Source: https://es.scribd.com/document/373196920/Memorandum-Order
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 00:59:32+00:00

Document:
Complaint, ECF No. 1, Jan. 18, 2018, at 1 (“CFTC Compl.”).
violation of the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”). Id. at 11.
for all debts . . .”).
involve the sale of futures or derivative contracts.
”). CFTC’s broad authority extends to fraud or manipulation in derivatives markets and underlying spot markets. ECF No. Prelim. and all services. in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in.R. CFTC may exercise its enforcement power over fraud related to virtual currencies sold in interstate commerce.S. The court finds a reasonable likelihood that without an injunction the defendants will continue to violate the CEA. Injunctive Relief After hearing testimony from an Investigator in the Division of Enforcement for the CFTC. . B. Christopher Giglio Declaration. the court finds the plaintiff has made a preliminary prima facie showing that the defendants committed fraud by misappropriation of investors’ funds and misrepresentation through false trading advice and promised future profits.. Customers from the United States and abroad paid defendants for “membership” in virtual currency trading groups purported to provide exit prices and profits of up to “300%” per 4 . 26. Ex. A preliminary injunction is granted in favor of the CFTC. See Appendix A. 21. 2 (“Giglio Decl. .C. Facts Patrick McDonnell and his company CabbageTech. II.”) ¶¶ 13. 2018. An order outlining the terms of relief is issued and attached.14. rights.F. See Title 7 U. in the spring and summer of 2017. § 9(1). offered fraudulent trading and investment services related to virtual currency.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 4 of 79 PageID #: 408 (The CEA defines “commodity” as agricultural products and “all other goods and articles . Corp. Feb.1. . See Title 17 C. and interests . § 180. see Description of “Virtual Currencies” infra Part III. Injunction”). doing business as Coin Drop Markets (“defendants”). A. . Order of Preliminary Injunction and Other Relief (“App.
. III. . ¶ 26. at 4 (“CFTC Brief”). Defendants provided minimal. After receiving membership payment or virtual currency investments. and that $1.”). Id. virtual currency trading advice and never achieved the promised return on investment.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 5 of 79 PageID #: 409 week. ¶¶ 17-20.. .coindrops. Background of Bitcoin and Virtual Currencies A.club. ¶¶ 15-17.” Id. www. . defendants deleted their “social media accounts” and “websites and ceased communicating with . Id. recorded on publicly available decentralized ledgers. .com and www. ¶ 21 (“McDonnell claimed that he could generate profits of 2 to 300% each day for [an] Investor . the defendants refused and misappropriated the funds.” called “blockchains. They are often described as “cryptocurrencies” because they use “cryptographic protocols to secure transactions . Id. customers around July. They are stored electronically in “digital wallets. Feb. Id.” Brief of CFTC In Support of Preliminary Injunction and Other Relief. Description of Virtual Currencies Virtual currencies are generally defined as “digital assets used as a medium of exchange. ¶ 27.” Skadden’s Insights.” as well as on the social media platform Twitter.000 in Litecoin [a type of virtual currency] should be earning $200 to $250 per day through trading. Defendants advertised their services through “at least two websites. if any. Bitcoins and Blockchain: The CFTC Takes Notice of Virtual Currencies. 2016. Jan. 2017.coindropmarkets. When customers asked for a return of their membership fee. or virtual currency investment. Id. 21. 2018. 5 . ECF No.” and exchanged over the internet through a direct peer-to-peer system. . “Investors” transferred virtual currency to the defendants for “day” trading. ¶¶ 27-32. Id. 26.
CFTC) (“App. Oct. Expansion and Value 6 . at 4. United States Senate Banking Committee. Interview with Eric Posner. 2017. Allison Nathan. Hearing on Virtual Currency. title recording. and securities. . Robert J. CFTC Primer”). Law Journal Newsletters. commodities. Nov.”). . 2017. Some experts believe blockchain technology underlying virtual currencies will serve to “enhance [future] economic efficiency” and have a “broad and lasting impact on global financial markets in payments. 17. Vol. Mar. 48.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 6 of 79 PageID #: 410 The “blockchain” serves as a digital signature to verify the exchange. in fact. That means that it could serve the same purposes as gold in terms of a currency. Anello. unwieldy object.”). C. 1948) (“[T]he United States is committed to a policy of international cooperation. The difference  is that it is digital rather than a heavy. Congressional Testimony”). and in particular. cf. or commodity. B. 2014 (“It is a lot like gold. New-Wave Legal Challenges for Bitcoin and Other CryptoCurrencies. B. but much more efficiently because it does not have any mass and can be sent easily from place to place. They have some characteristics of government paper currency. 6.” Appendix C. Feb. cyber security and trade reporting and analysis. Virtual currencies are not backed by any government. 11. at 5 (“App. 3 (Apr. Columbia Law Review. 2018 (written testimony of Christopher Giancarlo. banking. Chairman.” CFTC Brief. Power of the Executive to Change the Gold Value of the Dollar. No. CFTC Chair. fiat currency. Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research. A CFTC Primer on Virtual Currencies. securities settlement. “The public nature of the decentralized ledger allows people to recognize the transfer of virtual currency from one user to another without requiring any central intermediary in which both users need to trust. to a program of international stability of [currency] exchange rates . See Appendix B.
bitcoin today is drawing millions of dollars from hedge funds. Bloomberg Businessweek. 2018). Coinbase was sometimes getting 100. Olga Kharif.000 new customers a day — leaving the company with more customers than Charles Schwab and E-Trade. Once seen as the province of nerds. Coinbase: The Heart of the Bitcoin Frenzy. Comes To A New York Deli. 2018. 2017 (“The initial price of bitcoin. New Yorker. The number of people with Coinbase accounts has gone from 5.92.Y. has risen. The combined market capitalization of all virtual currencies as of January 6.M. A Bitcoin A. Coinbase has been the dominant place that ordinary Americans go to buy and sell virtual currency. Id.T. All you Need to Know About Bitcoin’s Rise. valued at $121.000.264.”).Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 7 of 79 PageID #: 411 The price of Bitcoin. The cheapest virtual currency.3 million at the end of November. Coin Market Cap.com/charts/ (last visited Feb. 2017 (“A Coinsource A.T. Nathaniel Popper. online exchanges have become more accessible allowing more members of the public to trade and invest in virtual currencies. 2018. and other virtual currencies. In late November. 2018. by Feb. and then fallen. Over $60 7 . was less than 1 cent.386. A single Bitcoin was valued at $7. was roughly $795 billion. 6. Dec.5 million in January  to 13. Id. was valued at $0. Sept.M. 1. https://coinmarketcap. EST). 6.com (viewed Feb. As their value has increased. Strong Hands. Now it’s crossed $16. there were over 1500 virtual currencies. 2017. accepts dollars and in return adds the bitcoin equivalent (less Coinsource’s seven per cent) to a customer’s digital wallet. according to data from the Altana Digital Currency Fund.”). the total value had dropped to $329 billion. 6.000.m. 6. set in 2010. Bitcoin had the largest market capitalization. Id. at approximately 9:10 a. and begin buying Bitcoin. Times.863. at extreme rates. According to coinmarketcap. Ian Parker. link a bank account or debit card. libertarians and drug dealers.196. Arjun Kharpal.01 to $15.000001. N. 18. While there are many Bitcoin exchanges around the world. From $0. No company had made it simpler to sign up. Dec.
Other major virtual currencies. 244. Feb.S. fell sharply in the last 24 hours.000 again. see also U. Dec. Edgar G. an online drug market that allowed for purchase through Bitcoin. 14. Bitcoin is still available. and other online black markets have tripled the industry since Silk Road's closure. 169 (2017) (“[T]he newest growing concern with Bitcoin. 29.C. J. and crypto-currencies in general.S. 5. Jan. 18 N. On.6 million) from Tokyo-based cryptocurrency 8 . & Tech. 2018 (“It was not only bitcoin that fell either. are their ability to wash money and conceal taxable income.J. and murder-for-hire attempts. While the U.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 8 of 79 PageID #: 412 Billion Wiped off Value of Cryptocurrencies as Bitcoin Drops Below $8. Fla. Pol'y 167. CNBC. & Pub. Reuters Staff. . Sánchez. 2018 (“Hackers have stolen roughly 58 billion yen ($532. two federal agents caught (and convicted for) stealing. Fraud and Crime The rise in users and value of virtual currencies has been accompanied by increased fraud and criminal activity.”). government claimed a victory in curbing illegal activity facilitated with Bitcoin by shutting down the Silk Road's massive black market for drugs.L. Long Island Woman Indicted for Bank Fraud and Money Laundering to Support Terrorists.L. was one of the earliest and most audacious examples of crime enabled by virtual currencies. Crypto-Currencies: The 21st Century's Money Laundering and Tax Havens. including ethereum and ripple. The Coincheck Hack and the Issue With Crypto Assets on Centralized Exchanges. Attorney’s Office EDNY.”). 2017 (The defendant allegedly “laundered and transferred the funds [using virtual currencies] out of the country to support the Islamic State . 28 U. which included billions of dollars in black market drug sales. 251–52 (2017) (internal citations omitted). Christopher Burks. Virtual currency exchanges have been victims of hacking and theft. .”). The largest case involving Bitcoin and illegal activity was the Silk Road case. Bitcoin: Breaking Bad or Breaking Barriers?. Silk Road. C.
S. Regulation and Oversight of Virtual Currency Congress has yet to authorize a system to regulate virtual currency. cf. he believed. D. CFTC Chair. 2018 (“As the CFTC recently admitted. The Guardian.S. but concede their jurisdiction is incomplete. that sum was worth more than $500. C. See App. 2014 (“25. continued to regard the judicial system as an ineffective arena for controlling giant corporations . Dorsey & Whitney LLP. Congressional Testimony (“[C]urrent law does not provide any U. supra at 188. A History of Bitcoin Hacks. (2013) at 443 (“Roosevelt . Federal regulator with such regulatory oversight authority over spot virtual currency platforms [not involving fraud] operating in the United States or abroad. Doris Kearns Goodwin.’”). T.000 bitcoins were stolen from their wallet after hackers compromised the Windows computer they were using. To the contrary a multi-regulatory approach is being used. the question remains as to what steps can be taken to legitimize crypto-currencies. promised a far better remedy. Regulation.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 9 of 79 PageID #: 413 exchange Coincheck Inc. law does not provide for ‘direct comprehensive U. put an end to their use for illegal purposes. and the rise of crypto-currencies and their use in disguising real money. 18.”). or at the very least. The CFTC. Gorman. The Bully Pulpit. U. ‘The 9 . Alex Hern. it would now be worth a little less than £10m. Sánchez.000. These and other criminal acts have led some to call for increased governmental oversight and regulation of virtual currency.”).”). . 11. Jan. Virtual Currencies and the Regulators. Blockchain. regulation of virtual currencies.S. and other agencies. Mar. . claim concurrent regulatory power over virtual currency in certain settings. Having delved into the prevalence of money laundering and tax evasion both globally and in the United States. . raising questions about security and regulatory protection in the emerging market of digital assets. . Even at the time.
See. They may be structural (reorganizing government or instrumental (changing policy tools).D. Supp. 3d 544. 2017 WL 1424806. No regulation. Rev. Kraweic.  would be ineffective and contrary to the interest of the United States consumers.’”).N. Partial regulation through criminal law prosecutions of Ponzi-like schemes by the Department of Justice. Kaplanov. Lord. Faiella. CR 15-00240-01/02.”). 1. cf. La. e. applying any sort of regulation to bitcoin use. See. 2014) (“Defendants in this case are charged in connection with their operation of an underground market in the virtual currency ‘Bitcoin’ via the website ‘Silk Road. Balleisen. or state criminal agencies. These responses may be robust or cosmetic. United States v.’”). at *2 (W. or civil substantive suits based on allegations of fraud. 545 (S. 113 (2012) (“This Comment will show that the federal government has no legal basis to prohibit bitcoin users from engaging in traditional consumer purchases and transfers.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 10 of 79 PageID #: 414 design should be to prevent the abuses incident to the creation of unhealthy and improper combinations  instead of waiting until they are in existence and then attempting to destroy them by civil or criminal proceedings. Nikolei M. Policy Shock. e. Nerdy Money: Bitcoin. Bennear. and Weiner. 111. .Y. Potential Virtual Currency Regulation Until Congress acts to regulate virtual currency the following alternatives appear to be available: 1. . 25 Loy.g..g.D. the Private Digital Currency. and the Case Against Its Regulation. Apr. Consumer L. 2. 39 F. No. (2017) at 543-44 (“[T]ypes of regulatory responses to a crisis may vary along many dimensions. United States v. 10 .”). This Comment further argues that the federal government should refrain from passing any laws or regulations limiting the use of bitcoins ..
g.. which describes how the IRS applies U. e..Y. See infra Part III. 2017) SEC Compl.314 civil money penalty today against BTC-e [a virtual currency exchange] for willfully violating U.”). Regulation by the Treasury Department’s Financial Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”). 5. . 4. Regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as securities. Inc. and his partner Paradis-Royer. FinCEN. assessed a $110. (Case No. 2017) (“In March 2014.”). Regulation by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”).D. No. 3. 27.. United States v.N. 1 (“This is an emergency action to stop Lacroix. SEC v. 17-CV-01431-JSC.’”). See. e. ECF No.g.S. those blockchain based tokens were securities . Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of California. Treasury’s First Action Against a Foreign-Located Money Services Business..g. Coinbase. a recidivist securities law violator in Canada. from further misappropriating investor funds illegally raised through the fraudulent and unregistered offer and sale of securities called ‘PlexCoin’ or ‘PlexCoin Tokens’ in a purported ‘Initial Coin Offering. tax principles to transactions involving virtual currency. 27.2. 17-CV-7007 (E. 1. the IRS issued Notice 2014-21. . See. 11 . Filed Dec. Plexcorps. See. 2017 (“The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN).S. U.. Department of the Treasury. working in coordination with the U. Jul. 2018 (“According to the government. 2017) (“Counts 2-14 charged Defendants with various other crimes associated with operating their bitcoin exchange business. at *1 (N. Cal. e. Accused Fraudster Says Cryptocurrencies Aren’t Securities.”).S.003.D. 2017 WL 3035164. see also Jon Hill. Feb.S. Regulation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”). July 18.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 11 of 79 PageID #: 415 20. anti-money laundering laws. 6.D.
