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Notes on the Diplomatic Relations of England and France, 1603-1688.
The lists which follow have been compiled in order to facilitate the study of the relations of England and France during the Stuart period. The absence of any published lists of English ambassadors anterior to 1790 is a great obstacle to the systematic study of the foreign policy of Great Britain. The printed list of ambassadors originally inserted by Beatson in his Political Index, 1806, and continued by Haydn and Ockerby, begins with the year 1760. (See Haydn, Book of Dignities, ed. H. Ockerby, London, 1890, pp. 112-137). It is hoped some time to continue the present list from 1688 to 1760, and also to complete it by adding similar lists dealing with the relations of England to other European states. It seemed desirable, however, to print this as it stands, because it was needed for immediate use by pupils. For their benefit also an attempt has been made to show where the original despatches of each particular ambassador are to be found, and what part of them is accessible in print.
A list of ambassadors from France to England is equally essential for reference. That which follows is based on the list of French ambassadors in England from 1509 to 1714, drawn up by M. Armand Baschet, and printed in the Appendix to the 37th Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records (pp. 180-197). The references to MSS. in the Bibliothéque Nationale are given on the authority of M. Baschet. To them, for the convenience of students, there have been added a number of references to books and collections of documents in which letters, instructions, and extracts from the correspondence of the various ambassadors are accessible in print. Lists of the transcripts of the correspondence of these ambassadors made under the direction of M. Baschet, and transmitted to the Record Office, are contained in Reports 40-47 of the Deputy iv Keeper of the Public Records. Since these transcripts cover the whole of the period from 1603 to 1688 a general reference to them is sufficient, and they are not specially mentioned in the notice devoted to each particular ambassador, but the value of this splendid series to students cannot be overestimated. They are accessible to all searchers at the Public Record Office.
A catalogue of French ambassadors to England made by John Holmes, and covering the period from 1351 to 1741, is to be found in the British Museum (Add. MSS. 20761-4). He compiled also a similar catalogue of English ambassadors to Foreign States, 1335-1770 (Add. MSS. 20765-6). Both are too defective to be of much use. The lists given by Mr. F. S. Thomas in his Historical Notes are better, but also very defective, being (as he explains) merely references jotted down for his own use. In 1903 the French government published the first volume of an Inventaire Sommaire des Archives des Affaires Etrangères—Correspondance Politique. It contains, besides a brief indication of the contents of the volumes of letters and documents catalogued, a list of French ambassadors and agents employed in England. As it omits those whose papers are not in the Archives of the French Foreign Office, it is less complete than Baschet's list, and there are many discrepancies both as to names and dates between the two lists. References to this Catalogue are inserted in these Notes as Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, with the number of the volume added.
In the case of standard books of which several editions exist it will be convenient to state here the edition referred to. References to Dr. Gardiner's History of England and its continuations are to the cabinet edition in crown 8vo. Those to Macaulay are to the cabinet edition in eight volumes published in 1858, and those to Dalrymple's Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland to the edition of 1790. In the case of Ranke's History of England the translation published at Oxford in 1875 has been used, and for Guizot's works on Oliver and Richard Cromwell the translations in two volumes by A. R. Scoble.
ENGLISH AMBASSADORS AND DIPLOMATIC AGENTS IN FRANCE (1603—1688).
Ralph Winwood was resident in France till Jan., 1603. Elizabeth sent Sir Thomas Parry as ambassador thither in Aug., 1602, and James I reaccredited him to Henry IV (Birch, View of the Negotiations between England, France, and Brussels, p. 203; Kermaingant, Mission de Christophe de Harlay, i. 52, 74, 93, 110). Parry remained in France till the Spring of 1606. His letter of recall is undated: his recredentials dated Mar. 3, 1606, and second recredentials, April 15, 1606 (State Papers, France, vol. 53; Kermaingant, ii. 318-9). Many letters from Parry to Cecil are in vols. 49-53 of State Papers, France.
Instructions Oct., 1605 (State Papers, France, vol. 52). Carew entered Paris Dec. 13, and had audience Dec. 28, 1605 (ib., cf. Kermaingant, i. 269, 278; ii. 319). His recredentials from Henry IV are dated Oct. 2, and his last letter from Paris Sept. 25, 1609 (ib., vol. 55). On Oct. 15 Carew was back in England. Letters from Carew to Salisbury are contained in State Papers, France, vols. 52-55. See also Birch, View of the Negotiations, pp. 222, 233, 253, and Winwood State Papers, vol. ii, p. 195. On his return Carew drew up a Relation of the State of France, with the character of Henry IV, &c. , which is printed in full by Birch, pp. 415-528. The Relation is now in the British Museum, Add. M.S. 33,846.
Instructions about May 14, 1610 (State Papers, France, vol. 56). Arrives in Paris May 24 (ib.; see also Birch, View of the Negotiations, pp. 301, 313, 405: Winwood Papers, iii. 173). Edmondes returned to England Feb., 1614, and was there till end of March about a match with the second daughter of France (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1611-18, pp. 225-8). Instructions on going again to France, July 17, 1614 (State Papers, France, vol. 62). Warrant for commission to Hay and Edmondes concerning the marriage treaty, May, 1616 (ib., vol. 65). Recredentials from Louis XIII, Dec. 18, 1616 (ib., vol. 66). Edmondes was in England from about Dec. 21, 1616, to the beginning of May, 1617. Arrived in Paris about June 2, 1617 (ib., vol. 67; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1611-18, pp. 415, 422, 466). He returned to England again Nov., 1617, and was made Treasurer of the Household in Jan., 1618. The State Papers and Correspondence of Sir T. Edmondes, 12 vols., folio, are now in the British Museum, Stowe MSS. 166-177. Letters from him are in State Papers, France, vols. 56-67. Letters to him from Secretary of State, May, 1610, to Feb., 1612, are in Foreign Entry Book, 165.
Edward, Lord Wotton, ambassador extraordinary to the Queen of France.
Sent Aug., 1610, to get treaty of Aug. 19 sworn to (Birch, View of the Negotiations, pp. 323-5). Instructions (State Papers, France, vol. 56; Foreign Entry Book, 165; Stowe MS. 177, p. 131). Back in England Oct., 1610.
At Paris, 1609-1611. Wrote numerous letters to Salisbury from Paris (State Papers, France, vols. 55-58). Report that he was to succeed Edmondes from Oct., 1616 (Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1611-18, pp. 399, 465, 483). Recalled Oct., 1618 (ib., p. 583). Letters to the king and Sir T. Lake in 1617-8 (State Papers, France, vols. 67-8).
James, Lord Hay, ambassador extraordinary.
Sent about June, 1616, to negotiate a match between the Princess Christina and the Prince of Wales. Commission dated June 8 (Rymer, xvi. 788). Returns to England Oct., 1616 (Birch, View of the Negotiations, p. 398; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1611-18, pp. 397-8; Nichols, Progresses of James I, iii. 177, 183; Wilson, James I, p. 92; 7 Gardiner, History of England, ii. 391-4). Joint letters from Edmondes and Ha)' to Winwood (State Papers, France, vol. 66).
Sir Edward Herbert, afterwards Lord Herbert of Cherbury, ambassador extraordinary, and afterwards ordinary.
Instructions May, 1619 (Powysland Collections, vi. 417; Life of Lord Herbert, ed. Lee, p. 332). Writes from Paris to Earl of Pembroke May 2, 1619 (State Papers, France, vol. 68). Recalled from France for challenging Luynes, July, 1621 (ib., vol. 69; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1619-23, p. 276). Letters, May, 1619—Feb., 1620, in Add. MS. 7082; other letters in Harleian MS. 1581, and Egerton MS. 2598. Selections printed by Lee, Life of Lord Herbert, pp. 337-353, and by Gardiner, Relations between England and Germany, ii. 12-185. For his own account of his embassy, see Life, pp. 183-226. Herbert was sent again to France in June, 1622 and in Jan. 1623, and writes from Paris Jan. 18-28, 1623 (State Papers, France, vol, 71). Recalled April 14, 1624; recredentials dated June 9 (Harleian MS., 4593). Letters in State Papers, France, vols. 71-2. See also Lee, Life of Lord Herbert, pp. 229-252; Cabala, p. 231; and Tenth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., Pt. iv, MSS. of the Earl of Powis.
James Hay, Viscount Doncaster, ambassador extraordinary.
Sent July, 1621; writes from France Aug., 1621 (State Papers, France, vol. 69). Returned to England Feb. 16, 1622 (Court and Times of James I, i. 295). Recredentials Feb. 10-20 (State Papers, France, vol. 70). Sent to France again end of March, 1622, writes from Paris April 14, returns to London July 26, 1622 (State Papers, France, vol. 70; Court and Times of James I, i. 324). Sent a third time to Paris Feb., 1623, makes but a short stay, and follows Prince Charles to Spain (State Papers, France, vol. 71; Court and Times of James I, i. 371-4, 397).
Henry Rich, Lord Kensington, afterwards Earl of Holland, ambassador extraordinary.
To be sent to France (Dec, 1623) on proposed marriage treaty (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1623-5, p. 124). Sets out Feb., 1624 (ib.., p. 158). Arrived at Paris Feb. 20 (State Papers, France, vol. 72). Credentials undated (ib., vol. 8 7l). Draft of commission to Kensington and James Hay, Earl of Carlisle, Mar. 31 (Cal S. P. Dom., 1623-5, p. 203). Instructions to Kensington and Carlisle May 17, and further instructions, undated (State Papers, France, vol. 72). Kensington returns to England June, 1624 (Cal. S. P. Dom.., 1623-5, p. 283). Recredentials June 18-28 (State Papers, France, vol. 72). Sent back to France as Earl of Holland in July (ib., p. 312). Credentials to King and Queen of France July 21 and 23 (Foreign Entry Book, 166). Instructions, undated (Harleian MS. 1584). Marriage treaty signed Nov. 10. For letters, see Cabala, pp. 286-294; Clarendon State Papers, vol. ii. Appendix, ii-xxiv; State Papers, France, vols. 72-75. Letters to Carlisle and Holland from Conway and from them to him (Hardwicke State Papers, i. 523-570).
