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HOUSE HEARING, 108TH CONGRESS - FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL IN THE POST SEPTEMBER 11 ERA: HOW CAN WE FIX AN IMBALANCED COMPENSATION SYSTEM?
What do I really have to know to PASS (probably not ACE) the U.S. History Regents Exam? - There are a number of questions that frequently appear on the Regents exam. - Be ready for those and you set yourself up well to pass.
. Salutary Neglect • So long as the colonists were keeping up their end of the mercantilist system.2. Great Britain left them alone to rule themselves. • Most colonists considered themselves loyal British subjects through this period because they had many freedoms.
. • The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of CT are examples of written documents establishing local self-government. Mayflower Compact House of Burgesses Fundamental Orders of CT = examples of colonial self-rule • The House of Burgesses was the first representative body in the colonies.3.
• John Locke “life. property” • Baron DeMontesquieu “separation of powers of government” • Idea of the “consent of the governed” . Enlightenment Ideas & natural rights • Enlightenment philosophers described how people are endowed with certain inalienable natural rights.4. liberty.
.5. it was inspired by John Locke. Declaration of Independence • NOT a plan of government • It is a statement of grievances by the colonists against the British king • Written by Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Paine & Common Sense • Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet entitled “Common Sense” to convince people to support the cause of independence.6. .
• Boston Tea Party Colonists dumped British tea into the Port of Boston to protest British colonial practices such as “taxation without representation. • Nonimportation Agreements Colonists agreed not to buy or sell any products of Great Britain.” 7.• Committees of Correspondence Colonists organized together to spread the ideas of independence. Colonial Resistance Tactics .
 Decided how to settle new states Weaknesses  States are stronger than federal government.  9/13 states needed to agree to pass laws.  Federal government did not have the power to tax.  The Articles needed 13/13 states to revise them.8. . Articles of Confederation = the first American government Strengths  Provided enough structure for the USA to defeat the British.  Federal government did not have the power to raise an army.
.9. Northwest Ordinance • Law passed under the Articles of Confederation by the Continental Congress that established procedure for the admission of new states to the Union.
10. representatives were going to rewrite the Articles of Confederation. but they needed to be completely overhauled. Constitutional Convention • At the Constitutional Convention. .
Great Compromise • Question arose regarding representation: should representation in Congress be equal between states or proportionate to the population? • Compromise: a bicameral legislature Senate: Each state gets 2 votes.11. House of Representatives: representation by population .
. 3/5 Compromise • Question arose as to how slaves would be counted. The compromise was that every 5 slaves would count as 3 people for both representation and taxation purposes.12. The north wanted the opposite. The south wanted them counted for representation but not necessarily taxation.
. Ratification • The new Constitution needed to be ratified by a majority of the states.13.
Written by Hamilton. Federalist Papers . . Jay to encourage people to ratify the Constitution. Adams.14.
15.Argued over whether the Constitution gave the federal government too much power. Anti-federalists and Federalists . .
. right to privacy. press. right to bear arms. etc.. Bill of Rights • The first ten amendments of the Constitution were added to satisfy the Anti-federalists. • They guaranteed LIMITED GOVERNMENT by providing for the freedoms of speech. right to trial by jury.16. religion. freedoms from unreasonable search and seizure.
Popular Sovereignty • People get to vote for what they want .17.
government cannot take away your freedom of speech.18. deprive you of a trial by jury or subject you to cruel or unusual punishment. Limited Government • Government does not have all the power like a dictator or a king. . religion. press. • There are some things that government cannot do. For example.
and local governments. state. • It is NOT the separation of powers between branches of government • HINT: Think of the “L” in Federal and remember “L” in Levels of Government. Federalism • Federalism is the division of power between the federal. .19.
but can be interpreted through the elastic clause as “necessary and proper. and make treaties.20. • Implied powers are powers not specifically given to the federal government. build a military. coin money. Federalism • Enumerated (Delegated) powersPowers specifically granted to the federal government • Examples include the right to maintain a post office.” .
.21. and local criminal proceedings. marriages.powers not given to the federal government are reserved for the states • Examples include the right to regulate education. Federalism • Reserved powers.
There are some powers that both the federal and state governments share. .22. both the federal and state governments maintain highways. Federalism • Concurrent powers. • For example.
Separation of Powers • Different branches of government have specific powers given to them by the Constitution .23.
