Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/378/108/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 10:03:50+00:00

Document:
"Affiants have received reliable information from a credible person and do believe that heroin . . . and other narcotics . . . are being kept at the above described premises for the purpose of sale and use contrary to the provisions of the law."
1. The standard of reasonableness for obtaining a search warrant is the same under the Fourth and the Fourteenth Amendments. Ker v. California, 374 U. S. 23, followed. P. 378 U. S. 110.
2. Although an affidavit supporting a search warrant may be based on hearsay information and need not reflect the direct personal observations of the affiant, the magistrate must be informed of some of the underlying circumstances relied on by the person providing the information and some of the underlying circumstances from which the affiant concluded that the informant, whose identity was not disclosed, was creditable or his information reliable. Giordenello v. United States, 357 U. S. 480, followed. Pp. 378 U. S. 110-115.
"Affiants have received reliable information from a credible person and do believe that heroin, marijuana, barbiturates and other narcotics and narcotic paraphernalia are being kept at the above described premises for the purpose of sale and use contrary to the provisions of the law. [Footnote 1]"
At his trial in the state court, petitioner, through his attorney, objected to the introduction of evidence obtained as a result of the execution of the warrant. The objections were overruled, and the evidence admitted. Petitioner was convicted of illegal possession of heroin, and sentenced to serve 20 years in the state penitentiary. [Footnote 2] On appeal to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the conviction was affirmed, 172 Tex.Cr.R. 629, 362 S.W.2d 111, affirmance upheld on rehearing, 172 Tex.Cr.R. 631, 362 S.W.2d 112. We granted a writ of certiorari to consider the important constitutional questions involved. 375 U.S. 812.
In Ker v. California, 374 U. S. 23, we held that the Fourth "Amendment's proscriptions are enforced against the States through the Fourteenth Amendment," and that "the standard of reasonableness is the same under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments." Id. at 374 U. S. 33. Although Ker involved a search without a warrant, that case must certainly be read as holding that the standard for obtaining a search warrant is likewise "the same under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments."
of officers . . . who may happen to make arrests."
"that evidence sufficient to support a magistrate's disinterested determination to issue a search warrant will justify the officers in making a search without a warrant would reduce the Amendment to a nullity and leave the people's homes secure only in the discretion of police officers."
"The point of the Fourth Amendment which often is not grasped by zealous officers is not that it denies law enforcement the support of the usual inferences which reasonable men draw from evidence. Its protection consists in requiring that those inferences be drawn by a neutral and detached magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime."
Johnson v. United States, supra, at 333 U. S. 13-14.
"Under the Fourth Amendment, an officer may not properly issue a warrant to search a private dwelling unless he can find probable cause therefore from facts or circumstances presented to him under oath or affirmation. Mere affirmance of belief or suspicion is not enough."
magistrate instead of being judged by the officer engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime.' Johnson v. United States, 333 U. S. 10, 333 U. S. 14. The purpose of the complaint, then, is to enable the appropriate magistrate . . . to determine whether the 'probable cause' required to support a warrant exists. The Commissioner must judge for himself the persuasiveness of the facts relied on by a complaining officer to show probable cause. He should not accept without question the complainant's mere conclusion . . . ."
357 U.S. at 357 U. S. 486.
"it is clear that it does not pass muster because it does not provide any basis for the Commissioner's determination . . . that probable cause existed. The complaint contains no affirmative allegation that the affiant spoke with personal knowledge of the matters contained therein; it does not indicate any sources for the complainant's belief; and it does not set forth any other sufficient basis upon which a finding of probable cause could be made."
possession. [Footnote 4] The magistrate here certainly could not "judge for himself the persuasiveness of the facts relied on . . . to show probable case." He necessarily accepted "without question" the informant's "suspicion," "belief," or "mere conclusion."
"the inferences from the facts which lead to the complaint" will be drawn not "by a neutral and detached magistrate," as the Constitution requires, but, instead, by a police officer "engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime," Giordenello v. United States, supra, 357 U.S. at 357 U. S. 486; Johnson v. United States, supra, at 333 U. S. 14, or, as in this case, by an unidentified informant.
the evidence obtained as a result of the search warrant was inadmissible in petitioner's trial.
The judgment of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals is reversed, and the case remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
The record does not reveal, nor is it claimed, that any other information was brought to the attention of the Justice of the Peace. It is elementary that, in passing on the validity of a warrant, the reviewing court may consider only information brought to the magistrate's attention. Giordenello v. United States, 357 U. S. 480, 79 C.J.S. Searches and Seizures § 74, p. 872 (collecting cases). In Giordenello, the Government pointed out that the officer who obtained the warrant "had kept petitioner under surveillance for about one month prior to the arrest." The Court, of course, ignored this evidence, since it had not been brought to the magistrate's attention. The fact that the police may have kept petitioner's house under surveillance is thus completely irrelevant in this case, for, in applying for the warrant, the police did not mention any surveillance. Moreover, there is no evidence in the record that a surveillance was actually set up on petitioner's house. Officer Strickland merely testified that "we wanted to set up surveillance on the house." If the fact and results of such a surveillance had been appropriately presented to the magistrate, this would, of course, present an entirely different case.
