Source: http://etheses.lib.ntust.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dstdcdr&s=id=%22G0M10124001%22.&searchmode=basic
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 18:06:38+00:00

Document:
Normally, people want to stay “healthy”, to live longer, to realize the goals set in each stages of life, or simply ask for more time spending with their love ones—“health” indeed plays big parts of our lives, which makes it no doubts that “Human Rights” contain the “Right to Health”. Yet, to maintain in healthy condition, sometimes only good living environment, balancing nutrition, or regular sports are not enough—people get sick or injury and need the help of medications or medical treatments, so, follow by the “Right to Health”, we need “Access to Medicines” to complete and supplement.
However, “Property” is another basic “Human Right”. As “Intellectual Property” (“IP”) are also one kind of “Property”, the conflicts between “right to health/access to medicines” v. “IP rights” are not a trivial question; rather, something could be think more. In this thesis, I mainly discuss one of the conflict—the compulsory licensing in pharmaceutical patents, using the “Tamiflu case” in 2005, as a case analysis focusing on the issue of “National Emergency” under the TRIPS and Doha Declaration regarding to grant compulsory licensing.
I believe in justice of human dignity is ought to be accessed to anyone regardless poor or wealth—while the pharmaceutical patents sustain the high price level of drugs, proper compulsory licensing may help to change into affordable prices. With law belongs to humanities, we should seek for the values that are really functional to the society, rather than simply resort to logical deduction or cost-benefit analysis. I long to explore deeper so as to seek the justice behind all the knowledge I’ve known up till now to support the IP policy, meanwhile, taking care of the right to health and access to medicines.
By comparative research to facility international perspective with literature analysis of paper works, as well as entering conferences and workshop to collect the idea and feedbacks, I deal with the justice and legitimacy of compulsory licensing in pharmaceutical patents; and finally, reach the conclusion and recommendation that to reform the R.O.C. IP law to cover more choices of granting compulsory licensing or trying the resort to “Public Use” or “National Use” under different level of needs.
1. A. H. Maslow, a Theory of Human Motivation, 1943.
3. Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, Science 162, 1968.
4. Australian Government, Pharmaceutical Patents Review, Background and Suggested Issues Paper, 2012.
5. 劉孔中, Essential Facility Doctrine, Compulsory Licensing of Patents and the Fair Trade Act, 公平交易季刊, vol.15, 2007.
6. Wu, Chuan-Feng, Health, Science, and Human Rights, Biennial Review of Law, Science and Technology, 2011.
7. 鍾騏, 美國哈佛大學法學院國際法課程介紹, 國際法教育現狀與展望—各國經驗與臺灣之比較研究, 許耀明主編, 2011.
8. 吳全峰, 健康、科學與人權, 2011科技發展與法律規範雙年刊, 中央研究院法律學研究所, 2011.
9. 克流感專利技術經強制授權, The Lee and Li Attorney of Law journal, March, 2006.
10. 廖福特, 引進國際人權準則—比較分析與台灣借鏡, 國際人權法—議題分析與國內實踐, 2007.
11. 顏上詠 and 周于舜, Legal Justification on Taiwan's Compulsory Licensing on Tamiflu in the Perspectives of Global Health Governance.
12. Alicia Ely Yamin, Not just a tragedy: Access to Medications as a Right under International Law, Trustees of Boston University and by the Project on Technology.
13. Stephen P. Marks, Access to Essential Medicines as a Component of the Right to Health, Health: A Human Rights Perspective.
14. Kathleen S. Swendiman, Legislative Attorney, Health Care: Constitutional Rights and Legislative Powers, 2012.
15. Rudolf, V. Van Puymbroeck, Basic Survival Needs and Access to Medicines- Coming to Grips with TRIPS: Conversation + Calculation, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics.
16. Lisett Ferreira, Access to Affordable HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Human Rights Obligations of Multinational Pharmaceutical Corporations, Fordham Law Review, vol. 71.
2. Karl Larenz, translated by 陳愛娥, 法學方法論, 2008.
4. 楊岳平, 世界貿易組織下涉及公共衛生之強制授權制度—評臺灣智慧財產局2005克流感強制授權案, 中華經濟研究院 (台灣WTO中心) 優等論文.
2. Lawrence O. Gostin, Healthy People, Healthy Communities: Toward a healthier, safer world.
3. Edwin Cameron, patents and Public Health: Principle, Politics and Paradox, Inaugural British Academy Law Lecture, held at the University of Edinburgh, 19th October, 2004.
1. The R.O.C Patent Law (1960): Art. 4, Items below are not granted patent right:Chemistry products, food, and pharmaceutical product.
2. Article 155 of the R.O.C Constitutional Law: The State, in order to promote social welfare, shall establish a social insurance system. To the aged and the infirm who are unable to earn a living, and to victims of unusual calamities, the State shall give appropriate assistance and relief.
5. Act to Implement the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Art. 2 Human rights protection provisions in the two Covenants have domestic legal status.
6. The Chinese Title of these laws and regulations.
7. South Africa Constitution, sec. 27, 39 (1) & (2).
8. Grootboom v. Republic of South Africa, 2000 (11) BCLR 1169.
9. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Art. 15.

References: v. 
 V. 
 Art. 4
 Art. 2
 v. 
 Art. 15