Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/3d/34/251.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 01:57:21+00:00

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Quin Denvir, State Public Defender, Alice V. Collins, Harriet Wiss Hirsch and Jean R. Sternberg, Deputy State Public Defenders, as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant.
George Deukmejian and John K. Van de Kamp, Attorneys General, Robert H. Philibosian, Chief Assistant Attorney General, William D. Stein and Edward P. O'Brien, Assistant Attorneys General, Ronald E. Niver, David D. Salmon and John W. Runde, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Christopher N. Heard as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Respondent.
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him of one count of robbery. He principally contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his confession on the ground that it was obtained in violation of the privilege against self-incrimination guaranteed by article I, section 15, of the California Constitution. As will appear, we conclude that the contention is meritorious and the judgment must therefore be reversed.
In mid-November 1979 Edwin Meares fn. 1 was 68 years old and lived in a trailer park in San Pablo, Contra Costa County; defendant was a young man of no fixed abode. They first met when defendant was hitchhiking and Meares picked him up twice in one day. On the second occasion defendant [34 Cal. 3d 256] said he had been up all night and had no place to take a shower. Meares replied that he lived alone, and offered him the use of his trailer. Defendant accepted and became his houseguest.
For a week or 10 days all went well. Defendant and Meares shared their meals, watched television, and attended a drive-in movie together; they also went shopping together, and Meares bought defendant a pair of shoes. Trouble arose, however, over the use of the Meares car, a late-model Buick Regal. Meares allowed defendant to borrow the car almost every day; he later testified that defendant "seemed to have an inordinant [sic] love for it." Unfortunately defendant did not always take the car where he said he would or return it when promised, and the discrepancies began to bother Meares.
Matters came to a head on November 20, 1979, when defendant told Meares he was going to a drugstore but went to a park instead. When he brought the car back, an argument ensued and defendant asked, "Would you rather I go?" Meares replied, "Yes, I think it would be better," and defendant left the trailer. He returned early that evening, however, assertedly for some clothes he had left behind. After renewed discussion defendant pointed a knife at Meares and said, "I want your car," demanding that Meares turn over the keys and registration papers for the vehicle. Defendant then bound and gagged Meares with some clothing, and left with his host's wallet, credit card, checkbook, and a few other small items. Meares summoned help from a neighbor, and was freed unharmed.
A few hours later -- about 11 p.m. -- Police Officer Tucker was on routine patrol in Vallejo, Solano County, when he observed defendant urinating against the side of a building in a supermarket parking lot. The only car in the lot was a Buick Regal backed into a nearby parking space, with a passenger sitting in the front seat. As Officer Tucker stepped out of his squad car defendant walked over to meet him. The officer asked defendant if he had any identification, and defendant replied he did not.
Officer Tucker next patted defendant's clothing for weapons, but found none. He did feel an object in defendant's right rear pants pocket, however, and from its shape he inferred it was a man's wallet. Without further ado Officer Tucker reached into the pocket, took out the wallet, and ordered defendant to open it. When defendant complied, the officer saw a credit card inside that he directed defendant to hand over. The card bore the name of Meares, although earlier in the questioning defendant had given the officer his true name of Kevin Smith. Because of this discrepancy Officer Tucker ran a radio check on the card and learned it was stolen. He placed defendant under arrest for possession of stolen property, then searched the [34 Cal. 3d 257] rest of the wallet; finding the Buick's registration, he learned by a second radio check that the car was also stolen.
Officer Tucker transported defendant to the Vallejo police station, intending to interrogate him about the stolen property. When defendant was advised of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 85 S. Ct. 1602, 10 A.L.R.3d 974], however, he declined to answer any questions. During the night defendant was moved to the Contra Costa County jail in Martinez. There he was interrogated about the robbery at some time between 9 and 10 o'clock the next morning by Sergeant Hisey of the Contra Costa Sheriff's office. Defendant was again read his Miranda rights, and this time he confessed to the robbery. Sergeant Hisey later testified he had not been told that defendant had previously been given Miranda warnings and had refused to talk to the police.
