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From William Curtis' Botanical Magazine. National Agricultural Library Special Collections, ARS, USDA.
Plants continue to be a major source of medicines, as they have been throughout human history. Some medicinal plants, such as the opium poppy, have long been recognized and widely used, while others, such as the Pacific yew, the original source for the cancer drug, Taxol, are relatively new arrivals to mainstream medicine. In addition to providing the basis for between 30 and 40 percent of today’s conventional drugs, the medicinal and curative properties of various plants are also employed in herbal supplements, botanicals, nutraceuticals and teas.
Drug discovery, ethnobotany, and traditional and indigenous medicines have long been basic to medicinal plant research. As new uses for medicinal plants have been discovered and popularized, sustainability has become increasingly an issue; concern over the growth in biopiracy goes hand in hand with the critical need for conservation of both species and	habitat.
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Schultes, Richard Evans, and Robert F. Rauffauf. The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the northwest Amazonia. Portland, OR, Dioscorides Press, c1990. 484 p.
Tibetan medicinal plants. Edited by Christa Kletter and Monika Kriechbaum. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press/Medpharm, 2001. 383 p.
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Biologically active natural products: pharmaceuticals. Edited by Stephen J. Cutler and Horace G. Cutler. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, c2000. 277 p.
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Ebadi, Manuchair S. Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, c2002. 726 p.
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Natural medicines comprehensive database. 1999- By the editors of Pharmacist’s letter, Prescriber’s letter. Stockton, CA, Therapeutic Research Faculty.
Science RR has most recent edition.
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A-Z guide to drug-herb-vitamin interactions: how to improve your health and avoid problems when using common medications and natural supplements together. Edited by Schuyler W. Lininger, and others. Rocklin, CA, Prima Health, 1999. 436 p.
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Wulff-Tilford, Mary, and Gregory L. Tilford. All you ever wanted to know about herbs for pets. Irvine, CA, BowTie Press, 1999. 416 p.
Cannabis and cannabinoids: pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential. Edited by Franjo Grotenhermen and Ethan Russo. New York, Haworth Integrative Healing Press, c2002. 439 p.
Hypericum: the genus Hypericum. Edited by E. Ernst. London, New York, Taylor & Francis, 2003. 241 p.
Plants that fight cancer. Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios and Maria G. Baberaki. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, c2004. 296 p.
Poppy: the genus Papaver. Edited by Jeno Bernáth. Amsterdam, Harwood Academic Publishers, c1998. 352 p. Medicinal and aromatic plants--industrial profiles, 1027-4502, v. 3.
WHOmonographs on selected medicinal plants. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1999-2002. 2 v.
Capasso, Francesco, and others. Phytotherapy: a quick reference to herbal medicine. Berlin, New York, Springer, c2003. 424 p.
Castner, James L., S. Lee Timme, and James A. Duke. A field guide to medicinal and useful plants of the Upper Amazon. Gainesville, FL, Feline Press, c1998. 154 p.
Chevallier, Andrew. Natural health encyclopedia of herbal medicine. 2nd American ed. New York, DK Pub. Inc., c2000. 336 p.
Duke, James A., and others. Handbook of medicinal herbs. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, c2002. 870 p.
Foster, Steven, and James A. Duke. A field guide to medicinal plants and herbs of eastern and central North America. 2nd ed. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000. 411 p.
Foster, Steven, and Christopher Hobbs. A field guide to Western medicinal plants and herbs. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2002. 442 p. Bibliography: p. 398-402.
Sponsored by the National Wildlife Federation and the Roger Tory Peterson Institute.
Johnson, Timothy. CRC ethnobotany desk reference. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, c1999. 1213 p.
Peirce, Andrea. The American Pharmaceutical Association practical guide to natural medicines. New York, Morrow, c1999. 728 p.
Phytochemical dictionary: a handbook of bioactive compounds from plants. 2nd ed. Edited by Jeffrey B. Harborne, Herbert Baxter, and Gerard P. Moss. London, Philadelphia, Taylor & Francis, c1999.
Phytotherapy: a quick reference to herbal medicine. Edited by Francesco Capasso and others. Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag, c2003. 424 p.
Professional’s handbook of complementary & alternative medicines. c1999- Springhouse, PA, Springhouse Corporation.
Torkelson, Anthony R. The cross name index to medicinal plants. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, c1996-c1999. 4 v.
International Congress of Ethnobiology (7th, Athens, GA, 2000). Ethnobiology and biocultural diversity: proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Ethnobiology. John R. Stepp and others, editors. Athens, GA, International Society of Ethnobiology, distributed by the University of Georgia Press, c2002. 720 p.
