Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN102403525B/en
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 02:51:00+00:00

Document:
本发明的一个方面提供电化学电池系统，包括至少一个电化学电池，其被配置为选择性地连接到负载以通过使用燃料和氧化剂产生电流而对电池放电。 One aspect of the invention provides an electrochemical cell system comprising at least one electrochemical cell, which is configured to be selectively connected to a load by using a fuel and an oxidant to generate electricity while discharging the battery. 电化学电池系统可以选择性地连接到电源以对电池再充电。 The electrochemical cell system may be selectively connected to the power source to recharge the battery. 电化学电池系统包括多个电极和位于其中的电极主体。 The electrochemical cell system comprises a plurality of electrodes and wherein the electrode body. 电化学电池系统还包括切换系统，配置为允许用于对每个电化学电池充电的阳极的渐进移动，保持与渐进移动的阴极的最小距离，所述阴极是燃料增长的位置。 The electrochemical cell system further includes a switching system configured to permit a progressive movement of the anode of each electrochemical cell is charged, and the gradual movement to maintain a minimum distance of the cathode, the cathode is a fuel increase position.
 本申请要求美国临时申请61/383, 510的优先权，在此通过参考将其完整引入。  This application claims priority to US Provisional Application No. 61/383, 510, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
 本发明涉及可再充电的电化学电池系统。  The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell system of rechargeable.
 电化学电池是公知的。  Electrochemical cells are well known. 电化学电池包括：阳极或燃料电极，在该电极发生燃料氧化反应；阴极或氧化剂电极，在该电极发生氧化剂还原反应；和支持离子转运的离子导电介质。 The electrochemical cell comprising: an anode or fuel electrode, the fuel oxidation reaction occurs at the electrode; cathode or oxidant electrode, the oxidant reduction reaction occurs electrode; ion transport and support the ionically conductive medium. 在如在美国专利申请公布2009/0284229、2011/0086278和2011/0189551以及在美国专利申请13/028,496(所有这些在此通过参考将其完整引入）中公开的一些金属-气体电池中，燃料电极包括多个骨架电极主体，金属燃料在其上还原和电沉积。 2009 / 0284229,2011 / 0086278 and 2011/0189551 as well as some metals in U.S. Patent Application 13 / 028,496 (all of which are herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication - gas cell, the fuel electrode a plurality of electrodes comprises a skeletal body, the fuel deposited on the metal and reducing power.
 电化学电池系统可以包括多个电化学电池。  The electrochemical cell system may comprise a plurality of electrochemical cells. 在一些这样的电化学电池系统中，第一电池的燃料电极可以连接到第一端子，电池系统内的每个电池的氧化剂电极可以连接到后续电池的燃料电极，该系列的最后电池的氧化剂电极可以连接到第二端子。 In some such oxidant electrode electrochemical cell system, the fuel electrode of the first cell may be connected to a first terminal, the oxidant electrode of each cell in the battery system can be connected to the fuel electrode of a subsequent cell, the last cell of the series It may be connected to the second terminal. 因此，在每个单个电池内产生电势差，而且因为这些电池串联连接，在第一端子和第二端子之间产生累积电势差。 Thus, a potential difference is generated within each individual cell, but also because these cells are connected in series, a potential difference between the first accumulated electrical terminal and the second terminal. 这些端子连接到负载L，产生驱动电流的电势差。 These terminals are electrically connected to a load L, a driving current generating a potential difference.
 特别地，本申请努力提供用于对电化学电池和电化学电池系统再充电和放电的更切实高效的体系结构。  In particular, the present application provides for the architecture efforts electrochemical cell and a rechargeable electrochemical cell system and a more efficient and effective discharge.
 本发明的一个方面提供一种使用燃料和氧化剂产生电流的可再充电的电化学电池系统。 One aspect of the  present invention provides a rechargeable electrochemical cell system using a fuel and an oxidant to generate electricity. 电池系统包括电化学电池。 The system comprises an electrochemical battery cell. 电化学电池包括燃料电极，所述燃料电极包含N个可渗透的电极主体，所述N个可渗透的电极主体以1至N的顺序隔开排列，其中，N是大于或等于2的整数。 The electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode, the fuel electrode comprises a permeable electrode body N, the permeable electrode body in the order of N 1 to N in a spaced array, where, N is an integer greater than or equal to 2. 所述燃料电极包括所述可渗透的电极主体上的金属燃料。 The fuel electrode comprises a metal fuel on the permeable electrode body. 电池还包括：氧化剂电极，所述氧化剂电极与所述燃料电极隔开；和充电电极，所述充电电极选自（a)所述氧化剂电极和（b)与所述燃料电极和所述氧化剂电极隔开的单独的充电电极。 Cell further comprising: an oxidant electrode, the oxidant electrode and the fuel electrode spaced apart; and a charging electrode, the charging electrode is selected from (a) and the oxidant electrode (b) and the oxidant electrode and the fuel electrode separate charging electrode spaced. 电池另外包括离子导电介质，所述离子导电介质连通电极用于传导离子，以支持在电极处的电化学反应。 The ionically conductive medium further comprises a cell, the ionically conductive medium communicating the electrodes for conducting ions, to support the electrochemical reaction at the electrodes. 在电池中，所述燃料电极和所述氧化剂电极配置为在放电模式中氧化所述可渗透的电极主体上的金属燃料并还原所述氧化剂电极处的氧化剂，从而产生施加于负载的电势差。 In the cell, the metal fuel on electrode body of the fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode arranged in the discharge mode to the oxidation and reduction of the permeable oxidant at the oxidant electrode to generate a potential difference is applied to the load. 电池系统另外包括：多个开关，用于选择性地将所述燃料电极的电极主体2至N的每个和所述充电电极耦合到电源，以在再充电模式中施加阳极电势，其中在所述再充电模式中通过所述电源向电极主体1施加阴极电势。 The battery system further comprises: a plurality of switches for selectively connecting said main electrode to the fuel electrode 2 and each of the N electrode coupled to the charging power source, the anode potential is applied to the recharge mode, wherein in the applying a cathodic potential to the said electrode body 1 by the recharge mode power supply. 电池系统还包括控制器，所述控制器被配置为在所述再充电模式中控制所述多个开关，以便对从所述电源向所述可渗透的电极主体2至N和所述充电电极按照渐进方式施加所述阳极电势进行管理，使得通过还原来自所述离子导电介质的金属燃料的可还原的离子，电沉积所述金属燃料，所述电沉积由电极主体1渐进地向充电电极增长，伴随渐进地连接后续电极主体2至N的每个到电极主体1，以向每个后续连接的电极主体施加所述阴极电势。 The system further comprises a cell controller is configured to control the re-charging mode of the plurality of switches, so that the pair of electrodes from the power source to the main body permeable to N 2 and the charging electrode the anode potential is applied in a gradual manner in accordance with the management, so that by reducing the reducible metal fuel ions from the ion-conducting medium, the electrodeposited metal fuel, said electrodeposition 1 progressively increased from the charging electrode to the electrode body , with the subsequent progressive electrode body 2 is connected to each of the N 1 to the electrode body, the cathodic potential applied to the electrode body of each subsequent connection. 该开关的管理还可以使得从每个后续连接的电极主体去除所述阳极电势，以及至少向通过所述电沉积未连接的后续的电极主体施加所述阳极电势或在电极主体N已经通过所述电沉积连接的情况下向所述充电电极施加所述阳极电势，用于氧化所述氧化剂的可氧化的物质。 The switch may also be managed such that each subsequent connection from the electrode body removing the anode potential and the anode potential is applied to at least the subsequent electrode of the main body by electrodeposition or unconnected electrode body has passed through the N the anode potential is applied to the charging electrode is connected to the case of electrodeposition, oxidation of the oxidizable substance to an oxidizing agent.
 本发明的另一个方面提供一种对电化学电池进行充电的方法。 Another aspect  of the present invention provides a method of charging an electrochemical cell. 电化学电池包括燃料电极，所述燃料电极包含N个可渗透的电极主体，所述N个可渗透的电极主体以1至N的顺序隔开排列，其中，N是大于或等于2的整数。 The electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode, the fuel electrode comprises a permeable electrode body N, the permeable electrode body in the order of N 1 to N in a spaced array, where, N is an integer greater than or equal to 2. 所述燃料电极包括所述可渗透的电极主体上的金属燃料。 The fuel electrode comprises a metal fuel on the permeable electrode body. 电池还包括：氧化剂电极，所述氧化剂电极与所述燃料电极隔开；和充电电极。 Cell further comprising: an oxidant electrode, spaced apart from the oxidant electrode and the fuel electrode; and a charging electrode. 所述充电电极选自（a)所述氧化剂电极和（b)与所述燃料电极和所述氧化剂电极隔开的单独的充电电极。 The charging electrode is selected from (a) and the oxidant electrode (b) and the fuel electrode and the separate charging electrode spaced apart from the oxidant electrode. 电池还包括离子导电介质，所述离子导电介质连通电极用于传导离子， 以支持在电极处的电化学反应。 The battery further comprising the ionically conductive medium, the ionically conductive medium communicating the electrodes for conducting ions, to support the electrochemical reaction at the electrodes. 在电池中，所述燃料电极和所述氧化剂电极配置为在放电模式中氧化所述可渗透的电极主体上的金属燃料并还原所述氧化剂电极处的氧化剂，从而产生施加于负载的电势差。 In the cell, the metal fuel on electrode body of the fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode arranged in the discharge mode to the oxidation and reduction of the permeable oxidant at the oxidant electrode to generate a potential difference is applied to the load. 所述方法包括：通过将电极主体1耦合到电源而向电极主体1 施加阴极电势。 Said method comprising: applying a cathodic potential to the power supply by coupling the electrode to the electrode body 1 and the body 1. 所述方法还包括通过选择性地将电极主体2至N耦合到用于施加阳极电势的电源，对向电极主体2至N施加阳极电势进行管理。 The method further comprises, for applying an anodic potential to the electrode body 2 to N are managed by selectively coupling the electrode body 2 to N to the power supply for applying an anodic potential. 这种管理可以使得通过还原来自所述离子导电介质的金属燃料的可还原的离子，电沉积所述金属燃料，所述电沉积由电极主体1 渐进地向充电电极增长，伴随渐进地连接后续电极主体2至N的每个到电极主体1，以向每个后续连接电极主体施加所述阴极电势。 This management can be made by reduction of the reducible metal fuel ions from the ion-conducting medium, depositing the metal fuel, the electrodeposition progressively increased from the charging electrode to the electrode body 1, with the subsequent connection electrodes progressively each of the main body 2 to N to the electrode body 1, to apply an electrical potential to the cathode electrode body each subsequent connection. 该管理还可以包括从每个后续连接的电极主体去除所述阳极电势，和至少向通过电沉积未连接的后续的电极主体施加所述阳极电势或在电极主体N已经通过电沉积连接的情况下向充电电极施加所述阳极电势，用于氧化所述氧化剂的可氧化的物质。 The manager may further include removing the potential from the anode electrode body of each subsequent connection, and the anode potential is applied subsequent to the electrode body by electrodeposition or unconnected electrode at least through the case body has N connections electrodeposition the anode potential is applied to the charging electrode, the oxidation of oxidizable substance oxidizing agent used. 所述方法还可以包括使所述电源解除耦合，以停止充电。 The method may further comprise coupling the power-off, to stop charging.
 本发明的其他目标、特点和优点从下面的详细描述、附图和所附的权利要求变得明显。  Other objects of the present invention, features and advantages from the following detailed description, appended drawings, and the appended claims will become apparent.
 图15显示说明对电池放电的方法的一个实施方式的流程图。  Figure 15 shows a flowchart of one embodiment of a method of discharging the battery. FIG.
 本发明的图解实施方式的详细说明  Detailed Description of the embodiment illustrated embodiment of the present invention.
 图1和图2说明根据本发明的实施方式的电化学电池系统100,其包括配置为在其中利用液体离子导电介质的两个电化学电池10。  FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an electrochemical cell system according to an embodiment of the present invention 100, which is disposed therein comprising two electrochemical cells using a liquid ion-conducting medium 10. 可以理解，本文描述的电化学电池系统100仅仅是示例性的，且在其他实施方式中，电化学电池10或电化学电池系统100的功能或组件可以变化。 It will be appreciated, the electrochemical cell system 100 described herein is merely exemplary, and in other embodiments, the electrochemical cell or electrochemical cell system 10 or the functional components 100 may vary. 例如，在不同的实施方式中，离子导电介质可以流过多个电池10,或可以在单电池10之内循环。 For example, in various embodiments, the ionically conductive medium may flow through the plurality of cells 10, or may circulate within the cell 10. 在一些实施方式中，离子导电介质可能一般不在电池10中流动。 In some embodiments, the ionically conductive medium 10 may be generally not flow in the battery. 可以理解，电化学电池系统100的部分，例如但不局限于其中的一个或多个电池10和/或及其组成部分，可以在各实施方式中不相同。 It will be appreciated, system 100 is part of an electrochemical cell, such as but not limited to, and / or their components wherein one or more batteries 10, may not be the same in each of the embodiments described. 例如，每个电化学电池10或电化学电池系统100的其他组成部分的各个部分可以具有任何合适的结构或组成，包括但不限于由塑料、金属、树脂或其组合形成。 For example, 10 parts of each of the other components of the electrochemical cell or electrochemical cell system 100 may have any suitable structure or composition, including but not limited to plastic or a combination thereof, metal, resin. 因此，每个电池10可以以任何方式组装，包括由多个元件组成、整体成型等。 Thus, each cell 10 may be assembled in any manner, including a plurality of elements, and the like integrally formed. 在各实施方式中，电池10和/或其外壳可以包括来自一个或多个以下专利的元件或排列：美国专利申请12/385, 217、12/385, 489、12/549, 617、12/631，484、12/776, 962、 12/885, 268、13/028, 496、13/083, 929、61/358, 339、61/383, 510 和61/414, 579,每个在此通过参考将其完整引入。 In various embodiments, the battery 10 and / or housing may comprise elements arranged in or from one or more of the following patents: U.S. Patent Application No. 12/385, 217,12 / 385, 489,12 / 549, 617,12 / 631,484,12 / 776, 962, 12/885, 268,13 / 028, 496,13 / 083, 929,61 / 358, 339,61 / 383, 510 and 61/414, 579, each in this incorporated by reference in its entirety. 但是，如图1所示的实施方式所描绘，每个电池10包括燃料电极12和与燃料电极12隔开的氧化剂电极14。 However, the embodiment as depicted in FIG. 1, each cell 10 includes a fuel electrode 12 and an electrode 12 spaced apart from the oxidant electrode of the fuel 14. 燃料电极12由电极支架16支撑。 The fuel electrode 12 is supported by the electrode holder 16. 如图1所示， 电化学系统100还包括盖19,其用于在系统100的一侧覆盖电化学电池10,而电极支架16 的一个是用于覆盖系统100的对侧。 1, the electrochemical system 100 further includes a cover 19 for covering the electrochemical cell 10 on one side of the system 100, and a pair of side electrode holder 16 is used to cover the system 100.
 在一个实施方式中，燃料电极12是金属燃料电极，如下面进一步的详细讨论，其在电池10以放电或产生电流模式操作时，作为阳极发挥功能。  In one embodiment, the fuel electrode 12 is a metal fuel electrode, as discussed in further detail below, in which the battery 10 or the discharge current generated when operation mode, and functions as an anode. 在一个实施方式中，如下面进一步详细讨论，燃料电极12可以包括多个可渗透的电极主体12a_12d，如由任何能够通过电沉积或以其他方式捕捉并保留来自在电池10中循环的离子导电介质的金属燃料的粒子或离子的形成方法制成的筛网（screen)。 In one embodiment, as discussed in further detail below, the fuel electrode 12 may include a plurality of permeable electrode bodies 12a_12d, it can be deposited as any or capture and retain the ionically conductive medium from circulating in the battery 10 via electrical otherwise a screen made by the method of forming particles or the metal fuel ions (screen). 电池10的组成部分例如包括燃料电极12、其可渗透的电极主体12a-12d和氧化剂电极14,该电池10的组成部分可以具有任何合适的构造或配置，包括但不限于由镍或镍合金（包括镍-钴、镍-铁、镍-铜（即莫内尔合金）或高温合金（superalloy))、铜或铜合金、黄铜、青铜或任何其他合适的金属构造。 For example, components of cell 10 includes a fuel electrode 12, an electrode which is permeable to body part 12a-12d and the oxidant electrode 14, the battery 10 may have any suitable construction or configuration, including but not limited to a nickel or nickel alloy ( include nickel - cobalt, nickel - iron, nickel - copper (i.e. Moneo alloy) or a high-temperature alloy (superalloy)), copper or a copper alloy, brass, bronze, or any other suitable metal. 在一个实施方式中，催化剂膜可以应用于可渗透的电极主体12a-12d和/或氧化剂电极14的部分或全部，且具有可以由上文所述的一些材料制成的高表面积的材料。 In one embodiment, the catalyst may be applied to the membrane permeable electrode body portion 12a-12d and / or the oxidant electrode 14 or the whole, a material having a high surface area and may be made of some of the materials described above. 在一个实施方式中，催化剂膜可以通过例如热溅射、等离子体溅射、电沉积或任何其他颗粒涂覆方法的技术形成。 In one embodiment, the catalyst film may be by thermal sputtering, plasma sputtering, for example, electrodeposition coating method or any other technique for forming particles.
