Source: https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/handle/11222.digilib/127148
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 10:27:05+00:00

Document:
The role of spoken languages, analogy with present ethnic minorities and high mobility of population allow to refine some questions about the ethnic contacts and chain-loaning of the name Buddha between old Central Asian languages and the role of Tocharian. I start with the comments on Tocharian A and formulation of a new hypothesis of its relation to Tocharian C (§1), then I comment: forms of names in Tocharian A and B (§2), and compare their structure and functional parallelism with the name in Old Turkic (§3). The new etymology of the title χaγan is offered too since the word occurs in the form burχaγan on the manuscript IOL Toch 81 (§4). Further I collect reconstructions of Chinese trancriptions (§5) and offer systematic summary reflecting, that the role of Tocharian diminished in the later stage (§6). To conclude, hypothesis of Tocharian A as endangered but spoken minority language and formulation of the hypothetical relation of Tocharian A to Tocharian C is postulated. The new etymology of the title χaγan as the compound from *ka/ke(y) + *kan "chief-ruler" / "ruler-Lord" is offered. Equivalent forms of the name Buddha in Tocharian and Old Turkic languages document a growing role of the Chinese in the Tarim Basin.
Tento příspěvek doplňuje starší článek autora [Schwarz, Michal. Jméno "Buddha" ve středoasijských jazycích. Lingustica Brunensia, 2009, roč. 57, č. 1-2, s. 61–72] a je výstupem grantu GAP406/12/0655.
 ADAMS, D. Q. 1999. A Dictionary of Tocharian B. Amsterdam – Atlanta: Rodopi.
 BARAT, K. 2000. The Uygur-Turkic Biography of the Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang. Ninth and Tenth Chapters. (Edited and Translated with a Commentary by Kahar Barat). Bloomington: Indiana University – Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
 BARAT, K. 2001. Two Identical Features in the Hexi Dialect. In: Duan Wenjie & Maomuyabo (eds.). Dunhuangxue yu Zhongguo shi yanjiu lunji: jinian Sun Xiushen xiansheng shishi yi zhounian wenji. Lanzhou: Gansu renmin chubanshe. 333–342.
 BAXTER, W. H. 1992. A Handbook of Chinese Phonology. Berlin – New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
 BECKWITH, Ch. I. 2007. Koguryo. The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives. An Itroduction to The Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages. With a Preliminary Description of Archaic Northeastern Middle Chinese. Second Edition. Leiden – Boston: Brill.
 BLAŽEK, V. – SCHWARZ, M. 2008. Tocharians. Who they were, where they come from and were they lived. Lingua Posnaniensis 50, 47–74. In: V. Blažek. Tocharian Studies. Works 1. Ed. M. Schwarz. Brno: Masaryk University, 2011. 113–147.
 BOYCE, M. 1977. A Word-list of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian. Téhéran-Liège: Bibliothèque Pahlavi (Acta Iranica 9a).
 BURROW, T. 1935. Tokharian Elements in the Kharoṣṭhī Documents from Chinese Turkestan. Journal of Royal Asiatic Society (1935). 667–675.
 CARLING, G. – PINAULT, G.-J. & WINTER, W. 2009. Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A. Volume 1: A-J. Wiesbaden. Harrassowitz Verlag.
 CLAUSON, G. 1972. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
 DE LA VAISSIÈRE, É. 2005. Sogdian traders: a history. Transl. J. Ward. (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section eight, Central Asia; v. 10). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
 DURKIN-MEISTERERNST, D. 2004. Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian. Turn-hout, Brepols (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum. Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. Vol. III. Texts from Central Asia and China. Pt. 1; ed. N. Sims-Williams).
 EDGERTON, F. 1953. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. Volume I. Grammar./ Volume II. Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press.
 GABAIN, A. von. 1950. Alttürkische Grammatik. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.
 HANSEN, V. 2005. The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800. In: E. de la Vaissiere and E. Trombert (eds.). Les Sogdiens en Chine. Paris: Ecole Francaise d‘Extreme Orient. 283–310.
 JI, XIANLIN. 2006a (repr. of 1947). Futu yu fo. In Wang Shuying (ed.). 2006. Ji Xianlin lun fojiao. Beijing: Huayi chubanshe. 33–45.
 JI, XIANLIN. 2006b (repr. of 1989). Zai tan "futu" yu "fo". In: Wang Shuying (ed.). 2006. Ji Xianlin lun fojiao. Beijing: Huayi chubanshe. 47–61.
