Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/266/521/
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 11:06:09+00:00

Document:
peril to life or limb"
2. Under this section, the carrier's duty to have the boiler in safe condition is absolute and continuing. P. 266 U. S. 527.
3. Where a breach of this duty is a contributing cause of an explosion resulting in the death of an employee, the carrier is liable under this Act, and the Employers' Liability Act, whether or not it had notice, actual or constructive, that the boiler was defective or unsafe. Id.
4. Evidence considered and held sufficient to go to the jury on the question whether a defective or dangerous condition of the crown sheet was a contributing cause of the explosion of a locomotive boiler. P. 266 U. S. 524.
5. The carriers are left free to determine how their boilers shall be kept in the prescribed condition of safety, and are not required to furnish the best mechanical contrivances and inventions to that end or to discard appliances upon discovery of later improvements. P. 266 U. S. 528.
6. A charge authorizing a jury to decide that the standard of duty imposed by the Boiler Inspection Act required a fusible safety plug to be installed, and instructing them that, in such case, its absence would impose on the carrier an absolute liability held erroneous. P. 266 U. S. 531.
Certiorari to a judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals affirming a recovery against the railroad in an action under the Federal Employers' Liability and Boiler Inspection Acts.
District of Ohio to recover damages for his death. He was a locomotive engineer, employed by the defendant, and, at the time of his death, September 3, 1920, was operating a steam locomotive propelling an interstate train. He was killed by the explosion of the boiler. The action was brought under the Federal Employers' Liability Act of April 22, 1908, 35 Stat. 65, and the federal Boiler Inspection Act of February 17, 1911, § 2, 36 Stat. 913, amended by Act March 4, 1915, 38 Stat. 1192.
The court submitted for decision of the jury two issues: whether the explosion was caused in whole or in part by an unsafe and insufficient condition permitted by defendant in and about the crown sheet of the boiler and whether defendant's failure to have a fusible plug in the crown sheet violated § 2 of the Boiler Inspection Act. There was a verdict and judgment for plaintiff. Defendant took the case to the circuit court of appeals, where the judgment was affirmed. 288 F. 321.
"for any common carrier . . . to use any locomotive engine propelled by steam power . . . unless the boiler . . . and appurtenances thereof are in proper condition and safe to operate in the service to which the same is put, that the same may be employed in the active service of such carrier in moving traffic without unnecessary peril to life or limb. . . ."
would be to declare that the common law rule which is ordinarily applied in personal injury actions brought by employees against employers is too indefinite to be enforced or complied with. The contention is without merit.
2. Defendant insists that there was no evidence to support a finding that the explosion resulted from any defective or dangerous condition of the crown sheet.
The credibility of witnesses, the weight and probative value of evidence, are to be determined by the jury, and not by the judge. However, many decisions of this Court * establish that, in every case, it is the duty of the judge to direct a verdict in favor of one of the parties when the testimony and all the inferences which the jury could justifiably draw therefrom would be insufficient to support a different finding.
The parts of the fire box and boiler involved may be described briefly. One side of the metal forming the top and sides of the fire box is exposed to the fire, and the other side forms a part of the boiler and, when the engine is in use, is covered by water. In order to strengthen and to hold in proper position the sides and top of the fire box in relation to the opposite exterior walls of the boiler, staybolts are used, extending from the inside of the fire box to the outside of the boiler. There were 1,464 such bolts on the engine under consideration. The top of the fire box is called the crown sheet. It is kept covered with water while the engine is in operation, and if allowed to be without water thereon, it will become so overheated that damage or explosion will be liable to result. Fusible plugs are made of soft metal, which will melt at relatively low temperature. They may be, and sometimes are, inserted into and used as part of the crown sheet, and are so shaped and placed that the end of the plug inside the boiler extends slightly above the surface of the metal surrounding it. It is intended that, if the water on the crown sheet shall be too low, the fire will melt out the plug before greater damage or explosion results, and allow the steam to escape from the boiler into the fire box, and so relieve the pressure and check or extinguish the fire.
"No boiler shall be allowed to remain in service when there are two adjacent staybolts broken or plugged in any part of the fire box or combustion chamber, nor when three or more are broken or plugged in a circle four feet in diameter, nor when five or more are broken or plugged in the entire boiler."
"If boilers are equipped with fusible plugs, they shall be removed and cleaned of scale at least once every month. Their removal must be noted on the report of inspection."
broken staybolts did not cause or have any connection with the explosion, and, as to that matter, there was no substantial conflict in the evidence. The location of these broken staybolts in relation to the place of the tear or rupture was shown to be such that the explosion was not caused by them. And we find no evidence in the record to support a finding that they caused or contributed to cause the explosion.
But we agree with the circuit court of appeals that, under § 2 of the statute, there was sufficient evidence to sustain the verdict wholly apart from the broken staybolts. Defendant's duty to have the boiler in a safe condition to operate so that it could be used without unnecessary peril to its employees was absolute and continuing. No notice to the defendant, actual or constructive, of the defects or unsafe condition of the boiler was necessary to plaintiff's case. Defendant is liable if its breach of duty contributed to cause the death. We are bound to assume that the condition of the boiler at Foster, a very short time before the explosion, was as indicated by the testimony of the brakeman above referred to. His credibility and the weight properly to be given to his testimony were for the jury. And if the boiler was in the condition he described, it would not be unreasonable to conclude that a breach of duty of defendant caused or contributed to cause the explosion. We think it did not conclusively appear that the failure of deceased properly to operate the engine was the sole cause of the explosion. It follows that the evidence made a case for the jury.
