Source: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule47
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 13:13:32+00:00

Document:
provided he or she abstains from any hostile act and does not attempt to escape.
This is a long-standing rule of customary international law already recognized in the Lieber Code, the Brussels Declaration and the Oxford Manual. The Hague Regulations provide that it is especially forbidden “to kill or wound an enemy who, having laid down his arms, or having no longer means of defence, has surrendered at discretion”. Additional Protocol I prohibits attacks against persons recognized as hors de combat and provides that such attacks constitute grave breaches of the Protocol. Under the Statute of the International Criminal Court, “killing or wounding a combatant who, having laid down his arms or having no longer means of defence, has surrendered at discretion” is a war crime in international armed conflicts.
The prohibition on attacking persons recognized as hors de combat is set forth in numerous military manuals. Sweden’s IHL Manual identifies the prohibition on attacking persons recognized as hors de combat in Article 41 of Additional Protocol I as a codification of customary international law. Violation of this rule is an offence under the legislation of many States. It is also referred to in military communiqués. It is supported by official statements and reported practice. The prohibition on attacking persons hors de combat has been upheld in case-law following the First and Second World Wars.
The rule is based on common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, which prohibits “violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds” against persons placed hors de combat. This prohibition is repeated in Additional Protocol II, which adds that “it is prohibited to order that there shall be no survivors”. In addition, this rule is contained in other instruments pertaining also to non-international armed conflicts.
Military manuals which are applicable in or have been applied in non-international armed conflicts prohibit attacks against persons recognized as hors de combat. Such attacks are also defined as a war crime in the legislation of a number of States. The rule has been applied in national case-law. It is supported by official statements and other practice.
Contrary practice collected by the Special Rapporteurs of the UN Commission on Human Rights and by the ICRC has been condemned as a violation of the rule. The ICRC has called for respect for the prohibition of attacks on persons hors de combat in both international and non-international armed conflicts.
(i) Anyone who is in the power of an adverse party. It is uncontested that a person who is in the power of an adverse party is hors de combat. This rule is set forth in Additional Protocol I and is implicit in common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and in Additional Protocol II. It has been confirmed in numerous military manuals. Respect for and protection of persons who are in the power of an adverse party is a cornerstone of international humanitarian law as reflected in several provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols. Practice, therefore, focuses rather on the treatment to be given to such persons (see in particular Chapters 32 and 37).
(ii) Anyone who is defenceless because of unconsciousness, shipwreck, wounds or sickness. This category is based on the Hague Regulations, common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I, which prohibit attacks on defenceless persons. It is found in numerous military manuals. It is contained in the legislation of many States. It is also supported by case-law, official statements and other practice, such as instructions to armed forces. In addition, respect for and protection of the wounded, sick and shipwrecked is a cornerstone of international humanitarian law applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts as reflected in several provisions of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. Practice, therefore, focuses rather on the treatment to be given to such persons (see Chapter 34).
(iii) Anyone who clearly indicates an intention to surrender. This category is based on the Hague Regulations, common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I. It is contained in numerous military manuals. It is included in the national legislation of many States. It is also supported by official statements and other practice, such as instructions to armed forces. The general tenet that emerges from this practice is that a clear indication of unconditional surrender renders a person hors de combat. In land warfare, a clear intention to surrender is generally shown by laying down one’s weapons and raising one’s hands. Other examples, such as emerging from one’s position displaying a white flag, are mentioned in many military manuals. There are specific examples of ways of showing an intent to surrender in air and naval warfare.
The ability to accept surrender under the particular circumstances of combat was discussed by the United Kingdom and the United States in the light of the war in the South Atlantic and the Gulf War respectively. The United Kingdom pointed out that it may not be possible to accept surrender from a unit while under fire from another position. Hence, a party which “takes” surrender is not required to go out to receive surrender; instead, the party offering surrender has to come forward and submit to the control of the enemy forces. The United States took the position that an offer of surrender has to be made at a time when it can be received and properly acted upon and that a last-minute surrender to an onrushing force may be difficult to accept. The question remains, however, as to how to surrender when physical distance may make it difficult to indicate an intention to surrender or may subject one to charges of desertion. The United States also took the position that retreating combatants, if they do not communicate an offer of surrender, whether armed or not, are still subject to attack and that there is no obligation to offer an opportunity to surrender before an attack.
