Source: https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-1/20-power-and-duties-of-the-houses.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 10:20:11+00:00

Document:
SECTION 5. Clause 1. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
Clause 2. Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
Clause 3. Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
Clause 4. Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
400 Barry v. United States ex rel. Cunningham, 279 U.S. 597, 616 (1929).
401 In re Loney, 134 U.S. 372 (1890).
402 6 Cannon’sprecedents Of The House Of Representatives §§ 72–74, 180 (1936). Cf. Newberry v. United States, 256 U.S. 232, 258 (1921).
403 Barry v. United States ex rel. Cunningham, 279 U.S. 597, 614 (1929).
404 279 U.S. at 615. The existence of this power in both houses of Congress does not prevent a state from conducting a recount of ballots cast in such an election any more than it prevents the initial counting by a state. Roudebush v. Hartke, 405 U.S. 15 (1972).
405 Hinds’ Precedents Of The House Of Representatives §§ 2895–2905 (1907).
406 144 U.S. 1 (1892).
407 144 U.S. at 5–6.
409 4 Hinds’ Precedents Of The House Of Representatives §§ 2910–2915 (1907); 6 Cannon’sprecedents Of The House Of Representatives §§ 645, 646 (1936).
410 United States v. Ballin, 144 U.S. 1, 5 (1892). The Senate is “a continuing body.” McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U.S. 135, 181–82 (1927). Hence its rules remain in force from Congress to Congress except as they are changed from time to time, whereas those of the House are readopted at the outset of each new Congress.
411 286 U.S. 6 (1932).
412 338 U.S. 84 (1949).
413 338 U.S. at 87–90.
414 338 U.S. at 92–95.
415 Art. II, § 2, cl. 2.
416 Art. I, § 5, cl. 2.
417 Rule XXII, par. 2.
418 See, e.g., Federalist No. 58, p. 397 (Cooke ed.; Wesleyan Univ. Press: 1961) (Madison, responding to objections that the Constitution should have required “more than a majority . . . for a quorum, and in particular cases, if not in all, more than a majority of a quorum for a decision,” asserted that such requirements would be inconsistent with majority rule, which is “the fundamental principle of free government”); id., No. 22, p. 138–39 (Hamilton observed that “equal suffrage among the States under the Articles of Confederation contradicts that fundamental maxim of republican government which requires that the sense of the majority should prevail”).
419 See, e.g., Common Cause v. Biden, 748 F.3d 1280 (D.C. Cir. 2014); Judicial Watch, Inc. v. United States Senate, 432 F.3d 359 (D.C. Cir. 2005); Page v. Shelby, 995 F. Supp. 23 (D.D.C. 1998). The constitutionality of the filibuster has been a subject of debate for legal scholars. See, e.g., Josh Chafetz & Michael J. Gerhardt, Debate, Is the Filibuster Constitutional?, 158 U. Pal. Rev. Pennumbra 245 (2010).
420 159 Cong. Rec. S8416–S8418 (daily ed. Nov. 21, 2013).
421 Burton v. United States, 202 U.S. 344 (1906).
422 In re Chapman, 166 U.S. 661 (1897).
423 166 U.S. at 669–70. See 2 J. Story, Commentaries On The Constitution Of The United States § 836 (1833).
424 395 U.S. 486 (1969).
425 395 U.S. at 506–12.
426 2 J. Story, Commentaries On The Constitution Of The United States § 840 (1833), quoted with approval in Field v. Clark, 143 U.S. 649, 670 (1892).
427 United States v. Ballin, 144 U.S. 1, 4 (1892).
428 Field v. Clark, 143 U.S. 649 (1892); Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107, 143 (1911). See the dispute in the Court with regard to the application of Field in an origination clause dispute. United States v. Munoz-Flores, 495 U.S. 385, 391 n.4 (1990), and id. at 408 (Justice Scalia concurring in the judgment). A parallel rule holds in the case of a duly authenticated official notice to the Secretary of State that a state legislature has ratified a proposed amendment to the Constitution. Leser v. Garnett, 258 U.S. 130, 137 (1922); see also Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939).

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