. command the armed forces. suggest Supreme Court nominees.24. create the budget. Separation of Powers Executive Branch The executive branch (president and administration) has the power to make treaties. make appointments. and veto laws. suggest legislation.
25. approve nominations to the Supreme Court. coin money. Separation of Powers Legislative Branch The legislative branch has the power to make laws. . declare war. and raise taxes. ratify treaties.
26. The Supreme Court decides if a law or action of the president or Congress is unconstitutional. . Separation of Powers Judicial Branch The role of the judicial branch is to interpret the Constitution.
some people have suggested a constitutional amendment to elect the president by popular vote instead. A candidate either wins the state and gets all the votes or gets nothing. Instead.27. people vote for an elector and the elector votes for the president. . Electoral College People do not vote directly for the president. It’s all or nothing in terms of electoral votes from a state. Recently.
Checks and Balances The Constitution arranges for each branch of government to be checked by another branch so that no one branch can get too powerful. .28.
• Congress has to ratify treaties and approve appointments made by the president.29. . Checks and Balances: How the Executive Branch is Checked • Congress can override a presidential veto. • The Supreme Court can decide an action of the President is unconstitutional.
Checks and Balances: How the Legislative Branch is Checked • The Supreme Court can decide that an act or action is unconstitutional. . • The president can veto a law.30.
• The President appoints nominees to the Supreme Court. 31. Checks and Balances: How the Judicial Branch is Checked . • Congress can amend the Constitution which is the only way for another branch of government to change a Supreme Court ruling.
• Two presidents have been impeached: Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. .32. The House votes and if enough evidence is found to bring about impeachment proceedings. Impeachment Process • The House of Representatives investigates and files charges. then the president (or other public official) is impeached. • The Senate acts as the jury for the removal trial after impeachment.
33. . • Congress can take on more powers by doing what is “necessary and proper. Flexibility • The Constitution can be adapted to meet the changing demands of the U..” • The Constitution is interpreted by the Supreme Court (judicial review).S.
• Strict constructionists do not want the federal government expanding their powers.34. Elastic Clause • This clause gives the federal government the power to take on extra powers in the best interest of the nation. . • “necessary and proper” • Loose constructionists favor a wide use of the elastic clause.
35. Judicial Review The Supreme Court has the right to interpret the Constitution and determine if an act or action of Congress or the President is constitutional or not. .
¾ of the states need to ratify it for it to become a permanent change to the Constitution . Amendment Process • 2/3 of both the Senate and House of Representatives need to approve an amendment to the Constitution • Then the amendment is sent to the states for ratification.36.
• Cloture: 1917 rule that says Senate can end the debate with a 2/3 vote. • The record for the longest individual speech goes to South Carolina's J. Strom Thurmond who filibustered for 24 hours and 18 minutes against the Civil Rights Act of 1957 37. 2/3 is hard to get. In the smaller Senate. unlimited debate continues with the idea that a senator should have the right to speak as long as necessary on any issue.• A Filibuster is when a Representative or Senator gives long speeches in an effort to delay or obstruct legislation that he (or she) opposes • The House of Representatives has rules as to how long they can debate since there are so many representatives. Filibuster .
the 2-term tradition (that was ultimately changed with an amendment) . Cabinet positions political parties for a long time. Unwritten Constitution • George Washington began a few precedents which are not part of the Constitution but have always been in place: i.e.38.
Excise tax on whiskey 4. 2. Alexander Hamilton’s 4 Part Financial Plan 1. Federal government assumes the war debts of the states.39. Protective Tariff: tax on imports . National Bank 3.
• John Marshall was the 1st chief justice of the Supreme Court. • Marshall’s decisions strengthened the power of the federal government. • Marbury v. Madison established the power of judicial review which allowed the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution. • McCullough v. Maryland established a National Bank.
• Thomas Jefferson was a DemocratRepublican and believed in states rights and interpreted the Constitution strictly. He did not want the federal government to take on more power than specifically given it by the Constitution. • Jefferson had to contradict his strict constructionist ideas in order to purchase Louisiana. • The Louisiana Purchase gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River.
• Turnpikes (roads) were built first • Then came canals (i.e. Erie Canal) The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to New York City. • Railroads were constructed throughout the mid 1800s, with the first transcontinental railroad completed in 1862.