Petitioner was also indicted on charges of conspiring to violate the federal narcotics laws. Act of February 9, 1909, c. 100, 35 Stat. 614, § 2, as amended, 21 U.S.C. § 174; Internal Revenue Code of 1954, § 7237(b), as amended, 26 U.S.C. § 7237(b). He was found not guilty by the jury. His codefendants were found guilty, and their convictions affirmed on appeal. Garcia v. United States, 315 F.2d 679.
"The language of the Fourth Amendment, that '. . . no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause . . . ,' of course applies to arrest, as well as search warrants."
Id. at 357 U. S. 485-486. See Ex parte Burford, 3 Cranch 448; McGrain v. Daugherty, 273 U. S. 135, 273 U. S. 154-157. The principles announced in Giordenello derived, therefore, from the Fourth Amendment, and not from our supervisory power. Compare Jencks v. United States, 353 U. S. 657. Accordingly, under Ker v. California, 374 U. S. 23, they may properly guide our determination of "probable cause" under the Fourteenth Amendment.
To approve this affidavit would open the door to easy circumvention of the rule announced in Nathanson and Giordenello. A police officer who arrived at the "suspicion," "belief," or "mere conclusion" that narcotics were in someone's possession could not obtain a warrant. But he could convey this conclusion to another police officer, who could then secure the warrant by swearing that he had "received reliable information from a credible person" that the narcotics were in someone's possession.
"Affidavit in Support of a U.S. Commissioners Search Warrant for Premises, 1436 Meridian Place, N.W., Washington, D.C., apartment 36, including window spaces of said apartment. Occupied by Cecil Jones and Earline Richardson."
"In the late afternoon of Tuesday, August 20, 1957, I, Detective Thomas Didone, Jr. received information that Cecil Jones and Earline Richardson were involved in the illicit narcotic traffic and that they kept a ready supply of heroin on hand in the above mentioned apartment. The source of information also relates that the two aforementioned persons kept these same narcotics either on their person, under a pillow, on a dresser or on a window ledge in said apartment. The source of information goes on to relate that, on many occasions, the source of information has gone to said apartment and purchased narcotic drugs from the above mentioned persons and that the narcotics were secreated [sic] in the above mentioned places. The last time being August 20, 1957."
"Both the aforementioned persons are familiar to the undersigned and other members of the Narcotic Squad. Both have admitted to the use of narcotic drugs and display needle marks as evidence of same."
"This same information, regarding the illicit narcotic traffic, conducted by Cecil Jones and Earline Richardson, has been given to the undersigned and to other officers of the narcotic squad by other sources of information."
"Because the source of information mentioned in the opening paragraph has given information to the undersigned on previous occasion and which was correct, and because this same information is given by other sources does believe that there is now illicit narcotic drugs being secreated [sic] in the above apartment by Cecil Jones and Earline Richardson."
"Det. Thomas Didone, Jr., Narcotics Squad, MPDC."
"Subscribed and sworn to before me this 21 day of August, 1957."
"James F. Splain, U.S. Commissioner, D.C."
Id. at 362 U. S. 267-268, n. 2.
"Before the issuing magistrate can properly perform his official function, he must be apprised of the underlying facts and circumstances which show that there is probable cause . . . ."
Id. at ___, 385 P.2d at 999.
But for Ker v. California, 374 U. S. 23, I would have voted to affirm the judgment of the Texas court. Given Ker, I cannot escape the conclusion that to do so would tend to "relax Fourth Amendment standards . . . in derogation of law enforcement standards in the federal system . . ." (my concurring opinion in Ker, supra, at 374 U. S. 45-46, emphasis added). Contrary to what is suggested in the dissenting opinion of my Brother CLARK in the present case (post, p. 378 U. S. 118, note 1), the standards laid down in Giordenello v. United States, 357 U. S. 480, did, in my view, reflect constitutional requirements. Being unwilling to relax those standards for federal prosecutions, I concur in the opinion of the Court.
First, it is well to point out the information upon which the search warrant in question was based: about January 1, 1960, Officers Strickland and Rogers from the narcotics division of the Houston Police Department received reliable information from a credible person that petitioner Aguilar had heroin and other narcotic drugs and narcotic paraphernalia in his possession at his residence, 509 Pinckney Street, Houston, Texas; after receiving this information, the officers, the record indicates, kept the premises of petitioner under surveillance for about a week.
"is a place where we each have reason to believe and do believe that [Aguilar] . . . has in his possession therein narcotic drugs . . . for the purpose of the unlawful sale thereof, and where such narcotic drugs are unlawfully sold."