e. DFS has granted licenses to Coinbase Inc. XRP II and Circle Internet Financial. and charters to Gemini Trust Company and itBit Trust Company. Inc. Christopher Giancarlo. Sept. Dkt. 2-4 at 3 ¶ 6. Inc. 2017 (“DFS has approved six firms for virtual currency charters or licenses. Oversight by CFTC The CFTC is one of the federal administrative bodies currently exercising partial supervision of virtual currencies. 9. Department of Financial Services.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 12 of 79 PageID #: 416 3:16-cv-06658-JSC. State regulations.) In Notice 2014-21.”).. 7. See. N. depending on the taxpayer's cost to purchase the virtual currency. DFS Grants Virtual Currency License to Coinbase. the IRS stated its position: virtual currencies that can be converted into traditional currency are property for tax purposes. 2018 (“One thing is certain: ignoring virtual currency trading will not make it go away. 2. Nor is it a responsible regulatory strategy.”). The CFTC has an important role to play. A combination of any of the above. Press Release. e.. (Coinflip) 12 . Jan. 2017 (“[T]here is a growing need for exchange operators to self-police to protect investors from taking on too much risk and other dangers.Y. CFTC. NIKKEI. No. See. Regulation by private exchanges. Jan.. 8. 2015. 17. and a taxpayer can have a gain or loss on the sale or exchange of a virtual currency.”). Chairman Giancarlo Statement on Virtual Currencies.g.. Japan Tries Light Touch in Bringing Cryptocurrencies out of Regulatory Limbo. 4. the [CFTC] issued an [administrative] order (the Coinflip Order) filing and simultaneously settling charges against Coinflip. Asian Review. Administrative and civil action has been utilized by the CFTC to expand its control: On September 17. In addition to bitFlyer USA.”). while denying those applications that did not meet DFS’s standards. 30.g.
Recent Developments in the Regulatory Treatment of Bitcoin. The CFTC has “actively policed” futures exchanges for “violating core principles” such as “failing to enforce its prohibitions against unlawful wash trading and 13 . Conrad Bahlke. & Tech. exceeded “$150 million in daily trading volume. 2017 (“In a statement.S. the CFTC took the view for the first time that bitcoin and other virtual currencies are commodities subject to the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) and CFTC regulations.] Regulators. charging commodity fraud and misappropriation related to the ongoing solicitation of customers for a virtual currency known as My Big Coin . see also Reuters. 28 No. 24.S. Prop. Bitcoin Futures Trading gets Green Light from [U. . in a further sign regulators globally are cracking down on the emerging asset class. Jan. 2018. The futures contracts will make it possible to bet on bitcoin prices without buying the cryptocurrency. CFTC Sues Three Virtual Currency Operators for Fraud. derivatives watchdog said on Friday that it has filed charges against three separate virtual currency operators alleging the defendants had defrauded customers and broken other commodity trading rules. Mark Gillespie and My Big Coin Pay Inc. The Cantor Exchange self-certified a new contract for bitcoin binary options.Y. 19. L. Jan. with Fraud and Misappropriation in Ongoing Virtual Currency Scam. Dec. . Times. 1. 6 (2016) (internal citations omitted).” CFTC Brief. Legitimization and regulation of virtual currencies has followed from the CFTC’s allowance of futures trading on certified exchanges.”). Akin Oyedele. 2018 (“The U. as of February 23. U. 2018. In the Coinflip Order.J.”). at 6. Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the CBOE Futures Exchange. Business Insider. Two futures exchanges. CFTC Charges Randall Crater. N. 2018 (“The [CFTC] today announced the filing of a federal court enforcement action under seal on January 16. the CFTC said the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the CBOE Futures Exchange self-certified new contracts for bitcoin futures products.S.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 13 of 79 PageID #: 417 and its chief executive officer. 1 Intell.”).
15-33. Most current regulatory action takes the form of pursuing criminal and fraudulent conduct after it occurs.R. Tara Siegel Bernard. see In Re TeraExchange LLC. targeting a scam that reportedly raised $15 million from thousands of investors by promising a 13-fold profit in less than a month. Jeff John Roberts. 24. Concurrent Oversight from Other Agencies The SEC.. A new division of the Securities and Exchange Commission dedicated to so- called “initial coin offerings” (ICOs) filed its first charges on Friday. Law Journal Newsletters. When Trading in Bitcoin.”). Jan. Treasury Department. requesting records for all customers who bought digital currency from the company from 2013 to 2015. N. 4. 3. 2015).Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 14 of 79 PageID #: 418 prearranged trades. 2018 (“In late 2016. IRS. New-Wave Legal Challenges for Bitcoin and Other CryptoCurrencies. Times. 2017. 18. Dec. 2015 WL 5658082 (Sept.” Id.”). Law 14 . in response to concerns about fraud and manipulation. CFTC No. the largest Bitcoin exchange in the United States. Nov.Y. DOJ. made it clear that it was searching for cryptocurrency tax evaders: The agency sent a broad request to Coinbase. the new SEC division. Keep the Tax Man in Mind. Anello. In a criminal complaint filed in Brooklyn federal court. known as the Cyber Unit. The SEC’s New Cyber Unit Just Filed Its First Charges Over an ICO Scam. describes how Dominic Lacroix sold digital tokens known as “PlexCoins” as part of a purported plan “to increase access to cryptocurrency services” across the world. the I. Robert J. 2017 (“Over the last few months the SEC has demonstrated that it intends to pursue enforcement of securities law on certain cryptocurrency transactions. and state agencies have increased their regulatory action in the field of virtual currencies without displacing CFTC’s concurrent authority. especially increasingly popular [Initial Coin Offerings].S. IV.
or to enforce compliance with this chapter. Enforcement Power of CFTC 15 . 2d 233. ex rel. § 13a-1(e). Jurisdiction District courts have jurisdiction over any action in which the United States is a plaintiff. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. U. Supp. suits or proceedings commenced by the United States.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 15 of 79 PageID #: 419 A. 864 (2d Cir.S. see also U.. Art. is occurring.C. . (“[T]he Commission may bring an action in the proper district court of the United States . 28 U. [or] Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party. 875 F. Dowty Woodville Polymer. or by any agency or officer thereof expressly authorized to sue by Act of Congress.S.”). Const.S. § 13a-1(a) the CFTC may seek injunctive or other relief when it believes that a person or entity is in violation of the CEA.”). Parnon Energy Inc. 241 (S.”)..C. or treaties of the United States. or is about to occur.S.C. the district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions.” See U.N. B. .Y. Standing Pursuant to Title 7 U. . 2012) (“The Commission may  bring claims alleging violations of the CEA. § 1345 (“Except as otherwise provided by Act of Congress. Thistlethwaite v. Relief may be sought in the “district wherein the defendant is found or is an inhabitant or transacts business or in the district where the act or practice occurred.S. Ltd. laws. 1997) (“[T]he subject matter jurisdiction provisions of Title 28 having broadest application are those granting the district courts power to entertain cases based on federal questions. 110 F.D. . § 1331 district courts also “have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution.”). 1.” Title 7 U. or any rule.”).S. and said courts shall have jurisdiction to entertain such actions. regulation or order thereunder. to enjoin such act or practice. Under 28 U. III § 2 (“The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases .S.3d 861.C.
. Whitman. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n. 1250 (11th Cir. 2000) (“In 1974. Fla. 2011) (“Chevron applies to the instant case because the CFTC is construing a jurisdictional provision of the CEA—a statute it is responsible for administering. § 6. § 2 (emphasis added). [E]ven if an agency's interpretation of its own statute is advanced in the course of litigation rather than through a 16 . 205 F. NRDC. 1282–83 (S. the need for such protection has not lessened. 2003)) (“Chevron deference is confined to those instances in which the agency renders its interpretation in the course of a rulemaking proceeding or adjudication.3d 1236.S. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Sterling Trading Grp. Inc. 2007) (citing Chevron U. 911–12 (11th Cir.D.3d 165. 837 (1984)). Supp. Any commodity traded as a future must be traded on a commodity exchange approved by the CFTC. and transactions involving swaps or contracts of sale of a commodity for future delivery” has been granted to the CFTC. Title 7 U. Leavitt. Ltd. in part because of the fear that unscrupulous individuals were encouraging amateurs to trade in the commodities markets through fraudulent advertising. Congress gave the Commission even greater enforcement powers.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 16 of 79 PageID #: 420 Exclusive jurisdiction over “accounts. 173 (5th Cir. 2d 1245. Inc. 605 F.3d 904. LLC.A. Supp. 845 F. Fla.”) (emphasis in original).S. Am. R&W Tech. Remedial statutes are to be construed liberally. The CEA and its “remedial statutes” are to be “construed liberally” to allow for broad market protection. . 336 F.S. Title 7 U. 1265–66 (S.” Sierra Club. 467 U. Inc. 2009) (citing TVA v. Precious Metals. and in an era of increasing individual participation in commodities markets. v. Full deference is dependent on whether the agency’s interpretation followed a formal rulemaking process.C. v.”). 488 F.C.S. agreements . Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. The court generally defers to an agency’s interpretation of a statute “that the agency is responsible for administering.D. Servs.. 2d 1279.. v.
and not a currency. Mitchell Prentis. https://www.com/ dictionary/commodity (last visited Feb. or network. L. 2018). Rev. Commentators have argued that based on common usage. In contrast. Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research. Jeff Currie. Res. virtual currency should be interpreted as a commodity. The analogy would be Shale technology versus shale oil. gold.” Bryan Garner. Bullion Bests bitcoin. a security is any instrument that is “secured” against something else. bitcoin with a lower case “b. 17 . 66 Case W. Virtual Currencies are Commodities Black’s Law Dictionary defines a commodity as “an article of trade or commerce.”).” Merriam Webster. Mar.” This categorization would be appropriate because it realistically reflects the economic behavior of Bitcoin users and squares with traditional economic conceptions of exchange. a. It would make sense for regulators to treat Bitcoin as a commodity. that bitcoin moves across. Commodities are generally defined as “goods sold in the market with a quality and value uniform throughout the world. Some propose that because virtual currencies provide a “store of value” they function as commodities: A commodity is any item that “accommodates” our physical wants and needs. courts will still pay some deference to the agency's interpretation. (10th ed. it is considered to be a security. . As a currency is usually secured by a commodity or a government’s ability to tax and defend. . more persistently. Black’s Law Dictionary. Digital Metal: Regulating Bitcoin As A Commodity.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 17 of 79 PageID #: 421 rulemaking or agency adjudication. Not Bitcoin. 626 (2015). By these definitions. 5. 2014). And one of these physical wants is the need for a store of value. 11. . 609. while Bitcoin with a capital “B” is the technology. Throughout history humans have used different commodities as a store of value – even cocoa beans – but. [or] an article of commerce . 2014. . Merriam Webster defines it as “[a]n economic good .merriam- webster.” is a commodity.
vary in accordance with their demand and scarcity. Commodity Exchange Act’s Definition of “Commodity” CEA defines “commodities” as “wheat. The value of a Bitcoin is ultimately driven by supply and demand— a coin is worth whatever someone is willing to pay for it. cottonseed meal. leading users to be willing to pay increasing prices to control them. peanuts. 18 . livestock products. Bitcoins are considered rare because there is a fixed supply of them. and agricultural products. Bitcoins are scarce because the algorithm controlling how many Bitcoins are released into the market through mining  is designed to taper the supply of bitcoins. at 628–29 (internal citations omitted). people had to engage in bartering. and all other goods and articles . rice. barley. from a pricing standpoint. the price rises. . until no more are created. soybeans. wool. and interests . livestock. it is valued like other commodities. soybean meal.S. In his seminal work. while Bitcoin acts as a money commodity in its community of users. rights. rye. cottonseed. and frozen concentrated orange juice. and all other fats and oils). Man. silver. corn. Economy. Before the widespread adoption of a common form of money. . Furthermore. Murray Rothbard argues that all monetary exchanges are actually indirect commodity exchanges. tallow. and State. oats. . . Prentis. wool tops. The price of traditional commodities. § 1(a)(9) (emphasis added). cottonseed oil. the price of Bitcoin fluctuates according to the same fixed supply model. grain sorghums. .” Title 7 U. Rothbard supports his proposition by tracing the development of money and exchange. like gold. and all services. soybean oil.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 18 of 79 PageID #: 422 Others argue virtual currencies are commodities because they serve as a type of monetary exchange: Bitcoin should primarily be considered a commodity because it serves the function of money in its community of users. eggs. b. butter. in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in. When more people want a commodity that has a fixed supply.” in order to complete transactions . or “direct exchange. fats and oils (including lard.C. peanut oil. . mill feeds. cotton. Similarly. flaxseed. Users exchange Bitcoins to obtain property that they desire. Solanum tuberosum (Irish potatoes).
