Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/333/56/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 01:44:04+00:00

Document:
1. In a civil contempt proceeding against a bankrupt for failure to comply with an order to turn over to the trustee assets of the estate found to be in his possession or under his control at the time such order was issued (20 months earlier in this case), the bankruptcy court should not adjudge the bankrupt in contempt and commit him to jail to coerce compliance if it appears that he is presently unable to comply, even though the previous finding that he had possession of the property when the turnover order was issued has become res judicata. Pp. 333 U. S. 69-78.
2. Courts of bankruptcy have no authority to compensate for any neglect or lack of zeal in applying the criminal sanctions prescribed by the Bankruptcy Act by perversion of civil remedies to ends of punishment. P. 333 U. S. 62.
3. The summary turnover procedure, fashioned by bankruptcy courts as a means of retrieving concealed assets or books of account, is essentially a proceeding for restitution of property, rather than indemnification, and the primary condition of relief is possession of existing chattels or their proceeds capable of being surrendered by the person ordered to do so. Pp. 333 U. S. 62-63.
4. Resort to a turnover proceeding is not appropriate when the property and its proceeds have already been dissipated, no matter when that dissipation occurred. Pp. 333 U. S. 63-64.
5. In a turnover proceeding, the burden is upon the trustee to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the property has been abstracted from the bankrupt estate and is in the possession of the party proceeded against. Oriel v. Russell, 278 U. S. 358. P. 333 U. S. 64.
6. The presumption that possession of property of a bankrupt, once proven, continues until the possessor explains when and how possession ceased is not a rule of law to be applied in all cases, but a rule of evidence to be applied only when the time element and other factors make that a fair and reasonable inference. Pp. 333 U. S. 64-66.
7. A turnover order should not be issued or affirmed on a presumption thought to arise from some isolated circumstance, such as one-time possession, when the reviewing court finds from the whole record that the order is unrealistic and unjust. Pp. 333 U. S. 66-67.
8. When a turnover proceeding is completed and terminated in a final order, it becomes res judicata, and is not subject to collateral attack in a subsequent proceeding in civil contempt to coerce obedience . Pp. 333 U. S. 68-69.
9. Even though a turnover order has become res judicata as to the issue of possession of the goods in question at the time of the turnover proceedings, a subsequent proceeding in civil contempt to coerce compliance tenders the issue as to present willful disobedience, which must be tried like any other issue, and the Court is entitled to consider all evidence relevant to it. Pp. 333 U. S. 74-75.
10. In a civil contempt proceeding to coerce compliance with a turnover order, the bankrupt may not challenge the previous adjudication of possession made when the turnover order was issued, but he may be permitted to deny his present possession and to give any evidence of present conditions or intervening events which corroborate such denial. Pp. 333 U. S. 75-76.
properly before it, in determining whether or not there is actually a present ability to comply and whether failure to do so constitutes deliberate defiance which a jail term will break. Pp. 333 U. S. 76-77.
12. This Court regards turnover and contempt orders, and petitions for certiorari to review them, as usually raising only questions of fact to be solved by a careful analysis of evidence, which should take place in the lower courts, and this Court is loath to review particular cases, especially where the order carries approval of the referee, the district court, and the circuit court of appeals. P. 333 U. S. 70.
13. When a misapprehension of the law has led both courts below to adjudicate rights without considering essential facts in the light of the controlling law, this Court will vacate the judgments and remand the case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with the principles laid down in this Court's opinion. P. 333 U. S. 77.
157 F.2d 951, judgments vacated and case remanded.
A referee in bankruptcy found the bankrupt in contempt for failure to comply with a turnover order previously affirmed by the District Court and the Circuit Court of Appeals. The District Court affirmed, and ordered the bankrupt committed to jail until he complied or until further order of the court. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed, although it said it knew that the bankrupt could not comply with the turnover order. 157 F.2d 951. This Court granted certiorari. 330 U.S. 816. Judgments vacated and case remanded to the District Court, p. 333 U. S. 78.
"the trustee established by clear and convincing evidence that the merchandise hereinafter described, belonging to the estate of the bankrupt, was knowingly and fraudulently concealed by the respondent [Maggio] from the trustee herein, and that said merchandise is now in the possession or under the control of the respondent."
A turnover order issued and was affirmed by the District Court and then unanimously affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, without opinion other than citation of its own prior cases. Zeitz v. Maggio, 145 F.2d 241. Petition for certiorari was denied by this Court. 324 U.S. 841.
As Maggio failed to turn over the property or its proceeds, the Referee found him in contempt. After hearing, the District Court affirmed and ordered Maggio to be jailed until he complied or until further order of the court. Again, the Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. 157 F.2d 951, 955.
"Although we know that Maggio cannot comply with the order, we must keep a straight face and pretend that he can, and must thus affirm orders which first direct Maggio 'to do an impossibility, and then punish him for refusal to perform it.'"
already set out in the books: In re Schoenberg, 70 F.2d 321; Danish v. Sofranski, 93 F.2d 424; In re Pinsky-Lapin & Co., 98 F.2d 776; Seligson v. Goldsmith, 128 F.2d 977; Rosenblum v. Marinello, 133 F.2d 674; Robbins v. Gotthetter, 134 F.2d 843; Cohen v. Jeskowitz, 144 F.2d 39; Zeitz v. Maggio, 145 F.2d 241.