At the outset of trial defendant moved to suppress on grounds of illegality (1) the evidence seized in the parking lot by Officer Tucker and (2) the confession obtained at the county jail by Officer Hisey. The court granted the motion in part, ruling that the search of defendant's wallet was unlawful; accordingly, it ordered that evidence of the stolen credit card, registration certificate, and Buick automobile be suppressed as fruits of the search. The court denied the motion as to the confession, however, and Officer Hisey was allowed to testify to its contents.
 Shortly after the election, the Attorney General filed a supplemental brief contending that section 28 (d) governs this case and all other criminal appeals pending when it was adopted. Reply briefs were filed by defendant and by the State Public Defender as amicus curiae, contending that not only section 28 (d) but Proposition 8 as a whole is inapplicable to pending appeals, and indeed to any case in which the crime occurred before the proposition took effect. The Attorney General filed a detailed responsive brief. The issue was thus joined, and has been orally argued before this court. In Brosnahan v. Brown (1982) supra, 32 Cal. 3d 236, we exercised our original jurisdiction to review by writ certain challenges to the validity of Proposition 8 because "the issues are of great public importance and should be resolved promptly." (Id. at p. 241.) The issue here raised by the parties -- i.e., to which cases does Proposition 8 apply? -- is no less important and urgent to the profession and the public at large. In view of all these circumstances, it is appropriate that we address the question in the case at hand. [2a] We shall hold that Proposition 8 applies only to prosecutions for crimes committed on or after its effective date.
[2b] In the present context, the potential constitutional defect in Proposition 8 is that if construed to apply to crimes committed before its adoption, it may amount to an ex post facto law. Our state Constitution, upon which we rely, prohibits such laws. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 9.) The general guidelines for enforcing the ex post facto prohibition are well known, but its specific applications may present difficult questions.
As to all but the most obvious examples of ex post facto legislation, in short, the general rule is that there is no general rule.  Each new statute challenged on this ground must be individually weighed in the constitutional scales, in the context of a specific case, and the outcome will often depend on matters of degree -- e.g., on how substantial is the right that the statute impairs and how significant is that impairment. Plainly these are questions on which reasonable judges may differ. Indeed, in close cases the decision will inevitably turn on such subtle factors as the court's sense of fair play and justice.
We observed in Brosnahan that the 10 sections of the proposition were designed to strengthen both "procedural and substantive" safeguards for victims of crime. (Id at p. 247.) When the measure is examined in light of our present concern, however, its provisions do not all divide neatly into one or the other of those categories. Thus some of the provisions of Proposition 8 are clearly substantive, and would be ex post facto if they were applied to crimes committed before the measure took effect. Prime among these is the clause adding five years to the sentence of anyone convicted of a "serious felony" with a prior conviction of such a crime (§ 5). fn. 7 At the other end of the spectrum are provisions that are clearly procedural both in form and effect, and would not be ex post facto as to prior crimes. These include the clauses giving victims of crime a right to restitution (§ 3) and to appear at sentencing and parole hearings (§ 6), guaranteeing the "right to safe schools" (§ 3), and requiring a prior felony conviction to be proved in open court when it is an element of a charged felony (ibid.).
Between these two extremes, however, fall a number of other provisions of Proposition 8 that present a closer question: although procedural in outward form, it is possible that in a particular case each may affect rights of the defendant that are sufficiently "substantial" to require ex post facto protection. They include the clauses abolishing all limitations on the use of prior convictions against the defendant for either impeachment or enhancement of sentence (§ 3), modifying the defense of insanity (§ 4), restricting plea bargaining in certain prosecutions (§ 7), and barring commitment to the Youth Authority of any person convicted of certain crimes committed after the age of 17 (§ 8).
The difficulty presented by the latter group is epitomized by another of its members, i.e., the portion of section 3 which declares that "relevant evidence shall not be excluded in any criminal proceeding" (fn. 2, ante). Whether that clause is ex post facto as to prior crimes cannot be told in advance or in general terms; it will depend on the actual effect of the clause in a specific prosecution. For example, in a case in which the provision is found to result simply in broadening the kinds of evidence admissible or the class of persons competent to testify, it would probably not be ex post facto [34 Cal. 3d 262] in operation. (People v. Bradford (1969) 70 Cal. 2d 333, 343-344, fn. 5 [74 Cal. Rptr. 726, 450 P.2d 46] [dictum].) On the other hand, in any matter in which the clause is seen to have the effect of impairing a defense or "permitting a person to be convicted with less evidence than was required when the act was done" (People v. Sobiek (1973) 30 Cal. App. 3d 458, 472 [106 Cal. Rptr. 519] [dictum]), its application would appear to be barred by the ex post facto clause.
