Source: https://privateinvestigator360.com/gps-tracking-laws-50-states/
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 11:07:46+00:00

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Alabama Code of Ala. § 13A-11-32(a) Criminal surveillance. A person commits the crime of criminal surveillance if he intentionally engages in surveillance while trespassing in a private place.
(ii) Use any electronic, digital or global positioning system device to surveil a specific person or a specific person’s internet or wireless activity continuously for twelve hours or more or on two or more occasions over a period of time, however short, without authorization.
California Cal. Penal Code § 637.7 Use of electronic tracking device to determine person’s location; Consensual use to track vehicle (a) No person or entity in this state shall use an electronic tracking device to determine the location or movement of a person.
(b) This section shall not apply when the registered owner, lessor, or lessee of a vehicle has consented to the use of the electronic tracking device with respect to that vehicle.
(c) This section shall not apply to the lawful use of an electronic tracking device by a law enforcement agency.
Colorado C.R.S. 18-3-602 Stalking – penalty – definitions – Vonnie’s law The phrase “under surveillance” includes electronic surveillance that records a person’s whereabouts as that person moves from one location to another and allows the stalker to access that information either simultaneously or shortly thereafter. People v. Sullivan, 53 P.3d 1181 (Colo. App. 2002).
Connecticut Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-181f(a) Electronic stalking: Class B misdemeanor. (a) A person is guilty of electronic stalking when such person recklessly causes another person to reasonably fear for his or her physical safety by wilfully and repeatedly using a global positioning system or similar electronic monitoring system to remotely determine or track the position or movement of such other person.
Knowingly installs an electronic or mechanical location tracking device in or on a motor vehicle without the consent of the registered owner, lessor or lessee of said vehicle. This paragraph shall not apply to the lawful use of an electronic tracking device by a law-enforcement officer, nor shall it apply to a parent or legal guardian who installs such a device for the purpose of tracking the location of a minor child thereof.
There was sufficient evidence to find defendant guilty of violating 11 Del. C. § 1335(a)(2), where defendant attached a global positioning system tracking device to the undercarriage of the victim’s car, recording the movements and location of the vehicle; a person has an expectation of privacy inside that person’s vehicle. Biddle v. State, 2006 Del. Super. LEXIS 599 (Del. Super. Ct. Feb. 14, 2006).
District of Columbia D.C. Code § 22-3132(1) Chapter 31A. Stalking. Definitions “Any device” means electronic, mechanical, digital or any other equipment, including: a camera, spycam, computer, spyware, microphone, audio or video recorder, global positioning system, electronic monitoring system, listening device, night-vision goggles, binoculars, telescope, or spyglass.
Florida Fla. Stat. § 934.425(2) Installation of tracking devices or tracking applications; exceptions; penalties. Except as provided in subsection (4), a person may not knowingly install a tracking device or tracking application on another person’s property without the other person’s consent.
(1)(c) “Tracking device” means any device whose primary purpose is to reveal its location or movement by the transmission of electronic signals.
Hawaii HRS § 711-1106.5(1) Harassment by stalking (1) A person commits the offense of harassment by stalking if, with intent to harass, annoy, or alarm another person, or in reckless disregard of the risk thereof, that person engages in a course of conduct involving pursuit, surveillance, or nonconsensual contact upon the other person on more than one occasion without legitimate purpose.
Illinois 720 ILCS 5/21-2.5(b) Electronic tracking devices prohibited A person or entity in this State may not use an electronic tracking device to determine the location or movement of a person.
Troeckler v. Zeiser, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27594 (S.D. Ill. Mar. 5, 2015) (Plaintiffs’ invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion and civil conspiracy claims with respect to placement of the GPS tracking device dismissed).
(1) A device that stores geographic data for subsequent access or analysis.
(2) A device that allows real-time monitoring or movement.
Wertz v. State, 41 N.E.3d 276, 286 (Ind. Ct. App. July 7, 2015) (There is a reasonable expectation of privacy in detailed historical location data from a personal GPS device. Absent exigent circumstances, law enforcement must obtain a search warrant to access such information.).
Iowa Iowa Code § 708.11A Unauthorized placement of global positioning device 1. A person commits unauthorized placement of a global positioning device when the person, without the consent of the other person, places a global positioning device on the other person or an object in order to track the movements of the other person without a legitimate purpose.
ACT 613 SENATE BILL NO. 123 “Global positioning monitoring system” means a system that electronically determines and reports the location of an individual by means of an ankle bracelet transmitter or similar device worn by the individual that transmits latitude and longitude data to monitoring authorities through global positioning satellite technology but does not contain or operate any global positioning system technology or radio frequency identification technology or similar technology that is implanted in or otherwise invades or violates the corporeal body of the individual.
Maine 17-A M.R.S. § 210-A(2)(A) Stalking “Course of conduct” means 2 or more acts, including but not limited to acts in which the actor, by any action, method, device or means, directly or indirectly follows, monitors, tracks, observes, surveils, threatens, harasses or communicates to or about a person or interferes with a person’s property. “Course of conduct” also includes, but is not limited to, threats implied by conduct and gaining unauthorized access to personal, medical, financial or other identifying or confidential information.