 燃料可以是金属，如铁、锌、铝、镁或锂。  The fuel may be a metal, such as iron, zinc, aluminum, magnesium or lithium. 金属这个术语指包括元素周期表上被认为是金属的所有元素，包括但不限于碱金属、碱土金属、镧系元素、锕系元素和过渡金属，当在电极主体上聚集时，是原子、分子（包括金属氢化物）或合金的形式。 This term is meant to include the metal on the periodic table are all considered elemental metal, including but not limited to, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, lanthanides, actinides, and transition metals, when collected on the electrode body, atoms, molecules, (including metal hydride) or in the form of an alloy. 然而，本发明不旨在限于任何特定的燃料，可以使用其他的燃料。 However, the present invention is not intended to be limited to any particular fuel, other fuels. 可以向电池10提供作为悬浮在离子导电介质中的颗粒的燃料。 It may be provided as a suspension in the ionically conductive medium to the fuel cell 10 particles. 在一些实施方式中，金属氢化物燃料可以用于电池10中。 In some embodiments, the metal hydride fuel battery 10 may be used.
 离子导电介质可以是水溶液。  The ionically conductive medium may be an aqueous solution. 合适的介质的例子包括：包含硫酸、磷酸、三氟甲磺酸、硝酸、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钠、氯化钠、硝酸钾或氯化锂的水溶液。 Examples of suitable media include: an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, lithium chloride or potassium nitrate. 介质也可以使用非水溶剂或离子液体。 Non-aqueous medium may be a solvent or an ionic liquid. 在本文所述的非限制的实施方式中，介质为氢氧化钾水溶液。 Herein the non-limiting embodiment, the medium is aqueous potassium hydroxide. 在一个实施方式中，离子导电介质可以包括电解质。 In one embodiment, the ionically conductive medium may include an electrolyte. 例如，可以使用传统的液体或半固体电解质溶液， 或者在室温下可以使用离子液体，如在美国专利申请12/776,962中提到的那些，在此通过参考将其完整引入。 For example, using conventional liquid or semisolid electrolyte solution, or may be used ionic liquid at room temperature, as those in U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 776,962 referred to, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 在电解质是半固体的实施方式中，可以使用多孔固态电解质膜（即松散的结构）。 In an embodiment the electrolyte is a semisolid, a solid electrolyte may be a porous membrane (i.e., loose structure).
 当燃料电极12作为阳极操作时，燃料可以在燃料电极12氧化；当氧化剂电极14 作为阴极操作时，氧化剂（如氧气）可以在氧化剂电极14还原，如在下面进一步详细讨论， 这是当电池10连接到负载L且电池10处于放电或产生电流模式时的情况。  When the fuel electrode 12 operates as an anode, the fuel may be 12 oxidized at the fuel electrode; when the oxidant electrode 14 operates as a cathode, an oxidant (such as oxygen) can, as discussed in further detail below in 14 reducing the oxidant electrode, which is when the battery 10 is connected to the battery 10 and the load L is generated or the case when the discharge current mode. 在放电模式过程中发生的反应可以产生副产物沉淀，例如，离子导电介质中的可还原的燃料物质。 The reaction occurring in the discharge mode may be generated during the precipitation of byproducts, e.g., ionically conductive medium reducible fuel material. 例如， 在燃料是锌的实施方式中，氧化锌可以作为副产物沉淀/可还原的燃料物质而产生。 For example, in an embodiment of the fuel is zinc, the zinc oxide can be precipitated as a by-product / fuel substance reducible generated. 氧化的锌或其他金属也可以由电解质溶液承载、受电解质溶液氧化或在电解质溶液中溶剂化， 而不形成沉淀（如锌酸盐可以是保留在燃料中的溶解的可还原的燃料物质）。 Zinc oxide or other metal may also be carried by an electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution or solvate by oxidation in an electrolyte solution, without forming a precipitate (such as zinc salt may be dissolved in the fuel reserved in the fuel material can be reduced). 在下面进一步详细讨论的再充电模式过程中，可还原的燃料物质（例如氧化锌）可以可逆地还原，且可以作为燃料（例如锌）沉积在燃料电极12的至少部分上，所述燃料电极12在再充电模式过程中作为阴极发挥功能。 Recharge mode process discussed in further detail below, the reducible fuel material (e.g. zinc oxide) may be reversibly reduced and can be used as a fuel (e.g., zinc) is deposited on at least a portion of the fuel electrode 12, the fuel electrode 12 functions as a cathode during the recharge mode. 在再充电模式过程中，如下所述，氧化剂电极14或单独的充电电极70 (在一些实施方式中其可以具有与可渗透的电极主体12a-12d类似的构造或配置） 和/或燃料电极12的另一部分作为阳极发挥功能。 In the recharge mode process, as described below, oxidant electrode 14 or a separate charging electrode 70 (which in some embodiments may have a permeable electrode body 12a-12d similar configuration or configurations) and / or the fuel electrode 12 another portion functions as an anode. 下文进一步详细讨论放电和再充电模式之间的切换。 Discussion of switching between discharge and recharge mode in further detail below.
 电极支架16限定在其中保持燃料电极12的腔18。  The electrode holder 16 defined therein to maintain the fuel electrode 18 of the chamber 12. 电极支架16也限定电池10的入口20和出口22。 The electrode holder 16 also defines an inlet 20 and an outlet 10 of the battery 22. 入口20配置为允许离子导电介质进入电池10和/或通过电池10再循环。 The inlet 20 is configured to allow the ionically conductive medium into the cell 10 and / or recycled by the battery 10. 入口20可以通过入口通道24连接到腔18,且出口22可以通过出口通道26连接到腔18。 20 may be connected to the inlet chamber 18 through the inlet passage 24, and the outlet 22 may be connected to the chamber 18 through the outlet passage 26. 如图3中所示，入口通道24和出口通道26每个可以提供蜿蜒曲折的通路，离子导电介质可以流动通过所述通路。 As shown in Figure 24 the inlet passage and the outlet passage 326 may be provided for each winding passage, the ionically conductive medium can flow through the passage. 由入口通道24限定的蜿蜒的通路优选不包含任何尖角，介质在所述尖角中的流动可能变得停滞不前或介质中的任何微粒可能会聚集在所述尖角中。 An inlet channel defined by a serpentine passage 24 preferably does not comprise any sharp corners, sharp corners in the flow of the medium may become stagnant or any particles in the medium may build up in the corners. 正如下文进一步的详细讨论，可以设计通路24、26的长度，以提供在以流体方式串联连接的电池之间的增加的离子电阻。 As further discussed in detail below, the length of the passage 24, 26 may be designed to provide a fluid between the cells connected in series is increased ionic resistance.
 对于每个电池10,适当时可以将可渗透的密封构件17结合在电极支架16的密封面和/或盖19之间，以至少将燃料电极12包封在腔18中。  For each cell 10, appropriate sealing member may be permeable to the electrode holder 17 incorporated in the sealing surface 16 and / or between the lid 19, at least the fuel electrode 12 encapsulated in the chamber 18. 密封构件17还覆盖入口通道24和出口通道26。 The sealing member 17 also covers the inlet passage 24 and outlet passage 26. 密封构件17是非导电性和电化学惰性的，并优选设计为在正交方向中（即通过其厚度）对于离子导电介质可渗透，而不允许离子导电介质的横向转运。 17 non-conductive and electrochemically inert sealing member, and is preferably designed to be in the orthogonal direction (i.e., through the thickness) permeable to the ion conductive medium, and the transverse transport allowed ionically conductive medium. 这使得离子导电介质可渗透通过密封构件17,实现与相对侧的氧化剂电极14的离子导电性，从而支持电化学反应，而并不使得离子导电介质从电池10横向向外"通过毛细作用被传送"（"wicking"）。 This makes the permeable ionically conductive medium by the sealing member 17, and the opposite side of the oxidant electrode to achieve ionic conductivity of 14 to support the electrochemical reaction, so that the ionically conductive medium without outwardly "is transferred from the battery 10 by capillary action laterally "(" wicking "). 用于密封构件17的合适的材料的一些非限制性的例子是EPDM和TEFLON®。 Some non-limiting examples of suitable materials for the sealing member 17 is EPDM and TEFLON®.
 在图示的实施方式中，腔18的横截面一般呈长方形或正方形，基本上与燃料电极12的形状相匹配。  In the illustrated embodiment, the cross section of the chamber 18 is generally rectangular or square shape, substantially match the shape of the fuel electrode 12. 腔18可以通过多个入口34连接到入口通道24,使得当离子导电介质和沉淀物或可还原的燃料物质进入腔18时，离子导电介质和燃料沿燃料电极12的侧面分布。 Chamber 18 may be connected to the inlet passage 24 through a plurality of inlets 34, 18 is such that when the ionically conductive medium and precipitate or reducing the fuel material into the cavity, the ionically conductive medium and are distributed along the fuel side of the fuel electrode 12. 在一些实施方式中，腔18的一侧（具体地说，连接到入口通道24的腔18的一侧）可以包括多个流态化区（fluidization zone)，如在美国专利申请公布2011/0086278中描述的那些，在此通过参考将其完整引入。 In some embodiments, the side of the cavity 18 (specifically, the channel 24 is connected to the chamber inlet side 18) may include a plurality of fluidized zone (fluidization zone), as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0086278 those, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. 在其他实施方式中，离子导电介质可以通过扩散体(diffuser)进入腔18,如在美国专利申请公布2011/189551中描述的，在此通过参考将其完整引入。 In other embodiments, the ionically conductive medium may enter through the diffuser (Diffuser) chamber 18, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/189551 described, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
 如图4所示，多个隔板40 (其中每个彼此隔开地穿过燃料电极12而延伸）可以连接到电极支架16,使得燃料电极12可以相对于电极支架16和氧化剂电极14保持在原位。  As shown in FIG. 4, a plurality of separators 40 (wherein each spaced apart from one another and extend through the fuel electrode 12) may be connected to the electrode holder 16, such that the fuel electrode 12 with respect to the electrode holder 16 and the oxidizer electrode 14 remain in place. 在一个实施方式中，如图2所示的多个可渗透的电极主体12a-12d，可以由多个隔板40的组分开，使得每组隔板40定位于相邻的电极主体之间以使得电极主体12a-12d相互电隔离。 In one embodiment, the plurality of FIG permeable electrode body shown in FIG. 2 12a-12d, a plurality of groups may be separated by a partition plate 40, so that the electrode body 40 is positioned between adjacent separators to each so that the electrode body 12a-12d are electrically isolated. 下面更详细地讨论，在相邻电极主体之间的每组隔板40中，隔板40以一种在其间产生所谓的"流动通道"（"flow lane"）42的方式相互间隔定位。 Discussed in more detail below, a separator between the electrodes each adjacent to the body 40, the spacer 40 in a so-called "flow channel" ( "flow lane") in a manner spaced 42 positioned therebetween. 流动通道42是三维的，且高度与隔板40的高度大致相等。 42 is a three-dimensional flow passage, and the height of the spacer 40 is substantially equal. 在一个实施方式中，隔板40可以由具有对应于流动通道的式样(cut-outs)的单一框架提供。 In one embodiment, the separator 40 may be provided by a single frame corresponding to the flow channel pattern (cut-outs) of. 在一个实施方式中，流动通道42可以包括泡沫-或蜂窝式结构，其被配置为允许离子导电介质流动穿过。 In one embodiment, the flow channel 42 may comprise a foam - or honeycomb structure, which is configured to allow the ionically conductive medium to flow therethrough. 在一个实施方式中，流动通道42可以包括配置为破坏通过流动通道的离子导电介质的流动的栓（pin)的阵列。 In one embodiment, the flow channel 42 may comprise an array configuration for the destruction of a plug flow through the ionically conductive medium flow passage (pin) a. 在一个实施方式中，电池10的框架、隔板40、流动通道42和/或其他元件可以通过塑料注塑成型，或使用化学过程形成的环氧/绝缘材料来限定。 In one embodiment, the frame of the battery 10, the separator 40, the flow passage 42 and / or other elements may be injection molded plastic, or epoxy / chemical process of forming an insulating material is defined. 所示的实施方式不旨在以任何方式限制。 Embodiment illustrated embodiment is not intended to be limiting in any way.
 隔板40是非导电性和电化学惰性的，所以它们关于电池10中的电化学反应方面无活性。  40 non-conductive and electrochemically inert separator, they electrochemical reactions in the battery 10 on aspects inactive. 隔板40优选具有这样的尺寸，使得当它们连接到电极支架16时，隔板40处于拉伸状态，这使得隔板40挤压燃料电极12或电极主体12a-12c之一，从而保持燃料电极12 或其主体相对于电极支架16处于平面关系。 Separator 40 preferably has a size such that when they are connected to the electrode holder 16, the separator 40 in tension, which makes one of the fuel electrode separator 40 pressing body 12 or the electrodes 12a-12c, thereby maintaining the fuel electrode or the body 12 relative to the electrode holder 16 in a planar relationship. 隔板40可以由塑料材料（如聚丙烯、聚乙烯、 改性聚苯醚（noryl)、含氟聚合物等）制成，其允许隔板40以拉伸状态连接到电极支架16。 Separator 40 may (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene, modified polyphenylene oxide (Noryl), fluoropolymers and the like) made of plastic material, which allows the diaphragm 40 stretched state 16 is connected to the electrode holder.
 在如图5所示的实施方式中，每个隔板具有拉长的中间部分44和在每个末端的成形连接部分46。  In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, each spacer having an elongated portion 44 and an intermediate connection portion 46 formed at each end. 成形连接部分46配置为由如图6所示的形状与电极支架16大致相似的开口48保持。 Shaped connecting portion 46 is arranged by the shape of the electrode holder 16 shown in Figure 6 is substantially similar to the opening 48 remains. 在图示说明的实施方式中，成形连接部分46和开口48具有基本上三角的形状，但图示说明的形状不旨在以任何方式限制。 In the illustrated embodiment, the connecting portion 46 and 48 forming the shape of a substantially triangular opening, the shape illustrated is not intended to be limiting in any way. 基本上三角的形状在配置为接触电极支架16上的相应表面52的隔板40的拉长部分44的两侧上提供表面50。 A substantially triangular shaped surface 50 is provided on both sides of the elongated portion 44 is configured to contact a corresponding surface of the upper electrode 52 of the holder 40 of the separator 16. 由于表面50、52相对于隔板40的拉长部分44的主轴MA成角度，且隔板40的张力将沿主轴MA，所以相比具有同样面积的圆形或正方形形状的成形部分，拉伸产生的力可以横跨较大的表面分布。 Since the surface 50, 52 with respect to the elongated spindle MA angled portion 44 of the separator 40, the separator 40 and the tension will be along the major axis MA, as compared shaped portion having a circular or square shape of the same area, stretching force may be distributed across a large surface.