James Hay, Earl of Carlisle, joint ambassador with Kensington (see above).
Embarks for France May 19, 1624; back in London Dec. 3, 1624; in Paris again Jan., 1625 (State Papers, France, vols. 73-75).
Despatched to France Sept., 1624, with order to conclude the marriage articles, &c. (Cat. S. P. Dom., 1623-5, pp. 333-4; Court and Times of James I, ii. 475, 492). Was sent from the King of France with letters to James I just at the time of the latter's death, and was apparently sent back as agent. See letter of April 13 (Foreign Entry Book, 166; State Papers, France, vol. 74; Court and Times of Charles I, i. 9, 22, 29).
Goes to Paris to fetch Queen Henrietta Maria, arrives May 14, 1625. He is accompanied by Albertus Morton to negotiate a league (State Papers, France, 75; Gardiner, V. 330). See Clarendon State Papers, vol. ii. Appendix p. XXV. Hardwicke State Papers, i. 571. Instructions from Buckingham to the fleet appointed to transport the Queen, June 4, 1625 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1625-6, p. 38).
Appointed ambassador to France about March 17, 1625 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1623-5, p. 502). Instructions actually drafted Dec. 27, 1625 (ib., 1625-9, Pp. ^T^, 182). Final instructions, April 30, 1626 (State Papers, France, vol. 9 78). Still spoken of as to be ambassador in ordinary in France with the Duke of Buckingham joined with him as ambassador extraordinary Dec. 1, 1626 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1625-6, p. 485).
Employed as messenger between the ambassadors and King James in 1624-5, spoken of as 'agent' in May, 1625 (State Papers, France, vol. 75). Died about Sept. 29, 1625 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1625-6, p. 154). See Hardwicke State Papers, i. 542-6, 555; Cabala, p. 294.
Sent to France in Nov. 1625. Returned bringing promises of restitution of ships and peace Feb., 1626. Sent to France again in Feb. and Sept. 1626 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1625-6, pp. 155, 246, 254, 258; Foreign Entry Book, 167).
Henry Rich, Earl of Holland, and Sir Dudley Carleton, ambassadors extraordinary.
Credentials Dec. 30, 1625 (Foreign Entry Book, 166). Instructions Dec. 30 (Rymer, xviii. 256; State Papers, France, vol. 76). Recredentials April 4, 1626 (ib., vol. 78). See Gardiner, History of England, vi. 39, 43, 61-5, 89; also Report on the MSS. of Earl Cowper, i. 254-7.
Appointed to manage affairs concerning merchants' goods in the vacancy of an ambassador (Foreign Entry Book, 167). Instructions from Sec. Conway July 13, 1626 (State Papers, France, vol. 79). Letters in vols. 79-81 and 83.
Sir Dudley Carleton, afterwards Viscount Dorchester, ambassador.
Credentials July 16 (Foreign Entry Book, 168) also July 23, 1626, with Instructions of same date (State Papers, France, vol. 79). See Gardiner, History of England, vi. 135; Court and Times of Charles I, i, 138, 141, 145, 155; Ludlow, Memoirs, ed. 1751, p. 459. Carleton's last letter from Paris is dated Sept. 26; his recredentials dated Oct. 3 (State Papers, France, vols. 79-81).
Employed in France on the king's service from March 28, 1626, to Dec, and possibly later (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1625-6, pp. 579. 582; ib., 1627-8, p. 390). Letters in State Papers, France, vols. 78-81.
Proposed ambassador to France, Nov. and Dec, 1626 (Gardiner, History of England, vi. 146-8). Instructions undated (State Papers, France, vol. 81; Court and Times of Charles I, i, 179, 194).
In Paris July, 1627 (Foreign Entry Book, 167).
Sent to Paris with overtures of peace by Buckingham, Sept., 1627 (Gardiner, History of England, vi. 181; Lettres de Richelieu, ii. 609, 620; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1627-8, p. 359).
Sent in 1627 on a secret mission to the Dukes of Savoy and Lorraine, arrested as he passed through Lorraine and lodged in the Bastille, about Dec, 1627 (Gardiner, History of England, vi. 167, 218; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1627-8, pp. 240, 243, 248, 251, 267, 290; Court and Times of Charles I, i. 303-7, 317; Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 42). Sent to Cardinal Richelieu Oct., 1628, on pretence of exchanging prisoners, but in reality to open negotiations (Gardiner, vi. 365); see Cal. S. P. Dom., 1628-9, p. 345; Court and Times of Charles I, i. 410, 412-4.
Sir Thomas Edmondes, ambassador extraordinary.
Instructions, June 11, 1629 (Stale Papers, France, vol. 84). First letter from Paris, July 2 (ib.). Audience, July 7—17 (ib.). Credentials, Oct. 13 (Foreign Entry Book, 167). Further credentials, Oct. 13, 1629 (State Papers, France, vol. 85). Recredentials, Feb. 13, 1630 (State Papers, France, vol. 86). Left Paris, March 6, 1630. Letters in State Papers, France, vols. 84-6. See Report on the MSS. of Earl Cowper, ii. 138.
Secretary to Edmondes during his embassy. Left as agent in the interval between the departure of Edmondes 11 and the arrival of Wake. Remained in Paris till 1636 (State Papers, France, vols. 86-102).
Arrived in Paris, April, 1631. Writes concerning his first audience, May 2, 1631. Dies at Paris, June, 1632. Letters in State Papers, France, vols. 88-91. Rymer, xix. 302.
Henry Rich, Earl of Holland.
Had audience and was entertained by the Queen Regent, May 27, 1631 (State Papers, France, vol. 89).
William Murray, of the Bedchamber.
Sent on a private mission to the Queen Mother in 1632. Instructions (State Papers, France, vol. 92).
Jerome Weston, afterwards Lord Weston, ambassador extraordinary (?).
Sent to Turin via Paris, 1632. Instructions, July 24, 1632 (State Papers, France, vol. 92). First letter from Paris, Aug. 16, 1632. Recredentials Sept. 11, 1632 (ib). (See Gardiner, History of England, vii. 204, 214, 216; and Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, iv. 332).
René Augier, agent at Paris.
First employed in May, 1629 (Report on the MSS. of Earl Cowper, i. 421). Many letters of his from Paris in 1633, 1634 and subsequent years. In July, 1636, it was decided to recall both Augier and De Vic, who was also agent, and De Vic's letters cease at the end of the year. In May, 1640, Leicester writes that Augier is an unnecessary charge, and on May 22 it is said that he has taken his leave at the French Court (State Papers, France, vols. 92-109). Lord Herbert writes My secretary for the French tongue (1619) was one Monsieur Ozier, who was afterwards the King's agent in France (Life ed. Lee, p. 197; Report on the MSS. of Earl Cowper, ii. 33, 84, 186). See also Strafford Letters (ii. 58) showing Augier was in London about Feb., 1637.
John, Viscount Scudamore, ambassador in ordinary.
Instructions June, 1635, and supplementary instructions undated (State Papers, France, vol. 98. Original instructions 12 dated June 9, 1635, are in the British Museum, Add. MS. 1 1044, f. 57. Makes his entry, Sept. 4, 1635. Further instructions, Nov. 9, 1635 (State Papers, France, vol. 99; printed in Clarendon State Papers, i. 393). Recredentials, Feb. 18-28, 1639. Leaves Paris, Mar. 2, 1639. Correspondence with Coke and Windebanke, State Papers, France, vols. 97-107. See also Cal. Clarendon State Papers, i. 71, Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, vi. 184 and Masson, Life of Milton, i. 749-759. The letter-book of Scudamore while in France, Aug., 1635—Jan., 1639, is in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 35097. See also Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 46, 47.
Robert Sydney, Earl of Leicester, ambassador extraordinary.
Appointed ambassador Feb. 29, 1636 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1636-7, p. 225). Instructions April 28 (State Papers, France, vol. 101). Additional instructions May 9 (ib.; printed in Collins' Sydney Papers, ii. 374). Instructions Sept. 22, 1636 (Report on the MSS. of Earl Cowper, ii. 141). Additional instructions April 28, 1639 (State Papers, France, vol. 139). Leicester was in London in May, 1638, for some weeks, and again from March to the end of July, 1639. On June 2, 1641, he was declared Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, but his letters of recall are dated July 13, 1641, and he took leave on Sept. 2. A long series of Leicester's letters are printed by Collins, Sydney Papers, ii. 374-600; others are in State Papers, France, vols. 101-111. Many letters to him from Secretary of State in Foreign Entry Book, 170. See also Gardiner, History of England, viii. 161, 163, 211; Report on the MSS. of Earl Cowper, ii. 213, 285.
Sent to Paris to obtain the release of the Elector Palatine (see Gardiner, History of England, ix. 70). He had audience of Louis XIII, Dec. 17, 1639, and of Richelieu Dec. 19 (Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, vi. 665-6).
William Kerr, third Earl of Lothian.
Agent sent by Charles I to secure the renewal of the privileges of the Scots in France. Instructions dated Jan. 10, 1643 (Ancram and Lothian Papers, i. 142; Fotheringham, Correspondence of Jean de Montereul, i. 1 1; Salomon, Frankreichs Beziehungen zu dem Schottischen Aufstand, Berlin, 1890, p. 55).
George, Lord Goring, afterwards Earl of Norwich, ambassador extraordinary.
Entered Paris Dec. 5, 1643, and had audience Dec. 23 (Diary of John Evelyn). A letter of his to Queen Henrietta Maria, dated Jan. 15, 1644, was intercepted with other documents, in consequence of which Goring was impeached by the Long Parliament. See the old Parliamentary History, xiii. 17-25; State Papers, France, vol. 111; Cal. Clarendon Papers, i. 247; Chéruel, Lettres de Mazarin, ii. 326, 344, 369, 380. For other particulars see Pepys, Diary, Feb. 3, 1661.
Richard, afterwards Sir Richard Browne.
