Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/115/620/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 04:59:16+00:00

Document:
The repeal of a statute of limitation of actions on personal debts does not, as applied to a debtor the right of action against whom is already barred, deprive him of his property in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.
This is a writ of error to the Supreme Court of the State of Texas.
The action was brought in the District Court of Washington county, Texas, May 16, 1874, by Holt, the defendant in error, against the present plaintiffs in error. Holt sued as devisee and legatee of his wife, Malvina, who was the daughter of John Stamps, deceased, of whose estate Moina and J. B. Campbell are administrators. The action was founded in the allegation that Malvina Stamps, afterwards Holt, inherited from her mother, Henrietta Stamps, the wife of John Stamps, an interest in lands and negroes which her mother owned at the time of her death; that the land was sold by her father, John Stamps, who received the money and converted it to his own use, and that he also received the hire and profits of the negroes so long as they remained slaves under the laws of Texas.
jury, Holt recovered a judgment for $8,692.93. From this judgment an appeal was taken to the supreme court of the state, and referred, by consent of parties, to the Commissioners of Appeal, by whom it was confirmed, and this affirmance was made the judgment of the supreme court.
There were several assignments of error in the hearing before the Commissioners of Appeal, but the only one which we can consider is that growing out of the plea of the statute of limitations.
The cause of action in this case accrued before the outbreak of the war, the mother having died in 1857, and Malvina Stamps was a minor during all the time preceding the insurrection. It seems that the Legislature of Texas had passed several acts suspending the operation of the statutes of limitations during the war. But in 1866, a law was passed which enacted that these statutes, which had been suspended during this time, should again commence running on the second day of September of that year. At this time, Malvina Stamps was of age and unmarried, and the statute then began to run against her in this case, and would become a bar in two years. This time elapsed without any suit brought on the claim. It was therefore, as the Commissioners of Appeal admit, then barred by the statute. But in 1869, the State of Texas, which had not yet been reinstated and accepted by the two houses of Congress as in her old relations, made a new constitution, which, it was declared in the ordinance submitting it to the vote of the people, should take effect when it was accepted by Congress, which was afterwards done.
"The statutes of limitations of civil suits were suspended by the so-called Act of Secession of the 28th of January, 1861, and shall be considered as suspended within this state until the acceptance of this constitution by the United States Congress."
effect, the time had elapsed necessary to make the bar complete in this case.
The defendants, both by plea and by prayers for instruction to the jury and in argument before the Commissioners of Appeal, insisted that the bar of the statute, being complete and perfect, could not, as a defense, be taken away by this constitutional provision, and that to do so would violate that part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which declares that no state shall "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law."
This writ of error to the state court is founded on that proposition, and we must inquire into its soundness.
The action is based on contract. It is for hire of the negroes used by the father, and for the money received for the land of his daughter, sold by him. The allegation is of indebtedness on this account, and the plea is that the action is barred by the statute of limitations. It is not a suit to recover possession of real or personal property, but to recover for the violation of an implied contract to pay money. The distinction is clear, and, in the view we take of the case, important.
By the long and undisturbed possession of tangible property, real or personal, one may acquire a title to it or ownership, superior in law to that of another who may be able to prove an antecedent and at one time paramount title. This superior or antecedent title has been lost by the laches of the person holding it in failing within a reasonable time to assert it effectively, as by resuming the possession to which he was entitled or asserting his right by suit in the proper court. What the primary owner has lost by his laches the other party has gained by continued possession without question of his right. This is the foundation of the doctrine of prescription, a doctrine which, in the English law, is mainly applied to incorporeal hereditaments, but which, in the Roman law, and the codes founded on it, is applied to property of all kinds.
virtue of a simple adverse possession and enjoyment, or the time at the end of which no action at law or suit in equity can be maintained,"
and in the Roman law it is called praescriptio.
"is of two kinds -- that is, it is either an instrument for the acquisition of property or an instrument of an exemption only from the servitude of judicial process."
Angell on Limitations §§ 1, 2.
Possession has always been a means of acquiring title to property. It was the earliest mode recognized by mankind of the appropriation of anything tangible by one person to his own use, to the exclusion of others, and legislators and publicists have always acknowledged its efficacy in confirming or creating title.
The English and American statutes of limitation have in many cases the same effect, and if there is any conflict of decisions on the subject, the weight of authority is in favor of the proposition that where one has had the peaceable, undisturbed, open possession of real or personal property, with an assertion of his ownership, for the period which, under the law, would bar an action for its recovery by the real owner, the former has acquired a good title -- a title superior to that of the latter, whose neglect to avail himself of his legal rights has lost him his title. This doctrine has been repeatedly asserted in this Court. Leffingwell v. Warren, 2 Black 599; Croxall v. Shererd, 5 Wall. 289; Dickerson v. Colgrove, 100 U. S. 583; Bicknell v. Comstock, 113 U. S. 152. It is the doctrine of the English courts, and has been often asserted in the highest courts of the states of the union.
