Source: http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555815981.ch25
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 12:42:15+00:00

Document:
Schematic diagram of KSHV enveloped virus structure. The capsid is composed of hexons, pentons, and triplexes arranged in an icosahedral lattice that contains the virus genome. This is surrounded by an amorphous tegument layer composed of viral and cellular proteins and viral RNAs that are microinjected into the cell on infection. The bilayer envelope surrounding the tegument contains viral glycoproteins, such as gB, that act as receptor and entry proteins.
Genomic map of KSHV sequenced from the BC-1 KSHV-infected PEL cell line. The viral genome contains an ~145-kb LUR flanked on both sides by reiterated terminal repeat (TR) units of high GC content (>85%). Conserved herpesvirus gene blocks are interspersed with blocks containing genes unique to KSHV and other rhadinoviruses. These nonconserved regions contain numerous homologs to host cell genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and immune regulation.
A photomicrograph of a KS tumor, immunostained for LANA1, infiltrating the dermis from a patient with AIDS-KS. All forms of KS (both HIV positive and HIV negative) have a similar histologic appearance. Vascular clefts (arrows) within the tumor are filled with red cells, most of which have been lost during tissue preparation. A mononuclear infiltrate in the tumor can be present, and cellular atypia or pleomorphism is generally uncommon in KS lesions. The characteristic speckled nuclear staining pattern (open arrows) for LANA1 can be seen in many of the cells.
1. Ansari, M. Q.,, D. B. Dawson,, R. Nador,, C. Rutherford,, N. R. Schneider,, M. J. Latimer,, L. Picker,, D. M. Knowles, and, R. W. McKenna. 1996. Primary body cavity-based AIDS-related lymphomas. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 105: 221– 229.
2. Bais, C.,, B. Santomasso,, O. Coso,, L. Arvanitakis,, E. G. Raaka,, J. S. Gutkind,, A. S. Asch,, E. Cesarman,, M. C. Gershengorn,, E. A. Mesri, and, M. C. Gerhengorn. 1998. G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature 391: 86– 89.
3. Ballestas, M. E.,, P. A. Chatis, and, K. M. Kaye. 1999. Efficient persistence of extrachromosomal KSHV DNA mediated by latency-associated nuclear antigen. Science 284: 641– 644.
4. Bechtel, J.,, A. Grundhoff, and, D. Ganem. 2005. RNAs in the virion of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 79: 10138– 10146.
5. Bendsoe, N.,, M. Dictor,, J. Blomberg,, S. Agren, and, K. Merk. 1990. Increased incidence of Kaposi sarcoma in Sweden before the AIDS epidemic. Eur. J. Cancer 26: 699– 702.
6. Beral, V.,, T. A. Peterman,, R. L. Berkelman, and, H. W. Jaffe. 1990. Kaposi’s sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection? Lancet 335: 123– 128.
7. Biggar, R. J.,, D. Whitby,, V. Marshall,, A. C. Linhares, and, F. Black. 2000. Human herpesvirus 8 in Brazilian Amerindians: a hyperendemic population with a new subtype. J. Infect. Dis. 181: 1562– 1568.
8. Boshoff, C.,, S. J. Gao,, L. E. Healy,, S. Matthews,, A. J. Thomas,, L. Coignet,, R. A. Warnke,, J. A. Strauchen,, E. Matutes,, O. W. Kamel,, P. S. Moore,, R. A. Weiss, and, Y. Chang. 1998. Establishing a KSHV+ cell line (BCP-1) from peripheral blood and characterizing its growth in Nod/SCID mice. Blood 91: 1671– 1679.
9. Boulanger, E.,, R. Duprez,, E. Delabesse,, J. Gabarre,, E. Macintyre, and, A. Gessain. 2005. Mono/oligoclonal pattern of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) episomes in primary effusion lymphoma cells. Int. J. Cancer 115: 511– 518.
10. Burysek, L.,, and P. M. Pitha. 2001. Latently expressed human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor 2 inhibits double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. J. Virol. 75: 2345– 2352.
11. Cadwell, K.,, and L. Coscoy. 2005. Ubiquitination on nonlysine residues by a viral E3 ubiquitin ligase. Science 309: 127– 130.
12. Cai, X.,, and B. R. Cullen. 2006. Transcriptional origin of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus microRNAs. J. Virol. 80: 2234– 2242.
13. Calabro, M. L.,, J. Sheldon,, A. Favero,, G. R. Simpson,, J. R. Fiore,, E. Gomes,, G. Angarano,, L. Chieco-Bianchi, and, T. F. Schulz. 1998. Seroprevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 in several regions of Italy. J. Hum. Virol. 1: 207– 213.
14. Cannon, J. S.,, F. Hamzeh,, S. Moore,, J. Nicholas, and, R. F. Ambinder. 1999. Human herpesvirus 8-encoded thymidine kinase and phosphotransferase homologues confer sensitivity to ganciclovir. J. Virol. 73: 4786– 4793.
15. Cannon, J. S.,, J. Nicholas,, J. M. Orenstein,, R. B. Mann,, P. G. Murray,, P. J. Browning,, J. A. DiGiuseppe,, E. Cesarman,, G. S. Hayward, and, R. F. Ambinder. 1999. Heterogeneity of viral IL-6 expression in HHV-8-associated diseases. J. Infect. Dis. 180: 824– 828.
16. Carbone, A.,, A. Gloghini,, E. Vaccher,, V. Zagonel,, C. Pastore,, P. Dalla Palma,, F. Branz,, G. Saglio,, R. Volpe,, U. Tirelli, and, G. Gaidano. 1996. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus DNA sequences in AIDS-related and AIDS-unrelated lymphomatous effusions. Br. J. Haematol. 94: 533– 543.
17. Casper, C.,, E. Krantz,, S. Selke,, S. R. Kuntz,, J. Wang,, M. L. Huang,, J. S. Pauk,, L. Corey, and, A. Wald. 2007. Frequent and asymptomatic oropharyngeal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 among immunocompetent men. J. Infect. Dis. 195: 30– 36.
18. Casper, C.,, W. G. Nichols,, M. L. Huang,, L. Corey, and, A. Wald. 2004. Remission of HHV-8 and HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease with ganciclovir treatment. Blood 103: 1632– 1634.
19. Casper, C.,, and A. Wald. 2007. The use of antiviral drugs in the prevention and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma, multicentric Castleman disease and primary effusion lymphoma. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 312: 289– 307.
20. Cesarman, E.,, Y. Chang,, P. S. Moore,, J. W. Said, and, D. M. Knowles. 1995. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 1186– 1191.
21. Cesarman, E.,, P. S. Moore,, P. H. Rao,, G. Inghirami,, D. M. Knowles, and, Y. Chang. 1995. In vitro establishment and characterization of two acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma cell lines (BC-1 and BC-2) containing Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like (KSHV) DNA sequences. Blood 86: 2708– 2714.