 -旦隔板40已经通过末端部分46连接到电极支架16,流动通道42被限定为横跨电极支架16的腔18。  - Once the separator 40 has been connected by the electrode holder 46 to the end portion 16, the flow channel 42 is defined as the chamber 18 across the electrode holder 16. 隔板40被配置为基本上将一个流动通道42a相对于相邻的流动通道42b进行封锁，其由隔板40之一分开，使得将离子导电介质引导为一般以基本上一个方向流动。 The separator 40 is configured to substantially a flow passage 42a with respect to the adjacent flow channel blockade 42b, one of which is separated by the separator 40, so that the ionically conductive medium is generally guided to flow substantially in one direction. 具体来说，离子导电介质一般可以沿第一方向FD穿过燃料电极12流动，从入口通道24流向出口通道26。 Specifically, the ionically conductive medium may flow through the fuel electrode is generally FD 12 in a first direction, from the inlet passage 26 to the outlet passage 24. 在入口通道24和入口34之间产生合适的压力降低，使得离子导电介质可以流过腔18和流向出口通道26,甚至当电池10定向使得流动基本上向上和对抗重力时也是如此。 Suitable pressure reduction generated between the inlet passage 24 and inlet 34, so that the ionically conductive medium can flow through the chamber 18 and towards the outlet passage 26, even when the battery 10 is oriented so that the substantially upward flow against gravity and time as well. 在一个实施方式中，离子导电介质也可以以第二方向SD渗透通过燃料电极12 或单个可渗透的电极主体12a-12d，并进入位于燃料电极12或可渗透的电极主体12a-12d 的相对侧上的流动通道中。 In one embodiment, the ionically conductive medium may also be a second direction SD permeate 12a-12d through the body of the fuel electrode 12 or a single permeable electrode, and the electrode body into the opposite side of the fuel electrode 12 or 12a-12d of the permeable the flow passage.
 如图7的实施方式所示，电化学电池系统100中的电池10的燃料电极12可以选择性地连接到外部负载L，使得随燃料在燃料电极12氧化而由燃料放射出的电子可以流向外部负载L。 Embodiment illustrated embodiment  FIG. 7, the electrochemical cell 100 of the fuel cell system 12 of the electrode 10 can be selectively connected to an external load L, so that the oxidation of the fuel with the fuel electrode 12 while electrons emitted from the fuel you can flow to the external load L. 包括多个开关的切换系统60可以选择性电连接燃料电极12的每个单独的可渗透的电极主体12a-12d，也可以选择性地将可渗透的电极主体12a-12d连接到氧化剂电极14。 Switching system comprising a plurality of switches 60 may be selectively electrically connected to the fuel electrode of each individual permeable electrode body 12 is 12a-12d can be connected selectively permeable electrode body 12a-12d to the oxidant electrode 14. 如图所示，在一些实施方式中，电化学电池系统100可以进一步包括其他电池10。 As shown, in some embodiments, the electrochemical cell system 100 may further include other cell 10. 在一个实施方式中，切换系统60可以包括端子选择器系统62,配置为对用于使电池10放电的外部负载L进行耦合或解除耦合，或者对用于使电池10充电的电源PS进行耦合或解除耦合。 In one embodiment, the system 60 may include a switching terminal of the selector system 62, configured for the battery 10 to the external load L discharges decoupled or coupled, or used for charging the battery 10 or a power supply PS coupled decoupled. 在另一个实施方式中，切换系统60和端子选择器系统62可以是单独的，但在一个实施方式中，可以互相连通。 In another embodiment, the switching system 60 and the terminal of the selector 62 can be a separate system, in one embodiment, can communicate with each other. 下面更详细地讨论切换系统60。 Switching system 60 discussed in more detail below.
 当氧化剂电极14连接到外部负载L并且电池10以放电模式操作时，氧化剂电极14作为阴极发挥功能。  When the oxidant electrode 14 is connected to an external load L and the battery 10 is operating in the discharge mode, the oxidant electrode 14 functions as a cathode. 当作为阴极发挥功能时，氧化剂电极14被配置为接收来自外部负载L的电子并还原接触氧化剂电极14的氧化剂。 When functioning as a cathode, the oxidant electrode 14 is configured to receive the electrons from the external load L and the oxidant reduction electrode 14 is in contact with the oxidant. 氧化剂可以是对于在充电电极氧化可用的任何氧化剂物质。 The oxidant may be any oxidant for the charging material available oxidizing electrode. 例如，物质可以是游离离子、或与离子导电介质中的其他离子或组分结合或配位的离子。 For example, the ion species may be free, or in combination with other ions or components of the ionically conductive medium or complex ions. 在一个实施方式中，氧化剂电极14包括空气呼吸电极（air breathing electrode)，并且氧化剂包括周围空气中的氧气。 In one embodiment, the oxidant electrode 14 comprises an air breathing electrode (air breathing electrode), and the oxidant includes oxygen in the surrounding air.
 氧化剂可以由被动转运系统递送到氧化剂电极14。  The oxidizing agent may be delivered by a passive transport system 14 to the oxidant electrode. 例如，如果周围空气中存在的氧气是氧化剂，则只通过电池内的开口（例如在电化学电池系统1〇〇的中心处提供的电极支架16的凹槽56和盖19的凹槽54所提供的开口）将氧化剂电极14暴露到周围空气，可以足以允许氧气扩散/渗透进入氧化剂电极14。 For example, if oxygen present in the ambient air is the oxidant, only through an opening in the cell (e.g., an electrode holder is provided at the center of the electrochemical cell system 1〇〇 groove 56 and the cover 19 of the groove 54 provided 16 opening) to the oxidant electrode 14 is exposed to ambient air, it may be sufficient to allow the oxygen diffusion / permeation into the oxidant electrode 14. 可以使用其他合适的氧化剂，此处所描述的实施方式不局限于使用氧气作为氧化剂。 Other suitable oxidizing agents may be used, the embodiments described herein are not limited to the use of oxygen as the oxidizer. 适当时，可将外围垫圈（gasket) 15定位于氧化剂电极14的外围和盖19或电极支架16之间，以防止离子导电介质在氧化剂电极14周围泄漏和进入用于空气暴露的凹槽54、56的区域中。 Where appropriate, the peripheral gasket (gasket) 15 is positioned between the peripheral and the oxidant electrode 19 or the electrode holder 16 a cover 14 to prevent leakage and the ionically conductive medium into the recess 54 for exposing air around the oxidant electrode 14, region 56.
 在其他实施方式中，栗（如风机）可以用于在压力下向氧化剂电极14递送氧化剂。  In another embodiment, the Li (such as fans) can be used to deliver the oxidizer to the oxidizer electrode 14 under pressure. 氧化剂的来源可以是蓄存的氧化剂（contained oxidizer)的来源。 The source of oxidant may be a source of oxidant (contained oxidizer) of the reservoir. 在一个实施方式中，如在美国专利申请12/549, 617中公开的（在此通过参考将其完整引入），氧气可以从电池10循环使用。 In one embodiment, as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12/549, 617 disclosed (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), may be used oxygen gas circulating from the battery 10. 同样，当氧化剂是来自周围空气中的氧气时，氧化剂来源可以广泛地视为被动或主动（如栗、风机等）的递送机构，通过该递送机构允许空气流向氧化剂电极14。 Likewise, when the oxidizer is oxygen from ambient air, the oxidizer source may be broadly regarded as passive or active (e.g., Li, fans, etc.) of the delivery mechanism, allowing air to flow to the oxidant electrode 14 through the delivery mechanism. 因此，术语"氧化剂来源"意图涵盖蓄存的氧化剂和/或用于从周围空气向氧化剂电极14被动或主动递送氧气的布置。 Thus, the term "oxidant source" is intended to encompass accumulator oxidant and / or passive or active 14 arranged for delivery of oxygen from the ambient air to the oxidant electrode.
 当在氧化剂电极14的氧化剂还原时，产生可以由外部负载L引出的电力，而在燃料电极12的燃料被氧化成氧化形式。  When the oxidant is reduced at the oxidant electrode 14, generates electric power can be drawn by the external load L, and is oxidized to an oxidized form in the fuel electrode 12. 一旦燃料电极12的燃料完全氧化或由于燃料电极的钝化而氧化停止，电池10的电势耗尽。 Once the fuel electrode 12 or due to the complete oxidation of the fuel electrode and the passivation oxide is stopped, the electric potential of the battery 10 is depleted. 切换系统60的部分可以定位在氧化剂电极14和负载L之间，使氧化剂电极14可以根据需要与负载L连接和断开。 Part of the handover system 60 may be positioned between the oxidant electrode 14 and the load L, L oxidant electrode 14 can be connected and disconnected as required load. 同样，下面提供有关切换系统60及其电气配置的更多细节。 Similarly, below provide more details about the switching system 60 and its electrical configuration.
 为了限制或抑制在放电模式过程中和静态（开路）时段内在燃料电极12的析氢， 可以添加盐来减缓这种反应。  In order to limit or inhibit and static (open) the intrinsic period of the fuel electrode 12 of the hydrogen evolution, the discharge mode may be added to slow the salt during this reaction. 可以使用锡、铅、铜、汞、铟、铋或具有高氢超电势的任何其他材料的盐。 As tin, lead, copper, mercury, indium, bismuth salts, or any other material having a high hydrogen overpotential. 此外，可以添加酒石酸盐、磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐、琥珀酸盐、铵盐或其他抑制析氢的添加剂。 In addition, salts of tartrate, phosphate, citrate, succinate, ammonium or other additives to suppress hydrogen evolution. 在一个实施方式中，金属燃料合金（如Al/Mg)可以用于抑制析氢。 In one embodiment, the metal alloy fuel (e.g., Al / Mg) may be used to suppress hydrogen evolution. 也可以另外或者作为替代手段地向离子导电介质添加其他添加剂，包括但不限于例如美国专利申请13/028, 496 (在此通过参考将其完整引入）中描述的增强燃料电极12上的金属燃料的电沉积过程的添加剂。 Additionally or alternatively it may be a means to add other additives to the ionically conductive medium, including but not limited to, for example, U.S. Patent Application No. 13/028, 496 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) reinforcing metal fuel on the fuel electrode 12 described in electro deposition process additives.
 电池10中的燃料已完全被氧化后，或每当期望通过将氧化的燃料离子还原回燃料来再生电池10内的燃料时，燃料电极12和氧化剂电极14可以与外部负载L解除耦合并与电源PS耦合。  After the fuel cell 10 has been completely oxidized, or whenever desired time by reducing the oxidized fuel ions to regenerate the fuel back to the fuel cell 10, the fuel electrode and the oxidizer electrode 12 and the external load 14 can decouple L and coupled to the power supply PS. 如上所述，例如通过使用切换系统60和端子选择器系统62可以进行这样的连接。 As described above, for example, may be made by using a connection system 60 and the switching terminal of the selector system 62.
 电源PS被配置为通过向燃料电极12和氧化剂电极14之间施加电势差而对电池10充电，使得燃料的可还原的物质被还原并电沉积在可渗透的电极主体12a-12d的至少一个上，并在氧化剂电极14上发生相应的氧化反应，这通常是可氧化的物质氧化而析出可以从电池10释放（off-gassed)的氧气。  The power supply PS is configured to electrically applied between 14 to the fuel electrode 12 and the oxidizer electrode potential while 10 rechargeable batteries, such that the fuel substance reducible is reduced and electrodeposited 12a-12d of at least the electrode body permeable one, and the corresponding oxidation reaction takes place on the oxidant electrode 14, oxidation of the oxidizable substance which is usually a precipitated oxygen can be released from the battery 10 (off-gassed) a. 在其中氧气是氧化剂的实施方式中，电解水溶液中的氧离子被氧化。 In an embodiment where the oxygen is the oxidant, oxygen ions are oxidized in the aqueous electrolyte solution. 氧离子可从燃料的氧化物（例如，当锌是燃料时，为氧化锌）、氢氧根离子（0H)或水分子（H20)获得。 Oxygen ions (e.g., when the fuel is zinc, zinc oxide), hydroxide ions (0H) or water molecules (H20) obtained from a fuel oxides. 如美国专利申请12/385, 489 (在此通过参考将其完整引入） 详细描述，在一个实施方式中，只有一个可渗透的电极主体（如12a)连接到电源PS，使得燃料还原在该可渗透的电极主体上，并逐一地渐进增长到其他可渗透的电极主体12b-12d 上。 As described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12/385, 489 (incorporated by reference in its entirety herein by) described in detail, in one embodiment, the electrode body (e.g., 12a) is connected to only one power permeable PS, such that the fuel can be reduced in the permeable electrode body, and one by one to a progressive increase of other permeable electrode body 12b-12d. 切换系统60可以控制可渗透的电极主体12a-12d和氧化剂电极14如何参与电池的电化学反应，这在下文作更详细描述。 Switching system 60 may control electrodes 12a-12d and the main body permeable to the oxidant electrode 14 how to participate in the electrochemical reaction of the battery, which is described in more detail below.
 图8显示一个实施方式，其中，提供电化学电池系统100中的电池10的单独的充电电极70作为充电电极而不是氧化剂电极14发挥该功能。  Figure 8 shows an embodiment, wherein the electrochemical cell system providing separate charging electrodes 10, 70 of the battery 100 rather than the oxidant electrode as the charging electrode 14 exhibit the function. 同样，在一些实施方式中，如图所示，其他电池10可以是电化学电池系统100的一部分。 Also, in some embodiments, as shown in FIG, 10 may be part of other battery system 100 of the electrochemical cell. 如图2所示，单独的充电电极70 可以定位于燃料电极12和氧化剂电极14之间，其中隔板72和密封构件17定位于单独的充电电极70和氧化剂电极14之间。 As shown, a separate charging electrode 70 may be positioned between the fuel electrode 12 and the oxidant electrode 14, separator 72 and wherein the sealing member 17 is positioned between the separate charging electrodes 70 and the oxidant electrode 14. 隔板72是不导电的，且具有离子导电介质可以流动通过的开口。 The separator 72 is non-conductive, and has an opening ionically conductive medium can flow through.
 在上述关于图7的实施方式中，氧化剂电极14在产生电流/放电过程中作为阴极发挥功能，并如上所述在充电过程中作为阳极发挥功能。  In the embodiment described above with respect to FIG. 7, is generated in the oxidant electrode 14 functions as a cathode current / discharge process, as described above and functions as an anode during the charging process. 在图8中，氧化剂电极14在产生电流/放电过程中仍然为阴极，但在充电过程中可以断开连接，而单独的充电电极70连接到电源PS作为阳极发挥功能。 In FIG. 8, a current is generated in the oxidant electrode 14 / a cathode discharge process is still, but can be disconnected during charging, while a separate charging electrode 70 is connected to the power source PS functions as an anode. 在产生电流的过程中，燃料电极12上的燃料被氧化，产生被引导对负载L供电、然后被引导向氧化剂电极14用于还原氧化剂（如上文详细讨论）的电子。 In the process of generating a current, the fuel on the fuel electrode 12 is oxidized, generating power is directed to the load L, is then directed to the reduction electron oxidizing agent (discussed in detail above) to the oxidant electrode 14. 在包括单独的充电电极70的实施方式中，切换系统60可以控制可渗透的电极主体12a-12d、氧化剂电极14和单独的充电电极70如何参与电池的电化学反应，这在下文更详细的描述。 In an embodiment comprising a separate charging electrode 70, the switching system 60 may control the permeable electrode bodies 12a-12d, the oxidant electrode 1470 how to participate in the electrochemical reaction of the battery and separate charging electrode, which is described in more detail below .
 在本发明的任何实施方式中，也可以向燃料电极12的电极主体12a_12d的任何或全部而不是只是一个施加阴极电势，以产生逐主体渐进的增长。  In any embodiment of the present invention may be any or all of 12a_12d instead of just a cathodic potential applied to the electrode body of the fuel electrode 12 to generate a gradual increase by the body. 从一个端子开始的渐进增长是有利的，因为它提供更大的电沉积的燃料的密度。 A gradual growth beginning from the terminals is advantageous because it provides a greater density of electrical fuel deposited. 具体来说，随着每个后续主体通过渐进增长相连，先前连接的电极主体的增长继续。 Specifically, as each subsequent gradual increase of the body connected by the electrode body previously connected growth continues. 这种和其他优势在美国专利申请12/385,489(在此通过参考将其引入）中更详细的讨论。 This and other advantages in U.S. Patent Application 12 / 385,489 (herein incorporated by reference) in greater detail. 在所有电极主体经受同样的电势的情况下，将只发生增长，直到在充电电极（图7的实施方式的氧化剂电极14和图8的实施方式的单独的充电电极70)及与其接近的电极主体之间发生短路为止。 In the case where all the electrode body is subjected to the same electrical potential, the growth will only occur, the electrode body until the charging electrode (the embodiment of the oxidant electrode embodiment of FIG. 14 and FIG. 8 separate charging electrode 70) and close thereto Until a short circuit occurs between. 因此，可以获得以这种方式的更快但密度更小的增长，这可能是适合某些再充电的需要。 Therefore, you can get a faster but less dense growth this way, it may be appropriate for some recharging needs.