Finally, by so construing Proposition 8 we also avoid a number of practical consequences adverse to the administration of justice and the right of fair trial. Wherever a line is drawn, of course, some appearance of arbitrariness is inevitable the more closely one approaches it; courts should make every reasonable effort to curtail that effect by placing the line where it will have the least capricious results. Here, the dissent hypothesizes that if we draw the line in the case at bar at the date of the crime, as we do, a single search might disclose evidence of multiple crimes some of which were committed before June 9, 1982, and others after that date; the latter would therefore be governed by Proposition 8 but the former would not.
The dissent's hypothetical is highly unlikely to have occurred even once. By contrast, the line that the dissent would draw -- i.e., the date of finality of the judgment -- would be certain to result in many instances of no less apparent arbitrariness: all criminal appeals that happened to be still pending on June 9, 1982, would be governed by Proposition 8, but all such appeals that were decided in the days immediately preceding that date would not. Whether a defendant whose appeal was determined during that period obtained a reversal and a new trial would therefore often depend not on the merits of his appeal but merely on the dispatch with which the appellate court acted on his particular case.
Moreover, although Proposition 8 was presented as a measure designed to benefit the prosecution, at least section 28 (d) thereof is so broadly worded as to grant certain benefits to the defense as well: by declaring in neutral terms that "relevant evidence shall not be excluded in any criminal proceeding," [34 Cal. 3d 263] the section appears to make admissible relevant but previously inadmissible evidence not only for the People but also for the defense. Yet the dissent's proposal would deny those benefits to all defendants -- such as the defendant here -- whose trials took place before June 9, 1982: although the Attorney General would be permitted to rely for an affirmance on prosecution evidence made retroactively admissible by Proposition 8, the defendant would be denied the opportunity to introduce defense evidence admissible under the same law. In appropriate circumstances, that denial could amount to a deprivation of due process.
Defendant contends that the confession obtained by Sergeant Hisey in Contra Costa County on the morning after the arrest was inadmissible under our decision in People v. Pettingill (1978) 21 Cal. 3d 231 [145 Cal. Rptr. 861, 578 P.2d 108]. The point is well taken.
In Pettingill Officer Berry of the Eureka Police Department arrested the defendant on a charge of committing a burglary in that city, read him his Miranda rights, and asked if he wanted to talk to the police. The defendant refused to do so, and was placed in city jail. Two hours later Officer Berry readvised the defendant of his Miranda rights and again invited him to make a statement; once more the defendant declined to talk, and was transferred to the county jail. Meanwhile, evidence found at the scene of the crime in Eureka connected the defendant with several recent burglaries in Santa Barbara. Two days later Detective Rogers of the Santa Barbara Police Department arrived in Eureka to investigate the latter offenses. The Eureka police turned over the suspicious evidence to him, and informed him that the defendant had twice refused to make a statement. On the following day Detective Rogers read the defendant his Miranda rights and asked if he wanted to talk about the Santa Barbara burglaries. This time the defendant confessed, and was charged with the Santa Barbara offenses. When his motion to suppress the confession was denied, he pleaded guilty and appealed.
 In the case at bar, as in Pettingill, defendant was arrested for one offense (possession of stolen property) committed in one county (Solano); when a police officer from that county gave him Miranda warnings and [34 Cal. 3d 266] sought to question him about that offense, he asserted his right to remain silent; after defendant had been held in continuous custody for some 10 hours (compare People v. Mack (1980) 27 Cal. 3d 145, 154 [165 Cal. Rptr. 113, 611 P.2d 454]), a police officer from a different county (Contra Costa) sought to question him about a different offense (robbery) committed in the latter county; he gave defendant Miranda warnings again, and this time defendant confessed. On essentially identical facts, Pettingill held such a confession inadmissible.