Was secretary to Wake (State Papers, France, vol. 88), and is spoken of in 1638 as agent at Paris (Cal. Clarendon Papers, i. 163). The letter of recall from Charles I to Leicester, presenting at the same time Browne as agent, is dated July 13, 1641. Leicester took leave of the Queen Sept. 2, and presented Browne (State Papers, France, vol. 111). His general instructions, dated July 23, 1641, are printed in Evelyn's Diary (iv. 230-2; cf. Cal. Clarendon Papers, i. 412). In them he is styled agent. Revocation of Browne as resident May 16, 1657 (Cal. Clarendon Papers, iii. 293). Political and private correspondence of Sir R. Browne, 1641-60, Add. MS. 34702 : see Evelyn, Diary, iv, 238-325, also Add. MSS. 15857-8.
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LONG PARLIAMENT, THE COMMONWEALTH, AND THE PROTECTOR.
René Augier, agent, afterwards resident.
According to his declaration printed in the Commons Journals in Oct., 1650, he was sent to France by the Long Parliament Oct. 26, 1644 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1644-5, p. 73), arrived at Paris Dec. 2, and remained there till Sept., 1649 (C. J., vi. 494-6). On Aug. 9, 1651, the Council of State voted £1008 16s. 8d., due for his services as Resident in France, and on May 20, Frost, the clerk of the Council, was ordered to certify that Augier had served the Parliament of England as their agent at Paris from Nov., 1644, until six months since, when he was recalled (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1651, pp. 209, 311). Letters from Augier are printed in Cary's Memorials of the Civil War, i. 5, 32, 41, 56, 72, 155. See also Cal. Clarendon Papers, i. 413. Augier was again employed as agent at Paris for the Protector in Jan., 1656 (Thurloe Papers, vi. 347, 374).
Employed as agent in France in 1651 on commercial matters (Cary, Memorials, ii. 264; Report on the Duke of Portland's MSS., i. 405).
Sent by the Protector as envoy to the Duke of Savoy, and charged with letters for Mazarin and Louis XIV (July 29, 1655) on behalf of the Vaudois (Masson, Life of Milton, v. 190; Guizot, Cromwell and the English Commonwealth, ii. 221, 514; Thurloe Papers, iii. 696, 734).
Colonel, afterwards Sir William, Lockhart, ambassador.
On Feb. 29, 1655/6, the Council of State advised that he be sent as resident to France (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1655/6, p. 204). Credentials April 9 (?), 1656 (Masson, Life of Milton, v. 251; Hamilton, Milton Papers, pp. 9, 10). Instructions (State Papers, France, vol. 113, undated). Lockhart embarked for France April 14-24, 1656 (Thurloe Papers, iv. 728, 739). Audience of the King, May 8, 1656 (ib., iv. 771; v. 8, 21). Further instructions as to a league with France (ib., v. 41). Returned to England Dec, 1656 (ib., v. 609, 667, 694). See also, Guizot, Cromwell and the English Commonwealth, ii. 241, 552, 572; Chéruel, Ministére de Mazarin, iii. 10-36; Gardiner, History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, iv. 242-8.
Lockhart was sent back to France in Jan., 1657 (Thurloe Papers, v. 794). Had audience of Mazarin, March 9-19 (ib., v. 104, 107). Treaty signed, March 13-23; text first completely printed by Guizot (Cromwell and the English Commonwealth, ii. 377, 563; Chéruel, Ministére de Mazarin, iii. 52-58). Lockhart paid a flying visit to England in April, 1658 (Thurloe, vii. 70). On the capture of Dunkirk, June 15-25, 1658, it was handed over to the English forces, and he became its governor (Thurloe, vii. 175-466). On the fall of Richard Cromwell and the re-establishment of the republic, he accepted the new government and asked leave to return to England (Thurloe, vii. 670). He was ordered to proceed to Paris in Sept., 1658, by Richard Cromwell's government, in order to raise a loan (Guizot, Richard Cromwell, i. 238, 241, 250; ii. 246, 249), was back in England in Dec, 1658 (ib., i. 261), and was sent to Paris again in March, 1659 (ib., i. 312, 322, 326, 352, 361, 380; Valfrey, Hugues de Lionne, p. 267). On the establishment of the republic Lockhart was again chosen to represent England at Paris (Guizot, i. 410, 421, 426, 428). His choice was approved by Parliament on June 13, 1659 (Commons Journals, vii. 682), but he did not start till July (ib., vii. 701). From Paris he was ordered to Bayonne to watch the negotiations which ended in the treaty of the Pyrenees (Guizot, 16 i. 428, 431, 434-6; Chéruel, Ministère de Mazarin, iii. 251, 288; Valfrey, Hugues de Lionne, pp. 313-317). Several letters written by Lockhart were intercepted and are to be found amongst the Clarendon State Papers (vol. iii, pp. 338, 539-549). He was ordered home in Oct., 1659, returned to his command at Dunkirk in Dec, 1659, and remained there till May, 1660, when he was superseded by Col. Edward Harley (Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, new series, vol. xviii, pp. 95, 115; Commons Journals, vii. 795).
Letters from Lockhart during these various missions in France are to be found in State Papers, France, vols. 113, 114, and some are printed in the Calendar of Domestic State Papers for the years in question. A still larger number are printed in the Thurloe Papers, the originals of which are amongst the Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodleian Library. His account for his expenses is printed in Thurloe Papers (vi. 681). Avenel's LLettres de Mazarin, vols. vii-ix., contain references to the Cardinal's negotiations with Lockhart. See also Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 56, 68-71, 74.
Sent on a special mission, without title of ambassador, to compliment Louis XIV in May, 1658. Credentials, not dated (Masson, Life of Milton, v. 390). Fauconberg set out May 27, 1658, and was back at Whitehall by June 8 (Thurloe, vii. 151, 158; Guizot, Cromwell and the English Republic, ii. 385, 591; Chéruel, Ministère de Mazarin, iii. 147; Bourelly, Cromwell et Mazarin, p. 172).
Was sent in June, 1660, to notify the restoration of Charles II to the French king; he returned to England about the beginning of Sept., 1660 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1660-1, p. 259; Chéruel, Ministere de Mazarin, iii. 325).
Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans.
According to The Historian's Guide, 1688, Jermyn went ambassador to France on July 13, 1660 (p. 41; see also Cal. S. P. Dom., 1660-1, p. 107). He received warrants for payment of his salary from Nov. 1, 1660, to April 1, 1662 (Cal. Treasury Books, 1660-7, pp. 264, 353, 384). His instructions, dated Jan., 1661, are to be found in State Papers, France, vol. 115, and in All Souls MS. 249. His credentials, dated Jan. 2, 1661, are in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 74. See also Cartwright, Madame, pp. 76, 120.
Sent to France March, 1661, to condole the death of Cardinal Mazarin (Evelyn, Diary, March 13, 1661).
Sent Oct. 26, 1662, by Charles II to the Duchess of Orleans and Louis XIV to establish a personal correspondence with the king through the Duchess (Cartwright, Madame, p. 123).
Instructions Feb. 17, 1662/3 (State Papers, France, vol. 117. There is a second set of instructions, undated, in the same volume). See Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 79, 81, and Cartwright, Madame, p. 132.
May 25, 1663, pass for Lord Mandeville sent to the French king (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1663-4, p. 149) on special aflairs. Letters of introduction, Charles II to the French queen (Foreign Entry Book, 171 [?]).
Appointed about May, 1662, and ordered on June 19, 1662, £3000 for his equipment and a salary of £400 per month (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1663-4, p. 306; Cal. Treasury Books, 1660-7, p. 400). Credentials, June 21, 1663 (Foreign Entry Book, 172). Instructions, July, 1663, and further instructions, undated (State Papers, France, vol. 117). First letter from Paris, Aug. 8-18, 1663; did not have audience of Louis XIV till March, 1664, owing to disputes about etiquette (ib., vol. 117; cf. Cartwright, Madame, pp. 150-162; Pepys, Diary, Dec. 14, 1663). To have his audience of congé, Dec. 13-23, 1665, but stayed in Paris after war was declared owing to illness, and did not reach England till May, 1666, arriving at Whitehall, May 28. For letters from Holles to Arlington, see State Papers, France, vols. 117-122; Lister, Life of Clarendon, iii., 321, 392, 409, 411, 413, 431, 466. Letters of Sir R. Fanshawe, i. 203, 215, 246, 364; Report on the Heathcote MSS., p. 147; Add. MS., 22, 920; Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 82-88. For other information see Bebington, Arlington's Letters, p. 72; Clarendon, Continuation of Life, 1065; Burnet, Own Time, ed. Airy, i. 175, 372; Mignet, Négociations Relatives a la Succession d'Espagne, i. 4S0; Guizot, Portraits Politiques, pp. 25-44; Collins, Historical Collections, p. 157; Jusserand, A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II, pp. 80, 131, 173, 237, 251; Lettres, Mémoires et Négociations de M. le Comte d'Estrades, 1743, i. 263, 271.
Instructions, Nov., 1664 (State Papers, France, vol. 119; Report on the MSS. of Mr. Heathcote, p. 171; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1664-5, pp. 60, 64). He was back at Whitehall by Nov. 20 (Cartwright, Madame, p. 178, 220).
Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans, ambassador extraordinary.
Sails Jan. 28, 1667 (Cal. S. P. Dom., p. 475), arrived Paris, Feb. 13 [N.S.] Instructions Jan., 1667 (printed in 19 Lister's Life of Clarendon, lii. 443). For letters see T. Bebington, Arlington's Letters to Sir W. Temple, 1701, pp. 117-148; Lister's Life of Clarendon, ii. 370-4; iii. 443, 451, 453, 455-64; State Papers, France, vol. 123; Mignet, Négociations, ii. 41-45; i. 519-25, 534; Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 88, 89; Clarendon, Continuation of Life, sections 1037-1056; Cartwright, Madame, 237, 255; Pepys' Diary, March 11, June 26, 1667.
Sir John Trevor, envoy extraordinary.
Instructions Feb. 2, 1668 (Rawlinson, MS. A. 255, f. 47). Further instructions and credentials March, 1668 (ib., ff. 49, 51; another copy of these instructions, dated March 11, is in State Papers, France, vol. 124, and the same volume contains further instructions, undated, 1668). Instructions dated March 25 (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 231), Recalled May 28 (Foreign Entry Book, 1 74). Arrived in England on his return June 18, 1668 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1667-8, p. 525). Letters to the Spanish and French Ministers during his negotiations, Feb.—April, 1668 (Rawlinson, MS. A. 293, ff. 45, 50, 72, 97), See also Cartwright, Madame, pp. 256-9; Mignet, Négociations, ii. 558, 564; Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., pp. 230-1; Report on the MSS. of the Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House, i. 421.