The problem is illustrated by this case. The court below says that, in the turnover proceedings, it was sufficiently established that, towards the end of 1941, a shortage occurred in this bankrupt's stock of merchandise. It seems also to regard it as proved that Maggio personally took possession of the corporation's vanishing assets. But this abstraction by Maggio occurred several months before bankruptcy, and over a year before the turnover order was applied for. The only evidence that the goods then were in the possession or control of Maggio was the proof of his one-time possession supplemented by a "presumption" that, in the absence of a credible explanation by Maggio of his disposition of the goods, he continues in possession of them or their proceeds. Because the Court of Appeals felt constrained by its opinions to adhere to this "presumption" or "fiction," it affirmed the turnover order. Now it says it is convinced that, in reality, Maggio did not retain the goods or their proceeds up to the time of the turnover proceedings, and that the turnover order was unjust. But it considers the turnover order res judicata, and the injustice beyond reach on review of the contempt order.
The proceeding which leads to commitment consists of two separate stages which easily become out of joint because the defense to the second often in substance is an effort to relitigate, perhaps before another judge, the issue supposed to have been settle in the first, and because, while the burden of proof rests on the trustee, frequently evidence of the facts is entirely in possession of his adversary, the bankrupt, who is advantaged by nondisclosure.
Because these separate but interdependent turnover and contempt procedures are important to successful bankruptcy administration, we restate some of the principles applicable to each, conscious, however, of the risk that we may do more to stir new than to settle old controversies.
The courts of bankruptcy are invested "with such jurisdiction at law and in equity as will enable them" to "cause the estates of bankrupts to be collected, reduced to money and distributed, and determine controversies in relation thereto. . . ." Title 11 U.S.C. § 11(a)(7), and the function to "collect and reduce to money the property of the estates" is also laid upon the trustee. 11 U.S.C. § 75(a)(1). A correlative duty is imposed upon the bankrupt fully and effectually to turn over all of his property and interests, and, in case of a corporation, the duty rests upon its officers, directors or stockholders. 11 U.S.C. § 25.
Act. Special provisions are also made to induce vigilance in prosecuting such offenses. It is the duty of the referee and trustee to report any probable grounds for believing such an offense has been committed to the United States Attorney, who thereupon is required to investigate and report to the referee. In a proper case, he is directed to present the matter to the grand jury without delay, and if he thinks it not a proper case, he must report the facts to the Attorney General and abide his instructions. 11 U.S.C. § 52(e).
Unfortunately, criminal prosecutions do not recover concealed treasure. And the trustee, as well as the Court, is commanded to collect the property. The Act vests title to all property of the bankrupt, including any transferred in fraud of creditors, in the trustee, as of the date of filing the petition in bankruptcy, 11 U.S.C. § 110, which puts him in position to pursue all plenary or summary remedies to obtain possession.
"make such orders, issue such process, and enter such judgments, in addition to those specifically provided for, as may be necessary for the enforcement of the provisions of this title."
necessary to accomplish their function of administration. It enables the court summarily to retrieve concealed and diverted assets or secreted books of account the withholding of which, pending the outcome of plenary suits, would intolerably obstruct and delay administration. When supported by "clear and convincing evidence," the turnover order has been sustained as an appropriate and necessary step in enforcing the Bankruptcy Act. Oriel v. Russell, 278 U. S. 358; Cooper v. Dasher, 290 U. S. 106. See also Farmers' & Mechanics' National Bank v. Wilkinson, 266 U. S. 503.
But this procedure is one primarily to get at property, rather than to get at a debtor. Without pushing the analogy too far, it may be said that the theoretical basis for this remedy is found in the common law actions to recover possession -- detinue for unlawful detention of chattels and replevin for their unlawful taking -- as distinguished from actions in trespass or trover to recover damages for the withholding or for the value of the property. Of course, the modern remedy does not exactly follow any of these ancient and often overlapping procedures, but the object -- possession of specific property -- is the same. The order for possession may extend to proceeds of property that has been disposed of, if they are sufficiently identified as such. But it is essentially a proceeding for restitution, rather than indemnification, with some characteristics of a proceeding in rem; the primary condition of relief is possession of existing chattels or their proceeds capable of being surrendered by the person ordered to do so. It is in no sense based on a cause of action for damages for tortious conduct such as embezzlement, misappropriation, or improvident dissipation of assets.
and possession thereof by the defendant at the time of the proceeding. While some courts have taken the date of bankruptcy as the time to which the inquiry is directed, we do not consider resort to this particular proceeding appropriate if, at the time it is instituted, the property and its proceeds have already been dissipated, no matter when that dissipation occurred. Conduct which has put property beyond the limited reach of the turnover proceeding may be a crime, or, if it violates an order of the referee, a criminal contempt, but no such acts, however reprehensible, warrant issuance of an order which creates a duty impossible of performance, so that punishment can follow. It should not be necessary to say that it would be a flagrant abuse of process to issue such an order to exert pressure on friends and relatives to ransom the accused party from being jailed.