22. Chandran, B.,, C. Bloomer,, S. R. Chan,, L. Zhu,, E. Goldstein, and, R. Horvat. 1998. Human herpesvirus-8 ORF K8.1 gene encodes immunogenic glycoproteins generated by spliced transcripts. Virology 249: 140– 149.
23. Chang, H.,, D. P. Dittmer,, S.-Y. Chul,, Y. Hong, and, J. U. Jung. 2005. Role of Notch signal transduction in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J. Virol. 79: 14371– 14382.
24. Chang, Y.,, E. Cesarman,, M. S. Pessin,, F. Lee,, J. Culpepper,, D. M. Knowles, and, P. S. Moore. 1994. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 265: 1865– 1869.
25. Chatterjee, M.,, J. Osborne,, G. Bestetti,, Y. Chang, and, P. S. Moore. 2002. Viral IL-6-induced cell proliferation and immune evasion of interferon activity. Science 298: 1432– 1435.
26. Chaudhary, P. M.,, M. T. Eby,, A. Jasmin,, A. Kumar,, L. Liu, and, L. Hood. 2000. Activation of the NF-kappaB pathway by caspase 8 and its homologs. Oncogene 19: 4451– 4460.
27. Cheng, E. H.,, J. Nicholas,, D. S. Bellows,, G. S. Hayward,, H. G. Guo,, M. S. Reitz, and, J. M. Hardwick. 1997. A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 690– 694.
28. Chokunonga, E.,, L. M. Levy,, M. T. Bassett,, B. G. Mauchaza,, D. B. Thomas, and, D. M. Parkin. 2000. Cancer incidence in the African population of Harare, Zimbabwe: second results from the cancer registry 1993–1995. Int. J. Cancer 85: 54– 59.
29. Cohen, A.,, C. Brodie, and, R. Sarid. 2006. An essential role of ERK signalling in TPA-induced reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 795– 802.
30. Cook, P. J.,, and D. P. Burkitt. 1971. Cancer in Africa. Br. Med. Bull. 27: 14– 20.
31. Corbellino, M.,, G. Bestetti,, C. Scalamogna,, S. Calattini,, M. Galazzi,, L. Meroni,, D. Manganaro,, M. Fasan,, M. Moroni,, M. Galli, and, C. Parravicini. 2001. Long-term remission of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related multicentric Castleman disease with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy. Blood 98: 3473– 3475.
32. Coscoy, L.,, and D. Ganem. 2000. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes two proteins that block cell surface display of MHC class I chains by enhancing their endocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 8051– 8056.
33. Damania, B. 2007. EBV and KSHV-related herpesviruses in nonhuman primates, p. 1093–1114. In A. Arvin,, G. Campadelli-Fiume,, E. Mocarski,, P. S. Moore,, B. Roizman,, R. Whitley, and, K. Yamanishi (ed.), Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
34. Dedicoat, M.,, and R. Newton. 2003. Review of the distribution of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Africa in relation to the incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Br. J. Cancer 88: 1– 3.
35. Deng, B.,, C. M. O’Connor,, D. H. Kedes, and, Z. H. Zhou. 2007. Direct visualization of the putative portal in the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus capsid by cryoelectron tomography. J. Virol. 81: 3640– 3644.
36. de Souza, V. A.,, L. C. Pierrotti,, L. M. Sumita,, W. S. Freire,, A. A. Segurado, and, C. S. Pannuti. 2007. Sero-reactivity to Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) latent nuclear antigen in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma patients depends on CD4 + T-cell count. J. Med. Virol. 79: 1562– 1568.
37. Desrosiers, R. C.,, V. G. Sasseville,, S. C. Czajak,, X. Zhang,, K. G. Mansfield,, A. Kaur,, R. P. Johnson,, A. A. Lackner, and, J. U. Jung. 1997. A herpesvirus of rhesus monkeys related to the human Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 71: 9764– 9769.
38. Deutsch, E.,, A. Cohen,, G. Kazimirsky,, S. Dovrat,, H. Rubinfeld,, C. Brodie, and, R. Sarid. 2004. Role of protein kinase C δ in reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 78: 10187– 10192.
39. Dittmer, D.,, M. Lagunoff,, R. Renne,, K. Staskus,, A. Haase, and, D. Ganem. 1998. A cluster of latently expressed genes in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 72: 8309– 8315.
40. Dollard, S. C.,, K. E. Nelson,, P. M. Ness,, V. Stambolis,, M. J. Kuehnert,, P. E. Pellett, and, M. J. Cannon. 2005. Possible transmission of human herpesvirus-8 by blood transfusion in a historical United States cohort. Transfusion 45: 500– 503.
41. Du, M.-Q.,, H. Liu,, T. C. Diss,, H. Ye,, R. A. Hamoudi,, N. Dupin,, V. Meignin,, E. Oksenhendler,, C. Boshoff, and, P. G. Isaacson. 2001. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects monotypic (IgMλ) but polyclonal naive B cells in Castleman disease and associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 97: 2130– 2136.
42. Duda, R. L.,, R. W. Hendrix,, W. M. Huang, and, J. F. Conway. 2006. Shared architecture of bacteriophage SPO1 and herpesvirus capsids. Curr. Biol. 16: R11– R13.
43. Dukers, N. H.,, N. Renwick,, M. Prins,, R. B. Geskus,, T. F. Schulz,, G. J. Weverling,, R. A. Coutinho, and, J. Goudsmit. 2000. Risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity and seroconversion in a cohort of homosexual men. Am. J. Epidemiol. 151: 213– 224.
44. Dupin, N.,, C. Fisher,, P. Kellam,, S. Ariad,, M. Tulliez,, N. Franck,, E. van Marck,, D. Salmon,, I. Gorin,, J. P. Escande,, R. A. Weiss,, K. Alitalo, and, C. Boshoff. 1999. Distribution of human herpesvirus-8 latently infected cells in Kaposi’s sarcoma, multicentric Castleman’s disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 4546– 4551.
45. Duprez, R.,, V. Lacoste,, J. Briere,, P. Couppie,, C. Frances,, D. Sainte-Marie,, E. Kassa-Kelembho,, M. J. Lando,, J. L. Essame Oyono,, B. Nkegoum,, O. Hbid,, A. Mahe,, C. Lebbe,, P. Tortevoye,, M. Huerre, and, A. Gessain. 2007. Evidence for a multiclonal origin of multicentric advanced lesions of Kaposi sarcoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99: 1086– 1094.
46. Fouchard, N.,, V. Lacoste,, P. Couppie,, M. Develoux,, P. Mauclere,, P. Michel,, V. Herve,, R. Pradinaud,, G. Bestetti,, M. Huerre,, F. Tekaia,, G. de The, and, A. Gessain. 2000. Detection and genetic polymorphism of human herpes virus type 8 in endemic or epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma from West and Central Africa, and South America. Int. J. Cancer 85: 166– 170.