Sent on a secret mission by the Duke of Buckingham with no proper diplomatic character. Pass for France June 1, 1668 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1667-8, p. 419). On his intrigues, see Mignet, Négociations, iii. 56-71; Cartwright, Madame, pp. 275, 280, 285; Arlington's remarks in his defence (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1673-5, p. 103); Burnet, Own Time, ed. Airy, i. 547. He was also employed later. See Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 91, 93. 94, 96, 119, 120.
Approved as envoy extraordinary Aug. 13, 1668, but did not start till March, 1669. Credentials as ambassador in ordinary Feb. 21, 1669 (Foreign Entry Book, 17; Rawlinson, MS. A. 255, f. 83), Instructions Feb. 22, 1669 (ib.., f. 79; and also, undated, in State Papers, France, vol. 126). Private audience April 3. Public entry April 25. Public audience April 26 (Perwich, Despatches, pp. 1, 6, 7). Commission and Instructions to Montagu, St. Albans, 20 Arundel, Walter Montagu, and Dr. Jenkins for dealing with the estate of the late Queen Mother, Sept. 27; further instructions Nov. 17 (Foreign Entry Book, 17; Cal. S. P. Dom. 1668-9, p. 503; Rawlinson, MS. A. 255, ff. 101, 106, 108). Revocation March 21, 1671/2 (Foreign Entry Book, 17; Rawlinson, MS. C. 172, f. 148; see also Cal. S. P. Dom. 1671, p. 142). A number of letters from Montagu to Arlington are printed in Report on the MSS. of the Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House, i. 420-520; copies of these and some others are in the possession of Lord Bath (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 245). Others in State Papers, France, vols. 126-133, and in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 95, 96, 103. His official letters, March 1669, to Aug., 1669, are in the British Museum, Add. MS. 23894; see also Add. MS. 4201.
Henry Arundel, Lord Arundel of Wardour (no regular diplomatic character at first).
March 5, 1669, pass for Arundel's horses (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1668-9, p. 225). Commission to Arundel, Ralph Montagu and others to receive the effects of the late Queen Dowager of England (ib., p. 503). Instructions, Sept. 27 (State Papers, France, vol. 127). Recredentials, Nov. 24 (ib., vol. 128). See also Cal. S. P. Dom., 1670, p. 303; Mignet, Négociations, ii, 83, 86, 98, 117; Cartwright, Madame, pp. 282, 289, 291-2; Ranke, History of England, iii, 497. James II says Sir Richard Beling was instructed to draw the articles and to do the part of a secretary in that negotiation (Life of James II, i, 442; cf. J. T. Gilbert, History of the Irish Confederation, ii. 8).
Commissioned with Arundel, Montagu and others to receive the effects of the late Queen Dowager (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1668-9, p. 503). Instructions Sept. 27 (State Papers, France, vol. 127). Also employed in secret negotiation between Charles II and Louis XIV as colleague to Arundel (State Papers, France, 127-8; Mignet, Négociations, iii. 83, 86, 98; Cartwright, Madame, p. 282).
Sent to France in April, 1670, to arrange the visit of the Duchess of Orleans to England (Mignet, Négociations, iii. 179; Report on the MSS. of the Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House, i. 471-2; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1670, pp. 204, 214).
George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, ambassador extraordinary.
Sent Aug., 1670, on a mission of compliment after the death of Madame, with authority to sound the inclinations of France (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1670, pp. 350, 378, 390, 430; 1673-5, p. 103; Mignet, iii. 215, 221; Burghclere, Life of Buckingham, pp. 221-30; Report on the MSS. of the Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House, i. 482-7; Buckingham, Miscellaneous Works, 1704, i. 67). Buckingham left England about Aug. 1, and landed again at Dover Sept. 10.
Took leave of Charles II on April 2, 1672 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1672, p 461). Presented to Louis XIV by Montagu at the latter's audience de congé (Perwich, Despatches, p. 215; cf. pp. 227, 236). Many letters to Williamson, dated from the camp at Utrecht (State Papers, France, vol. 134). Godolphin was back at Paris at the end of August. See Foxcroft, Life of Halifax, i. 72, 73, 78; Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 246.
George Savile, Viscount Halifax, envoy extraordinary.
Instructions June 14, 1672 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1672, p. 226; printed in Foxcroft's Life of Halifax, i. 72). Commission to Buckingham, Arlington and Halifax as ambassadors extraordinary June 21 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1672, p. 262) Letters, etc., Foxcroft, i. 74-96. See also Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 237. Kisses king's hand on his return at Whitehall July 21, 1672 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1672, p. 370).
Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington.
Commission as ambassador extraordinary to France with the Duke of Buckingham and Lord Halifax, June 21, 1672. Back in England July 21, 1672 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1672, pp. 262, 370).
Appointed Oct., 1672 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1672-3, p. 107). Had audience of Louis XIV, Oct. 14. Returned to England at the end of October (see Savile Correspondence, pp. 26-35; Perwich, p. 243).
Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, ambassador extraordinary.
Sent as envoy to Spain in Nov., 1671, passes through Paris, has audience of Louis XIV, Dec. 1, and proceeds to Spain (MSS. of the Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House, vol. i, p. 506). On June 20, 1672, Charles writes to the French Queen that he means Sunderland to be his ambassador extraordinary at Paris (Foreign Entry Book, 17). Arrives at Paris at the end of June (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1672, pp. 540, 684; ib., 1672-3, p. 350). Credentials, Sept. 23, 1672; Revocation, March 10, 1673 (Foreign Entry Book, 17; Rawlinson, MS. C, 172, ff. 150, 151). Apparently his public entrance was long delayed (Savile, Correspondence, p. 29), so that he did not have audience till the beginning of Nov., 1672. (See Chudleigh's letter of Nov. 19), Letters in State Papers, France^ vols. 134-6, and Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 244; Add. MS., 32094, f. 268.
Sir William Lockhart, envoy, afterwards ambassador.
Lockhart arrived at Paris, April 1, 1672, and had audience of the King on April 5 (Perwich's Despatches, pp. 210, 212). Subsequently he appears to have been with the French army in Flanders, and the instructions to Lord Halifax, June 14, order him to confer with Mr. Sidney Godolphin and Sir William Lockhart (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1672, p. 226; also Foxcroft, Life of Halifax, i. 73, 75). Williamson notes his return to England on June 17, 1673. Envoy extraordinary to France from April to October, 1673, Privy seal March 9, 1673, for payment to him of £5 per diem as envoy extraordinary to the French king during the next campaign (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1673, p. 26). He took leave April 3/13, 1673, was in the French king's camp at Maestricht in June, at Nancy in August, 23 and returned October 3 (ib., 1673, p. 566). Instructions April 9, 1673 (State Papers, France, vol, 136). On Oct. 20, 1673, Lockhart was appointed ambassador to France, but did not take leave of the king till Dec. 20 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1673-5, pp. 62, 222). Credentials dated Dec. 20 (Foreign Entry Book, 40; copy also in Rawlinson, MS. C, 172, f. 152). Instructions, undated, but probably of same date (Foreign Entry Book, ii). Arrived at Paris about Jan. 3, 1674 (Perwich, p. 287). A series of letters from Lockhart to secretary Coventry calendared in Fourth Report of Historical MSS. Comm., pp. 237-242, beginning March 11/21, 1674, and ending May 20/30, 1675. Lockhart died at Clermont, June 7 [N.S.], 1675 (Perwich, p. 319). Letters in State Papers, France, vols. 136-140, and in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 112, 114, 115. On Lockhart's embassy, see Burnet, Own Time, ed. Airy, i. 139, ii. 94; Lister, Life of Clarendon, iii. 484; Stowe, MS., 197, f. 4.
Warrant for payment to him as envoy (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1673-5, p. 332). In Paris in Nov. 1674 (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 239).
John Lord Berkeley, ambassador extraordinary (and also plenipotentiary for the treaty at Nimeguen).
Instructions, July 28, 1675. Credentials Aug. 11 (Rawlinson, MS. A. 255, ff. 261, 264). Commission Oct. 17, 1675 (Foreign Entry Book, 185). Evelyn mentions his appointment, the illness which delays his starting, and his departure for France on Nov. 14, besides many other particulars (Diary, 1675-6). Recredentials in order that he may go to the treaty at Nimeguen, July 6 (Foreign Entry Book, 185), and again, Oct. 17, 1676 (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 232). Letters from Berkeley to Henry Coventry between Dec. 10, 1675, and Nov. 6, 1676, are in the possession of the Marquis of Bath (ib., pp. 244-5). Many others in State Papers, France, vol. 141. Letters from Secretary Williamson to Berkeley are in Foreign Entry Book, 18..
Appointed Sept. 1, 1676 (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 232). Instructions dated Aug. 29, 1676, and additional instructions Sept. 9 (Rawlinson, MS. A., 255, ff. 265-6). Credentials, 14 .Sept. (ib., f. 267). Commission, 24 Sept. I (ib., f. 268). Commission to Pomponne from Louis XIV to treat with him, Feb. 8, 1677, and treaty, Mar. 20, 1677 (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm. p. 233). Instructions, Dec. 29, 1677 (ib.., p. 232). Recredentials and revocation, July 3, 1678 (Foreign Entry Book, 186; Rawlinson, MS. A., 268, f. 38). See Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 119, 124, 130, 131. Letters numbering in all about 150 to Henry Coventry from Oct. 14, 1676, to July II, 1678, are in the possession of the Earl of Bath (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 245). Two letters to Arlington and two from Danby are printed in the Report on the MSS. of the Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House, i. 523-4. Some letters from Montague to Jenkins are in State Papers, France, vol. 142. In 1710 Danby published Copies and extracts of some Letters written to and from the Earl of Danby, now Duke of Leeds, in 1676, 1677, and 16/78, with particular remarks upon some of them. The letters in this publication were much garbled by Danby. Some of the originals are in the possession of Mr. Eliot Hodgkin, and are correctly printed in the report on his MSS., with the alterations pointed out (Fifteenth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., pt. ii, pp. 185-198; cf Rariora, i. 18). Other letters belonging to this series in the possession of Mr. Alfred Morrison are printed in the catalogue of his collection, and in the Ninth Report of the Hist. MSS. Comm., pt. 2, pp. 451-4. On Montagu's embassy see also Mignet, Négociations, iv. 382, 433; Burnet, Own Time, ed. Airy, ii. 97, 150, 182; Dalrymple, Memoirs of Great Britain, i. 169, 176, 190, 249, ed. 1790. Harleian MSS. 1516, f. 372; 1523, f 207.