It may therefore very well be held that in an action to recover real or personal property where the question is as to the removal of the bar of the statute of limitations by a legislative act passed after the bar has become perfect, that such act deprives the party of his property without due process of law. The reason is that, by the law in existence before the repealing act, the property had become the defendant's. Both the legal title and the real ownership had become vested in him, and to give the act the effect of transferring this title to plaintiff would be to deprive him of his property without due process of law.
But we are of opinion that to remove the bar which the statute of limitations enables a debtor to interpose to prevent the payment of his debt stands on very different ground.
"is non detinet in the present tense, and under this plea, anything which will show a better right in the defendant than in the plaintiff may be admitted as competent evidence. The plea puts in issue the plaintiff's right. Five years' uninterrupted adverse possession of a slave not only bars the remedy of the claimant out of possession, but vests the absolute legal right in the possessor. Therefore proof of such possession may show that the claimant has no right to the slave, and cannot recover. Consequently it would seem to result from the reason of the case that the adverse possession may be proved under the general issue."
"The same reason does not apply to assumpsit, because the statute of limitations does not destroy the right in foro conscientia to the benefit of assumpsit, but only bars the remedy if the defendant chooses to rely on the bar. Time does not pay the debt, but time may vest the right of property."
"This is perfectly true in detinue for a slave, because in such a case the lapse of time has divested the plaintiff of his right of property and vested it in the defendant. . . . But it is not so in debt, because the statute of limitations does not destroy nor pay the debt."
plaintiff to recover a debt by suit if the defendant rely on time in his plea. It is a personal privilege accorded by law for reasons of public expediency, and the privilege can only be asserted by plea."
The distinction between the effect of statutes of limitation in vesting rights to real and personal property and its operation as a defense to contracts is well stated in Jones v. Jones, 18 Ala. 248. See also Langdell's Equity Pleading § 118 et seq.
We are aware that there are to be found in the opinions of courts of the states of the Union expressions of the idea that the lapse of time required to bar the action extinguishes the right, and that this is the principle on which the statutes of limitation of actions rest.
But it will be found that many of these are in cases where the suits are for the recovery of specific real or personal property, and where the proposition was true because the right of the plaintiff in the property was extinguished and had become vested in the defendant. In others, the constitution of the state forbids retrospective legislation. That the proposition is sound that in regard to debt or assumpsit on contract, the remedy alone is gone and not the obligation is obvious from a class of cases which have never been disputed.
1. It is uniformly conceded that the debt is a sufficient consideration for a new promise to pay, made after the bar has become perfect.
2. It has been held in all the English courts that, though the right of action may be barred in the country where the defendant resides or has resided and where the contract was made, so that the bar in that jurisdiction is complete, it is no defense, if he can be found, to a suit in another country.
law stated to be received there, but no extinction of the right."
"The statute of limitations only bars the plaintiff's remedy, and not the debt, and the extent of the defendant's argument is only to show that the remedy is barred in India, but that does not show it to be barred here."
The decisions are numerous to the same effect in the American courts. In the case of Le Roy v. Crowninshield, 2 Mason 151, Judge Story had conceded that the authorities were that way, but intimated that if the question were res nova, sound principle might require a different decision. But in the case of Townsend v. Jemison, 9 How. 407, Mr. Justice Wayne says that in the previous case of McElmoyle v. Cohen, 13 Pet. 312, in which Judge Story participated, he concurred in the doctrine that, on principle as well as authority, the bar of the statute in one state cannot be pleaded as a defense in the courts of another state, though the contract be made in the former.
"The rule in the courts of the United States in respect to pleas of the statute of limitations has always been that they strictly affect the remedy, and not the merits."
"The rule is that the statute of limitations of the country in which the suit is brought may be pleaded to bar a recovery upon a contract made out of its political jurisdiction, and that the limitation of the lex loci contractus cannot be."
And it is said that in the cases decided in England on this subject there has been no fluctuation.
of Georgia can be pleaded to an action in that state upon a judgment rendered in the State of South Carolina."
"This will be determined by setting what is the nature of a plea of the statute of limitations. Is it a plea that settles the right of a party on a contract or judgment, or one that bars the remedy? Whatever diversity of opinion there may be among jurists on this point, we think it well settled to be a plea to the remedy, and consequently that the lex fori must prevail."
P. 38 U. S. 327. So well is this doctrine established that many states of the Union have made it a part of their statute of limitations that when the action is barred by the law of a state in which defendants had resided, it shall also be a bar to an action in those states.
