Source: http://niikelsoramn.ru/institut/podrazdelenija/labendokrinolog/labendokrinolog_eng/
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 20:48:31+00:00

Document:
Dr. V. Klimontov graduated from the Medical Faculty of Novosibirsk Medical Institute in 1996. He took postgraduate courses in Endocrinology and Diabetology at the Research Center of Endocrinology (Moscow), Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam. He also had a set of clinical trainings at University Hospital Salzburg. In 2008 he completed his PhD-thesis on the mechanisms of development and the makers of initial stages of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Prof. V. Klimontov carried out complex studies of the initial structural and functional changes in diabetic kidneys, and proposed some innovative tests to diagnostics of the initial stages of diabetic kidney disease. He also has been involved in genetic studies of diabetic vascular complications in Siberia. His current research interests include diabetes-related chronic low-grade inflammation and angiogenesis impairment, the assessment of glucose variability and prediction of glucose trends, as well as innovative antidiabetic modalities. As Deputy Director for Science, Prof. V. Klimontov coordinates the research activity in the Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences.
Prof. V. Klimontov is a member of European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and American Diabetes Association (ADA). Since 2000, he presents his works regularly at EASD, ADA and IDF meetings. His projects had been supported by the grants from EASD, RF Presidential Council, and Russian Science Foundation. Dr. V. Klimontov is an author of more than 100 articles in peer-review journals and a member of the editorial boards of "World Journal of Diabetes" and "Diabetes Mellitus". He carried out the peer-reviews for “Acta Diabetologica”, “World Journal of Diabetes”, “Genes”, “Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences”, “Diabetes Mellitus”, “Biochemistry”, “Obesity and Metabolism”, and others journals. In 2016 Dr. V. Klimontov was awarded the honorary title of Professor of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS). He works as an expert for RAS, Russian Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, and Russian Science Foundation.
Dr. Elena Koroleva graduated from the Medical Faculty of the Novosibirsk State Medical Institute in 1995. She had her residency in Internal Medicine and took some postgraduate training courses in Endocrinology and Diabetology. In 2005 she received her PhD in Endocrinology with a focus on diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. She joined Laboratory as a senior researcher in 2015 being a Head of Endocrinology Department at the institute clinic.
Dr. E. Koroleva has 15 years of experience in randomized clinical trials. Her current research interests include the pathogenesis, genetics and clinical course of atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects. She is an author of 20 articles in peer-reviewed journals and co-author of one monograph.
Dr. D. Bulumbaeva graduated from Medical Faculty of Novosibirsk State Medical University in 2013 and she had her residency in Endocrinology at Novosibirsk State Medical University. She joined Laboratory as a junior researcher in 2015.
She performed the study of clinical and ultrasound characteristics of insulin-induced lipohypertropthy in patients with diabetes. Currently she is involved in the study of the markers and mechanisms of adipose tissue dysfunction in subjects with type 2 diabetes. The results of the study were presented at some national and international conferences, including the meetings of European Association for the Study of Diabetes and American Diabetes Association. She is an author of 8 articles in peer-reviewed journals.
Dr. O. Fazullina graduated from Medical Faculty of Novosibirsk State Medical University in 2005. She had her residency in Internal Medicine and Endocrinology at Novosibirsk State Medical University. She also took some training courses in Clinical Densitometry and Osteoporosis. She joined Laboratory as a junior researcher in 2012.
Dr. O. Fazullina is a member of the Russian Osteoporosis Association and Russian Association of Endocrinologists. Her research activity is concentrated on genetics and pathogenic mechanisms of osteoporosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. She presented the results of her study at some national and international conferences, including the meetings of Russian Osteoporosis Association and Russian congresses on Diabetes. She is an author of 8 articles in peer-reviewed journals.
Dr A. Korbut graduated from Medical Faculty of Novosibirsk State University in 2013 and trained as a resident in Internal Medicine and Endocrinology at Scientific Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology and Novosibirsk State Medical University. He joined Laboratory as a junior researcher in 2016.
Currently he is involved in the basic study of DPP-4 and SGLT2 inhibitors in diabetic kidney disease. He trained in the working with diabetic laboratory animals and oversees the light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry of kidney samples. He is an author of 4 articles in peer-reviewed journals.