47. Frances, C.,, C. Mouquet,, A. G. Marcelin,, S. Barete,, R. Agher,, D. Charron,, H. Benalia,, N. Dupin,, J. C. Piette,, M. O. Bitker, and, V. Calvez. 2000. Outcome of kidney transplant recipients with previous human herpesvirus-8 infection. Transplantation 69: 1776– 1779.
48. Friborg, J., Jr.,, W. Kong,, M. O. Hottiger, and, G. J. Nabel. 1999. p53 inhibition by the LANA protein of KSHV protects against cell death. Nature 402: 889– 894.
49. Friedman-Kien, A. E.,, B. R. Saltzman,, Y. Cao,, M. S. Nestor,, M. Mirabile,, J. J. Li, and, T. A. Peterman. 1990. Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV-negative homosexual men. Lancet 335: 168– 169.
50. Frizzera, G.,, B. A. Peterson,, E. D. Bayrd, and, A. Goldman. 1985. A systemic lymphoproliferative disorder with morphologic features of Castleman’s disease: clinical findings and clinicopathologic correlations in 15 patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 3: 1202– 1216.
51. Gaidano, G.,, A. Gloghini,, V. Gattei,, M. F. Rossi,, A. M. Cilia,, C. Godeas,, M. Degan,, T. Perin,, V. Canzonieri,, D. Aldinucci,, G. Saglio,, A. Carbone, and, A. Pinto. 1997. Association of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-positive primary effusion lymphoma with expression of the CD138/syndecan-1 antigen. Blood 90: 4894– 4900.
52. Gao, S.-J.,, C. Boshoff,, S. Jayachandra,, R. A. Weiss,, Y. Chang, and, P. S. Moore. 1997. KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene that inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene 15: 1979– 1986.
53. Gao, S.-J.,, L. Kingsley,, D. R. Hoover,, T. J. Spira,, C. R. Rinaldo,, A. Saah,, J. Phair,, R. Detels,, P. Parry,, Y. Chang, and, P. S. Moore. 1996. Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related latent nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 335: 233– 241.
54. Gao, S. J.,, L. Kingsley,, M. Li,, W. Zheng,, C. Parravicini,, J. Ziegler,, R. Newton,, C. R. Rinaldo,, A. Saah,, J. Phair,, R. Detels,, Y. Chang, and, P. S. Moore. 1996. KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi’s sarcoma. Nat. Med. 2: 925– 928.
56. Geddes, M.,, S. Franceschi,, D. Balzi,, A. Arniani,, L. Gafà, and, R. Zanetti. 1995. Birthplace and classic Kaposi’s sarcoma in Italy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87: 1015– 1017.
57. Gessain, A.,, A. Sudaka,, J. Brière,, N. Fouchard,, M. A. Nicola,, B. Rio,, M. Arborio,, X. Troussard,, J. Audouin,, J. Diebold, and, G. de Thé. 1996. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes-like virus (human herpesvirus type 8) DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman’s disease: is there any relevant association in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients? Blood 87: 414– 416.
58. Glaunsinger, B.,, and D. Ganem. 2004. Highly selective escape from KSHV-mediated host mRNA shutoff and its implications for viral pathogenesis. J. Exp. Med. 200: 391– 398.
59. Godden-Kent, D.,, S. J. Talbot,, C. Boshoff,, Y. Chang,, P. Moore,, R. A. Weiss, and, S. Mittnacht. 1997. The cyclin encoded by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus stimulates cdk6 to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein and histone H1. J. Virol. 71: 4193– 4198.
60. Goudsmit, J.,, N. Renwick,, N. H. Dukers,, R. A. Coutinho,, S. Heisterkamp,, M. Bakker,, T. F. Schulz,, M. Cornelissen, and, G. J. Weverling. 2000. Human herpesvirus 8 infections in the Amsterdam Cohort Studies (1984–1997): analysis of seroconversions to ORF65 and ORF73. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 4838– 4843.
61. Grossmann, C.,, S. Podgrabinska,, M. Skobe, and, D. Ganem. 2006. Activation of NF-κB by the latent vFLIP gene of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is required for the spindle shape of virus-infected endothelial cells and contributes to their proinflammatory phenotype. J. Virol. 80: 7179– 7185.
62. Grulich, A. E.,, V. Beral, and, A. J. Swerdlow. 1992. Kaposi’s sarcoma in England and Wales before the AIDS epidemic. Br. J. Cancer 66: 1135– 1137.
63. Grulich, A. E.,, J. M. Kaldor,, O. Hendry,, K. H. Luo,, N. J. Bodsworth, and, D. A. Cooper. 1997. Risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma and oroanal sexual contact. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145: 673– 679.
64. Guasparri, I.,, S. A. Keller, and, E. Cesarman. 2004. KSHV vFLIP is essential for the survival of infected lymphoma cells. J. Exp. Med. 199: 993– 1003.
65. Han, Z.,, and S. Swaminathan. 2006. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic gene ORF57 is essential for infectious virion production. J. Virol. 80: 5251– 5260.
66. Harris, N. L.,, E. S. Jaffe,, J. Diebold,, G. Flandrin,, H. K. Muller-Hermelink,, J. Vardiman,, T. A. Lister, and, C. D. Bloomfield. 1999. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997. J. Clin. Oncol. 17: 3835– 3849.
67. Hayward, G. S.,, and J. C. Zong. 2007. Modern evolutionary history of the human KSHV genome. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 312: 1– 42.
68. Hladik, W.,, S. C. Dollard,, J. Mermin,, A. L. Fowlkes,, R. Downing,, M. M. Amin,, F. Banage,, E. Nzaro,, P. Kataaha,, T. J. Dondero,, P. E. Pellett, and, E. M. Lackritz. 2006. Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 by blood transfusion. N. Engl. J. Med. 355: 1331– 1338.
69. Ishido, S.,, J. K. Choi,, B. S. Lee,, C. Wang,, M. DeMaria,, R. P. Johnson,, G. B. Cohen, and, J. U. Jung. 2000. Inhibition of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K5 protein. Immunity 13: 365– 374.
70. Ishido, S.,, C. Wang,, B. S. Lee,, G. B. Cohen, and, J. U. Jung. 2000. Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 proteins. J. Virol. 74: 5300– 5309.
71. Izumiya, Y.,, S.-F. Lin,, T. J. Ellison,, A. M. Levy,, G. L. Mayeur,, C. Izumiya, and, H.-J. Kung. 2003. Cell cycle regulation by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus KbZIP: direct interaction with cyclin-CDK2 and induction of G 1 growth arrest. J. Virol. 77: 9652– 9661.
72. Jacobson, L. P.,, F. J. Jenkins,, G. Springer,, A. Munoz,, K. V. Shah,, J. Phair,, Z. Zhang, and, H. Armenian. 2000. Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human herpesvirus type 8 infections on the incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma. J. Infect. Dis. 181: 1940– 1949.
73. Jacobson, L. P.,, T. E. Yamashita,, R. Detels,, J. B. Margolick,, J. S. Chmiel,, L. A. Kingsley,, S. Melnick, and, A. Munoz. 1999. Impact of potent antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas among HIV-1-infected individuals. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 21( Suppl. 1): S34– S41.