Joint Conference of the Society for Economic Botany and the International Society for Ethnopharmacology (London, England, 1996). Plants for food and medicine: proceedings of the joint conference of the Society for Economic Botany and the International Society for Ethnopharmacology, London, 1-6 July 1996. N. L. Etkin, and others, editors. Kew, Eng., Royal Botanic Gardens, 1998. 438 p.
Phytomedicines of Europe: chemistry and biological activity. Edited by Larry D. Lawson and Rudolf Bauer. Washington, American Chemical Society, 1998. 324 p.
Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting organized by the Forest Products Division, FAO Forestry Department, and the FAO Regional Office for the Near East (Cairo, Egypt, May 19-21, 1997). Medicinal, culinary and aromatic plants in the Near East. Cairo, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1999.
Dissertations can be identified by using online resources or print indexes located in the Main Reading Room. Consult any reference librarian about options. Some dissertations may be available in full text through electronic resources on public terminals at the Library of Congress.
Chandrasekhara Behr, Diji. Economic, institutional, and social learning dimensions of sustainable medicinal plant production in Kerala, India. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2004. 281 p.
Hamby, Erin Brooke. The roots of healing: archaeological and historical investigations of African-American herbal medicine. Ann Arbor, MI, UMI Microfilms, 2004. 177 p.
Thesis (doctoral)--The University of Tennessee, 2004.
Mouhajir, Fatima. Medicinal plants used by Berber and Arab peoples of Morocco: ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2002. 228 p.
Thesis (doctoral)--The University of British Columbia, 2002.
Ososki, Andreana L. Ethnobotany of rural and urban Dominican Republic: medicinal plants, women, and health. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms, 2004. 470 p.
Thesis (doctoral)--City University of New York, 2004.
Bent, Stephen, and Richard Ko. Commonly used herbal remedies in the United States: a review. American journal of medicine, v. 116, Apr.1, 2004: 478-485.
Boyum, F. F., and others. Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, v. 64, Dec. 2003:1269-1275.
Coley, Phyllis D. Using ecological criteria to design plant collection strategies for drug discovery. Frontiers in ecology and the environment, v. 1, Oct. 2003: 421-428.
Deng, Yu-Cheng, and others. Studies on the cultivation and uses of evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) in China. Economic botany, v. 55, Jan./Mar. 2001: 83-92.
Flannery, Michael A. From Rudbeckia to Echinacea: the emergence of the purple cone-flower in modern therapeutics. Pharmacy in history, v. 41, no. 2, 1999: 52-59.
Ghazanfar, S. A. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Oryx, v. 35, July 2001: 269-270.
Goeschi, Timo. Stakes in the evolutionary race: the economic value of plants for medicinal applications. Journal of herbs, spices & medicinal plants, v. 9, no. 4, 2002: 373-388.
Jones, K. Review of sangre de drago (Croton lechleri), a South American tree sap in the treatment of diarrhea inflammation, insect bites, viral infections, and wounds: traditional uses to clinical research. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine, v. 9, Dec. 2003: 877-896.
Lewis, Walter H. Pharmaceutical discoveries based on ethnomedicinal plants: 1985 to 2000 and beyond. Economic botany, v. 57, spring 2003: 126-134.
Lin, W. Y., and others. Anti-platelet aggregation and chemical constituents from the rhizome of Gynura japonica. Planta medica, v. 69, Aug. 2003: 757-764.
Morris, Charles A. Internet marketing of herbal products. JAMA, v. 290, Sept. 17, 2003: 1505-1509.
Nelson, R. FDA issues alert on ephedra supplements in the USA. Lancet, v. 363, Jan. 10, 2004: 135.
Perez-Giraldo, C., and others. Invitro activity of allicin against Staphylococcus epidermis and influence of subinhibitory concentrations on biofilm formation. Journal of applied microbiology, v. 95, Oct. 2003: 709-711.
Sarker, S. D., and L. Nahar. Natural medicine: the genus Angelica. Current medicinal chemistry, v. 11, June 2004: 1479-1501.
Seth, S. D., and Bhawana Sharma. Medicinal plants in India. The Indian journal of medical research, v. 120, July 2004: 9-12.
Shanley, Patricia, and Leda Luz. The impacts of forest degradation on medicinal plant use and implications for health care in Eastern Amazonia. BioScience, v. 53, June 2003: 573-585.
Shao, Bao-Mel, and others. A study of the immune receptors for polysaccharides from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, v. 329, Aug. 6, 2004: 1103-1111.
Update on black cohosh for hot flashes. Harvard women’s health watch, v. 11, Jan. 2004: 2-3.
Vandebroek, Ina, and others. A comparison of traditional healers’ medicinal plant knowledge in the Bolivian Andes and Amazon. Social science & medicine, v. 59, Aug. 2004: 837-849.
Wellbery, Caroline. Echinacea for respiratory infections in children. American family physician, v. 70, July 1, 2004: 175.