 图7和图8所示的实施方式不应被视为以任何方式限制，并提供为电池10如何可以被配置为可再充电的非限制性的例子。 Embodiment  FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 should not be considered limiting in any way, and to provide non-limiting example of how the battery 10 may be configured to be rechargeable. 本发明的再充电模式，在切换系统60的情况下， 在下文作更详细的讨论。 Recharge mode of the present invention, in the case of switching system 60, hereinafter discussed in more detail. 另一个例子是美国专利申请公布2011/0070506 (在此通过参考将其全部内容引入）描述在电池中具有充电/放电模式切换的可充电的电化学电池系统的实施方式。 Another example is U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0070506 (herein incorporated by reference by its entirety) describe a system embodiment of the rechargeable electrochemical cell charging / discharging in the battery mode switch.
 回到图4,在离子导电介质通过燃料电极12之后，介质可以流入连接到出口22和电极支架16的腔18的出口36的出口通道26。  Returning to Figure 4, in the ionically conductive medium is connected to the electrode holder 22 and the outlet channel 36 outlet 26 outlet 16 of the chamber 18 through 12, the medium can flow into the fuel electrode. 如在下面进一步的详细讨论，当多个电池10以流体方式串联连接时，在其中介质在电池10中再循环的实施方式中，出口22可以连接到入口20或连接到相邻电池的入口。 As discussed in further detail below, when a plurality of batteries 10 connected in series in a fluid manner, in the embodiment in which the medium is recycled in the battery 10, the outlet 22 may be connected to the inlet 20 or inlet connected to the adjacent cell. 在一个实施方式中，出口22可以连接到容器以收集在电池10已使用的介质。 In one embodiment, the outlet 22 may be connected to the battery container 10 to collect the medium that has been used.
 图1和图2所示的电池10可以以流体方式串联连接。  FIGS. 1 and cell 10 shown in FIG. 2 may be fluidly connected in series. 串联连接的电池的实施方式的细节在2009年12月4日提交的美国专利申请12/631，484中提供，在此通过参考将其完整引入。 Details of an embodiment of the serially connected cells in U.S. Patent No. 4 December 2009, filed 12 / 631,484 is provided herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 第一电池10的出口的22可以以流体方式连接到第二电池10的进口20,第二电池10的出口22可以连接到第三电池的入口20,依此类推。 The first outlet 22 may be connected to the battery 10 in a manner to fluid inlet 20 of the second battery 10, an outlet 22 of the second battery 10 may be connected to the inlet 20 of the third cell, and so on. 虽然图1和图2的实施方式说明两个电池10,额外的电池可以堆叠和以流体方式连接到图示说明的电池。 While the embodiments of FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate two batteries 10, extra batteries may be stacked and fluidly connected to the battery illustrated. 由于如上所述以及图3和图4所示，入口通道24和出口通道26产生的蜿蜒曲折的通路，介质通过通路24、 26的流动通路的长度大于每个电池10中的燃料电极12和氧化剂电极14之间的距离。 Since as described above and shown in FIG. 3 and FIG, meandering passage inlet channel 24 and outlet channels 26 produced medium 24, the length of the flow passage 26 is greater than the fuel electrode of each cell 10 through the passage 412 and the distance 14 between the oxidant electrode. 这在以流体方式连接的电池对之间产生离子电阻，其大于单个电池10中的离子电阻。 This produces between the ionic resistance of the battery is connected in a fluid, which is greater than the ionic resistance of the single cell 10. 如美国专利申请12/631，484所讨论，这可以减少或最小化电池100的堆叠的内部离子电阻损失。 As described in US Patent Application 12 / 631,484 discussed above, this may reduce the internal resistance of the ion or minimize loss of cell stack 100.
 在操作的一个实施方式中，其上已经沉积有金属燃料的燃料电极12连接到负载L，并且氧化剂电极14连接到负载L。  In one embodiment mode of operation in which the fuel has been deposited with a metal fuel electrode 12 is connected to the load L, and the oxidant electrode 14 is connected to the load L. 离子导电介质在正压力下进入入口20,流动通过入口通道24、腔18的入口34,并进入流动通道42。 Ionically conductive medium enters inlet 20 under positive pressure, the flow through the inlet passage 24, inlet 34 of the chamber 18, and into the flow passage 42. 离子导电介质流动穿过隔板40的拉长的中间部分22限定的流体通道42中的可渗透的电极主体12a-12d。 Ionically conductive medium flows through the intermediate partition plate 40 of the elongated portion 22 defines a fluid channel electrodes 12a-12d permeable body 42. 离子导电介质也可以渗透穿过燃料电极12的可渗透的电极主体12a-12d。 Ionically conductive medium may permeate through the permeable electrode bodies 12a-12d of the fuel electrode 12. 离子导电介质同时接触燃料电极12和氧化剂电极14,从而使得燃料氧化和传导电子到负载L，而氧化剂在氧化剂电极14处通过由负载L传导到氧化剂电极14的电子还原。 The ionically conductive medium 12 while contacting the fuel electrode and the oxidizer electrode 14, so that the fuel oxidation and electron conduction to the load L, and the oxidant, at 14 by the load L by conduction electron reduction to the oxidant electrode the oxidant electrode 14. 在离子导电介质通过流动通道42后，介质通过腔18的出口36流出腔18,穿过出口通道24,并流出电池10的出口22。 In the ionically conductive medium 42 through the medium outlet chamber 18 through the discharge chamber 36 of the flow channel 18, through the outlet passage 24, and out of the outlet 10 of the battery 22.
 当电池10的电势已经耗尽时，或者当另外期望对电池10再充电时，燃料电极12 连接到电源PS的负极端子，并且充电电极连接到电源PS的正极端子，所述充电电极可以是氧化剂电极14或单独的充电电极70。  When the potential of the battery 10 has been exhausted, or when the additional desired recharge the battery 10, the fuel electrode 12 is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply PS and the charging electrode is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply PS, the charging electrode or the oxidant electrode 14 may be a separate charging electrode 70. 可以通过下面讨论的切换系统60进行这种连接。 This connection may be through a switching system 60 discussed below. 在充电或再充电模式下，燃料电极12的阴极部分成为阴极，燃料电极12和/或充电电极14、 70的阳极部分成为阳极，这在下文更详细描述。 In charging or recharging mode, the cathode portion of the fuel electrode 12 becomes a cathode and / or anode electrode of the charging portion 14, 70 of the fuel electrode 12 becomes an anode, which is described in more detail below. 通过向燃料电极12的阴极部分提供电子， 燃料离子可以还原为燃料，再沉积在可渗透的电极主体12a-12d上，这在下文更详细描述； 而离子导电介质以与上面关于放电模式描述的相同方式循环通过电池10。 By providing electrons to the cathode portion of the fuel electrode 12, the fuel can be reduced to the fuel ions, and then deposited on the permeable electrode body 12a-12d, which is described in more detail below; the ionically conductive medium with the pattern described above with respect to the discharge circulated through the cell 10 in the same manner.
 流动通道42提供离子导电介质穿过燃料电极12的方向性和分布。  The flow channel 42 provides the ionically conductive medium and the directional distribution through the fuel electrode 12. 流动通道42 还可以防止微粒沉淀和/或覆盖电极。 The flow channel 42 can also prevent precipitation of particles and / or covering the electrodes. 当电池10处于充电模式时，微粒在整个燃料电极12 的改善的分布允许还原的燃料更均匀沉积在燃料电极12上，这提高燃料电极12上的燃料的密度，增加电池10的容量和能量密度，从而提高电池10的循环寿命。 When the battery 10 in the charging mode, the particles in the improved distribution of the entire fuel electrode 12 allows the reduction of the fuel more uniformly deposited on the fuel electrode 12, which increases the density of the fuel 12 on the fuel electrode, to increase capacity and energy density of the battery 10 , thereby improving the cycle life of the battery 10. 此外，通过具有控制放电过程中沉淀物或反应副产物的分布的能力，可以阻止副产物在燃料电极12上的早期钝化/沉积。 Further, by having the ability to control the distribution of precipitates during discharge or reaction byproducts, byproducts can prevent the fuel electrode 12 on the passivation early / deposition. 钝化导致较低的燃料利用率和较低的循环寿命，这是不符合需要的。 The passivation results in lower fuel efficiency and low cycle life, which is undesirable needed.
 图1-图8的例子并不是限制性的，只是提供用于理解电池系统100的电池10的实施方式的一般原则的上下文。  Figures 1 to 8 of the example is not limiting, but to provide a context for understanding the general principles of the embodiment of the battery cell 10 of the system 100. 可以使用任何电池构造或配置。 Any configuration may be used or a battery configuration. 在理解提供的电池系统的情况下，转向关注本发明的切换系统60的配置和操作。 With the understanding that the battery system is provided, the switching system of the present invention concerns a steering arrangement 60 and the operation.
 如上所述，在电池10的充电模式过程中，在电池10内横跨电极施加电势差。  As described above, in the charging mode of the battery 10 during the battery 10 in the potential difference is applied across the electrodes. 在充电过程中，虽然氧化剂电极14或单独的充电电极70-般作为阳极发挥功能，但可以向其他电极（如燃料电极12中的一些电极主体）施加阳极电势。 In the charging process, while the oxidant electrode 14 or as a separate charging electrode 70 functions as an anode, but the anode potential may be applied to other electrodes (e.g., some of the electrodes 12 in the fuel electrode body). 同样，在充电过程中，最初可以将阴极电势施加到燃料电极12的电极主体12a，但最初也可以施加到燃料电极12的一个或多个其他可渗透的电极主体12b-12d。 Also, during charging, the cathode potential may be initially applied to the electrode 12a of the fuel electrode body 12, but may also be applied initially to the fuel electrode of one or more other permeable electrode body 12b-12d 12 a. 因此，那些具有阴极电势的燃料电极12的可渗透的电极主体12a-12d在充电过程中作为阴极发挥作用，并作为对于可还原的燃料物质（例如， 电池在放电过程中产生的氧化的燃料离子）的还原位置发挥作用。 Thus, the electrode body that is permeable to the fuel electrode having a cathode potential 12 12a-12d during the charging process as a cathode to function, and as the fuel material may be reduced (e.g., generated by the battery during discharge oxidized fuel ions ) reduction position to play a role.
 随着可还原的燃料物质在那些具有阴极电势的可渗透的电极主体12a_12d上被还原，氧化剂电极14或单独的充电电极70和/或那些具有阳极电势的可渗透的电极主体12b-12d将氧化可氧化的氧物质（例如，电池在放电过程中产生的还原的氧化剂物质）。  As the fuel reducible substances are reduced in those 12a_12d electrode body having a cathode potential permeable, the oxidant electrode 14 or separate charging and / or the electrodes 12b- electrode body 70 having an anodic potential of those permeable the oxidation of the oxidizable 12d oxygen species (e.g., reducing battery oxidant species generated during discharge). 因此，当电池10是金属-空气电池时，可还原的金属燃料物质正在被还原并电沉积在燃料电极12的一些可渗透的电极主体的12a-12d上；可氧化的氧物质正在被氧化为可以从电池10释放的氧气。 Thus, when the battery 10 is metal - air cell, the reducible metal fuel material being reduced and electrodeposited on some of the fuel electrode permeable electrode body 12a-12d 12; the oxidizable species being oxidized to oxygen the battery 10 can be released from the oxygen. 在该实施方式中，那些具有阳极电势的电极和电极主体可以被认为是析氧电极（0ΕΕ)。 In this embodiment, those having an anode electrode and a potential electrode body may be considered to be the oxygen evolution electrode (0ΕΕ).
 为了确定在充电过程中哪些电极（即，可渗透的电极主体12a_12d、氧化剂电极14 和/或单独的充电电极70)具有阳极电势或阴极电势，其间的电连接可以通过切换系统60 控制，这在下文更详细讨论。  In order to determine the charging process which electrodes (i.e., the permeable electrode body 12a_12d, oxidant electrode 14 and / or a separate charging electrode 70) having an anodic potential or cathode potential, are electrically connected therebetween by switching system 60 controls , which is discussed in more detail below.
 用于对电池10充电的电势差施加于电池10中的相邻主体之间，使得具有阳极电势的电极主体与具有阴极电势的电极主体相邻，这对于燃料增长（fuel growth)可以是有利的。 Between adjacent body  for application in the battery 10 on the electrical potential difference 10 of the charged battery so that the electrode body having an anodic potential adjacent the electrode body having a cathode potential, which may be the fuel increase (fuel growth) advantageous. 一旦在具有阴极电势的电极主体上发生充分的燃料增长，具有阳极电势的电极可能改变，以至于以前是一组具有阳极电势的电极主体的一部分的可渗透的电极主体可能成为一组具有阴极电势的电极主体的一部分。 Event sufficient fuel growth on the electrode body having a cathode potential, an electrode having an anode potential may change, so that the former electrode body permeable portion of a group of the electrode body having an anodic potential may be a group having a cathodic potential a portion of the electrode body. 在其中存在N个可渗透的电极主体的实施方式中，从电源向可渗透的电极主体2至N和充电电极施加阳极电势可以包括同时将所有电极主体和充电电极连接在一起，然后依次断开电极主体2至N的每个电极主体。 In the present embodiment, wherein the N-permeable electrode body, the electrode from the power source to the main body permeable to N 2 is applied to the anode potential and the charging electrode may comprise simultaneously connect all electrodes and charge electrode body, followed disconnect electrode body 2 to N of each of the electrode body. 可选择地，在一个实施方式中，从电源向可渗透的电极主体2至N和充电电极施加阳极电势可以包括依次单独地连接和断开每一个电极主体和充电电极（使得电极主体2连接到阳极电势，然后断开，并且电极3连接到阳极电势，依此类推，直到最终连接充电电极而完成增长）。 Alternatively, in one embodiment, from a power source to the electrode body 2 to N-permeable anode potential is applied may comprise sequentially individually connect and disconnect each electrode body and the charging electrode and the charging electrode (such that the electrode is connected to the body 2 anode potential, then disconnect, and the electrode 3 is connected to the anode potential, and so on, until the final connection between the charging electrode to complete growth).
 在一个实施方式中，在充电过程中，充电电极可以只是最后的电极来接收阳极电势。  In one embodiment, during charging, the charging electrodes may be received only the last electrode the anode potential. 例如，充电电极可以是氧化剂电极或单独的电极。 For example, the charging electrode may be a separate electrode or the oxidant electrode. 当充电电极是单独的电极时，它可以具有不同于燃料电极的电极主体的专用的构造，或可以与可渗透的电极主体相同（即，只是又一个电极主体），但对于充电过程中燃料的增长并不继续的事实失去原有效用。 When the charging electrode is a single electrode, it may have a configuration different from the dedicated electrode body of the fuel electrode, the electrode body may be the same or permeable (i.e., has only one electrode body), but for the fuel charging process the fact that growth does not continue to lose their effectiveness.
[0061 ] 在图1-图2所示的上述实施方式中，对于哪些电极具有阳极电势的渐进改变可以遵循通过每个可渗透的电极主体12a_12d的燃料增长，使得具有阳极电势的电极保持为与具有阴极电势的电极相邻间隔开的电极主体。  In the embodiment shown in Figures 1, having an anode electrode which progressively changed to the potential growth of the fuel electrode can be followed by a permeable body of each 12a_12d such that an electrode having an anode potential is maintained with the an electrode body having a cathode electrode is spaced apart from the adjacent potential. 如在以下附图的实施方式中所示，开关系统60可以被配置为选择性地连接和断开各种电极和电极主体，以保持阳极电势和阴极电势的相邻定位。 As shown in the drawings described below, switching system 60 may be configured in various electrode body and an electrode are selectively connected and disconnected to maintain the anode potential and is positioned adjacent to the cathode potential.