212 (1998)) (“That the meteoric rise of virtual reality through the Internet and its impact on communal and commercial affairs could not have been anticipated by Congress does not mean the law's application to the Internet and website is ambiguous. CFTC Docket No. Other goods. rights and interests. It can mean physical commodity. c.g. 2017) (quoting Pennsylvania Dep't of Corr. . such as an agricultural product . at 11 (“The definition of ‘commodity’ in the CEA is broad . CFTC Launches Virtual Currency Resource Web Page. 206. 15-29 (“Bitcoin and other virtual currencies are encompassed in the definition and properly defined as commodities. It can mean currency or interest rate. 395–96 (E. Supp. See App. 2017 (“Bitcoin and other virtual currencies have been determined to be commodities under the 19 . In re Barclays PLC.D.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 19 of 79 PageID #: 423 The original grant of power to the CEA was designed to control trading in agricultural commodities. ‘the fact that a statute can be applied in situations not expressly anticipated by Congress does not demonstrate ambiguity. Yeskey. e. as well as services. 3d 381.’”). that virtual currencies can be classified as commodities. CFTC No.’”). CFTC’s Interpretation of “Commodity” After an administrative proceeding in 2015.3d 678. Multiple statements defining virtual currency as a commodity have been issued by the CFTC. 681 F.g. . CFTC Primer.’ The questions thus turns on whether it is a good ‘in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt with. Dec. Brooks. See.. In the Matter of: Coinflip. 15.. 2012) (“Natural gas is plainly a ‘good’ or ‘article. B. v. .. See. are now covered by the statute. The CEA covers intangible commodities. . 694 (5th Cir. 524 U. the CFTC issued an order finding. Inc.S. for the first time. It demonstrates breadth. LLC.N. Press Release. cf. 15- 25 (May 20.”). Blick Art Materials. 268 F. 2015) (regulating fixed interest rate benchmarks as commodities).”). Andrews v. United States v.Y. e.
or contract for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any registered entity. Inv. 372 (D. 2013) (“The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). Title 7. or attempt to use or employ. Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n.R. in connection with any swap.C. any manipulative device. Under this Act. or attempt to engage. or course of business. Co. . . or attempt to make. Inst. any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance. which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit . directly or indirectly. . Title 7 U. 720 F. Chapter 1. establishes and defines the jurisdiction of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. in any act. scheme. 20 . 2010 . or a contract of sale of any commodity in interstate commerce. (2) Make. or artifice to defraud. or for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any registered entity.F. any untrue or misleading statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made not untrue or misleading. § 180. Derivative Contracts and Futures Regulatory authority over commodities traded as futures and derivatives has been granted to CFTC.”). United States Code. contracts deriving their value from underlying assets. (emphasis added).3d 370. or contract of sale of any commodity in interstate commerce.”). practice. the CFTC maintains general anti-fraud and manipulation enforcement authority over virtual currency cash markets as a commodity in interstate commerce. to intentionally or recklessly: (1) Use or employ.1 further defines the regulatory power of the CFTC: (a) It shall be unlawful for any person.S. that is. the Commission has regulatory jurisdiction over a wide variety of markets in futures and derivatives. d. v. in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission shall promulgate by not later than 1 year after July 21.C. The [CFTC] primarily regulates commodity derivatives contracts that are based on underlying commodities.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 20 of 79 PageID #: 424 Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). Cir. While its regulatory oversight authority over commodity cash markets is limited. 17 C. in connection with any swap. (3) Engage. § 9(1) of the CEA makes it unlawful for any person to: use or employ. .
D. directly or indirectly.J. 2017 (“The CFTC brought its current action [Gelfman] under a relatively new provision of law (enacted as part of 21 . for commodity fraud. No. Filed Sept. and regulatory authority under 17 C.” The portion of the statute delegating oversight authority over “contract of sale of any commodity in interstate commerce” allows CFTC to enforce its mandate in cases not directly involving future trades.. Regulation of Spot Market Fraud The CFTC has recently expanded its enforcement to fraud related to spot markets underlying the (already regulated) derivative markets.N. see Gary DeWaal.g. as in the instant case.Y.3d 1321.1. under the CEA. CFTC Primer (finding the CFTC has jurisdiction “if there is fraud or manipulation involving a virtual currency traded in interstate commerce”). scheme. § 180. .F.R.. at *1 (S.” Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n. Case No. Feb.1 (emphasis added). 2017) (suit brought by the CFTC alleging a Bitcoin Ponzi scheme. . Inc.1 prohibiting “any person. or artifice to defraud. 24. Grp. 310 F.” or making “any untrue or misleading statement of a material fact. contract of sale of any commodity in interstate commerce” from using a “manipulative device.Y. R. B.. Gelfman Blueprint. not involving future contracts).. Specifically. 2002)).F. 17-7181 (S. See. 2006) (quoting CFTC v. (2) scienter.R.. Inc. 21. App. 05 CIV 5741(HB). and (3) materiality. v. Sept. CFTC v. in connection with any . Inc. e. is shown by: “(1) the making of a misrepresentation. 11. 1328 (11th Cir.. misleading statement. Fitzgerald & Co.N. the language in § 180. § 180. e. or a deceptive omission. the CFTC relied on the broad statutory authority in Section 9(1) of the CEA. In Gelfman. 2006 WL 353466.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 21 of 79 PageID #: 425 Liability. 17 C. Commodity Inv.D. CFTC Files Charges Alleging Bitcoin Ponzi Scheme Not Involving Derivatives.
surveillance and monitoring.C. including imposing registration requirements. compliance with personnel 22 . Where a futures market exists for a good. § 2(c)(2)(C)(i)(II)(bb)(AA) (The CFTC does not have jurisdiction over “spot” transactions that “[result] in actual delivery within 2 days. without regard to whether the dispute involves futures contracts.”).S. CFTC Chair. Congressional Testimony (“[T]he CFTC does not have authority to conduct regulatory oversight over spot virtual currency platforms or other cash commodities.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 22 of 79 PageID #: 426 the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act) and Commission regulation that prohibits any person from using a manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in connection with any ‘contract for sale of any commodity in interstate commerce’ – not solely in connection with swaps or a commodity for future delivery. While the price of that commodity may fluctuate with its location. 681 F. Thus. service. the actual nature of the ‘good’ does not change. the record shows that natural gas may be moved from any location to Henry Hub through the national pipeline system. unless there is evidence of manipulation or fraud. and ceases to be a commodity once it moves onto some other locale.”). CFTC does not have regulatory authority over simple quick cash or spot transactions that do not involve fraud or manipulation.3d at 694-95 (“[F]utures contracts for natural gas are traded on NYMEX. Brooks. right. transaction reporting. See App. it may be regulated by CFTC. but suddenly becomes a commodity solely on the basis that it passes through Henry Hub.. It has not attempted to regulate spot trades. as a commodity. See. and those futures are derivative of natural gas traded at Henry Hub.g. or interest. e. This boundary has been recognized by the CFTC. it would be peculiar that natural gas at another hub is not a commodity.”). and the forces of supply and demand at that location. Title 7 U. Nonetheless. C.
’” Commodity Futures 23 . 711 F. Preliminary Injunction Standard Under Title 7 U. but see Hunter v. 240 (2011)) (“[T]he Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) manage overlapping statutory authorities. such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Transportation (DOT) collaboration on fuel standards. Todd S. 29 Va.J. Concurrent Jurisdiction Federal agencies may have concurrent or overlapping jurisdiction over a particular issue or area. 105 Cal.C.C. such as work by DHS and the National Security Agency (NSA) to combat cyber threats.g.R. Daniel A. Congress crafted CEA section 2(a)(1)(A) to give the CFTC exclusive jurisdiction over transactions conducted on futures markets. trading system safeguards. C. and Statutory Discontinuities. [Agencies] have explored joint rulemaking. 157 (D. 2.E. Agencies often cooperate to enforce their overlapping powers.3d 155.”).”). “The CFTC is entitled to a preliminary injunction upon a prima facie showing that defendants have violated the Act and ‘that there is a reasonable likelihood that the wrong will be repeated. Aagaard. And they have analyzed agency collaboration in shaping policy in complex and novel areas. e.C. Envtl.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 23 of 79 PageID #: 427 conduct standards. cyber security examinations or other requirements.S. Agencies As Adversaries. Cir. They have discussed coordination in individual-level adjudication. See. L. Both the EPA and OSHA regulate certain risks in the workplace arising from exposures to hazardous and toxic substances. customer education.”). Regulatory Overlap. 1375.. Overlapping Legal Fields. 237. capital adequacy.. Farber & Anne Joseph O'Connell. § 13a-1(a) the CFTC may seek injunctive or other relief when it concludes that a person or entity is in violation of the CEA. 2013) (“Stated simply. Rev. 1384 (2017). L. such as the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) partnering in cases involving persons without proper documentation. F.
560 F.g. Res.1977)). § 13a-1(a) to seek injunctive and other relief related to misleading advice.C.2d 135. CFTC Standing The CFTC has standing pursuant to Title 7 U.N. 66 Case W.. of Trade. Am. the CFTC “need not prove irreparable injury or the inadequacy of other remedies as required in private injunctive suits. Feb. at *1 (S. Jay Clayton [SEC Chair] and Christopher Giancarlo [CFTC Chair]. . British Am. See. They fall well- within the common definition of “commodity” as well as the CEA’s definition of “commodities” as “all other goods and articles . v.S. Mitchell Prentis.D. Rev. 1251 (2d Cir. Likelihood of future violations may be inferred from a “defendant’s past conduct..Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 24 of 79 PageID #: 428 Trading Comm'n. in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in. Application of Law A.” CFTC v..2d 1242. When enforcing a statutorily prescribed injunction.. V. 05 CIV 5741(HB). L. Virtual Currencies as Commodities Virtual currencies can be regulated by CFTC as a commodity.” Title 7 U. e. No. 560 F. Bd. Regulators are Looking at Cryptocurrency. Commodity Inv. Inc. . Wall Street 24 . 2006 WL 353466. 11.. Virtual currencies are “goods” exchanged in a market for a uniform quality and value.S.2d at 141. 141 (2d Cir. 1986). Commodity Options Corp. 803 F. 1. 2006) (quoting CFTC v. The jurisdictional authority of CFTC to regulate virtual currencies as commodities does not preclude other agencies from exercising their regulatory power when virtual currencies function differently than derivative commodities.. Grp. Inc. Digital Metal: Regulating Bitcoin As A Commodity.” British Am. § 1(a)(9).Y. 626 (2015). 609.C. and the fraudulent scheme and misappropriation of virtual currencies by defendants.
S. This legal uncertainty would substantially disrupt the settled expectations of CME and numerous market participants who are trading bitcoin futures for purposes of hedging cash market exposures or making a market in bitcoin futures by offering liquidity. 17-7181 (S. (“CME”) has filed an amicus brief. Inc. Case No. at 2. . It claims to operate the “world’s leading derivatives marketplace. its expansion into spot trade commodity fraud is justified by statutory and regulatory guidelines. 2018. broker or manage virtual currency futures trading activity. The offer. The SEC will vigorously pursue those who seek to evade the registration. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. Mar.D. 24. See CFTC v. Sept. 2017 (“This CFTC complaint [CFTC v. Such a determination would put in jeopardy CME's and its market participants' expectation to rely on . sale and trading of such products must be carried out in compliance with securities law. 24.” Id. Yet some products that are labeled cryptocurrencies have characteristics that make them securities. Id. in addition to market professionals that clear.. Filed Sept. CFTC Jurisdiction Over Virtual Currency Fraud CFTC has jurisdictional authority to bring suit against defendants utilizing a scheme to defraud investors through a “contract [for] sale of [a] commodity in interstate commerce. 25 . 27. § 9(1). See ECF No. It supports the view that virtual currencies are commodities subject to the CFTC’s regulatory protections. It writes: CME offers for the Court's consideration an explanation of the possible consequences of a determination that a virtual currency such as bitcoin is not a commodity.” Title 7 U. 6.N.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 25 of 79 PageID #: 429 Journal. Gelfman Blueprint. 2018 (“The SEC does not have direct oversight of transactions in currencies or commodities.”). see also Gary DeWaal. at 1. . Jan.C. 2017).Y. disclosure and antifraud requirements of our securities laws. CFTC Files Charges Alleging Bitcoin Ponzi Scheme Not Involving Derivatives. Although the CFTC has traditionally limited its jurisdiction primarily to “future” contracts for commodities. 21. the CFTC’s regulatory protections for commodity derivatives contracts based on virtual currencies. 2.
S. and misleading statements alleged in the complaint. see also Hr’g Tr. .1.R. practice. Preliminary Injunction 26 . to [u]se or employ. Inc. ¶¶ 29-32. any manipulative device. . Language in 7 U. [m]ake. any untrue or misleading statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made not untrue or misleading. .1.C. B. § 180. in connection . . CFTC Brief. Prima Facie Showing of Fraud Committed by Defendants CFTC has made a prima facie showing that the defendants committed fraud by misappropriation of investors’ funds and misrepresentation of trading advice and future profits promised to customers. 2018. Mar. or artifice to defraud.R. establish the CFTC’s regulatory authority over the manipulative schemes.] has significant ramifications beyond its four corners.”). directly or indirectly. It represents a powerful statement by the Commission that it will exercise jurisdiction over cryptocurrencies when there is potential fraud – even if the fraud does not involve derivatives based on cryptocurrencies.F. . § 180. 17 C. § 180. See Giglio Decl. or course of business. or attempt to use or employ. as required by 17 C. § 9(1).F. Defendants ceased communicating with the customers and misappropriated the customers’ funds. [with any] contract of sale of any commodity in interstate commerce .”). The intentional nature of the defendants’ conduct. or attempt to make.1 (“It shall be unlawful for any person. 6. [e]ngage. .F.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 26 of 79 PageID #: 430 Gelfman Blueprint. or attempt to engage.R.”). ¶ 26) (“[O]nce Defendants had solicited and obtained  Customer funds for trading by Defendants on behalf of customers. in any act. which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit . and 17 C. at 11 (citing Giglio Decl. fraud. is evidenced by the blatant disregard of customers’ complaints and their refusal to return investors’ funds. C.. scheme.