A commander may not put his prisoners to death because their presence retards his movements or diminishes his power of resistance by necessitating a large guard, or by reason of their consuming supplies, or because it appears certain that they will regain their liberty through the impending success of their forces. It is likewise unlawful for a commander to kill prisoners on grounds of self-preservation, even in the case of airborne or commando operations.
Israel’s Manual on the Laws of War and the UK Military Manual contain similar statements. Additional Protocol I and several military manuals require that all feasible precautions be taken to ensure the safety of released prisoners.
In the context of non-international armed conflicts, some armed opposition groups have raised difficulties in providing for detention, but the duty to give quarter has not been challenged per se.
Practice recognizes that the duty to give quarter is to the benefit of every person taking a direct part in hostilities, whether entitled to prisoner-of-war status or not. This means that mercenaries, spies and saboteurs also have the right to receive quarter and cannot be summarily executed when captured (see also Rules 107–108).
According to Additional Protocol I, immunity from attack is conditional on refraining from any hostile act or attempt to escape. This is also set forth in several military manuals. The commission of these acts signifies that the person in question is in fact no longer hors de combat and does not qualify for protection under this rule. The Third Geneva Convention specifies that “the use of weapons against prisoners of war, especially against those who are escaping or attempting to escape, shall constitute an extreme measure, which shall always be preceded by warnings appropriate to the circumstances”. The Convention contains other specific rules applicable to the escape of prisoners of war.
Hostile acts have not been defined, but the Commentary on the Additional Protocols gives examples such as resuming combat if the opportunity arises, attempting to communicate with one’s own party and destroying installations of the enemy or one’s own military equipment.
 Lieber Code, Article 71 (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 15, § 218); Brussels Declaration, Article 13(c) (ibid., § 219); Oxford Manual, Article 9(b) (ibid., § 220).
 Hague Regulations, Article 23(c) (ibid., § 214).
 Additional Protocol I, Article 41(1) (adopted by consensus) (ibid., § 119) and Article 85(3)(e) (adopted by consensus) (ibid., § 120).
 ICC Statute, Article 8(2)(b)(vi) (ibid., § 217).
 See, e.g., the military manuals of Argentina (ibid., § 126), Australia (ibid., §§ 127–128), Belgium (ibid., §§ 129–130), Benin (ibid., § 131), Cameroon (ibid., § 132), Canada (ibid., § 133), Colombia (ibid., §§ 135–136), Croatia (ibid., §§ 137–139), Ecuador (ibid., § 140), France (ibid., §§ 141–143), Hungary (ibid., § 144), Israel (ibid., §§ 145–146), Italy (ibid., §§ 147–148), Kenya (ibid., § 149), Madagascar (ibid., § 150), Netherlands (ibid., § 151), New Zealand (ibid., § 152), Philippines (ibid., § 153), Romania (ibid., § 154), Russian Federation (ibid., § 155), South Africa (ibid., § 156), Spain (ibid., § 157), Sweden (ibid., § 158), Switzerland (ibid., § 159), Togo (ibid., § 160) and United States (ibid., §§ 161–162).
 Sweden, IHL Manual (ibid., § 158).
 See, e.g., the legislation of Armenia (ibid., § 163), Australia (ibid., §§ 164–165), Belarus (ibid., § 166), Belgium (ibid., § 167), Bosnia and Herzegovina (ibid., § 168), Canada (ibid., § 169), Colombia (ibid., § 170), Cook Islands (ibid., § 171), Croatia (ibid., § 172), Cyprus (ibid., § 173), Georgia (ibid., § 175), Germany (ibid., § 176), Ireland (ibid., § 177), Moldova (ibid., § 180), Netherlands (ibid., § 181), New Zealand (ibid., § 182), Niger (ibid., § 184), Norway (ibid., § 185), Slovenia (ibid., § 186), Tajikistan (ibid., § 187), United Kingdom (ibid., § 188), Yemen (ibid., § 189), Yugoslavia (ibid., § 190) and Zimbabwe (ibid., § 191); see also the draft legislation of El Salvador (ibid., § 174), Jordan (ibid., § 178), Lebanon (ibid., § 179) and Nicaragua (ibid., § 183).
 See, e.g., Egypt, Military Communiqués Nos. 34 and 46 (ibid., § 196); Iraq, Military Communiqués Nos. 973, 975 and 1902 (ibid., § 199).