It is evident that the real issue as to turnover orders concerns the burden of proof that will be put on the trustee, and how he can meet it. This Court has said that the turnover order must be supported by "clear and convincing evidence," Oriel v. Russell, 278 U. S. 358, and that includes proof that the property has been abstracted from the bankrupt estate, and is in the possession of the party proceeded against. It is the burden of the trustee to produce this evidence, however difficult his task may be.
some cases, seem to have settled into a rigid presumption which it is said the lower courts apply without regard to its reasonableness in the particular case.
However, no such presumption, and no such fiction, is created by the bankruptcy statute. None can be found in any decision of this Court dealing with this procedure. [Footnote 1] Language can, of course, be gleaned from judicial pronouncements and texts that conditions once existing may be presumed to continue until they are shown to have changed. But such generalizations, useful enough, perhaps, in solving some problem of a particular case, are not rules of law to be applied to all cases, with or without reason.
sometimes characterized as "presumption of fact," is, however, nothing more than a process of reasoning from one fact to another, an argument which infers a fact otherwise doubtful from a fact which is proved.
Of course, the fact that a man at one time had a given item of property is a circumstance to be weighed in determining whether he may properly be found to have it at a later date. But the inference from yesterday's possession is one thing, that permissible from possession twenty months ago quite another. With what kind of property do we deal? Was it salable or consumable? The inference of continued possession might be warranted when applied to books of account which are not consumable or marketable, but quite inappropriate under the same circumstances if applied to perishable merchandise or salable goods in considerable demand. Such an inference is one thing when applied to a thrifty person who withdraws his savings account after being involved in an accident, for no apparent purpose except to get it beyond the reach of a tort creditor, see Rosenblum v. Marinello, 133 F.2d 674; it is very different when applied to a stock of wares being sold by a fast-living adventurer using the proceeds to make up the difference between income and outgo.
there does not appear to be any reason for allowing any such presumption to override reason when reviewing a turnover order.
Unlike the judicially developed turnover proceedings, contempt proceedings for disobedience of a lawful order are specifically authorized by two separate provisions of the Act and are of two distinct kinds. The court is authorized to "enforce obedience by persons to all lawful orders, by fine or imprisonment, or fine and imprisonment." 11 U.S.C. § 11(a)(13). This creates the civil contempt proceeding to coerce obedience, now before us. There is also provision for a criminal contempt proceeding whose end is to penalize contumacy, the court also being authorized to "punish persons for contempts committed before referees." 11 U.S.C. § 11(a)(16). These contempts before referees are defined to include disobedience or resistance to a lawful order, and the statute provides for a summary proceeding before the District Judge who, if the evidence "is such as to warrant him in so doing," may punish the accused or commit him upon conditions. 11 U.S.C. § 69.
purged himself of such contempt by complying with the turnover order or until the further order of this court." Thus, no punishment whatever was imposed for past disobedience, and every penalty was contingent upon failure to obey. This is a decisive characteristic of civil contempt and of the truly coercive commitment for enforcement purposes, which, as often is said, leaves the contemnor to "carry the key of his prison in his own pocket." Penfield Co. v. Securities & Exchange Commission, 330 U. S. 585. We thus have before us now a civil contempt of the same kind that was before the Court in Oriel v. Russell, 278 U. S. 358, 278 U. S. 363. What we say, therefore, is not applicable to criminal contempt proceedings designed solely for punishment and vindication of the court's flouted authority, such, for example, as a proceeding to sentence one for destroying or mutilating books of account or property in his possession which the court had ordered him to turn over.
The question now arises as to whether, in this contempt proceeding, the Court may inquire into the justification for the turnover order itself. It is clear, however, that the turnover proceeding is a separate one, and, when completed and terminated in a final order, it becomes res judicata, and not subject to collateral attack in the contempt proceedings. This we long ago settled in Oriel v. Russell, 278 U. S. 358, and, we think, settled rightly.
of contempt. It would be a disservice to the law if we were to depart from the longstanding rule that a contempt proceeding does not open to reconsideration the legal or factual basis of the order alleged to have been disobeyed, and thus become a retrial of the original controversy. The procedure to enforce a court's order commanding or forbidding an act should not be so inconclusive as to foster experimentation with disobedience. Every precaution should be taken that orders issue, in turnover as in other proceedings, only after legal grounds are shown and only when it appears that obedience is within the power of the party being coerced by the order. But, when it has become final, disobedience cannot be justified by retrying the issues as to whether the order should have issued in the first place. United States v. United Mine Workers of America, 330 U. S. 258, 330 U. S. 259; Oriel v. Russell, 278 U. S. 358. Counsel appears to recognize this rule, for the record in the case now before us does not include the evidence on which the turnover order was based. We could learn of it only by going outside of the present record to that in the former case, which would be available only because an application was made to this Court to review that earlier proceeding.