• It was designed to help preserve the independence won by several Latin American countries. .S. military intervention if Europe tried to colonize the western hemisphere though we did not have to enforce it for years.43. • It subtly threatened U. would stay out of European affairs. Monroe Doctrine • President James Monroe’s doctrine warned European powers about future colonization in the western hemisphere.S. • It said that the U.
44. Andrew Jackson & the Trail of Tears • The Supreme Court ruled in Worcester v. . • Andrew Jackson did not enforce the Supreme Court decision but instead supported the Indian Removal Act and forcibly removed the Cherokee Indians to west of the Mississippi River. Georgia that the Cherokee Indians could not be forced to give up their land. • The move was called the Trail of Tears.
45. Manifest Destiny • The belief that God planned for the United States to spread from sea to shining sea .
Mexican American War • A dispute over the border of Texas and Mexico led to the Mexican American War in 1848 • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave the U. .S.46. the land known as the Mexican Cession and set off another wave of arguments over the expansion of slavery.
.47. especially California. • It led to population growth in the west. Gold Rush • Many Americans went out west in search of gold in 1848.
. Expansion of Slavery: Missouri Compromise (1820) • Written by Henry Clay • Missouri joined the Union as a slave state and Maine joined the Union as a free state. • North of 36’30” there would be no slavery • It solved the slavery problem for another 20 years.48.
.C. D. Expansion of Slavery: Compromise of 1850 • Written by Henry Clay • California came in as a free state • New Mexico and Utah territories would be decided by popular sovereignty • Fugitive Slave Law enacted in which northerners were supposed to send escaped slaves back south • No slave trade in Washington.49.
Expansion of Slavery: Kansas-Nebraska Act • 1854 • Kansas and Nebraska would determine their slave status based on popular sovereignty • This set off “Bleeding Kansas” in which pro and antislavery forces in Kansas clashed.50. Several people died and election results were difficult to determine. .
published “The Liberator” • Harriet Tubman.wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Frederick Douglas.51. NY. published the newspaper. “The North Star” • William Lloyd Garrison. wrote an autobiography. Abolitionists • Harriet Beecher Stowe.helped slaves escape along the underground railroad .from Rochester.
Dred Scott decision • Dred Scott sued stating that since he had been brought to free territory he was in fact. free. • The Dred Scott decision therefore negated any of the earlier compromises. • Taney said that slaves are property and can be taken anywhere. • Roger Taney (chief justice) and the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue. .52.
• Republican Abraham Lincoln won the presidency with the most number of electoral votes though it was not a majority of the country. • Immediately following the election. • The Democrats split their votes to two candidates. many southern states seceded (left) the Union. 53. Election of 1860 .
Homestead Act • 1862 Federal government plan to give homesteads to any people that would work the land for 5 years. . • This encouraged settlement of the Great Plains.54.
.55. Reconstruction Plans: Lincoln & Johnson’s • Believed southern states never left the Union • 10 % of voters needed to take an oath of loyalty • States must abolish slavery in their new Constitutions.
56. Reconstruction Plan: Radical Republicans (the one that happened) • South divided into 5 military districts • New state constitutions must be written • Blacks must be given the right to vote • States must ratify the 14th amendment • Former southern Confederate leaders were barred from office and voting .
57. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson • Andrew Johnson was a southerner so northern Radical Republicans didn’t like him. • Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. • Radical Republicans passed the Tenure of Office Act making it illegal for a president to fire someone without approval of Congress. . • Johnson was brought up on impeachment charges for violating the Tenure of Office Act. • He was impeached but not removed.
• Grandfather clauses.58. Black Codes & Jim Crow Laws • Black Codes and Jim Crow laws were passed by many local southern legislatures to restrict the rights of newly freed blacks. and poll taxes prevented blacks from exercising their right to vote. . literacy tests.
59. Sharecropping • In order to make a living following the Civil War many blacks became sharecroppers. • Same thing as “Crop-Lien” system . • Sharecroppers worked the land (often for their previous owners) in exchange for a share of the profits and a place to live.
60. Reconstruction Amendments • 13th Amendment: outlawed slavery • 14th Amendment: made former slave citizens and entitled to due process • 15th Amendment: gave blacks the right to vote .
Ferguson (1896) • Homer Plessy (part black) sat on a white railroad car and was arrested. • “Separate but equal” wasn’t overturned until 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education.61. . • The Supreme Court ruled that segregated facilities was legal provided that it was equal. Plessy v.
