Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/120/20/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 09:48:31+00:00

Document:
In an action in which a jury has been waived in writing, and the judgment of the circuit court is for more than $5,000, the question whether the facts set forth in a special finding of the court are sufficient in law to support the judgment may be reviewed on writ of error without any bill of exceptions or certificate of division of opinion.
At common law, a factor has no power to pledge, whether he is entrusted with the possession of the goods or with the bill of lading or other symbol of property.
The statute of Missouri of March 4, 1869, gives no validity to a transfer, without endorsement in writing, of a bill of lading or warehouse receipt.
The statute of Missouri of March 28, 1874, making the pledge of goods by a factor, without the written authority of the owner, a criminal offense does not render such a pledge valid as between the owner and the pledgee.
A usage of trade for banks to take pledges from factors as security for the payment of the general balance of account between them of goods known to be held by them as factors is unlawful.
An unauthorized pledge by a factor of goods owned by a partnership of which he is a member to secure the payment of his own debt to one who knows him as a factor only is invalid against the partnership.
If a factor to whom the owner of goods has made a negotiable promissory note and consigned the goods under an agreement between them that the proceeds of the goods when sold shall be applied to the payment of the note endorses the note and pledges the goods to secure the payment of advances made to him by one who knows him to be a factor and to hold the goods as such, the pledgee is bound to apply the proceeds of the goods to the payment of the note, and the maker may set up this obligation in defense of an action by the pledgee on the note.
This Court, in reversing a judgment of the circuit court for the plaintiff on a special finding which ascertains all the facts of the case, will order judgment for the defendant without further trial.
The original action was brought by the St. Louis National Bank against Augusta B. Allen and her daughter on a promissory note for $3,750, with interest at the rate of ten percent yearly, made by the defendants May 10, 1878, and payable December 20, 1878, to the order of J. H. Dowell & Co., and by them endorsed to the plaintiff.
The answer alleged that the plaintiff was bound to apply in payment of the note the proceeds of certain cotton pledged to the plaintiff by the payees, and set out the facts attending the making and endorsement of the note and the pledge of the cotton, substantially as afterwards found by the court and stated below except in the following respects: the answer alleged that the plaintiff took the note and the cotton with full notice of the agreement and understanding between the makers and the payees, and was not a holder of the note in good faith and for value, but took it as collateral security for preexisting debts of the payees to the plaintiff. The answer contained no statement of the general course of dealing between the payees and the plaintiff and no mention of any usage of trade. As a further defense, the answer alleged that the note had been paid and satisfied.
the active partner of J. H. Dowell & Co., and as such having the control and management of their business as cotton factors, and such note was so made under the circumstances and for the purposes hereinafter stated. Said J. H. Dowell procured said note before its maturity to be discounted by the plaintiff, who paid to him the amount of said note less the usual discount, and thereupon the said J. H. Dowell, in the name of J. H. Dowell & Co., endorsed and delivered said note to said plaintiff, by whom it is still held. Said note has not been paid unless the facts hereinafter found amount to or operate as a payment thereof. The amount due on said note with interest to this time, if the plaintiff is entitled to recover thereon, is the sum of $5377.08. The plaintiff is the bona fide holder of the note sued on, for value, before maturity, without notice of any of the defenses herein claimed, "
"2d. At the date of said note and for several years before, and until March, 1879, J. H. Dowell was a cotton factor at St. Louis, Mo., doing business as the active member of J. H. Dowell & Co., and as such having the control and management of their business as cotton factors, receiving consignments of cotton for sale on commission from planters and others and making advances during the pending season to their consignors of supplies and cash, to be reimbursed out of the proceeds of the cotton crops of said consignors when received and sold. Said J. H. Dowell and the defendants were also partners in the working of a cotton plantation in Clover Bend, Arkansas, under the firm name and style of Allen & Dowell, and said J. H. Dowell & Co. of St. Louis acted as the factors of said Allen & Dowell, receiving the cotton raised by them each year and disposing of it at St. Louis, and furnishing each season the supplies needed by Allen & Dowell for carrying on the plantation, and charging such advances to Allen & Dowell in account and crediting them on said account with the proceeds of the cotton when received and sold or disposed of, the accounts being kept with Allen & Dowell in the same manner as with other consignors of cotton."
"3d. The note sued on was made and delivered to J. H.