But does this mean that the lower courts "must thus affirm orders which first direct a bankrupt to do an impossibility, and then punish him for refusal to perform it.'"?
is justified by the evidence in this record we do not stop to inquire. We have regarded turnover and contempt orders, and petitions for certiorari to review them, as usually raising only questions of fact to be solved by the careful analysis of evidence which we expect to take place in the two lower courts. The advantage of the referee and the District Court in having the parties and witnesses before them, instead of judging on a cold record, is considerable. The Court of Appeals for each circuit also has the advantage of closer familiarity with the capabilities, tendencies, and practices of the referee and District Judge. Both lower courts better know the fruits of their course of decision in actual practice than can we. Consequently, we have been loath to venture a review of particular cases, especially where the turnover order carries approval of the referee, the District Court and the Court of Appeals.
However the court below appears to have affirmed the order for commitment in this case by relying on the earlier finding of previous possession to raise a presumption of willful disobedience continuing to the time of commitment, even though that conclusion is rejected by the court's good judgment. While the court protests that such a presumed continuance of possession from the time of bankruptcy to the time of the turnover order is unrealistic, it seems to have affirmed the contempt order by extending the presumption from the time of the turnover order to the time of the contempt proceedings, although persuaded that Maggio had overcome the presumption if it were rebuttable.
has elapsed between issuance of that order and initiation of the contempt proceedings in this case. He does tender evidence of his earnings after the turnover proceedings and up until November, 1944; his unemployment after that time allegedly due to his failing health, and of his family obligations and manner of living during the intervening period. He has also sworn that neither he nor his family has at any time since the turnover proceedings possessed any real or personal property which could be used to satisfy the trustee's demands. And he repeats his denial that he possesses the property in question.
It is clear that the District Court, in the contempt proceeding, attached little or no significance to Maggio's evidence or testimony, although the Court gave no indication that the evidence was incredible. The District Court, in its opinion, cites only In re Siegler, 31 F.2d 972, in which the Court of Appeals reversed a District Judge who, because he believed the bankrupt's testimony, had refused to commit him for contempt. The Siegler case and other cases decided by the Court of Appeals apparently led the District Judge to conclude that no decision other than commitment of Maggio would be approved by that court.
which the Court of Appeals construed as compelling affirmance of the contempt decree.
"a motion to commit the bankrupt for failure to obey an order of the court to turn over to the receiver in bankruptcy the property of the bankrupt is a civil contempt, and is to be treated as a mere step in the proceedings to administer the assets of the bankrupt as provided by law, and in aid of the seizure of those assets and their proper distribution. While, in a sense, they are punitive, they are not mere punishment -- they are administrative but coercive, and intended to compel, against the reluctance of the bankrupt, performance by him of his lawful duty."
278 U. S. 278 U.S. 358 at 278 U. S. 363.
"Where it has failed, and where a reasonable interval of time has supplied the previous defect in the evidence, and has made sufficiently certain what was doubtful before, namely the bankrupt's inability to obey the order, he has always been released, and I need hardly say that he would always have the right to be released as soon as the fact becomes clear that he cannot obey. [Footnote 4]"
or in any other, the court may believe the bankrupt's assertion that he is not now in possession or control of the money or the goods, and, in that event, the civil inquiry is at an end. . . . [Footnote 7]"
adjudges the defendant to be in possession at the date of its inquiry, but does it also cut off evidence as to nonpossession at the later time? Thus, the real problem concerns the evidence admissible in the contempt proceeding. Of course, we do not attempt to lay down a comprehensive or detailed set of rules on this subject. They will have to be formulated as specific and concrete cases present different aspects of the problem.
". . . on the motion for commitment, the only evidence that can be considered is the evidence of something that has happened since the turnover order was made showing that, since that time, there has newly arisen an inability on the part of the bankrupt to comply with the turnover order."
But the bankrupt may be permitted to deny his present possession and to give any evidence of present conditions or intervening events which corroborate him. The credibility of his denial is to be weighed in the light of his present circumstances. It is everywhere admitted that, even if he is committed, he will not be held in jail forever if he does not comply. His denial of possession is given credit after demonstration that a period in prison does not produce the goods. The fact that he has been under the shadow of prison gates may be enough, coupled with his denial and the type of evidence mentioned above, to convince the court that his is not a willful disobedience which will yield to coercion.
recklessness of bankrupt's rights, on the one hand, and prevent the bankrupt from flouting the law, on the other. . . ."
Such a careful balancing was said to be required in turnover proceedings because "coercive methods by imprisonment are probable, and are foreshadowed." [Footnote 10] Certainly the same considerations require as careful and conscientious weighing of the evidence relevant in the contempt proceeding. At that stage, imprisonment is not only probable and foreshadowed -- it is imminent. And, without such a weighing, it becomes inevitable.