Akpaja, Emmanuel O., and others. Ethnomycology and usage of edible and medicinal mushrooms among the Igbo people of Nigeria. International journal of medicinal mushrooms, v. 5, issue 3, 2003: 313-320.
Altshul, Sara. Artichoke quells indigestion. Prevention, v. 56, June 2004: 113.
Bailey, David C., and George C. Dresser. Natural products and adverse drug interactions. Canadian Medical Association journal, v. 170, May 11, 2004: 1531-1532.
Edwards, Rob. No remedy in sight for herbal ransack. New scientist, v. 181, Jan. 10, 2004:	10-11.
Hamilton, Alan C. Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods. Biodiversity and conservation, v. 13, July 2004: 1477-1517.
Jere-Malanda, Regina. Biopiracy: Neem, the wonder tree. New African, no. 424, Dec. 2003:	18.
Khan, T. J., Anil K. Dular, and Deepika M. Solomon. Biodiversity conservation in the Thar Desert, with emphasis on endemic and medicinal plants. The Environmentalist, v. 23, June 2003: 137-144.
Kilham, Chris. The herbal future. Nutraceuticals world, v. 20, July/Aug. 2004: 68-72.
Njoroge, N., and others. Utilisation of weed species as sources of traditional medicines in Kenya. Lyonia, v. 7, no. 2, 2004: 67-84.
Northridge, Mary E., and Richard Mack. Integrating ethnomedicine into public health. American journal of public health, v. 92, Oct. 2002: 1561.
Yvinskas, Katherine. Conservation of native medicinal plants. The Herbarist, no. 66, 2000: 52-55.
Professional society of pharmacognosists and others interested in the plant sciences and natural products.
CCAP is affiliated with the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences.
Home of the Medicinal Plants Working Group.
Supports research on chemistry, pharmacology and use of herbal folk medicines, teas, and botanical products.
Concerned with the cultivation of herbs and with the study of their history and uses.
NCCAM supports various research projects on botanicals, including the Arizona Center for Phytomedicine Research, and centers at University of Chicago, UCLA, and Purdue University.
NWFP is a program of the Forestry division of the United Nations’ FAO. The site posts research reports, publications, news, and includes links to current guidelines for global sustainable use of medicinal plants.
The Society encourages scientific research, education, and related activities on the past, present, and future uses of plants, and the relationship between plants and people.
An international society for scientific research, which produces Planta Medica.
The Plant Savers’ goal is to protect native medicinal plants of the U.S. and Canada.
Dedicated to developing responsible herbal practice for animals.
Provides information from floristic and systematic investigations of the flowering plants (phanerogams) of Andean South America.
International bibliographic information on dietary supplements database from the Office of Dietary Supplements at NIH and the National Agricultural Library.
The University of Michigan’s Moerman database includes food, drugs, dyes, and fibers.
For traditional veterinarian and human medicines in sub-Saharan Africa.
Survey of economic plants for arid and semi-arid lands.
Searchable archive of traditional and indigenous knowledge from the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Also has updates on biopiracy issues.
Tropical plants of the Amazon.
USDA PLANTS Database, provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories.
The World Health Organization library database available on the web, indexes all WHO publications from 1948 onwards and articles from WHO-produced journals and technical documents from 1985 to the present.
This site provides access to the Missouri Botanical Garden’s VAST (VAScular Tropicos) nomenclatural database and associated authority files.
Research in ethnobotany, tropical forest ecology and conservation, seed ecology.
The Lloyd Library specializes in botanical, medical, pharmaceutical, and scientific books and periodicals.
Dedicated to conserving tropical plant diversity, particularly rare and endangered species.
Research in economic botany and ethnobotany.
Subject specialities include the ethnobotany of California Indians.
Research on economic botany, including authentication of Chinese medicinal plants.
The site includes images of herbs indexed by both common and botanical names.
The library’s goal is to foster an understanding of medicine, its history and its impact in society.
The Web site of this co-funded project from US-AID includes a plant library and project news.
Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. Being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States; with Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and Shrubs, by Francis Peyre Porcher., 1863.
From the Medicinal Plant Working Group of the Plant Conservation Alliance.
Sponsored by the Center for New Crops and Plant Products at Purdue, this guide includes links to several databases, guides, directories, and the NewCROP server for new and alternative crop information.
An article from the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA.
From Canada’s International Development Research Centre.
These pages from Cornell University examine the safety and efficacy of medicinal plant use for livestock.
MedPlant is a global network whose members are committed to the sustainable and socially equitable use of medicinal plants.
This site specializes in evidence-based information on herbs, botanicals, vitamins, and other supplements.
An informative compilation from Dr. James Duke, the noted ethnobotanist.
Links from the Special Forest Products Program at Virginia Tech .
A neurologist’s record of Peruvian rain forest plants.
An eclectic collection of links and resources, including ones of historical interest.

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