Dowell, the active member of the firm aforesaid, under the name of J. H. Dowell & Co., by the defendants at or about its date at the request of said J. H. Dowell, for the purpose of being used by him and for his accommodation, to enable him to raise funds to furnish the necessary supplies to Allen & Dowell for operating said plantation during the season of 1878, and with the understanding between J. H. Dowell and the defendants (but not with any understanding or knowledge of the plaintiff) that it should be taken up and paid by J. H. Dowell at maturity out of the proceeds of the cotton crop of Allen & Dowell for that year, when received and sold by J. H. Dowell v. Co. There was no other or further consideration as between J. H. Dowell and the defendants for the making of said note. The amount of said note was credited by J. H. Dowell for J. H. Dowell & Co. to Allen & Dowell at its date on account, and at its maturity was charged to Allen & Dowell on said account as though taken up and paid by J. H. Dowell & Co. But it was not in fact paid or taken up. The proceeds of the cotton crop of Allen & Dowell for 1878, consigned to J. H. Dowell & Co., were more than sufficient to pay and satisfy the said note, together with all other advances and charges by J. H. Dowell & Co. to Allen & Dowell, if such proceeds had been applied to the payment of said note. The balance in favor of Allen & Dowell on said account was never paid or settled by J. H. Dowell, and the partnership accounts between the partners composing the firm of Allen & Dowell have never been adjusted and settled."
Co. credit in their deposit account for an amount equal in the aggregate to $40 for each bale, represented by such bill of lading, taking J. H. Dowell & Co.'s note for said amount, payable on demand with interest. The amount so credited to J. H. Dowell & Co. in their account would be subject to their check when and so far as the balance of account was after such credit in their favor, but their account was sometimes largely overdrawn, as was the case with many of the customers or dealers in St. Louis with the bank. When the cotton represented by such bills of lading arrived in St. Louis, it was delivered by the railroad company transporting it to a cotton warehousing company, which, on receipt thereof, issued therefor its warehouse receipts, acknowledging the receipt of the cotton described by number of bales and marks thereof and undertaking to deliver said cotton to the bearer of the receipts on demand. Said receipts were then delivered to the bank in exchange for the bills of lading, which were surrendered and cancelled."
"It is not shown whether or not the bills of lading or the warehouse receipts or any of them were endorsed in writing by J. H. Dowell & Co. or by anyone when transferred to the bank, there being no evidence on this specific matter."
"The bank knew that the business of J. H. Dowell & Co. was that of factors, and understood that the cotton represented by the bills of lading and warehouse receipts, as aforesaid, was held by J. H. Dowell & Co. as factors, and also knew that J. H. Dowe11 and the defendants were jointly interested in owning and operating the plantation in the State of Arkansas. The bank did not know and made no inquiry as to the ownership of any of the cotton, nor as to the particular dealings of J. H. Dowell & Co. with such owners, nor as to the state of accounts between them."
bank, in the manner and for the purposes above specified, all the cotton consigned to said firm, including that of Allen & Dowell."
"5th. The cotton represented by the bills of lading and warehouse receipts, in the transactions with the beak aforesaid, was sold in the manner following: Sales were negotiated by J. H. Dowell v. Co. by means of samples, and they agreed with the purchasers as to all the terms of sale, including prices. When the agreement of sale was thus made, the purchaser uniformly paid the entire purchase money to the bank, and on such payment the bank delivered to the purchaser the warehouse receipt held by it, on the presentation of which to the cotton warehouse the cotton would be delivered. The entire amount received by the bank for the cotton was credited to J. H. Dowell & Co. in their deposit account, and at the same time, and as part of the same transaction, J. H. Dowell R Co. were required to and did draw and deliver to the bank their check on the same account for the amount of their demand notes to the bank, and thereby take up such notes."
"In March, 1879, J. H. Dowell suddenly died, and his estate proved insolvent. J. H. Dowell & Co.'s account with the bank was then overdrawn, and they were indebted to the bank."
