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Kukso P.A., Kukso O.G.. The Relationship Between Individual Personality Traits and Physiological Measures Demonstrated by Students with Different SMMI Results Who Experience Examination Stress // Psychology and Psychotechnics. – 2016. – № 8. – P. 691-700. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2016.8.21125.
Review: The subject of the present research article is the examination stress as one of the first reasons that cause psychic tension for university students. Examination stress is one of the topics that attract attention of many foreign and Russian researchers. Emotions experienced by students during their exams can be undoubtedly considered as emotional stress. Situations when students take exams often cause so-called examination neurosis and take one of the first places among other reasons causing psychic tension of students. On the one hand, it is well known that there are certain individual personality traits that provoke negative emotions and feelings during exams. On the other hand, particular physiological measures change during exams, too. It is known that when a student experiences examination stress, his or her personality traits influence the cardiovascular response and dynamic changes of the constant potential (omega-potential). The purpose of the present research is to analyze individual personality traits and vegetative responses demonstrated by students in a stress situation. Personality traits were defined by using the short version of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory offered by L. Sobchik, in particular, using the following scales from the 1st scale (self-control) to the 0 scale (social introvesion). The authors have also used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory by Charles Spielberger adopted by Yu. Khanin). Physiological stress markers were determined by using the Robinson's Index as a cardiovascular indicator and omega-potential as an indicator of brain activity. During one week before exam and one week after exam the researchers recorded students' heart rate and blood pressure in order to calcuate the Robinson's Index that describes the response of the cardiovascular system in the course of developing examination stress. Brain activity potential (omega potential) was also measured during one week before and one week after the exam. By using Excel and STATISTICA 10.0 programs, the authors have conducted mathematical-and-statistical processing of data by using the non-parametric criterion of math statistics, i.e. the sign test to compare average data within groups, and Spearman correlation coefficient (r). The authors have also used the cluster analysis by using the k-average method. 48 people aged 19-23 participated in the research. The following conclusions can be made based on the results. The researchers have described two groups of students with different responses to examination stress depending on SMMI scores. The comparative analysis of their profiles in these two groups has shown that the first group of respondents demonstrate scores within the norm. The second group of respondents demonstrate psychopathic personality traits (excessive control, impulsivity and introvesion) and personality accentuations (rigidy and anxiety as psychological stress markers). Respondents of the second group also demonstrate intense instability to stress and high probability of neurotic disorders. In these two groups examination stress have a different effect on cardiovascular and brain activity indicators. The first-group students showed speeding up of excessively slow physiological process of brain activity and cardioregulation processes as physiological stress markers in a situation of examination stress. The researchers also discovered the correlation between psychological and physiological indicators (psychophysiological stress-markers) typical for each group. The results of the present research can be interesting for understanding the mechanisms of psychophysiological regulation and applied for the purpose of improving the teaching process as well as to understand the physiological nature of examination stress and develop relevant programs of coping with examination stress.
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Tolsteneva U.L.. Existential Experience and Community Commitment // Psychology and Psychotechnics. – 2016. – № 7. – P. 614-621. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2016.7.19610.
Review: Little is said about existentialism in Russian literature. Time has passed since every new work related to that school of philosophy sparked interest. In their researches S. Velikovsky, T. Kuzmina, E. Soloviev, T. Tavrizian and others have described the basic provisions of existential philosophy and analyzed their meaning. In the middle of the last century each new publication on existentialism arose great interest. However, it is no more the case. None researches devoted to existentialism have appeared in Russian literature over the last years. As a result, general interest towards existentiailsm has considerably faded. No more we remember existentialists' passionate statement that it is impossible to be back on track after Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps. This creates the need in new grounds for philosophical reflection. Unfortunately, many authors think that existential philosophy with all its appealing to spiritual experience does not work for our time. There are attempts to 'change' existentialism, to adjust it to modern realities refusing the importance of existential experience as an independent and singular emotional experience. Some researchers even say that existentialism opposed to community commitment and activity in general. This evaluation is neither just nor acceptable. In her research Tolsteneva has used the principle of historicism that allowed to compare existential traditions to modern interpretations of existential experience. The researcher has also used principles and methods of philosophical anthropology. The author tries to analyze some researchers' attempts to 'change' existentialism and adjust it to the needs of modern social sciences. The author notes that these attempts to 'adjust' 'scandalous' existential thought to modern social situations can be viewed as a review of existentialism and reinterpretation of a unique choice made by personality. The author also notes that by no means existentialism is a teaching about estrangement. Of course, the concept of activity as it is interpreted within the framework of positivist progress is alien for existentialism. However, adepts of existentialism paid much attention to responsibility for what's going on in the world. Existentialism is not the philosophy of non-activity, estrangement or submission to social dictate. Within the framework of existentialism, intellectual effors are destined to provide a sober and bitter evaluation of today's situation in the world. By analyzing the history of existentialism, the author of the article states that existentialism's community commitment is in its search for the meaning including the meaning of social processes as the existential solution of the problem.