We deal here with a case in which the Court of Appeals was persuaded that the bankrupt's disobedience was not willful. It appears, however, that the District Court did not, in the contempt proceedings, weigh and evaluate the evidence before it, but felt bound almost automatically to order Maggio's commitment in deference to clear precedents established by the Court of Appeals. Moreover, the Court of Appeals affirmed the commitment order although it was convinced that Maggio was not deliberately disobeying, but had established his contention that he was unable to comply. On such findings, the Oriel case would require Maggio's discharge even if he were already in jail. It is hardly consistent with that case, or with good judicial administration, to order his commitment on findings that require his immediate release.
Finance Company v. McKey, 294 U. S. 442, 294 U. S. 453; Gerdes v. Lustgarten, 266 U. S. 321, 266 U. S. 327, and cases cited. [Footnote 11] That practice is appropriate in this case in view of what has been said herein concerning the judgments below.
The Court of Appeals itself said: " . . . the Supreme Court has never decided in favor of the fictitious "presumption" here invoked. . . ." 157 F.2d 951, 954.
Other circuits have treated the presumption of continued possession as one which "grows weaker as time passes, until it finally ceases to exist" (C.C.A.8th in Marin v. Ellis, 15 F.2d 321) and as one "only as strong as the nature of the circumstances permits" and which "loses its force and effect as time intervenes and as circumstances indicate that the bankrupt is no longer in possession of the missing goods or their proceeds" (C.C.A.4th in Brune v. Fraidin, 149 F.2d 325, 328.) See also Comments in 95 U. of Pa.L.Rev. 789 (1947) and 42 Ill.L.Rev. 396 (1947).
For examples of statutory provisions, see Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U.S.C. § 12(3); Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78u(c); Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, 15 U.S.C. § 79r(d); Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 409(d); National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 161(2); Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 49; Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, 5 U.S.C. § 1005(c), and Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 42 U.S.C. § 1816(d).
278 U. S. 278 U.S. 358, 278 U. S. 366, quoting from In re Epstein (cited as Epstein v. Steinfeld), 206 F. 568, 569.
278 U. S. 278 U.S. 358, 278 U. S. 364.
"The sole question is whether the bankrupt is presently able to comply with the turnover order previously made and, accordingly, whether he is disobeying that order . . . ;"
Epstein v. Steinfeld, 210 F. 236, a turnover proceeding, in which the Court delineates both turnover and contempt procedures and states that a contempt order should not be issued unless there is present ability to comply; Schmid v. Rosenthal, 230 F. 818, a turnover case, citing Epstein v. Steinfeld, supra; Frederick v. Silverman, 250 F. 75, a contempt case, reciting the necessity for present ability to comply; Reardon v. Pensoneau, 18 F.2d 244, a contempt case, holding the evidence there insufficient to establish present inability to comply; United States ex rel. Paleais v. Moore, 294 F. 852, 856, involving a commitment for contempt, stating " . . . the court should be satisfied of the present ability of the bankrupt to comply . . . ;" In re Frankel, 184 F. 539, a contempt case in which the evidence was held insufficient to show present inability to comply; Drakeford v. Adams, 98 Ga. 722, 25 S.E. 833, a State contempt case requiring present ability to comply to be "clearly and satisfactorily established;" and Collier, Bankruptcy (Gilbert's ed., 1927) 652. The cumulative effect of these authorities seems clearly to be that, while a bankrupt's denial of present possession, standing alone, may not be sufficient to establish his inability to produce the property or its proceeds, if the Court is satisfied from all the evidence properly before it that the bankrupt has not the present ability to comply, the commitment order should not issue.
Other decisions are to the same effect. See, for example, American Trust Co. v. Wallis, 126 F. 464; Samel et al. v. Dodd, 142 F. 68, cert. denied, 201 U.S. 646; In re Nisenson, 182 F. 912; In re Holden, 203 F. 229, cert. denied, 229 U.S. 621; In re McNaught, 225 F. 511; Dittmar v. Michelson, 281 F. 116; In re Davison, 143 F. 673; In re Marks, 176 F. 1018; In re Elias, 240 F. 448; Freed v. Central Trust Co. of Illinois, 215 F. 873; In re Nevin, 278 F. 601; Johnson et al. v. Goldstein, 11 F.2d 702; In re Magen, 14 F.2d 469; id., 18 F.2d 288; In re Walt, 17 F.2d 588; Clark v. Milens, 28 F.2d 457; Berkhower v. Mielzner, 29 F.2d 65, cert. denied, 279 U.S. 848; In re Tabak et al., 34 F.2d 209; In re Weisberger, 43 F.2d 258. See also Collier, Bankruptcy (14th ed.) pp. 244-249; 2 id. pp. 535-542; 5 Remington, Bankruptcy (4th ed.) pp. 624-681; 8 C.J.S., Bankruptcy, § 210; 6 Am.Jur. § 369, pp. 752-753.