"The bank at the time of said Dowell's death held about 1,000 bales of cotton through its transactions, as aforesaid, with J. H. Dowell & Co., some of which were replevied, and some by the bank sold and the proceeds applied to the payment pro tanto of the said indebtedness of J. H. Dowell & Co. But it does not appear from any testimony in the case that any part of the cotton on hand at the time of the death of Dowell was the Allen & Dowell cotton. All the cotton shipped by Allen & Dowell to J. H. Dowell & Co. was sold and disposed of as hereinbefore stated and before the death of J. H. Dowell. The particular sales, including said cotton of Allen c¥ Dowell, do not appear. The defendants had no notice of the nonpayment of the note sued on until after Dowell's death."
concerning the bills of lading and the warehouse receipts and the final distribution of the cotton and its proceeds, as aforesaid, were all according to the general usage of trade between banks and cotton factors at St. Louis, Missouri, where the transactions took place."
"7th. At the time that the note in controversy was made, another of the same kind was made by and to the same parties and as a part of the same transactions, which note was at the same time discounted by the bank in the same way, and was at its maturity paid to the bank by J. H. Dowell & Co. and charged to Allen & Dowell in account with J. H. Dowell & Co. against the proceeds of the cotton crop of Allen & Dowell in 1878."
"1st. Whether the transactions between the plaintiff and J. H. Dowell & Co. concerning the bills of lading, warehouse receipts, and the sales of cotton, and application of the proceeds, were valid and effectual in favor of the plaintiff and as against the defendants at common law."
"2d. Whether said transactions were or not valid in favor of the plaintiff as against the defendants by virtue of the statutes of Missouri in respect to bills of lading and warehouse receipts and the transfer or negotiability of such instruments heretofore set forth."
"3d. Whether such transactions were valid as to the plaintiff against the defendants by reason of being in conformity to the usage and custom of bankers and factors at St. Louis. "
When a jury is waived in writing, and the case tried by the court, the court's finding of facts, whether general or special, has the same effect as the verdict of a jury, and although a bill of exceptions is the only way of presenting rulings made in the progress of the trial, the question whether the facts set forth in a special finding of the court, which is equivalent to special verdict, are sufficient in law to support the judgment, may be reviewed on writ of error without any bill of exceptions. Act of March 3, 1865, c. 86, § 4, 13 Stat. 501; Rev.Stat. §§ 649, 700; French v. Edwards, 21 Wall. 147; Ex parte French, 91 U. S. 423. The question whether the facts found by the court in the case at bar are sufficient to support the judgment below includes the several questions of law affecting the merits of the case. That judgment is for more than $5,000, which is sufficient to give this Court jurisdiction in error. Act of February 16, 1875, c. 77, § 3, 18 Stat. 316. It is therefore unnecessary to consider whether those questions are duly stated in the certificate of division of opinion within the rule affirmed in Williamsport Bank v. Knapp, 119 U. S. 357.
The original action was on a promissory note made by the defendants, payable to the order of J. H. Dowell & Co., and by them endorsed to the plaintiff bank. J. H. Dowell & Co. were a partnership of cotton factors at St. Louis, in which Dowell was the acting and managing partner. Dowell was also a partner with the defendants, under the name of Allen & Dowell, in the working of a cotton plantation in Arkansas.
up and paid by the factors out of the proceeds of the cotton crop of the plantation for the coming season when received and sold by them. That crop was consigned to the factors under that agreement, and its proceeds were more than sufficient to pay this note and all other charges of the factors. It is not doubted that upon these facts the makers would have a complete defense to the note in the hands of the payees.
But before the maturity of the note, the payees had it discounted by, and endorsed and delivered it to, the plaintiff bank, with which they kept their deposit account, and of which they from time to time borrowed large sums of money. As soon as they received the bills of lading of cotton consigned to them as factors by the defendants or by other persons, they delivered those bills to the bank, which thereupon gave them a credit in their deposit account of $40 for each bale, and took their note for the amount, payable on demand, with interest. On the arrival of the cotton, it was delivered to warehousemen, who gave receipts undertaking to deliver it to bearer, and these receipts were delivered to the bank in exchange for the bills of lading, which were surrendered and canceled. There was no evidence that either the bills of lading or the warehouse receipts were endorsed in writing. The bank knew that the payees of the note in suit were factors and that they held the cotton as such. It did not know, and made no inquiry, as to the ownership of any of the cotton, or the dealings of the factors with the owners, or the state of accounts between them.