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Lyashenko V.V.. General Model of Avoidance Behavior Typical for Psychogenic Disorders // Psychology and Psychotechnics. – 2016. – № 2. – P. 154-161. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2016.2.17981.
Review: This article discusses the causes of avoidance behavior typical for psychogenic disorders. The author offers his own model of avoidance behavior that leads to increased emotional stress, formation of distress and development of psychogenic disorders. By assuming that the most common symptoms in the development of psychogenic disorders are anxiety and depression, most notably manifested in neurotic spectrumof psychogenias, the author builds his explanatory model based on the example of the development of anxiety and depressive disorders. Assuming that one of the key personal factors causing the neurotic state is the factor of the loss of the meaning, contextually related to the exclusion phenomenon, the author relates these phenomena to anxiety and depression concluding that depressive disorders are the meaning loss syndrome, and anxiety disorders are the alienation syndrome. The methodological basis of the model is the presentation of the author's view on experience in terms of its qualitative definiteness as well as the method of quality structures. Avoidance behavior is described as the combination of four aspects of alienation: avoidance of intimacy, avoidance of stress and pain, avoidance of action, and avoidance of choice. The article is recommended for psychologists and psychotherapists.
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Lyashenko V.V.. Experience and its Qualitative Certainty // Psychology and Psychotechnics. – 2016. – № 1. – P. 64-72. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2016.1.17463.
Review: The article deals with the essence of the experience in terms of its qualitative certainty. The 'Method of qualitative structures' (MQS) is applied to describe this phenomenon. The novelty of the research is that for the first time experience is considered not as a narrowly specific psychological phenomenon but as an integral phenomenon with its specific qualitative definiteness. The result of the research is the description of the four aspects immanently characteristic of experience: selfdefining, relationship, state of mind and activity. It is shown that experience is created as the combination of aspects which does not exist beyond any aspect. Experience is considered as a whole unity. On the basis of this description experience is defined by the author as a natural internal activity being performed with the accordance of the social relationship on the basis of filings and is expressed in activity itself. The article is written for psychologists and psychotherapists. The proposed approach gives an opportunity to make a precise definition of 'experience'.
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Review: Salman Akhtar is the American psychoanalyst, the winner of numerous scientific awards and the author of more than three hundred scientific publications. In his book "Matters of Life and Death", he, relaying on the teaching of Sigmund Freud about the two "basic instincts" and complementing later studies of other well-known psychoanalysts, considers human life as consisting of the two main components, life and death, from the point of view of their opposition and continuity. Viewing happiness as one of the basic life-related concepts, the author clarifies its meaning in the works of different authors. Combining the different scientific views on happiness, the author divides the latter into four categories: pleasure, joy, ecstasy and satisfaction by tracing their ontological roots, metapsychological correlates, as well as components associated with personal experience. In the present book the author offers a brief review of psychoanalytical researches on the problem of happiness. Starting from Freud's views, he proceeds to analyzing different psychoanalytical concepts of happiness and then offers his own view on the phenomena that relate to happiness. Based on the results of various researches and his own observations, the author defines the four types of happiness (pleasure, joy, ecstasy and satisfaction), describes their nature, specific features and in conclusion points out the spheres calling for further investigations.