 图9-图12显示电池10的切换系统60的实施方式。  The embodiment of the switching system 60 Figure 9 Figure 12 shows the battery 10. 电池10通过第一端子130 和第二端子140可连接到电源PS、负载L或串联的其他电池10,其中，第一端子130在再充电过程中是负极（阴极），第二端子140在再充电过程中是正极（阳极）。 The first terminal 130 and second terminal 140 may be connected to the battery 10 through the power supply PS, the load L or other batteries 10 in series, wherein the first terminal 130 is in the negative electrode during recharging (cathode), then the second terminal 140 in a positive electrode during charging (the anode). 如图所示，电池10具有包含可渗透的电极主体12a-12d的燃料电极12、充电电极70和氧化剂电极14。 As shown, the battery 10 having an electrode comprising a permeable body 12a-12d of the fuel electrode 12, the charging electrode 70 and the oxidant electrode 14. 在一个实施方式中，多个开关可以选择性地将可渗透的电极主体12b-12d中的至少一些耦合至电源（如电源PS)，以在电池10的再充电模式过程中施加阳极电势，其中向至少电极主体12a施加阴极电势，这在下文更详细描述。 In one embodiment, the plurality of switches may be selectively coupled to power at least some of the permeable electrode body 12b-12d of (e.g., power supply PS), the anode potential is applied to the rechargeable battery 10 during the mode, wherein cathodic potential is applied to at least the main electrode 12a, which is described in more detail below.
 在图9中，切换系统60包括旁路开关150,该旁路开关150配置为在第一端子130和第二端子140之间提供直接连接。  In FIG. 9, switching system 60 includes a bypass switch 150, the bypass switch 150 is configured to provide between the first terminal 130 and second terminal 140 are directly connected. 旁路开关150可以类似于美国专利中请公布2011/0070506所述的旁路开关，在此通过参考将其完整引入。 The bypass switch 150 may be similar to U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0070506 said bypass switch, herein by reference incorporated in its entirety. 出于许多影响堆叠的性能的原因，电池10可以由旁路开关150进行旁路。 For reasons of performance stacking many effects, the battery 10 may be bypassed by a bypass switch 150.
 例如，在充电过程中具有阴极电势的电极主体12a_12d和充电电极70之间的短路（如下所述，通过电压测量检测的）可以导致充电过程中寄生电源的代价。 12a_12d shorting electrode and the charging electrode body 70 between the  For example, a cathode potential during the charging process (as described below, detected by measuring the voltage) may result in the cost of charging the parasitic power. 由于电流在充电电极和燃料电极之间的分流，电短路可以导致充电电极和燃料电极之间的电压突然下降。 Since the current split between the charging electrode and the fuel electrode, the voltage can cause electrical short circuit between the charging electrode and the fuel electrode is suddenly decreased. 另一个例子是在放电过程中，具有较高的动能或欧姆损耗的任何电池10影响堆叠的往返效率和放电功率。 Another example is in the discharge process, having a high kinetic energy of impact 10 or any cell stack ohmic losses roundtrip efficiency and discharging power. 此外，电池10在放电过程中比其他电池10较早的燃料消耗可以导致电池10中的电压反转和堆叠的功率损耗，而且可以通过在放电电压低于某一临界值时对电池10进行旁路来防止。 Next addition to battery 10, the battery 10 earlier than the other battery 10 can result in fuel consumption of the battery voltage and the inverted stack 10 power loss during the discharge process, but also by the discharge is lower than a certain threshold voltage Road to prevent. 在放电过程中锌或其他燃料的完全消耗导致燃料电极和氧化剂电极之间的电压突然下降。 During the discharge of zinc or other fuel leads to complete consumption of the voltage between the fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode is suddenly decreased. 可以使用用于检测电池10的性能的任何其他标准，且此处的例子是非限制性的。 Any other criteria may be used for detecting the performance of the battery 10, and examples herein are non-limiting. 由于产量问题和有关电极的制造和装配的问题，某些电池10可能无法满足性能要求（例如，在放电过程中的最大功率）。 And yield issues due to problems related to the manufacture and assembly of the electrode, the battery 10 may not meet certain performance requirements (e.g., maximum power during discharge). 这些电池10可以以旁路模式永久放置。 The cell 10 may be permanently placed in bypass mode. 其他电池10最初可以满足性能要求，但是，可能具有循环寿命问题，且可以在性能低于所需的限制后被置于旁路模式中。 Other battery 10 is initially meet the performance requirements, however, may have a cycle life problems, and can be placed in the bypass mode after the performance is below the required limit. 因此，通过旁路开关150对电池10进行旁路提供了对于增加堆叠的可靠性和性能的选择。 Thus, selection for increased reliability and performance of the stack via the bypass switch 150 for bypassing the battery 10.
 图9的切换系统60还包括与氧化剂电极14关联的氧化剂电极开关160。 Switching system 60  FIG 9 also includes a switch 160 associated oxidizer electrode and the oxidizer electrode 14. 氧化剂电极开关160在放电过程中将是关闭的，使得跨燃料电极12和氧化剂电极14的电势可以允许电流由第一端子130和第二端子140 (其在放电过程中分别具有正和负的极性）之间连接的负载引出。 In the oxidant electrode during discharge switch 160 is closed, so that the oxidant electrode 12 and fuel electrode across the potential 14 may allow the current from the first terminal 130 and second terminal 140 (each having a positive and negative polarity during discharge the connection between the load) lead-out.
 充电电极开关170可以与充电电极70关联，使得当在第一端子130和第二端子140之间连接电源PS时，充电电极70可以电连接到第二端子140。  The charging electrode 170 may switch associated with the charging electrode 70, such that when the power source PS is connected between the first terminal 130 and second terminal 140, the charging electrode 70 may be electrically connected to the second terminal 140. 正如下面所讨论的，充电电极70可能并不总是具有施加于其上的阳极电势，并且在一个实施方式中，可能当需要在它和电极主体12d之间的燃料增长时，才具有阳极电势。 As discussed below, the charging electrode 70 may not always have the anodic potential applied thereto, and in one embodiment, it may be when it is required between the fuel and the electrode body 12d growth, that has the anode potential . 也显示分别与电极主体12b-12d关联的开关180、190和200,所有这些同样被配置为连接电极主体12b-12d到第二端子140。 Switches are also associated with the display electrode body 12b-12d 180,190 and 200, all of which are configured to connect the same electrode body 12b-12d to the second terminal 140.
 正如所指出的，有利的是具有阳极电势的电极与具有阴极电势的电极相邻，从而具有阴极电势的电极上的增长增强。  As noted, it is advantageous that the electrode adjacent to the electrode having a cathode having a potential of the anode potential, so that the growth potential of a cathode electrode is enhanced. 例如，相比具有阳极电势的电极离最近的具有阴极电势的电极更远（即，如果中性电极将具有阳极电势的电极和具有阴极电势的电极分开）， 这种增强可以包括燃料增长的更大密度。 For example, the electrode compared to the anode potential nearest to the electrode having a cathodic potential farther (i.e., separating the electrodes and if the neutral electrode having a positive electrode potential and an electrode having a cathodic potential), this enhancement may include a fuel increase more density. 这种增强的密度可能是由于初始的枝状晶体(dendrite)，其首先接触遭到破坏的阳极主体，因为它们缺乏足够的横截面来传送阳极主体和阴极主体之间的电流。 This enhancement may be due to the initial density dendrite (Dendrite), it first contacts the anode body damaged because they lack sufficient cross-section to carry current between the anode body and the cathode body. 也就是说，它们类似于受到过量电流的熔丝元件而熔化。 That is, they are similar to the excessive current by the fuse element melts. 这延迟阳极主体和阴极主体之间的短路，这在以下情况下发生：密度进一步增加，以提供足够的横截面积（单独地和/或共同地）的枝状晶体，使得实现无干扰的电流传导。 This delayed short-circuit between the cathode body and the anode body, which occurs under the following conditions: the density is further increased to provide sufficient cross-sectional area (individually and / or collectively) dendrite, so that the current interference-free conduction. 另一个优点可以是：相比其中具有阳极电势的电极离最接近的具有阴极电势的电极更远（即，中性电极将具有阳极电势的电极和具有阴极电势的电极分开）的配置，其中充电电极70和燃料电极12之间的距离较低的配置中的电解质IR损失较低。 Another advantage may be that: in comparison with which the electrode potential from the anode electrode and a cathode potential is closest farther (i.e., the neutral electrode having an electrode and an anode electrode having a potential of the cathode potential separate) arrangement, wherein the charge the fuel electrode and the lower electrode 70 IR loss of the electrolyte disposed between the lower distance 12. 这种由阳极电极和阴极电极之间的较少的距离产生的IR效率优势，可以在一些实施方式（其中，金属的增长是在电极之间发生）和在其他的实施方式（例如，其中氢离子正在被还原的金属氢化物燃料）中实现。 Such IR efficiency advantages resulting from less distance between the anode electrode and a cathode electrode, may be (wherein the metal growth occurs between the electrodes) in some embodiments and in other embodiments (e.g., where hydrogen ions being reduced metal hydride fuel) is implemented.
 为了实现对于哪些电极具有阳极电势的渐进修改，为了说明具有阳极电势的电极和与具有阴极电势的电极之间的转变，将配置处于充电模式的电池10使得旁路开关150是打开的，使得电流不绕过电池10。  In order to realize what a progressive modified electrodes having an anodic potential for, to illustrate the transition between the electrode and the electrode having the cathode electric potential of an anode potential, the configuration is in battery charging mode 10 such that the bypass switch 150 is open , 10 such that the battery current is not bypassed. 因为电池处于充电模式，氧化剂电极开关160也是打开的，使得氧化剂电极14与电池10电断开。 Because the battery in the charging mode, the oxidant electrode switch 160 is open, so that the oxidant electrode 14 is electrically disconnected from the battery 10. 由于最初电极主体12a上需要燃料增长，所以只有电极主体12a电连接到第一端子130,向其施加阴极电势。 Since the fuel required to increase the first electrode body 12a, so only the main electrode 12a is electrically connected to the first terminal 130, the cathode potential is applied thereto. 为了在与电极主体12a相邻的电极主体上建立阳极电势，至少电极主体12b将电连接到第二端子140。 In order to establish the anode potential on the electrode body and the electrode body 12a adjacent to at least the electrode body 12b is electrically connected to the second terminal 140. 为了实现图示实施方式中的这种电连接，至少关闭开关180。 To achieve this electrical connection in the illustrated embodiment, switching off of at least 180. 在一个实施方式中，电极主体12c-12d、充电电极70也可以电连接到第二端子140,从而也可以具有阳极电势。 In one embodiment, the electrode body 12c-12d, the charging electrode 70 may be electrically connected to the second terminal 140, and thus may have an anode potential. 由于具有阳极电势的电极（即最初的电极主体12a)和具有阴极电势的电极（即最初至少电极主体12b)之间的电势差，离子导电介质中的可还原的燃料物质可以在具有最初的阴极电势的电极（电极主体12a)还原，而离子导电介质中的阳离子在电极主体12b(和向其施加阳极电势的任何其他主体/电极）氧化。 Since the anode electrode potential with (i.e., the first electrode body 12a) and an electrode having a cathodic potential (i.e., at least initially, an electrode body 12b) the potential difference between the fuel material reducible ionically conductive medium may have an initial cathode potential the electrode (electrode body 12a) is restored and the ionically conductive medium cationic 12b (and any other subject to which / is applied to the anode electrode potential) at the oxidizing electrode body.
 -旦在具有阴极电势的电极上的燃料增长发展到某一点，例如，在具有阴极电势的电极和具有阳极电势的电极之间形成电连接的点，切换系统60可以断开具有阳极电势的短路电极主体，使得该电极主体具有施加于其的阴极电势，并且同样可以在相邻的电极主体之间形成电势差。  - Once the fuel grow on the electrode having the cathode electric potential is developed to a certain point, e.g., dots are formed electrical connection between the electrode and the electrode having an anode potential and a cathode potential, switching system 60 may be disconnected having an anode potential shorting electrode body, such that the electrode body having a cathode potential applied thereto, and may be the same potential difference is formed between the adjacent electrode body. 如果电连接没有已经存在，则这可能需要将相邻的电极主体进一步电连接到第二端子140,从而在该主体上建立阳极电势。 If the electrical connection is not already present, this may need to be adjacent to the electrode body is further electrically connected to the second terminal 140, thereby establishing an electrical potential across the anode body. 例如，在图9中，一旦电极主体12a 上的燃料增长导致与电极主体12b短路，打开开关180,使得这两个电极主体12a和（通过燃料增长的电连接的）电极主体12b具有阴极电势。 For example, in FIG. 9, once the fuel increase the electrode body 12a leads and 12b short-circuited electrode body, opening switch 180, such that the two electrode body 12a and the electrode body (connected by an electrical fuel growth) 12b having the cathode potential. 另一方面，关闭开关190(如果之前没有已经关闭），使得至少电极主体12c具有阳极电势，从而针对具有阴极电势的电极和具有阳极电势的电极之间的电势差保持相邻电极主体分离。 On the other hand, the switch 190 off (if not already previously closed), such that at least the electrode body 12c having an anodic potential to the electrodes for electrical connection between a cathode potential and an anode electrode having a potential difference between the potential holding electrode body adjacent separation.
 对于哪些电极具有阴极电势和哪些电极具有阳极电势的渐进转变可能会在开关190和200打开的情况下在整个电池10中继续，直至不需要或不可能有进一步的进展。  a progressive transition in which the cathode potential and an anode electrode to which the electrode potential may continue throughout the battery 10 when the switch 190 and the opening 200, until the required or possible further progress. 例如，在其中存在单独的充电电极70的图示说明的实施方式中，当单独的充电电极70是唯一的具有阳极电势的电极主体并且燃料电极12的所有可渗透的电极主体12a-12d具有阴极电势时，进展会结束。 For example, in embodiments where there is a separate charging electrode 70 of the illustrated embodiment, a separate charging electrode 70 when only an electrode body having an anodic potential of all the electrodes and the body 12 is permeable to the fuel electrode 12a-12d having a cathode when the potential, progress will end. 当电极主体12d上的燃料增长导致电极主体12d和充电电极70之间的电连接时，电池10的充电可以随后结束。 When growth in the fuel electrode body 12d and the body 12d electrode lead electrical connection between the charging electrodes 70, the rechargeable battery 10 may then ends. 在一个实施方式中，切换系统70可以被配置为具有过充电配置，其中电池可以被配置为选择性地通过打开开关170和关闭开关160向充电电极70施加阴极电势，向氧化剂电极14施加阳极电势，通过允许充电电极70上的燃料增长利用它对电池10进一步充电。 In one embodiment, the switching system 70 may be configured to have over-charging configuration in which the battery may be configured to selectively apply a cathode potential by opening switch 170 and closing switch 160 to the charging electrodes 70, applying an anodic potential to the oxidant electrode 14 , 10 allowing further charged by a charging electrode 70 on the fuel increase its use of a battery.
 在图9的实施方式中的电池10的放电过程中，氧化剂电极开关160将被关闭，而充电电极开关170将被打开。  In the discharging process embodiment of Figure 9 in the cell 10, the oxidant electrode switch 160 is turned off and the charging electrode switch 170 is opened. 此外，开关180、190和200将被打开，燃料消耗将是从电极主体12d至电极主体12a，其中，电极主体12a-12d之间的电连接是通过燃料的增长实现的。 Further, switches 180, 190 and 200 are opened, the fuel consumption of the electrode body from the electrode 12d to the body 12a, wherein the electrical connection between the electrode body 12a-12d is achieved by growth of the fuel. 在图示说明的实施方式中，这就是没有通过氧化剂电极开关160将电极主体12a-12d短路到氧化剂电极14的原因。 In the illustrated embodiment, the electrode which is not shorted to the body 12a-12d reason the oxidant electrode the oxidant electrode 14 through the switch 160.