Evidence Cases and Materials (10th Ed. Judges risk violating the Model Code of Judicial Conduct by searching the Internet for information related to participants or facts in a proceeding. the court has engaged in extensive background research. The restriction on independent investigation includes individuals subject to the judge’s direction and control. et al.. by opinions and otherwise. This is appropriate. D. 2017) (Ch. Dec. See Hr’g Tr. Formal Opinion 478.. It would be a misapprehension of the ABA rule to conclude otherwise. A separate order outlining the terms of the relief is issued. so they may contest and clarify. 6. The ABA has issued the following opinion related to individual research by the court: Easy access to a vast amount of information available on the Internet exposes judges to potential ethical problems. See Abrams. The court concludes that without an injunction there is a reasonable likelihood that defendants will continue to violate the CEA. 8. Appropriate Research by Court In deciding jurisdictional. A. except at an evidentiary hearing.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 27 of 79 PageID #: 431 A preliminary injunction is granted in favor of the CFTC. See App. 2018. standing and other issues fundamental to the present litigation. Prelim. Committee on Ethics and Responsibility. but not on the specific frauds charged. 27 . 2017 (ABA) (emphasis added). Brewer. It is appropriate and necessary for the judge to do research required by a case in order to understand the context and background of the issues involved so long as the judge indicates to the parties the research and conclusions. Independent Factual Research by Judges Via Internet. Adjudicative facts involving defendants’ alleged activities have not been the subject of investigation by the court. Medwed. Mar. 9 “Judicial Notice”). Independent investigation of adjudicative facts generally is prohibited unless the information is properly subject to judicial notice. Injunction.
Feb. §§ 1331 and 1345. The CFTC has adequately pled and for purpose of a preliminary injunction proved its claim of fraud in violation of the CEA. 2018 Brooklyn. 15.S. A preliminary injunction is granted in favor of the CFTC. The individual defendant’s pro se motion to “Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction” is denied. See App.C. ECF No. New York 28 . 18. 2018. /s/ Jack B. Injunction. Weinstein Senior United States District Judge Dated: March 6.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 28 of 79 PageID #: 432 VI. SO ORDERED. Weinstein Jack B. This court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U. Conclusion CFTC has standing to exercise its enforcement power over fraud related to virtual currencies sold in interstate commerce. Prelim. A. Any person claiming improper application of the injunctive power of the court may seek relief by motion.
1 . Corp.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 29 of 79 PageID #: 433 Appendix A UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION. Plaintiff. d/b/a Coin Drop Markets (“CDM”) (collectively.S. On January 30. INTRODUCTION On January 18. MCDONNELL. 2018. and CABBAGETECH. ECF No. Subsequent Orders directed the parties to address the Commission’s authority to bring this action and notified the parties that the court would hear the parties on jurisdictional. 18-CV-0361 v. § 13a-1 (2012). 7 U. Defendants. “Defendants”) pursuant to Section 6c(a) of the Commodity Exchange Act (“Act”). 2018. d/b/a COIN DROP MARKETS. the court directed the parties to appear for an evidentiary hearing at which the court would consider temporary relief and further administration of the action. CORP.C. 9. ORDER OF PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION AND OTHER RELIEF I. Plaintiff Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“Plaintiff” or “Commission”) filed a Complaint for Injunctive and Other Equitable Relief and for Civil Monetary Penalties Under the Commodity Exchange Act and Commission Regulations (“Complaint”) against Defendants Patrick K. McDonnell (“McDonnell”) and CabbageTech. PATRICK K.
F. the court. ECF No. The court therefore directs the entry of the following findings of fact. 7 U. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 30 of 79 PageID #: 434 standing. (2) preserving the books and records of Defendants. On March 6. 2018. the Declaration of Christopher Giglio. 2018 hearing.1(a) (2017). 27. ECF No.R.S. The court has considered the Brief of Commodity Futures Trading Commission in Support of a Preliminary Injunction and Other Relief. § 180. as amended. with advance notice. Feb. the Complaint. 2018. and providing the Commission with access thereto. see ECF No. II. § 9(1) (2012). 17 C. and testimony and evidence introduced at the March 6. the Commission filed its briefs and supporting documents. § 13a-1. and (3) ordering Defendants to submit to an interim accounting on an expedited basis.C. Plaintiff Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“Commission” or “CFTC”) is an independent federal regulatory agency that is charged by Congress with the 2 . 7 U. conclusions of law. 2018. It finds that there is good cause for the entry of this Order and that there is no just reason for delay. 23. FINDINGS OF FACT The Parties 1. 2018. 10. and other issues at the hearing. including the Brief of Commodity Futures Trading Commission in Support of a Preliminary Injunction and Other Relief. all filings by Defendant McDonnell to date. including advocating for the issuance of an order (1) prohibiting Defendants from further violating Section 6(c)(1) of the Act. that set forth its arguments. and Commission Regulation (“Regulation”) 180. 17. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS THE COURT FINDS AND CONCLUDES AS FOLLOWS: A. and preliminary injunction and other equitable relief pursuant to Section 6c of the Act. held an evidentiary hearing on the request for preliminary injunction.C.S. set for March 6.1(a). On February 26. the Declaration of Christopher Giglio.
McDonnell (“McDonnell”) is a resident of Staten Island. and the Regulations promulgated thereunder. Suite B.C. Defendants also solicited membership or subscription to other groups and services. Corp. 1-190 (2017). Corp. Defendants advertised membership in trading groups such as RedliteGreenLite. §§ 1-27(f) (2012). mentorship. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 31 of 79 PageID #: 435 administration and enforcement of the Act. to McDonnell’s and CDM’s supposed virtual currency trading expertise. 5. owned. New York.R. such as a “Turn-Key Annual Membership” providing access.’s last known address is 20 Rawson Place. BTC (“RLGLBTC”). and RedliteGreenLite. New York. such as entry and exit prices for day trading of virtual currencies. In April 2017. reports [of] critical $LTC entry/exit points via 3 . McDonnell has never registered with the Commission Defendants’ Fraud Involving Advice About Trading Virtual Currencies 4. CabbageTech. for instance. . 7 U. Defendants solicited customers in several of the United States as well as foreign countries to become members of groups supposedly to receive Defendants’ virtual currency consulting services and trading advice. CDM’s promotional materials made claims that a CDM membership in RLGLLTC would provide “real-time . Staten Island. “CDM”). Corp. and controlled CabbageTech. pts. Defendant Patrick K. did business as Coin Drop Markets (together with CabbageTech. 3. relating to Litecoin. 6.F. At times. 2. and guidance. 2016. These groups purported to provide trading advice and guidance. It was incorporated on May 6.S. Corp. . Corp. 10314. McDonnell formed. New York. is a New York corporation based on Staten Island. CDM has never registered with the Commission. Defendant CabbageTech. LTC (“RLGLLTC”). 17 C. relating to Bitcoin. CabbageTech.
deleted social media accounts. One such opportunity purported to offer profits as much as a 300% return on an investment in less than a week. Defendants did not provide to such customers continuous.” These promotional materials also made claims such as a trading group was “a dedicated team of digital asset trading specialists trend spotting.” These promotional materials further made claims that this continuous. advice. purportedly to provide agreed-upon trading advice and services. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 32 of 79 PageID #: 436 @RLGLLTC 24/7 including holidays/weekends. In or around May 2017.” 9. through online communications such as via Twitter. ceased communicating with customers.” 7. . and opportunities for swing trading profits. Defendants shut down the website and chatroom. or through its website. ongoing monitoring and trading signals “afford[ed] ‘minute-to- minute’ price arbitrage. and kept the customers’ funds. 8. For example. These materials promised to provide the membership services on an annual basis in exchange for an up-front subscription fee. reports [of] critical $LTC entry/exit points via @RLGLLTC 24/7 including holidays/weekends. By July 2017. Defendants further solicited “lifetime” memberships. or trading expertise through its social media chatrooms. at a higher price. in a more exclusive trading sector that would provide greater opportunities to profit from virtual currency trading. real-time trading signals. 4 . Defendants never provided “real-time . and opportunities for swing trading profits. After receiving subscription payments from multiple CDM Customers. Defendants created one or more social media chatrooms. . Defendants misappropriated CDM Customers’ funds.” Defendants’ RLGLLTC never provided signals that “afford[ed] ‘minute-to-minute’ price arbitrage. exploitation. exploitation.
McDonnell was responsible for developing and disseminating the false and misleading information about CDM to CDM Customers through CDM’s solicitation materials. In or around May 2017. McDonnell described himself in solicitations as a “professional trader. McDonnell controlled bank and virtual currency accounts to which he directed CDM Customers to send money for the purchase of CDM services and for Defendants-managed trading. McDonnell told this customer that he would use the customer’s funds to trade the “volatility” of Litecoin. Defendants misappropriated this customer’s funds and ultimately ceased communicating with the customer. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 33 of 79 PageID #: 437 Defendant’s Fraud Involving Management of Customer Investments in Virtual Currency 10. 11.000% return. Defendants ceased communicating with the customers and misappropriated the customers’ funds. one CDM Customer provided Litecoin to Defendants for trading by McDonnell on the customer’s behalf. CDM’s Controlling Person 13. In fact. after being solicited by McDonnell. 5 . Instead of achieving enormous gains on behalf of CDM Customers. 12. and controlled content on the CDM website and related social media.” and CDM’s website included a purported example of a single virtual currency trade that had generated more than an approximately 1. McDonnell founded and created CDM. once Defendants had solicited and obtained CDM Customer funds for trading by Defendants on behalf of customers.
Venue properly lies in this District. Injunctive Relief is Appropriate 16. among other places. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW Jurisdiction and Venue 14. and the reasonable likelihood of future violations by the Defendants. The Commission has presented a prima facie case for the purpose of obtaining a preliminary injunction based on the fact that Defendants have engaged or are engaging in violations the Act and Commission Regulations as set forth in the Complaint. the Commission’s likelihood of success on the merits of its claims against the Defendants. § 13a-1 (2012).C. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 34 of 79 PageID #: 438 B. 15.C. evidence submitted at a hearing held by the court. 6 . 17.S. The Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of this action under 28 U.S. or order thereunder. because Defendants are found in. Section 6c(a) of the Act. or is about to engage in any act or practice constituting a violation of any provision of the Act. regulation. is engaging in. § 1331 (2012) and 28 U. The Commission has demonstrated a reasonable likelihood of future violations by the Defendants.S. and because acts and practices in violation of the Act occurred within this District. inhabit. pursuant to Section 6c(e) of the Act.C.S. or transact business in this District. 7 U.C. 7 U. § 13a-1(e) (2012). § 1345 (2012). authorizes the Commission to seek injunctive and other relief against any person whenever it shall appear to the Commission that such person has engaged. A preliminary injunction and other relief are warranted in light of the allegations set forth in the Complaint. or any rule. 18.
RELIEF GRANTED A. PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIVE RELIEF IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 19. enjoined. Defendants. practice. successors. in any act. using or employing. and attorneys. 17 C. 7 . which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person.C. intentionally or recklessly: A. assigns. from directly or indirectly: A.R. or course of business. 20. their officers. enjoined. Defendants. are hereby restrained. servants. making. assigns. successors. Trading on or subject to the rules of any registered entity. servants. their officers. or attempting to engage. and C. 7 U. B. engaging.S. or contract for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any registered entity. employees. and prohibited until further order of the court.1(a) (2017). and all persons in active concert or participation with Defendants who receive notice of this Order by personal service or otherwise. 7 U. or attempting to use or employ. § 1a(40) (2012). or Commission Regulation 180. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 35 of 79 PageID #: 439 III. and all persons in active concert or participation with Defendants who receive notice of this Order by personal service or otherwise. in violation of Section 6(c)(1) of the Act. employees. agents.C. scheme. any untrue or misleading statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make statements made not untrue or misleading. agents. or attorneys.S. from directly or indirectly. are hereby restrained.1(a). or artifice to defraud.F. in connection with any swap. § 180. any manipulative device. or attempting to make. or contract of sale of any commodity in interstate commerce. as that term is defined in Section 1a(40) of the Act. § 9(1) (2012). and prohibited until further order of the court.
R. Controlling or directing the trading for or on behalf of any other person or entity. or required to be registered with the Commission except as provided for in Regulation 4.14(a)(9). or any other officer or employee of any person (as that term is defined in Section 1a(38) of the Act. or accepting any funds from any person for the purpose of purchasing or selling any commodity.S. and engaging in any activity requiring such registration or exemption from registration with the Commission.3(yy) (2017)) for their own personal account or for any account in which they have a direct or indirect interest. mutilating. Having any commodity interests traded on their behalf. 17 C.3(yy). MAINTENANCE OF AND ACCESS TO BUSINESS RECORDS IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that: 21.F. E. 17 C. except as provided for in Regulation 4. § 4. any documents that relate to the business practices or business or personal finances of any Defendant.F. § 1.14(a)(9). 8 . agent. altering.14(a)(9) (2017). C.1(a) (2017)). 7 U. Soliciting.F. 17 C. Entering into any transactions involving “commodity interests” (as that term is defined in Regulation 1.14(a)(9) (2017). concealing or disposing of. in any manner. § 4.R. § 1a(38) (2012)) registered.R. receiving. § 3.F. exempted from registration. B. and G. directly or indirectly.R. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 36 of 79 PageID #: 440 B. Acting as a principal (as that term is defined in Regulation 3. F. D. erasing. Applying for registration or claiming exemption from registration with the Commission in any capacity. in any account involving commodity interests. Defendants are restrained from directly or indirectly destroying.1(a).C. 17 C. whether by power of attorney or otherwise.
Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 37 of 79 PageID #: 441 22. 1099 forms. 9 . or for the benefit of. but not limited to. business entity or other person may provide full un- redacted copies of records requested by the Commission. and the name. originals or copies of account applications. deny a request by the Commission to inspect any records pertaining to any account or asset owned. in any manner. deposit tickets. debit and credit instruments or slips. Defendants shall submit in writing and serve upon the Commission an accounting identifying: A. and B. any records relating to the business activities and business and personal finances of any Defendant. or person that receives notice of this Order by personal service or otherwise. Within five (5) business days following the service of this Order. drafts. and safe deposit box logs. address. account statements. The identification shall include the amount of each such transfer or payment. shall not: A. the date of the transfer or payment. business entity. all transfers or payments of funds to them or any other entity controlled by them from any individual or entity in connection with the misconduct described in the Complaint. including. Any financial or brokerage institution. C. signature cards. checks. directly or indirectly destroy. ACCOUNTING AND PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that: 23. transfers to and from the accounts. account number and financial institution of the party making and the party receiving the transfer or payment. currency transaction reports. alter or dispose of. any Defendants. managed or held by Defendants. As an alternative to allowing inspection of records. a financial or brokerage institution. controlled. or managed or held on behalf of.
the total funds removed in order to close the account. and the name of the person or entity to whom such account or other asset was remitted. Upon request by the Commission. account number and financial institution of the person or entity who provided each with the funds or other assets. or is otherwise subject to access by Defendants. if the account or other asset has been closed or removed. and the identification of any safe deposit box that is owned controlled. or for the benefit of a Defendant. 24. each Defendant shall promptly provide the Commission with copies of all records or other documentation pertaining to any account or asset identified in response to Paragraph 23 above. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 38 of 79 PageID #: 442 B. whether in the United States or elsewhere. on behalf of. originals or copies of 10 . managed. all persons. or a description of the nature and value of such asset as of the close of business on the day on which this Order is served. the reason received. by name and address. the balance of each such account. and E. including. managed. but not limited to. the institution and account number or location in which the funds or other assets are held and the name. either individually or jointly. on behalf of. either individually or jointly. The identification shall include the amount each received. the date received. of any Defendant. assets of every type and description presently owned by or held for the direct or indirect benefit. or held by. the date closed or removed. entities and accounts currently holding funds or assets derived from such transfers or payments and the reason each received the funds or assets. or held by. or for the benefit of a Defendant. address. and. the identification number of each account or other asset controlled. or subject to the direct or indirect control. C. in detail. D. the precise disposition of each such transfer or payment and any assets derived therefrom.
including. “Assets” means any legal or equitable interest in. but not limited to. deposit tickets. and therefore. signature cards. mail or other deliveries. directly or indirectly controlled. account statements. leaseholds. no bond is required prior to entry of this Order. and safe deposit box logs. credits. Internal Revenue Service Forms 1099.C. or that may be subject to any provision of this Order. or control of any document or asset of Defendants. notes. electronic mail. and all cash. pursuant to Section 6c(b) of the Act. wherever located. right to. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 39 of 79 PageID #: 443 account applications. accounts (including. within or outside the United States. §13a-1(b) (2012). 26. options. whether individually or jointly. inventory. facsimile transmission. checks. currency transaction reports.S. all other debit and credit instruments or slips. general intangibles. The term “document” is synonymous in meaning and equal in scope to the broad usage of the term in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(a). Fedex. 11 . and United Parcel Service. but not limited to: chattels. effects. Service of this Order. fixtures. For the purposes of this Order. receivables. Bond Not Required of Plaintiff. 27. 7 U. insurance policies. Copies of this Order may be served by any means. bank accounts and accounts at other financial institutions). or claim to. the following definitions apply: A. lines of credit. and wherever located. Definitions. IV. or swaps contracts). upon any financial institution or other entity or person that may have possession. Plaintiff is an agency of the United States. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 25. futures. any real or personal property. including mail. instruments. transfers to and from the accounts. custody. B. contracts (including spot. equipment. drafts. checks. goods.
29. This Order shall remain in effect until further order of the court. The court shall retain jurisdiction over this action to ensure compliance with this Order and for all other purposes related to this action. 2018 Brooklyn. Any person claiming improper application of the injunctive power of the court may seek relief by motion. Weinstein Senior United States District Judge Dated: March 6. Weinstein Jack B. Appendix A Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 40 of 79 PageID #: 444 28. New York 12 . Continuing Jurisdiction of this Court. SO ORDERED. /s/ Jack B.
Communications from LabCFTC shall not create estoppel against CFTC or other enforcement actions. and cannot independently provide. as necessary. 2017 A CFTC Primer on Virtual Currencies CFTC Please note that LabCFTC cannot and will not provide legal advice. If you have specific questions regarding your activities and whether they conform to legal or regulatory requirements. LabCFTC will work with entities on such requests with the appropriate offices through established processes. LabCFTC has no independent authority or decision-making power. legal or regulatory relief. or create an expectation for. 1 . Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 41 of 79 PageID #: 445 Appendix B October 17. Any formal requests for relief must be addressed by relevant CFTC staff or. you should consult with a qualified lawyer or appropriate expert. by the Commission.
Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 42 of 79 PageID #: 446 Contents This primer format is intended to be an educational tool regarding emerging FinTech innovations. The CFTC does not endorse the use or effectiveness of any of the financial products in this presentation. or to limit the CFTC’s current or future positions or actions. and CFTC Oversight  Risks of Virtual Currencies − Operational Risks − Speculative Risks − Cybersecurity Risks − Fraud and Manipulation Risks 2 . It is organized as follows:  Overview – What is a Virtual Currency? – Bitcoin and Related Technologies – Potential Uses of Virtual Currencies and Blockchain Technologies  The Role of the CFTC – The CFTC’s Mission – Sample Permitted and Prohibited Activities – ICOs. Virtual Tokens. It is not intended to describe the official policy or position of the CFTC.
Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 43 of 79 PageID #: 447 OVERVIEW OF VIRTUAL CURRENCIES 3 .
available at https://www. − In some environments.org/bitcoin. − Virtual currency that has an equivalent value in real currency. it operates like ‘real’ currency .”† †IRS Notice 2014-21. or that acts as a substitute for real currency. − Bitcoin can be digitally traded between users and can be purchased for. We further note that one prominent type of virtual currency is cryptocurrency. but it does not have legal tender status [in the U. . or exchanged into. . dollars.irs. and is instead offered as an aid to enhance public understanding of virtual currencies.pdf.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/virtual-currencies (emphasis added).S. Please note that this definition is not a statement of the Commission’s view. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (Oct.” Satoshi Nakamoto. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 44 of 79 PageID #: 448 What is a Virtual Currency?  Although precise definitions offered by others are varied.]. 4 . is referred to as ‘convertible’ virtual currency. Euros. 31. Bitcoin is one example of a convertible virtual currency. allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. a unit of account. and other real or virtual currencies. U. and/or a store of value. 2008).S. Cryptocurrency has been described as “an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust. available at https://bitcoin. an IRS definition provides us with a general idea: − “Virtual currency is a digital representation of value that functions as a medium of exchange.
available at https://blogs. 2017). Trading Like a Hot Small Cap. Bitcoin. Wall Street Journal (Aug. including Ethereum (or Ether). Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 45 of 79 PageID #: 449 What is Bitcoin?  Bitcoin is currently the largest convertible virtual currency by market capitalization (close to $72 billion in August 2017)†  Bitcoin was created in 2008 by a person or group that used the name “Satoshi Nakamoto.” with the belief that: “[w]hat is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust.com/moneybeat/2017/08/28/bitcoin-valued-like-a-blue-chip-trading-like-a-small-cap/. Litecoin.wsj.”  Bitcoin: − Is “pseudonymous” (or partially anonymous) in that an individual is identified by an alpha-numeric public key/address. It is important to note that there are many other virtual currencies with sizeable market capitalizations that are built upon various Blockchain technologies. but may have different characteristics or functionalities than Bitcoin. 5 . and − Enables the transfer of ownership without the need for a trusted. allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. 29. − Relies on cryptography (and unique digital signatures) for security based on public and private keys and complex mathematical algorithms. and Ripple. − Runs on a decentralized peer-to-peer network of computers and “miners” that operate on open-source software and do “work” to validate and irrevocably log transactions on a permanent public distributed ledger visible to the entire network. †Paul Vigna. − Solves the lack of trust between participants who may be strangers to each other on a public ledger through the transaction validation work noted in the sub-bullet above. Valued Like a Cool Blue Chip. central intermediary.
computers. − Virtual currencies create an economic incentive for dispersed. − Private ledger systems allow a network of known participants to share transaction information between themselves more efficiently. around the world to confirm transactions and perform verifiable “work” (that creates consensus) to publish a new block of transactions on the public ledger in exchange for a payment of the applicable virtual currency. these systems do not necessarily involve a virtual currency that may serve as the economic incentive for miner or validator participation in public networks. or groups of computers. 6 . What is the Difference between Public Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 46 of 79 PageID #: 450 and Private Ledger Systems?  Certain virtual currencies operate on public distributed ledger systems that capture “blocks” of transactions – there is no inherent trust in this decentralized system. independent.  Private / permissioned distributed ledger networks typically have some degree of trust between participants. − While cryptography and consensus may still be involved in private ledger systems.
. payments) – Some public Blockchain systems rely on the payment of fees in virtual currency form in order to power the network and underlying transactions  Transfer / Move Money – Domestic and international money transfer (e. Sample Potential Use Cases of Virtual Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 47 of 79 PageID #: 451 Currencies  Store of Value – Like precious metals. remittances) in order to increase efficiencies and potentially reduce related fees 7 ..e. divisible. and portable – Limited or finite supply of virtual currencies may contrast with ‘real’ (fiat) currencies  Trading – Trading in virtual currencies may result in capital gains or losses – Note that trading in virtual currencies may involve significant speculation and volatility risk (see Virtual Currency Risks section below)  Payments and Transactions – Some merchants and online stores are accepting virtual currencies in exchange for physical and digital goods (i. many virtual currencies are a “non-yielding” asset (meaning they do not pay dividends or interest). but they may be more fungible.g.
available at https://hbr. or distributed ledger technology. Lakhani.* underpins many virtual currencies. allowing rental of a personal car left behind during a vacation or allowing rental of excess computer or data storage) – Digital Identity (e.e. permissioned ledger systems – versions of public and private systems may be used by:  Financial Institutions – Trading & Payment Platforms / Clearing and Settlement – Regulatory Reporting.” i.. Harvard Business Review (Jan-Feb 2017).e.g. proof of identity when entering into a contract) * See generally Marco Iansiti and Karim R..org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain (for a general overview of how a public Blockchain works). Compliance & Audit – Know Your Customer (KYC) / Anti-Money Laundering (AML) – Repurchase Agreement Transactions (“Repos. 8 .g.g... Sample Potential Use Cases of Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 48 of 79 PageID #: 452 Blockchain/DLT Technology Blockchain. The Truth About Blockchain. short-term borrowing of securities)  Governments – General Records Management – Title & Ownership Records Management (e. self executing agreements) – Resource / Asset Sharing Agreements (e. but can also be used within private. real property deeds and title transfer) – Regulatory Reporting and Oversight  Cross-Industry – Smart Contracts (i..
Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 49 of 79 PageID #: 453 THE ROLE OF THE CFTC 9 .
and the public from fraud. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 50 of 79 PageID #: 454 The CFTC’s Mission  The mission of the CFTC is to foster open. – To ensure the financial integrity of all transactions subject to the CEA and the avoidance of systemic risk. and abusive practices related to derivatives and other products that are subject to the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA).  Responsible innovation is market-enhancing. other markets. competitive. manipulation. consumers. and – To promote responsible innovation and fair competition among boards of trade. the Commission aims to protect market users and their funds. the CFTC will act: – To deter and prevent price manipulation or any other disruptions to market integrity. – To protect all market participants from fraudulent or other abusive sales practices and misuse of customer assets. By working to avoid systemic risk. and market participants. and financially sound markets.  To foster the public interest and fulfill its mission. transparent. 10 .
available at http://www. Inc. .”  The CFTC first found that Bitcoin and other virtual currencies are properly defined as commodities in 2015. such as an agricultural product (e. CFTC Docket No. the CFTC generally does not oversee “spot” or cash market exchanges and transactions involving virtual currencies that do not utilize margin. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 51 of 79 PageID #: 455 Virtual Currencies are Commodities  The definition of “commodity” in the CEA is broad. and Francisco Riordan.  The CFTC’s jurisdiction is implicated when a virtual currency is used in a derivatives contract. in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in.. ‡ See. d/b/a Derivabit. ─ It can mean a currency or interest rate. ─ It can mean a physical commodity. wheat. leverage. or financing. . cotton) or natural resource (e. rights.g. oil).. 11 .gov/idc/groups/public/@lrenforcementactions/documents/legalpleading/enfcoinfliprorder09172015. In the Matter of: Coinflip.‡  The CFTC has oversight over futures. gold. and interests . ─ The CEA definition of “commodity” also includes “all services. 15-29.g.pdf.. and derivatives contracts. − Beyond instances of fraud or manipulation. or if there is fraud or manipulation involving a virtual currency traded in interstate commerce. . options.cftc.