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Review: In the present article Berezina and Sokolov analyze the problem of emotional security of the educational environment, in particular, improvement of the mental state of students during exams. The authors examine the most famous consequences of examination stress such as worsening of academic performance or even psychosomatic disorders. The authors describe the existing methods of increasing examination anxiety including psychorelaxation and behavioral techniques. The subject of the present article is the figurative modeling as a mean of impoving the mental state. The object of the research is the implementation of techniques transforming mental images of the highest order (de-emphasis of the negative image and creation of the positive image) during university exams. The main research method is the quasi-experiment that was carried out in the two groups of respondents, experimental and control groups, each group consisting of 25 people. Based on the analysis of empirical data, the authors demonstrate that the implementation of the figurative modeling techniques during exams decreases the state anxiety, make a student less worried about grades and partially improve his mood. The figurative modeling is viewed as a cognitive method that is aimed at direct work with cognitions (beliefs, expectations, thoughts) and allows to improve the mental state of students by applying the method of image thinking.
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Strizhius E.I. Vliyanie trevozhnosti na rezul'taty vypusknykh ekzamenov (GIA/EGE) u starsheklassnikov s razlichnym urovnem uspevaemosti. // NB: Pedagogika i prosveshchenie. — 2013.-№ 1.
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Chugunova I.O.. Faces of Hate: Philosophical and Anthropological Reflections // Psychology and Psychotechnics. – 2015. – № 4. – P. 383-391. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2015.4.14652.
Review: The object of the research is hate as a philosophical and anthropological phenomenon. Hate is considered as an obligatory and irremovable treat of human nature, mutli-aspect and specific phenomenon that is unequal to aggression, anger, hostility or disgust. The author researches historical and anthropological sources of hate, analyses its affective and axiological aspects, discovers unconscious mechanism of this phenomenon, and examines the paradoxical connection between hate and love, hate and pleasure. The author shows the difference between two side of hate – destructive and constructive, describes cases when there is an excuse for hate (when it helps to struggle or survive) and emphasizes that hate is devastating for human spirit.
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Goryunov, M. A.. Problems of Studying the Affect after Denial of the Individuality Concept // Psychology and Psychotechnics. – 2014. – № 7. – P. 727-737. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.7.11879.
Review: Over the last fifty years neurosciences, comparative etiology, social studies of religion and institutional economy have significantly extended our views on the motives of human behavior. The ‘side-effect’ consequence of such an extension is a denial, full or partial, from the Enlightenment concept of Self as an independent source of action. Methodology of studying the affect followed, too. Now the ‘strong passion’ is viewed not as a result of tensed internal life that has very little connection with the external environment but a difficult and prolonged response to the environment. Our belief that our emotions are actually hours has turned out to be just an illusion. Figuratively speaking, human is like a canvas used by an artist for creating a painting. The canvas ‘thinks’ that it has something to do with the action and that all paints and images belong to it but this is not quite true. Out of possible variants of word views only modern theology defends the thesis about the reality of consciousness. In the course of research the author applies the rule of deductive and inductive logic, standard analytical procedures and rules of hermeneutics and phenomenology. The author of the article also makes an attempt to summarize conclusions made on the basis of the latest works by Jean-Marie Sheffer, Daniel Dennet and Mansur Olson who touched upon the problems of studying the affect in the humanities. Changes caused by the rapid growth of knowledge about human behavior have led to the radical shift of the perspective. First of all, introspection has lost its popularity. Self-observation and self-analysis of emotions is now quite a low-effective strategy. Secondly, preference is given to the external circumstances since the phenomenon of individuality appears to be rather doubtful. The affect is shown as a complex and prolonged response to the environment and therefore usual observation provides better results in better terms. Thirdly, the last ‘shelter’ of the Enlightenment views on human is the modern ‘non-critical’ theology that views a full denial of the Self theory as something which would mean the final and complete failure of humanistic views on the affect.
Keywords: affect, strong passion, consciousness, progress, science, neuroeconomics, etiology, theology, critics of the world view, individuality.
Contact information: Goryunov Maksim Alexandrovich, 119992, Russia, Moscow, Lomonosovsky prospect, h. 27, corp. 4.
Torsteyn Veblen Teoriya prazdnogo klassa: Per. s angl. / Vstupit. St. i primech. S. G. Sorokinoy; Obshch. red. V. V. Motyleva. Izd. 2-e – M.: Knizhnyy dom “LIBROKOM”, 2010.