Similarly, the following cases involving contempt orders for failure to pay alimony were cited (278 U.S. at 278 U. S. 365) as illustrating rules of evidence concerning ability to comply, "much the same as here laid down for bankruptcy": Smiley v. Smiley, 99 Wash. 577, 169 P. 962, affidavit as to lack of ability to comply being undenied, commitment for contempt by failure to pay held erroneous; Barton v. Barton, 99 Kan. 727, 163 P. 179, 180, evidence held sufficient to justify commitment although it is said " . . . the defendant cannot, of course, be committed for the failure to do something which is beyond his power . . . ;" In re Von Gerzabek, 58 Cal.App. 230, 208 P. 318, a showing of inability to comply said to be "the most effectual answer" to a contempt order; Hurd v. Hurd, 63 Minn. 443, 65 N.W. 728; Heflebower v. Heflebower, 102 Ohio St. 674, 133 N.E. 455, and Fowler v. Fowler, 61 Okla. 280, 161 P. 227, defendant's evidence insufficient to establish inability to comply which would have prevented commitment.
These conclusions are supported by the cases cited in the Oriel case as laying down "more nearly the correct view." See note 6 supra. Of course, cases such as Gompers v. United States, 233 U. S. 604; Michaelson v. United States, 266 U. S. 42, Pendergast v. United States, 317 U. S. 412, and Cooke v. United States, 267 U. S. 517, all involving criminal contempt charges, are of no relevance here, as we deal only with civil contempts. See text, p. 10.
278 U.S. at 278 U. S. 364.
278 U.S. at 278 U. S. 363.
Cf. Kay v. United States, 303 U. S. 1, 303 U. S. 10; Prairie Farmer Publishing Company v. Indiana Farmer's Pub. Co., 299 U. S. 156, 299 U. S. 159; Buzynski v. Luckenbach S.S. Co., 277 U. S. 226, 277 U. S. 228.
August 9, 1943, the referee in bankruptcy found that petitioner had possession of certain merchandise belonging to a bankrupt corporation and ordered him to turn it or the proceeds over to the bankruptcy trustee. In these contempt proceedings (April 18, 1945), the District Court found that petitioner had failed to prove he no longer had possession of the property, and ordered him to be held in jail until he delivered the property or its proceeds to the trustee.
heavier in the embezzlement case because a judgment of conviction may embody a criminal punishment, while a turnover judgment does not -- it is merely an order for the surrender of property, similar to an order of delivery in a replevin suit.
There is no such reason for different measurements of proof in contempt and embezzlement cases; consequentially, the two are almost identical. Fine, imprisonment, or both can result from a conviction of either. Here, if this contempt judgment is carried out against the petitioner, he might be compelled to remain in prison longer than he would had he been convicted and sentenced on a charge of embezzlement. It is true that, if the court was correct in finding that petitioner had possession of the property or its proceeds (and if he still has it), he carries the keys of the jail in his pocket, because he can turn the property or proceeds over to the trustee at any time, and thus get his freedom. The crucial question to petitioner in this contempt proceeding was whether he had possession of the property or its proceeds June 5, 1945. And that crucial question was decided against petitioner by the trial court without holding that the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that petitioner still had possession of the property.
States, 233 U. S. 604, 233 U. S. 610, 611; Michaelson v. United States, 266 U. S. 42, 266 U. S. 66-67; Pendergast v. United States, 317 U. S. 412, 317 U. S. 417-418.
The foregoing is written on the assumption that the turnover-contempt procedure is legal, an assumption which I do not accept. I share the opinion of the Circuit Court of Appeals that this procedure is unauthorized by statute, and that it should not be permitted to take the place of criminal prosecutions for fraud, as apparently was done here. [Footnote 2/1] This whole procedure flavors too much of the old discredited practice of imprisonment for debts -- debts which people are unable to pay. For here, if petitioner did wrongfully dispose of the property, whether or not he was guilty of a crime, he was probably liable in some sort of civil action, basically similar to, if not actually, one for debt. Had a judgment been obtained against him in such a civil case, I doubt if it would be thought at this period that the bankruptcy court could have thrown petitioner in jail for his failure to obey what would have been, in effect, a court order to pay the debt embodied in the judgment.
"We would hold that a turnover proceeding may not, via a fiction, be substituted for a criminal prosecution so as to deprive a man of a basic constitutional right, the right of trial by jury. We would note, too, that one consequence of the fiction is that the respondent may be twice punished for the same offense, since, if he is later indicted for violation of 11 U.S.C. § 52(b), his imprisonment for contempt will not serve as a defense. We would add that nowhere in the Bankruptcy Act has Congress even intimated an intention to authorize such results, and that they stem solely from a judge-made gloss on the statute."
In re Luma Camera Service, 157 F.2d 951, 953, 954.
"4. The respondent, Joseph F. Maggio, has wholly failed to comply with said turnover order, and he has failed to explain to the satisfaction of this Court his failure to comply."
The record in this case precludes such correction, but the Court's opinion is an effort to whip the devil round the stump.
for certiorari, which this Court denied. [Footnote 3/7] Then came the prior case involving the litigants now before us, with this Court's refusal to review the turnover order. To be sure, the denial of a petition for certiorari carries no substantive implications. Reference to it here is relevant as proof of the finality with which the turnover order, as affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals, was invested.