12 . a Swap Execution Facility (“SEF”) registered with the CFTC. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 52 of 79 PageID #: 456 Examples of Permitted Activities  TeraExchange. listed binary options based on the Tera Bitcoin Price Index from November 2014 to December 2016. Trading on a SEF platform is limited to “eligible contract participants. with assets above specified statutory minimums. entered in to the virtual currency market in 2014 by listing a Bitcoin swap for trading.” a type of sophisticated trader. It plans to list digital currency options.  LedgerX. (“NADEX”). LLC (“LedgerX”) registered with the CFTC as a SEF and Derivative Clearing Organization (“DCO”) in July 2017.  North American Derivatives Exchange Inc. Retail customers may trade on NADEX. LLC. a designated contract market (“DCM”). which includes various financial institutions and persons.
Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 53 of 79 PageID #: 457 Examples of Prohibited Activities‡  Price manipulation of a virtual currency traded in interstate commerce. ‡Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of prohibited activities.  A virtual currency futures or option contract or swap traded on a domestic platform or facility that has not registered with the CFTC as a SEF or DCM.  Certain schemes involving virtual currency marketed to retail customers. such as off-exchange financed commodity transactions with persons who fail to register with the CFTC. 13 .  Pre-arranged or wash trading in an exchange-traded virtual currency swap or futures contract.
 There is no inconsistency between the SEC’s analysis and the CFTC’s determination that virtual currencies are commodities and that virtual tokens may be commodities or derivatives contracts depending on the particular facts and circumstances.  Investors exchanged Ether. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 54 of 79 PageID #: 458 ICOs. the SEC determined that DAO Tokens are “securities” under the federal securities laws. Report of Investigation Pursuant to Section 21(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: The DAO. 81207. − The CFTC looks beyond form and considers the actual substance and purpose of an activity when applying the federal commodities laws and CFTC regulations ‡ See Release No. Virtual Tokens. a virtual currency.gov/litigation/investreport/34-81207. and CFTC Oversight  The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) recently released a report about an Initial Coin Offering or “ICO” (the “DAO Report”).  Based on the facts and circumstances. DAO Tokens could be resold on web-based platforms.sec.” which is a “virtual” organization embodied in computer code and executed on a distributed ledger or blockchain. available at https://www. 14 . for virtual DAO “Tokens” to fund projects in which the investors would share in anticipated earnings.‡  The DAO Report explains that “The DAO” is an example of a “Decentralized Autonomous Organization.pdf.
Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 55 of 79 PageID #: 459 RISKS OF VIRTUAL CURRENCIES 15 .
 Investors and users of virtual currencies should educate themselves about these and other risks before getting involved. some have questioned whether public distributed ledgers are in fact immutable). including: − Operational Risks − Cybersecurity Risks − Speculative Risks − Fraud and Manipulation Risks  Virtual currencies are relatively unproven and may not perform as expected (for example. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 56 of 79 PageID #: 460 Virtual Currencies Have Risks  While virtual currencies have potential benefits. this emerging space also involves various risks. 16 .
Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 57 of 79 PageID #: 461 Virtual Currency: Operational Risk  Conduct extensive research before giving any money or personal information to a virtual currency platform.  Many of these platforms are not subject to the supervision which applies to regulated exchanges. without adequate safeguards. For example.  The virtual currency marketplace is comprised of many different platforms where you can convert one type of virtual currency into another or into real currency. if offered. they may be subject to federal and state money transmission and anti-money laundering laws. 17 .  Some virtual currency platforms may be missing critical system safeguards and customer protection related systems. leverage. but they do not have to follow all the rules that regulated exchanges operate under. or financing. if they engage in only certain spot or cash market transactions and do not utilize margin. customers may lose some or all of their virtual assets.
even when using “copy and paste. it can take your virtual currency with limited or no recourse  When transferring virtual currency. 18 . resulting in the theft of virtual currency or loss of customer assets.  Depending on the structure and security of the digital wallet. some may be vulnerable to hacks.  Some platforms may “commingle” (mix) customer assets in shared accounts (at a bank for real currency or a digital wallet for virtual currency). This may affect whether or how you can withdraw your currency. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 58 of 79 PageID #: 462 Virtual Currency: Cybersecurity Risk  Keep your property in safe accounts and carefully verify digital wallet addresses. − If a bad actor gains access to your private key. be sure to confirm the destination wallet address.” It is possible for hackers to change digital wallet addresses on your computer.
 An individual or coordinated group trading a large amount of virtual currency at once could affect the price.  The virtual currency marketplace has been subject to substantial volatility and price swings. leading to harmful effects such as customer orders being filled at undesirable prices. depending on the overall amount of trading in the marketplace. 19 . Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 59 of 79 PageID #: 463 Virtual Currency: Speculative Risk  Only invest what you are willing and able to lose.  Some advertisements promise guaranteed returns – this can be a common tactic with fraudulent schemes.  Periods of high volatility with inadequate trade volume may create adverse market conditions.
 Unregistered virtual currency platforms may not be able to adequately protect against market abuses by other traders. and pay close attention to the fee structure and systems safeguards. − For example.  There is also a risk of Ponzi schemers and fraudsters seeking to capitalize on the current attention focused on virtual currencies. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 60 of 79 PageID #: 464 Virtual Currency: Fraud & Manipulation Risk  Carefully research the platform you want to use. 20 . recent news articles discuss potential “spoofing” activity and other manipulative behavior that can negatively affect prices  Some virtual currency platforms may be selling you virtual currency directly from their own account – these types of transactions may give the platform unfair advantages and sometimes resemble fraudulent “bucket shop” schemes.
and it is no surprise that these technologies are having an equally transformative impact on US capital and derivatives markets. Broadly speaking. central authority to ensure that an entity is capable of.htm. which rely on certain network participants to validate and log transactions on a permanent. data analytics. Thank you. and/or a store of value. which over time may come to challenge traditional market infrastructure. virtual currencies are a digital representation of value that may function as a medium of exchange.C. even fortuitous. 29. Ranking Member Brown. “smart” contracts valuing themselves and calculating payments in real-time.org Director of Research. a unit of account. there has been a need for a trusted intermediary – for example a bank or other financial institution – to serve as a gatekeeper for transactions and many economic activities. Dec.cftc. I would like to note that this hearing is timely. D. and does.1 An array of thoughtful business. markets and the entire financial landscape with far ranging implications for capital formation and risk transfer. FEBRUARY 6. They are impacting trading. algorithm-based trading. for the invitation to testify before the Committee. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION BEFORE THE SENATE BANKING COMMITTEE WASHINGTON. public distributed ledger. 2018 Introduction: Virtual Currency Thank you. CFTC Talks. and distributed ledger technologies. They are transforming the world around us. 2017. Traditionally. and policy leaders have 1 See generally. at http://www. technology. academic. and all the members of the Committee for this opportunity to discuss virtual currencies. They include machine learning and artificial intelligence.gov/Media/Podcast/index. commonly known as the blockchain. Virtual currencies generally run on a decentralized peer-to-peer network of computers. Chairman Crapo. Supporters of virtual currencies see a technological solution to the age-old “double spend” problem – that has always driven the need for a trusted. Peter Van Valkenburgh. At the outset. Emerging financial technologies broadly are taking us into a new chapter of economic history. however. Interview with Coincenter. is virtual currency. Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 61 of 79 PageID #: 465 Appendix C WRITTEN TESTIMONY OF J. Episode 24. The more specific topic for today’s hearing. engage in a valid transaction. 1 . Virtual currencies seek to replace the need for a central authority or intermediary with a decentralized. rules-based and open consensus mechanism. CHRISTOPHER GIANCARLO CHAIRMAN.
Milken Institute (Oct.nytimes.mercatus. 2874598. The total value of all outstanding virtual currencies was about $365 billion.700. history has demonstrated to us time-and-again that bad actors will try to invoke the concept of innovation in order to perpetrate age-old fraudulent schemes on the public. argue that this is all hype or technological alchemy and that the current interest in virtual currencies is overblown and resembles wishful thinking. China has banned Bitcoin for banking institutions. Bolivia. a technological revolution.’ Morgan Stanley CEO Says. billionaire Peter Thiel says. a fever. Rotman School of Management Working Paper No.ssrn. Ecuador. as some nations have done.com/2014/01/21/why-bitcoin-matters/. Perspective is critically important.com/news/articles/2017-09-27/bitcoin-more-than-just-a-fad-morgan-stanley-ceo- gorman-says. potential riches. Hugh Son. Jerry Brito and Andrea O’Sullivan. the column inches of press attention to virtual currency far surpass its size and magnitude in today’s global economy. can be used to evade laws or support illicit activity. for others. Christian Catalini and Joshua S. Because virtual currencies like Bitcoin are sometimes considered to be comparable to gold as an investment vehicle. 3 Virtual currencies are not unique in their utility in illicit activity. Morocco. including how market participants conduct transactions. 26.com/sol3/papers. however. https://www. https://dealbook. Bloomberg (Sept. 21. 21. 4 Countries that have banned Bitcoin include Bangladesh. like the US Dollar. They have declared the 2017 heightened valuation of Bitcoin to be a bubble similar to the famous “Tulip Bubble” of the seventeenth century. The Bitcoin “market capitalization” is less than the stock market capitalization of a single “large cap” business. 2014). Arjun Kharpal. 5191-16 (last updated Sept. such as McDonalds (around $130 billion). like gold and diamonds. 2 See Marc Andreessen. As of the morning of February 5.com/2017/10/26/bitcoin-underestimated-peter-thiel-says. People are 'underestimating' the 'great potential' of bitcoin. 2014). https://www. even a mania. 21. Some Simple Economics of the Blockchain. Why Bitcoin Matters. MIT Sloan Research Paper No.https://www. 27. and an exorable value proposition. 2016). Clearly.2 Others. transfer ownership. and Vietnam. and power peer-to-peer applications and economic systems. Gans. National currencies. worse. In fact.bloomberg. have long been used to support criminal enterprises.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 62 of 79 PageID #: 466 extrapolated some of the possible impacts that derive from such an innovation.3 Indeed. They say that virtual currencies perform no socially useful function and. Nepal. available at http://www. George Mason University Mercatus Center (May 3.org/publication/bitcoin-primer-policymakers. New York Times DealBook (Jan. 2017).html. 2 . 2017). the total value of all outstanding Bitcoin was about $130 billion based on a Bitcoin price of $7. some assert that virtual currencies should be banned.cnbc. it is important to recognize that the total value of all the gold in the world is estimated by the World Gold Council to be about $8 trillion which continues to dwarf the virtual currency market size. and commodities.milkeninstitute.https://papers. a new form of temptation and allure. 2017). FinTech: Building a 21st-Century Regulator’s Toolkit.cfm?abstract_id=2874598. Kyrgyzstan. Accordingly. and a way to separate the unsuspecting from their money. CNBC (Oct.4 There is clearly no shortage of opinions on virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. virtual currencies may be all things to all people: for some. Chris Brummer and Daniel Gorfine. the next big thing. a fraud. Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers. Bitcoin ‘More Than Just a Fad.org/publications/view/665.
” In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. these organized commodity futures markets.g. federal and international colleagues. heating oil. . 6 See CFTC. competitive. known as designated contract markets (DCMs) regulated by the CFTC. to deter and prosecute fraud and abuse. President Obama and Congress enhanced the CFTC’s regulatory authority. SEC Chairman Clayton and I recently wrote: The CFTC and SEC. Jan. rights. As such they require us to be nimble and forward-looking. These markets are new.cftc. gold. It can mean a physical commodity..wsj.com/articles/regulators-are- looking-at-cryptocurrency-1516836363. including Congress5. 24. will continue to work together to bring transparency and integrity to these markets and. and foreign currency. and financially sound derivatives markets. such as an agricultural product (e. along with other federal and state regulators and criminal authorities. the Commission aims to protect market users and their funds. The Commission historically has been charged by the CEA with regulatory authority over the commodity futures markets. consumers. and engaged with important stakeholders. It can mean a currency or interest rate. collectively including crude oil. Mission and Responsibilities. Regulators Are Looking at Cryptocurrency: At the SEC and CFTC We Take Our Responsibility Seriously.g. The agency now also oversees these commodity futures markets for financial products such as interest rates. evolving and international. assuming responsibilities that had previously belonged to the Department of Agriculture since the 1920s. Christopher Giancarlo. 2018. and the public from fraud. and abusive practices related to derivatives and other products that are subject to the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). transparent. The CEA definition of “commodity” also includes “all services. gold. and interests . The CFTC was established as an independent agency in 1974. manipulation. Over time. in which contracts for future delivery are presently or in the future dealt in. Wall Street Journal. virtual currency presents novel challenges for regulators. wheat. Introduction: The Mission of the CFTC: The mission of the CFTC is to foster open. beginning with agricultural commodities such as wheat. importantly.htm. https://www. 3 .6 By working to avoid systemic risk. coordinated with our state.gov/About/MissionResponsibilities/index..Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 63 of 79 PageID #: 467 Yet. have grown to include those for energy and metals commodities. despite being a relatively small asset class. It is this perspective that has guided our work at the CFTC on virtual currencies. and cotton. With passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and 5 Jay Clayton and J. oil). gasoline. copper. These markets have existed since the 1860s. and silver. The definition of “commodity” in the CEA is broad. cotton) or natural resource (e. stock indexes. . http://www. corn.
