Source: https://www.irs.gov/irb/2018-38_IRB
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 10:08:36+00:00

Document:
These synopses are intended only as aids to the reader in identifying the subject matter covered. They may not be relied upon as authoritative interpretations.
The notice informs taxpayers that the Treasury Department and the IRS intend to issue proposed regulations providing that the reduction of the exemption amount to zero under §151(d)(5)(A) for taxable years 2018–2025 will not be taken into account in determining whether a taxpayer is a “qualifying relative” under §152(d)(1)(B) for various provisions of the Code, including the credit for other dependents under §24(h)(4) and the head-of-household filing status under §2(b). The §151(d) exemption amount referenced in §152(d)(1)(B) will be treated as $4,150 (adjusted for inflation) for taxable years in which the §151(d)(5)(A) exemption amount is zero.
This revenue procedure provides a current list of jurisdictions with respect to which the reporting requirement of §§ 1.6049–4(b)(5) and 1.6049–8(a) of the Income Tax Regulations applies, effective for interest paid on or after January 1, 2019. This revenue procedure adds two countries, Argentina and Moldova, to this list. This revenue procedure also provides a current list of jurisdictions with which the Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service have determined that it is appropriate to have an automatic exchange relationship with respect to the information collected under §§ 1.6049–4(b)(5) and 1.6049–8(a). This revenue procedure adds one country, Greece, to this list. These two lists were last updated by Rev. Proc. 2017–46, 2017–43 I.R.B. 372.
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The Department of the Treasury (Treasury Department) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) intend to issue proposed regulations clarifying the definition of “qualifying relative” in § 152(d) for purposes of various provisions of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), including the new $500 credit for other dependents under § 24(h)(4) and head of household filing status under § 2(b), for taxable years in which the § 151(d) exemption amount is zero.
In general, § 151(a) of the Code allows a taxpayer to claim deductions for exemptions for the taxpayer and his or her spouse (§ 151(b)), and for any dependents (§ 151(c)). Before amendment by “An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018,” Pub. L. No. 115–97 (Act), § 151(d) provided for an exemption amount of a base dollar amount that was adjusted for inflation. Before the Act, the exemption amount for 2018 was calculated to be $4,150. See Rev. Proc. 2017–58, 2017–45 I.R.B. 489, modified and superseded by Rev. Proc. 2018–18, 2018–10 I.R.B. 392.
Section 152(a) of the Code generally defines a “dependent” to mean a “qualifying child” or a “qualifying relative.” Section 152(d)(1) defines a qualifying relative to mean an individual (A) who bears a specific relationship to the taxpayer, (B) whose gross income for the calendar year in which the taxpayer’s taxable year begins is less than the exemption amount (as defined in § 151(d)), (C) who receives over one-half of his or her support from the taxpayer for the calendar year in which the taxpayer’s taxable year begins, and (D) who is not a qualifying child of the taxpayer or any other taxpayer for any taxable year beginning in the calendar year in which the taxpayer’s taxable year begins.
Section 11041(a)(2) of the Act added § 151(d)(5) to provide special rules for taxable years 2018 through 2025 for the exemption amount in § 151(d). Specifically, § 151(d)(5)(A) provides that, for a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2026, the term “exemption amount” means zero, thereby suspending the deduction for personal exemptions. See H.R. Rep. No. 115–466 at 204 (2017) (Conf. Rep.). However, § 151(d)(5)(B) provides that, for purposes of any other provision of the Code, the reduction of the exemption amount to zero will not be taken into account in determining whether a deduction is allowed or allowable, or whether a taxpayer is entitled to a deduction, under § 151. The Conference Report states that this provision clarifies that the reduction of the personal exemption to zero “should not alter the operation of those provisions of the Code which refer to a taxpayer allowed a deduction . . . under section 151,” including the child tax credit in § 24(a). Id. at 203 n.16.
Section 11022(a) of the Act amended § 24 of the Code to create a $500 credit for certain dependents of a taxpayer other than a qualifying child described in § 24(c), for whom the child tax credit is allowed. The $500 credit applies to two categories of dependents: (1) qualifying children for whom a child tax credit is not allowed and (2) qualifying relatives as defined in § 152(d). See § 24(h)(4)(A). Like the amendment to § 151(d) reducing the exemption amount to zero, this new credit applies for taxable years 2018 through 2025. The Conference Report explains the intended scope of this credit: “The credit is further modified to temporarily provide for a $500 nonrefundable credit for qualifying dependents other than qualifying children. The provision generally retains the present-law definition of dependent.” See H.R. Rep. No. 115–466 at 227 (emphasis added).