While the foregoing passage from our Pettingill opinion was not strictly necessary to the decision, it was both relevant and deliberate; and its rejection of the hypothesized distinction was based on the same ground -- i.e., to avoid frustrating the purposes of the Miranda-Fioritto rule -- as our earlier rejection of the distinctions urged by the People (21 Cal.3d at pp. 242-245). Finally, as will appear, the view expressed in the quoted passage is consistent with the decided cases both before and after Pettingill.
More recently, in People v. Borba (1980) 110 Cal. App. 3d 989 [168 Cal. Rptr. 305], the defendant was arrested for drunk driving at 11:30 p.m., and a booking search disclosed property in his possession linking him to a burglary earlier that evening. The arresting officer gave the defendant Miranda warnings and sought to question him about the drunk driving incident, but he declined to talk. At 8:30 the next morning a detective who was unaware that the defendant had invoked his Miranda rights readvised him of those rights, obtained a waiver, and questioned him about the burglary. The defendant admitted he knew the property was stolen, and his statement was used in convicting him of receiving such property.
Moreover, each of the factors stressed in Lopez has been rejected as irrelevant to the purposes of the Miranda-Fioritto rule in the cases we have reviewed above. In particular, the only arguable distinction between Pettingill and Lopez is the last factor listed in Lopez, i.e., that the second officer did not know the defendant had previously exercised his Miranda rights. Yet the issue is not the state of mind of the officer but of the prisoner. The Miranda-Fioritto rule is not designed to punish the police but to insure that any statement a prisoner makes while confined is a product of his free will rather than the inherent coerciveness of custodial interrogation. (Pettingill, at p. 237 of 21 Cal.3d.) Successive interrogations bring even more pressure to bear, and from the prisoner's viewpoint their cumulative effect is not lessened in the slightest merely because the second officer may be unaware that he already refused to talk. As the court correctly observed in Borba (110 Cal.App.3d at p. 996), "It is the fact of custody with its inherent [34 Cal. 3d 269] coercive ambience inducing a psychological compulsion to confess that underlies, from Fioritto on, the court's rule on continued police interrogation of a prisoner who has asserted his right to remain silent, not the knowledge of the police interrogator that the prisoner has invoked his privilege. It is for these reasons that we decline to follow People v. Lopez, supra, 90 Cal. App. 3d 711." For the same reasons we disapprove Lopez insofar as it is inconsistent with the present decision.
For the guidance of the court on remand (Code Civ. Proc., § 43), we also address the Attorney General's contention that the court erred in ruling that the physical evidence seized in the parking lot by Officer Tucker was illegally obtained and therefore inadmissible.  The Attorney General is entitled to question that ruling in defending this appeal (Pen. Code, § 1252; People v. Braeseke (1979) 25 Cal. 3d 691, 701, fn. 5 [159 Cal. Rptr. 684, 602 P.2d 384]); the difficulty is with the theory on which he does so.
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the prosecutor expressly disclaimed any reliance on the theory that Officer Tucker had the right to remove the wallet from defendant's pocket during the patdown because it might have been or contained a weapon. (See People v. Leib (1976) 16 Cal. 3d 869, 875-876 [129 Cal. Rptr. 433, 548 P.2d 1105], and cases cited.) Nor did the prosecutor contend the search was incidental to an arrest of defendant for any offense. Rather, he sought to justify the intrusion on a wholly different theory, i.e., that it was a so-called "accelerated booking search." The Attorney General, in turn, disavows the prosecutor's attempted justification and states flatly that "We disclaim reliance on an 'accelerated booking' theory of the instant case." Instead he proposes several further -- and still different -- theories to justify the intrusion. The theories all postulate that the search was incidental to an arrest of defendant for a misdemeanor, but they are at considerable variance over which misdemeanor defendant allegedly committed. Thus in his respondent's brief filed in the Court of Appeal the Attorney General argued that Officer Tucker was entitled to demand identification from defendant because he observed him violate Penal Code section 374b.5 (discarding litter on public or private property), [34 Cal. 3d 270] that the officer could infer the wallet in defendant's pocket contained such identification, that defendant's earlier denial that he had any identification thus constituted the additional misdemeanor of obstructing an officer in the discharge of his duty (Pen. Code, § 148), and that the search was incidental to an arrest for the latter offense.
Bird, C. J., Broussard, J., Reynoso, J., Grodin, J., and Gilbert, J., concurred.