futures commission merchants. Futures. Federal regulator with such regulatory oversight authority over spot virtual currency platforms operating in the United States or abroad.S. foreign currency and interest rates. compliance with personnel conduct standards. including imposing registration requirements. swap data repositories. derivatives serve the needs of society to help moderate price. I. To ensure the integrity of US derivatives markets. energy. These include swap execution facilities. the CFTC does NOT have regulatory jurisdiction under the CEA over markets or platforms conducting cash or “spot” transactions in virtual currencies or other commodities or over participants on such platforms. swaps and other derivatives markets are essential means for commercial and financial risk mitigation and transfer. the CFTC does have both regulatory and enforcement jurisdiction under the CEA over derivatives on virtual currencies traded in the United States. In short. including misconduct in underlying spot markets for commodities. and other entities. the CFTC conducts 4 . the CFTC DOES have enforcement jurisdiction to investigate through subpoena and other investigative powers and. swaps market in addition to exchange traded futures markets. supply and other commercial risks to free up capital for economic growth. More than 90 percent of Fortune 500 companies use derivatives to manage commercial or market risk in their worldwide business operations. These markets allow the risks of variable production costs. the interest rates borrowers pay on home mortgages and the returns workers earn on their retirement savings. such as Bitcoin. as appropriate. the CFTC regulates derivatives market participants and activities. surveillance and monitoring. met the definition of “commodity” under the CEA. capital adequacy.S.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 64 of 79 PageID #: 468 Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). They impact the price and availability of heating in American homes. to be transferred from those who cannot afford them to those who can. But derivatives markets are not just useful for agricultural producers. CFTC Authority and Oversight over Virtual Currencies In 2015. transaction reporting. The CFTC also prosecutes derivative market fraud and manipulation. commodity pool operators. the CFTC determined that virtual currencies. designated contract markets. This means that for derivatives on virtual currencies traded in U. In contrast to the spot markets. cyber security examinations or other requirements. the CFTC does not have authority to conduct regulatory oversight over spot virtual currency platforms or other cash commodities. such as the price of raw materials.S. The agency oversees a variety of individuals and organizations. In fact. current law does not provide any U. customer education. More specifically. They are the reason why American consumers enjoy stable prices in the grocery store. the energy used in factories. Nevertheless. conduct civil enforcement action against fraud and manipulation in virtual currency derivatives markets and in underlying virtual currency spot markets. swap dealers. However. derivatives clearing organizations. markets. job creation and prosperity. the agency now also oversees most of the U. whatever the conditions out on the farm. trading system safeguards.
effort (detailed in Section IV herein).
assets. Appendix A hereto summarizes recent CFTC enforcement activities.
works cooperatively with counterparts at the SEC with similar virtual currency expertise.
Forestry (Dec. 10, 2014), http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/opamassad-6.
perpetrators of fraud, market manipulation and disruptive trading involving virtual currency.
in connection with purchases and trading of Bitcoin and Litecoin.
engage in fraud and manipulation regarding virtual currencies.
of Comex gold futures was about $74 billion (549,000 contracts).
launch of Bitcoin futures products in late 2017.
Each CME contract represents 5 Bitcoin.
The price changes day to day.
innovation that has made America’s listed futures markets the envy of the world.
monitoring and risk management steps.
Appendices B and C to Part 38 of the CFTC’s regulations.
derivatives clearing organization shall be sufficient to cover potential exposures in normal market conditions.”).
20 Unlike provisions in the CEA and Commission regulations that provide for public comment on rule self- certifications. Some questioned why the Commission did not hold public hearings prior to launch. CFTC staff prioritized visibility. That is why CFTC staff has added an additional element to the Review and Compliance Checklist for virtual 19 In the case of CME and Cboe Bitcoin futures. setting high initial and maintenance margins.and not CFTC staff20 .to solicit and address stakeholder concerns in new product self-certifications. should indeed have an opportunity to raise appropriate concerns for consideration by regulated platforms proposing virtual currency derivatives and DCOs considering clearing new virtual currency products. there is no provision in statute or regulation for public input into CFTC staff review of product self- certifications. as many have done. data. and monitoring of markets for Bitcoin derivatives and underlying settlement reference rates. This visibility greatly enhances the agency’s ability to prosecute fraud and manipulation in both the new Bitcoin futures markets and in its related underlying cash markets. and through their active participation in DCO risk committees.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 68 of 79 PageID #: 472 6. the initial and maintenance margins were ultimately set at 47% and 44% by the respective DCOs. the CFTC could best look out for Bitcoin market participants and consumers. By way of comparison that is more than ten times the margin required for CME corn futures products. The seventh element. it is the function of the futures exchanges and futures clearinghouses . as some have done. As for the interests of clearing members. especially clearing members. It is hard to believe that Congress was not deliberate in making that distinction. The first six of these elements were used to ensure that the new product offerings complied with the DCM’s obligations under the CEA core principles and CFTC regulations and related guidance. DCMs agreeing to coordinate product launches to enable the CFTC’s market surveillance branch to monitor developments. and 7. Interested parties. The CFTC staff’s focus was on how the futures contracts and cash settlement indices are designed to bar manipulation and the appropriate level of contract margining to meet CEA and Commission regulations. the CFTC recognized that large global banks and brokerages that are DCO clearing members are able to look after their own commercial interests by choosing not to trade Bitcoin futures. was designed to ensure adequate collateral coverage in reaction to the underlying volatility of Bitcoin. However. In crafting its process of “heightened review” for compliance. DCOs setting substantially high initial19 and maintenance margin for cash-settled instruments. requiring substantially higher initial margins from their customers. some criticism was directed at the self-certification process from a few market participants. After the launch of Bitcoin futures. CFTC staff felt that in gaining such visibility. 8 . as well as the public interest in Federal surveillance and enforcement.
there is a need for much greater understanding and clarity. CFTC staff will take a close look at DCO governance around the clearing of new virtual currency products and formulate recommendations for possible further action. Amidst the wild assertions. For such virtual currency spot markets. Adequacy of CFTC Authority The CFTC has sufficient authority under the CEA to protect investors in virtual currency derivatives over which the CFTC has regulatory jurisdiction under the CEA. Further. blocking self-certification would not have stopped the rise of Bitcoin or other virtual currencies. The CFTC’s response to the self-certification of Bitcoin futures has been a balanced one. which currently does not give the CFTC regulatory authority (distinct from enforcement authority) over cash commodity markets. It has resulted in the world’s first federally regulated Bitcoin futures market. Had it even been possible. including trading firms and FCMs.21 The CFTC is an experienced regulator of derivatives markets that mostly serve professional and eligible contract participants. 9 . Any extension of the CFTC’s regulatory authority to virtual currency spot markets would require statutory amendment of the CEA. CFTC only has enforcement jurisdiction to investigate and. and shocking hyperbole about virtual currencies.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 69 of 79 PageID #: 473 currency product self-certifications. Educating Investors and Market Participants The CFTC believes that the responsible regulatory response to virtual currencies must start with consumer education. as appropriate. Congress responded to concerns in the regulation of leveraged retail FX by providing the CFTC oversight responsibilities for Retail Foreign Exchange Dealers (RFEDs). IV. That is. As noted above. conduct civil enforcement action against fraud and manipulation. 21 The CFTC has jurisdiction over retail foreign currency markets and retail commodity transactions that use leverage. Such extension of regulatory authority would be a dramatic expansion of the CFTC’s regulatory mission. The CFTC Re-authorization Act of 2008 amended the CEA to create a new registration category for RFEDs that include disclosure requirements and leverage limitations to customers. margin or financing with some exceptions. Instead. bold headlines. requesting DCMs and SEFs to disclose to CFTC staff what steps they have taken in their capacity as self-regulatory organizations to gather and accommodate appropriate input from concerned parties. it would have ensured that virtual currency spot markets continue to operate without effective and data-enabled federal regulatory surveillance for fraud and manipulation. III. the CFTC does NOT have regulatory jurisdiction over markets or platforms conducting cash or “spot” transactions in virtual currencies or over participants on those platforms. It would have prevented the development of a regulated derivatives market that allowed participants to take “short” positions that challenged the 2017 rise of Bitcoin prices.
V.000 AARP members. which is the research and training arm of the National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG). a dedicated CFTC “Bitcoin” webpage. who are responsible for conducting outreach to the public on avoiding investment fraud.  The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) treating virtual currencies as property subject to capital gains tax. the U. FINRA and SEC to hold a webinar on fraud prevention in virtual currencies.S. The OCEO is currently partnering with:  The Consumer Finance Protection Bureau (CFPB) to train US public library staff to identify and report consumer in virtual currencies. approach to oversight of virtual currencies has evolved into a multifaceted. 10 . the CFTC has produced an unprecedented amount of consumer information concerning virtual currencies (listed in Appendix B hereto). whether they are called a virtual currency or initial coin offering in name. consumer and market advisories on investing in Bitcoin and other virtual currencies (Appendix D hereto). Interagency Coordination As noted. to inform State AGs about the availability of CFTC’s virtual currency resources.  the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) to distribute a virtual currency “Watchdog Alert” to 120. weekly publication of Bitcoin futures “Commitment of Traders” data and an analysis of Bitcoin spot market data.  North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA) Investor Educators. In addition. multi-regulatory approach that includes:  The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) taking increasingly strong action against unregistered securities offerings. As a result. These consumer materials include an information “primer” on virtual currencies (Appendix C hereto). the CFTC’s enforcement jurisdiction over virtual currencies is not exclusive. several podcasts (available on the Commission’s website and from various streaming services) concerning virtual currencies and underlying technology. OCEO will again coordinate with NFA. the CFTC’s Office of Consumer Education and Outreach (OCEO) is actively engaging with responsible outside partners to better educate consumers on Bitcoin and other virtual currencies.  the National Attorneys General Training and Research Institute (NAGTRI). including in virtual currencies. and  The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago to help consumers manage their finances better.  State Banking regulators overseeing certain US and foreign virtual currency spot exchanges largely through state money transfer laws.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 70 of 79 PageID #: 474 Over the past six months.
Christopher Giancarlo before the Markit Group.com/articles/analysis/technology-analysis/blockchain-getting-beyond-the-buzz. 2015.g.profit-loss. 27. June 15. Aug. 23 Id. Smart Derivatives Can Cure XVA Headaches. Profit & Loss. The CFTC actively communicates its approach to virtual currencies with other Federal regulators. 2016 Annual Customer Conference New York. http://harris-on. Potential Benefits I have spoken publicly about the potential benefits of the technology underlying Bitcoin.risk. UBS Bank Is Experimenting with “Smart-Bonds” Using the Bitcoin Blockchain. defend against fraudulent activity and improve data quality and governance. namely Blockchain or distributed ledger technology (DLT). Scientific American.com/block_chain_io/2015/06/ubs-exploring-smart-bonds-on-block-chain.23 DLT is likely to have a broad and lasting impact on global financial markets in payments.. 2015. 24 See.com/articles/ubs-bank-experimenting-smart-bonds-using-bitcoin-blockchain- 1434140571. http://www. Christopher Giancarlo. Larry Greenemeier. May 22.net/risk-magazine/opinion/2422606/-smart-derivatives-can-cure-xva-headaches. this technology aims to serve as a new store of value. see also Jeffrey Maxim. June 12. automatically calculate and perform margin payments and even terminate themselves in the event of counterparty default.html. In addition.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/opagiancarlo-15. 2016. Block Chain Inside Out. including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Justice Department and through the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC). Blockchain: Getting Beyond the Buzz. e. report themselves to data repositories.typepad. https://bitcoinmagazine. banking. http://www. http://www. May 10. 25 See Massimo Morini & Robert Sams. Can't Touch This: New Encryption Scheme Targets Transaction Tampering.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 71 of 79 PageID #: 475  The Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) monitoring Bitcoin and other virtual currency transfers for anti-money laundering purposes.scientificamerican. mitigate centralized systemic risk. Aug. title recording. securities settlement. Risk Magazine. we have been in communication with overseas regulatory counterparts through bilateral discussions and in meetings of the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). facilitate secure payments. 11 . enable asset transfers.24 When tied to virtual currencies. See generally Galen Stops. http://www. Bitcoin Magazine. cyber security and trade reporting and analysis. UBS Exploring Smart Bonds on Block Chain. see also Pete Harris.com/article/can-t-touch-this-new-encryption- scheme-targets-transaction-tampering/. and power new applications. especially in connection with recent virtual currency enforcement cases. 2015. VI. Keynote Address of Commissioner J. DLT will likely develop hand-in-hand with new “smart” contracts that can value themselves in real-time. 2015.–Sept.25 DLT may enable financial market participants to manage the significant operational.22 Distributed ledgers – in various open system or private network applications – have the potential to enhance economic efficiency. at 20. 22 J. Additionally. chaired by the Treasury Department.cftc. 2015. The CFTC has been in close communication with the SEC with respect to policy and jurisdictional considerations.