Credentials as agent marine, Sept. 10,(?) 2676 (Rawlinson, MS. A. 255, f. 268). Instructions Sept. 11—Mar. 31, 1677 (ib., ff. 269, 271). Credentials as agent (or secretary to the embassy) during the interval after Montagu's recall (Rawlinson, MS. A. 268, ff. 39, 42; Foreign Entry Book, 186; 4th Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 242). Revocation, June 19, 1679 (Foreign Entry Book, 186; Rawlinson MS. A. 268, f. 47). Recredentials July 19, 1679 (Fourth Repo)i Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 244). Letters from Brisbane to the Earl of Danby, etc., Nov., 1676 to March, 1679, are amongst the Lindsey MSS. (Fourteenth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., pt. ix, pp. 378-403; See also Copies of some Letters written to and from the Earl of Danby, 1710, pp. 308-325). Letters to Coventry, Oct., 1676 to Jan., 1678, 25 are amongst the Marquis of Bath's MSS. (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., pp. 242-4). Letters to Brisbane from Williamson are in Foreign Entry Book, 18.
Louis de Duras, Earl of Feversham.
Sent to Paris without official character, Nov., 1677, concerning the terms of peace (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 245; Mignet, iv. 514).
Commission July 12, 1678, with his instructions and credentials of same date (Rawlinson, MS. A. 256, ff. 132-134). Revocation Feb. 10, 1679 (ib. A, 268, f. 43; Foreign Entry Book, 186). Letters from Sunderland to Danby, Aug.-Oct., 1678, printed in Copies of Letters to and from the Earl of Danby, 1710, pp. 289-307; see also Campana Cavelli, Les Derniers Stuarts, i. 220. Letters to Coventry are calendared in Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 245. Letters to Sec. Jenkins in State Papers, France, vol. 142. See also Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols., 1 31-4, 137; Reresby, Memoirs, ed. Cartwright, p. 113.
.Savile writes to Lord Ross on July 14, 1678: His Majesty has been pleased to send me in a great haste about a private concern of his into France, where I go post to-morrow morning in company with my Lord Sunderland, who goes ambassador extraordinary, in the place of your cousin Montagu, who by coming from there without order has so incensed the king that he has already turned him out of the Council (Report on the Rutland MSS., ii. 52), Savile was in Paris Aug. to Oct., 1678 (Savile Correspondence, pp. 66-76). Sent back to Paris Jan. or Feb., 1678 (Luttrell, Diary, i. 7; Foxcroft, Life of Halifax, p. 141; Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 243). Revocation Feb. 19, 1682 (Foreign Entry Book, 191; cf. Savile Correspondence, p. 267). Many letters from Savile to Jenkins are in State Papers, France, vols. 143-4. Some printed with Savile's letters to Halifax in Savile Correspondence, ed. by W. D. Cooper, Camden Society, 1858. Letters to Coventry in the possession of Lord Bath (Fourth Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 237). Letters from 26 Sunderland to Savile (Foreign Entry Book, 19); from Jenkins (Foreign Entry Book, 189).
Richard Graham, Viscount Preston, envoy extraordinary.
Credentials March 31, 1682 (Foreign Entry Book, 191). Instructions (State Papers, France, vol. 145), undated copy; original, dated March 31, and additional instruction, dated April 12, at Netherby Hall (Seventh Report Hist. MSS. Comm., p. 263; copy in All Souls MSS. 255, f. 159). Had his first audience June 17, 1682. Reappointed by James II. Credentials April 3, 1685. Revocation Aug. 1, 1685 (Foreign Entry Book, 19). Recredentials Aug. 28, 1685 (State Papers, France, vol. 148). For Preston's correspondence, see State Papers, France, vols. 144-148; correspondence with Sec. Jenkins (Foreign Entry Books, 189, 191). Letters to Preston from Sunderland (Foreign Entry Book, 19). A large collection of his letters, in the possession of Sir F. Graham of Netherby, were calendared in the Seventh Report of the Hist. MSS. Comm , pp. 261-428. Some few letters from this series are printed by Sir John Dalrymple in his Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland (ed. 1790, Appendix to Pt. i, Book i, pp. 94, 132-144). A passage in Christie, Life of Shaftesbury (ii., Appendix cxviii), shows it was intended to send Preston to France in 1681, nine months before his actual going.
John Lord Churchill, envoy extraordinary.
Sent to announce the accession of James II about Feb. 17, 1685, also to obtain a loan from the King of France (Luttrell, i, 332; Dalrymple, Appendix to Part i, Book ii, pp. 9, 32; Macaulay, History of England, ii. 33; Wolseley, Life of Marlborough, i. 261; Coxe, Marlborough, i. 24, ed. 1818).
Sir William Trumbull, envoy extraordinary.
Credentials and instructions Nov. 8, 1686 (Foreign Entry Book, 19). Rebuked Aug. 30, 1688, for exceeding his instructions (ib.). Returned to England and was immediately sent to the Tower (Luttrell, i. 462). See also Dalrymple, Memoirs, Part i, Book v, pp. 7, 10, 38; Ranke, History of England, iv. 420; Macaulay, iii. 188-190; Klopp, Fall des Houses Stuart, iii. 262, 278, 288, 344; Mackintosh, History of the Revolution, p. 427, Despatches from Sunderland to Skelton are in Foreign Entry Book, 19; Letters from Skelton to Sunderland in State Papers, France, vols. 150, 151. See also Rawlinson, MS. A., 139, and Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 164, 170-1.
Henry, Lord Waldegrave, ambassador extraordinary.
FRENCH AMBASSADORS AND DIPLOMATIC AGENTS IN ENGLAND (1603— 1688).
Christophe de Harlay, Comte de Beaumont, Conseiller d'etat (April, 1603), ambassador in ordinary.
Came to England first in Jan., 1602. He was continued in his charge by letter of Henri IV dated April 14, 1603 (Lettres Missives de Henri IV, ed. Berger de Xivrey, vi. 73). He left London in Nov., 1605. His complete correspondence, with letters of the king and of M. de Villeroy addressed to him, is in the Bibliothèque Nationale, MSS. 3501 et seqq. Transcripts of it are also in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 30638-30641. It is printed by P. Laffleur de Kermaingant, L'Ambassade de France en Angleterre sous Henri IV: Mission de Christophe de Harlay, Comte de Beaumont, 2 vols., 1895.
Vicomte de Ségur (April, 1605).
Sent on a special mission (Baschet). His name is also spelt 'Sagar,' ' Sagart,' ' Sagard,' and 'Saguar'; and it is probable that Robert Creichton, Lord Sanquhar, was the person thus designated. See Kermaingant, ii. 104-6, 150, 196, 199-201.
Charles Cauchon de Maupas, Baron du Tour, Conseiller d'etat, ambassador extraordinary (Baschet).
Maximilien de Béthune, Marquis de Rosny, Grand Maître de l'Artillerie, grand Voyer et Surintendent des Finances de France, etc. (June, 1603), ambassador extraordinary.
See Berger de Xivrey, Lettres Missives de Henri IV, vi. 97; Gardiner, History of England, i. 106; Motley, United Netherlands, iii. 143. The despatches written by Sully during this embassy are in Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. 3502. Kermaingant in his Mission de Christophe de Harlay, i. 114, 286, and Pfister in the Revue Historique, Iv, pp. 70, 290, have shown the fictitious character of the account of the embassy given by Sully in his Oeconomies Royales.
Louis de l'Hôpital, Sieur de Vitry, Chevalier des Ordres et Capitaine des Gardes (Sept., 1603), ambassador extraordinary.
Credentials dated Aug. 26 (Baschet)._ Instructions dated Aug. 27 (Kermaingant, i. 129; Berger de Xivrey, Lettres Missives de Henri IV, vi. 160; Nichols, Progresses of James I, i. 253, 255, 259.
Chargé d'affaires after the departure of the Comte de Beaumont (see Kermaingant, i. 275, 281; Berger de Xivrey, Lettres Missives de Henri IV, vi. 529, 530). His letters are in Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. 15972.
Charles Cauchon de Maupas, Baron du Tour (Jan., 1606), ambassador extraordinary.
Instructions dated Dec. 19, 1605. Arrived in Jan., 1606. See Kermaingant, i. 277; ii. 317.
M. Antoine Le Févre de la Boderie, Conseiller du Roi (April, 1606), ambassador in ordinary.
In the Ambassades his instructions are printed at length with the date April 15 (vol. i, pp. 1-29), and his first letter from London is dated May 22 (ib., p. 38). La Boderie returned to France in August, 1609, and was sent to England again as ambassador in January, 1610. His instructions are dated Dec. 28, 1609 (Ambassades, i. xxviii.), and he finally left England in Jan., 161 1. His correspondence is in Bibliothèque Nationale M.SS. 15984-5. In 1733 there was published at Amsterdam Lettres de Henri IV, Roi de France, et de Messieurs de Villeroy et de Puisieux a M. A. le Févre de la Boderie, Ambassadeur de France en Angleterre depuis 1606 jusqu' en 1611. 30 This was reprinted in 1750 in five vols., with the addition of La Boderie's own letters, under the title of Ambassades de M. De La Boderie en Angleterre. See also Birch, View of the Negotiations between England and France, pp. 257, 309; Kermaingant, Mission de Christophe de Harlay, Comte de Beaumont, i. 281; ii. 319. Transcripts of La Boderie's letters and of the answers to them are in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 30642-4.
