to be valuable for its minerals of gold, silver, cinnabar, or copper could be obtained under the preemption or homestead laws, or the townsite laws, or in any other was than as prescribed by the laws specially authorizing the sale of such lands, except in certain states not affecting the question before us, commenting particularly upon the terms known and valuable used in connection with the minerals in public lands, implying that they must be of that character to bring the lands within the exception of mineral lands from sale or grant by the United States.
the town, before the date of the mining patent or the entry of the mining claim at the local land office. And before that time, a deed had been made by the probate judge to the defendant of the premises occupied by him, to recover which the present action is brought.
When the entry of the townsite was had, and the patent issued, and the sale was made to the defendant of the lots held by him, it was not known -- at least it does not appear that it was known -- that there were any valuable mineral lands within the townsite, and the important question is whether, in the absence of this knowledge, the defendant can be deprived, under the laws of the United States, of the premises purchased and occupied by him because of a subsequent discovery of minerals in them and the issue of a patent to the discoverer.
in respect to which such proceedings have been taken under the law or the custom of miners, as to render them valid, creating a property right in the holder, and not to prohibit the acquisition for all time of mines which then lay buried unknown in the depths of the earth. The exceptions of mineral lands from preemption and settlement, and from grants to states for universities and schools, for the construction of public buildings, and in aid of railroads and other works of internal improvement, are not held to exclude all lands in which minerals may be found, but only those where the mineral is in sufficient quantity to add to their richness and to justify expenditure for its extraction, and known to be so at the date of the grant. There are vast tracts of country in the mining states which contain precious metal in small quantities, but not to a sufficient extent to justify the expense of their exploitation. It is not to such lands that the term "mineral" in the sense of this statute is applicable.
"The mere fact that portions of the land contained particles of gold or veins of gold-bearing quartz rock would not necessarily impress it with the character of mineral land within the meaning of the acts referred to. It must at least be shown that the land contains metals in quantities sufficient to render it available and valuable for mining purposes. Any narrower construction would operate to reserve from the uses of agriculture large tracts of land which are practically useless for any other purpose, and we cannot think this was the intention of Congress."
In Merrill v. Dixon, 15 Nev. 401, the Supreme Court of Nevada held that, in excluding mineral lands from the grant to the Pacific Railroad Company, Congress only intended to reserve lands valuable for mining purposes, citing the California case.
the reservation from sale of mineral lands in the acts of Congress. By the words 'mineral lands' must be understood lands known to be such, or which there is satisfactory reason to believe are such at the time of the grant or patent. And the United States courts which have had occasion to act upon this subject, so far as I am aware, have adopted that idea. Pacific Coast Mining & Milling Co. v. Spargo, 16 F. 348. There must be some point of time when the character of the land must be finally determined, and for the interest of all concerned, there can be no better point to determine this question than at the time of issuing the patent. The supreme court has not yet had occasion to decide the point as to the effect on a patent of a discovery of a valuable mine in lands subsequently to the issue of a patent. Any other construction would be disastrous in the extreme to the holders of lands in California under United States patents. If land which a party has actually occupied, possessed, and peaceably enjoyed for a long series of years, claiming title under a patent of the United States fifteen years old, can be entered upon and prospected for a mine by any trespasser who chooses to do so, and, a mine being found, the mine can be located, and taken out of the patent on the vague and uncertain exception in the patent in question, it can be done fifty or a hundred years hence, and the patent, instead of being a muniment of title upon which the patentee or his grantees can rest in security, would be but a delusion and a snare."
opinion is expressed. The Land Department appears to have adopted a rule that if the land is worth more for agriculture than mining it is not mineral land, although it may contain some measure of gold or silver, and the bill in this case is drawn on that theory of the law. In my judgment, this is the only practicable rule of decision that can be applied to the subject. Nor can account be taken in the application of this rule of profits that would or might result from mining under other and more favorable conditions and circumstances than those which actually exist, or may be produced or expected in the ordinary course of such a pursuit or adventure, on the land in question."