62. . • Government gave land grants and cash to railroad companies to create the railroad. Transcontinental Railroad • 1862 the first transcontinental railroad met up at Promontory Point. Utah.
South Dakota was the last big confrontation between U. Closing of the Frontier • 1890 is considered the end of the Indian Wars • Battle of Wounded Knee.S. .63. • Native American population was dramatically reduced. troops and the Indians.
Dawes Severalty Act (1881) • Aimed at Americanizing the Indians • Divided reservations into individual plots for people to own .64.
. Urbanization • Urban: City • Rural: Country • During the period of industrialization many people moved from the country to the cities in search of jobs in the cities.65.
New v. during the period of industrialization came from eastern Europe.66. Old Immigration • Old immigration was from western Europe.S. Italy. Greece. and Asia . • New immigrants coming to the U.
Nativism • Many Americans resented the immigrants coming in and changing the ethnic makeup of the country. especially in the 1920s. • Nativists liked native born white Protestant American males • Immigration restrictions such as the quota system and resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan are examples of the rise of nativism. .67.
The U. started to restrict immigration and stopped allowing any Chinese in. allowed anyone who wanted to immigrate to the U.68.S. • 1920’s Quota System: limited the number of people from particular countries that wanted to immigrate. Immigration Restrictions • For most of industrialization. • Chinese Exclusion Act (1881). We needed cheap labor.S. to come. preference was given to people from western Europe .S. the U.
. • Big monopolies became Trusts. • Big businesses bought up smaller competing business until they dominated (controlled) the entire industry. Monopolies • Big business leaders did all they could to eliminate competition.69.
70. laissez-faire capitalism • Laissez-faire means complete hands off of the government on the economy • Government did not regulate big business for many years but rather let the marketplace and supply/demand control industry .
71. Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroad) and John Rockefeller (Standard Oil) helped skyrocket the American manufacturing to #1 in the world by 1900. . Entrepreneurs • Businessmen like Andrew Carnegie (steel).
• A robber baron is the name given to entrepreneurs who get ahead by abusing the workers with bad working conditions. . Andrew Carnegie was also a philanthropist.72. and little pay. long hours. Captain of Industry & Robber Barons • A captain of industry is a description given to entrepreneurs like Andrew Carnegie who did great things for business and the country. giving away money to schools and libraries.
• For many years the government supported big business instead of labor unions.73. . Labor Unions • Labor Unions like the Knights of Labor (led by Terrence Powderly) and the American Federation of Labor (led by Samuel Gompers) fought for better working conditions and higher pay.
74. • Collective bargaining involves both labor and management sitting down and discussing terms in order to agree on a contract. . • The right to collective bargaining is not guaranteed until the Wagner Act during the Great Depression. Collective Bargaining • Labor unions wanted the right to collective bargaining.
Sherman Antitrust Act Clayton Antitrust Act Interstate Commerce Commission • These are federal laws passed in order to restrict big business and help the American consumer. .75.
direct election of senators. • The legacy of Populists is that many of their proposed reforms were eventually made into law. They thought it would set off inflation and help them be able to pay off their loans. Populists .• The Populists were a third party prominent in national politics in the 1890s. a secret ballot. and an 8 hours workday. • Populists wanted government to regulate the railroads. 76. They were made up of farmers and working class people. • Populists wanted free coinage of silver instead of the gold standard.
• Muckrakers were Progressive writers who sought to uncover abuses of industrialization • Jacob Riis: photos of the inner cities in How the Other Half Lives • Lincoln Steffens: The Shame of the Cities • Ida Tarbell: expose on Standard Oil • Upton Sinclair: wrote The Jungle about the meat packing industry.
• Booker T. Washington opened Tuskegee Institute to help blacks get a job. He was labeled an acommodationist because he wanted blacks to get a job first and worry about equality later. • W.E.B. DuBois started the NAACP and wanted blacks to quickly achieve full equality.
• Suffrage: right of women to vote • 1848 At the Seneca Falls Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the suffragettes signed the Declaration of Sentiments. • Susan B. Anthony was arrested for attempting to vote in Rochester, New York. • Some states in the west gave women rights earlier than in the east. • 19th amendment finally gave women the right to vote nationwide.
Referendum. Recall • Initiative. .An idea can go to the voters of an area to decide • Recall.82.Voters can suggest laws • Referendum.Voters can recall (remove) someone from service. The answer is usually that these things gave more people the chance to participate in politics or increased democracy. Initiative.