The cotton was sold in the following manner: the factors negotiated sales by means of samples, and fixed the price and other terms of sale. The bank received the whole price from the purchasers, and delivered to them the warehouse receipts, and credited the factors with the amount received, but at the same time and as part of the same transaction, required them to draw, and they did draw and deliver to the bank, their checks for the amount of their demand notes held by the bank. After all the cotton had been sold, there was a large balance of account due from the factors to the bank.
the bank in regard to the cotton was that the factors delivered the bills of lading and warehouse receipts to the bank to secure the repayment of money lent them by the bank, and thereby made a pledge of the cotton to secure their own debt, Insurance Co. v. Kiger, 103 U. S. 352, 103 U. S. 356, and that the bank sold, on terms negotiated by the factors, the cotton so pledged to it and received the price from the purchasers. The notes and checks which passed between the factors and the bank were but forms to carry out the main purpose of the transaction between them, and did not change its nature or effect.
By the common law, a factor or agent for sale has no power to pledge, whether the owner has entrusted him with the possession of the goods themselves, or with the symbol of them, as by consigning them to him by a bill of lading in which he is consignee or endorsee. 2 Kent Com. 625; Kinder v. Shaw, 2 Mass. 398; Warner v. Martin, 11 How. 209, 52 U. S. 224; Phillips v. Huth, 6 M. & W. 572, 596; Cole v. Northwestern Bank, L.R. 10 C.P. 354, 363. And such was the law of Missouri before the passage of any statute upon the subject. Benny v. Rhodes, 18 Mo. 147; Benny v. Pegram, 18 Mo. 191.
indebtedness, to their full equivalent in money."
City Bank v. Barrow, 5 App.Cas. 664, 670.
The weight and bearing of the cases cited at the bar upon the construction of the statutes of Missouri annexed to the finding of facts cannot be properly appreciated without keeping in mind the provisions of the various statutes under which those cases arose.
The English Factors' Act of 6 Geo. IV., c. 94, passed in 1825, enacted in section 2 that any person entrusted with and in possession of any bill of lading, warehouse receipt, or other like document should be deemed and taken to be the true owner of the goods described therein so far as to give validity to any contract made by him with other persons for the sale or disposition of the goods or for the deposit or pledge thereof as a security for advances made by them "upon the faith of such several documents, or either of them," provided such persons had no notice, by such documents or otherwise, that the person entrusted as aforesaid was not the actual and bona fide owner of the goods.
The New York Factors' Act of 1830, c. 179, based upon the act of 6 Geo. 4, provided in section 3 that every factor or other agent entrusted with the possession of any bill of lading, custom house permit, or warehouse keeper's receipt for the delivery of merchandise, and every such factor or agent not having the documentary evidence of title, but entrusted with the possession of any merchandise for the purpose of sale, or as a security for any advances to be made or obtained thereon, should be deemed to be the true owner thereof so far as to give validity to any contract made by him with any other person for the sale or disposition of the merchandise for any advances made by such other person "upon the faith thereof." It will be observed that this section did not in terms repeat the proviso of the corresponding section of the English act.
"The obvious meaning is that the factor or other agent who has been entrusted with certain documentary evidence of title or with the possession and ostensible ownership of the property shall he deemed the true owner so far as may be necessary to protect those who have dealt with him 'upon the faith thereof' -- that is, upon the faith, induced by the usual indicia of title, that he was the true owner of the property. The second section of the British statute, which answers very nearly to the third section of our own, contains a proviso which expressly saves the rights of the true owner where the pledgee had notice that he was dealing with an agent, and our statute, though framed in a different manner, was evidently designed to produce the same result. It is impossible to suppose that the legislature intended to enable the factor to commit a fraud upon his principal by pledging or obtaining advances upon the goods for his own purposes, when the pledgee or person making the advances knew that he was not dealing with the true owner."
Stevens v. Wilson (1844), 6 Hill, 512, 514; S.C. in Court of Errors (1846), 3 Denio 472; Warner v. Martin (1850), 11 How. 209, 52 U. S. 228; Covell v. Hill (1852), 6 N.Y. 374, 380; Cartwright v. Wilmerding (1862), 24 N.Y. 521, 534; Dows v. Greene, 24 N.Y. 638, 642. See also Howland v. Woodruff (1875), 60 N.Y. 73, 79, 80; First Nat. Bank v. Shaw (1874), 61 N.Y. 283, 301.