 继续图10,针对电池10图示切换系统60的另一个实施方式。  Continuing with Figure 10, the battery 10 illustrates another embodiment for the switching system 60 embodiment. 同样存在旁路开关150,该旁路开关150被配置为将第一端子130直接连接至第二端子140,绕过电池10。 Also there is a bypass switch 150, the switch 150 is configured to bypass the first terminal 130 is directly connected to the second terminal 140, bypassing the battery 10. 切换系统60还包括一系列的连接开关210a-210d，这些开关配置为选择地和渐进地连接电极主体12b-12d的每个至第一端子130或第二端子140,使得电极主体12b-12d的每个具有阴极电势（即连接到至少电极主体12a)或阳极电势（即连接到至少充电电极70)。 Switching system 60 also includes a series connection switches 210a-210d, the switch configured to select and progressively connected to each of the electrode body 130 to the first terminal or the second terminal 140 12b-12d and 12b-12d such that the electrode body each having a cathodic potential (i.e., at least the electrodes connected to the main body 12a) or anode potential (i.e., the charging electrode is connected to at least 70). 如图所示，在充电过程中，旁路开关150将打开，所以电池不被绕过。 As shown, during charging, the bypass switch 150 is opened, the battery is not bypassed. 氧化剂电极开关160也将是打开的，使得氧化剂电极14在充电过程中是断开的。 Oxidant electrode switch 160 will be open, so that the oxidant electrode 14 is disconnected during the charging process. 充电电极开关170将被关闭，使得至少充电电极70具有阳极电势。 Charging electrode switch 170 is closed, so that the charging electrode 70 having at least an anode potential. 为了促进具有阴极电势的电极（最初只是电极主体12a) 和具有阳极电势的电极之间的最小距离，开关210b、201c和210d将被关闭，使得通过电极主体12b-12d以及充电电极70施加通过对于第二端子140的电连接产生的阳极电势。 In order to promote an electrode having a cathode potential (initially 12a of the electrode body) the minimum distance between the electrode having an anode potential, the switches 210b, 201c, and 210d are closed, so that 70 is applied through the electrode body 12b-12d and the charging electrodes for the anode potential of the second terminal 140 is electrically connected generated. 随着电极主体12a上的燃料增长的进展，它最终将接触电极主体12b。 With the progress of fuel on the electrode body 12a of growth, it will eventually contact electrode body 12b. 在一个实施方式中，此时开关210b将打开，使得电极主体12a-12b具有阴极电势，而电极主体12c-12d和充电电极70具有阳极电势。 In one embodiment, the switch 210b is opened at this time, so that the electrode body 12a-12b having a cathodic potential, the electrode body 12c-12d and the charging electrode 70 having an anodic potential. 在一个实施方式中，开关210a也将被关闭，使得超出燃料增长的电连接，形成电极主体12a-12b之间的更强的电连接。 In one embodiment, the switch 210a will be closed, so that the electrical connections exceeds the fuel increase, the stronger the electrical connection between electrode bodies 12a-12b form a connection. 如上所述，随着具有阳极电势的电极主体的数量缩小，而具有阴极电势的电极数目增长，可以分别在打开开关210c和210d的情况下继续这样的进展。 As described above, as the number of the electrode body having an anodic potential is reduced, and the number of electrodes having a cathodic potential increase, respectively, can be opened when the switch 210c and 210d continues to this progress. 同样，在一些实施方式中，开关210b和210c在进展中可以关闭，以随着具有阴极电势的电极的数量渐进增长，在电极主体12a-12d之间形成更强的电连接。 Also, in some embodiments, the switch 210b, and 210c can be turned off in progress, as to the number of electrodes having a cathodic potential progressive increase, stronger electrical connection is formed between the electrode body 12a-12d.
 在图10的实施方式中的电池10的放电过程中，氧化剂电极开关160将被关闭，而充电电极开关170将被打开。  In the embodiment of the discharge process of the battery 10 of FIG. 10, the oxidant electrode switch 160 is turned off and the charging electrode switch 170 is opened. 在一个实施方式中，开关210a-210d可以保持打开，并且燃料消耗将是从电极主体12d至电极主体12a，其中电极主体12a-12d之间的电连接是通过燃料的增长实现的。 In one embodiment, the switches 210a-210d may remain open, and the fuel consumption of the electrode body from the electrode 12d to the body 12a, wherein the electrical connection between electrode bodies 12a-12d are achieved by growth of the fuel. 在另一个实施方式中，开关210a-210d可以关闭，从而使得在燃料电极12 的所有电极主体12a-12d之间存在电连接，并且燃料在整个燃料电极12中被氧化，而氧化剂在氧化剂电极14被还原。 In another embodiment, the switches 210a-210d can be closed, so that there is an electrical connection between the electrodes 12a-12d in all the fuel electrode body 12, and the fuel is oxidized in the entire fuel electrode 12, the oxidant and the oxidant electrode 14 It is reduced. 在这种实施方式中，这是允许的，因为打开的开关170还可以防止电极主体12a-12d通过氧化剂电极开关160短路到氧化剂电极14。 In this embodiment, this is permissible because the open switch 170 may also prevent the electrode body 12a-12d through the switch 160 to short circuit the oxidant electrode the oxidant electrode 14.
 用于电池10的切换系统60的另一个实施方式如图11所示。 Another embodiment of the  60 for switching the battery system 10 is shown in FIG. 再次，切换系统60 包括旁路开关150,配置为选择性地直接连接第一端子130到第二端子140,以绕过电池10。 Again, switching system 60 includes a bypass switch 150, configured to selectively connect the first terminal 130 directly to the second terminal 140 to bypass the battery 10. 图11的切换系统60的实施方式还包括另一系列的连接开关220a-220d，配置为选择性地连接电极主体12a-12d的每个到充电电极70。 Switching system 60 of FIG. 11 embodiment also includes a further series connection switches 220a-220d, arranged to selectively connect the main electrodes 12a-12d to each charging electrode 70. 再次，切换系统60可以配置为使得那些具有阴极电势的电极（即至少电极主体12a)和具有阳极电势的电极（即至少充电电极70) 的渐进改变。 Again, switching system 60 may be configured such that a cathode electrode potential (i.e., at least the electrode body 12a) having an anode and the electrode potential (i.e., at least the charging electrode 70) is progressively changed. 如图所示，在充电过程中，旁路开关150将打开，使电池不被绕过。 As shown, during charging, the bypass switch 150 is opened, the battery is not bypassed. 氧化剂电极开关160也将是打开的，所以，在充电过程中氧化剂电极14断开。 Oxidant electrode switch 160 will be open, so that the oxidant electrode 14 is disconnected during charging. 充电电极开关170将被关闭，以便使得至少充电电极70具有阳极电势。 Charging electrode switch 170 is closed so that the charging electrode 70 having at least an anode potential. 开关220a将被打开，使得不从第一端子130至第二端子140通过开关220a和开关170对电池旁路。 The switch 220a is turned on, so that the battery does not bypass 140,170 from the first terminal to the second terminal through the switch 130 and the switch 220a. 为了促进具有阴极电势的电极（最初只是电极主体12a)和具有阳极电势的电极之间的最小距离，至少开关220b将被关闭，使得至少电极主体12b以及充电电极70具有阳极电势。 In order to facilitate a cathode electrode having a potential (initially the electrode body 12a) and the minimum distance between the electrodes having an anodic potential of at least a switch 220b is closed, so that at least the electrode body 12b having an anode electrode 70 and the charging potential. 由于电极主体12a上燃料增长的进展，它最终接触电极主体12b。 Since the progress of growth of the fuel electrode body 12a, it eventually contacts the electrode body 12b. 在一个实施方式中，此时开关220b将打开，使得电极主体12a-12b具有阴极电势（通过燃料增长连接）。 In one embodiment, the switch 220b is opened at this time, so that the electrode body 12a-12b having a cathodic potential (via an increase of the fuel). 开关220c然后将关闭（如果之前没有关闭），使得至少电极主体12c以及充电电极70将具有阳极电势。 Switch 220c will then close (if not previously closed), such that at least the main electrode 12c and the electrode 70 having a positive electrode charging potential. 如上所述，随着具有阳极电势的电极主体的数量缩小，而具有阴极电势的电极主体的数量增长，可以在分别打开开关210c和2lOd的情况下继续这样的进展。 As described above, as the number of the electrode body having an anodic potential is reduced, and the number of the electrode body having a cathode potential growth, continue to progress in this case are open and switch 210c under 2lOd.
 在图11的实施方式的电池10的放电过程中，氧化剂电极开关160将被关闭，而充电电极开关170将被打开。  In the discharge of the battery 11 of the embodiment of FIG. 10, the oxidant electrode switch 160 is turned off and the charging electrode switch 170 is opened. 在一个实施方式中，开关220a-220d可以保持打开，并且燃料消耗可以是从电极主体12d至电极主体12a，其中电极主体12a-12d之间的电连接是通过其间的燃料增长实现的。 In one embodiment, the switches 220a-220d may remain open, and the fuel consumption can be from the electrode 12d to the electrode main body 12a, wherein the electrical connection between electrode bodies 12a-12d of the fuel by the growth achieved therebetween.
 相对于哪些电极主体具有阳极电势、对于哪些电极主体具有阴极电势的渐进转变可以类推为具有N个定义两个概念电极（阴极电势电极和阳极电势电极）的电极主体的电池10。  with respect to a gradual transition in which an electrode body having an anodic potential, which electrode body for a cathode potential by analogy with the N to define two concepts electrode body of an electrode (cathode electrode potential and the anode potential of the electrode) of the battery 10. 在电池中，阴极电势电极的成分组成可以开始于单一的电极主体，而阳极电势电极可以包括至少相邻的电极主体直至所有其他的电极主体。 In the cell, the cathode potential of the electrode component compositions may begin at a single electrode body and the anode potential of the electrode may include an electrode body at least adjacent the other until all of the electrode body. 在充电过程中，燃料在阴极电势电极上增长，直到例如在电极主体上不可能进一步增长（即，阴极电势电极短路到阳极电势电极）。 In the charging process, the fuel electrode in the cathode potential growth, for example on the electrode body until no further growth (i.e., shorted to the cathode potential of the electrode potential of the anode electrode). 此时，通过由燃料增长形成的电连接和/或通过使用与电池的电极主体相关联的电路或开关，与阴极电势电极相邻的阳极电势电极的电极主体被重新分配成为阴极电势电极的一部分。 In this case, the electrical connection formed by the fuel increase and / or by the electrode body using the battery associated circuits or switches, the electrode body and the cathode potential of the electrode adjacent to the anode potential of the electrode is re-allocated to become the cathode potential of the electrode portion . 经过重新分配，阴极电势电极现在包括两个电极主体，而阳极电势电极具有比其初始的电极主体数量少的电极主体数量。 After redistribution, the cathode potential of the electrode body includes two electrodes now, the anode potential of the electrode having a smaller number than the original number of the electrode body electrode body. 由于电势差可以在阴极电势电极和阳极电势电极之间恢复，来自充电的燃料增长可以恢复，同样直到例如在阴极电势电极的电极主体上不可能进一步增长。 Since the potential difference can be restored between the cathode potential and the anode electrode potential of the electrode, the fuel charge can be recovered from the growth of, for example, the same is not possible until the electrode potential of the cathode electrode body further growth.
 阴极电势电极和阳极电势电极的成分组成的渐进转变可以在整个电池中继续，例如，在打开和/或关闭与电极主体相关联的开关的情况下，直至不需要或不可能有进一步的进展。 Gradual transition  The cathode component potential of the electrode and the anode potential of the electrode composition may be continued throughout the battery, for example, in the open and / or switch off the electrode body associated, until the required or possible further Progress. 例如，一旦阳极电势电极只包括单个电极主体，不可能有进一步的进展。 For example, once the anode potential of the electrode main body includes only a single electrode, there can be no further progress. 当电池上的燃料增长导致在只包括单个电极主体的概念阳极电势电极和概念阴极电势电极之间形成电连接时，电池的充电随后可以结束。 When growth in the fuel cell results in an electrical connection between the electrode and the anode potential concept concepts cathodic potential electrode comprising only a single electrode body, the charging of the battery may then end.
 如前所述，在一个实施方式中，在电池系统100中可以组合多个电化学电池10。  As described above, in one embodiment, the battery system 100 may be a combination of a plurality of electrochemical cell 10. 图12A-图12C中显示图9-图11的实施方式的电化学电池系统100,但是包括N个电化学电池10。 The electrochemical cell display system embodiment of FIGS. 9-11 100 12C in FIG 12A- FIG, but the electrochemical cell 10 includes N. 数目N是任何大于或等于2的整数，并且不局限于任何具体数值。 The number N is any integer greater than or equal to 2, and is not limited to any specific value. 如图所示，每个电池10的切换系统60中的旁路开关150被配置为通过提供第一端子130和第二端子140之间的直接连接选择性地绕过每个电池10。 As shown, the system 60 switches the bypass switch 10 in each cell 150 is configured to selectively provide a direct connection between a first terminal 130 and second terminal 140 of each cell 10 bypass. 这样的连接同样可以被用于对有缺陷的电池10 进行旁路或出于任何其他原因进行旁路。 Such a connection can also be used with a battery 10 bypassing the defective or for any other reason bypass. 此外，在电池系统100的各种实施方式中，切换系统60(如在图9-图11中发现的那些）的不同实施方式可以用于彼此结合使用在单一的电池系统100中。 Further, in various embodiments, the battery system 100, the switching system 60 (such as those found in FIGS. 9-11) of the different embodiments may be used in conjunction with each other in a single battery system 100.
 在任何实施方式中，切换系统60的开关（或本文所述的任何其他开关）可以是任何类型，并且术语开关被广泛用来描述能够在所述的模式或状态之间切换的任何设备。  In any embodiment, the system 60 switches the switch (or any of the other switches described herein) may be any type, and the term widely used to describe the switch is capable of switching between the mode or state of any device. 例如，在一些非限制性的实施方式中，开关可以是单刀单掷或单刀双掷。 For example, in some non-limiting embodiments, the switch may be a single pole single throw, or SPDT. 它们可以是旋转、滑动或闭锁继电器类型。 They may rotate, slide, or the latching relay type. 此外，也可以使用基于半导体的开关。 It is also possible to use semiconductor based switches. 该开关可以是电激活（机电式继电器）或磁激活或通过本领域技术人员公知的其他方法激活。 The switch may be electrically activated (electromechanical relay), or magnetic activation or activation by other methods known to those skilled in the art. 可以使用任何其他合适类型的开关，且本文的例子不是限制性的。 You may use any other suitable type of switch, and examples herein are not limiting. 在一个实施方式中，如果开关具有一个方向的漏电流，可以串联连接多个开关。 In one embodiment, if the switch leakage current having a direction, a plurality of switches connected in series. 例如，基于M0SFET半导体的体二极管的开关将在一个方向上传导，并且漏电流可以通过将基于M0SFET半导体的开关背靠背串联放置来消除。 For example, based on the switching M0SFET semiconductor body diode will conduct in one direction, and the leakage current can be eliminated by the switch placed in series back to back M0SFET based semiconductor.
 可以提供任何合适的控制机制，来控制端子选择器系统62和/或切换系统60中的开关的动作。  can provide any suitable control mechanism, to control terminal of the selector system and / or a switching operation of the switching system 60 or 62. 如图13所不，在一个实施方式中，切换系统60的开关可以由控制器230 控制。 13 do not, in one embodiment, the system 60 switches the switch 230 may be controlled by the controller. 控制器230可以具有任何构造和配置。 The controller 230 may have any construction and configuration. 在一个实施方式中，控制器230可以被配置为对从电源PS向可渗透的电极主体12b-12d和充电电极70施加阳极电势进行管理。 In one embodiment, the controller 230 may be configured so as to apply an electrical potential to an anode electrode body 12b-12d and the charging electrode 70 from the power source PS permeable management. 控制器230可以通过还原来自离子导电介质的可还原的金属燃料的离子，使得电沉积金属燃料，所述电沉积从可渗透的电极主体12a向每个后续电极主体12b-12d渐进增长，以对每个后续连接的电极主体12b-12d施加阴极电势。 The controller 230 may be a metal by reduction of reducible fuel ions from the ion conductive medium, such that the electrodeposited metal fuel, the electrodeposited from a permeable electrode body 12a 12b-12d to each of the subsequent progressive increase of the electrode body, in order to each electrode body 12b-12d connected in the subsequent cathodic potential is applied. 控制器230也可以使得从每个后续连接的电极主体除去阳极电势，并可以使得向通过电沉积未连接的至少后续的电极主体施加阳极电势或在其中最后的电极主体（即电极主体12d)已经通过电沉积电连接到在前的电极主体12a-12c的情况下向充电电极施加阳极电势。 The controller 230 can also be made from the electrode body of each subsequent connection of removing the anode potential, and may cause the applied anodic potential to at least the subsequent electrode body by electrodeposition is not connected or the last electrode body wherein (i.e. electrode body 12d) has electrically connected to the electrode by electrodeposition of the front body to the anode potential is applied to the charging electrode 12a-12c of the case. 阳极电势的这种施加可以被配置为允许或导致氧化剂的可氧化的物质的氧化。 This anode potential is applied may be configured to allow or cause oxidation of the oxidizable substances oxidant.