74. Jones, J.,, T. Peterman,, S. Chu, and, H. Jaffe. 1995. AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 267: 1078– 1079.
75. Jones, J. L.,, D. L. Hanson,, M. S. Dworkin,, J. W. Ward, and, H. W. Jaffe. 1999. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on recent trends in selected cancers among HIV-infected persons. Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project Group. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 21( Suppl. 1): S11– S17.
76. Jones, K. D.,, Y. Aoki,, Y. Chang,, P. S. Moore,, R. Yarchoan, and, G. Tosato. 1999. Involvement of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-6 in the spontaneous growth of Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus-associated infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood 94: 2871– 2879.
77. Joo, C. H.,, Y. C. Shin,, M. Gack,, L. Wu,, D. Levy, and, J. U. Jung. 2007. inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated interferon signal transduction by the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral IRF homolog vIRF3. J. Virol. 81: 8282– 8292.
78. Judde, J. G.,, V. Lacoste,, J. Briere,, E. Kassa-Kelembho,, E. Clyti,, P. Couppie,, C. Buchrieser,, M. Tulliez,, J. Morvan, and, A. Gessain. 2000. Monoclonality or oligoclonality of human herpesvirus 8 terminal repeat sequences in Kaposi’s sarcoma and other diseases. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 729– 736.
80. Kasolo, F. C.,, E. Mpabalwani, and, U. A. Gompels. 1997. Infection with AIDS-related herpesviruses in human immunodeficiency virus-negative infants and endemic childhood Kaposi’s sarcoma in Africa. J. Gen. Virol. 78: 847– 856.
81. Katano, H.,, Y. Sato,, T. Kurata,, S. Mori, and, T. Sata. 2000. Expression and localization of human herpesvirus 8-encoded proteins in primary effusion lymphoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Virology 269: 335– 344.
82. Kedes, D. H.,, and D. Ganem. 1997. Sensitivity of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication to anti-viral drugs. Implications for potential therapy. J. Clin. Investig. 99: 2082– 2086.
83. Kedes, D. H.,, M. Lagunoff,, R. Renne, and, D. Ganem. 1997. Identification of the gene encoding the major latency-associated nuclear antigen of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Clin. Investig. 100: 2606– 2610.
84. Kedes, D. H.,, E. Operskalski,, M. Busch,, R. Kohn,, J. Flood, and, D. Ganem. 1996. The seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): distribution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission. Nat. Med. 2: 918– 924.
85. Kestens, L.,, M. Melbye,, R. J. Biggar,, W. J. Stevens,, P. Piot,, A. de Muynck,, H. Taelman,, M. de Feyter,, L. Paluku, and, P. L. Gigase. 1985. Endemic Kaposi’s sarcoma is not associated with immunodeficiency. Int. J. Cancer 36: 49– 54.
86. Kirshner, J. R.,, K. Staskus,, A. Haase,, M. Lagunoff, and, D. Ganem. 1999. Expression of the open reading frame 74 (G-protein-coupled receptor) gene of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus: implications for KS pathogenesis. J. Virol. 73: 6006– 6014.
87. Knowles, D. M.,, G. Inghirami,, A. Ubriaco, and, R. Dalla-Favera. 1989. Molecular genetic analysis of three AIDS-associated neoplasms of uncertain lineage demonstrates their B-cell derivation and the possible pathogenetic role of Epstein-Barr virus. Blood 73: 792– 799.
88. Kudoh, A.,, M. Fujita,, T. Kiyono,, K. Kuzushima,, Y. Sugaya,, S. Izuta,, Y. Nishiyama, and, T. Tsurumi. 2003. Reactivation of lytic replication from B cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus occurs with high S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase activity while inhibiting cellular DNA replication. J. Virol. 77: 851– 861.
89. Kwun, H. J.,, S. R. da Silva,, I. Shah,, N. Blake,, P. S. Moore, and, Y. Chang. 2007. KSHV LANA1 mimics EBV EBNA1 immune evasion through central repeat domain effects on protein processing. J. Virol. 81: 8225– 8235.
90. Lacoste, V.,, P. Mauclere,, G. Dubreuil,, J. Lewis,, M. C. Georges-Courbot, and, A. Gessain. 2001. A novel gamma 2-herpesvirus of the Rhadinovirus 2 lineage in chimpanzees. Genome Res. 11: 1511– 1519.
91. Lagunoff, M.,, R. Majeti,, A. Weiss, and, D. Ganem. 1999. Deregulated signal transduction by the K1 gene product of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 5704– 5709.
92. Laney, A. S.,, J. S. Peters,, S. M. Manzi,, L. A. Kingsley,, Y. Chang, and, P. S. Moore. 2006. Use of a multiantigen detection algorithm for diagnosis of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 3734– 3741.
93. Lee, B. S.,, X. Alvarez,, S. Ishido,, A. A. Lackner, and, J. U. Jung. 2000. Inhibition of intracellular transport of B cell antigen receptor complexes by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K1. J. Exp. Med. 192: 11– 21.
94. Lee, H.,, J. Guo,, M. Li,, J. K. Choi,, M. DeMaria,, M. Rosenzweig, and, J. U. Jung. 1998. Identification of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of K1 transforming protein of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 5219– 5228.
95. Lee, H.,, R. Veazey,, K. Williams,, M. Li,, J. Guo,, F. Neipel,, B. Fleckenstein,, A. Lackner,, R. C. Desrosiers, and, J. U. Jung. 1998. Deregulation of cell growth by the K1 gene of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nat. Med. 4: 435– 440.
96. Li, M.,, H. Lee,, D. W. Yoon,, J. C. Albrecht,, B. Fleckenstein,, F. Neipel, and, J. U. Jung. 1997. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional cyclin. J. Virol. 71: 1984– 1991.
97. Li, Q.,, R. Means,, S. Lang, and, J. U. Jung. 2007. Down-regulation of gamma interferon receptor 1 by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5. J. Virol. 81: 2117– 2127.
98. Liang, Y.,, J. Chang,, S. J. Lynch,, D. M. Lukac, and, D. Ganem. 2002. The lytic switch protein of KSHV activates gene expression via functional interaction with RBP-Jκ (CSL), the target of the Notch signaling pathway. Genes Dev. 16: 1977– 1989.
99. Lin, S. F.,, R. Sun,, L. Heston,, L. Gradoville,, D. Shedd,, K. Haglund,, M. Rigsby, and, G. Miller. 1997. Identification, expression, and immunogenicity of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded small viral capsid antigen. J. Virol. 71: 3069– 3076.
100. Lukac, D. M.,, R. Renne,, J. R. Kirshner, and, D. Ganem. 1998. Reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection from latency by expression of the ORF 50 transactivator, a homolog of the EBV R protein. Virology 252: 304– 312.
