Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/279/587/
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 20:40:42+00:00

Document:
1. A right of action cannot arise under the Federal Employers' Liability Act upon any other basis than negligence. P. 279 U. S. 589.
2. The carrier cannot be held for negligence under this Act upon the ground that the employee was under sixteen years of age, employed in violation of a statute of the state where the accident occurred forbidding and penalizing the employment of infants of his years for work upon any railroad. P. 279 U. S. 593.
3. The question whether the carrier is so liable is a federal question and is not determined by rulings of the state court holding violations of the state statute to be negligence per se. P. 279 U. S. 593.
Certiorari, 278 U.S. 585, to review a judgment of the Court of Appeals of Kentucky affirming a recovery of damages in an action under the Federal Employers' Liability Act.
Plaintiff is a citizen of Kentucky, and at the time of the suit was between 15 and 16 years of age. Marion Stapleton was his father and guardian. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company is a railway corporation of Virginia, doing an interstate commerce business in Kentucky. The plaintiff and his father were employed by the defendant as section hands, and were engaged in maintaining the railroad and the roadbed for interstate commerce. The plaintiff was directed by his father, who was his foreman, to get water for his companions. In returning with the water, he passed between or under the cars of a train standing on a switch track. The train moved unexpectedly while he was under the cars; he was run over and sustained permanent injury. The evidence showed that the boy was large and well developed, and had been working as a section hand and water carrier for nine months previously.
"Children under sixteen; where not to work."
"No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed, permitted, or suffered (1) to sew or assist in sewing belts in any capacity whatever; (2) nor to adjust any belt to any machinery; . . .(6) nor to work upon any railroad whether steam, electric or hydraulic; (7) nor to operate or assist in operating any passenger or freight elevator. . . ."
punished for the first offense by a fine of not less than fifteen dollars nor more than fifty dollars; for a second offense, by a fine of not less than fifteen dollars and not more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment; for a third or any subsequent offense, by a fine of not less than two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not less than thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. . . ."
"The court instructs the jury that, if they believe and find from the evidence that the defendant Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company employed the plaintiff to work for it as a section hand at a time when he was under 16 years of age, and if they further believe and find from the evidence that the plaintiff, while working for it as a section hand in the course of said employment, was injured at a time when he was under the age of 16 years, then the law is for the plaintiff, and the jury will so find. Unless they so believe, they will find for the defendant."
negligence justifying a recovery under the federal act for injuries received during such employment. Instruction No. 3, as given above, dispenses with any burden on the part of the plaintiff to show that his injury was due to his age.
"By the Federal Employers' Liability Act, Congress took possession of the field of employers' liability to employees in interstate transportation by rail, and all state laws upon that subject were superseded. Second Employers' Liability Cases, 223 U. S. 1, 223 U. S. 55. Seaboard Air Line v. Horton, 233 U. S. 492, 233 U. S. 501. The rights and obligations of the petitioner depend upon that Act and applicable principles of common law as interpreted by the federal courts. The employer is liable for injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence specified in the Act, and proof of such negligence is essential to recovery. The kind or amount of evidence required to establish it is not subject to the control of the several states. This Court will examine the record, and if it is found that, as a matter of law, the evidence is not sufficient to sustain a finding that the carrier's negligence was a cause of the death, judgment against the carrier will be reversed."
In St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern R. Co. v. Hesterly, 228 U. S. 702, it was held that the federal act saves a right of action to relatives for pecuniary loss sustained by the death of the one wrongfully injured, but does not permit a recovery for pain and suffering of the decedent, although, in suits under the state law, such a recovery may be had. See also Michigan Central R. Co. v. Vreeland, 227 U. S. 59.
Employers' Liability Act, but only the common law on that subject as interpreted by the federal courts.
In New York Central R. Co. v. Winfield, 244 U. S. 147, Winfield was a section laborer in interstate commerce. He was tamping a cross-tie and a pebble rebounded and hit his eye. He applied for compensation under a Workmen's Compensation Act of the state. It was held that, as his injury was not due to negligence on part of the railroad and did occur in interstate commerce, the Federal Employers' Liability Act excluded recovery for it.
In North Carolina R. Co. v. Zachary, 232 U. S. 248, the action was brought in a state court of North Carolina to recover damages for the negligent killing of a locomotive fireman of the Southern Railway Company, lessee of the defendant. Under the law of the state, the North Carolina railroad, as lessor of the Southern Railway Company, was held responsible for all acts of negligence occurring in the conduct of business upon the lessor's road, and its liability was extended to employees of the lessee, injured through the negligence of the latter. The state supreme court held that the Federal Employers' Liability Act did not apply. This Court, reversing that court, held that the Federal Employers' Liability Act did apply to the case, and that the case should be submitted to the jury on the issue whether the fireman was engaged in interstate commerce at the time of death.
Western R. Co. v. Slavin, 236 U. S. 454; Chicago, R.I. & P. R. Co. v. Wright, 239 U. S. 548; Wabash R. Co. v. Hayes, 234 U. S. 86.