 在一个实施方式中，控制器230可以包括硬连线电路232,其基于输入234操纵开关，确定正确的开关配置。  In one embodiment, the controller 230 may comprise hardwired circuitry 232, which operate the switch input 234, to determine the correct switch based on the configuration. 控制器230可以还包括用于执行更复杂的决定（作为任选）的微处理器。 The controller 230 may also include a microprocessor for performing more complex decisions (as optional) a. 在一些实施方式中，控制器230也可以发挥功能来管理负载L和电源与第一个电池和第N个电池（即，可以控制上文所述的端子选择器系统62)之间的连接性。 In the connection between some embodiments, the controller 230 may function to manage the load L, and a battery power supply and the first and N-th cell (i.e., the system can control the terminal of the selector 62 as described above) . 在一些实施方式中，控制器230可以包括适当的逻辑或电路，用于驱动适当的旁路开关150,以响应检测到电压达到预定阈值（如低于预定阈值的下降）。 In some embodiments, the controller 230 may comprise suitable logic or circuitry suitable for driving the bypass switch 150, in response to detecting the voltage reaches a predetermined threshold value (e.g., drops below a predetermined threshold). 在一些实施方式中，控制器230可以进一步包括传感设备236或与其相关联，包括但不限于电压表（数字或模拟）或电势计或其他电压测量装置或设备，其可以用于确定何时修改多个开关的配置，例如，随着充电过程中燃料增长的进展保持阳极和阴极的邻近。 In some embodiments, the controller 230 may further comprise a sensing device 236 or associated therewith, including but not limited to a voltmeter (digital or analog), or a potentiometer or other voltage measuring device or apparatus which can be used to determine when configuration changes of a plurality of switches, for example, as the charging of the fuel during the progress of growth remains adjacent anode and cathode. 在一些实施方式中，传感设备236可以代替地测量整个电池10或电池10的电流、电阻或任何其他电气或物理属性，所述属性可用于确定何时修改多个开关的配置。 In some embodiments, the sensing device 236 may instead measure the entire battery current, the battery 10 or the resistor 10 or any other physical or electrical attributes that may be used to determine when to modify the configuration of the plurality of switches. 例如，传感设备236可以测量电流尖峰，或两个电极主体之间的电势差的下降。 For example, the sensing device 236 can measure the current spike, the potential drop between the two electrodes or the difference of the body. 在一些实施方式中，在时间增量推移的基础上，控制器230可以控制切换系统60的开关。 In some embodiments, the basis of the passage of time increment, the controller 230 may control the switching system 60. 例如，在一个实施方式中，相邻电极主体之间的燃料增长进展的时间可以是已知的，并用于计算何时操作切换系统60,以渐进地对电极重新布线来保持阳极和阴极之间的相邻分离。 For example, in one embodiment, the time progress of growth between the fuel electrodes of adjacent body may be known, and for calculating when operation of the switching system 60, in order progressively to the electrodes to maintain rewiring between the anode and the cathode adjacent separation. 在一个实施方式中，控制器230可以控制切换系统60的开关，以为电池提供高效率的模式，这在美国申请专利13/083,929中公开，在此通过参考将其完整引入。 In one embodiment, the controller 230 may control the switching system 60, a battery that offers high efficiency mode, which patent application 13 / 083,929 is disclosed in U.S., herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
 在一些实施方式中，控制器230可以配置为选择性地进入不同的充电模式。  In some embodiments, the controller 230 may be configured to enter different modes to selectively charge. 例如， 在一种模式中，多个电极主体最初可以具有阳极电势，但数量随着电极主体获得阴极电势而下降。 For example, in one mode, the electrode body initially may have a plurality of anode potential, but the number of electrodes with the body to obtain a cathode potential decreases. 在另一种模式中，只有单个电极主体在任何特定时间具有阳极电势，且具有阳极电势的电极主体随着前电极主体获得阴极电势而变化。 In another mode, only a single electrode body having an anodic potential at any given time, and the electrode body having an anodic potential of the front electrode body obtained with the cathode potential is changed. 例如，在前者模式中，控制器230可以关闭所有与再充电过程中充电电极70和电极主体12b-12d相关联的开关，使得向电极主体12b-12d的每个和充电电极70施加阳极电势。 For example, in the former mode, the controller 230 may shut down all the electrodes 70 and the electrode body during charging and recharging 12b-12d associated, so that the anode potential is applied to each of the charging electrodes and the body 70 of 12b-12d. 随着电极主体12b-12d渐进地变为与电极主体12a电连接从而具有阴极电势，控制器230然后可以渐进地打开与电极主体12b-12d的每个相关联的开关。 As the electrode body 12b-12d becomes progressively connected to the electrode body 12a so as to have a cathode potential, then the controller 230 may progressively open switch associated with each of the electrode body 12b-12d with. 在后一种模式中，控制器可以最初只关闭与电极主体12b相关联的开关，给予电极主体12b阳极电势，而电极主体12a具有阴极电势。 In the latter mode, the controller may initially close switch 12b and the electrode associated with the body, to give an electrode body 12b anodic potential, and the electrode body 12a having a cathodic potential. 当电极主体12a上的燃料增长到达电极主体12b时，产生其间的电连接，控制器230可以打开与电极主体12b相关联的开关，其给予电极主体12b阳极电势，使得电极主体通过其与电极主体12a的电连接而具有阴极电势。 When the fuel increase the electrode body 12a reaches the electrode body 12b, electrical connection therebetween, the controller 230 may open the switch 12b associated electrode body and which give the electrode body 12b anodic potential, such that the electrode body through which the electrode body 12a is electrically connected to a cathode potential. 控制器230然后可以继续关闭与电极主体12c相关联的开关，以向电极主体12c提供阳极电势，同样产生电势差和燃料增长的进展。 The switch controller 230 may then continue to close with the associated electrode body 12c, to provide an electrical potential to the anode electrode body 12c, a potential difference is also produced, and the progress of growth of the fuel. 如上文所述，由控制器230控制的开关再分配的这些进展可以继续通过或直到只有充电电极70具有阳极电势。 As described above, the controller 230 controls the progress of a switch or by redistribution can continue only until the charging electrode 70 having an anodic potential.
 由图14可以看出，本发明的另一个方面可以包括用于对电化学电池10充电的方法240。  As can be seen from Figure 14, another aspect of the present invention may comprise a method for charging an electrochemical cell 240 10. 再次地，电化学电池10包括包含多个可渗透的电极主体12a-12d的燃料电极12。 Again, the electrochemical cell 10 comprises a permeable body comprising a plurality of fuel electrodes 12 12a-12d of the electrode. 尽管列出4个可渗透的电极主体，但任何大于或等于2的数值都是可能的。 Notwithstanding that the permeable electrode body 4, but any value greater than or equal to 2 are possible. 电池10还包括氧化剂电极14和充电电极，其可以是氧化剂电极14或单独的充电电极70。 Cell 10 also includes an oxidant electrode and the charging electrode 14, which may be the oxidant electrode 14 or a separate charging electrode 70. 电池10另外包括离子导电介质和包含多个开关的切换系统60,其中多个开关的至少一些与充电电极（即氧化剂电极14或单独的充电电极70)、氧化剂电极14和可渗透的电极主体12a-12d之一相关联。 10 further comprises a battery ionically conductive medium and the switching system 60 comprises a plurality of switches, at least some of the charging electrode (i.e., the oxidant electrode 14 or a separate charging electrode 70) in which a plurality of switches, the oxidant electrode 14 and the permeable electrode body 12a one -12d associated. 在充电模式过程中，离子导电介质中的可还原的燃料离子被还原和作为燃料以可氧化的形式电沉积在包含至少可渗透的电极主体12a的阴极上，而氧化剂在包含可渗透的电极主体12b-12d中的至少相邻的电极主体和/或充电电极（即充电电极70)的阳极上氧化。 During the charging mode, the reducible fuel ions ionically conductive medium is reduced and as a fuel electrode body in the form of oxidizable electrodeposited on a cathode comprising at least a permeable electrode body 12a, and an oxidizing agent comprising permeable 12b-12d of the anode at least adjacent the electrode body and / or the charging electrode (i.e., the charging electrode 70) on the oxide.
 方法240在250开始，且包括在260电连接远离充电电极的阴极（即在一个实施方式中，最初只是可渗透的电极主体12a)到电源PS的负极端子，及电连接阳极（即最初至少可渗透的电极主体12b)到电源PS的正极端子，在其间产生电势差。  Method 250 begins at 240, and includes a cathode 260 away from the charging electrode electrically connected (i.e., in one embodiment, initially permeable electrode body 12a) to the negative terminal of the power supply PS, and electrically connected to the anode (i.e. at least initially permeable electrode body 12b) to the positive terminal of the power supply PS, a potential difference therebetween. 方法240在270继续，其中，燃料电沉积在阴极（即至少可渗透的电极主体12a)上。 The method 240 continues at 270, wherein fuel is deposited on a (i.e. at least permeable electrode body 12a) of the cathode. 如步骤280中所示，方法240可以通过确定燃料增长是否已经进展到超出阈值量而继续。 As shown in step methods 280,240 may continue by determining whether growth has progressed to the fuel amount exceeds a threshold value. 在一个实施方式中，当电池10被在阴极（即可渗透的电极主体12a)和阳极（即可渗透的电极主体12b)之间产生通过燃料增长的电连接的燃料增长而短路时，阈值量可以是确定的。 In one embodiment, when (electrode body can penetrate 12a) of the battery 10 is generated when the anode and cathode are short-circuited by an electrical connection to the fuel increase the fuel increase, the threshold between an amount (permeable electrode body to 12b) It can be determined. 如图所示，如果燃料增长还没有达到阈值量，则重复在270燃料的增长。 As shown, the fuel increase if the threshold has not been reached, then the growth is repeated 270 fuel. 一旦达到阈值量，该方法在290继续，其中可以确定进一步的燃料增长是否可能和需要。 Once the threshold is reached, the method continues at 290, which can determine the possibility of further fuel the growth and needs. 在一个实施方式中，在290的确定可以包括确定是否存在额外的电极主体（如可渗透的电极主体12c_12d)，燃料的增长可以继续。 In one embodiment, the determining 290 may include determining whether there are additional body electrode (e.g., the permeable electrode body 12c_12d), the fuel may continue to increase. 如果是这样的话，该方法在300继续，通过使用切换系统60的多个开关将连接的电极主体（即可渗透的电极主体12b)与阳极断开，如果之前没有通过切换系统60连接，则将下一个相邻的电极主体（即可渗透的电极主体12c)连接到阳极。 If this is the case, the method 300 continues (subject to penetration electrode 12b) turned off by the anode electrode body using the switching system connects a plurality of switches 60, and if not previously connected by the switching system 60, then (permeable electrode body to 12c) of the next adjacent electrode body connected to the anode. 这在阴极（现在包括渗透电极主体12a-12b)和阳极（包括至少可渗透的电极主体12c)之间产生电势差。 This potential difference is generated between the cathode (now include a penetration electrode body 12a-12b) and an anode (comprising an electrode body at least permeable to 12c). 方法240然后返回到270,其中燃料增长在阴极上继续。 Method 240 then returns to 270, wherein the fuel continues to grow on the cathode. 如果在290进一步的燃料增长不可能或不需要，通过断开至少电源PS的负极端子与电池10以停止充电过程，方法240继续到310。 If further growth is not possible or not required in the fuel 290, by turning off the power source PS of at least the negative electrode terminal of the battery 10 to stop the charging process, method 240 continues at 310. 方法240然后在320结束。 The method 240 then ends at 320.
 如图15所示，本发明的另一个方面可以包括一种对电化学电池10放电的方法330,这可能类似于上文有关图14的描述。  shown in Figure 15, another aspect of the present invention may comprise a method of discharging an electrochemical cell 10 330, may be similar to that described above relating to FIG. 14. 在放电模式过程中，在可渗透的电极主体12a-12d上的燃料氧化（从而消耗进入离子导电介质成为可还原的燃料离子），而氧化剂在氧化剂电极14还原。 During the discharge mode, the electrode 12a-12d permeable body of fuel oxidation (thereby consuming into the ionically conductive medium becomes reducible fuel ions), the oxidant electrode 14 and the oxidant reduction.
 方法330在340开始，且包括在350使用切换系统60的多个开关来连接包含燃料的可渗透的电极主体12a-12d。  Method 330 begins at 340, and comprising a permeable electrode body 12a-12d in the switching system 350 uses a plurality of switches 60 connected to the fuel contained. 在一个实施方式中，如果电池10是完全充电的，所有可渗透的电极主体12a-12d将彼此电连接。 In one embodiment, if the battery 10 is fully charged, all of the permeable electrode bodies 12a-12d are connected electrically to each other. 在电池10处于放电模式时，切换系统60的多个开关被配置为与单独的充电电极70 (如果存在）电断开。 When the battery 10 is in a discharge mode, a plurality of switching system 60 is configured with a separate charging electrode 70 (if present) is electrically disconnected. 在一个实施方式中，方法330在360通过电连接阴极（即，空气阴极，氧化剂电极14)到负载L的负极端子，及电连接阳极（即，燃料电极12,包含电连接的可渗透的电极主体12a-12d)到电源PS的正极端子，从而在其间产生电势差而继续。 In one embodiment, the method of connecting the cathode through an electrically 330,360 (i.e., air cathode, the oxidant electrode 14) to the negative terminal of the load L, and is electrically connected to an anode (i.e., the fuel electrode 12, the permeable electrode comprising an electrical connection body 12a-12d) to the positive terminal of the power supply PS to generate a potential difference therebetween is continued. 方法330在370继续，其中，燃料在燃料电极12上消耗。 The method 330 continues at 370, wherein the fuel consumed in the fuel electrode 12. 在一个实施方式中，因为多个开关60连接可渗透的电极主体12a-12d，因而向可渗透的电极主体12a-12d的每个施加阳极电势，且燃料可以从可渗透的电极主体12a-12d的每个或任何一个消耗。 In one embodiment, the connection electrodes 60 as a plurality of switches 12a-12d of the permeable body, and thus the permeable electrode body to each of the anode potential is applied to 12a-12d, 12a-12d and the fuel may be from the permeable electrode body each or any of consumption. 如步骤380所示，通过确定可消耗的燃料是否已从任何可渗透的电极主体12a-12d耗尽，方法330可以继续。 As shown in step 380, by determining whether the fuel consumed from any permeable electrode bodies 12a-12d is depleted, the method 330 may continue. 在一个实施方式中，传感器（如上述的传感装置236)，其可以包括电流传感器或电压传感器，可以存在于电池10中，并可以指示可消耗的燃料何时已经从一个或多个可渗透的电极主体12a-12d耗尽。 In one embodiment, the sensor (sensing device 236 as described above), which may include a current sensor or a voltage sensor, may be present in the battery 10, and may be indicative of the fuel consumption from when it has a more permeable or electrodes 12a-12d depleted body. 如果没有检测到耗尽，随着方法330返回到步骤370,放电可以继续。 If no depletion is detected, as the method 330 returns to step 370, the discharge may continue. 然而，如果可消耗的燃料已经从一个或多个可渗透的电极主体12a-12d耗尽， 那么方法330可以在步骤390继续，其中可以确定是否存在包含可消耗的燃料的任何剩余的渗透电极主体12a-12d。 However, if the consumable electrode body has the fuel from one or more permeable 12a-12d is exhausted, then the method 330 may continue at step 390, which may determine whether there are any remaining permeable body comprising a fuel electrode of consumable 12a-12d. 这种确定可以与步骤380中耗尽的确定同时作出，并可以通过传感装置236的测量或其他任何适当的方法来作出。 Such determination may be made simultaneously with the determination of step 380 is depleted, and can be made by measuring the sensing device 236 or any other suitable method.