 See, e.g., the statements of Chile (ibid., § 194) and Syrian Arab Republic (ibid., § 201) and the reported practice of Algeria (ibid., § 193), Egypt (ibid., § 195) and Jordan (ibid., § 200).
 See, e.g., Germany, Leipzig Court, Stenger and Cruisus case (ibid., § 328) and Reichsgericht, Llandovery Castle case (ibid., § 329); United Kingdom, Military Court at Hamburg, Peleus case (ibid., § 331), Military Court at Elten, Renoth case (ibid., § 332) and Military Court at Hamburg, Von Ruchteschell case (ibid., § 333); United States, Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Von Leeb (The High Command Trial) case (ibid., § 192) and Military Commission at Rome, Dostler case (ibid., § 334).
 Geneva Conventions, common Article 3 (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 32, § 1).
 Additional Protocol II, Article 4 (adopted by consensus) (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 15, § 4).
 See, e.g., Memorandum of Understanding on the Application of IHL between Croatia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, § 6 (ibid., § 123); Agreement on the Application of IHL between the Parties to the Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, § 2.5 (ibid., § 124).
 See, e.g., the military manuals of Australia (ibid., § 127), Benin (ibid., § 131), Canada (ibid., § 134), Colombia (ibid., §§ 135–137), Croatia (ibid., §§ 137–139), Ecuador (ibid., § 140), Italy (ibid., §§ 147–148), Kenya (ibid., § 149), Madagascar (ibid., § 150), Philippines (ibid., § 153), South Africa (ibid., § 156) and Togo (ibid., § 160).
 See, e.g., the legislation of Armenia (ibid., § 163), Belarus (ibid., § 166), Belgium (ibid., § 167), Bosnia and Herzegovina (ibid., § 168), Colombia (ibid., § 170), Croatia (ibid., § 172), Georgia (ibid., § 175), Germany (ibid., § 176), Moldova (ibid., § 180), Niger (ibid., § 184), Slovenia (ibid., § 186), Tajikistan (ibid., § 187), Yemen (ibid., § 189) and Yugoslavia (ibid., § 190); see also the draft legislation of El Salvador (ibid., § 174), Jordan (ibid., § 178) and Nicaragua (ibid., § 183).
 See, e.g., Argentina, National Court of Appeals, Military Junta case (ibid., § 327); Nigeria, Case of 3 September 1968 (ibid., § 330).
 See, e.g., the statement of Chile (ibid., § 194), the practice of Colombia (ibid., § 337) and Yugoslavia (ibid., § 351) and the reported practice of China (ibid., § 365) and Cuba (ibid., § 338).
 See, e.g., UN Commission on Human Rights, Reports of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Zaire (ibid., § 202), Report of the Independent Expert on the Situation of Human Rights in Guatemala (ibid., § 357) and Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions (ibid., § 358) and the practice collected in ICRC archive documents (ibid., §§ 383–384, 387, 389 and 393–394).
 ICRC, Conflict in Southern Africa: ICRC Appeal (ibid., § 370), Conflict between Iraq and Islamic Republic of Iran: ICRC Appeal (ibid., § 371), Appeal in behalf of civilians in Yugoslavia (ibid., § 373), Press Release No. 1705 (ibid., § 374), Press Releases Nos. 1712, 1724 and 1726 (ibid., § 375), Press Release, Tajikistan: ICRC urges respect for humanitarian rules (ibid., § 376), Memorandum on Respect for International Humanitarian Law in Angola (ibid., § 377), Memorandum on Compliance with International Humanitarian Law by the Forces Participating in Opération Turquoise (ibid., § 378), Press Release No. 1792 (ibid., § 379), Press Release No. 1793 (ibid., § 380), Communication to the Press No. 00/36 (ibid., § 381) and Communication to the Press No. 01/58 (ibid., § 382).
 Geneva Conventions, common Article 3 (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 32, § 1); Additional Protocol I, Article 41(2) (adopted by consensus) (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 15, § 215); Additional Protocol II, Article 4 (adopted by consensus).