"have received reliable information from a credible person and do believe that heroin . . . and other narcotics and narcotic paraphernalia are being kept at . . . [petitioner's] premises for the purpose of sale and use contrary to the provisions of the law."
Upon executing the warrant issued on the strength of this affidavit, the officers knocked on the door of Aguilar's house. Someone inside asked who was there, and the officers replied that they were police and that they had a search warrant. At this, they heard someone "scuffle and start to run inside of the house." The officers entered and pursued the petitioner, who ran into a back bathroom. Petitioner threw a packet of heroin into the commode, but an officer retrieved the packet before it could be flushed down the drain.
At trial, petitioner objected to the introduction into evidence of the heroin obtained through execution of the search warrant on the ground that the affidavit was "nothing more than hearsay." The Court holds the affidavit insufficient and sets aside the conviction on the basis of two cases, neither of which is controlling.
had been brought out to support a reasonable belief or even a suspicion. Accordingly, the Court held that "[m]ere affirmance of belief or suspicion is not enough." At 290 U. S. 47. But in Fourth Amendment cases, findings of reasonableness or of probable cause necessarily rest on the facts and circumstances of each particular case. In Aguilar, the affidavit was based not only on "affirmance of belief," but, in addition, upon "reliable information from a credible person" plus a week's surveillance by the affiants. (Emphasis supplied.) Nathanson is, therefore, not apposite.
that held inadmissible because prohibited by the United States Constitution."
"The complaint . . . does not indicate any sources for the complainant's belief, and it does not set forth any other sufficient basis upon which a finding of probable cause could be made."
Furthermore, in the case of Rugendorf v. United States, decided only this Term, we held an affidavit good based on information that an informer had seen certain furs in Rugendorf's basement. 376 U. S. 376 U.S. 528. In the Aguilar affidavit, the informer told the officers that narcotics were actually "kept at the above described premises for the purpose of sale . . . ." The Court seems to hold that what the informed says is the test of his reliability. I submit that this has nothing to do with it. The officer's experience with the informer is the test, and, here, the two officers swore that the informer was credible and the information reliable. At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Officer Strickland testified that he delayed getting the search warrant for a week in order to "set up surveillance on the house." The informant's statement, Officer Strickland said, was "the first information" received, and was only "some of" that which supported the application for the warrant. The totality of the circumstances upon which the officer relied is certainly pertinent to the validity of the warrant. See the use of such testimony in Giordenello, supra, at 357 U. S. 485, 357 U. S. 486. And, just as in that case, there is nothing in the record here to show what the officers verbally told the magistrate. The surveillance of Aguilar's house, which is confirmed by the State's brief, apparently gave the officers further evidence upon which they based their personal belief. Hence, the affidavit here is a far cry from "suspicion" or "affirmance of belief." It was based on reliable information from a credible informant plus personal surveillance by the officers.
(C.A.6th Cir.). We denied certiorari in Eisner, 369 U.S. 859, although the affidavit there stated only that "[i]nformation has been obtained by S. A. Clifford Anderson . . . which he believes to be reliable . . . ," 297 F.2d at 596, and in Evans, 353 U.S. 976, where the affiant was a man who "came to the headquarters of the federal liquor law enforcement officers and stated that he wished to give information . . . ," 242 F.2d at 535.
"the facts and circumstances within their [the officers'] knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information [are] . . . sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that"
"These long-prevailing standards seek to safeguard citizens from rash and unreasonable interferences with privacy and from unfounded charges of crime. They also seek to give fair leeway for enforcing the law in the community's protection. Because many situations which confront officers in the course of executing their duties are more or less ambiguous, room must be allowed for some mistakes on their part. But the mistakes must be those of reasonable men, acting on facts leading sensibly to their conclusions of probability. The rule of probable cause is a practical, nontechnical conception affording the best compromise that has been found for accommodating these often opposing interests.
Requiring more would unduly hamper law enforcement. To allow less would be to leave law-abiding citizens at the mercy of the officers' whim or caprice."
Believing that the Court has substituted a rigid, academic formula for the unrigid standards of reasonableness and "probable cause" laid down by the Fourth Amendment itself -- a substitution of technicality for practicality -- and believing that the Court's holding will tend to obstruct the administration of criminal justice throughout the country, I respectfully dissent.
MR. JUSTICE BLACK, who joined the Court's opinion in Giordenello, joins this dissent on the basis of his belief that Giordenello was based on Rule 4, and not on the less exacting requirements of the Fourth Amendment.
The affidavit in Jones was more detailed, including a statement of where the heroin might be found, viz., "on their person, under a pillow, on a dresser or on a window ledge in said apartment." But this detail adds nothing to the reliability of the information furnished. Likewise, the allegation in Jones that the informer had "on previous occasion" given information "which was correct" was contained in substance in the Aguilar affidavit.

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