There are numerous cases where a contract incapable of enforcement for want of a remedy, or because there is some obstruction to the remedy, can be so aided by legislation as to become the proper ground of a valid action, as in the case of a physician, practicing without license, who was forbidden to compel payment for his service by suit. The statute being repealed which made this prohibition, he recovered in the court a judgment for the value of his services on the ground that the first statute only affected the remedy. Hewitt v. Wilcox, 1 Met. 154. Of like character is the effect of a repeal of the laws against usury, in enabling parties to recover on contracts in which the law forbids such recovery before the repeal. Wood v. Kennedy, 19 Ind. 68; Welch v. Wadsworth, 30 Conn. 149; Butler v. Palmer, 1 Hill 324; Hampton v. Commonwealth, 19 Penn.St. 329; Bauer v. Nelson, 9 Gill, 304.
In all this class of cases, the ground taken is that there exists a contract, but, by reason of no remedy's having been provided for its enforcement, or the remedy ordinarily applicable to that class having, for reasons of public policy, been forbidden or withheld, the legislature, by providing a remedy where none exists or removing the statutory obstruction to the use of the remedy, enables the party to enforce the contract, otherwise unobjectionable.
of defendants' intestate to pay his child for the use of her property remains. It was a valid contract, implied by the law before the statute began to run in 1866. Its nature and character were not changed by the lapse of two years, though the statute made that a valid defense to a suit on it. But this defense, a purely arbitrary creation of the law, fell with the repeal of the law on which it depended.
It is much insisted that this right to defense is a vested right, and a right of property which is protected by the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment.
It is to be observed that the words "vested right" are nowhere used in the Constitution, neither in the original instrument nor in any of the amendments to it.
We understand very well what is meant by a vested right to real estate, to personal property, or to incorporeal hereditaments. But when we get beyond this, although vested rights may exist, they are better described by some more exact term, as the phrase itself is not one found in the language of the Constitution.
We certainly do not understand that a right to defeat a just debt by the statute of limitations is a vested right, so as to be beyond legislative power in a proper case. The statutes of limitation, as often asserted, and especially by this Court, are founded in public needs and public policy, are arbitrary enactments by the lawmaking power. Tioga Railroad v. Blossburg & Corning Railroad, 20 Wall. 150. And other statutes, shortening the period or making it longer, which is necessary to its operation, have always been held to be within the legislative power until the bar is complete. The right does not enter into or become a part of the contract. No man promises to pay money with any view to being released from that obligation by lapse of time. It violates no right of his, therefore, when the legislature says time shall be no bar, though such was the law when the contract was made. The authorities we have cited, especially in this Court, show that no right is destroyed when the law restores a remedy which had been lost.
An instructive case on this subject is that of Foster v.
"We cannot discover any principle by which it can be decided that this statute is void. It does not infringe or interfere with any of the privileges secured by the charter, unless it be considered a privilege to be secured from payment of debts or the performance of contracts, and this is a kind of privilege which we imagine the Constitution was not intended to protect, . . . and a legislature which, in its acts not expressly authorized by the Constitution, limits itself to correcting mistakes and providing remedies for the furtherance of justice cannot be charged with violating its duty or exceeding its authority."
We are unable to see how a man can be said to have property in the bar of the statute as a defense to his promise to pay. In the most liberal extension of the use of the word "property" to choses in action, to incorporeal rights, it is new to call the defense of lapse of time to the obligation to pay money property. It is no natural right. It is the creation of conventional law.
We can understand a right to enforce the payment of a lawful debt. The Constitution says that no state shall pass any law impairing this obligation. But we do not understand the right to satisfy that obligation by a protracted failure to pay. We can see no right which the promisor has in the law which permits him to plead lapse of time instead of payment, which shall prevent the legislature from repealing that law because its effect is to make him fulfill his honest obligations.
in the case of Bender v. Crawford, 33 Tex. 745, and the constitutional provision repealing all statutes of limitation formerly in existence was held valid. The case was well considered, and has been adhered to ever since. Among the cases on the subject referred to in the opinion of the Commissioners of Appeal in the present case are Rivers v. Washington, 34 Tex. 267; Dwight v. Overton, 35 Tex. 390; Moseley v. Lee, 37 Tex. 479; Bentinck v. Franklin, 38 Tex. 458; Wood v. Welder, 42 Tex. 396, and Lewis v. Davidson, 51 Tex. 251.
I feel obliged to dissent from the opinion of the Court in this case. I think that when the statute of limitations gives a man a defense to an action and that defense has absolutely accrued, he has a right which is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution from legislative aggression. That clause of the amendment which declares that "no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law" was intended to protect every valuable right which a man has. The words "life," "liberty," and "property" are constitutional terms, and are to be taken in their broadest sense. They indicate the three great subdivisions of all civil right. The term "property" in this clause embraces all valuable interests which a man may possess outside of himself -- that is to say outside of his life and liberty. It is not confined to mere tangible property, but extends to every species of vested right. In my judgment, it would be a very narrow and technical construction to hold otherwise. In an advanced civilization like ours, a very large proportion of the property of individuals is not visible and tangible, but consists in rights and claims against others, or against the government itself.
