Source: http://aoot.osa.org/boe/abstract.cfm?uri=boe-10-4-1870
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 10:12:04+00:00

Document:
The phenomenon of glistenings, often appearing in intraocular lenses (IOLs) of patients after some time from the surgical operation, is potentially able to induce a poor quality of vision and, therefore, frustrate IOL implantation itself. In this paper, we combine optical microscopy with micro-Raman spectroscopy to get a deeper insight on the mechanism ruling, at microscopic scale, glistening formation. In particular, we have analyzed two types of IOLs, characterized by a different internal hydrophobicity but a similar polymer hydration coefficient. Raman imaging of single microvacuoles reveals that water creeps into the polymeric network, which traps water. Finally, applying the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to Raman data, we provide information on the probable mechanism leading to water trapping in the two kinds of analyzed IOLs.
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Fig. 2 (a) Cartoon of the procedure for glistenings activation. (b) Typical optical images of IOL after glistenings activation: upper HFO, lower A-HFO. The bar scale is of 30 μm.
Fig. 3 (a) Optical images of HFO lens. The two inserts show a magnification of a typical spherical and ellipsoidal vacuole. (b) Area distribution of the ellipses calculated at three penetration depth in the IOL (h = 20, 100 and 180 μm). Average area and standard deviation are reported for each histogram. (c) Behavior of the total number of vacuoles found in an area of 0.02 μm2 (upper part) and of the average area (lower part) versus the penetration depth in the IOL.
Fig. 4 Typical Raman spectrum acquired in a HFO (i) and in a A-HFO (ii) IOL.
Fig. 5 (a) Typical Raman spectra obtained in a point external (i) and internal (ii) at the microvacuole. The inset shows an optical image of the microvacuole selected for Raman analysis in HFO. The dashed borders delimit the region scanned by the laser. (b) Raman image of the microvacuole shown in part a), obtained selecting the polymer band intensity (area) between 2800 and 2900 cm-1. (c) Water distribution inside the vacuole obtained by plotting the intensity of features between 3200 and 3700 cm−1. (d) Loading plot for the first (bottom) and second (upper) PC, resulting from the analysis of spectra acquired in a raster scan around the vacuole. (e) PC1 score map from PCA of Raman spectra. (f) Same as in e), but for the second PC.
Fig. 6 (a) Typical Raman spectra obtained in a point external (i) and internal (ii) at the microvacuole. The inset shows an optical image of the microvacuole selected for Raman analysis in A-HFO. The dashed borders delimit the region scanned by the laser. (b) Raman image of the microvacuole shown in part a), obtained selecting the polymer band intensity (area) between 2800 and 2900 cm−1. (c) Water distribution inside the vacuole obtained by plotting the intensity of features between 3200 and 3700 cm-1. (d) Loading plot for the first (bottom) and second (upper) PC, resulting from the analysis of spectra acquired in a raster scan around the vacuole. (e) PC1 score map from PCA of Raman spectra. (f) Same as in e), but for the second PC.

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