been able to utilize modern cognitive computing capabilities.g. and cut capital requirements by $120 billion. Aug. many use cases for DLT are being posited from international trade to charitable endeavors and social services. they may have been able to recognize anomalies in market-wide trading activity and diverging counterparty exposures indicating heightened risk of bank failure. What a difference it would have made on the eve of the financial crisis in 2008 if regulators had access to the real-time trading ledgers of large Wall Street banks. International agricultural commodities merchant.S. Apr. by itself. Financial Times.com/content/22b2ac1e-fd1a-11e7-a492-2c9be7f3120a. or $16 billion a year.0: Rebooting Financial Services 15 (2015).house. if regulators in 2008 could have viewed a real-time distributed ledger (or a series of aggregated ledgers across asset classes) and. 26 See. voting security and human refugee identification and relocation.31 Yet. e.com/news/iota-blockchain-to-help-trace-families-of- refugees-during-and-after-conflicts. 32 See supra note 22. 2018. Jan. 7. http://www. 22. individual trading portfolios. Commodities trader Louis Dreyfus turns to blockchainhttps. Bitcoin’s Blockchain Technology Proves Itself in Wall Street Test. 2016). and a group of financing banks have just completed the first agricultural deal using distributed ledger technology for the sale of 60. 29 Based on conversations with R3 CEV. The Wall Street Journal.. better- informed.pdf. inventory control and logistics. House Financial Services Committee. 2016.26 In fact.com. http://financialservices.000 tons of US soybeans to China. Louis Dreyfus.27 Another study reportedly estimates that blockchain could cut trading settlement costs by a third.29 Outside of the financial services industry. 27 Santander InnoVentures.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 72 of 79 PageID #: 476 transactional and capital complexities brought about by the many mandates. 8. http://santanderinnoventures.com/. Oliver Wyman & Anthemis Group. while DLT promises enormous benefits to commercial firms and charities.com/articles/bitcoins-blockchain-technology-proves-itself-in-wall-street-test-1460021421. IOTA Blockchain to Help Trace Families of Refugees During and After Conflicts. 31 Frisco d’Anconia.wsj. https://cointelegraph. one study estimates that DLT could eventually allow financial institutions to save as much as $20 billion in infrastructure and operational costs each year. it also promises assistance to financial market regulators in meeting their mission to oversee healthy markets and mitigate financial risk.ft. http://r3cev. and more calibrated regulatory intervention instead of the disorganized response that unfortunately ensued. www.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/The-Fintech-2-0-Paper. Oversight of Dodd-Frank Act Implementation. The Fintech Paper 2. 30 Emiko Terazono. perhaps. but it certainly would have allowed for far prompter. Such transparency may not. 12 . 2. rather than trying to assemble piecemeal data to recreate complex. U.28 Moving from systems-of-record at the level of a firm to an authoritative system-of-record at the level of a market is an enormous opportunity to improve existing market infrastructure. charitable donation tracking and confirmation. 28 Telis Demos.gov/dodd-frank/ (last visited Mar. regulations and capital requirements promulgated by regulators here and abroad in the wake of the financial crisis.30 Other DLT use cases include: legal records management. Cointelegraph. I have previously speculated32 that. have saved Lehman Brothers from bankruptcy. 2017.
a massive amount of investment was made in the Internet’s infrastructure. and b) governments and regulators should “do no harm” by avoiding undue restrictions. “Do no harm” was unquestionably the right approach to development of the Internet. development and financing. from telecommunications to commerce.gov/WH/New/Commerce/) established a simple and sensible framework: a) the private sector should play the leading role in innovation. that: “Our task. as market regulators. supporting a predictable. including through cryptocurrencies and so- called ICOs—initial coin offerings. Virtual currencies. is to set and enforce rules that foster innovation while promoting market integrity and confidence. transportation and research and development. including retail investors. Many of the internet-based cryptocurrency trading platforms have registered as payment services and are not subject to 33 The Telecommunications Act of 1996 (See Telecommunications Act of 1996 (Pub. however.33 This simple approach is well-recognized as the enlightened regulatory underpinning of the Internet that brought about such profound changes to human society. No. SEC Chairman Clayton and I recently stated in a joint op-ed.nara.S. I believe that “do no harm” is the right overarching approach for distributed ledger technology. 110 Stat.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 73 of 79 PageID #: 477 VII. http://clinton4. 104-104. likely require more attentive regulatory oversight in key areas. increased productivity and fostered innovation and consumer choice. Policy Considerations Two decades ago. 56 (1996))) and the ensuing Clinton administration “Framework for Global Electronic Commerce” (See Clinton administration. It yielded a rapid expansion in access that supported swift deployment and mass adoption of Internet-based technologies. especially to the extent that retail investors are attracted to this space. we have seen a wide range of market participants. as the Internet was entering a phase of rapid growth and expansion. “A key issue before market regulators is whether our historic approach to the regulation of currency transactions is appropriate for the cryptocurrency markets. and governments and regulators were to act in a thoughtful manner not to harm the Internet’s continuing evolution. Internet-based innovations have revolutionized nearly every aspect of American life. voluntary contractual relations and free markets. Framework for Global Electronic Commerce. Caution is merited. This robust Internet economy has created jobs. 13 . In recent months. Similarly. are primarily state-regulated. Check-cashing and money-transmission services that operate in the U. Experience tells us that while some market participants may make fortunes. During the almost 20 years of “do no harm” regulation. a Republican Congress and the Clinton administration established a set of enlightened foundational principles: the Internet was to progress through human social interaction. L. the risks to all investors are high. seeking to invest in DLT initiatives. consistent and simple legal environment and respecting the “bottom-up” nature of the technology and its deployment in a global marketplace.
As we saw with the development of the Internet. consideration should be given to shortcomings of the current approach of state-by-state money transmitter licensure that leaves gaps in protection for virtual currency traders and investors. Any proposed Federal regulation of virtual currency platforms should be carefully tailored to the risks posed by relevant trading activity and enhancing efforts to prosecute fraud and manipulation. traditional financial processes. Virtual currencies mark a paradigm shift in how we think about payments. We would support policy efforts to revisit these frameworks and ensure they are effective and efficient for the digital era.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 74 of 79 PageID #: 478 direct oversight by the SEC or the CFTC. cyber security standards. capital requirements. Ignoring these developments will not make them go away. With the proper balance of sound policy. measures to prevent fraud and price manipulation and anti-money laundering and “know your customer” protections. and engaging in economic activity. This hearing is an important part of finding that balance. regulatory oversight and private sector innovation. new technologies will allow American markets to evolve in responsible ways and continue to grow our economy and increase prosperity. Overall. Conclusion We are entering a new digital era in world financial markets. nor is it a responsible regulatory response. a rationalized federal framework may be more effective and efficient in ensuring the integrity of the underlying market. Thank you for inviting me to participate. and the interest they attract from a rising global millennial population demand serious examination. #### 34 See supra note 5.”34 As the Senate Banking Committee. we cannot put the technology genie back in the bottle. their volatility. 14 . Appropriate Federal oversight may include: data reporting. the Senate Agriculture Committee and other Congressional policy makers consider the current state of regulatory oversight of cash or “spot” transactions in virtual currencies and trading platforms. The evolution of these assets.
including at a church gathering. a leading global benchmark for interest rate swaps and related derivatives. The pair was also arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on related criminal charges. which included significant actions to root out manipulation and spoofing and to protect retail investors from fraud.726. the CFTC filed one of the largest precious metals fraud cases in the history of the Commission. Of the civil monetary penalties imposed. The CFTC 15 . disgorgement and penalties. In June 2017. The CFTC also pursued significant and complex litigation. the CFTC settled with RBS for $85 million for attempted manipulation of ISDAFIX. and unlawful use of customer funds. Specifically. the Defendants defrauded thousands of retail customers—many of whom are elderly—out of hundreds of millions of dollars as part of a multi-year scheme in connection with illegal. 2017. off-exchange leveraged precious metal transactions. The CFTC obtained orders totaling $412. and Royal Leisure International.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 75 of 79 PageID #: 479 Appendix A CFTC Enforcement Activities: Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 Year Through the Present Overview of FY 2017 In the fiscal year that ended September 30. and defrauding them out of more than $11 million. As alleged. the CFTC filed charges against two individuals and their company with fraudulently soliciting customers. in the fiscal year. spoofing.. investors included family members and members of his church. the CFTC collected and deposited at the U. the CFTC brought 49 enforcement-related actions. Gold Chasers. including cases charging manipulation. the CFTC obtained $333. Inc.307 in restitution. the CFTC filed charges against an individual and his company with defrauding 40 investors out of at least $13 million in connection with a commodity pool they operated.830. For example. Retail Fraud The CFTC brought a significant number of retail fraud actions in FY 2017 (20 out of the 49).S. in February 2017. In May 2017. Market Manipulation In February 2017. with misappropriating millions in customer funds and engaging in fraudulent sales solicitations in connection with a Ponzi scheme involving the purported purchase of physical gold. the CFTC filed and settled charges against Forex Capital Markets LLC for $7 million for defrauding retail foreign exchange customers over a five year time period by concealing its relationship with its most important market maker and misrepresenting that its platform had no conflicts of interests with its customers. Inc.162 million in restitution and disgorgement orders. Treasury more than $265 million. That month the CFTC also brought an action charging Carlos Javier Ramirez.145 in civil monetary penalties and $78. In September 2017.896.
in July 2017. In January 2017. which charged the defendants with commodity fraud and misappropriation related to 16 . Later that year. The banks were fined $45. and a permanent trading and registration ban.. the CFTC settled with trading company 3Red and trader Igor Oystacher imposing a $2. Sachs & Co.S. Disruptive Trading In November 2016.S. as part of its work to identify and root out bad actors in the virtual currency markets. a monitor for three years. the CFTC fined Citigroup $25 million for failing to diligently supervise the activities of its employees and agents in conjunction with spoofing orders in the U. the CFTC brought three virtual currency enforcement actions: (i) My Big Coin Pay Inc. misappropriation. the CFTC announced criminal and civil enforcement actions against three banks and six individuals involved in commodities fraud and spoofing schemes. resulting in $85 million and $120 million in penalties.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 76 of 79 PageID #: 480 also brought actions against The Royal Bank of Scotland plc and Goldman Sachs Group. and the absence of a history of prior misconduct.9 million in disgorgement. and Goldman. In January 2018. respectively. and requiring the use of certain trading compliance tools for intentionally and repeatedly engaging in a manipulative and deceptive spoofing scheme while placing orders for and trading futures contracts on multiple registered entities. and issuing false account statements in connection with operating a Bitcoin Ponzi scheme. Inc. for $70 million for attempted manipulation of ISDAFIX. Treasury futures markets. for attempted manipulation of the ISDAFIX. in conjunction with the Department of Justice (DOJ) and FBI.7 million in monetary sanctions. the CFTC entered into a consent order with Navinder Singh Sarao and Nav Sarao Futures Limited PLC to settle allegations related to the 2010 flash crash for $25. the CFTC settled with Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. the CFTC has imposed over $5 billion in penalties against banks and brokers with respect to benchmark manipulation settlements. Inc. Since 2012. the CFTC brought its first virtual currency anti-fraud enforcement action in Gelfman Blueprint. In December 2016. which charged an individual and his corporation with fraud. material assistance provided to the CFTC’s investigation of Citigroup.6 million in penalties. immediate willingness to accept responsibility for their misconduct. the CFTC entered into its first non-prosecution agreements (NPA) with three former Citigroup traders who admitted to spoofing in the U.5 million penalty. Virtual Currency In September 2017. $12.. In February 2018. The NPAs emphasize the traders’ timely and substantial cooperation. In January 2018. Treasury futures markets in 2011 and 2012.
making Ponzi-style payments to commodity pool participants from other participants’ funds. which charged the defendants with a fraudulent scheme to solicit Bitcoin from members of the public. 17 . misappropriating pool participants’ funds.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 77 of 79 PageID #: 481 the ongoing solicitation of customers for a virtual currency known as My Big Coin. (ii) The Entrepreneurs Headquarters Limited. and failing to register as a Commodity Pool Operator. which charged the defendants with fraud and misappropriation in connection with purchases and trading of Bitcoin and Litecoin. and (iii) CabbageTech. misrepresenting that customers’ funds would be pooled and invested in products including binary options. Corp..
where the public can access educational materials on the CFTC’s regulatory oversight authority of virtual currencies and ways to avoid fraud in the virtual currency space.cftc.cftc. such as library staff. vulnerable populations and those who serve them: o Connecting national non-profits who serve seniors and vulnerable populations to relevant CFTC virtual currency materials to use for their constituent outreach and communications o Distribution of both digital and print virtual currency materials to state regulators for their fraud prevention outreach o Participation in trainings for intermediaries. and ways to avoid fraud o “Bitcoin Basics”  2-sided Bitcoin brochure that speaks about the currency’s distinct traits. and recommendations for spotting fraud Virtual Currency Outreach Activities by Audience  Reaching retail investors and industry professionals via in-person presentations at industry events. the risks associated with them. Current resources available on www. 2017. “Roundtable with CFTC leaders on Bitcoin”.gov/bitcoin. that fact that it is a commodity.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 78 of 79 PageID #: 482 APPENDIX B Virtual Currency Educational Materials and Outreach Activities CFTC’s Bitcoin web page Resources Launched on December 15.gov/bitcoin :  “CFTC Backgrounder on Oversight of and Approach to Virtual Currency Futures Markets”  LabCFTC’s Virtual Currency Primer  CFTC Talks Virtual Currency Podcast. issuance expected in February 2018) o Bitcoin pump-and-dump schemes o Avoiding fraud in Bitcoin-to-gold trades  Brochures (available digitally and printed in mid-February 2018): o “Virtual Currency”  6-paneled brochure on the definition of virtual currencies. the CFTC now has a dedicated web page.cftc. to educate them on the CFTC’s fraud prevention resources to protect and assist their constituencies 18 . www.  Self-Certification Fact Sheet  Customer Advisories on “Understand the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading” and “Beware ‘IRS Approved’ Virtual Currency IRAs” Forthcoming resources to be featured on www. conferences and trade shows  Targeting seniors.gov/bitcoin:  Customer Advisories (under development.
through digital communications designed to engage these demographics through channels and in forums they are predisposed to engage  Engaging the general public through institutional partnerships and direct communication: o Working with other federal financial regulators and self-regulatory organizations to hold joint outreach activities. to build public awareness of the CFTC’s virtual currency resources o Utilizing print and radio features to reach the public through media placements 19 . such as webinars. educational campaigns and community-level outreach. such as Millennials.Case 1:18-cv-00361-JBW-RLM Document 29 Filed 03/06/18 Page 79 of 79 PageID #: 483  Outreach to key virtual currency demographics.

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