Jean de Beaumanoir, Maréchal de Lavardin (Jan., 1611), ambassador extraordinary.
Arrived Jan. 26, 1611; left Feb. 14, 1611 (Baschet). Instructions dated Dec, 1610, in Bibliothèque Nationale MS. 41 12. See Nichols, Progresses of James I, ii. 372, 407.
Samuel Spifame, Sieur des Buisseaux, Conseiller au Parlement et Conseiller d'etat (Feb., 1611), ambassador in ordinary.
Arrived at London Feb., 1611; left Jan., 1615 (Baschet). Complete Correspondence in Bibliothèque Nationale, MSS. 15985-7; Edwards, Life of Raleigh, i. 597.
Henri de La Tour, Vicomte de Turenne and Duc de Bouillon (April, 1612), ambassador extraordinary.
Left London, May 29, 1612 (Baschet). Instructions in Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. 41 12. See Birch's View of the Negotiations between England and France, pp. 343-6, 359, 373.
M. de Sève, secretary and chargé d'affaires.
Correspondence from 16 Jan., 1615, to 17 July, 1615 in Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. 15988 (Baschet).
Gaspard Dauvet, Sieur des Marets (July, 1615), Governor of Beauvais and Maître d'Hôtel du Roi, ambassador in ordinary.
Arrived, July, 1615; took leave, Jan. 27, 1618. Absent from July to Oct., 1617 (Baschet). Instructions and complete correspondence in Bibliothèque Nationale, MSS. 15, 988, 4112, and in the Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 26. See Birch, View of the Negotiations between England and France, pp. 387-9; Gardiner, iii. 54, 139-143; Edwards, Life of Raleigh, i. 591-7, 665. Des Marets did not really leave England till April, 1618, delayed 31 by his wife's illness (Nichols, Progresses of James I, iii. 476). Audience of leave, April 8, 1618 (Camden, Annals of James I).
M. le Clerc, agent for the King of France after the departure of Des Marets.
Forbidden the Court in Sept., 1618, and left in Oct. (Gardiner, iii. 139, 144; Camden, Annals of James I).
Baron du Tour (Feb. 1617), ambassador extraordinary.
Instructions and letters in Archives des Affaires Etrangères (Baschet). See Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, vii. 355. He arrived at the end of January, 1617, and left about the beginning of March (Nichols, Progresses of James I, iii. 185, 244, 247, 252).
Francois Juvenal, Seigneur des Ursins and Marquis de Tresnel (May, 1619), ambassador extraordinary.
Instructions April, 1619, and documents, Bibliothèque Nationale, MSS. 4112, 15988. See Nichols, Progresses of James I, iii. 535-7, 549. There is some contradiction as to this ambassador's title. The instructions copied by Baschet style him Tresnel, the King's letters Fresnel. Camden writes, The Marquis de Tremouille of the family of the Ursins, ambassador from the French king … is conducted to London, May 1, and adds that he left London May 21 (Annals of James I; see also Cal. S. P. Dom., 1619-23, pp. 42, 48).
Tanneguy Le Veneur, Comte de Tillières (Aug., 1619), ambassador in ordinary.
Arrived in August, 1619; first audience at Windsor Sept. 15. Absent on leave Aug. to Oct., 1623. Recredentials June 25, 1624 (Foreign Entry Book, 166). Leaves London July, 1624. Instructions and correspondence in Bibliothèque Nationale, MSS. 41 12 and 15988-9, and in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 27, 29, 30. See Nichols, Progresses of James I, iii. 566, 763; Gardiner, v. 253; Mémoires inédits du Comte Leveneur de Tillières, ed. par C. Hippeau, Paris, 1863.
Le Maréchal de Cadenet (Jan., 1621), ambassador extraordinary.
Instructions and correspondence in Bibliothèque Nationale, MSS. 4112, 15988 (Baschet). Arrives in 32 England at end of Dec, 1620; audience Jan, 1, 1621; took leave Jan. 8 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1619-23, pp. 212-214; Nichols, Progresses, iii. 630-648; Gardiner, iii. 389). See also Mémoires de Tillières, pp. 28-48.
M. Du Molin, secretary charged with correspondence during the absence of the Comte de Tilières (Aug.-Oct., 1623).
Correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères (Baschet).
Antoine Coeffier Ruzé, Marquis d'Effiat, governor of Bourbonnais and Auvergne (July, 1624), ambassador in ordinary.
Arrived in London July, 1624; left July, 1625 (Baschet). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 28-35. Instructions dated 26 June, 1624. Recredentials dated July 15, 1625. See Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, vii. (?), 534-545 i Nichols, Progresses of James I, iii. 981, 1001-2, 1006; Gardiner, v. 253, 377; Harleian MS. 4597.
Henri Auguste de Loménie, Sieur de la Ville aux Clercs, Secretary of State (Nov., 1624), ambassador extraordinary.
Arrived Dec, 1624; left Jan., 1625. Correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 32. Instructions dated 27 Nov., 1624; printed in Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, ii. 39. See Mémoires de Brienne in vol. 35 of Petitot, Collection des Mémoires, pp. 388-397; Nichols, Progresses of James I, iii. 1008; Gardiner, v. 276, 280, 377.
Guillaume d'Hugues, Archbishop of Ennbrun, chargé de mission (1624).
Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 26.
René Potier, Comte de Tresmes, Captain of the Gardes du Corps, Lieutenant-general in Champagne (May, 1625), extraordinary ambassador.
Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse, and Henry Auguste de Loménie, Sieur de la Ville aux Clercs (May, 1625), extraordinary ambassadors.
Instructions dated May 31, 1625, in Baschet's Transcripts, but printed by Avenel as of June 1 (Lettres de Richelieu, ii. 90, 94). Recredentials for Chevreuse July 13 (Foreign Entry Book, 166). Correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols., 33, 35. See Mémoires de Brienne, ed. Petitot, pp. 406-422; and Gardiner, v. 327, 377.
Du Plessis, Bishop of Mende, and Tanneguy Le Veneur, Comte de Tillières (Aug., 1625), Chargés des affaires du Roi until the sending of an ambassador.
Letters of credit, dated Aug. 16, and correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères. See Gardiner, v. 376, 422: vi. 5; Mémoires de Tillières, ed. Hippeau, pp. 89, 239.
Jean de Varignies, Seigneur de Blainville, Master of the King's Wardrobe and member of the Council of State (Sept., 1625), ambassador in ordinary.
Instructions dated Sept. 3; further instructions Sept. 17 (printed in Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, ii. 124, 137), Arrived at London Oct. 11, 1625; left end of April, 1626 (Baschet). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 36-38. See L'Ambassade de M. de Blainville (Revue des Questions Historiques, 1878); Tillières, Mémoires, p. 101; Gardiner, vi. 25, 27, 57, 70, 89. Transcripts of his negotiations are in British Museum, Add. MS. 30651.
Sent on a private mission (Baschet). See Tillières, Mémoires, p. 112. Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 41.
Francois, Maréchal de Bassompierre (Oct., 1626), extraordinary ambassador.
Instructions dated Aug. 23 (printed in Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu). Arrived at London Oct. 7; left London Dec. 2, 1626. Complete correspondence in Archives des 34 Affaires Etrangères and Bibliothèque Nationale, Angleterre, vols. 39-41. See also Ambassades du Maréchal de Bassompierre, Cologne, 1668, and his Journal de Ma Vie, 4 vols., 1870-77. Transcripts of his negotiations are in the British Museum, Add. MS. 30650. His account of this embassy was translated and edited as Memoirs of the Embassy of the Marshal de Bassompierre to the Court of England in 1819, anonymously, by J. W. Croker. See also Michaud et Poujoulat, Mémoires, 2nd series, vol. vi., pp. 252-8; Gardiner, vi. 141-152; and letter from Conway to Wake, Dec. 8, 1626 (Foreign Entry Book, 167).
Sieur de La Barre (1626).
Sent on a private mission from the Queen Mother. Instructions, Aug. 23, 1626. (Archives des Affaires Etrangères and Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. 15,992).
Sieur Du Moulin, (Dec, 1626), secretary.
Watson and Seton, secret agents.
Sent by Richelieu to the Scottish Catholics about May, 1628; with instructions drawn up by Tillières (Tillières, Mémoires, pp. 205-222).
(Relations officially suspended from July, 1627, to May, 1629).
Charles de l'Aubespine, Marquis de Chasteauneuf, Chancellier de l'ordre du Roi, and Conseiller d'etat (Aug., 1629).
Instructions dated May 20, 1629; arrived at London, Aug. 6, 1629; left in April, 1630 (Baschet). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 43, 44. See Gardiner, vii. 104-7, 186.
M. de Fontenay Mareuil (June, 1630), ambassador in ordinary.
Instructions dated Jan. 27, 1630; printed in Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, iii. 518. Arrived at London, June, 1630; left May, 1633 (Baschet). Correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 44, 45. Relation donnée par M. de Fontenay au retour de son Ambassade d' Angleterre au mois de Juin, 1634; printed by Ranke, History of England, v. 446-450. See also 35 Gardiner, vii. i86. Fontenay de Mareuil's Mémoires were published in 182S. See Michaud et Poujoulat, Collection des Mémoires, 2nd series, v. 287. A manuscript of them is in the British Museum, Egerton MS., 1672.
Marquis de Saint Chaumont or Saint Chamond (June, 1632), ambassador extraordinary.
Instructions and some letters in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 45. Letters accrediting him, May 25, 1632 (Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, iv. 300). See also Gardiner, vii. 198.
M. Boutard, secretary, chargé d'affaires in the absence of the ambassador.
Instructions, Sept. 1633, in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 45.
Jacques d' Angennes, Marquis de Pougny or Poigny (July, 1634), ambassador in ordinary.
Arrived at London, July, 1634; left end of Dec, 1636 (Baschet). Instructions and incomplete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 45, 46, and Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. 15,993. Instructions printed in Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, iv. 559. See Gardiner, vii. 367.
Henri de la Ferté-Nabert, Marquis de Senecterre (April, 1635), ambassador extraordinary.