 KANE, D. 1989. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Bloomington: Indiana University.
 KANE, D. 2009. The Kitan Language and Script. (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8: Central Asia, Vol. 19). Leiden – Boston: Brill.
 LI, SHUHUI. 2010. Wugusi he huihu yanjiu. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
 LIM, ANKING. 2010. A Sinitic Historical Phonology: Phonological Restructuring of Written Chinese under the 5th-Century Turkic Sinification. (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 40). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
 LIN, MEICUN. 1998. Qilian and Kunlun – The Earliest Tokharian Loan-words in Ancient Chinese. In: V. H. Mair (ed.). The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Vol. I. Washington – Philadelphia, Institute for the Study of Man Inc. 476–482.
 LUBOTSKY, A. 1994. The original paradigm of the Tocharian word for 'king'. In: B. Schlerath (ed.). Tocharisch. Akten der Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft. Berlin, September 1990 (Tocharian and Indo-European Studies, Supplementary Series 4). Reykjavík. 66–72.
 LUO, XIN. 2009. Zhonggu beizu minghao yanjiu. Studies on the Titulary of Medieval Inner Asian Peoples. Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe.
 MALZAHN, M. 2007. The Most Archaic Manuscripts of Tocharian B and the Varieties of the Tocharian B Language. In. Melanie Malzahn (ed.). Instrumenta Tocharica. Heidelberg: Winter. 255–295.
 MAUE, D. 2008a. The equaniminty of the Tathāgata. In: Zieme, P. (ed.). 2008. Aspects of Research into Central Asian Buddhism. In memoriam Kōgi Kudara. (Silk Road Studies XVI). Turnhout: Brepols. 179–190.
 MAUE, D. 2008b. Three languages on one leaf. On IOL Toch 81 with special regard to the Turkic part. BSOAS 71, 1 (2008), 59–73.
 NORMAN, J. 1978. A Concise Manchu-English Lexicon. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press.
 PEYROT, M. 2008. Variation and Change of Tocharian B. Amsterdam – New York: Rodopi.
 PEYROT, M. 2010. Proto-Tocharian Syntax and the Status of Tocharian A. Journal of Indo-European Studies 38, No. 1 & 2. 132–146.
 PINAULT, G.-J. 1998. Tocharian Languages and Pre-Buddhist Culture. In: Mair, V. (ed.). The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Washington: The Institute for the Study of Man – The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications. 358–371.
 PINAULT, G.-J. 2007. Concordance des manuscrits tokhariens du fonds Pelliot. In: M. Malzahn (ed.). Instrumenta Tocharica. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter. 163–219.
 PINAULT, G.-J. 2008. Chrestomathie tokharienne: textes et grammaire. Leuven: Peeters.
 POUCHA, P. 1955. Thesaurs linguae tocharicae dialecti A. (Monografie Archivu orientálního, Vol. XV, Institutiones linguae tocharicae, Pars I). Praha: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství.
 PULLEYBLANK, E. G. 1991. Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: UBC Press.
 PÜREV, O. (Ed.). 2006. Mongolyn tüüxijn atlas. Ulaanbaatar: Zurag züj & Admon.
 RAMSTEDT, G. J. 1949. Studies in Korean Etymology. Helsinki : Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
 SCHUESSLER, A. 2007. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
 SCHWARZ, M. 2009. Jméno 'Buddha' ve středoasijských jazycích. Lingustica Brunensia 57. 61–72.
 SCHWARZ, M. – Blažek, V. 2012. Tunguzské jazyky – přehled, klasifikace a současný stav. Linguistica Brunensia 60. 147–170.
 TEKIN, T. 1968. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Bloomington: Indiana University.
 TROMBERT, E. 2011. Pour une réévaluation de la colonisation des contréesd'Occident au temps des Han. Journal Asiatique, Vol. 299, 67–123.
 ULVING T. 1997. Dictionary of Old and Middle Chinese: Bernhard Karlgren's Grammata Serica Recensa Alphabetically Arranged. Goteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
 WINTER, W. 1963. Tocharians and Turks. In D. Sinor (ed.). Aspects of Altaic Civilization. Indiana University Publications, Ural and Altaic Series 23. 239–251.
 WINTER, W. 1987. Tocharian B ñakte, A ñkät 'god'. Two nouns, their derivatives, their etymology. JIES 15, 297–325.
 YU, SHUJIAN. 2012. Dunhuang fodian yuci he suzi yanjiu. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.

References: V. 
 V. 
 v. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.