Separately, Code § 2(b)(1)(A) defines a head of household to include an individual who is not married at the close of the taxable year, who is not a surviving spouse (as defined in § 2(a)), and who maintains as his or her home a household for a qualifying individual for the required period of time. A qualifying individual under § 2(b)(1)(A)(ii) includes a qualifying relative if the taxpayer is entitled to a deduction under § 151 for the person for the taxable year. Under § 151(c), a deduction is allowed for individuals who are dependents as defined in § 152, including qualifying relatives described in § 152(d).
The Treasury Department and the IRS intend to issue proposed regulations providing that the reduction of the exemption amount to zero under § 151(d)(5)(A) for taxable years 2018–2025 will not be taken into account in determining whether a person is a qualifying relative under § 152(d)(1)(B). Accordingly, in defining a qualifying relative for purposes of various provisions of the Code that refer to the definition of dependent in § 152, including, without limitation, for purposes of the new credit under § 24(h)(4) and head of household filing status under § 2(b), the § 151(d) exemption amount referenced in § 152(d)(1)(B) will be treated as $4,150 (adjusted for inflation), for taxable years in which the § 151(d)(5)(A) exemption amount is zero.
Section 151(d) provides for two different exemption amounts for taxable years 2018 through 2025. For purposes of determining whether a deduction is allowed for personal exemptions, § 151(d)(5)(A) requires that the exemption amount be zero—thereby suspending this deduction. But for other provisions of the Code that reference the deduction for other purposes, Congress indicated in § 151(d)(5)(B) that the reduction of the exemption amount to zero is not to be taken into account. Instead, the exemption amount should remain $4,150 for 2018 (adjusted for inflation in future years).
Construing § 152 in light of the structure of the statute, the Treasury Department and the IRS believe that the exemption amount referenced in that section must be $4,150 (adjusted for inflation), rather than zero, for purposes of determining who is a qualifying relative. This interpretation accords with § 151(d)(5), which aims to suspend the deduction for personal exemptions without substantively changing other Code provisions that directly or indirectly reference the § 151(d) exemption amount.
This interpretation is also confirmed by the structure of several Code provisions that necessitate a non-zero exemption amount in § 152(d)(1)(B). For example, to be a qualifying relative under § 152(d)(1)(B), an individual must have gross income that is “less than the exemption amount.” But if the exemption amount were zero, an individual’s gross income would have to be less than zero—a near impossibility. And because it would be highly unusual for an individual to have gross income less than zero, virtually no individuals would be eligible as qualifying relatives. A zero exemption amount would thus effectively render § 152(d)(1)(B) inoperable and eliminate an entire category of dependents. The Treasury Department and IRS do not believe Congress intended to make such a significant change in such an indirect manner.
In addition, the new $500 credit that Congress enacted at the same time, and in the same Act, as it reduced the § 151(d) exemption amount likewise depends on a non-zero exemption amount in § 152(d)(1)(B). Section 24(h)(4)(A), as amended, creates a $500 credit available for each dependent of the taxpayer other than a qualifying child for whom the child tax credit is allowed. This provision references the definition of dependent in section 152, which includes both qualifying relatives and qualifying children, and it was understood at the time of enactment that this provision “generally retain[ed] the present-law definition of dependent.” H.R. Rep. No. 115–466 at 227. But if the exemption amount referenced in § 152(d)(1)(B) were zero, the entire category of qualifying relatives would be effectively excised from the definition of dependent. As a consequence, the $500 credit generally would not be available for qualifying relatives, and the availability of this credit would shrink to only a limited category of qualifying children for whom the child tax credit is not allowed. This does not appear to be what Congress intended when it enacted the new $500 credit.
