Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/253/330/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 08:38:41+00:00

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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 253 › United States v. North American Co.
When the government, without condemnation proceedings, appropriates with legislative authority private property for a public use, it impliedly promises to pay therefor, but, in order that the government be liable, it must appear that the officer taking possession of the property is authorized so to do by Congress or by the official on whom Congress conferred the power. P. 253 U. S. 333.
Secretary of War, and since this approval occurred within six years before the commencement of this suit, the suit was not barred by § 156 of the Judicial Code. P. 253 U. S. 333.
The President's order reserving a tract largely public land "subject to any legal rights which may exist to any land within its limits" did not mean that private land actually occupied for a public use was not taken, but merely that the right to compensation was recognized, and, in any event, the continued occupation of the private land and the erection of buildings thereon was such an appropriation as would give rise to a cause of action against the government. P. 253 U. S. 334.
The right to bring a suit against the United States in the Court of Claims for private property taken for a public purpose without condemnation proceedings is not founded on the Fifth Amendment, but on the existence of an implied contract to pay the value of the property as of the date of the taking, and interest may not be added, because of § 177 of the Judicial Code. P. 253 U. S. 335.
While interest might be allowed in condemnation proceedings instituted by the United States against the owner of property taken for a public purpose, as compensation for the use and occupation of the land prior to the passage of the title, it cannot be recovered in a suit in the Court of Claims against the United States. P. 253 U. S. 336.
value of a placer mining claim situated on the public land near Nome, Alaska, which is alleged to have been taken by the government on December 8, 1900, and also compensation for use and occupation thereof after that date. Ownership of the property by the company and the physical taking and continued possession of it by the government were not controverted. The lower court found also that, about July 1, 1900, Gen. Randall, United States Army, commanding the Department of Alaska, took possession, as a site for an army post, of a large tract of public land which included the mining claim. The company yielded possession of the part occupied by it, being unable to withstand his authority, but at the same time it demanded compensation, which Gen. Randall promised would be paid. Use of the site for an army post was thereafter recommended by him to the Secretary of War. Pursuant to this recommendation, the President issued, on December 8, 1908, an order by which the tract was reserved from sale and set aside for military purposes, and, on December 20, 1908, the Secretary of War announced it as a public reservation, for the present under the control of the War Department. The tract has been used as an army post continuously since possession was first taken by Gen. Randall. The buildings erected thereon are situated on that portion of the land which had been the company's placer claim, so that at no time since Gen. Randall took possession of the land has the company been able to operate its claim or do any further mining work thereon.
six years -- that is, on December 8, 1900 -- and that its then reasonable value was $23,800. It entered judgment for that amount. 53 Ct.Cls. 424. Both parties appealed -- the government on the ground that the right of recovery, if any, was barred, the company on the ground that no compensation was allowed for the use and occupation between the date of the taking and the date of entry of judgment.
First. When the government, without instituting condemnation proceedings, appropriates for a public use under legislative authority private property to which it asserts no title, it impliedly promises to pay therefor. United States v. Great Falls Manufacturing Co., 112 U. S. 645; United States v. Lynah, 188 U. S. 445, 188 U. S. 462, 188 U. S. 465; United States v. Kelly, 243 U. S. 316; United States v. Cress, 243 U. S. 316, 243 U. S. 329. But, although Congress may have conferred upon the Executive Department power to take land for a given purpose, the government will not be deemed to have so appropriated private property merely because some officer thereafter takes possession of it with a view to effectuating the general purpose of Congress. See Ball Engineering Co. v. J. G. White & Co., 250 U. S. 46, 250 U. S. 54-57. In order that the government shall be liable, it must appear that the officer who has physically taken possession of the property was duly authorized so to do, either directly by Congress or by the official upon whom Congress conferred the power.
the army post should be established and what land should be taken therefor. Compare Nahant v. United States, 136 F. 273; 153 F. 520; United States v. Certain Lands in Narragansett, R.I., 145 F. 654. Power to take possession of the company's mining claim was not vested by law in Gen. Randall, and the Secretary of War had not, so far as appears, either authorized it or approved it before December 8, 1900. It was only after the President reserved from sale and set aside for military purposes the large tract of land in which the company's mining claim was included that the Secretary of War took action which may be deemed an approval or ratification of what Gen. Randall had done. What he had done before that date, having been without authority, and hence tortious, created no liability on the part of the government. Higo v. United States, 194 U. S. 315, 194 U. S. 323. Since the cause of action arose after December 7, 1900, this suit was not barred by § 156 of the Judicial Code.