"If you shall say and find that the standard of duty imposed by the law required a fusible safety plug to be installed, then the absence of the fusible safety plug would impose upon the defendant here an absolute liability, and the plaintiff would be entitled to recover if the absence of it contributed in whole or in part to cause the explosion and the resulting death. . . . An interstate carrier, as well as any railroad carrier, owes the duty, of course, of availing itself of the best mechanical contrivances and inventions in known practical use which are or would be effective in making safe a locomotive boiler as against explosions. It is not bound to introduce a new appliance the moment somebody suggests it or discovers it, but is entitled to a reasonable time and opportunity to test it out and make any changes. . . . If you shall find . . . that a fusible safety plug was required by that standard, and that it was a mechanical means and contrivance in known practical use and effective more than was any other that had been installed by the defendant on this engine, then its absence would be a violation of the Boiler Inspection Act. . . ."
That act was passed to promote the safety of employees, and is to be read and applied with the Federal Employers' Liability Act. Under the latter, defendant is liable for any negligence chargeable to it which caused or contributed to cause decedent's death (§ 1), and he will not be held guilty of contributory negligence (§ 3) or to have assumed the risks of his employment (§ 4) if a violation of § 2 of the Boiler Inspection Act contributed to cause his death. See Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Donaldson, 246 U. S. 121, 246 U. S. 124; St. Louis Iron Mountain & S. Ry. v. Taylor, 210 U. S. 281, 210 U. S. 294; Louisville & Nashville R. Co. v. Layton, 243 U. S. 617, 243 U. S. 620.
it was its duty to exercise ordinary care to provide. The carriers were left free to determine how their boilers should be kept in proper condition for use without unnecessary danger. The things required for that purpose were not prescribed or changed by the act, but use of boilers unless safe to operate as specified was made unlawful, and liability for consequences follows violation of the act. It is a well established rule that the master is not bound to furnish the latest or best tools or appliances for the use of his servants. That rule is applicable here, and we hold that defendant was not liable for failure to furnish the best mechanical contrivances and inventions or to discard appliances upon discovery of later improvements, provided the boiler was in proper condition and safe to operate, as required by the statute. Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Co. v. Bower, 241 U. S. 470, 241 U. S. 474; Patton v. Texas & Pacific R. Co., 179 U. S. 658, 179 U. S. 664; Washington, etc., R. Co. v. McDade, 135 U. S. 554, 135 U. S. 570.
are to be kept in proper condition. Nor are such matters to be left to the varying and uncertain opinions and verdicts of juries. The interests of the carriers will best be served by having and keeping their locomotive boilers safe, and it may well be left to their officers and engineers to decide the engineering questions involved in determining whether to use fusible plugs or other means to that end. Tuttle v. Detroit, G. H. & M. R. Co., supra, p. 122 U. S. 194; Richards v. Rough, supra, p. 216. The presence or absence of a fusible plug was a matter properly to be taken into consideration in connection with other facts bearing upon the kind and condition of the boiler in determining the essential and ultimate question -- i.e. whether the boiler was in the condition required by the act.
"the best mechanical contrivances and inventions in known practical use which are or would be effective in making safe a locomotive boiler as against explosions,"
and also erred in authorizing the jury to decide that "the standard of duty imposed by the law required a fusible safety plug to be installed," and that "the absence of the fusible safety plug would impose upon the defendant here an absolute liability."
* Pawling v. United States, 4 Cranch 219, 8 U. S. 221; United States v. Breitling, 20 How. 252, 61 U. S. 254-255; Schuchardt v. Allens, 1 Wall. 359, 68 U. S. 369; Merchants' Bank v. State Bank, 10 Wall. 604, 77 U. S. 637; Improvement Co. v. Munson, 14 Wall. 442, 81 U. S. 448; Pleasants v. Fant, 22 Wall. 116, 89 U. S. 121-122; Herbert v. Butler, 97 U. S. 319, 97 U. S. 320; Bowditch v. Boston, 101 U. S. 16, 101 U. S. 18; Griggs v. Houston, 104 U. S. 553; Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Doster, 106 U. S. 30, 106 U. S. 32; Russell v. Allen, 107 U. S. 163; Anderson County Commissioners v. Beal, 113 U. S. 227, 113 U. S. 241; People's Savings Bank v. Bates, 120 U. S. 556, 120 U. S. 561-562; North Penn. Railroad v. Commercial Bank, 123 U. S. 727, 123 U. S. 733; Kane v. Northern Central Railway, 128 U. S. 91, 128 U. S. 94; Dunlap v. Northeastern Railroad, 130 U. S. 649, 130 U. S. 652; Delaware, etc., Railroad v. Converse, 139 U. S. 469, 139 U. S. 472; Texas & Pacific Railway Co. v. Cox, 145 U. S. 593, 145 U. S. 606; Elliott v. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 150 U. S. 245; Gardner v. Michigan Central Railroad, 150 U. S. 349, 150 U. S. 360; Union Pacific Railway Co. v. McDonald, 152 U. S. 262, 152 U. S. 283; Southern Pacific Co. v. Pool, 160 U. S. 438, 160 U. S. 440; Patton v. Texas & Pacific Railway Co., 179 U. S. 658; Marande v. Texas & Pacific Ry. Co., 184 U. S. 173, 184 U. S. 191; McGuire v. Blount, 199 U. S. 142, 199 U. S. 148; Empire state Cattle Co. v. Atchison Ry. Co., 210 U. S. 1, 210 U. S. 10; Delk v. St. Louis & San Francisco R. Co., 220 U. S. 580, 220 U. S. 587; Slocum v. New York Life Insurance Co., 228 U. S. 364, 228 U. S. 369.

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