Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/178/205.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 15:30:52+00:00

Document:
The facts in this case are as follows: On June 15, 1872, a patent was issued to the probate judge of Lewis and Clarke County, Montana territory, for the townsite of Helena, in trust [178 U.S. 205, 206] for the benefit of the occupants. In 1874 Joseph Horsky, Jr., the plaintiff below, defendant in error, became by purchases from prior occupants and conveyances from the probate judge the holder of the legal title to certain lots, shown on the plat of the town. He entered into occupation at the date of his purchase, and has been in undisturbed and peaceful possession from that time to the present. Among these lots are two known and described as lots Nos. 19 and 20, in block 37, on the original plat of the townsite. Subsequent surveys disclosed that, measured by the description on the plat and the calls of the deed, there was an extra area of ground 22 feet front by 103 feet deep. When that fact was discovered the grantor of the plaintiff applied to the probate judge for a conveyance of this extra ground, and paid him the requisite price therefor. However, he received no deed at that time, apparently supposing the deeds for lots 19 and 20 would carry the ground; but afterwards, and on December 15, 1888, on application of the plaintiff, and upon the basis of the prior applicaio n and the payment of the necessary price, the probate judge made a deed to him of that extra area known and described on a subsequent plat as lot 31, block 37. In 1891 he filed his complaint in the district court of the first judicial district of the state of Montana, setting forth these facts, and that the defendant, Patrick Moran, had, on December 11, 1888, obtained from the probate judge a deed for this lot 31, alleging that it was wrongfully obtained, and praying for a decrec quieting his title.
The case thus presented was litigated in the state courts for two or three years, passed to the supreme court of the state (13 Mont. 250, 34 Pac. 360), where a decree in favor of the plaintiff was reversed, and finally came on for hearing in the district court upon the bill of plaintiff, setting forth the facts, as above stated, and an amended answer of the defendant, containing these averments: That on the 2d day of March, 1869, the probate judge of Lewis and Clarke county made an entry of the tract of land for the benefit of the occupants of the townsite of Helena; that prior to the entry of said townsite a certain placer mining claim had been located within the exterior limits of the tract so entered, which included within its boundaries the lot in controversy; [178 U.S. 205, 207] that the location had been made pursuant to the laws of the United States, the local laws, and the rules and regulations of the mining district, and all had been done required thereby to make a perfectly valid location of said placer mining claim, and that the title to this mining claim thus located passed to the defendant; that it was a valid and subsisting mining claim at the time of the entry of the land by the brobate judge and of the patent to him; that after the entry of the townsite, and prior to 1874, the defendant left the state of Montana, leaving the mining claim in possession of an agent; that during his absence the plaintiff obtained his deeds for the premises referred to, and entered into possession; that when the defendant returned to Montana he found the plaintiff in possession; that he had ever since been, by the action of the plaintiff, prevented from entering upon or working such mining claim; and that in December, 1888, finding that no deed had ever been made to the plaintiff for this portion of the property, he obtained in furtherance and protection of his own title a deed from the probate judge, which was the deed referred to in plaintiff's complaint.
Upon these pleadings a decree was entered by the district court in favor of the plaintiff, quieting his title to the premises. On appeal to the supreme court of the state this decree was affirmed (21 Mont. 345, 53 Pac. 1064), whereupon the case was brought on error to this court.
Messrs. Thomas J. Walsh and Rufus C. Garland for plaintiff in error.
Mr. E. W. Toole submitted the case for defendant in error.
The supreme court of the state affirmed the decree of the trial court primarily on the ground of laches. If this be an independent ground, involving no question under the Federal [178 U.S. 205, 208] statutes, the decision of the supreme court must be sustained and the writ of error dismissed. Eustis v. Bolles, 150 U.S. 361 , 37 L. ed. 1111, 14 Sup. Ct. Rep. 131.
Indeed, if the matter of laches can be recognized at all, it is difficult, independently of the question of jurisdiction, to perceive any error in the ruling of the state supreme court. One who, having an inchoate right to property, abandons it for fourteen years, permits others to acquire apparent title, and deal with it as theirs, and as though he had no right, does not appeal to the favorable consideration of a court of equity. We need only refer to the many cases decided in this court and elsewhere, that a neglected right, if neglected too long, must be treated as an abandoned right which no court will enforce. See, among others, Felix v. Patrick, 145 U.S. 317 , 36 L. ed. 719, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 862; Gallicer v. Cadwell, 145 U.S. 368 , 36 L. ed. 738, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 873, and cases cited in the opinion. There always comes a time when the bet of rights will, by reason of neglect, pass beyond the protecting reach of the hands of equity, and the present case fully illustrates that proposition.
We therefore pass to an inquiry whether the question of laches is so intermingled with that of Federal right that the former cannot be considered an independent matter. As this case was disposed of upon bill and answer, we must take the facts to be as they are presented by the pleadings.