The suggestion is made that, as the President's order reserved the land "subject to any legal rights which may exist to any land within its limits," the Secretary's action thereafter was not a taking of the mining claim. But this clause and the reference to it in the announcement made by the Secretary must, in view of the circumstances, have meant merely that the right to compensation of the company and of any others was preserved. Furthermore, the suggestion, if sound, would not aid the government; it would result, at most, in slightly postponing the date of the legal taking. For the continued holding possession of the land after the announcement of the Secretary of War and the erection of buildings thereon by his authority was such an appropriation as would, in any event, give the right of action against the government.
thereof from that date to the date of the judgment -- a period of nearly 20 years during which the company was deprived of the use of its property. This contention is based upon the decisions of many state courts that, upon the taking of private property for public uses, the owner is entitled to recover, besides its value at the time of the taking, interest thereon from the date on which he was deprived of its use to the date of payment. [Footnote 1] In a number of cases in the lower federal courts, also, the landowner has been permitted to recover interest from the time of the taking; but in each such case a statute had provided in some form that the condemnation should be conducted according to the laws of the state in which the land was situated, and, under the law of the state, interest was recoverable. United States v. Engeman, 46 F. 898; Town of Hingham v. United States, 161 F. 295, 300; United States v. Sargent, 162 F. 81; United States v. First National Bank, 250 F. 299; United States v. Rogers, 257 F. 397; United States v. Highsmith, 257 F. 401. These conformity provisions, which relate only to the laws of states, can have no application to lands in Alaska, nor can they affect proceedings brought in the Court of Claims.
"No interest shall be allowed on any claim up to the time of the rendition of judgment thereon by the Court of Claims, unless upon a contract expressly stipulating for the payment of interest."
See Tillson v. United States, 100 U. S. 43.
Congress, in thus denying to the court power to award interest, adopted the common law rule that delay or default in payment (upon which, in the absence of express agreement, the right to recover interest rests), cannot be attributed to the sovereign. United States v. North Carolina, 136 U. S. 211, 136 U. S. 216. That rule had theretofore been uniformly applied in our executive departments except where statutes provided otherwise. United States v. Sherman, 98 U. S. 565, 98 U. S. 567-568. So rigorously is the rule applied that, in the adjustment of mutual claims between an individual and the government, the latter has been held entitled to interest on its credits although relieved from the payment of interest on the charges against it. United States v. Verdier, 164 U. S. 213, 164 U. S. 218-219. This denial of interest, like the refusal to tax costs against the United States in favor of the prevailing party, Stanley v. Schwalby, 162 U. S. 255, 162 U. S. 272; Pine River Logging Co. v. United States, 186 U. S. 279, 186 U. S. 296, and the refusal to hold the United States liable for torts committed by its officers and agents in the ordinary course of business, Crozier v. Krupp, 224 U. S. 290, are hardships from which, with rare exceptions, William Cramp & Sons, etc. v. Curtis Turbine Co., 246 U. S. 28, 246 U. S. 40-41, Congress has been unwilling to relieve those who either voluntarily deal with the government or are otherwise affected by its acts.
can recover only on a cause of action existing at the time the suit was brought. The loss to the company of the use of $23,800, which is found to be the value of the mining claim when it was taken nearly 20 years ago, must be deemed to be due in part to its delay in instituting the suit, and in part to the delays of litigation, for which it may have been largely responsible. But as, in either event, the loss of the use of the money results from the failure to collect sooner a claim held to have accrued when the company's property was taken, that which the company seeks to recover is, in substance, interest, and that Congress has denied to the Court of Claims power to allow.
Furthermore, if it is not interest which the company seeks, the facts found fail to supply the basis on which any claim in addition to that for the value of the property should rest. The petition states that the United States is indebted to claimant in addition to the $100,000, alleged to be the value of the property, the further sum of $7,500 per annum for the use and occupancy thereof from December 8, 1900. Except for this allegation, the company did not, so far as appears, make any request of any kind in the court below in respect to an allowance for use and occupation. The court does not mention the subject in the opinion, and it is not referred to in the application for an appeal.
In Shoemaker v. United States, 147 U. S. 282, 147 U. S. 321, and Bauman v. Ross, 167 U. S. 548, 167 U. S. 598, to which both counsel refer, the point here decided was not involved, since the court held that, under the express terms of the acts there in question, the United States were not entitled to possession of the land until the damages had been assessed and actually paid.
See cases collected in 15 Cyc. pp. 930, 931, and in 10 R.C.L. p. 163.
Compare Moll v. Sanitary District, 228 Ill. 633, 636; Irrigation Co. v. McLain Co., 69 Kan. 334, 341-342; Kidder v. Oxford, 116 Mass. 165; Hamersley v. New York, 56 N.Y. 533, 537; Sioux City R. Co. v. Brown, 13 Neb. 317, 319; Atlantic & Great Western Ry. Co. v. Koblentz, 21 Ohio St. 334, 338.

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