Despite the passage of Proposition 8 by the electorate in June 1982, and the consequent amendment to the California Constitution (art. I, § 28, subd. (d)) declaring that "relevant evidence shall not be excluded in any criminal proceeding," more than a year later the majority continues to reverse criminal convictions solely in reliance upon the now abrogated state exclusionary rule. I strongly disagree with the majority's continued refusal to give immediate effect to the people's clear intent in adopting Proposition 8.
Because defendant's alleged offenses occurred prior to the adoption of Proposition 8, the majority holds that none of the provisions of that measure is applicable to him. According to the majority, Proposition 8 applies "only [34 Cal. 3d 273] to criminal proceedings arising out of offenses committed on or after the date it took effect." (Ante, p. 262.) In other words, even as to defendants who are tried (or retried) after the adoption of Proposition 8, such defendants may continue to enjoy the shield of an abrogated state exclusionary rule if their offenses occurred before its passage. Contrary to the majority's analysis, this holding is neither consistent with the purpose of those who drafted and voted for Proposition 8, nor compelled by constitutional ex post facto principles.
1. Intent: Full Retroactivity to All Cases Not Yet Final.
There seems no reasonable doubt whatever that those persons who drafted and voted for Proposition 8 intended that its provisions (and especially the abrogation of a state exclusionary rule) would take effect as soon as constitutionally possible. The wording of new article I, section 28, subdivision (d), of the state Constitution reinforces that conclusion, for it provides that (with exceptions not pertinent here) "relevant evidence shall not be excluded in any criminal proceeding." (Italics added.) This constitutional provision is not limited to, nor does it affect only, those criminal proceedings involving crimes committed on or after June 8, 1982. The restriction conjured by the majority is imaginary, lacking any basis either in the history of Proposition 8 or in general law.
In the present case the majority holds that defendant's conviction must be reversed because his confession was elicited in violation of state constitutional principles. Accordingly, should the People choose to retry defendant without the benefit of his confession of the crime, a conviction may be much more difficult to obtain. If Proposition 8 is applied, however, the conviction undoubtedly would be affirmed. Can there be any reasonable doubt regarding the probable intent of both the authors and voters as to the retroactive application of Proposition 8 in such a situation? Is it likely that either authors or voters would have favored the acquittal of a confessed robber merely because of a technical violation of the prophylactic rules which previously we had judicially created to "protect" such persons from police interrogation and which the people themselves had so recently abrogated?
It also should be observed that, because of the majority's holding, California courts henceforth must apply two different sets of evidentiary rules in criminal cases, depending solely upon the date of commission of the offense or offenses. Hereafter, a single search conducted after the adoption of Proposition 8 which may disclose evidence of multiple crimes could be ruled valid as to certain crimes, and invalid as to others. Such needless anomalies make no sense constitutionally or otherwise and lessen the public's respect for our decisions.
2. Ex Post Facto Principles Are Inapplicable Here.
The majority assertedly declines a retroactive application of Proposition 8 in order to "avoid doubts" regarding the constitutionality of the measure as applied to crimes committed prior to its adoption. (Ante, p. 262.) With due respect to my colleagues, I suggest that the point is clearly frivolous. California cases, including our own, have uniformly held that ex post facto principles are not violated by the retroactive application of a statute which merely alters evidentiary rules by permitting the admission of previously inadmissible or incompetent evidence, and which does not lessen the amount or measure of the proof previously necessary to convict. (People v. Bradford (1969) 70 Cal. 2d 333, 343-344, fn. 5 [74 Cal. Rptr. 726, 450 P.2d 46]; People v. Ward (1958) 50 Cal. 2d 702, 710 [328 P.2d 777]; People v. Sobiek (1973) 30 Cal. App. 3d 458, 473 [106 Cal. Rptr. 519].) A fortiori, a constitutional change in evidentiary rules does not invoke ex post facto principles. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that, despite the majority's sweeping pronouncements and dicta regarding the retroactive effect of Proposition 8 as a whole, we deal here only with the application of the "truth-in-evidence" portion of the measure, embodied in new article I, section 28, subdivision (d), of our state Constitution. The sole effect of this provision is to permit the admission of relevant evidence in criminal proceedings. Under [34 Cal. 3d 275] the foregoing authorities, such constitutional enactment properly may be given retroactive effect in cases not yet final.