102. Luppi, M.,, P. Barozzi,, T. F. Schulz,, G. Setti,, K. Staskus,, R. Trovato,, F. Narni,, A. Donelli,, A. Maiorana,, R. Marasca,, S. Sandrini,, G. Torelli, and, J. Sheldon. 2000. Bone marrow failure associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection after transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 1378– 1385.
103. Lyall, E. G.,, G. S. Patton,, J. Sheldon,, C. Stainsby,, J. Mullen,, S. O’Shea,, N. A. Smith,, A. De Ruiter,, M. O. McClure, and, T. F. Schulz. 1999. Evidence for horizontal and not vertical transmission of human herpesvirus 8 in children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18: 795– 799.
104. Malope, B. I.,, R. M. Pfeiffer,, G. Mbisa,, L. Stein,, E. M. Ratshikhopha,, D. L. O’Connell,, F. Sitas,, P. MacPhail, and, D. Whitby. 2007. Transmission of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus between mothers and children in a South African population. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 44: 351– 355.
105. Margolius, L.,, M. Stein,, D. Spencer, and, W. R. Bezwoda. 1994. Kaposi’s sarcoma in renal transplant recipients. Experience at Johannesburg Hospital, 1966–1989. S. Afr. Med. J. 84: 16– 17.
106. Martin, D. F.,, B. D. Kuppermann,, R. A. Wolitz,, A. G. Palestine,, H. Li, and, C. A. Robinson. 1999. Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant. N. Engl. J. Med. 340: 1063– 1070.
107. Martin, J. N.,, D. E. Ganem,, D. H. Osmond,, K. A. Page-Shafer,, D. Macrae, and, D. H. Kedes. 1998. Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 338: 948– 954.
108. Maslovsky, I.,, L. Uriev, and, G. Lugassy. 2000. The heterogeneity of Castleman disease: report of five cases and review of the literature. Am. J. Med. Sci. 320: 292– 295.
109. Matta, H.,, R. M. Surabhi,, J. Zhao,, V. Punj,, Q. Sun,, S. Schamus,, L. Mazzacurati, and, P. M. Chaudhary. 2007. Induction of spindle cell morphology in human vascular endothelial cells by human herpesvirus 8-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein K13. Oncogene 26: 1656– 1660.
110. Maurer, T.,, M. Ponte, and, K. Leslie. 2007. HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma with a high CD4 count and a low viral load. N. Engl. J. Med. 357: 1352– 1353.
111. Mbulaiteye, S. M.,, R. J. Biggar,, P. M. Bakaki,, R. M. Pfeiffer,, D. Whitby,, A. M. Owor,, E. Katongole-Mbidde,, J. J. Goedert,, C. M. Ndugwa, and, E. A. Engels. 2003. Human herpesvirus 8 infection and transfusion history in children with sickle-cell disease in Uganda. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95: 1330– 1335.
112. Mbulaiteye, S. M.,, E. T. Katabira,, H. Wabinga,, D. M. Parkin,, P. Virgo,, R. Ochai,, M. Workneh,, A. Coutinho, and, E. A. Engels. 2006. Spectrum of cancers among HIV-infected persons in Africa: the Uganda AIDS-Cancer Registry Match Study. Int. J. Cancer 118: 985– 990.
113. Mc-Geoch, D. J.,, D. Gatherer, and, A. Dolan. 2005. On phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of the Gammaherpesvirinae. J. Gen. Virol. 86: 307– 316.
114. Medveczky, M. M.,, E. Horvath,, T. Lund, and, P. G. Medveczky. 1997. In vitro antiviral drug sensitivity of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. AIDS 11: 1327– 1332.
115. Mendez, J. C.,, and C. V. Paya. 2000. Kaposi’s sarcoma and transplantation. Herpes 7: 18– 23.
116. Mittnacht, S.,, and C. Boshoff. 2000. Viral cyclins. Rev. Med. Virol. 10: 175– 184.
117. Moore, P. S. 2007. KSHV manipulation of the cell cycle and programmed cell death pathways, p. 540–558. In A. Arvin,, G. Campadelli-Fiume,, E. Mocarski,, P. S. Moore,, B. Roizman,, R. Whitley, and, K. Yamanishi (ed.), Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy and Immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
118. Moore, P. S.,, C. Boshoff,, R. A. Weiss, and, Y. Chang. 1996. Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science 274: 1739– 1744.
119. Moore, P. S.,, and Y. Chang. 2003. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immunoevasion and tumorigenesis: two sides of the same coin? Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 57: 609– 639.
121. Moore, P. S.,, L. A. Kingsley,, S. D. Holmberg,, T. Spira,, P. Gupta,, D. R. Hoover,, J. P. Parry,, L. J. Conley,, H. W. Jaffe, and, Y. Chang. 1996. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection prior to onset of Kaposi’s sarcoma. AIDS 10: 175– 180.
122. Munoz-Fontela, C.,, L. Marcos-Villar,, P. Gallego,, J. Arroyo,, M. Da Costa,, K. M. Pomeranz,, E. W. Lam, and, C. Rivas. 2007. Latent protein LANA2 from Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts with 14-3-3 proteins and inhibits FOXO3a transcription factor. J. Virol. 81: 1511– 1516.
123. Nador, R. G.,, E. Cesarman,, A. Chadburn,, D. B. Dawson,, M. Q. Ansari,, J. Sald, and, D. M. Knowles. 1996. Primary effusion lymphoma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity associated with the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus. Blood 88: 645– 656.
124. Nador, R. G.,, E. Cesarman,, D. M. Knowles, and, J. W. Said. 1995. Herpes-like DNA sequences in a body-cavity-based lymphoma in an HIV-negative patient. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 943.
125. Nakamura, H.,, M. Li,, J. Zarycki, and, J. U. Jung. 2001. Inhibition of p53 tumor suppressor by viral interferon regulatory factor. J. Virol. 75: 7572– 7582.
126. Nealon, K.,, W. W. Newcomb,, T. R. Pray,, C. S. Craik,, J. C. Brown, and, D. H. Kedes. 2001. Lytic replication of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus results in the formation of multiple capsid species: isolation and molecular characterization of A, B, and C capsids from a gammaherpesvirus. J. Virol. 75: 2866– 2878.
127. Neipel, F.,, J. C. Albrecht, and, B. Fleckenstein. 1997. Cell-homologous genes in the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated rhadinovirus human herpesvirus 8: determinants of its pathogenicity? J. Virol. 71: 4187– 4192.
128. Nekorchuk, M.,, Z. Han,, T.-T. Hsieh, and, S. Swaminathan. 2007. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF57 protein enhances mRNA accumulation independent of effects on nuclear RNA export. J. Virol. 81: 9990– 9998.
129. Ocio, E. M.,, F. M. Sanchez-Guijo,, M. Diez-Campelo,, C. Castilla,, O. J. Blanco,, D. Caballero, and, J. F. San Miguel. 2005. Efficacy of rituximab in an aggressive form of multicentric Castleman disease associated with immune phenomena. Am. J. Hematol. 78: 302– 305.