"The burden of proof is therefore upon the mineral claimant, and he must show not that neighboring or adjoining lands are mineral in character, or that that in dispute may hereafter by possibility develop minerals in such quantity as will establish its mineral, rather than its agricultural character, but that, as a present fact, it is mineral in character, and this must appear from actual production of mineral, and not from any theory that it may produce it; in other words, it is fact and not theory which must control your office in deciding upon the character of this class of lands. Nor is it sufficient that the mineral claimant shows that the land is of little agricultural value. He must show affirmatively, in order to establish his claim, that the mineral value of the land is greater than its agricultural value."
"the exception in the grant to the company and in the patent is construed to mean lands known to contain valuable minerals prior to the issuing of the patent, and that subsequent discoveries would not affect the title of the company to the lands and mines subsequently discovered."
"It is strenuously insisted by counsel for the appellant that Congress did not grant mineral lands to said company; that said patent, although including said section in terms, did not operate as a conveyance of the title to any land that may at any time be found to be mineral. It is not denied that said section was returned as agricultural by the United States surveyor; that it was regularly patented to said company, without fraud or mistake on the part of the land officers or said company so far as is shown by the record. The issue of said patent was a determination by the proper tribunal that the lands covered by the patent were granted to said company, and hence, under the proviso of said act, were not mineral at the date of the issuance of said patent."
In Cleghorn v. Bird, 4 L.D. 478, and in Commissioners v. Alexander, 5 L.D. 126, Mr. Secretary Lamar followed the decision of Secretary Teller in Dughi v. Harkins, and in repeated cases afterwards it was not only referred to by him with approval, but also by his successor in the department, Mr. Secretary Vilas.
known by development or exploration, it should follow that the land may be patented for other purposes if that fact does not appear. See to this purport the following decisions of the Interior Department: Magnolia Gold Mining Co. v. Ferguson, 6 L.D. 218; Nicholas Abercrombie, 6 L.D. 393; John Downs, 7 L.D. 71; Cutting v. Reininghaus, 71 L.D. 65; Creswell Mining Co. v. Johnson, 8 L.D. 440; Thomas J. Laney, 9 L.D. 83.
It would seem from this uniform construction of that department of the government specially entrusted with supervision of proceedings required for the alienation of the public lands, including those that embrace minerals, and also of the courts of the mining states, federal and state, whose attention has been called to the subject, that the exception of mineral lands from grants in the acts of Congress should be considered to apply only to such lands as were at the time of the grant known to be so valuable for their minerals as to justify expenditure for their extraction. The grant or patent, when issued, would thus be held to carry with it the determination of the proper authorities that the land patented was not subject to the exception stated. There has been no direct adjudication upon this point by this Court, but this conclusion is a legitimate inference from several of its decisions. It was implied in the opinion in Deffeback v. Hawke, already referred to, and in the cases of Colorado Coal & Iron Co. v. United States, 123 U. S. 307, 123 U. S. 328, and United States v. Iron Silver Mining Co., 128 U. S. 673, 128 U. S. 683.
In Colorado Coal & Iron Company v. United States, a bill was filed to set aside patents issued for agricultural lands on the ground that it was known at the time of their issue that the lands contained mines of coal. But the Court said.
"To constitute the exemption contemplated by the preemption act under the head of 'known mines,' there should be upon the land ascertained coal deposits of such an extent and value as to make the land more valuable to be worked as a coal mine, under the conditions existing at the time, than for merely agricultural purposes. The circumstance that there are surface indications of the existence of veins of coal does not constitute a mine.
It does not even prove that the land will ever be under any conditions sufficiently valuable on account of its coal deposits to be worked as a mine. A change in the conditions occurring subsequently to the sale whereby new discoveries are made or by means whereof it may become profitable to work the veins as mines cannot affect the title as it passed at the time of the sale. The question must be determined according to the facts in existence at the time of the sale. If upon the premises at that time there were not actual 'known mines,' capable of being profitably worked for their product, so as to make the land more valuable for mining than for agriculture, a title to them acquired under the preemption act cannot be successfully assailed."