Now an exemption from a demand or an immunity from prosecution in a suit is as valuable to the one party as the right to the demand or to prosecute the suit is to the other.
The two things are correlative, and to say that the one is protected by constitutional guarantees and that the other is not seems to me almost an absurdity. One right is as valuable as the other. My property is as much imperiled by an action against me for money as it is by an action against me for my land or my goods. It may involve and sweep away all that I have in the world. Is not a right of defense to such an action of the greatest value to me? If it is not property in the sense of the Constitution, then we need another amendment to that instrument. But it seems to me that there can hardly be a doubt that it is property.
The immunity from suit which arises by operation of the statute of limitations is as valuable a right as the right to bring the suit itself. It is a right founded upon a wise and just policy. Statutes of limitation are not only calculated for the repose and peace of society, but to provide against the evils that arise from loss of evidence and the failing memory of witnesses. It is true that a man may plead the statute when he justly owes the debt for which he is sued, and this has led the courts to adopt strict rules of pleading and proof to be observed when the defense of the statutes is interposed. But it is nevertheless a right given by a just and politic law, and when vested, is as much to be protected as any other right that a man has.
The fact that this defense pertains to the remedy does not alter the case. Remedies are the life of rights, and are equally protected by the Constitution. Deprivation of a remedy is equivalent to a deprivation of the right which it is intended to vindicate, unless another remedy exists or is substituted for that which is taken away. The Court has frequently held that to deprive a man of a remedy for enforcing a contract is itself a mode of impairing the validity of the contract. And, as before said, the right of defense is just as valuable as the right of action. It is the defendant's remedy. There is really no difference between the one right and the other in this respect.
It is said that the statutory defense acquired and perfected in one state or country is not or may not be a good defense in another. This, if it were true, proves nothing to the purpose.
It is a vested right in the place where it has accrued, and is an absolute bar to the action there. This is a valuable right, although it may be ineffective elsewhere.
Again it is said that a debt barred by the statute is a good consideration for a promise to pay it, which shows that the statute does not extinguish the debt. This is no answer to the position that the statutory defense is a valuable and an absolute right. A new promise is an implied admission that the debt has not been paid, and amounts to a voluntary waiver of the statute.
I am unable to yield assent to any of the specious arguments advanced to show that the defense of the statute, when it has once vested, is an imperfect right which the legislature may at its mere will, abrogate and take away. I think it is then a vested right, and that vested rights are a species of property which the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution was intended to protect from adverse state legislation. The suggestion that the words "vested rights" are not to be found in the Constitution does not prove that there are no such rights. The name of the Supreme Being does not occur in the constitution; yet our national being is founded on a tacit recognition of His justice and goodness, and the eternal obligation of His laws.
A few of the authorities sustaining the views which I entertain on this subject will be referred to.
"The statute of limitations was not enacted to protect persons from claims fictitious in their origin, but from ancient claims, whether well or ill founded, which may have been discharged but the evidence of which has been lost."
Or. 176; Girdner v. Stephens, 1 Heiskell 280; Bigelow v. Bemis, 2 Allen 496; Ryder v. Wilson, 41 N.J.Law 11. See also Prentice v. Dehon, 10 Allen 354, and Ball v. Wyeth, 99 Mass. 339.
"It is well settled that it is competent for the legislature to change statutes prescribing a limitation to actions, and that the one in force at the time of suit brought is applicable to the cause of action. The only restriction on the exercise of this power is that the legislature cannot remove a bar or limitation which has already become complete, and that no new limitation shall be made to affect existing claims without allowing a reasonable time for parties to bring actions before their claims are absolutely barred by a new enactment."
"The decisions of the courts, so far as my research has extended, are wholly in accord on this subject, and with one voice they declare that when a right of action has become barred under existing laws, the right to rely upon the statutory defense is a vested right that cannot be rescinded or disturbed by subsequent legislation."
"A bar created by the statute of limitations is as effectual as payment, and a defendant cannot be deprived of the benefit of such payment, nor of the evidence to support it, and, having provided himself with evidence sufficient and legal at the time of payment, no law can change the nature or destroy the sufficiency of the evidence."
is gone, and to restore it would be to create a new contract for the parties -- a thing quite beyond the power of the legislature."
Cooley, Const.Lim., 3d ed., 429, 460. In my opinion, the judgment of the Supreme Court of Texas should be reversed.
I am authorized to say that MR. JUSTICE HARLAN concurs in this opinion.

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