Instructions, Feb. 25, 1635. Arrived at London, April, 1635, left July, 1637 (Baschet). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 45, 46, and Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. Colbert, 28, and MS. 15,993. See Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, iv. 663; Vigier, La Question de l'Alliance Anglaise sous le Ministère de Richelieu in Séances et Travaux de l'Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, 1884; also Gardiner, vii. 380, 386; viii. 97, 236; and Add. MS. 15390, f. 246.
M. P. de Baigneaux (July, 1637), secretary, chargé d'affaires during the absence of the ambassador.
Some letters in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol, 46.
M. Pomponne de Bellièvre, Conseiller du Roi en ses Conseils, President en sa cour de Parlement (Dec, 1637).
Instructions dated 11 Sept., 1637 (printed by Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, v. 853). Arrived at London Dec, 36 1637; left Feb., 1640 (Baschet). Correspondence in the Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 48. Some letters to Bellièvre in Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, vi. 583, 600, 676, etc. Extracts from Bellièvre's letters and account of his mission in Ranke, History of England, appendix vi. (vol. v, pp. 457-463), in which Ranke exposes some fictitious letters of d'Estrades concerning the relations of the French Government to the revolt in Scotland. On these letters and the supposed mission of the Abbé Chambres to Scotland, and also on Bellièvre's embassy see F. Salomon, Frankreich's Beziehungen zu dem Schottischen Aufstand, Berlin, 1890, pp. 12, 34, 45, 51; cf. Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, v. 847; Gardiner, viii. 380, ix. 63, 92; J. Goll, Les Ambassades et Négociations du Comte d'Estrades, Revue Historique, iii. 285.
Jean, Sieur de Montereul (March, 1640), chargé des affaires, March, 1640, to July, 1641.
Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 48, and Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. 15995. See Avenel, Lettres de Richelieu, ix. 123; Gardiner, History of England, ix. 123; Ranke, History of England, v. 464-9; Mazure, Histoire de la Revolution de 1688, Vol. iii, Appendix.
D'Alot, chargé de mission, 1640.
Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 48.
Jacques d' Etampes, Marquis de La Ferté-Imbault, Conseiller du Roi and Maréchal des Camps (July, 1641), ambassador in ordinary.
Arrived at London July 18, 1641; left Sept., 1642 (Baschet). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères. Extracts from his despatches in Guizot, Histoire de la Revolution d'Angleterre, i. 471. See also Clarendon, Rebellion, iii. 252: iv. 6: vi. 179; Ranke, History of England, v. 469.
Sieur de Grécy or Gressy, Conseiller et Maître d'Hôtel Ordinaire du Roi (April, 1642), charged with a private mission to Queen Henrietta Maria in Holland.
Henri de Lorraine, Comte d'Harcourt, Grand Ecuyer (Oct., 1643), ambassador extraordinary.
Arrived at London Oct. 12; left Feb. 10, 1644 (Baschet). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 51. Letter of Mazarin Sept. 27, 1643, accrediting Harcourt to Charles I (Chéruel, Lettres de Mazarin, i. 393; other letters, pp. 421, 441, 460, 514, 524, 539). On Harcourt's mission see also Gardiner, Great Civil War, i. 271; Clarendon, Rebellion, xii. 299: x. 20; Baillie, Letters, ii. 113, 149; and the Old Parliamentary History, xii. 413-7, 441, 453-7; xiii. 3, 17-25.
M. de Bures (1643), secretary charged with correspondence in the absence of an ambassador.
Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 49.
M. de Boisivon (1643), agent sent to Scotland about Nov., 1643.
Fotheringham, Correspondence of Jean de Montereul, i. xi-xiv: ii. 539-563. Pass to return to France, May 24 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1644, p. 167).
Melchior, Comte de Sabran, resident (May, 1644).
Instructions dated 29 April, 1644 (Chéruel, Lettres de Mazarin, i. 749). Arrived at London May 31, 1644; left London July 7, 1646 (Baschet). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 51, 52, and Bibliothèque Nationale, MS. 4138. Extracts given in Ranke, History of England, Appendix, viii , Vol. v., pp. 472-9.
M. de la Monnerie (1644), agent sent by Cardinal Mazarin to Ireland.
Correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, 51, 55, 57, 58. See Chéruel, Lettres de Mazarin, i. 524; and many letters printed in Gilbert's edition of The Irish Confederation and the War in Ireland, by Richard Bellings, Vol. iii, pp. 94, 105, 135, 180, 195, &c.
M. Jean de Montereul (1645), chargé d'affaires.
Took part in the correspondence during Sabran's stay in London. Left London for Newcastle at the end of March, 1646, and resided there till Feb., 1647, paying a visit to France in Aug., 1646, and returning to Newcastle in October (Gardiner, iii. 134, 166). Montereul then proceeded to Edinburgh, where he remained till Sept., 1648. 38 Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 51, 52, 55-7, and Bibliothéque Nationale, MS. 15995. See also British Museum, Egerton, MS. 2545. Extracts from Montreul's letters are printed by Ranke, History of England, Appendix ix., Vol. v., pp. 4S0-85. Others are to be found in Thurloe's State Papers, i. 71-99; in Letters and Papers addressed to O. Cromwell, ed. by J. Nickolls, pp. 52-3; and in the Clarendon State Papers, ii. 211-224; cf. Clarendon, Rebellion, ix. 169: x. 23. Some, but not all, of these letters are contained in The Diplomatic Correspondence of Jean de Montereul and the Brothers de Bellièvre, 1645-8, edited by J. G. Fotheringham, published by the Scottish History Society in 1898-9, 2 vols.; Chéruel, Lettres de Mazarin, ii. 337, 357, 372, 385.
The Prèsident Pomponne de Bellièvre (July, 1646), ambassador extraordinary.
Arrived at London in July, 1646; reached Newcastle early in August, and remained there till Jan., 1647. Returned to London Feb., 1647, and to France Nov., 1647 (Baschet). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 53, and Bibliothèque Nationales, MSS. 15915-6. Instructions to Bellièvre dated June or July, 1646, are printed by Ranke with letters to and from Bellièvre, History of England, v. 486-517. Also in The Diplomatic Correspondence of Jean de Montereul and the brothers de Bellièvre, ed. by J. G. Fotheringham. See Chéruel, Lettres de Mazarin, ii. 334, 337, 355, 369, 385, 443, 449, 459; Clarendon, Rebellion, x. 41, 47, 54; Ludlow, Memoirs, i. 145, ed. 1894; Baillie, Letters, ii. 381; Gardiner, Great Civil War, iii. 130.
M. Pierre de Bellièvre, also called the Président de Grignon (Aug., 1646).
M. du Moulin (1647), agent.
Sent by Mazarin to Ireland, re-called in June, 1647 (Baschet). Correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 52, 54, 55. He was sent in Jan., 1647, and arrived in March. Letters of credit to Ormond dated Jan. 12, printed by Gilbert in the History of the Irish Confederation, by Richard Bellings, vii 291.
M. de Cheylieu (1647), secretary.
Charged with correspondence in the absence of the President de Bellièvre. Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 52, 55.
M. de Graymond, agent in Scotland (1649).
Correspondence in Harleian MS. 4551, and Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre^ vols. 57, 60.
Complete correspondence in the Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 58, 59. Some of his despatches printed by Guizot, Cromwell and the English Republic, trans, by Scoble, i. 406-17, 430, 461. On Dec. 25, 1650, he was ordered to leave England within ten days (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1650 p. 483; Gardiner, Commonwealth and Protectorate, i. 314). Transcripts of his letters are also in the British Museum, Egerton MS. 1968.
M. Salomon de Virelade (1650).
Refused a passport by the English Council of State, Dec. II, 1650 (Gardiner, Commonwealth and Protectorate, i. 313). The instructions intended to be given to Virelade are printed by Guizot, Cromwell and the English Republic, i. 431-7.
From January, 1651, to December, 1652, diplomatic relations between England and France were officially suspended. Nevertheless, there were certain agents sent à titre officieux (Baschet).
M. d'Estrades, governor of Dunkirk.
M. Antoine de Bordeaux-Neufville, Conseiller du Roi en son Conseil d'état, Maître des Requêtes ordinaire du Roi, Intendant de Justice Police et Finance en la province de Picardie (Baschet).
Instructions and credentials dated Dec. 2, 1652, printed by Guizot, Cromwell and the English Commonwealth, i. 487. Arrived, Dec, 1652; difficulty as to credentials, etc. (Gardiner, Commonwealth and Protectorate, ii. 241; cf. Commons Journals, vii. 223, 233; Chéruel, Ministère de Mazarin, ii. 353). Sent first as agent, but raised to the rank of ambassador in March, 1654, and received as such by Cromwell, March 27, 1654 (O.S.). See Cromwelliana, p. 137; Guizot, ii. 423, 446. Further instructions, July 16, 1654 (Guizot, ii. 453). Back in France on leave, Dec, 1655; returned to England, April, 1656. Accredited to Richard Cromwell, Nov. 15, 1658, and to successive governments in England until the restoration of Charles II. Ordered to leave England on June 6-16, 1660; last letter to Mazarin from London, July 6, 1660 (cf. Chéruel, Ministère de Mazarin, iii. 321-4). Complete correspondence, Dec, 1652—July, 1660, in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 62-74. Bordeaux's letters to his government during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell are partially printed by Guizot in Oliver Cromwell and the English Commonwealth, and more fully for the period from Cromwell's death to the restoration in Richard Cromwell and the Restoration of the Stuarts. 41 Six additional letters written in June and July, 1660 are printed in the appendix to Guizot's Monk. Others are printed in J. de Cosnac's Souvenirs du Regne de Louis XIV. Many letters from Mazarin to Bordeaux are printed in Lettres de Mazarin, vols., vi.-ix. Some intercepted letters of Bordeaux are printed in the Thurloe Papers. For transcripts of his letters see also Add. MS. 31953, and Harleian MS. 4549.
M. Paul de Baas (or Baron de Baas).
M. de Talon, Intendant of the French army in Flanders.
Sent on a special mission relating to the siege of Mardyke. Arrived Sept. 23, 1657 (Chéruel, Ministère de Mazarin, iii. 70; Bourelly, Cromwell et Mazarin, p. 34; Thurloe Papers, vi. 5 10; Lettres de Mazarin, viii. 174, 178).