Dr. N. Myakina graduated from Medical Faculty of Novosibirsk State University in 2012 and had her residency in Endocrinology at Novosibirsk State Medical University. She joined Laboratory as a junior researcher in 2014.
Dr. N. Myakina scientific interests include the analysis of glycemic variability, prediction of glucose trends and personalized insulin therapy. She presented the results of her studies at EASD meeting and some other international and national scientific forums. She is an author of 13 articles in peer-reviewed journals and co-author of one monograph.
Dr. N. Tyan graduated from the Medical Faculty of Tashkent Medical Academy (Uzbekistan) in 2006. Afterwards, she has her residence in Endocrinology at the Novosibirsk State Medical University. She joined Laboratory as a junior researcher in 2012.
Dr. N. Tyan has been involved in research projects of genetics and markers of chronic low-grade inflammation and angiogenesis impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes. The results of the study were presented at some national and international conferences, including the meetings of European Association for the Study of Diabetes and American Diabetes Association. She is an author of 8 articles in peer-reviewed journals.
Klimontov V.V., Bulumbaeva D.M., Bgatova N.P., Gavrilova Yu.S., Fazullina O.N., Orlov N.B., Korbut A.I., Savchenko S.V., Konenkov V.I. The relationships between serum levels of adipokines, body fat distribution and subcutaneous microvasculature in type 2 diabetic subjects. // Diabetes. – 2018. – Vol. 67, Suppl. 1. – P. A539. doi: 10.2337/db18-2055-P.
Korbut A.I., Klimontov V.V., Gavrilova Yu.S., Bgatova N.P., Ischenko I.Yu., Zavjalov E.L. Empagliflozin and Linagliptin Alleviate Glomerular Changes in a Model of Diabetic Nephropathy. // Diabetes. – 2018. – Vol. 67, Suppl. 1. – P. A135. doi: 10.2337/db18-511-P.
Mauricio D., Meneghini L., Orsi E., Klimontov V., Westerbacka J., Melas-Melt L., Pilorge V., Perfett R., Khunti K. Change in Insulin Dose and HbA1c by Geographical Region: Results from the Diabetes Unmet Need with Basal Insulin Evaluation (DUNE) Study. // Diabetes. – 2018. – Vol. 67, Suppl. 1. – P. A274. doi: 10.2337/db18-1037-P.
Klimontov VV, Korbut AI. Normoalbuminuric chronic kidney disease in diabetes. Ter Arkh. 2018; 90 (10): 94-98. Russian. doi: 10.26442/terarkh2018901094-98.
Klimontov V.V., Myakina N.E. Glucose variability indices predict the episodes of nocturnal hypoglycemia in elderly type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin. // Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2017. – Vol. 11, N. 2. – P. 119-124. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.08.023.
Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Orlov NB, Shevchenko AV, Prokofiev VF, Myakina NE, Bulumbaeva DM, Konenkov VI. Association of serum levels and gene polymorphism of vascular endothelium growth factor with coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Kardiologiia. 2017; 57 (5): 17-22. Russian. doi: 10.18565/cardio.2017.5.17-22.
Michurina SV, Ishchenko IY, Arkhipov SA, Klimontov VV, Rachkovskaya LN, Konenkov VI, Zavyalov EL. Effects of Melatonin, Aluminum Oxide, and Polymethylsiloxane Complex on the Expression of LYVE-1 in the Liver of Mice with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016; 162 (2): 269-272.
Bulumbaeva DM, Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Orlov NB, Konenkov VI. Serum levels of angiogenic growth factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes with and without peripheral artery disease. Diabetologia. 2017; 60 (Suppl. 1): S526. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4350-z.
Korbut AI, Klimontov VV, Bgatova NP, Gavrilova YS, Ischenko IY, Orlov NB, Dozenko AS, Zavjalov EI. Linagliptin alleviates podocyte injury and enhances glomerular nephrin expression in a model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017; 60 (Suppl. 1): S550. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4350-z.
Fazullina ON, Klimontov VV, Konenkov VI, Shevchenko AV, Prokofiev VF, Tsepilov YA. Modeling the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes on the sets of clinical and immunogenetic parameters. 2017 International MultiConference on Engineering, Computer and Information Sciences (SIBIRCON). Novosibirsk, Russia, 18-24 September 2017.
