Source: http://dueprocessillinois.org/petties.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 00:35:25+00:00

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all [District of Columbia Public Schools ("DCPS") ] students currently placed in private special education schools or receiving special education and/or related services from a private third party provider, all [DCPS] students placed in public schools who currently are receiving related services from private providers, and all [DCPS] students who have been determined by an administrative decision or by agreement with the DCPS to be eligible to receive services from private providers (including private placements).
The plaintiffs in the Skerritt case are David Skerritt, an eleven-year-old child with emotional and learning disabilities, and his mother.
Defendants have placed numerous DCPS students in private special education facilities pursuant to their obligation to provide an appropriate placement for these students. Similarly, defendants have entered into contracts or other agreement[s] with private firms or other entities for the provision of special education related services to students attending public schools within the [DCPS] system. Defendants are required by law to maintain these students' placements and related services by paying the costs thereof.
Defendants have not paid the costs of private special education placements or related services either fully or on a current or timely basis for at least the 1994-1995 school year. Consequently, defendants have violated the IDEA and other laws and regulations intended to ensure that DCPS students with special education needs receive a free, appropriate education.
Unless defendants fully and immediately fund all DCPS students currently in private special education placements and/or receiving related services from private providers and, in addition, give adequate written assurances that such payments will be made on a current basis in the future, many, if not all of those students will have those placements and/or services terminated, and there is no indication that appropriate alternative placements will be available to meet the students' individual needs.
3. Defendants' failure to pay the outstanding costs of special education placements and/or related services as to which defendants claim there is a "dispute."
Petties v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 95-0148, Order To Show Cause (D.D.C. Apr. 25, 1995).
In the Skerritt case, the Court granted plaintiffs' motion directing the defendants to show cause why they should not be held in contempt with respect to their notification to David Skerritt's school that they would not pay tuition or provide transportation for him after June 9, 1995. Skerritt v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 94-2451, Order (D.D.C. Apr. 25, 1995). The defendants responded to the orders to show cause, and the Court heard argument from counsel in both cases on May 4, 1995.
A party is in contempt of court when it "violates a definite and specific court order requiring him to perform or refrain from performing a particular act or acts with knowledge of that order." Whitfield v. Pennington, 832 F.2d 909, 913 (5th Cir.1987) (citing SEC v. First Financial Group of Texas, Inc., 659 F.2d 660, 669 (5th Cir.1981)), cert. denied, Pennington v. McLaughlin, 487 U.S. 1205, 108 S.Ct. 2846, 101 L.Ed.2d 883 (1988).
In a civil contempt proceeding, the moving party has the burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that (1) a court order was in effect, (2) the order required certain conduct by the respondent, and (3) the respondent failed to comply with the court's order. Petroleos Mexicanos v. Crawford Enterprises, Inc., 826 F.2d 392, 401 (5th Cir.1987); see NLRB v. Blevins Popcorn Co., 659 F.2d 1173, 1183-85 (D.C.Cir.1981); SEC v. Current Financial Services, Inc., 798 F.Supp. at 806. The court need not find that the violations were willful or intentional. SEC v. Current Financial Services, Inc., 798 F.Supp. at 806; NOW v. Operation Rescue, 747 F.Supp. 772, 774-75 (D.D.C.1990).
Civil contempt is a remedial device intended to achieve full compliance with a court's order. Hicks v. Feiock, 485 U.S. 624, 631-32, 108 S.Ct. 1423, 1429-30, 99 L.Ed.2d 721 (1988); Petroleos Mexicanos v. Crawford Enterprises, Inc., 826 F.2d at 399-400. Its goal is not to punish but to exert only so much authority of the court as is required to assure compliance. See Mercer v. Mitchell, 908 F.2d 763, 768 n. 9 (11th Cir.1990); Matter of Trinity Industries, Inc., 876 F.2d 1485, 1494 (11th Cir.1989); NOW v. Operation Rescue, 747 F.Supp. at 774. The sanctions imposed in civil contempt proceedings therefore ordinarily are conditional, and a person or entity held in civil contempt may avoid the sanctions by promptly complying with the court's order. Hicks v. Feiock, 485 U.S. at 632-35, 108 S.Ct. at 1429-31; Penfield Co. v. SEC, 330 U.S. 585, 590, 67 S.Ct. 918, 921, 91 L.Ed. 1117 (1947).
The Court finds that when the defendants notified private special education schools that, after June 9, 1995, they will not pay tuition or provide transportation for DCPS students placed in those schools, they were in contempt of this Court's March 17, 1995, orders. The Court finds, however, that defendants are not in contempt of this Court's Order with respect to the other two matters raised by the plaintiffs in the Petties case.