If the Legislature of Missouri had adopted the words of that provision of the New York Factors' Act, the meaning of which had been thus settled on full consideration by the highest courts of that state and by this Court, there would be the strongest ground for holding, in accordance with a familiar canon of construction, that it had enacted those words with that meaning. Cathcart v. Robinson, 5 Pet. 264, 30 U. S. 280; McDonald v. Hovey, 110 U. S. 619, 110 U. S. 628; Commonwealth v. Hartnett, 3 Gray 450; Scruggs v. Blair, 44 Miss. 406; Wiesner v. Zaun, 39 Wis. 188, 205.
in language and in purpose, from the New York Factors' Act of 1830, and was apparently derived, through sections 6 and 9 of the Missouri statute of March 10, 1868, from the statute of New York of 1858, c. 326, entitled "An act to prevent the issue of false receipts, and to prevent fraudulent transfers of property, by warehousemen, wharfingers, and others," as amended by the statute of that state of 1859, c. 353, extending its provisions to bills of lading. None of these provisions of the Missouri statutes is limited or even addressed to factors or other agents authorized to sell the goods of their principals, and entrusted for that purpose with the possession either of the goods, or of warehouse receipts, bills of lading, or other similar documents in which such agents are named as consignees. But their leading object is to regulate the manner and effect of transferring warehouse receipts and bills of lading by endorsement.
"may be transferred by endorsement thereon, and any person to whom the same may be transferred shall be deemed and taken to be the owner of the goods, wares, merchandise, grain, flour, or other produce or commodity therein specified, so far as to give validity to any pledge, lien, or transfer made or created by such person or persons,"
that is, by the endorsee before mentioned; and by § 9, warehouse receipts and bills of lading were made "negotiable by endorsement in blank, or by special endorsement, in the same manner and to the same extent as bills of exchange and promissory notes." Missouri Laws, 1868, pp. 12, 13.
thereon, and the delivery thereof so endorsed," and, for the words "by such person or persons," of the words "thereby, as on the faith thereof." Missouri Laws, 1869, p. 91.
The principal provisions of the statute of 1869, then, as to all warehouse receipts and bills of lading (except those which have the words "not negotiable" plainly written or stamped upon their face), are first that they are "made negotiable by written endorsement thereon and delivery, in the same manner as bills of exchange and promissory notes," and second that any person "to whom the same may be transferred shall be deemed and held to be the owner of the goods," "so far as to give validity to any pledge, lien, or transfer, given, made, or created thereby, as on the faith thereof."
The first provision, while it doubtless gives the endorsee the right to sue thereon in his own name, does not, for the reasons fully stated by Mr. Justice Strong in delivering the judgment of this Court in Shaw v. Railroad Co., 101 U. S. 557, attach to such an endorsement of the symbol of property the same effect which the common law gives to the endorsement of a bill of exchange or promissory note for the payment of a sum of money, nor confer upon persons making, upon a bill of lading endorsed in blank by the owner, an advance of money to a subsequent endorser whom they have reason to believe not to be the owner, the right to hold the goods against the true owner.
1st. Any person "to whom the same may be transferred [instead of any person by whom it is transferred] shall be deemed and held to be the owner."
2d. The ensuing qualification is, "so far as to give validity to any pledge, lien, or transfer, given, made, or created thereby," which last word cannot possibly be referred to anything but the transfer aforesaid.
In short, the New York Factors' Act declares that any agent entrusted with the possession of goods, or of the symbol thereof shall be deemed to be the true owner so far as to give validity to a pledge made by him to another person for advances made by the latter "on the faith thereof," but the Missouri statute only declares that an endorsee of the symbol of property shall be deemed to be the owner so far as to give validity to any pledge made to him by such endorsement "as on the faith thereof." The difficulty arises from the introduction of the words "on the faith thereof," borrowed from the factors' acts, into a statute relating to the negotiability of warehouse receipts and bills of lading without sufficient regard to the difference in the terms and the objects of the two classes of statutes.