"If this be so, then it would seem, upon just principles of construction, that the legislation of Congress, if constitutional, must supersede all state legislation upon the same subject, and by necessary implication prohibit it. For, if Congress have a constitutional power to regulate a particular subject, and they do actually regulate it in a given manner, and in a certain form, it cannot be that the state legislatures have a right to interfere, and, as it were, by way of complement to the legislation of Congress, to prescribe additional regulations, and what they may deem auxiliary provisions for the same purpose. In such a case, the legislation of Congress, in what it does prescribe, manifestly indicates, that it does not intend that there shall be any farther legislation to act upon the subject matter. Its silence as to what it does not do is as expressive of what its intention is as the direct provisions made by it. This doctrine was fully recognized by this Court in the case of Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1, 18 U. S. 21-22, where it was expressly held that, where Congress have exercised a power over a particular subject given them by the Constitution, it is not competent for state legislation to add to the provisions of Congress upon that subject, for that the will of Congress upon the whole subject is as clearly established by what it had not declared as by what it has expressed. "
We come, then, to the specific question whether the violation of a statute of a state prohibiting the employment of workmen under a certain age and providing for punishment of such employment should be held to be negligence in a suit brought under the Federal Employers' Liability Act. That the state has power to forbid such employment and to punish the forbidden employment when occurring in intrastate commerce, and also has like power in respect of interstate commerce so long as Congress does not legislate on the subject, goes without saying. But it is a different question whether such a state act can be made to bear the construction that a violation of it constitutes negligence per se or negligence at all under the Federal Employers' Liability Act. The Kentucky act, as we have set it out above, is a criminal act, and imposes a graduated system of penalties. There is nothing to indicate that it was intended to apply to the subject of negligence as between common carriers and their employees. It is true that, in Kentucky and in a number of other states, it is held that a violation of this or a similar state act is negligence per se, and such a construction of the Act by a state court is binding and is to be respected in every case in which the state law is to be enforced. Louisville, H. & St.L. Ry. v. Lyons, 155 Ky. 396; Terry Dairy Co. v. Nalley, 146 Ark. 448; Grand Rapids Trust Co. v. Petersen Beverage Co., 219 Mich. 208; Elk Cotton Mills v. Grant, 140 Ga. 727. But, when the field of the relations between an interstate carrier and its interstate employees is the subject of consideration, it becomes a federal question, and is to be decided exclusively as such.
We have not found any case in which this question has been presented to the federal courts, but there are three or four well reasoned cases in state courts wherein this exact point is considered and decided.
In the case of Smithson v. Atchison, T. & S.F. R. Co., 174 Cal. 148, 162 P. 111, an action was brought under the Federal Employers' Liability Act by an employee against an interstate carrier. The California law provided that no minor under the age of 18 years should be employed between 10 o'clock in the evening and 5 o'clock in the morning, and the trial court charged that, if the jury believed from the evidence that the employment or permission to work at night hours contributed to his injuries, the plaintiff was not guilty of contributory negligence. This was held to be error because of the exclusive provisions of the Federal Employers' Liability Act.
In Petranek v. Minneapolis, St. Paul & S.S. M. R. Co., 240 Mich. 655, where an accident causing an injury to a 16-year-old boy working for a railroad as a section hand occurred while the boy and railroad were engaged in interstate commerce, it was held that the plaintiff could not rely on the violation of a state statute forbidding the hiring of boys under 18 in a hazardous employment as evidence of negligence, but that, in its exercise of its right to control means by which interstate commerce should be carried on, Congress dealt exclusively with the matter of employers' liability to employees for injuries occurring in that commerce.
of Congress, under the commerce clause of the Constitution, does not in any manner trench upon or dislodge the police power of the states over their own local and internal affairs which are reserved to them under the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution."
See also St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern R. Co. v. Steel, 129 Ark. 520.
"The Act covers the entire field under which the employer in interstate commerce shall be liable for injury to its employee likewise engaged. It pertains solely to the relation of master and servant. It does not supersede state legislation outside of this field, nor does it deal with the duties or obligations of either to the public; but it does supersede all state and municipal legislation governing the circumstances under which the master, while within the provisions of the Act, shall be liable for injury to the servant. It follows that the ordinance in question was superseded by the Act of Congress, and was not admissible in evidence."
The citations from these state cases, four of them, seem to show that their effect is confined to the government of the relation between the employer and the employee, between the common carrier and the interstate commerce agent. A different rule might well apply where the issue and the litigation is with reference to the duties of the common carrier in dealing with the public, with passengers or with strangers. The cases cited were decided only after a full examination of the cases on the subject of the Federal Employers' Liability Act in this Court.
The cases chiefly relied on by respondent are cases which were decided before the Federal Employers' Liability Act was passed. A palpable instance of this is the case of Narramore v. Cleveland, C., C. & St.L. R. Co., 96 F. 298. It was a suit of which the federal court took jurisdiction because of diverse citizenship of the parties, but it involved the application of an Ohio statute requiring railroads to block the frogs, switches, and guard rails on their tracks, on penalty of a fine. State statutes relating to duties of the railroad company as a common carrier and enacted to secure the safety of the public are obligations on the company in many ways, but they cannot encroach on the field occupied by admissible federal statutes. Therefore, the Narramore and other cases cited have no application to the present case, because they did not involve the construction or effect of the Federal Employers' Liability Act. Hover & Co. v. Denver & R. Grande Western R. Co., 17 F.2d 881; Star Fire Clay Co. v. Budno, 269 F. 508; Klicke v. Allegheny Steel Co., 200 F. 933; Steel Car Forge Co. v. Chec, 184 F. 868.
for public safety on the enforcement of the state law as against the employees of all railroads, state or interstate. The application of the state statute was not by way of enlargement or contraction of the Federal Employers' Liability Act. See Salabrin v. Ann Arbor R. Co., 194 Mich. 458; Pennsylvania Co. v. Stalker, 67 Ind.App. 329.
We think that the statute of Kentucky, limiting the age of employees and punishing its violation, has no bearing on the civil liability of a railway to its employees injured in interstate commerce, and that application of it in this case was error.

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