Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/309/251/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 02:12:09+00:00

Document:
1. In providing by the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Act for payment by employers of compensation for injuries or death suffered by employees engaged in maritime employment on vessels in navigable waters, Congress exerted its constitutional power to modify the admiralty law. P. 309 U. S. 256.
2. The classification excepting from the Act a "master or member of a crew of any vessel," § 3(a)(1), was within that power. P. 309 U. S. 256.
3. The Act applies to those who serve on vessels as laborers, whose work is of the sort performed by longshoremen and harbor workers, and who are thus distinguished from those employees who are naturally and primarily on board to aid in navigation. P. 309 U. S. 257.
4. Insofar as the decision whether an injured employee was or was not a "member of the crew" turns on a question of fact, the authority to determine is conferred by the Act on the deputy commissioner, and his finding, if sustained by evidence, is conclusive, and must be accepted by the District Court without attempting a new trial. P. 309 U. S. 257.
5. The legal meaning of the word "crew" must be determined with reference to the context and purpose of the particular statute in which the word is used. P. 309 U. S. 258.
6. The fact that the boat's captain, to make up the complement of "deckhands" required by a certificate of inspection, included the employee whose status under this Act is in question does not fix his status as that of a member of the crew. The question concerns his actual duties. P. 309 U. S. 260.
7. Evidence held sufficient to sustain a finding by a deputy commissioner that the person on account of whose death compensation was claimed under the above-mentioned Act was not a member of the crew. P. 309 U. S. 260.
Certiorari, 308 U.S. 532, to review the reversal of a judgment of the District Court vacating an award under the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Act.
John Schumann, an employee of petitioner, South Chicago Coal & Dock Company, was drowned while serving his employer on a vessel in navigable waters of the United States. His widow was awarded compensation by the deputy commissioner under the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act. [Footnote 1] The deputy commissioner found that decedent was performing services on the vessel as a laborer, and fell from the vessel into the water. The employer and its surety brought suit in the District Court to restrain the enforcement of the award, contending that decedent was employed as a member of the crew, and hence that compensation was not payable. The District Court granted a trial de novo, and, finding that the decedent was a member of the crew, vacated the award.
The Court of Appeals found that the evidence before the District Court was similar to that heard by the deputy commissioner; that the facts were not in dispute; that the District Court, in reviewing the finding of the deputy commissioner, was precluded from weighing the evidence, being required to examine the record and ascertain whether there was any evidence to support the commissioner's finding. Holding that there was such evidence, the Court of Appeals reversed the decree of the District Court and directed the dismissal of the bill of complaint. 104 F.2d 522. Because of an alleged conflict with a decision of the Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit in the case of Maryland Casualty Co. v.Lawson, 94 F.2d 190, we granted certiorari. 308 U.S. 532.
"It supplied coal to other vessels on their order, each operation consuming only a couple of hours. It had no sleeping or eating quarters. Its certificate of inspection required that,"
"Included in the entire crew hereinafter specified and designated there must be 1 licensed master and pilot, 1 licensed chief engineer, 3 seamen, 1 fireman."
"If deceased were counted as a member of the crew, the full complement of the ship was present. Otherwise not."
"facilitating the flow of coal from his boat to the vessel being fueled -- removing obstructions to the flow with a stick. He performed such additional tasks as throwing the ship's rope in releasing or making the boat fast. He performed no navigation duties. He occasionally did some cleaning of the boat. He did no work while the boat was en route from dock to the vessel to be fueled."
The Court of Appeals thought it significant that his only duty relating to navigation was the incidental task of throwing the ship's line; that his primary duty was to free the coal if it stuck in the hopper while being discharged into the fueled vessel while both boats were at rest; that he had no duties while the boat was in motion; that he was paid an hourly wage; that he had no "articles;" that he slept at home and boarded off ship; that he was called very early in the morning each day as he was wanted; that, while he had worked only three weeks, and it might have been possible that he would have been retained for years to come, his employment was somewhat akin to temporary employment.
the Court had also held that in the case of a longshoreman who was injured on the land, although engaged in unloading a vessel, the local law governed and hence the workmen's compensation law of the state applied. State Industrial Commission v. Nordenholt Corporation, 259 U. S. 263. The distinction had thus been maintained between injuries on land and those suffered by persons engaged in maritime employment on a vessel in navigable waters. As to the latter, no doubt was entertained of the power of Congress to modify the admiralty law and to provide for the payment by employers of compensation. [Footnote 4] And, in thus providing, Congress had constitutional authority to define the classes of such employees who should receive compensation and to exclude those described in § 3. Nogueira v. New York, N.H. & H. R. Co., supra.
citizen of the United States. [Footnote 7] They preferred, however, to remain outside the compensation provisions, and thus to retain the advantages of their election under the Jones Act, and the bill was changed accordingly so as to exempt "seamen." Then, in its final passage, the words "a master or member of a crew" were substituted for "seamen." [Footnote 8] We think that this substitution has an important significance here. For we had held that longshoremen engaged on a vessel at a dock in navigable waters, in the work of loading or unloading, were "seamen." International Stevedoring Co. v. Haverty, 272 U. S. 50; Northern Coal & Dock Co. v. Strand, 278 U. S. 142. And, also, that such seamen if injured on a vessel in navigable waters, unlike one injured on land, could not have the benefit of a state workmen's compensation act. Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U. S. 205. We think it is clear that Congress in finally adopting the phrase "a master or member of a crew" in making its exception, intended to leave entitled to compensation all those various sorts of longshoremen and harbor workers who were performing labor on a vessel [Footnote 9] and to whom state compensation statutes were inapplicable. The question is whether the decedent in this instance fell within that class.