It may well be that upon a view of the whole provision, it protects only bona fide endorsees, Whitlock v. Hay, 58 N.Y. 484, 487; Steiger v. Third National Bank, 2 McCrary 494, 498. But it is by no means clear that the mere fact that the endorsee of the bill of lading or warehouse receipt knows that the endorser is a factor and holds the goods as such is sufficient proof of bad faith. Under the English Factors' Act of 5 & 6 Vict. c. 39, extending the provisions of the act of 6 Geo. 4 and protecting those advances only which are "made bona fide and without notice that the agent making" the pledge "has not authority to make the same, or is acting mala fide in respect thereof against the owner" of the goods, it has been held by the highest authorities that knowledge that the agent making the pledge is a factor, without further notice that he is acting mala fide and beyond his authority, does not deprive the pledgee of the protection of the statute. Navulshaw v. Brownrigg, 1 Sim. N.S. 573, and 2 D., M. & G. 441; Vickers v. Hertz, L.R. 2 H.L.Sc. 113; Kaltenbach v. Lewis, 10 App.Cas. 617. Yet it may be doubted whether receiving, from persons known to be factors and to hold property as such, a pledge of the symbols of the property to secure the payment of the general balance of their bank account with the pledgee is consistent with good faith.
"on the faith thereof," as used in Missouri and elsewhere, at some length because of the large space devoted to it in the arguments of counsel, and in order to put the whole matter in a clearer light. But it is not necessary to express a decisive opinion upon the meaning of those words as they stand in the Missouri statute of 1869 because, upon a narrower ground, it is quite clear that that statute affords no protection to the plaintiff.
"It is not shown whether or not the bills of lading or the warehouse receipts, or any of them, were endorsed in writing by J. H. Dowell & Co., or by anyone, when transferred to the bank, there being no evidence on this specific matter."
The want of any evidence upon this point is perhaps to be explained by the facts, also found and stated, that upon the delivery of the warehouse receipts to the bank, the bills of lading were surrendered and cancelled, and that the warehouse receipts ran to bearer, and were therefore probably not endorsed. But whatever be the explanation, the fact remains that it was not proved, and cannot be presumed, that either the bills of lading or the warehouse receipts were endorsed in writing as required by the statute, and no better title passes by a transfer of the symbols without such endorsement than by a delivery of the goods which they represent. Rice v. Cutler, 17 Wis. 351, 358-359; Hirschorn v. Canney, 98 Mass. 149; Erie & Pacific Dispatch v. St. Louis Co., 6 Mo.App. 172; Fourth National Bank v. St. Louis Co., 11 Mo.App. 333.
The decision in Price v. Wisconsin Ins. Co., 43 Wis. 267, on which the plaintiff much relied, was based both upon a warehouse receipt act differing from that of Missouri in allowing the documents to be transferred "by delivery, with or without endorsement," and in not containing the words "as on the faith thereof," and also upon other grounds inconsistent with the judgments of this Court in Warner v. Martin and Shaw v. Railroad Co., before cited.
The statute of Missouri of March 28, 1874, affixing a heavy penalty to the negotiation or pledge of bills of lading or warehouse receipts by an agent or consignee without the written authority of the owner or consignor, does not change the law as to the validity of the transfer as between individuals. A transfer by an agent that before was valid as between his principal and his transferee is not invalidated by the statute. Gardner v. Gager, 1 Allen 502. And with even stronger reason a transfer that was wholly invalid before is not rendered valid by being made a criminal offense. The proviso that any consignee or agent lawfully possessed of a bill of lading or warehouse receipt may pledge it to the extent of raising sufficient means to pay charges for storage or shipment or for advances drawn for by the owner or consignor has no application to this case, because this pledge was not made for either of those purposes, but to secure the factors' own debt to the pledgee.
Factors having no power by the law of Missouri to make a pledge of the goods of their principals by a transfer without endorsement in writing of the bills of lading or warehouse receipts, the finding of the circuit court that the transactions between the factors and the plaintiff "were all according to the general usage of trade between banks and cotton factors at St. Louis" cannot aid the plaintiff, because the usage attempted to be set up was not shown to have been known to the defendants or to other owners of cotton, and because it was contrary to law in that it undertook to alter the nature of the contract between the factors and their principals, which authorizes them to sell, but not to pledge, and in that it would sustain a pledge by a factor of the goods of several principals to secure the payment of his own general balance of account to a third person. Barnard v. Kellogg, 10 Wall. 383; Irwin v. Williar, 110 U. S. 499; Newbold v. Wright, 4 Rawle 195; Lehman v. Marshall, 47 Ala. 362; Leuckhart v. Cooper, 3 Bing.N.C. 99; S.C. 3 Scott 521 and 2 Hodges 150; Robinson v. Mollett, L.R. 7 H.L. 802.
at all material, because he had not been held out by the defendants as the owner of the property or as authorized by them to dispose of it otherwise than as a factor, and was not understood by the plaintiff to be acting in any other capacity. Rogers v. Batchelor, 12 Pet. 221; Locke v. Lewis, 124 Mass. 1.