130. Oettle, A. G. 1962. Geographical and racial differences in the frequency of Kaposi’s sarcoma as evidence of environmental or genetic causes. Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 18: 330– 363.
131. Oksenhendler, E.,, D. Cazals-Hatem,, T. F. Schulz,, V. Barateau,, L. Grollet,, J. Sheldon,, J. P. Clauvel,, F. Sigaux, and, F. Agbalika. 1998. Transient angiolymphoid hyperplasia and Kaposi’s sarcoma after primary infection with human herpesvirus 8 in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 338: 1585– 1590.
132. Olsen, S. J.,, R. Sarid,, Y. Chang, and, P. S. Moore. 2000. Evaluation of the latency-associated nuclear antigen (ORF73) of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus by peptide mapping and bacterially expressed recombinant Western blot assay. J. Infect. Dis. 182: 306– 310.
133. Orenstein, J. M.,, S. Alkan,, A. Blauvelt,, K. T. Jeang,, M. D. Weinstein,, D. Ganem, and, B. Herndier. 1997. Visualization of human herpesvirus type 8 in Kaposi’s sarcoma by light and transmission electron microscopy. AIDS 11: F35– F45.
134. Park, J.,, T. Seo,, S. Hwang,, D. Lee,, Y. Gwack, and, J. Choe. 2000. The K-bZIP protein from Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts with p53 and represses its transcriptional activity. J. Virol. 74: 11977– 11982.
135. Parravicini, C.,, M. Corbellino,, M. Paulli,, U. Magrini,, M. Lazzarino,, P. S. Moore, and, Y. Chang. 1997. Expression of a virus-derived cytokine, KSHV vIL-6, in HIV-seronegative Castleman’s disease. Am. J. Pathol. 151: 1517– 1522.
136. Parravicini, C.,, S. J. Olsen,, M. Capra,, F. Poli,, G. Sirchia,, S.-J. Gao,, E. Berti,, A. Nocera,, E. Rossi,, G. Bestetti,, M. Pizzuto,, M. Galli,, M. Moroni,, P. S. Moore, and, M. Corbellino. 1997. Risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transmission from donor allografts among Italian posttransplant Kaposi’s sarcoma patients. Blood 90: 2826– 2829.
137. Pattingre, S.,, A. Tassa,, X. Qu,, R. Garuti,, X. H. Liang,, N. Mizushima,, M. Packer,, M. D. Schneider, and, B. Levine. 2005. Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell 122: 927– 939.
138. Pau, C.-P.,, L. L. Lam,, T. J. Spira,, J. B. Black,, J. A. Stewart,, P. E. Pellett, and, R. A. Respess. 1998. Mapping and serodiagnostic application of a dominant epitope within the human herpesvirus 8 ORF 65-encoded protein. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1574– 1577.
139. Pellett, P. E.,, D. J. Wright,, E. A. Engels,, D. V. Ablashi,, S. C. Dollard,, B. Forghani,, S. A. Glynn,, J. J. Goedert,, F. J. Jenkins,, T. H. Lee,, F. Neipel,, D. S. Todd,, D. Whitby,, G. J. Nemo, and, M. P. Busch. 2003. Multicenter comparison of serologic assays and estimation of human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence among US blood donors. Transfusion 43: 1260– 1268.
140. Perez, C.,, M. Tous,, S. Gallego,, N. Zala,, O. Rabinovich,, S. Garbiero,, M. J. Martinez,, A. M. Cunha,, S. Camino,, A. Camara,, S. C. Costa,, M. Larrondo,, V. Francalancia,, F. Landreau, and, M. A. Bartomioli. 2004. Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 in blood donors from different geographical regions of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. J. Med. Virol. 72: 661– 667.
141. Pfeffer, S.,, A. Sewer,, M. Lagos-Quintana,, R. Sheridan,, C. Sander,, F. A. Grasser,, L. F. van Dyk,, C. K. Ho,, S. Shuman,, M. Chien,, J. J. Russo,, J. Ju,, G. Randall,, B. D. Lindenbach,, C. M. Rice,, V. Simon,, D. D. Ho,, M. Zavolan, and, T. Tuschl. 2005. Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family. Nat. Methods 2: 269– 276.
142. Poole, L. J.,, J. C. Zong,, D. M. Ciufo,, D. J. Alcendor,, J. S. Cannon,, R. Ambinder,, J. M. Orenstein,, M. S. Reitz, and, G. S. Hayward. 1999. Comparison of genetic variability at multiple loci across the genomes of the major subtypes of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus reveals evidence for recombination and for two distinct types of open reading frame K15 alleles at the right-hand end. J. Virol. 73: 6646– 6660.
143. Pozharskaya, V. P.,, L. L. Weakland,, J. C. Zimring,, L. T. Krug,, E. R. Unger,, A. Neisch,, H. Joshi,, N. Inoue, and, M. K. Offermann. 2004. Short duration of elevated vIRF-1 expression during lytic replication of human herpesvirus 8 limits its ability to block antiviral responses induced by alpha interferon in BCBL-1 cells. J. Virol. 78: 6621– 6635.
144. Qunibi, W.,, M. Akhtar,, K. Sheth,, H. E. Ginn,, F. O. Al,, E. B. DeVol, and, S. Taher. 1988. Kaposi’s sarcoma: the most common tumor after renal transplantation in Saudi Arabia. Am. J. Med. 84: 225– 232.
145. Radkov, S. A.,, P. Kellam, and, C. Boshoff. 2000. The latent nuclear antigen of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus targets the retinoblastoma-E2F pathway and with the oncogene Hras transforms primary rat cells. Nat. Med. 6: 1121– 1127.
146. Rainbow, L.,, G. M. Platt,, G. R. Simpson,, R. Sarid,, S. J. Gao,, H. Stoiber,, C. S. Herrington,, P. S. Moore, and, T. F. Schulz. 1997. The 222- to 234-kilodalton latent nuclear protein (LNA) of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) is encoded by orf73 and is a component of the latency-associated nuclear antigen. J. Virol. 71: 5915– 5921.
147. Regamey, N.,, M. Tamm,, M. Wernli,, A. Witschi,, G. Thiel,, G. Cathomas, and, P. Erb. 1998. Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 infection from renal-transplant donors to recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 339: 1358– 1363.
148. Renne, R.,, W. Zhong,, B. Herndier,, M. McGrath,, N. Abbey,, D. Kedes, and, D. Ganem. 1996. Lytic growth of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in culture. Nat. Med. 2: 342– 346.
149. Renwick, N.,, T. Halaby,, G. J. Weverling,, N. H. Dukers,, G. R. Simpson,, R. A. Coutinho,, J. M. Lange,, T. F. Schulz, and, J. Goudsmit. 1998. Seroconversion for human herpesvirus 8 during HIV infection is highly predictive of Kaposi’s sarcoma. AIDS 12: 2481– 2488.