By letter dated March 24, 1995, one week after the Court entered its Preliminary Injunction, defendant Dr. B. Garnett Pinkney, Director, Special Education Branch, the Logan School, sent notification to directors of all special education private schools in which DCPS students have been placed, advising them that the District of Columbia Public Schools will be closed early this year due to the current financial crisis faced by the District of Columbia government, that the last day of school for all DCPS students is June 9, 1995, and that all DCPS employees, including school bus drivers, would be furloughed from June 12 through June 23, 1995. Dr. Pinkney advised the directors of these schools that tuition for the private placements and bus transportation for DCPS students to private schools for special education therefore would be terminated as of June 9, 1995. Letter from Dr. B. Garnett Pinkney to All Special Education Private School Directors, Exhibit B to Memorandum in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Show Cause Order in Civil Action No. 95-0148, and Exhibit 2 to Memorandum in Support of Plaintiffs' Motion for Show Cause Order in Civil Action No. 94-2451; Affidavit of Dr. B. Garnett Pinkney, Exhibit 1 to Defendants' Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Show Cause in Civil Action No. 95-0148, at pp 4, 7, and Exhibit 3 to Defendants' Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Show Cause in Civil Action No. 94-2451, at pp 4, 7. The defendants did not advise either the plaintiffs or this Court before announcing this policy.
Plaintiffs in both the Petties and Skerritt cases maintain that the unilateral decision not to pay tuition and not to provide transportation services after June 9, 1995, are violations of both the IDEA and this Court's March 17 Orders. Defendants, on the other hand, maintain that it was permissible for them to decide that the school year will now end on June 9, 1995, instead of June 23, 1995, for all DCPS students, both regular students and special education students with special needs, and that all students must share equally in the consequences of the District's fiscal crisis that has required shortening the school year. Defendants argue that because they are treating all DCPS students equally--regular education students, special education students in public schools and special education students in private schools--they are providing the equal treatment intended by the IDEA and recognized by this Court in Mills v. Board of Education, 348 F.Supp. 866, 876 (D.D.C.1972), and Cox v. Brown, 498 F.Supp. 823, 830 (D.D.C.1980).
As the Court noted in its Opinion of April 4, 1995, the purpose of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act is to assure that children with disabilities have available to them a free and appropriate public education that addresses their unique needs. Petties v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 95-0148, Opinion at 3-4 (D.D.C. Apr. 4, 1995); see 20 U.S.C. ss 1400 et seq. To assure that this goal is met, the IDEA directs the child's parents, teachers and other professionals to develop an Individualized Education Program ("IEP") for each special education student that sets forth the required instructions and services designed to meet the particular child's unique needs. 20 U.S.C. s 1401(a)(20). Once the IEP is developed, the school system is required to provide an appropriate placement that meets those needs and, if an appropriate public placement is unavailable, the school system must provide an appropriate private placement or make available educational-related services provided by private organizations to supplement a public placement. 20 U.S.C. s 1401(a)(20); 34 C.F.R. ss 300.340-300.350, 300.400-300.403.
The statute further provides that once a placement has been made, agreed to or determined to be appropriate after an administrative hearing, a school system proposing to change the placement must provide written notice to the student's parents and an explanation of why the school system proposes to take the action. It may not change a student's placement without the parents' agreement or a determination in an administrative due process hearing that the change in placement is appropriate and permissible under the IDEA. 20 U.S.C. sec. 1415; 34 C.F.R. secs. 300.504, 300.505, 104.36. As the Court previously held, maintenance of the placement includes full payment for the program in which the student is placed. Petties v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 95-0148, Opinion at 7 (D.D.C. Apr. 4, 1995).
The defendants' arguments have a surface appeal because they suggest the equal treatment of all students, whether regular education students in public schools or special education students wherever placed. Upon closer examination, however, it is apparent that the decisions made by the defendants not only violate the statutory requirements of the IDEA and applicable regulations, but also in fact fail to provide equal treatment for all students. As the Court previously held, It may not change a student's placement without the parents' agreement or a determination in an administrative due process hearing that the change in placement is appropriate and permissible under the IDEA or the provision of related services without an administrative due process hearing. Petties v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 95-0148, Opinion at 7 (D.D.C. Apr. 4, 1995); see Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 327, 108 S.Ct. 592, 606, 98 L.Ed.2d 686 (1988) (citing Burlington School Comm. v. Massachusetts Dept. of Education, 471 U.S. 359, 373, 105 S.Ct. 1996, 2004, 85 L.Ed.2d 385 (1985)); Zvi D. By Shirley D. v. Ambach, 694 F.2d 904, 906 (2d Cir.1982); Fisher v. District of Columbia, 828 F.Supp. 87, 88-89 (D.D.C.1993). Stopping the payment of funds for students who are placed in another institution whose school year does not coincide with the shortened school year of the District of Columbia constitutes such a unilateral change in placement.