Further, head of household filing status also depends on a non-zero exemption amount in § 152(d)(1)(B). Under § 2(b)(1)(A), an individual is considered a head of household if, inter alia, he or she maintains as his or her home a household for either (i) a qualifying child or (ii) “any other person who is a dependent of the taxpayer.” Because the only dependents other than qualifying children are qualifying relatives, a zero exemption amount in § 152(d)(1)(B), and the resulting near elimination of qualifying relatives, would render the express provision for other dependents in § 2(b)(1)(A)(ii) superfluous. It also would deny head of household filing status to many individuals who previously qualified for that filing status and otherwise would continue to qualify. There is no reason to believe that Congress intended its alteration of the § 151(d) exemption amount to have this effect.
Accordingly, the Treasury Department and IRS intend to propose regulations to clarify that the reduction of the exemption amount to zero in § 151(d)(5)(A) for taxable years 2018–2025 does not apply to the gross income limitation in the definition of qualifying relative in § 152(d)(1)(B).
Before the issuance of the proposed regulations described in this notice, taxpayers may rely on the rules described in section 3 of this notice.
The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on all aspects of the proposed guidance under consideration as described in this notice.
Written comments may be submitted by November 16, 2018, to Internal Revenue Service, CC:PA:LPD:PR (Notice 2018–70), Room 5203, P.O. Box 7604, Ben Franklin Station, Washington, D.C. 20044, or electronically to Notice.Comments@irscounsel.treas.gov (please include “Notice 2018–70” in the subject line). Alternatively, comments may be hand-delivered between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Monday to Friday to CC:PA:LPD:PR (Notice 2018–70), Courier’s Desk, Internal Revenue Service, 1111 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. 20224. Comments will be available for public inspection and copying.
The principal author of this notice is Victoria J. Driscoll of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Income Tax & Accounting). For further information, regarding this notice contact Victoria J. Driscoll at (202) 317-4718 (not a toll-free number).
 This could occur if an individual engaged in a business involving the sale of goods incurs inventory costs that exceed gross sales revenue. See § 1.61–3(a).
This revenue procedure provides a current list of the jurisdictions with respect to which the reporting requirement of §§ 1.6049–4(b)(5) and 1.6049–8(a) of the Income Tax Regulations applies, effective for interest paid on or after January 1, 2019.
This revenue procedure also provides a current list of the jurisdictions with which the Department of the Treasury (Treasury Department) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) have determined that it is appropriate to have an automatic exchange relationship with respect to the information collected under §§ 1.6049–4(b)(5) and 1.6049–8(a).
Sections 1.6049–4(b)(5) and 1.6049–8(a), as revised by TD 9584, 2012–20 I.R.B. 900, require the reporting of certain deposit interest paid to nonresident alien individuals on or after January 1, 2013. Section 1.6049–4(b)(5) provides that in the case of interest aggregating $10 or more paid to a nonresident alien individual (as defined in section 7701(b)(1)(B)) that is reportable under § 1.6049–8(a), the payor is required to make an information return on Form 1042–S, Foreign Person’s U.S. Source Income Subject to Withholding, for the calendar year in which the interest is paid. Interest that is reportable under § 1.6049–8(a) is interest described in section 871(i)(2)(A) that relates to a deposit maintained at an office within the United States and that is paid to a resident of a jurisdiction that is identified, in an applicable revenue procedure (see § 601.601(d)(2)) as of December 31 prior to the calendar year in which the interest is paid, as a jurisdiction with which the United States has in effect an income tax or other convention or bilateral agreement relating to the exchange of tax information within the meaning of section 6103(k)(4), under which the competent authority is the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate and the United States agrees to provide, as well as receive, information. The preamble to the regulations noted that the IRS is not required to exchange information with another jurisdiction, even if an information exchange agreement is in effect, if there are concerns about confidentiality, safeguarding of data exchanged, the use of the information, or other factors that would make the exchange of information inappropriate.