Hence, the Court of Appeals correctly ruled that his finding, if there was evidence to support it, was conclusive, and that it was the duty of the District Court to ascertain whether it was so supported and, if so, to give it effect without attempting a retrial. We have so held with respect to the conclusiveness of the finding of the deputy commissioner that an injury to an employee arose "out of and in the course of the employment," Voehl v. Indemnity Insurance Co., 288 U. S. 162, 288 U. S. 166, as to the finding of the dependency of a claimant for compensation, L'Hote v. Crowell, 286 U.S. 528, The Admiral Peoples, 295 U. S. 649, 295 U. S. 653-654, and as to the finding that the employee had committed suicide, and hence that compensation was not payable, Del Vecchio v. Bowers, 296 U. S. 280, 296 U. S. 287. In the Del Vecchio case, the question was with respect to the application of the exception made by paragraph (b) of Section 3 with respect to "Coverage," and we see no reason for a different view as to the application of paragraph (a)(1) of the same section.
Petitioners urge that the question whether the decedent was a member of a "crew" was a question of law. That is, that, upon the undisputed facts, the decedent must be held as a matter of law to have been a member of a "crew," as distinguished from a longshoreman or laborer at work upon the vessel. We are unable so to conclude.
maritime subjects sometimes used the word crew in that general sense, and "sometimes in other senses, more limited and restrained."
"When the 'crew' of a vessel is referred to, those persons are naturally and primarily meant who are on board her aiding in her navigation, without reference to the nature of the arrangement under which they are on board."
Judge Hough in The Buena Ventura, 243 F. 797, 799, thought that statement was a fair summary, and, in his view, one who served the ship "in her navigation" was a member of the "crew." Id., p. 800. See also Seneca Washed Gravel Corp. v. McManigal, 65 F.2d 779. Recently, in considering the application of the Jones Act to "any seaman," we adverted to the "range of variation" in the use of the word "crew," and it was again emphasized that what concerned us in that case, which had relation to the status of a "master," was "not the scope of the class of seamen at other times and in other contexts." We said that our concern there was "to define the meaning for the purpose of a particular statute which must be read in the light of the mischief to be corrected and the end to be attained." Warner v. Goltra, 293 U. S. 155, 293 U. S. 158.
"crew" in other statutes having other purposes. This Act, as we have seen, was to provide compensation for a class of employees at work on a vessel in navigable waters who, although they might be classed as seamen (International Stevedoring Company v. Haverty, supra), were still regarded as distinct from members of a "crew." They were persons serving on vessels, to be sure, but their service was that of laborers, of the sort performed by longshoremen and harbor workers and thus distinguished from those employees on the vessel who are naturally and primarily on board to aid in her navigation. See De Wald v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 71 F.2d 810; Diomede v. Lowe, 87 F.2d 296; Moore Dry Dock Co. v. Pillsbury, 100 F.2d 245.
there was enough to sustain the deputy commissioner's ruling.
44 Stat. 1424; 33 U.S.C. and U.S.C.Supp. IV, sec. 901 et seq.
"(a) Compensation shall be payable under this chapter in respect of disability or death of an employee, but only if the disability or death results from an injury occurring upon the navigable waters of the United States (including any drydock) and if recovery for the disability or death through workmen's compensation proceedings may not validly be provided by State law. No compensation shall be payable in respect of the disability or death of --"
See Waring v. Clarke, 5 How. 441, 46 U. S. 457-458; The Lottawanna, 21 Wall. 558, 88 U. S. 577; Butler v. Boston & S. Steamship Co., 130 U. S. 527, 130 U. S. 556-557; In re Garnett, 141 U. S. 1, 141 U. S. 14; Atlantic Transport Co. of West Virginia v. Imbrovek, 234 U. S. 52, 234 U. S. 60-62; Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U. S. 205, 244 U. S. 215; Washington v. W. C. Dawson & Co., 264 U. S. 219, 264 U. S. 227-228; Panama R. Co. v. Johnson, 264 U. S. 375, 264 U. S. 386-388; Nogueira v. New York, N.H. & H. R. Co., 281 U. S. 128, 281 U. S. 138.
House Rep. No. 1767, 69th Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 1, 2, 20.
Cong.Rec. 69th Cong., 2d Sess., vol. 68, pt. 5, pp. 5402, 5403, 5908; Nogueira v. New York, N.H. & H. R. Co., 281 U. S. 128, 281 U. S. 136.
Except where they are engaged "to load or unload or repair any small vessel under eighteen tons net." § 3(a)(1), 33 U.S.C. § 903(a)(1).
33 U.S.C. § 919(a), 921.
28 Fed.Cas. 733, 737, No. 16,740.

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