 See, e.g., the military manuals of Argentina (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 15, § 224), Australia (ibid., §§ 225–226), Burkina Faso (ibid., § 233), Cameroon (ibid., §§ 234–235), Canada (ibid., § 236), Congo (ibid., § 239), Croatia (ibid., § 240), Dominican Republic (ibid., § 243), Ecuador (ibid., § 244), France (ibid., §§ 246 and 248–249), Kenya (ibid., § 256), Lebanon (ibid., § 259), Madagascar (ibid., § 260), Mali (ibid., § 261), Morocco (ibid., § 262), Netherlands (ibid., § 26359), New Zealand (ibid., § 266), Peru (ibid., § 271), Senegal (ibid., § 276), Spain (ibid., § 278), Sweden (ibid., § 279), Switzerland (ibid., § 280), Uganda (ibid., § 282), United Kingdom (ibid., § 283) and United States (ibid., §§ 287 and 291).
 Hague Regulations, Article 23(c) (ibid., § 214); Geneva Conventions, common Article 3 (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 32, § 1); Additional Protocol I, Article 41(2) (adopted by consensus) (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 15, § 215).
 See, e.g., the military manuals of Argentina (ibid., §§ 223–224), Australia (ibid., §§ 225–226), Belgium (ibid., §§ 228–230), Benin (ibid., § 231), Cameroon (ibid., § 235), Canada (ibid., §§ 236–237), Croatia (ibid., § 241), Dominican Republic (ibid., § 243), Ecuador (ibid., § 244), El Salvador (ibid., § 245), France (ibid., § 249), Germany (ibid., § 250), Indonesia (ibid., § 252), Israel (ibid., § 253), Italy (ibid., §§ 254–255), Kenya (ibid., § 256), Republic of Korea (ibid., § 257), Lebanon (ibid., § 259), Madagascar (ibid., § 260), Netherlands (ibid., §§ 263–264), New Zealand (ibid., § 266), Nigeria (ibid., §§ 268 and 270), Peru (ibid., § 271), Philippines (ibid., § 273), Russian Federation (ibid., § 274), South Africa (ibid., § 277), Spain (ibid., § 278), Sweden (ibid., § 279), Switzerland (ibid., § 280), Togo (ibid., § 281), United Kingdom (ibid., §§ 283–284), United States (ibid., §§ 285–291) and Yugoslavia (ibid., § 292).
 See, e.g., the legislation of Azerbaijan (ibid., § 293), Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ibid., § 294), Canada (ibid., § 296), Colombia (ibid., § 297), Congo (ibid., § 298), Croatia (ibid., § 299), Egypt (ibid., § 300), Estonia (ibid., § 302), Ethiopia (ibid., § 303), Georgia (ibid., § 304), Ireland (ibid., § 306), Italy (ibid., § 307), Lithuania (ibid., § 308), Mali (ibid., § 309), Netherlands (ibid., § 310), New Zealand (ibid., § 311), Nicaragua (ibid., § 312), Norway (ibid., § 314), Peru (ibid., § 315), Poland (ibid., § 316), Slovenia (ibid., § 317), Spain (ibid., § 319), Sweden (ibid., § 320), Switzerland (ibid., § 321), United Kingdom (ibid., § 323), United States (ibid., § 324) and Yugoslavia (ibid., § 326); see also the draft legislation of Burundi (ibid., § 295), El Salvador (ibid., § 301), Nicaragua (ibid., § 313) and Trinidad and Tobago (ibid., § 322).
 See, e.g., the case-law of Argentina (ibid., § 327), Germany (ibid., §§ 328–329) and United Kingdom (ibid., § 331), the statement of the United States (ibid., § 347) and the practice of Egypt (ibid., § 339), Iraq (ibid., § 341), United Kingdom (ibid., § 344) and United States (ibid., § 348).
 See, e.g., the military manuals of Argentina (ibid., §§ 223–224), Australia (ibid., §§ 225–226), Belgium (ibid., §§ 227–228), Benin (ibid., § 231), Burkina Faso (ibid., § 233), Cameroon (ibid., §§ 234–235), Canada (ibid., §§ 236–237), Colombia (ibid., § 238), Congo (ibid., § 239), Croatia (ibid., §§ 241–242), Dominican Republic (ibid., § 243), Ecuador (ibid., § 244), El Salvador (ibid., § 245), France (ibid., §§ 246–247), Germany (ibid., §§ 250–251), Indonesia (ibid., § 252), Israel (ibid., § 253), Italy (ibid., §§ 254–255), Kenya (ibid., § 257), Republic of Korea (ibid., § 258), Lebanon (ibid., § 259), Madagascar (ibid., § 260), Mali (ibid., § 261), Morocco (ibid., § 262), Netherlands (ibid., §§ 263–265), New Zealand (ibid., § 267), Nigeria (ibid., §§ 267–270), Peru (ibid., § 271), Philippines (ibid., §§ 272–273), Romania (ibid., § 274), Russian Federation (ibid., § 275), Senegal (ibid., § 276), South Africa (ibid., § 277), Spain (ibid., § 278), Sweden (ibid., § 279), Switzerland (ibid., § 280), Togo (ibid., § 281), United Kingdom (ibid., §§ 283–284), United States (ibid., §§ 285–291) and Yugoslavia (ibid., § 292).