Klimontov VV. Insulin Glargine 300 U/ml: New Opportunities for the Management of Glycemic Variability in Patients with Diabetes. Effective Pharmacotherapy. Endocrinology. 2017; 39: 32-38.
1. Lingvay I, Manghi FP, García-Hernández P, Norwood P, Lehmann L, Tarp-Johansen MJ, Buse JB; DUAL V Investigators. Effect of insulin glargine up-titration vs insulin degludec/liraglutide on glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes: the DUAL V randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315(9):898-907. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.1252.
2. Korbut AI, Klimontov VV. Incretin-based therapy: renal effects. Diabetes Mellitus. 2016;19(1):53-63. Russian. doi: 10.14341/DM7727.
3. Klimontov VV, Myakina NE, Tyan NV. Heart rate variability is associated with interstitial glucose fluctuations in type 2 diabetic women treated with insulin. SpringerPlus 2016;5:337. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-1932-z.
4. Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Orlov NB, Shevchenko AV. Serum levels of VEGF family angiogenic factors and VEGF-A gene polymorphism are associated with coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2016; 65: A109.
5. Klimontov VV, Shevchenko AV, Tyan NV. Serum levels and genetic variants of inflammatory cytokines are associated with coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes 2016; 65: A113-114.
6. Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Lykov AP, Bondarenko NA, Myakina NE. Lack of association between production of cytokines, NO, and MMP-9 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and glycemic variability in type 2 diabetic patient. Diabetes 2016; 65: A436.
7. Ovsyannikova AK, Rymar OD, Shakhtshneider EV, Klimontov VV, Koroleva EA, Myakina NE, Voevoda MI. ABCC8-Related Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY12): clinical features and treatment perspective. Diabetes Ther. 2016; 7(3): 591-600. doi: 10.1007/s13300-016-0192-9.
8. Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Bulumbaeva DM, Orlov NB, Konenkov VI. Serum levels of angiogenic regulators in type 2 diabetic patients: the relationships with cardiovascular complications. Diabetologia. 2016; 59 (S1): S539.
9. Tyan NV, Klimontov VV, Shevchenko AV, Fazullina ON, Orlov NB, Konenkov VI. Polymorphisms in the gene promoters of IL4, IL6, IL10 and TNFA associated with serum levels of cytokines in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetologia. 2016; 59 (S1): S513.
10. Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Fazullina ON, Myakina NE, Lykov AP, Konenkov VI. Clinical and metabolic factors associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Mellitus. 2016; 19 (4): 295-302. Russian. doi: doi: 10.14341/DM7928.
11. Michurina S.V., Ischenko I.Ju., Klimontov V.V., Archipov S.A., Myakina N.E., Cherepanova M.A., Zavjalov E.L., Koncevaya G.V., Konenkov V.I. Linagliptin alleviates fatty liver disease in diabetic db/db mice. // World J. Diabetes. – 2016. – Vol. 7, N. 19. – P. 534-546. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i19.534.
1. Klimontov VV, Fazullina ON. The relationship of total body composition with bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus 2015;18(1):65-69. doi: 10.14341/DM2015165-69.
2. Klimontov VV, Eremenko NV, Myakina NE, Fazullina ON. Cystatin C and collagen type IV in diagnostics of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Mellitus. 2015;18(1): 87-93. Russian. doi: 10.14341/DM2015187-93.
3. Klimontov VV, Bgatova NP, Gavrilova JuS, Ischenko IJu, Myakina NE, Michurina SV, Zavjalov EL. Linagliptin allieviate renal injury in a model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 2015;64(S.1):A144.
4. Myakina NE, Klimontov VV, Safarov DM. Glucose fluctuations аnd heart rate variability in tуре 2 diabetic patients: The Results of simultaneous glucose and ECG monitoring. Diabetes 2015;64(S.1):A166.
5. Klimontov VV, Myakina NE, Tyan NV, Romanov VV. Elevated levels of circulating macrophage-related inflammatory cytokines in tуре 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Diabetes. 2015;64(S.1):A614-A615.