Rev. Proc. 2012–24, 2012–20 I.R.B. 913, was published contemporaneously with the publication of TD 9584 to provide a list of those jurisdictions with which the United States has in force an information exchange agreement, such that interest paid to residents of such jurisdictions must be reported by payors to the extent required under §§ 1.6049–4(b)(5) and 1.6049–8(a), and to provide a separate list identifying those jurisdictions with which the automatic exchange of the information collected under the regulations has been determined by the Treasury Department and the IRS to be appropriate. Rev. Proc. 2012–24 was updated and superseded by Rev. Proc. 2014–64, 2014–53 I.R.B. 1022, and the lists of jurisdictions in Rev. Proc. 2014–64 were supplemented by Rev. Proc. 2015–50, 2015–42 I.R.B. 583; Rev. Proc. 2016–18, 2016–17 I.R.B. 635; Rev. Proc. 2016–56, 2016–52 I.R.B. 920; Rev. Proc. 2017–31, 2017–16 I.R.B. 1104; and Rev. Proc. 2017–46, 2017–43 I.R.B. 372.
This revenue procedure updates and restates the lists of jurisdictions in Rev. Proc. 2014–64 as supplemented, adding Argentina and Moldova as jurisdictions with which the United States has in force a relevant information exchange agreement, and adding Greece as a jurisdiction with which the relevant automatic exchange of information has been determined appropriate.
Rev. Procs. 2014–64, 2015–50, 2016–18, 2016–56, 2017–31, and 2017–46 are superseded with respect to interest paid on or after January 1, 2019.
With respect to the jurisdictions newly listed in Section 3, this revenue procedure is effective for interest paid on or after January 1, 2019.
The principal author of this revenue procedure is Jackie Bennett Manasterli of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (International). For further information regarding this revenue procedure, contact Ms. Manasterli at (202) 317-6941 (not a toll-free number).
Amplified describes a situation where no change is being made in a prior published position, but the prior position is being extended to apply to a variation of the fact situation set forth therein. Thus, if an earlier ruling held that a principle applied to A, and the new ruling holds that the same principle also applies to B, the earlier ruling is amplified. (Compare with modified, below).
Clarified is used in those instances where the language in a prior ruling is being made clear because the language has caused, or may cause, some confusion. It is not used where a position in a prior ruling is being changed.
Distinguished describes a situation where a ruling mentions a previously published ruling and points out an essential difference between them.
Modified is used where the substance of a previously published position is being changed. Thus, if a prior ruling held that a principle applied to A but not to B, and the new ruling holds that it applies to both A and B, the prior ruling is modified because it corrects a published position. (Compare with amplified and clarified, above).
Obsoleted describes a previously published ruling that is not considered determinative with respect to future transactions. This term is most commonly used in a ruling that lists previously published rulings that are obsoleted because of changes in laws or regulations. A ruling may also be obsoleted because the substance has been included in regulations subsequently adopted.
Revoked describes situations where the position in the previously published ruling is not correct and the correct position is being stated in a new ruling.
Superseded describes a situation where the new ruling does nothing more than restate the substance and situation of a previously published ruling (or rulings). Thus, the term is used to republish under the 1986 Code and regulations the same position published under the 1939 Code and regulations. The term is also used when it is desired to republish in a single ruling a series of situations, names, etc., that were previously published over a period of time in separate rulings. If the new ruling does more than restate the substance of a prior ruling, a combination of terms is used. For example, modified and superseded describes a situation where the substance of a previously published ruling is being changed in part and is continued without change in part and it is desired to restate the valid portion of the previously published ruling in a new ruling that is self contained. In this case, the previously published ruling is first modified and then, as modified, is superseded.
Supplemented is used in situations in which a list, such as a list of the names of countries, is published in a ruling and that list is expanded by adding further names in subsequent rulings. After the original ruling has been supplemented several times, a new ruling may be published that includes the list in the original ruling and the additions, and supersedes all prior rulings in the series.
Suspended is used in rare situations to show that the previous published rulings will not be applied pending some future action such as the issuance of new or amended regulations, the outcome of cases in litigation, or the outcome of a Service study.
The following abbreviations in current use and formerly used will appear in material published in the Bulletin.
ERISA—Employee Retirement Income Security Act.
A cumulative list of all revenue rulings, revenue procedures, Treasury decisions, etc., published in Internal Revenue Bulletins 2018–01 through 2018–26 is in Internal Revenue Bulletin 2018–26, dated June 27, 2018.
The Introduction at the beginning of this issue describes the purpose and content of this publication. The weekly Internal Revenue Bulletins are available at www.irs.gov/irb/.
Internal Revenue Service, Publishing Division, IRB Publishing Program Desk, 1111 Constitution Ave. NW, IR-6230 Washington, DC 20224.

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