 See, e.g., the legislation of Azerbaijan (ibid., § 293), Bosnia and Herzegovina (ibid., § 294), Canada (ibid., § 296), Congo (ibid., § 298), Croatia (ibid., § 299), Estonia (ibid., § 302), Ethiopia (ibid., § 303), Georgia (ibid., § 304), Germany (ibid., § 305), Ireland (ibid., § 306), Italy (ibid., § 307), Lithuania (ibid., § 308), Mali (ibid., § 309), Netherlands (ibid., § 310), New Zealand (ibid., § 311), Norway (ibid., § 314), Peru (ibid., § 315), Poland (ibid., § 316), Slovenia (ibid., § 317), Spain (ibid., §§ 318–319), Switzerland (ibid., § 321), United Kingdom (ibid., § 323), United States (ibid., § 324), Venezuela (ibid., § 325) and Yugoslavia (ibid., § 326); see also the draft legislation of Burundi (ibid., § 295), El Salvador (ibid., § 301), Nicaragua (ibid., § 313) and Trinidad and Tobago (ibid., § 322).
 See, e.g., the statements of Australia (ibid., § 336) and United States (ibid., § 349), the practice of Colombia (ibid., § 337), Egypt (ibid., § 339), United Kingdom (ibid., §§ 345–346), United States (ibid., §§ 348–349) and Yugoslavia (ibid., § 351) and the reported practice of Algeria (ibid., § 335).
 See, e.g., the military manuals of Belgium (ibid., § 230), Benin (ibid., § 231), Cameroon (ibid., § 235), Canada (ibid., § 237), Croatia (ibid., § 241), Dominican Republic (ibid., § 243), France (ibid., § 249), Italy (ibid., § 255), Kenya (ibid., § 256), Madagascar (ibid., § 260), Togo (ibid., § 281) and United States (ibid., § 287).
 Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, Bruno Zimmermann (eds.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols, ICRC, Geneva, 1987, § 1619; Louise Doswald-Beck (ed.), San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, Cambridge University Press, 1995, § 47.57, p. 135.
 See Report on UK Practice (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 15, § 411); United States, Department of Defense, Final Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War (ibid., § 349).
 Additional Protocol I, Article 41(3) (adopted by consensus) (ibid., § 395).
 See, e.g., the military manuals of Canada (ibid., § 399), France (ibid., § 400), Kenya (ibid., § 402), Netherlands (ibid., § 403), Spain (ibid., § 404) and Switzerland (ibid., § 405).
 United States, Field Manual (ibid., § 407).
 Israel, Manual on the Laws of War (ibid., § 401); United Kingdom, Military Manual (ibid., § 406).
 Additional Protocol I, Article 41(3) (adopted by consensus) (ibid., § 395); the military manuals of Canada (ibid., § 399), France (ibid., § 400), Kenya (ibid., § 402), Spain (ibid., § 403) and United Kingdom (ibid., § 406).
 See the practice of armed opposition groups in ICRC archive documents (ibid., §§ 418–420).
 Additional Protocol I, Article 41 (adopted by consensus) (ibid., § 215).
 See, e.g., the military manuals of Argentina (ibid., § 224), Australia (ibid., §§ 225–226), Belgium (ibid., § 230), Canada (ibid., §§ 236–237), France (ibid., § 249), Kenya (ibid., § 256), Netherlands (ibid., § 263), New Zealand (ibid., § 266), Spain (ibid., § 278), Switzerland (ibid., § 280) and United Kingdom (ibid., § 283).
 Third Geneva Convention, Article 42 (cited in Vol. II, Ch. 32, § 659).
 Third Geneva Convention, Articles 91–94.
 Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, Bruno Zimmermann (eds.), Commentary on the Additional Protocols, ICRC, Geneva, 1987, §§ 1621–1622.

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