3. Any communication from a tracking device.
Indisputably, the use of slap on GPS devices on Wilford’s vehicles qualifies as a search under Jones. And, according to the “basic rule,” warrantless searches are per se unreasonable.
Massachusetts ALM GL ch. 265, § 43 Stalking Whoever (1) willfully and maliciously engages in a knowing pattern of conduct or series of acts over a period of time directed at a specific person which seriously alarms or annoys that person and would cause a reasonable person to suffer substantial emotional distress, and (2) makes a threat with the intent to place the person in imminent fear of death or bodily injury, shall be guilty of the crime of stalking and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than 5 years or by a fine of not more than $ 1,000, or imprisonment in the house of correction for not more than 21/2 years or by both such fine and imprisonment. The conduct, acts or threats described in this subsection shall include, but not be limited to, conduct, acts or threats conducted by mail or by use of a telephonic or telecommunication device or electronic communication device including, but not limited to, any device that transfers signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photo-electronic or photo-optical system, including, but not limited to, electronic mail, internet communications, instant messages or facsimile communications.
(a) Installs or places a tracking device, or causes a tracking device to be installed or placed, in or on a motor vehicle without the knowledge and consent of the owner of that motor vehicle or, if the motor vehicle is leased, the lessee of that motor vehicle.
(b) Tracks the location of a motor vehicle with a tracking device without the knowledge and consent of either the owner or the authorized operator of that motor vehicle or, if the motor vehicle is leased, either the lessee or the authorized operator of that motor vehicle.
(3) a communication from a tracking device, defined as an electronic or mechanical device which permits the tracking of the movement of a person or object.
Mississippi Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-107 Stalking; aggravated stalking; penalties; definitions (a) “Course of conduct” means a pattern of conduct composed of a series of two (2) or more acts over a period of time, however short, evidencing a continuity of purpose and that would cause a reasonable person to fear for his or her own safety, to fear for the safety of another person, or to fear damage or destruction of his or her property. Such acts may include, but are not limited to, the following or any combination thereof, whether done directly or indirectly: (i) following or confronting the other person in a public place or on private property against the other person’s will; (ii) contacting the other person by telephone or mail, or by electronic mail or communication as defined in Section 97-45-1; or (iii) threatening or causing harm to the other person or a third party.
Nebraska R.R.S. Neb. § 86-2,103 Mobile tracking device; use. (1) A district court may issue a warrant or other order for the installation of a mobile tracking device, and such order may authorize the use of that device within the jurisdiction of the court and outside that jurisdiction if the device is installed in that jurisdiction.
(2) For purposes of this section, mobile tracking device means an electronic or mechanical device which permits the tracking of the movement of a person or object.
Nevada Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 179.451 “Tracking device” defined. “Tracking device” means an electronic or mechanical device that permits the tracking of the movement of a person or an object.
Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 179.421 179.421. “Electronic communication” defined.
3. A communication from a tracking device.
New Hampshire RSA 644-A:1(VI) Chapter 644-A Electronic Device Location Information “Location information service” means a global positioning service or other mapping or directional information service.
RSA 644-A:2 Warrant Required for Acquisition of Location Information.
I. Except as provided in this chapter, a government entity shall not obtain location information from an electronic device without a warrant issued by a judge based on probable cause and on a case-by-case basis.
II. No government entity shall place, locate, or install an electronic device on the person or property of another, or obtain location information from such an electronic device, without a warrant issued by a judge based on probable cause and on a case-by-case basis.
New Jersey N.J. Stat. § 2A:156A-2 Chapter 156A. New Jersey Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance Control Act “Location information” means global positioning system data, enhanced 9-1-1 data, cellular site information, and any other information that would assist a law enforcement agency in tracking the physical location of a cellular telephone or wireless mobile device.
Villanova v. Innovative Investigations, Inc., 21 A.3d 650, 651-652 (App.Div. 2011) (Placement of a GPS device in plaintiff’s vehicle without his knowledge, but in the absence of evidence that he drove the vehicle into a private or secluded location that was out of public view and in which he had a legitimate expectation of privacy, does not constitute the tort of invasion of privacy.).
New Mexico N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-3A-3 Stalking; penalties A. Stalking consists of knowingly pursuing a pattern of conduct, without lawful authority, directed at a specific individual when the person intends that the pattern of conduct would place the individual in reasonable apprehension of death, bodily harm, sexual assault, confinement or restraint of the individual or another individual.
(2) “pattern of conduct” means two or more acts, on more than one occasion, in which the alleged stalker by any action, method, device or means, directly, indirectly or through third parties, follows, monitors, surveils, threatens or communicates to or about a person.
New York NY CLS Penal § 120.45 Stalking in the fourth degree For the purposes of subdivision two of this section, “following” shall include the unauthorized tracking of such person’s movements or location through the use of a global positioning system or other device.
Knowingly install, place, or use an electronic tracking device without consent, or cause an electronic tracking device to be installed, placed, or used without consent, to track the location of any person.