150. Rivas, C.,, A. E. Thlick,, C. Parravicini,, P. S. Moore, and, Y. Chang. 2001. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J. Virol. 75: 429– 438.
151. Robles, R.,, D. Lugo,, L. Gee, and, M. A. Jacobson. 1999. Effect of antiviral drugs used to treat cytomegalovirus end-organ disease on subsequent course of previously diagnosed Kaposi’s sarcoma in patients with AIDS. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 20: 34– 38.
152. Rose, T. M.,, K. B. Strand,, E. R. Schultz,, G. Schaefer,, G. J. Rankin,, M. E. Thouless,, C. C. Tsai, and, M. L. Bosch. 1997. Identification of two homologs of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in retroperitoneal fibromatosis of different macaque species. J. Virol. 71: 4138– 4144.
153. Russo, J. J.,, R. A. Bohenzky,, M. C. Chien,, J. Chen,, M. Yan,, D. Maddalena,, J. P. Parry,, D. Peruzzi,, I. S. Edelman,, Y. Chang, and, P. S. Moore. 1996. Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14862– 14867.
154. Sanchez, D. J.,, J. E. Gumperz, and, D. Ganem. 2005. Regulation of CD1d expression and function by a herpesvirus infection. J. Clin. Investig. 115: 1369– 1378.
155. Sarek, G.,, S. Kurki,, J. Enback,, G. Iotzova,, J. Haas,, P. Laakkonen,, M. Laiho, and, P. M. Ojala. 2007. Reactivation of the p53 pathway as a treatment modality for KSHV-induced lymphomas. J. Clin. Invest. 117: 1019– 1028.
156. Sarid, R.,, O. Flore,, R. A. Bohenzky,, Y. Chang, and, P. S. Moore. 1998. Transcription mapping of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome in a body cavity-based lymphoma cell line (BC-1). J. Virol. 72: 1005– 1012.
157. Sarid, R.,, T. Sato,, R. A. Bohenzky,, J. J. Russo, and, Y. Chang. 1997. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional bcl-2 homologue. Nat. Med. 3: 293– 298.
158. Sarid, R.,, J. S. Wiezorek,, P. S. Moore, and, Y. Chang. 1999. Characterization and cell cycle regulation of the major Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) latent genes and their promoter. J. Virol. 73: 1438– 1446.
159. Seo, T.,, J. Park,, D. Lee,, S. G. Hwang, and, J. Choe. 2001. Viral interferon regulatory factor 1 of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus binds to p53 and represses p53-dependent transcription and apoptosis. J. Virol. 75: 6193– 6198.
160. Shin, Y. C.,, H. Nakamura,, X. Liang,, P. Feng,, H. Chang,, T. F. Kowalik, and, J. U. Jung. 2006. Inhibition of the ATM/p53 signal transduction pathway by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interferon regulatory factor 1. J. Virol. 80: 2257– 2266.
161. Simpson, G. R.,, T. F. Schulz,, D. Whitby,, P. M. Cook,, C. Boshoff,, L. Rainbow,, M. R. Howard,, S. J. Gao,, R. A. Bohenzky,, P. Simmonds,, C. Lee,, A. de Ruiter,, A. Hatzakis,, R. S. Tedder,, I. V. Weller,, R. A. Weiss, and, P. S. Moore. 1996. Prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus infection measured by antibodies to recombinant capsid protein and latent immunofluorescence antigen. Lancet 348: 1133– 1138.
162. Sitas, F.,, H. Carrara,, V. Beral,, R. Newton,, G. Reeves,, D. Bull,, U. Jentsch,, R. Pacella-Norman,, D. Bourboulia,, D. Whitby,, C. Boshoff,, R. Weiss,, M. Patel,, P. Ruff,, W. R. Bezwoda,, E. Retter, and, M. Hale. 1999. Antibodies against human herpesvirus 8 in black South African patients with cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 340: 1863– 1871.
163. Soulier, J.,, L. Grollet,, E. Oksenhendler,, P. Cacoub,, D. Cazals-Hatem,, P. Babinet,, M.-F. d’Agay,, J.-P. Clauvel,, M. Raphael,, L. Degos, and, F. Sigaux. 1995. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman’s disease. Blood 86: 1276– 1280.
164. Sozzani, S.,, W. Luini,, G. Bianchi,, P. Allavena,, T. N. Wells,, M. Napolitano,, G. Bernardini,, A. Vecchi,, D. D’Ambrosio,, D. Mazzeo,, F. Sinigaglia,, A. Santoni,, E. Maggi,, S. Romagnani, and, A. Mantovani. 1998. The viral chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-II is a selective Th2 chemoattractant. Blood 92: 4036– 4039.
165. Spiller, O. B.,, L. Mark,, C. E. Blue,, D. G. Proctor,, J. A. Aitken,, A. M. Blom, and, D. J. Blackbourn. 2006. Dissecting the regions of virion-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus complement control protein required for complement regulation and cell binding. J. Virol. 80: 4068– 4078.
166. Spira, T. J.,, L. Lam,, S. C. Dollard,, Y. X. Meng,, C. P. Pau,, J. B. Black,, D. Burns,, B. Cooper,, M. Hamid,, J. Huong,, K. Kite-Powell, and, P. E. Pellett. 2000. Comparison of serologic assays and PCR for diagnosis of human herpesvirus 8 infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2174– 2180.
167. Stallone, G.,, A. Schena,, B. Infante,, S. Di Paolo,, A. Loverre,, G. Maggio,, E. Ranieri,, L. Gesualdo,, F. P. Schena, and, G. Grandaliano. 2005. Sirolimus for Kaposi’s sarcoma in renal-transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 352: 1317– 1323.
168. Staskus, K. A.,, W. Zhong,, K. Gebhard,, B. Herndier,, H. Wang,, R. Renne,, J. Beneke,, J. Pudney,, D. J. Anderson,, D. Ganem, and, A. T. Haase. 1997. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression in endothelial (spindle) tumor cells. J. Virol. 71: 715– 719.
169. Stine, J. T.,, C. Wood,, M. Hill,, A. Epp,, C. J. Raport,, V. L. Schweickart,, Y. Endo,, T. Sasaki,, G. Simmons,, C. Boshoff,, P. Clapham,, Y. Chang,, P. Moore,, P. W. Gray, and, D. Chantry. 2000. KSHV-encoded CC chemokine vMIP-III is a CCR4 agonist, stimulates angiogenesis, and selectively chemoattracts TH2 cells. Blood 95: 1151– 1157.
170. Sun, R.,, S.-F. Lin,, L. Gradoville, and, G. Miller. 1996. Polyadenylated nuclear RNA encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 11883– 11888.
171. Sun, R.,, S. F. Lin,, L. Gradoville,, Y. Yuan,, F. Zhu, and, G. Miller. 1998. A viral gene that activates lytic cycle expression of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 10866– 10871.
172. Sun, R.,, S. F. Lin,, K. Staskus,, L. Gradoville,, E. Grogan,, A. Haase, and, G. Miller. 1999. Kinetics of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J. Virol. 73: 2232– 2242.