The decision of the DCPS to shorten the school year for students attending the DCPS schools has no bearing on what is appropriate, and therefore required, under the IDEA for students whose needs cannot be met within the DCPS schools. The decision to apply the shortened school year to such special education students violates the IDEA by unilaterally modifying the IEPs that have been designed, agreed upon or directed for each individual student based on his or her unique needs. Defendants' unilateral decision to cut off funding for private special education placements on June 9, 1995, is the same type of unilateral policy decision that undermines the individualized educational decision inherent in the IEP, and it violates the IDEA. See Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. at 327, 108 S.Ct. at 606; Zvi D. By Shirley D. v. Ambach, 694 F.2d at 906; Fisher v. District of Columbia, 828 F.Supp. at 89.
The same is true with respect to the unilateral decision not to provide transportation to the private placement schools after June 9, 1995. The IDEA provides that transportation is a related service that a public school system is required to provide as part of its obligation to provide a free, appropriate public education for students with disabilities. 20 U.S.C. sec. 1401(a)(17); 34 C.F.R sec. 300.16. If the District of Columbia chooses to furlough school bus drivers as a part of its effort to ameliorate the fiscal crisis, it is free to do so. But in order to meet its statutory obligations under the IDEA, it must provide alternative transportation for special education students until the end of each student's school year. It may only be relieved of this obligation if it provides the requisite administrative hearing required before a placement can be changed or modified. 20 U.S.C. s 1415(b), (d); 34 C.F.R. ss 300.504-300.505.
The defendants' equality of treatment argument does not withstand scrutiny. While it is true that all regular education students in public schools will have their school year shortened, they at least will be treated equally with their peers. In contrast, if special education students who attend private schools are not funded after June 9, 1995, they will be removed from ongoing programs and will not be permitted to complete the full curriculum for the year that their peers in their respective schools will complete. In addition, those students who are in diploma programs or IEP certificate programs will be deprived of the opportunity to take final exams for the year and thus likely will not be promoted to the next grade in school. Thus, the very harms that were of concern to the Court in deciding to grant the Preliminary Injunction will be exacerbated for these students, children of tender ages who are already physically or emotionally disabled and are less able than most to cope with physical or emotional stress. See Petties v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 95-0148, Opinion at 7-11, 14-15 (D.D.C. Apr. 4, 1995).
Finally, the defendants, by their unilateral actions, taken only one week after the Court entered its Preliminary Injunction and without notice to the Court or to the plaintiffs, clearly violated the decision of this Court that required the defendants, inter alia, to "give written assurances, in a form satisfactory to the Court, that future payments for the costs of any and all private special education placements of DCPS students and for the provision of related services by private providers will be made on a current basis...." Petties v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 95-0148, Preliminary Injunction at 3 (D.D.C. Mar. 17, 1995). The Court intervened in the first place because the defendants' unilateral and ad hoc decisions had led numerous private providers to threaten to displace DCPS students, to deny re-enrollment of the current students for the next school year, and to reject any further placements from the DCPS because of underpayment and late payment of bills. The Court's Order was intended, in part, to give these private providers confidence that they would be paid on a timely basis and that they no longer needed to fear disruptive payment practices on the part of the defendants with respect to the DCPS students who had been placed with them.
The letter sent by Dr. Pinkney so soon after the Court entered its Order has undermined the purpose and intent of the Court's Order and has only served to perpetuate "the consequences suffered by the plaintiffs from the uncertainties associated with the DCPS' payment practices." Petties v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 95-0148, Opinion at 13 (D.D.C. April 4, 1995). Defendants' actions constitute a contempt of this Court's clear and unambiguous orders. The Court concludes, however, that the only sanction that is required at this time is to direct the defendants promptly to meet their statutory obligations to continue to fund placements and related services until the conclusion of the school year in each school in which DCPS students have been placed.
The plaintiffs in the Petties case argue that the defendants are also in contempt of the Court's March 17 Order because they have failed and continue to fail to pay promptly or fully the cost of placements for students in the plaintiff class whose tuition, related services or both are to be funded by the District of Columbia Department of Human Services ("DHS"), rather than by the District of Columbia Public School System. The defendants contend that DHS invoices are not covered by the Court's Order because none of the representative plaintiffs are funded by DHS, because the representative plaintiffs cannot adequately represent the interests of the students funded by DHS, and because it has always been defendants' understanding that the students covered by the Court's Order were only those funded by DCPS.