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Fenomen cheloveka v ego evolyutsii i dinamike: Trudy Otkrytogo seminara Instituta Sinergiynoy Antropologii / otv. red. i vstupit. St. S. S. Khoruzhiy. NovGU im. Yaroslava Mudrogo. – Velikiy Novgorod, 2013.
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Goncharova S.Yu. Nauchnyy naturalizm Dzh. Serla // Filosofiya i kul'tura. - 2013. - 12. - C. 1680 - 1686. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.12.10056.
Schelokova, Yu. V.. The Search for Love in the Love-Free World // Psychology and Psychotechnics. – 2014. – № 2. – P. 173-181. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2014.2.10852.
Review: The subject matter of the present research article is the nature of human love as expressed in Plato’s philosophy. Plato viewed love as one’s desire to restore his integrity and become complete. The same idea was raised again by the followers of humanistic psychology such as Erich Fromm, Gordon Allport, Karen Horney, Harry Sullivan and others. The author of the present article describes different forms of love and touches upon the issue of emotional ‘poverty’ of a modern human compared to, for example, an ancient Greek. The author also underlines that new forms of neurotic love have been appearing lately. According to the author, this is the result of the invasion of market relations into the most intimate spheres of human life. In her research, depending on a set goal, the author uses general scientific methods of research such as the method of comparative analysis, synthesis, structured method and systems method. The scientific novelty of this research article is the discussion of Plato’s concept of love developed by neo-Freudianism which allowed to see the phenomenon of love in the ‘humanistic’ dimension. The author also emphasizes the fact that the representatives of humanistic psychology made a significant contribution to the studies of the phenomenon of love apart from their contribution to the development of the concepts of personality, individuality and value of human. Love exists in different forms so we can say it may have different expressions depending on the historical epoch, but the main motive of love has always been the longing for the lost integrity and the desire to overcome the feeling of existential loneliness and feel completed again in the union with the other person. However, a modern human has rather poor emotions and this leads to creation of new neurotic expressions of love where true feelings are replaced with the importance of market relations. For the first time in a long period of humanistic psychology the author attracts our attention to the topic of love again and restores the concept of love as the way to overcome the main problem of human existence based on the experience of the modern society.
Keywords: humanistic psychology, philosophical anthropology, love, human, essay, being, existence, integrity, social character, human nature, emotional world.
Contact information: Schelokova Yulia Vyacheslavovna, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn. 432.
P.S. Gurevich Posledstviya seksual'noy revolyutsii // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2012.-№12.-C. 4-7. URL: http://www.nbpublish.com/go_to_article.php?id=22343.
A.A. Razin O Zakonomernostyakh stanovleniya cheloveka // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2012.-№2.-C. 15-33. URL: http://www.nbpublish.com/go_to_article.php?id=17636.
Yu.V. Shchelokova Chelovek v traktovke Erikha Fromma. // Psikhologiya i Psikhotekhnika.-2011.-№8.-C. 8-17. URL: http://www.nbpublish.com/go_to_article.php?id=16132.
L.P. Bueva Samoe ekstsentrichnoe sozdanie na zemle // Pedagogika i prosveshchenie.-2012.-№4.-C. 71-80. URL: http://www.nbpublish.com/go_to_article.php?id=22703.
Shilovskaya N.S. Chelovek kak sub'ekt, bytie i bytie sub'ekta v istorii i sovremennosti // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2012.-№1.-C. 171-203. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2012.1.88. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_88.html.
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Steinbock, A. J.. Distinctive Structure of Emotions (Chapter 6) (translated by Konyaeva, S. N. and Sultanova, M. A.) // Psychology and Psychotechnics. – 2013. – № 6. – P. 556-565. DOI: 10.7256/2070-8955.2013.6.8838.
Review: The article represents the translation of the 6th chapter of J. A. Steinbock’s work devoted to the distinctive structure of emotions. The chapter is translated by Konyaeva S. N. and Sultanova M. A.
Keywords: psychology, emotions, structure, founded acts, phenomenology, trust, Husserl.
Contact information: Konyev Sergey Nikolaevich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Vokhonka 14/1, bld. 5, room 406.
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