Progressive Amendments • • • • 16th: Graduated Income Tax 17th: Direct Election of Senators 18th: Prohibition 19th: Women have the right to vote .83.
84. high interest rates make people not spend money .divided the nation into federal reserve districts.low interest rates stimulate spending.created the Federal Reserve Board whose job is to control the money supply by raising/lowering interest rates . Progressive Legislation • Pure Food & Drug Act • Meat Inspection Act • Federal Reserve Act. .
Imperialism • Imperialism is when a stronger country takes over a weaker country in order to get resources and markets .85.
S.S. • Hawaii: After Sanford Dole and other American planters overthrew Queen Liliokalani. warned other nations not to carve up China into colonies so that we could continue to have trading rights there. Hawaii was annexed by the U. trading back in the 1850s • Open Door Policy: U.S.86. .S. Imperialism • Commodore Matthew Perry opened up Japan for U. U.
• Then the U. • We gave the canal back to Panama in 2000. took the Panama Canal zone in order to build a canal to connect the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Occean.S. Panama Canal • U.87.S. President Theodore Roosevelt helped Panama get its independence from Colombia. .
• It said that the U. would act as an international policepower in the western hemisphere if any countries weren’t behaving. Roosevelt Corollary • Teddy Roosevelt added a corollary (an extra thing) to the Monroe Doctrine.88.S. .
declared war on Spain • Spain lost and the U.S.S. and Guam • Platt Amendment: Cuba got its independence but the U.S. Cuba.S. • Philippines did not get their independence until after WWII. got the Philippines.S. Spanish-American War • After the U. could oversee it’s foreign relations as well as keep up a military base in Guatanamo Bay. . Maine was sunk in the Havana harbor the U. Puerto Rico.89.
S.S. busy fighting over here. by a German u-boat.” . U. Entry into WWI The United States tried to stay neutral at the beginning of WWI. • Sussex Pledge: Germany said they would not sink American ships but they repudiated (took it back) and did so anyway=unrestricted submarine warfare • Zimmerman Note: found by Britain it was a note from Germany to Mexico promising German help if Mexico wanted to keep the U. needed to get involved in order to “make the world safe for democracy. a British passenger liner. • Wilson said that the U.90.S. • Lusitania: Many Americans were killed on board the Lusitania.
. Schenck v. • He argued “freedom of speech.” • His arrest was upheld because what he was saying posed a “clear and present danger” to the country.91. United States • Schenck was arrested for distributing antiwar pamphlets.
Wilson’s 14 Points • Before WWI ended.” . Woodrow Wilson had an address to Congress in which he listed 14 main points that he thought would keep peace in the world. • Wilson’s favorite idea was for a League of Nations to be created in order to make World War I was the “war to end all wars.92. • The 14 Points were an IDEA for the way the world should be after WWI.
93. Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations • The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I and punished Germany harshly. • The United States did not ever sign the Treaty of Versailles and never joined the League of Nations. . the world’s first international peacekeeping organization. • The Treaty of Versailles established a League of Nations.
Most people thought they were found guilty because they were immigrants. was very afraid of communists and immigrants.94. the U. . • Attorney General Palmer rounded up suspected communists and deported them= Palmer Raids • Sacco and Vanzetti were executed for their crimes. Red Scare • Red= color of communists • After WWI. The time period was known as the Red Scare.S.
95. etc. between traditional and modern values . washing machines Buying on credit Flappers & Prohibition Changing manners and morals.conflict • Overproduction of consumer goods-eventually people didn’t need more goods. they already had radios. • Farm prices were still low because of overproduction. washing machines. Roaring Twenties • • • • • Consumer goods skyrocketed Model T.. radio. cars.
96. Economics of the Great Depression • GNP: Gross National Product= sum value of all goods and services produced in the country • Per Capita Income: GNP divided by population • Stock speculation: people put a percentage down when they bought shares of stock • Banks were unregulated .
• Many people moved west in order to get out of the Dust Bowl—especially to California. • Massive dust storms resulted. • Improvements came with the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) during the New Deal. Dust Bowl • A 10 year drought and overproduction of farm fields after World War I made many farmers go broke. .97.
• Typically a Republican plan.98. Trickle-down theory • Herbert Hoover’s plan that tax breaks and money given to businesses will trickle down to the people. used by Hoover (failed) and Reagan (moderate success) . • Businesses will be able to afford to expand and hire more people.