"It is not enough that there may have been some indications by outcroppings on the surface of the existence of lodes or veins of rock in place, bearing gold or silver, or other metal, to justify their designation as 'known' veins or lodes. To meet that designation, the lodes or veins must be clearly ascertained and be of such extent as to render the land more valuable on that account and justify their exploitation."
of mines in them, neither would it protect them against the invasion of their property for the purpose of exploring for mines. The temptation to such exploration would be according to the suspected extent of the minerals, and, being thus subject to indiscriminate invasion, the land would be to one having the title poor and valueless just in proportion to the supposed richness and abundance of its products. We do not think that any such results were contemplated by the act of Congress, or that any construction should be given to the provision in question which could lead to such results. Our conclusion, as already substantially stated, is that Congress only intended to preserve existing rights to known mines of gold, silver, cinnabar, or copper, and to known mining claims and possessions, against any assertion of title to them by virtue of the conveyances received under the townsite act, and not to leave the titles of purchasers in the townsites to be disturbed by future discoveries.
In Deffeback v. Hawke, the mining patentee's rights antedated those of the occupants under the townsite law, and wherever such is the case, his rights will be enforced against the pretensions of the townsite holder; but where the latter has acquired his rights in advance of the discovery of any mines, and the initiation of proceedings for the acquisition of their title or possession, his rights will be deemed superior to those of the mining claimant.
appear that the want of it was made an objection to the plaintiff's recovery, except as that may be implied from the defendant's offer to prove that at the time the patent to the Butte townsite was issued to the probate judge the premises embraced by the Gold Hill lode were not known to be valuable for minerals of any kind. That proof was excluded on the ground that the mining patent to the plaintiff established that the premises contained valuable minerals. Such was the effect of the patent, if there were any jurisdiction in the Land Department to issue a mining patent at all under the circumstances of this case. Assuming for the present that there was jurisdiction, the question was not whether there were valuable minerals at the time that patent was issued, but whether such minerals were known to exist within the premises at the date of the townsite patent to the probate judge. The plaintiff not having offered any proof upon this point, but having relied upon the fact as a matter of presumption merely, the defendant should have been permitted to establish the negative of it. The absence of any proceedings required by law or the custom of the mining district to initiate a right to a mining claim, which he might perhaps have shown, would have been very persuasive that no mine was then known to exist. We think the court erred in excluding the proof of the defendant.
warrant of law. The patent of a mining claim carries with it such rights to the land which includes the claim as the law confers, and no others, and these rights can neither be enlarged nor diminished by any reservations of the officers of the Land Department, resting for their fitness only upon the judgment of those officers. Deffeback v. Hawke, 115 U. S. 392, 115 U. S. 406.
"Whenever, therefore, mines are found in lands belonging to the United States, whether within or without townsites, they may be claimed and worked, provided existing rights of others, from prior occupation, are not interfered with."
It must be borne in mind also that townsites on the public domain in many instances, and probably in the greater part of them, embrace a much larger tract of country than is included in a patent for such townsites. The United States laws limit the quantity that shall be included within the patent of such a townsite to the number of its inhabitants. Where there are over 100 and less than 200 inhabitants, the patent can only embrace lands not exceeding 320 acres; where the inhabitants number more than 200 and less than 1,000, it cannot embrace more than 640 acres, and where the inhabitants are 1,000 or more, it cannot exceed 1,280 acres. For each additional thousand inhabitants, not exceeding 5,000, a further grant of only 320 acres is allowed. Valuable mineral deposits in such lands outside of the patent are equally open to exploration and purchase as those in lands outside of the townsite. It was in reference to mines in unoccupied public lands in unpatented townsites that the language in Steel v. Smelting Co. was used, and to them and to mines in public lands in patented townsites outside of the limits of the patent it is only applicable.
other disposition, or they had been reserved from sale, the department had no jurisdiction to transfer the land, and their attempted conveyance by patent is inoperative and void no matter with what seeming regularity the forms of law have been observed.
In the several cases to which we have been referred in the fifth and sixth Montana Reports, Silver Bow Mining & Milling Co. v. Clark, 5 Mont. 378; Talbott v. King, 6 Mont. 76; Butte City Smoke-House Lodge Cases, 6 Mont. 397, which involved contests between parties claiming under mining patents and others claiming under townsite patents, and in which very able and learned opinions were given by the Supreme Court of the Territory of Montana, the mining claim patented had been located and the rights of the mining claimant had thus attached before the townsite patent was issued. The patent which subsequently followed was a mere perfection of the right originated by the location, and to which it took effect by relation. It was held, in accordance with this opinion, that the prior mining location was not affected by the townsite entry.
Reversed, and the cause remanded to the supreme court of the state with directions to order a new trial in the proper trial court, and it is so ordered.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.