Source: http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555816650.ch28
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 09:59:30+00:00

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One of the central players in antifungal immunity is phagocytic cells. Recognition by these cells leads to fungal uptake and killing and the induction of an inflammatory response. The increased risk of fungal infection resulting from perturbations in the levels of the number of phagocytes emphasizes the importance of these cells in the control of mycoses. This chapter covers the mechanisms that phagocytic cells use to recognize, ingest, and kill this pathogen, as well as those mechanisms involved in the induction of inflammatory and adaptive response to these organisms. Although involving multiple interactions with multiple receptors, different phagocytes appear to utilize different combinations of receptors to recognize Candida. Recognition of Candida leads to ingestion of the fungus through the actin-dependent process of phagocytosis. The uptake of Candida involves several different phagocytic mechanisms which depend on the cell type, presence of opsonins, and the morphological form of the fungus. Phagocytes play essential roles in killing extracellular and internalized Candida, and defects in their antimicrobial functions lead to an increased risk of fungal infection. Candida has a number of mechanisms to defend against the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes. The induction of a correct adaptive response to Candida can be influenced by the morphological form of the fungus and the phagocyte receptors with which it interacts.
Cartoon representation of the various morphologies (yeast, hyphae, and pseudohyphae) of C. albicans. Reprinted with permission from Heinsbroek et al. (2005) .
DC phagocytosis of yeast and hyphae of C. albicans. (a) Phagocytosis of yeasts occurs through coiling phagocytosis, whereas (b) phagocytosis of hyphae occurs through a “zipper-like” mechanism. Reprinted with permission from d’Ostiani et al. (2000) .
Transmission electron microscopy image demonstrating C. albicans undergoing yeast-to-hyphal transition following phagocytosis in macrophages. Reprinted with permission from Heinsbroek et al. (2005) .
Exposure of β-glucans, detected by soluble recombinant Dectin-1 (sDectin), on selected regions of Candida yeast, but not hyphae. Reprinted with permission from Gantner et al. (2005) .
Photomicrograph showing the presence of invasive candidiasis in the kidney of a Dectin-1-deficient mouse. Reprinted with permission from Taylor et al. (2007) .
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