7. Myakina NE, Klimontov VV. Nocturnal hypoglycemia can be predicted by retrospective analysis of glucose variability in elderly type 2 diabetic patients treated by insulin. Diabetologia. 2015;58(S.1):S416.
8. Klimontov VV, Myakina NE, Tyan NV. Systemic inflammation and glucose variability in type 2 diabetic patients with and without chronic kidney disease. Diabetologia. 2015;58(S.1):S544.
9. Klimontov VV, Myakina NE. The relationships between glucose variability and renal function in type 2 diabetes patients on basal-bolus insulin therapy. Diabetes Mellitus. 2015;18(4):66-71. doi: 10.14341/DM7181.
1. Konenkov VI, Klimontov VV. Gene and cell-based technologies for the treatment of diabetic foot syndrome. Diabetes Mellitus 2014;17(1):63-69. doi: 10.14341/DM2014163-69.
2. Klimontov VV, Tsiberkin AI, Fazullina ON, Prudnikova MA, Tyan NV, Konenkov VI. Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes patients treated with insulin: the advantages of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Mellitus. 2014;17(1):75-80. Russian. doi: 10.14341/DM2014175-80.
3. Konenkov VI, Klimontov VV, Kuznetsova IV. Impaired angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in diabetes mellitus. Arkh Patol. 2014;76(2):55-59. Review.
4. Klimontov VV, Myakina NE. Glycaemic variability in diabetes: a tool for assessing the quality of glycaemic control and the risk of complications. Diabetes Mellitus. 2014;17(2):18-24. doi: 10.14341/DM20142.
5. Klimontov VV, Myakina NE. Insulin glargine: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic basis of clinical effect. Diabetes Mellitus 2014;17(4):99-107. doi: 10.14341/DM2014499-107.
1. Konenkov VI, Klimontov VV, Michurina SV, Prudnikova MA, Ishenko IJ. Melatonin and diabetes: from pathophysiology to the treatment perspectives. Diabetes Mellitus. 2013;16(2):11-16. doi: 10.14341/2072-0351-3751.
2. Klimontov VV, Tsiberkin AI, Fazullina ON, Prudnikova MA, Tyan NV, Konenkov VI. Glucose variability and hypoglycaemic excursions in elderly type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin. Diabetologia. 2013;56(S.1):S239.
3. Konenkov VI, Klimontov VV, Chernykh VV, Tjan NV. Anti-VEGF agents in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Diabetes Mellitus. 2013;16(4):78-84. Russian. doi: 10.14341/DM2013478-84.
2. Korbut AI, Klimontov VV, Bgatova NP, Gavrilova YS, Ischenko IY, Orlov NB, Dozenko AS, Zavjalov EI. Linagliptin alleviates podocyte injury and enhances glomerular nephrin expression in a model of type 2 diabetes. 53th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Lisbon, Portugal, 11-15 September 2017: PP 1194.
1. Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Orlov NB, Shevchenko AV. Serum levels of VEGF family angiogenic factors and VEGF-A gene polymorphism are associated with coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients. 76th Scientific Session of American Diabetes Association. New Orleans, USA, June 10-14, 2016.
2. Klimontov VV, Shevchenko AV, Tyan NV. Serum levels and genetic variants of inflammatory cytokines are associated with coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic subjects. 76th Scientific Session of American Diabetes Association. New Orleans, USA, June 10-14, 2016.
3. Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Lykov AP, Bondarenko NA, Myakina NE. Lack of association between production of cytokines, NO, and MMP-9 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and glycemic variability in type 2 diabetic patient. 76th Scientific Session of American Diabetes Association. New Orleans, USA, June 10-14, 2016.
4. Tyan NV, Klimontov VV, Shevchenko AV, Fazullina ON, Orlov NB, Konenkov VI. Polymorphisms in the gene promoters of IL4, IL6, IL10 and TNFA associated with serum levels of cytokines in type 2 diabetic subjects. 52nd Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Munich, Germany, 12-16 September 2016: PP 1071.
Germany, 12-16 September 2016: PP 1129.
6. Gavrilova YuS, Bgatova NP, Korbut AI, Klimontov VV, Ischenko IYu, Myakina NE, Michurina SV, Zavyalov EL. Linagliptin alleviates podocyte injure and increases glomerular nephrin expression in a model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Abstract Book. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.