• Deficit spending: Roosevelt believed the government had to spend money to make money • Three R’s: Relief. Roosevelt’s plan to get the U.S.99. Recovery. Reform . out of the Great Depression. New Deal • Franklin D.
• Congress nixed the plan—said it violated separation of powers and checks and balances. . Roosevelt’s Court Packing Scheme • The Supreme Court kept declaring parts of the New Deal unconstitutional. • Roosevelt wanted to add 6 judges to the Supreme Court so that there would be a majority there that supported his proposals.100.
Neutrality in the 1930s • The U.S. • Lend-Lease Act and Destroyers for Bases Deal had us helping the Allies without actually sending troops yet.101. tried to stay out of European affairs in the 1930s but increasingly were drawn in. . • Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937 were aimed at stopping us from trading with warring countries. U.S.
• Supreme Court ruled that in a time of war that the government could do what was necessary to protect the country.102. . Korematsu v. United States • Fred Korematsu sued over the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.
metal and other things that could help the war effort. Women during WWII • Many women joined the armed forces in noncombat roles. • Women saved grease.103. . • Women went to work in the war industries.
War Bonds • Patriotic Americans were expected to spend 10% of their salary and buy war bonds.104. • War bonds gave the government money to fight the war which would be paid back to the people long after the war. .
New Mexico and then used on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to get the Japanese to end WWII. • The bomb was tested at Los Alamos. . Manhattan Project • Roosevelt initiated the Manhattan Project to build an atomic bomb.105.
106. • Leaders were responsible for individual actions. Nuremberg Trials • German officials that engineered the Holocaust were put on trial following WWII. • “It was war” or “I was following orders” was not a good enough response. .
GI Bill • The G. Bill was to help American soldiers reenter U.107. . society by giving them loans to buy houses. and money to go to college or trade schools.I.S.
• Domino Theory: If one nation falls to communism. and eventually that will threaten American liberty.108. Containment & Domino Theory • Containment: We need to stop the spread of communism. so will another. and another. .
Marshall Plan. 109.• Marshall Plan.give money to war torn Europe to help with war recovery.give money to Greece and Turkey for war recovery so that they don’t turn to communists for help. Eisenhower Doctrine . • Eisenhower Doctrine— same goes but in the Middle East. Truman Doctrine. basically so that they don’t turn to communists for help • Truman Doctrine.
medicine and supplies. • Western countries responded with more than 200. Berlin Airlift • The Soviets tried to cut off the city of Berlin. .110.000 flights of food.
• The U. • North Korea invaded South Korea • United Nations forces led by General McCarthur worked to defeat North Korea. never declared war on Korea. U. . He was actually fired by publicly criticizing how Harry Truman wouldn’t just use another a-bomb and end the war quickly. • War ended with a cease-fire. troops still guard the border between North (Communist) and South Korea at the 38th parallel.111.S.S. Korean War • 1950-1953 containment • Following WWII Korea was divided into a communist north and democratic south at the 38th parallel.
112. • Senator Joseph McCarthy accused many people as being “card-carrying communists. . • Government searched for communists in the movie industry (Hollywood Ten.” When he went after the army. Communist Hysteria • We were afraid of communists.) • Ethel & Julius Rosenberg were executed for giving atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. he had gone too far and was issued a public censure. • House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC) looked for communists in government.
Baby boom • The generation of children born to WWII veterans is known as the baby boom. • Baby boom generation is nearing retirement now and will stress the Social Security system. . • Many veterans came home to have LARGE families.) • The baby boom generation put a strain on the educational resources. More schools needed to be built in the 50s and colleges by the late 60s. (My grandmother had 7 kids and her sister had 12.113.
114. Bill and the construction of the interstate highway system during Eisenhower’s administration led to the increase in the suburbs. Growth of suburbs • Affordable housing subsidized by the G. • White flight—blacks stayed in the cities.I. whites moved .
helped train a group of Cuban exiles to go overthrow Fidel Castro of Cuba.115. which is close to the United States. Cuban Missile Crisis & Bay of Pigs invasion • John F.S. It failed and was an embarrassment to JFK’s administration • Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviets under Nikita Kruschev tried to put nuclear missiles in Cuba. JFK ordered an embargo and Kruschev turned his ships around. . Kennedy • Bay of Pigs: U.
“Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country” and created the Peace Corps. an international volunteer organization. Peace Corps • JFK told the American people. • Those volunteers could spread good democratic values.116. . too.
• Southern minister who worked for civil rights for black Americans • Led the Montgomery Bus Boycott • “I have a dream” speech • March on Washington .117. Jr. Martin Luther King.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Passed by Lyndon Johnson following JFK’s death. • Created the Equal Opportunity Commission to investigate cases of discrimination .118. the landmark legislation ruled that all racial discrimination and segregation was illegal.
literacy tests. . Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Extended the right to vote to blacks who had been denied the vote through poll taxes. etc… • Any methods used to limit the right of blacks to vote were ruled illegal. grandfather clauses.119.
120. Great Society • Lyndon Johnson’s plan to help the urban poor • Compared to the New Deal as a democratic plan that spent a lot of money on social welfare programs .
Feminine Mystique • 1962 • Wrote by Betty Friedan (who founded the National Organization for Women—NOW) • Said that not all women want to stay home and cook/clean .121.
naval ships. . then Congress has to approve it. troops in Vietnam increased heavily.S. Congress gave Johnson full authority to retaliate.122. President can send troops for 60 days. • War Powers Act (1973) limited the president’s ability to commit troops in wartime.S. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution War Powers Act • Lyndon Johnson told Congress that Vietnamese gunboats in the Gulf of Tonkin (near Vietnam) had fired on U. • U.
S.R.123.S. visit to China and U.S. . and the Soviet Union • Examples: SALT talks. detente • President Nixon’s plan to ease the Cold War tensions between the U.
Wade • 1973 landmark Supreme Court case ruling that a woman’s right to an abortion is protected in the right to privacy .124. Roe v.
• Nixon ordered a cover-up. • Weakened people’s faith in elected officials . Nixon resigned. Watergate • The Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP) broke in to Watergate Towers. the Democratic party headquarters.125. • Facing certain impeachment.
Wainwright: Right to an attorney • These cases were heard under Earl Warren’s Supreme Court and all advanced (furthered) the rights of the accused. Arizona: You must be read your rights (to remain silent. to an attorney) • Gideon v. .126. Rights of the accused • Miranda v.
women. Affirmative Action • Definition: Giving minorities (blacks. other ethnicities) preferential treatment in schools and the workplace in order to make up for years of discrimination • Baake v. Regents of the University of California: said that the quota system is illegal but that race can be a factor in determining admission and hiring .127.
weapons were sold to Iran and the money from the sale went to help the Contras fight the communist Sandinistas in Nicaragua. • Lowed people’s perception of public officials. Iran Contra Affair • Against Congress’ orders. • Several high ranking officials were jailed. • Iran was to help the U. get their hostages in Lebanon released.S.128. .
Reaganomics • Trickle-down theory. supply-side economics • Belief that tax cuts to the wealthy and businesses would help the economy and that the wealth would trickle down to the people .129.
too. • Other Eastern block countries ended communism.• 1989 Soviet Union fell apart at Gorbachev’s introduction of glasnost and perestroika. 130. • East and West Germany were reunited. • Many former communist satellite nations asked to join NATO • George Bush was president. Collapse of communism around the world .
Trade sanctions followed for 10 years. Saddam Hussein stayed in power. The United States with the United Nations stormed into the desert and removed Iraq from Kuwait.131. Gulf War • George Bush’s presidency • Saddam Hussein (Iraq) invaded oilrich Kuwait. .
132. NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement • Reduced tariffs and trade restrictions between the U..S. Canada and Mexico • President Clinton .
Impeachment of Clinton • Clinton lied about having an affair with Monica Lewinsky. • At his trial in the Senate he was not removed. .133. • House of Representatives impeached him.
Bush established the Department of Homeland Security to help protect the U. .S. • The Patriot Act gives government many rights to help find terrorists in the country. War on Terror • President George W.134. • Invasions of Afganistan and Iraq after September 11th to prevent terrorists from attacking here again. from terrorists.
traditionally get support from upper class and big business. now they appeal to conservative Christian people. strong national defense. less taxes. traditionally get support from labor unions and working class • Republicans: typically favor small government. more civil rights including rights of the accused and abortion. Democrats & Republicans • Democrats: typically favor higher taxes.135. too . business interests. more social spending. less rights.

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