Source: https://chestofbooks.com/real-estate/Real-Property-Interests-Law/Sec-106-Express-trusts.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 09:50:54+00:00

Document:
69 Pac 494; Giles v. Anslow, 128 111. 187, 21 N. E. 225; Wood v. Wood, 127 Ky. 514, 106 S. W. 226; Holmes v. Dalley, 192 Mass. 451, 78 N. E. 513; Speirs v. Roberts, 73 Mich. 666, 41 N. W. 841; Gardner v. O'Loughlin, 76 N. H. 481, 84 Atl. 935; Howze v. Barber, 29 S. C. 466, 7 S. E. 817.
34. Brown v. Higgs, 8 Ves. 561; Colton v. Colton, 127 U. S. 300, 32 L. Ed. 138; In re Reith's Estate, 144 Cal. 314, 77 Pac. 942; McDonald v. McDonald, 92 Ala. 537, 9 So. 195; Collins v. Carlisle's Heirs, 7 B. Mon. (Ky.) 13; Jar-nagin v. Conway, 2 Humph. (Tenn.) 50.
35. The words "express," "implied," and "constructive" are used in connection with trusts in different senses by different text writers and judges. Messrs. Lewin and Perry, for instance, apply the term "implied trusts" to trusts created by language intended to have that effect, but not explicitly stating that purpose, which are here considered as "express" trusts. That is, as it has been expressed, when the words are clear, they call the trust "express," and when less clear, they call the trust "implied." Maitland, Equity, 75. But "a trust is genuinely express even though the express language requires interpretation, if the express language, as construed, does state it fully." Article "The Classification of Trusts" by Frofessor George P. Costigan Jr. 27 Harv. Law Rev. 437.
The present writer desires to acknowledge the very great assistance which he has received from the article by Professor Costigan, above referred to, and from other articles by the same writer on the subject of Trusts, in 12 Mich. Law Rev. pp. 423, 515; 28 Harv. Law Rev. pp. 237, 366.
71; 1 Perry, Trusts, Sec. 38; 1 Spence, Eq. Jur. 507; Johnson v. Anderson, 140 Ala. 342. 37 So. 273; Noble v. Learned, 153 Cal. 245, 94 Pac. 1047; Williamson v. Yager, 91 Ky. 282, 34 Am. St. Rev. 184, 15 S. W. 660; Blake v. Collins, 69 Me. 156; O'Neil v. Greenwood, 106 Mich. 572, 64 N. W. 511; Martin v. Funk. 75 N. Y. 134, 31 Am. Rep. 446; Locke v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 140 N. Y. 135; Smith's Estate, 144 Pa. St. 428, 27 Am. St. Rep. 641; 22 Atl. 916; Gadsden,v. Whaley, 14 S. C. 210; Connecticut River Sav. Bank v. Albee's Estate, 64 Vt. 571, 33 Am. Rep. 944, 25 Atl. 487.
See post Sec. 106 (d) note 69.
N. E. 356; O'Neal v. Geenwood, 106 Mich. 572, 64 N. W. 511; King v. Bishop, 62 Miss. 553; Hall v. Farmers' & Merchants' Bank, 145 Mo. 418, 46 S. W. 1000; Combs v. Brown, 29 N. J. L. 36; Steinhardt v. Cunningham, 130 N. Y. 292, 29 N. E. 100; Smith's Estate, 144 Pa. St. 428. 27 Am. St. Rep. 641, 22 Atl. 916; Ray v. Simmons, 11 R. I. 266, 23 Am. Rep. 447; Pownal v. Taylor, 10 Leigh (Va.) 172, 183, 34 Am. Dec. 725.
38. 1 Perry, Trusts, Sec.Sec. 112-116; Harding v. Glyn, 1 Atl. 469; Colton v. Colton, 127 U. S. 300, 32 L. Ed. 138; Plaut v. Plaut, 80 Conn. 673, 70 Atl. 52; Major v. Herndon, 78 Ky. 123; Handley v. Wrightson, 60 Md. 198; Noe v. Kern, 93 Mo. 367, 3 Am. St. Rep. 544, 6 S. W. 239; Penbroke Academy Trustees v. Epsom School Dist., 75 N. H. 408, 37 L. R. A. (N. S.) 646, 75 Atl. 100; Harrisons v. Harrison's Adm'x, 2 Grat. (Va.) 1, 44 Am. Dec. 365.
- (b) Not created by invalid gift. Since, as above indicated, in order to create an express trust, an intention to do so must appear,41 it follows that, if an intended gift is for some reason invalid, the transaction cannot be given effect as a declaration of trust.42 An exception to this general rule has, however, freand note; Knox v. Knox, 59 Wis. 172, 48 Am. Rep. 487, 18 N. W. 155. 39. 1 Perry, Trusts (5th Ed.) Sec.Sec. 114, 115, and notes; Underbill, Trusts (Am. Ed.) 21, 25, et seq.; Pomeroy, Eq. Jur. Sec. 1015; 4 Kent, Comm. (14th Ed.) 305, notes (b), (z); note in Harrisons v. Harrison's Adm'x, 44 Am. Dec. 377 (2 Grat. [Va.] 1); notes to Harding v. Glyn, 2 White & T. Lead. Cas. Eq. 1859, et seq., and see the large collection of decisions in regard to particular phrases in Ames, Cas. Trusts (2nd Ed.) 85-106.

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