"Thereafter, on the motion for commitment, the only evidence that can be considered is the evidence of something that has happened since the turnover order was made showing that, since that time, there has newly arisen an inability on the part of the bankrupt to comply with the turnover order. [Footnote 3/9] "
The Court today reaffirms Oriel v. Russell. At the same time, it makes inroad on the practical application of Oriel v. Russell. On virtually an identical record, [Footnote 3/10] it reverses where Oriel v. Russell affirmed. The nature and scope of the inroad are uncertain, because the Court's opinion, to the best of my understanding, leaves undefined how the District Court is to respect both Oriel v. Russell and today's decision.
that cannot be controverted or relitigated because his possession of the goods on that day was the very thing adjudicated, the case reduces itself to this simple question: where, on failure to obey the turnover order, the bankrupt stands mute, offers no evidence as to a change of circumstances since the order or offers evidence of a kind which the District Court may justifiably disbelieve, has he met his burden of proof so as to preclude the District Court from enforcing obedience by commitment for civil contempt?
turned over. But that was water over the dam in the contempt proceeding. To give it legal significance when enforcement of the turnover order is in issue is to utter contradictory things from the two corners of the mouth. It is saying that the turnover order cannot be relitigated -- that we cannot go back on the adjudication that the bankrupt had the goods at the time he was ordered to turn them over -- but we know he did not have the goods, so we contradict the turnover order and do not respect it as res judicata.
turn them over, unless, in place of what is usually deemed evidence, an infirmity has been found to seep, by a process of osmosis, into the turnover order respect for which in its entirety is the starting point of our problem.
Judge Frank did not travel outside this record and act on undisclosed private knowledge. The whole course of this issue in the Second Circuit in recent years makes it obvious that his observation was merely another animadversion on that Circuit's practice in issuing turnover orders. The Circuit Court of Appeals did not purport to make an independent evaluation of Maggio's evidence bearing on his incapacity to obey the turnover order. It was beyond its power to do so. The Circuit Court was not at large. Its power was limited to a consideration of the justifiability of the District Court's findings on the basis of the record before that court.
"cuts through all forms, and goes to the very tissue of the structure. It comes in from the outside, not in subordination to the proceedings. . . ."
a remedy so vital as civil contempt for the sturdy administration of justice.
may so drain the adjudication of the turnover order of its only legal significance, why assert that Oriel v. Russell is left without a scratch? Why reaffirm that an adjudication sustaining a turnover order may not be relitigated when obedience is sought to such turnover order? These are questions which will confront not merely the district judge to whom this case will be remanded. After all, we are concerned with the practical administration of the Bankruptcy Act by district judges all over the United States.
Robbins v. Gotthetter, 134 F.2d 843, and Cohen v. Jeskowitz, 144 F.2d 39.
Seligson v. Goldsmith, 128 F.2d 977.
Seligson v. Goldsmith, 128 F.2d 977, 978, 979; Robbins v. Gotthetter, 134 F.2d 843, 844; Cohen v. Jeskowitz, 144 F.2d 39, 41 (concurring opinion of Frank, J.).
Presumably, this avowed inability of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to free itself from its own prior decision in this situation is not the reflection of a principle similar to that which binds the House of Lords to its past precedents. It must be attributable to the fact that the Second Circuit has six circuit judges who never sit en banc, and that presumably they deem it undesirable for the majority of one panel to have a different view from that of a majority of another panel.
128 F.2d at 979; 134 F.2d at 844; 144 F.2d at 40-41.
In the first two of these cases, the bankrupt did not seek review in this Court; in the Jeskowitz case, the bankrupt took the hint, but this Court denied certiorari. 323 U.S. 787.
". . . all the justices of a court of which those exceptionally alert guardians of civil rights, Justices Holmes, Brandeis, and Stone, were members unanimously concurred in the opinion of Chief Justice Taft. . . ."
"'I have known a brief confinement to produce the money promptly, thus justifying the court's incredulity, and I have also known it to fail. Where it has failed, and where a reasonable interval of time has supplied the previous defect in the evidence, and has made sufficiently certain what was doubtful before, namely the bankrupt's inability to obey the order, he has always been released, and I need hardly say that he would always have the right to be released as soon as the fact becomes clear that he cannot obey.'"
278 U.S. at 278 U. S. 366, quoting from Judge McPherson's opinion in In Re Epstein, 206 F. 568, 570.
157 F.2d at 955 (italics supplied). Judge Frank made this statement concerning the presumption of continued possession in turnover order proceedings, and was not addressing his remarks to the record before him in the contempt proceeding. The dictum began with this sentence: "Were this a case of first impression involving the validity of a turnover order, we would not accept such reasoning." 157 F.2d 951, 953. The "thus" in his statement indicates hostility to the basis of the turnover order because of a virus which the lower court feels unable to extract, but which automatically infects the contempt proceedings.
"With the turnover order once sustained, the contempt order necessarily followed." Id. 157 F.2d at 954.