 如果可消耗的燃料保留在一个或多个可渗透的电极主体12a_12d上，方法330可以在步骤400继续，其中，切换系统60调整多个开关，使得任何缺乏可消耗的燃料的可渗透的电极主体12a-12d与燃料电极12断开。  If the fuel consumption can be retained on one or more permeable electrode body 12a_12d, method 330 may continue at step 400, wherein a plurality of switches to adjust the switching system 60, so that any lack of fuel consumption can be permeable electrodes 12a-12d is disconnected from the main body of the fuel electrode 12. 在一个实施方式中，燃料的消耗最初可以来自最接近氧化剂电极14的电极主体（例如，上述图示说明的实施方式中的可渗透的电极主体12d)，且切换系统60可以依次断开可渗透的电极主体12d、12c和12b，直到所有的燃料从可渗透的电极主体12a消耗。 In one embodiment, the fuel consumption may be derived from the first electrode body (e.g., the permeable electrode body 12d of the embodiment illustrated in the above) closest to the oxidant electrode 14, and the switching system 60 may be sequentially disconnected permeable the electrode body 12d, 12c and 12b, until all of the fuel consumption from the permeable electrode body 12a. 一旦电极主体12a_12d没有一个包含可消耗的燃料，或不再需要进一步的放电（或不可能），该方法可以在步骤410继续，其中，可以断开负载L。 Once the electrode body 12a_12d not comprise a consumable fuel, or further discharge is no longer (or impossible), the process may continue at step 410, which can disconnect the load L. 在一个实施方式中，当电池耗尽时，负载L可以保持连接到电池10,直到电池10再充电，在这种情况下，它可以断开，使得电池10可以转而连接到电源PS。 In one embodiment, when the battery is depleted, the load L connected to the battery 10 can be maintained until the battery 10 is recharged, in which case, it can be disconnected, so that the battery 10 may be in turn connected to a power supply PS. 方法330然后在420结束。 The method 330 then ends at 420.
 已经提供上述图示说明的实施方式，仅是为了说明本发明的结构和功能原理，且不应被视为限制性的。  have been provided above illustrated embodiments, for purposes of illustration only structural and functional principles of the present invention, and should not be regarded as limiting. 相反，本发明意图包括在下列权利要求的精神和范围内的所有修改、 替换和改变。 In contrast, the present invention is intended to include all modifications within the spirit and scope of the following claims, substitutions and alterations.
1. 一种使用金属燃料和氧化剂产生电流的可再充电的电化学电池系统，所述电池系统包括： 电化学电池，包括： (i) 燃料电极，所述燃料电极包含N个可渗透的电极主体，所述N个可渗透的电极主体以1至N的顺序隔开排列，其中，N是大于或等于2的整数，所述燃料电极包括所述可渗透的电极主体上的金属燃料； (ii) 氧化剂电极，所述氧化剂电极与所述燃料电极隔开； (iii) 充电电极，所述充电电极选自（a)所述氧化剂电极和（b)与所述燃料电极和所述氧化剂电极隔开的单独的充电电极；和(iv) 离子导电介质，所述离子导电介质连通电极用于传导离子，以支持在电极处的电化学反应； 其中，所述燃料电极和所述氧化剂电极配置为，在放电模式中，氧化所述可渗透的电极主体上的金属燃料，并还原所述氧化剂电极处的氧化剂，从而产生施加于负载的电势差； A fuel and an oxidant to produce metal current rechargeable electrochemical battery system, the battery system comprising: an electrochemical cell, comprising: (i) a fuel electrode, the fuel electrode comprises N-permeable electrode body, the permeable electrode body in the order of N 1 to N in a spaced array, where, N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, the fuel electrode comprises a metal fuel on electrode body of the permeable; ( ii) an oxidant electrode, the oxidant electrode and the fuel electrode spaced apart; (iii) the charging electrode, the charging electrode is selected from (a) and the oxidant electrode (b) with the fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode separate charging electrode spaced apart; and (iv) the ionically conductive medium, the ionically conductive medium communicating the electrodes for conducting ions, to support the electrochemical reaction at the electrodes; wherein the fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode configuration is, in the discharge mode, the metal fuel on the oxidation of the permeable electrode body and the reduction of the oxidant at the oxidant electrode to generate a potential difference is applied to a load; 个开关，用于选择性地将所述燃料电极的电极主体2至N的每个和所述充电电极耦合到电源，以在再充电模式中施加阳极电势，其中在所述再充电模式中通过所述电源向电极主体1施加阴极电势； 控制器，所述控制器被配置为在所述再充电模式中控制所述多个开关，以便对从所述电源向所述可渗透的电极主体2至N和所述充电电极按照渐进方式施加所述阳极电势进行管理，使得：(a)通过还原来自所述离子导电介质的金属燃料的可还原的离子，电沉积所述金属燃料，所述电沉积由电极主体1渐进地向充电电极增长，伴随渐进地连接后续电极主体2至N的每个到电极主体1，以向每个后续连接的电极主体施加所述阴极电势；(b)从每个后续连接的电极主体去除所述阳极电势，和（c)至少向通过所述电沉积未连接的后续的电极主体施加所述阳极电势或在电极主体N已经 A switch for selectively connecting said main electrode to the fuel electrode 2 and N each electrode is coupled to said charging power source, the anode potential is applied to the recharge mode, wherein in said recharge mode via the power source is applied to the electrode potential of the cathode body 1; a controller configured to control the plurality of switches in the recharging mode in order for the electrode body from the power source to the permeable 2 N and the charging electrode to the applied anodic potential is managed according to a progressive manner such that: (a) by reduction of the reducible metal fuel ions from the ion-conducting medium, depositing the metal fuel, the electrical 1 progressively deposited from the charging electrode to the electrode body growth, accompanied by progressively connecting electrode body subsequent to N 2 to each of the electrode body 1, to apply an electrical potential to the cathode electrode of each subsequent connection body; (b) from each an electrode body connected to a subsequent removal of the anode potential, and (c) applying an electrical potential to said anode electrode body by the subsequent electrodeposition or unconnected electrode body at least has N 过所述电沉积连接的情况下向所述充电电极施加所述阳极电势，用于氧化所述氧化剂的可氧化的物质。 The anode potential is applied to the case through the charging electrode is electrically connected to the deposition, oxidation of the oxidizable substance to an oxidizing agent.
2. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池系统，还包括多个彼此相邻组装的电化学电池， 以及分开每对相邻电池的氧化剂电极和燃料电极的非导电屏障，使得其间的唯一允许的电连接是通过所述多个开关的至少一个。 The electrochemical cell system according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells assembled adjacent to each other, and a non-conductive barrier oxidant electrode and the fuel electrode is separated from each adjacent pair of cells, such that the only allowed therebetween at least one electrical connection is made through the plurality of switches.
3. 根据权利要求2所述的电化学电池系统，其中，通过将前一电池充电模式下的充电电极或放电模式下的氧化剂电极耦合至后一电池的燃料电极，每个电池的所述多个开关可切换至旁路模式。 The electrochemical cell system according to claim 2, wherein the oxidant electrode by the fuel electrode coupled to the charging electrodes or the discharge mode in a battery charging mode front to the rear of a battery, each cell of said plurality switches switch to bypass mode.
4. 根据权利要求2所述的电化学电池系统，其中，电池是具有包含所述金属燃料的燃料电极、包含用于还原氧气的空气阴极的氧化剂电极和作为用于氧化可氧化的氧物质为氧气的析氧电极的充电电极的金属-空气电池。 4. The electrochemical cell system according to claim 2, wherein a fuel cell having an electrode comprising the metal fuel, the oxidant electrode comprising an air cathode for reduction of oxygen and oxidation of the oxidizable material was used as the oxygen is charging electrode metal oxygen evolution electrode oxygen - air battery.
5. 根据权利要求3所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述金属燃料选自锌、铝、铁和锰。 5. The electrochemical cell system according to claim 3, wherein the metal fuel is selected from zinc, aluminum, iron and manganese.
6. 根据权利要求4所述的电化学电池系统，其中，每个非导电的屏障包括一个或多个用于使得氧气流向所述空气阴极的端口。 The electrochemical cell system of claim 4, wherein each of the non-conductive barrier comprises one or more oxygen flow to the cathode for causing air ports.
7. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述多个开关包括可在将电池耦合到所述负载和将电池耦合到电源之间切换的开关。 The electrochemical cell system according to claim 1, wherein said switch comprises a plurality of batteries may be coupled to switch the load between a power source and battery to be coupled.
8. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述多个开关的每个与所述多个可渗透的电极主体的每个、所述充电电极和所述氧化剂电极之一相关联。 The electrochemical cell system according to claim 1, wherein each of the electrode body of each of said plurality of said plurality of switches permeable, one of the charging electrode and the oxidant electrode correlation Union.
9. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述多个开关可切换成将可渗透的电极主体1至可渗透的电极主体N渐进地连接到所述充电电极。 9. The electrochemical cell system of claim 1, wherein said plurality of switches can be switched to the permeable electrode body is the electrode body 1 to N permeable progressively connected to the charging electrode.
10. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述多个开关可切换成将可渗透的电极主体1至可渗透的电极主体N的每个选择性地连接到所述充电电极。 10. The electrochemical cell system according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of switches can be switched to the permeable electrode body 1 to N-permeable electrode body is selectively connected to each of the charging electrode .
11. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述多个开关可切换成将可渗透的电极主体1至可渗透的电极主体N的每个选择性地连接到所述燃料电极。 11. The electrochemical cell system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of switches may be switched to each of the selectively permeable electrode body 1 to N-permeable electrode body is connected to the fuel electrode .
12. 根据权利要求1所述的电化学电池系统，进一步包括控制器，所述控制器被配置为选择性地打开和关闭所述多个开关的至少一个。 12. The electrochemical cell system according to claim 1, further comprising a controller, the controller is configured to selectively open and close at least one of the plurality of switches.
13. 根据权利要求12所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述控制器被配置为响应与电池相关联的一个或多个传感器。 13. The electrochemical cell system of claim 12, wherein the controller is configured to in response to a cell associated with the one or more sensors.
14. 根据权利要求13所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述一个或多个传感器被配置为测量至少两个可渗透的电极主体之间的高于阈值的电势差的降低或高于阈值的电流的增加中的至少一个。 14. The electrochemical cell system according to claim 13, wherein the one or more sensors are configured to reduce a difference or higher than a threshold potential higher than the threshold value between the measurement electrode body of at least two permeable increase in the current in at least one.
15. 根据权利要求12所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述控制器被进一步配置为选择性地打开和关闭所述多个开关的至少一个，以向不具有所述阴极电势的所有可渗透的电极主体2-N施加所述阳极电势。 15. The electrochemical cell system of claim 12, wherein the controller is further configured to selectively open and close at least one of the plurality of switches, said cathode having a potential not to All 2-N is applied to the anode potential of the electrode body penetration.
16. 根据权利要求12所述的电化学电池系统，其中，所述控制器被进一步配置为选择性地打开和关闭所述多个开关的至少一个，以仅向与具有所述阴极电势的可渗透的电极主体1-N中的至少一个相邻的、可渗透的电极主体2-N中的一个或所述充电电极施加所述阳极电势。 16. The electrochemical cell system of claim 12, wherein the controller is further configured to selectively open and close at least one of the plurality of switches, may have to only to the potential of the cathode permeable electrode body 1-N of at least one adjacent permeable electrode body of a 2-N or the charging electrode is applied to the anode potential.
17. -种用于对电化学电池进行充电的方法， 其中，所述电化学电池包括： (i) 燃料电极，所述燃料电极包含N个可渗透的电极主体，所述N个可渗透的电极主体以1至N的顺序隔开排列，其中，N是大于或等于2的整数，所述燃料电极包括所述可渗透的电极主体上的金属燃料； (ii) 氧化剂电极，所述氧化剂电极与所述燃料电极隔开； (iii) 充电电极，所述充电电极选自（a)所述氧化剂电极和（b)与所述燃料电极和所述氧化剂电极隔开的单独的充电电极；和(iv) 离子导电介质，所述离子导电介质连通电极用于传导离子，以支持在电极处的电化学反应； 其中，所述燃料电极和所述氧化剂电极配置为，在放电模式中，氧化所述可渗透的电极主体上的金属燃料，并还原所述氧化剂电极处的氧化剂，从而产生施加于负载的电势差； 所述方法包括： 通过将电极主体1耦合到 17. - Method species for charging the electrochemical cell, wherein the electrochemical cell comprises: (i) a fuel electrode, the fuel electrode body comprising an electrode of the N-permeable, permeable to the N the electrode body in the order from 1 to N in a spaced array, where, N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, the fuel electrode comprises a metal fuel on electrode body of the permeable; (ii) an oxidant electrode, the oxidant electrode spaced apart from the fuel electrode; (iii) the charging electrode, the charging electrode is selected from (a) and the oxidant electrode (b) and the fuel electrode and the separate charging electrode spaced apart from the oxidant electrode; and (iv) the ionically conductive medium, the ionically conductive medium communicating the electrodes for conducting ions, to support the electrochemical reaction at the electrodes; wherein the fuel electrode and the oxidant electrode is disposed, in the discharge mode, oxidation said metal fuel on the permeable electrode body and the reduction of the oxidant at the oxidant electrode to generate a potential difference is applied to the load; the method comprising: coupling the electrode to a body 电源而向电极主体1施加阴极电势； 通过选择性地将电极主体2至N耦合到用于施加阳极电势的电源，对向电极主体2至N施加阳极电势进行管理，以使得： (a)通过还原来自所述离子导电介质的金属燃料的可还原的离子，电沉积所述金属燃料，所述电沉积由电极主体1渐进地向充电电极增长，伴随渐进地连接后续电极主体2至N 的每个到电极主体1，以向每个后续连接的电极主体施加所述阴极电势； (b)从每个后续连接的电极主体去除所述阳极电势，和(C)至少向通过电沉积未连接的后续的电极主体施加所述阳极电势或在电极主体N已经通过电沉积连接的情况下向充电电极施加所述阳极电势，用于氧化所述氧化剂的可氧化的物质；和使所述电源解除耦合，以停止充电。 Power is applied to the electrode body 1 cathodic potential; by selectively electrode body 2 to N are coupled to a power source for applying an anodic potential, is applied to the anode potential to the electrode body 2 to N must be managed so that: (a) by reducing the reducible metal fuel ions from the ion-conducting medium, the electrodeposited metal fuel, said electrodeposition 1 progressively increased from the charging electrode to the electrode body, with the subsequent progressive electrode body 2 is connected to each of the N a main body 1 to the electrode, to apply to the electrodes connected to the body of each subsequent cathodic potential; (b) removing the electrode from the body of each subsequent connection of the anode potential, and (C) at least are not electrically connected through the deposited applied to the case of applying a subsequent anodic potential of the electrode body or electrode body has N through the electrically deposited to the charging electrode is connected to the anode potential, oxidation of the oxidizable substance for oxidant; and decouple the power source to stop charging.
18. 根据权利要求17所述的方法，其中，施加所述阴极电势包括控制与电池相关联的多个开关的打开/关闭状态。 18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the cathode potential is applied comprises a plurality of cells associated with a control switch open / closed state.
19. 根据权利要求17所述的方法，其中，对施加所述阳极电势进行管理包括控制与电池相关联的多个开关的打开/关闭状态。 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the anode potential is applied to the control and management of the battery comprises a plurality of switches associated with the open / closed state.
20. 根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中，控制所述多个开关的打开/关闭状态包括将可渗透的电极主体2至可渗透的电极主体N连接到所述充电电极，并随着燃料增长电连接并施加来自可渗透的电极主体1至N的阴极电势，渐进地将可渗透的电极主体2至N与所述充电电极断开。 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the controlled open / closed state of the permeable electrode body comprising the permeable electrode body 2 to N connected to the charging electrode, and as the fuel of the plurality of switches growth is electrically connected with the electrode main body from the electrode to N 1 permeable cathode potential, will progressively permeable to N 2 is disconnected from the charging electrode.
21. 根据权利要求17所述的方法，其中，对施加所述阳极电势进行管理包括由控制器控制多个开关，所述控制器响应与电池相关联的至少一个传感器。 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the anode potential is applied is managed by a controller comprising a plurality of switches, said controller in response to the at least one sensor associated with the cell.
22. 根据权利要求21所述的方法，其中，所述至少一个传感器被配置为测量至少两个可渗透的电极主体之间的高于阈值的电势差的降低或高于阈值的电流的增加。 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the at least one sensor is disposed above a threshold potential between the two electrodes permeable body or decrease the difference between the current increasing above threshold value is measured at least.
23. 根据权利要求21所述的方法，其中，所述至少一个传感器被配置为测量时间间隔的推移。 23. The method according to claim 21, wherein the at least one sensor is configured to measure the passage of time intervals.
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References: Application No. 61
 Application No. 12
 Application No. 12
 Application No. 12
 Application No. 13
 Application No. 12