The allegations of the answer are to the effect that there was a known mining claim, actually located and worked, at the time of the entry and patent of the townsite, and the argument is that the mining claim was excepted from the scope of the townsite patent as completely as though the exception had been in terms named on the face of the instrument and the boundaries claimed described. The probate judge, therefore, never took title, and having none conveyed none to the plaintiff; the title remained in the government, and neither laches nor limitation run against the rights and title of the government. The mining claim existed, and although defendant had [178 U.S. 205, 210] abandoned it for years, yet as no one had taken steps to relocate it, he had the right to resume possession and continue his work in the way of perfecting his title.
'It is argued with much plausibility that the relator was not entitled to the land by the laws of the United States, because it was not subject to homestead entry, and that the patent is therefore void, and the law will not require the secretary to do a vain thing by delivering it, which may at the same time embarrass the rights or others in regard to the same land.
'We are not prepared to say that if the patent is absolutely void, so that no right could possibly accrue to the plaintiff under it, the suggestion would not be a sound one.
'But the distinction between a void and a voidable instrument, though sometines a very nice one, is still a well-recognized distinction on which valuable rights often depend. And the case before us is one to which we think it is clearly applicable. To the officers of the land department, among whom we include the Secretary of the Interior, is confided, as we have already said, the administration of the laws concerning the sale of the public domain. The land in the present case had been surveyed, and, under their control, the land in that district generally had been opened to pre-emption, homestead entry, and [178 U.S. 205, 211] sale. The question whether any particular tract, belonging to the government, was open to sale, pre-emption, or homestead right, is in every instance a question of law as applied to the facts for the determination of those officers. Their decision of such question and of conflicting claims to the same land by different parties is judicial in its character.
'Nor is fraud in the patentee the only ground upon which a bill will be sustained. Patents are sometimes issued unadvisedly or by mistake, where the officer has no authority in law to grant them, or where another party has a higher equity and should have received the patent. In such cases courts of law will pronounce them void. The patent is but evidence of a grant, and the officer who issues it acts ministerially and not judicially. If he issues a patent for land reserved from sale by law, such patent is void for want of authority. But one officer of the land office is not competent to cancel or annul the act of his predecessor. That is a judicial act, and requires the judgment of a court.
'It is contended here, by the counsel of the United States, that the land for which a patent was granted to the appellant was repatent was granted to the appellant was reserved from sale for the use of the government, and, consequently, that the patent is void. And although no fraud is charged in the bill, we have no doubt that such a proceeding in chancery is the proper remedy, and that if the allegations of the bill are supported, that the decree of the court below canceling the patent should be affirmed.
'1. That the land claimed by appellant never was within the tract allotted to the Delaware Indians in 1829 and surveyed in 1830.
'2. That it is within the limits of a reservation legally made by the President for military purposes.
See also United States v. Des Moines Nav. & R. Co. 142 U.S. 510 , 33 L. ed. 1099, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 308; Curtner v. United States, 149 U.S. 662 , 37 L. ed. 890, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 985, 1041.
Now, if the government, seeking, in order to discharge its duty to the defendant, to avoid so much of the patent as included this mining claim, is bound by the ordinary rules of equity in respect to laches, etc., a fortiori is it true that when he is the party to the litigation the same equitable rules are binding on him. The government cannot, when acting for him, avail itself of those principles of law which are designed simply for its own protection, and no more can he, in his own litigation, shelter himself behind those principles. It is a private right which he is relying upon, although a right created under the laws of the United States, and as to this private right he is subjected to the ordinary rules in respect to the enforcement and protection of such a right.
Carothers v. Mayer, 164 U.S. 325 , 41 L. ed. 453, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 106, is worthy of notice, for in that case, although not under precisely similar circumstances, it was held that a question arising under the statute of limitations as against a title asserted under the Federal law presented no Federal question, and so also as to equitable rights asserted as against an original right under the laws of Congress. See also Pittsburgh & L. A. Iron Co. v. Cleveland Iron Min. Co. 178 U.S. 270 , 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 931, 44 L. ed. --.
Neither does this case in any of its aspects come within Gibson v. Chouteau, 13 Wall. 92, 20 L. ed. 534. In that case it was held that one who acquired a legal title from the government could not be defeated in respect to that title on the ground that the party in possession had while the title was in the government acquired some equitable rights by possession or otherwise, which might [178 U.S. 205, 215] have been enforced against one who, during all the time, had as an individual held the legal title. In other words, that as no equitable rights could be asserted against the government while it held the legal title, so when it passed the legal title to an individual he acquired all the rights which the government had at the time of the passage of such legal title. So far as that case has any bearing upon this, it tends to support the conclusions of the supreme court of the state of Montana, because here at least the apparent legal title passed to the probate judge, and thereafter to the plaintiff, and it was only an equitable and inchoate ig ht which the defendant was trying to assert.
We conclude, therefore, that the defense of laches, which in its nature is a defense conceding the existence of an earlier legal or equitable right, and affirming that the delay in enforcing it is sufficient to deny relief, is the assertion of an independent defense. It proceeds upon the concession that there was, under the laws of the United States, a prior right, and, conceding that, says that the delay in respect to its assertion prevents its present recognition. For these reasons we are of the opinion the decision of the supreme court of Montana was based upon an independent non-Federal question, one broad enough to sustain its judgment, and the writ of error is dismissed.

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