North Dakota N.D. Cent. Code, § 12.1-17-07.1(1)(c)(2) Stalking (2) The unauthorized tracking of the person’s movements or location through the use of a global positioning system or other electronic means that would cause a reasonable person to be frightened, intimidated, or harassed and which serves no legitimate purpose.
Ohio ORC Ann. 2903.211 Menacing by stalking Trial court properly adopted a magistrate’s decision, which granted a wife a domestic violence civil protection order against her estranged husband, as she sufficiently established that he committed menacing by stalking based on her testimony regarding multiple occurrences where he stalked her, he did so knowingly, he admitted to installing a tracking device in her car, and his actions had caused her to suffer a “break down.” Barrett v. Barrett, 2017-Ohio-250, 2017 Ohio App. LEXIS 250 (Ohio Ct. App., Warren County 2017).
Oregon ORS § 133.617 “Mobile tracking device” defined As used in ORS 133.545 and 133.619, unless the context requires otherwise, “mobile tracking device” means an electronic or mechanical device which permits the tracking of the movement of a person or object.
Execution of warrant authorizing mobile tracking device.
(1) A warrant authorizing the installation or tracking of a mobile tracking device shall be executed as provided in this section.
Pennsylvania 18 P.S. §43(a) Disclosure of mobile communications tracking information in emergency situations Notwithstanding 18 Pa.C.S. Ch. 57 (relating to wiretapping and electronic surveillance), upon receipt of a written form from an investigative or law enforcement officer, a wireless telecommunications service provider shall provide the requested mobile communications tracking information concerning the device to the requesting investigative or law enforcement officer.
Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-69-1(a)(1) Electronic tracking of motor vehicles Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, it is an offense for a person to knowingly install, conceal, or otherwise place or use an electronic tracking device in or on a motor vehicle without the consent of the operator and all occupants of the vehicle for the purpose of monitoring or following the operator, occupant, or occupants of the vehicle.
South Dakota S.D. Codified Laws § 23A-35-4.3 Search warrant for installation, use, and maintenance of tracking devices. (a) Tracking Device Defined. As used in this section the term tracking device means an electronic or mechanical device which permits the tracking of the movement of a person or object.
(b) Contents. A search warrant for a tracking device may be issued by any magistrate authorized in § 23A-35-2 for the installation, use, and maintenance of a tracking device. There must be probable cause to search and seize property as set forth in this chapter and that such installation and use of this device will lead to the discovery of evidence under § 23A-35-3. The tracking device warrant must identify the person or property to be tracked, designate the magistrate to whom it must be returned, and specify a reasonable length of time that the device may be used. The time may not exceed 45 days from the date the warrant was issued. The court may, for good cause, grant one or more extensions for a reasonable period not to exceed 45 days each. The warrant must command the officer to complete any installation authorized by the warrant within a specified time no longer than 10 days.
Tennessee Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-606 39-13-606. Electronic tracking of motor vehicles. (a) (1) (A) Except as provided in subsection (b), it is an offense for a person to knowingly install, conceal or otherwise place an electronic tracking device in or on a motor vehicle without the consent of all owners of the vehicle for the purpose of monitoring or following an occupant or occupants of the vehicle.
(B) It is an offense for a person who leases a motor vehicle to knowingly install, conceal, or otherwise place an electronic tracking device in or on the motor vehicle without the consent of the lessee of the vehicle.
Texas Texas Penal Code § 16.06(b) Unlawful Installation of Tracking Device A person commits an offense if the person knowingly installs an electronic or mechanical tracking device on a motor vehicle owned or leased by another person.
(d) any communication from an electronic or mechanical device that permits the tracking of the movement of a person or object.
Utah Code Ann. § 77-23a-4 Offenses — Criminal and civil — Lawful interception.
PRIVACY ACT “Protected user information” means electronic communication content, including the subject line of e-mails, cellular tower-based location data, GPS or GPS-derived location data, the contents of files entrusted by a user to an electronic communication service pursuant to a contractual relationship for the storage of the files whether or not a fee is charged, data memorializing the content of information accessed or viewed by a user, and any other data for which a reasonable expectation of privacy exists.
Virginia Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-60.5(A) Unauthorized use of electronic tracking device; penalty Any person who installs or places an electronic tracking device through intentionally deceptive means and without consent, or causes an electronic tracking device to be installed or placed through intentionally deceptive means and without consent, and uses such device to track the location of any person is guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor.
“Electronic tracking device” means an electronic or mechanical device that permits a person to remotely determine or track the position and movement of another person.
(iii) Any communication from a tracking device, but solely to the extent the tracking device is owned by the applicable law enforcement agency.
W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3 Interception of communications generally.
(6m) Photographing, videotaping, audiotaping, or, through any other electronic means, monitoring or recording the activities of the victim. This subdivision applies regardless of where the act occurs.
8. Placing an object on or delivering an object to property owned, leased, or occupied by the victim.
9. Delivering an object to a member of the victim’s family or household or an employer, coworker, or friend of the victim or placing an object on, or delivering an object to, property owned, leased, or occupied by such a person with the intent that the object be delivered to the victim.

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