Sent on a special mission to congratulate Cromwell in June, 1658 (Guizot, Cromwell and the English Commonwealth, ii. 387, 593; Bourelly, Cromwell et Mazarin, p. 235; Lettres de Mazarin, viii. 441).
Sent on a special mission to prepare for the reception of the ambassador extraordinary. Correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 74, and Bibliothèque Nationale, Fonds Colbert (Baschet). See Chéruel, Ministère de Mazarin, iii. 329-346; Lettres de Mazarin, ix. 678.
The Comte de Soissons (Nov., 1660), ambassador extraordinary.
Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny (Sept., 1660).
Employed on a special mission. Mémoire and some letters in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 73, 74. See Chéruel, Ministère de Mazarin, iii. 327; Cal. S. P. Dom., 1660- 1, pp. 200, 259.
M. Bastide (March, 1661), agent employed by M. Fouquet.
Chéruel, Fouquet, ii. 143; Ranke, History of England, iii. 381; Clarendon, Continuation, 173-180; Lister, Life of Clarendon, ii. 133-5. Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 76. His correspondence with Clarendon is printed in Clarendon's State Papers, vol iii, appendix, pp. i.-xv., cf. Lister, Life of Clarendon, ii. 129.
Comte d'Estrades, Conseiller du Roi en ses conseils. Lieutenant-general en ses Armées, Maire perpetuel de Bordeaux, et Gouverneur de Gravelines et pays en dependance (1661), ambassador in ordinary.
Lettres Mémoires et Negociations, 5 vols., 1709.
Ambassades et Negociations, 1 vol, 1718.
Lettres Mémoires et Negociations, 6 vols., 1719.
Lettres Mémoires et Negociations, 9 vols., 8vo, 1743.
Lettres et Negociations de MM. d'Estrades, Colbert, etc. à la Paix de Nimègue, 1710, 3 vols.
M. de Cateux (or Catou), gentilhomme ordinaire de la Maison du Roi (Oct., 1661).
Sent on a special mission to carry the complaints of Louis XIV to Charles II concerning the assault on D'Estrades. Instructions dated Oct. 17 in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 76. On the encounter between the French and Spanish ambassadors at the landing of the Swedish ambassador on Sept. 30, 1661 see Evelyn's narrative in his Diary, ii. 485, ed. 1879; Pepys, Diary, Sept. 30, and Oct. 4, 1661; Mignet, Nègociations, i. 86; and Mémoires de Brienne.
Chargé d'affaires during the absence of D'Estrades. Correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères Angleterre, vols. 75-77.
Marquis de Ruvigny (Aug., 1662).
Sent on a special mission. Letters in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 80, 81. In England also in Aug. and Sept., 1663 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1663-4, pp. 254, 268).
Jean Baptiste Gaston, Comte de Cominges (Dec, 1662). Ambassador in ordinary.
Instructions dated Dec. 6, 1662. Reached London Dec. 23 (O.S.); left Dec, 1665. Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 78-87. See also British Museum, Egerton MSS. 627, 812, 1680. A full account of his mission is given in A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II: Le Comte de Comminges, by J. J. Jusserand, London, 1892, with extracts from his correspondence in the Appendix, pp. 187-252. Other extracts are printed in the Appendix to Braybrooke's edition of Pepy's Diary and in Wheatley's Pepysiana, pp. 288-303. .Sec also Clarendon, Continuation, 631; Pepys, Diary, Oct. 29, 1663.
Henri de Bourbon, Duc de Verneuil, oncle du Roi, and M. Honoré de Courtin, Conseiller en tous les Conseils (April, 1O65), extraordinary ambassadors.
Credentials dated April 1, 1665; instructions April 4. Arrived at London in April, 1665; left Dec., 1665. Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 84-87. Some extracts from these letters are printed by Jusserand, p. 138 et seqq. See also Mignet, Négociations, i. 416; Clarendon, Continuation, 631-2. They made their public entry on May 8, and had audience on May 9 (The Historian's Guide).
Official relations between France and England were interrupted from Dec. 13, 1666, to Aug. 11, 1667 (Baschet).
Marquis de Ruvigny, envoy extraordinary.
Reached England Sept. 2/12, 1667; left July 19/29, 1668 (Transcripts). His instructions as envoy extraordinary are dated 11th Aug., 1667 (printed in Mignet, Négociations, ii. 505). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 88-91. Extracts in Mignet, ii. 505-546, 562; iii. 9-18. Dalrymple, Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland, ed. 1790, i. 70.
M. de la Fonds (or de la Font), gentilhomme ordinaire de la chambre du Roi.
Sent on a mission to the Earl of Clarendon, then an exile in France. Credentials dated 16 Dec, 1667 (Baschet). Archives des Affaires Etrangères Angleterre^ vols. 88, 91, 93; Clarendon, Continuation, 1204-1231.
Charles Colbert de Croissy, Conseiller ordinaire du Roi en tous ses Conseils (Aug., 1668), ambassador extraordinary, afterwards ambassador in ordinary.
Sent on a secret mission to Charles II. about March, 1669 (Mignet, iii. 73-80; Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, p. 30; Cartwright, Madame, pp. 279, 283, 292).
Bernardin Gigault, Maréchal de Bellefonds.
Envoy extraordinary to condole on the death of the Duchess of Orleans, July, 1670 (Mignet, iii. 214). Had arrived on June 27 (O.S.j, and left England July 27 (Cal. S. P. Dom., 1670, pp. 300, 339). Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 98, 99.
Sent to England at first in Nov., 1673, as the colleague of Colbert, became his successor as ambassador in ordinary in Jan., 1674, and remained in England till July, 1676. Instructions dated Nov. 4, 1673 (Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, p. 78). Recredentials dated June 12, 1676 (Foreign Entry Book, 185). Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 110-118. Extracts from Ruvigny's despatches are printed in Forneron, pp. 77-107; in Mignet, iv. 238-406; in Dalrymple. Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland, ed. 1790, i. 140, 155. See also Christie, Life of Shaftesbury, vol. ii. Appendix, p. xliv.
M. Honoré Courtin, seigneur de Chanteraine, Conseiller ordinaire du Roi en son Conseil d'etat, ambassador in ordinary.
Instructions dated April 15, 1676. Arrived in London, May, 1676, and left Sept., 1677. Recredentials dated Sept. 2 (Foreign Entry Book, 185). Complete correspondence in Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols., 118-124. Extracts printed in Mignet, Negotiations, iv. 406, 431-48, 473-501; Rousset, Louvois, ii. 366-8; Dalrymple, i. 146-54; Campana Cavelli, Les Derniers Stuarts, i. 164-200.
Duc de Créquy, ambassador extraordinary.
Arrived April 27; left May 5, 1677 (Baschel). Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 123. See Memoirs of Sir J. Reresby, ed. Cartwright, p. 113.
Instructions dated Aug. 4, 1677; arrived in London Aug. 30; first despatch dated Sept. 9 (Baschet). He was continued in his office on the accession of James and remained in England till the Prince of Orange ordered him to leave the country, which he did Dec. 24, 1688 (Luttrell's Diary, i. 441; cf. Mackintosh, History of the Revolution, p. 572), His complete correspondence is in the Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 125-167. Large portions are printed in Mignet, Négociations, iv. 501, &c.; Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, p. 149; Campana Cavelli, Les Derniers Stuarts; Dalrymple, Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland. Fox, in the Appendix to his History of the Reign of James II, prints Barillon's despatches from Dec. 7, 1684, to Dec. 6, 1685. On Fox's omissions see G. Rose's Observations on Mr. Fox's Historical Work, pp. 141-7.
M. de Ruvigny, the younger, i.e. Henri de Massue de Ruvigny, eldest son of the Marquis de Ruvigny, created in 1697 Earl of Galway (Jan., 1678).
Sent on a special and secret mission, viz. to intrigue with the opposition in Parliament. Arrived in Jan., 1678; left about Feb. 19, and returned again in March (Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 129; Mignet, iv. 533; Ranke, iv. 45; Klopp, Der Fall des Hauses Stuart, ii. 89, 93, 96, 106; Dalrymple, i. 184, ed. 1790).
Jean Baptiste de Cassaignet, Marquis de Tilladet, Capitaine de la compagnie des cent Suisses de la garde du Roi et Lieutenant-general de ses armées (July, 1683), ambassador extraordinary.
Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 150, 151. Instructions dated July 24. See Campana Cavelli, i. 403. Tilladet was sent in July, 1683, to congratulate on the discovery of the Rye House Plot, and returned in August.
Maréchal de Lorges (March, 1685), envoy extraordinary.
Had audience March 6 (Hatton Correspondence, ii. 55). Took leave April 1 (Historians' Guide, p. 166).
Maréchal d'Humières, envoy extraordinary (July, 1685).
Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 155.
Jean Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Torcy, son of Colbert de Croissy, Secretary of State (Sept., 1687), envoy extraordinary.
Had audience of the Queen Dowager Sept. 18; of 47 Prince George and the Princess Anne Sept. 24; took leave of the King 15 Oct.; of the Queen Oct. 16; of the Queen Dowager Oct. 17; of the Prince and Princess of Denmark Oct. 18 (The Historians' Guide, pp. 188-190). Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 166.
François d'Usson, Marquis de Bonrepaux, Conseiller du Roi, lecteur ordinaire de S.M., Intendant general de la justice, police et finances de la Marine (Baschet). Envoy sent on a special mission.
Instructions dated Dec. 20, 1685. At London 3 Jan., 1686; left London 1 May, 1686 (Baschet). See Ranke, iv. 285; Klopp, iii. 169; Macaulay, History of England. ii. 306; Mackintosh, History of the Revolution, p. 373, 9. Sent again in 1688. Instructions dated Aug. 29, 1688, See Ranke, iv. 418; Klopp, iv. 113; Macaulay, iii. 1S8; Mackintosh, p. 424. Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vols. 157, 158, 160, 163, 164.
Philibert, Comte de Grammont (June, 1688).
Envoy sent to congratulate James II. on the birth of the Prince of Wales (born June 10). Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Angleterre, vol. 166.

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