Similarly, in People v. Bradford, supra, 70 Cal. 2d 333, we again relied upon Thompson in concluding that "changes in the rules of evidence which broaden the class of persons competent to testify are not deemed ex post facto in operation." (Pp. 343-344, fn. 5.) In Bradford, the defendant's spouse was permitted to testify over his objection by reason of the adoption of Evidence Code section 970, a provision which was not in effect when the offense was committed. We again rejected defendant's claim that the new statute could not be retroactively applied under ex post facto principles.
In light of our own holdings in Ward and Bradford, and the high court's ruling in Thompson, it cannot fairly be said that the issue is so fraught with "uncertainties" (ante, p. 262) as to require a prospective application of Proposition 8. In my view, the lesson taught by the foregoing line of cases is crystal clear: Although the new law cannot permit a criminal conviction to be obtained with less evidence than was required when the act was committed, the new law properly may ease prior evidentiary restrictions, thereby permitting the admission of more relevant evidence than previously was allowed.
The people's manifest intent in adopting new article I, section 28, subdivision (d), was to erase California's exclusionary rule as soon as constitutionally [34 Cal. 3d 276] permissible. There is no constitutional impediment whatever to a retroactive application of the new provision with respect to criminal cases not yet final. Although we created the state exclusionary rule it ill behooves us to frustrate or delay its removal by the people themselves.
FN 1. Although the name is written "Mears" in the trial transcript, when the witness testified at the preliminary hearing he spelled his own name as "Meares."
FN 2. The provision, hereinafter referred to as section 28(d), reads in its entirety as follows: "Except as provided by statute hereafter enacted by a two-thirds vote of the membership in each house of the Legislature, relevant evidence shall not be excluded in any criminal proceeding, including pretrial and post conviction motions and hearings, or in any trial or hearing of a juvenile for a criminal offense, whether heard in juvenile or adult court. Nothing in this section shall affect any existing statutory rule of evidence relating to privilege or hearsay, or Evidence Code, Sections 352, 782 or 1103. Nothing in this section shall affect any existing statutory or constitutional right of the press."
Proposition 8 is reprinted in full in the appendix to Brosnahan v. Brown (1982) 32 Cal. 3d 236, 300-301 [186 Cal. Rptr. 30, 651 P.2d 274].
FN 3. A contrary inference is not compelled by the fact that section 28 (d) speaks of applying to "any criminal proceeding." (See fn. 2, ante.) When read in context -- i.e., relevant evidence shall not be excluded "in any criminal proceeding, including pretrial and post conviction motions and hearings" -- the phrase is plainly meant to ensure that section 28 (d) will operate not only in criminal trials but also in other stages of a prosecution in which evidence is offered, such as preliminary examinations, hearings on motions to set aside accusatory pleadings or suppress evidence, and sentencing proceedings. In addition, of course, the phrase serves the purpose of excluding civil cases from the scope of section 28 (d).
FN 5. A few kinds of statutes, even though procedural in appearance, have consistently been held subject to the ex post facto clause because of their substantial effect on a defendant's rights: e.g., statutes deleting elements of the crime, lowering the prosecution's burden of proof, or impairing a defense.
FN 6. "An initiative measure embracing more than one subject may not be submitted to the electors or have any effect."
FN 7. If the defense of diminished capacity survived in any respect the enactment of Penal Code section 28 in 1981 (Stats. 1981, ch. 404, § 4, p. 1592), its abolition by section 4 of Proposition 8 would also trigger ex post facto protection.
FN 8. Because Proposition 8 is inapplicable to this case, we do not reach the parties' additional contentions as to its scope and validity.
FN 11. We leave for another day the intriguing question whether, when correctly construed, any of the general Penal Code sections invoked in this case (i.e., §§ 374b, 374b.5, or 375) is intended to punish the specific act observed by Officer Tucker. (Compare Pen. Code, § 372a [spitting in public places].) The officer further testified that the act is also prohibited by a Vallejo municipal ordinance.
FN 13. The trial court also correctly ruled inadmissible evidence offered by defendant to show he engaged in consensual homosexual acts with the victim during the days prior to the robbery.

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