173. Thome, M.,, P. Schneider,, K. Hofman,, H. Fickenscher,, E. Meinl,, F. Neipel,, C. Mattmann,, K. Burns,, J.-L. Bodmer,, M. Schröter,, C. Scaffidl,, P. H. Krammer,, M. E. Peter, and, J. Tschopp. 1997. Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors. Nature 386: 517– 521.
174. Trus, B. L.,, J. B. Heymann,, K. Nealon,, N. Cheng,, W. W. Newcomb,, J. C. Brown,, D. H. Kedes, and, A. C. Steven. 2001. Capsid structure of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, a gammaherpesvirus, compared to those of an alphaherpesvirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and a betaherpesvirus, cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 75: 2879– 2890.
175. Verschuren, E. W.,, N. Jones, and, G. I. Evan. 2004. The cell cycle and how it is steered by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cyclin. J. Gen. Virol. 85: 1347– 1361.
176. Wabinga, H. R.,, D. M. Parkin,, F. Wabwire-Mangen, and, J. Mugerwa. 1993. Cancer in Kampala, Uganda, in 1989–91: changes in incidence in the era of AIDS. Int. J. Cancer 54: 5– 22.
177. Walter, P. R.,, E. Philippe,, C. Nguemby-Mbina, and, A. Chamlian. 1984. Kaposi’s sarcoma: presence of herpes-type particles in a tumor specimen. Hum. Pathol. 15: 1145– 1146.
178. Wang, S. E.,, F. Y. Wu,, M. Fujimuro,, J. Zong,, S. D. Hayward, and, G. S. Hayward. 2003. Role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) in activation of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic-cycle replication-associated protein (RAP) promoter in cooperation with the KSHV replication and transcription activator (RTA) and RAP. J. Virol. 77: 600– 623.
179. Whitby, D.,, M. R. Howard,, M. Tenant-Flowers,, N. S. Brink,, A. Copas,, C. Boshoff,, T. Hatziouannou,, F. E. A. Suggett,, D. M. Aldam,, A. S. Denton,, R. F. Miller,, I. V. D. Weller,, R. A. Weiss,, R. S. Tedder, and, T. F. Schulz. 1995. Detection of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals predicts progression to Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 364: 799– 802.
180. Whitby, D.,, M. Luppi,, P. Barozzi,, C. Boshoff,, R. A. Weiss, and, G. Torelli. 1998. Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in blood donors and lymphoma patients from different regions of Italy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90: 395– 397.
181. Whitby, D.,, M. Luppi,, C. Sabin,, P. Barozzi,, A. R. Di Biase,, F. Balli,, F. Cucci,, R. A. Weiss,, C. Boshoff, and, G. Torelli. 2000. Detection of antibodies to human herpesvirus 8 in Italian children: evidence for horizontal transmission. Br. J. Cancer 82: 702– 704.
182. Whitman, A. G.,, O. F. Dyson,, P. J. Lambert,, T. L. Oxendine,, P. W. Ford, and, S. M. Akula. 2007. Changes occurring on the cell surface during KSHV reactivation. J. Electron Microsc. 56: 27– 36.
183. Wu, F. Y.,, Q. Q. Tang,, H. Chen,, C. ApRhys,, C. Farrell,, J. Chen,, M. Fujimuro,, M. D. Lane, and, G. S. Hayward. 2002. Lytic replication-associated protein (RAP) encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus causes p21 CIP-1-mediated G 1 cell cycle arrest through CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 10683– 10688.
184. Wu, L.,, P. Lo,, X. Yu,, J. K. Stoops,, B. Forghani, and, Z. H. Zhou. 2000. Three-dimensional structure of the human herpesvirus 8 capsid. J. Virol. 74: 9646– 9654.
185. Yang, B. T.,, S. C. Chen,, M. W. Leach,, D. Manfra,, B. Homey,, M. Wiekowski,, L. Sullivan,, C. H. Jenh,, S. K. Narula,, S. W. Chensue, and, S. A. Lira. 2000. Transgenic expression of the chemokine receptor encoded by human herpesvirus 8 induces an angioproliferative disease resembling Kaposi’s sarcoma. J. Exp. Med. 191: 445– 454.
186. Yoo, S. M.,, F. C. Zhou,, F. C. Ye,, H. Y. Pan, and, S. J. Gao. 2005. Early and sustained expression of latent and host modulating genes in coordinated transcriptional program of KSHV productive primary infection of human primary endothelial cells. Virology 343: 47– 64.
187. Yu, F.,, J. N. Harada,, H. J. Brown,, H. Deng,, M. J. Song,, T. T. Wu,, J. Kato-Stankiewicz,, C. G. Nelson,, J. Vieira,, F. Tamanoi,, S. K. Chanda, and, R. Sun. 2007. Systematic identification of cellular signals reactivating Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. PLoS Pathog. 3: e44.
188. Zaldumbide, A.,, M. Ossevoort,, E. J. Wiertz, and, R. C. Hoeben. 2007. In cis inhibition of antigen processing by the latency-associated nuclear antigen I of Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus. Mol. Immunol. 44: 1352– 1360.
189. Zhong, W.,, and D. Ganem. 1997. Characterization of ribonucleoprotein complexes containing an abundant polyadenylated nuclear RNA encoded by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8). J. Virol. 71: 1207– 1212.
190. Zhu, F. X.,, J. M. Chong,, L. Wu, and, Y. Yuan. 2005. Virion proteins of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 79: 800– 811.
191. Zhu, F. X.,, T. Cusano, and, Y. Yuan. 1999. Identification of the immediate-early transcripts of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol. 73: 5556– 5567.
192. Zhu, F. X.,, X. Li,, F. Zhou,, S. J. Gao, and, Y. Yuan. 2006. Functional characterization of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF45 by bacterial artificial chromosome-based mutagenesis. J. Virol. 80: 12187– 12196.
193. Ziegler, J. L.,, and E. Katongole-Mbidde. 1996. Kaposi’s sarcoma in childhood: an analysis of 100 cases from Uganda and relationship to HIV infection. Int. J. Cancer 65: 200– 203.
194. Zimring, J. C.,, S. Goodbourn, and, M. K. Offermann. 1998. Human herpesvirus 8 encodes an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) homolog that represses IRF-1-mediated transcription. J. Virol. 72: 701– 707.
195. Zong, J. C.,, D. M. Ciufo,, D. J. Alcendor,, X. Wan,, J. Nicholas,, P. J. Browning,, P. L. Rady,, S. K. Tyring,, J. M. Orenstein,, C. S. Rabkin,, I. J. Su,, K. F. Powell,, M. Croxson,, K. E. Foreman,, B. J. Nickoloff,, S. Alkan, and, G. S. Hayward. 1999. High-level variability in the ORF-K1 membrane protein gene at the left end of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome defines four major virus subtypes and multiple variants or clades in different human populations. J. Virol. 73: 4156– 4170.

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.