7. Klimontov VV, Shevchenko AV, Prokofiev VF, Tyan NV, Konenkov VI. Combinations of polymorphisms in cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase genes are associated with chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetic subjects. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.
8. Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Shevchenko AV, Prokofiev VF, Lykov AP, Konenkov VI. Immunogenetic factors associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetic subjects. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.
9. Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Shevchenko AV, Prokofiev VF, Fazullina ON, Konenkov VI. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in promoters of cytokine genes are associated with serum cytokine levels in type 2 diabetic patients. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.
10. Klimontov VV, Bulumbaeva DM, Tyan NV, Orlov NB, Lykov AP, Konenkov VI. Inverse changes in serum concentrations of inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in patients with type 2 diabetes. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.
11. Michurina SV, Ischenko IJu, Klimontov VV, Archipov SA, Cherepanova MA, Rachkovskaya LN, Myakina NE, Zavjalov EL, Konenkov VI, Borodin JuI, Korolev MA. Effects of the complex of melatonin, aluminium oxide and polymethylsiloxane on the liver structure in type 2 diabetic mice. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.
12. Myakina NE, Tabakov KA, Klimontov VV. Random forest algorithm provides accurate prediction of glucose trends in diabetic subjects. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.
13. Myakina NE, Klimontov VV. Algorithmic adjustment of insulin regimen reduces glucose variability in patients with type 1 diabetes in hospital settings. The International Symposium “Systems Biology and Biomedicine (SBioMed-2016)”. Novosibirsk, 30-31 August 2016.
14. Koroleva EA, Klimontov VV, Bulumbaeva DM. The treatment of MODY1 with combination of gliclazide and dapagliflozin: a case report. IV EASD Postgraduate Course on Clinical Diabetes. Vladivostok, Russia, April 21-23, 2016.
3. Myakina NE, Klimontov VV. Nocturnal hypoglycemia can be predicted by retrospective analysis of glucose variability in elderly type 2 diabetic patients treated by insulin. 51th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Stockholm, 2015. PP 864.
4. Klimontov VV, Myakina NE, Tyan NV. Systemic inflammation and glucose variability in type 2 diabetic patients with and without chronic kidney disease. 51th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Stockholm, 2015. PP 1133.
1. Tabakov K, Myakina N. Glucose trend prediction in diabetic patients using Random Forests algorithm for analysis of CGM data. 50th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Vienna, 2014. PP 996.
1. Klimontov VV, Tsiberkin AI, Fazullina ON, Prudnikova MA, Tyan NV, Konenkov VI. Glucose variability and hypoglycaemic excursions in elderly type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin. 49th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Barcelona, 2013. PP 590.
2. Klimontov VV, Bondar IA, Parfentjeva EM, Romanov VV, Bgatova NP. Urinary excretion of site-specific tubular markers in patients with type 1 diabetes. World Diabetes Congress. Melbourne, 2013.
NN9068-3952 A trial comparing the efficacy and safety of insulin degludec/liraglutide versus insulin glargine in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
M11-352 A Randomized, Multicountry, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Parallel, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effects of Atrasentan on Renal Outcomes in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy.
GEMIGL07185 Phase 3 Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Gemigliptin and Vildagliptin as Add-on Therapy to Metformin in People With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Metformin.
OBS13780 Multinational, Prospective, Observational Study to Assess the Unmet Medical Needs associated with Basal Insulin Use in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Newly or Recently Initiated with Basal Insulin Treatment.
NN9068-4228 A 104 week clinical trial comparing long term glycaemic control of insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) versus insulin glargine therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
BAY 94-8862 (finerenone) / 16244 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter, event-driven Phase III study to investigate the efficacy and safety of finerenone, in addition to standard of care, on the progression of kidney disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the clinical diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease.
BAY 94-8862 (finerenone) / 17530 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter, event-driven Phase III study to investigate the efficacy and safety of finerenone on the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the clinical diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease in addition to standard of care.
NN1218-4131 Efficacy and Safety of Faster-acting Insulin Aspart compared to NovoRapid® both in combination with Insulin Degludec in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes.

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.