Although the general relation of a bank to its depositor is that of debtor and creditor, yet when, as in this case, a factor, holding property in trust for his principal, transfers it to a bank which has notice of the capacity in which he holds it, the principal may assert his right in the property against the bank, either by independent suit or by way of defense to an action by the bank against him. The defendants in this case were therefore entitled to have the proceeds of their property, so received by the plaintiff, applied to the payment of the note in suit. National Bank v. Insurance Co., 104 U. S. 54; Baker v. New York Bank, 100 N.Y. 31; St. Louis Bank v. Ross, 9 Mo.App. 399. As those proceeds are found to have been more than sufficient to pay and satisfy this note and all other charges of the factors against the defendants, the plaintiff cannot maintain this action.
All the facts of the case being ascertained by the special finding of the court below, as they would be by the special verdict of a jury, there is no reason for awarding a new trial, but there must be a general judgment for the defendants. Fort Scott v. Hickman, 112 U. S. 150.
Judgment reversed, and case remanded to the circuit court with directions to enter judgment for the original defendants.
"SECTION 1. All receipts issued or given by any warehouseman or other person or firm, and all bills of lading, transportation receipts and contracts of affreightment issued or given by any person, boat, railroad, or transportation or transfer company for goods, wares, merchandise, grain, flour or other produce, shall be and are hereby made negotiable by written endorsement thereon and delivery in the same manner as bills of exchange and promissory notes, and no printed or written conditions, clauses or provisions inserted in or attached to any such receipts, bills of lading, or contracts shall in any manner limit the negotiability or affect any negotiations thereof nor in any manner impair the rights and duties of the parties thereto or persons interested therein, and every such conditions, clauses, or provisions purporting to limit or affect the rights, duties, or liabilities created or declared in this act shall be void and of no force or effect."
"SEC. 2. Warehouse receipts given by any warehouseman, wharfinger, or other person or firm for any goods, wares, merchandise, grain, flour, or other produce or commodity stored or deposited, and all bills of lading and transportation receipts of every hind given by any carrier, boat, vessel, railroad, transportation, or transfer company may be transferred by endorsement in writing thereon and the delivery thereof so endorsed, and any and all persons to whom the same may be transferred shall be deemed and held to be the owner of such goods, wares, merchandise, grain, flour, or other produce or commodity, so far as to give validity to any pledge, lien or transfer, given, made, or created thereby, as on the faith thereof, and no property so stored or deposited, as specified in such hills of lading or receipts, shall be delivered, except on surrender and cancellation of such receipts and bills of lading, provided however that all such receipts and bills of lading, which shall lave the words 'not negotiable' plainly written or stamped on the face thereof shall be exempt from the provisions of this act."
Missouri Laws, 1869, p. 91.
"SECTION 12. If any commission merchant, agent, or other person storing or shipping any gain, flour, or other produce or commodity, or any person to whom any such property is consigned and who shall come in possession of a bill of lading or warehouse receipt for such property for or on account of another person or other persons, shall hypothecate, negotiate or pledge such bill of lading or warehouse receipt without the written authority therefor of the owner or consignor of such property, or if, having so disposed of such bill of lading or warehouse receipt, shall fail to account for and pay over the proceeds thereof forthwith to his principal or the owner of such property, in either or any of such cases, he shall be adjudged guilty of fraud, and shall, on conviction, be punished by fine not exceeding five thousand dollars or by imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term not exceeding five years or by both such fine and imprisonment, provided that nothing herein shall be construed to prevent such consignee or other person, lawfully possessed of such bill of lading or warehouse receipt, from pledging the same, to the extent of raising sufficient means thereby to pay charges for storage and shipment or advances drawn for on such property by the owner or consignor thereof, and a draft or order by such owner or consignor for advances shall be held and taken to be 'written authority' within the meaning of this section for the hypothecation of such bill of lading or warehouse receipt to the extent, and only to the extent, of raising the means to meet such draft and to pay such freights and storage."
Missouri Laws 1874, p. 51.

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