"It therefore devolves upon the bankrupt in the latter [contempt] proceeding to show how and when the property previously adjudged in his possession or control had passed out of his possession or control. . . . The trouble with the evidence in the contempt proceeding, the only evidence properly here for review, is that it is directed to the issue of the bankrupt's possession and control of property at the date of bankruptcy raised an definitely decided against her in the turnover proceeding. . . . Though not in form, this is, in substance, a collateral attack upon the now finally established turnover order, which, of course, is not permissible.;"
"They [turnover orders] establish the bankrupt's possession and control on the day the referee's order was made. The burden was on him to show what disposition had been made of the $6,900. Until that showing is made relieving him of an intentional loss of its possession and control, it must be presumed that he still has it. . . . [A] bankrupt cannot escape an order for the surrender of property belonging to his estate 'by simply denying under oath that he has it.;'"
"If, at the time the turn-over order was made, the books and papers were in the bankrupt's hands, the presumption is that they continued to be in his possession or under his control until he has satisfactorily accounted to the court of bankruptcy for their subsequent disposition or disappearance. The burden is upon him satisfactorily to so account for them. He cannot escape an order for their surrender by simply denying under oath that he no longer has them.;"
"Therefore, insofar as the [turnover] order directs anyone to do anything, he may not in the contempt proceeding question the propriety of the direction, and insofar as the order determines an existing fact, which is necessary in law to the validity of the direction, he may not question its truth. To question such a fact is to question the validity of the direction which depends upon it, and is only an indirect way of reviewing the order. Therefore, now to deny the fact that the bankrupt had the money in his possession is in this case to assert that the order directing him to pay it over was erroneous. On this account, therefore, that fact is concluded, once it be granted that it was necessary to the validity of the order, which I have shown. Quite reluctantly therefore I can only conclude that I was wrong originally to inquire into the merits, and that a commital must issue."
The cumulative effect of these authorities is that a bankrupt's denial of present possession, standing alone, is not sufficient to establish his inability to produce the property or its proceeds, and that the bankruptcy court will not permit the bankrupt to prove present inability to comply with the turnover order by evidence which indirectly constitutes a collateral attack on that order.
For almost forty years, the Second Circuit has tenaciously abided by the presumption of continued possession. While this presumption was previously sub silentio utilized (e.g., In re Schlesinger, 102 F. 117, aff'g 97 F. 930), In re Stavrahn, in 1909, 174 F. 330, appears to have been the Second Circuit's case of first impression, and the decision that sired the presumption. There, the court stated that the bankrupt could not defend against a contempt citation following a turnover order on the assertion that he had never taken the assets in question, but had to come forward with some reasonable explanation as to what had become of the assets since the turnover order. In 1912, the Second Circuit reiterated the reasoning of its earlier decision in In Re Weber Co., 200 F. 404. The presumption had been somewhat inarticulately phrased in the earlier opinion, and the court in this case commended the District Judge for aptly carrying out the mandate of the Stavrahn decision. The cases up to 1925 and before the Oriel case are listed and discussed at length in In re H. Magen Co., 10 F.2d 91, in which the court observed that "The law relating to turnover orders is pretty well established in this circuit." 10 F.2d at 93. In re Siegler, note 18, supra, was decided three months after this Court's decision in the Oriel case. Then came: Danish v. Sofranski, 93 F.2d 424; In re Pinsky-Lapin & Co., 98 F.2d 776; Seligson v. Goldsmith, note 3 supra; Robbins v. Gotthetter, note 2 supra; Cohen v. Jeskowitz, note 2, supra, and the per curiam affirmance of the turnover order in the instant bankruptcy proceedings.
"Any difference of opinion respecting the force and effect of a turnover order which may have prevailed before the decision of the Supreme Court in Prela v. Hubshman [companion case to Oriel v. Russell] . . . is now out of place in any discussion of the subject."
Cf. Brune v. Fraidin, 149 F.2d 325.
"Respondent [petitioner here] has not sustained his burden of satisfactorily accounting for the disposition of the assets by his mere denial of possession under oath."
"The respondent, Joseph F. Maggio, has wholly failed to comply with said turnover order, and he has failed to explain to the satisfaction of this court his failure to comply."
"The proceedings in these two cases have been so long drawn out by efforts on the part of the bankrupts to retry the issue presented on the motion to turn over as to be, of themselves, convincing argument that, if the bankruptcy statute is not to be frittered away in constant delays and failures of enforcement of lawful orders, the rule we have laid down is the proper one."
Comparison between Maggio v. Zeitz and Prela v. Hushman (companion case to Oriel v. Russell), 278 U. S. 358.
proof of disposition of property subsequent to turnover order.
5. Physical incapacity of bankrupt and/or bankrupt's wife ignored.
case (at p. 954.). ing the CCA Oriel case (at p. 414).
possession continued . . . unless obey the order." (Ibid.) and pretend that he can. . . ."
1943, he had been deprived of that supplied).
contempt order." (Ibid.) judged a bankrupt" (at p. 413).

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