The Court's Order on this issue is at best unclear, and the defendants therefore are not in contempt of the Order for not making full or timely payments for DHS-placed or DHS-invoiced students. See Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President, Office of Admin., 1 F.3d 1274, 1289 (D.C.Cir.1993); D. Patrick, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 8 F.3d 455, 460-62 (7th Cir.1993). Furthermore, the Court never intended by its March 17 Order to cover such students. With the exception of one declaration not cited or relied upon by the Court in its April 4, 1995, Opinion explicating its reasons for granting the Preliminary Injunction, all the evidence presented to the Court as the basis for the Preliminary Injunction related to students placed and funded by the DCPS, not by DHS.
During the course of the argument on the motion to show cause, counsel for the parties in the Petties case made a number of representations that only underscore the fact that there was insufficient evidence before the Court on which it could have reached the DHS issue when it issued its Preliminary Injunction. For example, counsel for the District of Columbia represented that many of the students funded by DHS have been placed not as the result of an administrative hearing under the IDEA, but rather by judges of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia in the context of neglect, child abuse or delinquency cases. Other students have been referred to DHS by the DCPS because the DCPS has concluded that such students may require residential placements. Counsel for plaintiffs acknowledged that these references may occur either before or after an administrative determination has been made under the procedures set forth in the IDEA and that there may or may not be an IEP in place for these students.
Plaintiffs in the Petties case maintain that defendants have failed to make certain payments required by the Court's Order. The defendants have agreed to pay some of these amounts but are disputing or require additional information about others. Some invoices from private providers, they maintain, go back to 1991 and they need more documentation from the affected schools before authorizing payments. Plaintiffs argue that defendants' failure to pay these disputed amounts violates the Court's Order that defendants must pay all outstanding amounts in full. Because insufficient evidence has been presented to establish whether defendants have legitimate disputes regarding amounts allegedly owing, however, the Court will not hold defendants in contempt with respect to this issue. In any event, procedures that the parties will either consent to or that will be implemented by Court order will ensure that legitimately disputed invoices will be addressed in a timely manner.
In addition to its other requirements, the Court's Order of March 17, 1995, in the Petties case contemplated that mechanisms would be put in place for the monitoring of defendants' compliance with the Order. It required defendants to provide "written assurances, in a form satisfactory to the Court," that future payments will be made on a current basis and to provide reports on a regular basis regarding defendants' compliance with the Court's Order. Petties v. District of Columbia, C.A. No. 95-0148, Preliminary Injunction at 3 (D.D. C. Mar. 17, 1995). The defendants have presented certain information to the plaintiffs and made a proposal regarding procedures by which defendants would provide such monitoring and regularly file reports in order to comply with the Court's Preliminary Injunction. The plaintiffs have made a submission to the Court regarding defendants' proposal.
As plaintiffs have correctly stated, the defendants' conduct to date and their proposal for monitoring and reporting do not satisfy the intent of the Court's Order to provide certainty to the special education providers and to eliminate the defendants' practice of responding in a piecemeal fashion to their statutory obligations. At the show cause hearing, the Court asked the parties to attempt to agree on a proposed order to put adequate procedures in place for monitoring and reporting that satisfy the intent of the Court's order and to provide adequate guarantees to providers. If they cannot do so, plaintiffs are to submit a proposed order to the Court. The Court suggested that the procedures to be proposed also should suggest a process or mechanism to resolve the outstanding costs and disputed claims.
For the reasons stated in this Opinion, the Court finds the defendants in contempt of the Court's Orders of March 17, 1995, with respect to the unilateral announcement to private providers that they will not pay tuition or provide transportation after June 9, 1995, for DCPS students placed in those schools. The Court will enter orders in the Petties and Skerritt cases this same day directing that payments for such placements and services be made in a timely fashion as required by the IDEA.
The Court denies the request of plaintiffs in the Petties case to hold defendants in contempt for their failure to pay all outstanding costs for special education placements, related services or both for which DHS has been invoiced. The Court's Order of March 17 did not cover such placements and services. The Court also denies the request of plaintiffs in the Petties case to hold defendants in contempt for failure to pay all outstanding costs for private special education services, related services or both as to which defendants claim there is a dispute. This issue will be dealt with in a separate procedural order that the Court will issue to implement paragraphs 3 and 4 of its March 17 Preliminary Injunction after receiving a submission from the parties.
FURTHER ORDERED that the parties shall submit by May 19, 1995, a proposed order that implements paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Court's March 17, 1995, Preliminary Injunction and outlines a process or procedure to dispose of outstanding costs and disputed claims.

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