Source: https://www.russianlawjournal.org/jour/article/view/31
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 16:47:56+00:00

Document:
This article compares (1) the qualification of jurors or lay assessors; (2) methods of listing candidates for lay adjudication; and (3) selection and empanelment of jurors and lay assessors for a particular case, in various post-Soviet countries and Western countries. Two key issues are examined. The article examines whether the legislation of post-Soviet countries in relation to the qualification, listing and empanelling of jurors and lay assessors is consistent with the standards applied in developed democracies. Simultaneously, the article explores what standards and rules of selection of lay adjudicators should be incorporated into the legislation of post-Soviet states in order to insure impartiality and independence of lay adjudicators. The article reveals a significant number of defects and gaps that allow executives and court personnel to manipulate the selection process and hamper the formation of impartial, independent and representative lay courts. An examination of the legislation in post-Soviet countries and of the empirical data collected in Russia lead to the conclusion that the mechanisms of the voir dire, peremptory challenges and challenges to entire juries should be reviewed and improved in order to provide reliable safeguards for the selection of impartial and independent lay adjudicators and prevent parties from excluding prospective lay adjudicators for discriminatory reasons.
1. Bennet, John M. The Establishment of Jury Trial in New South Wales, 3 Sydney L. Rev. 463 (1959).
2. Black’s Law Dictionary 934 (9th ed., West 2009).
3. Blackstone’s Criminal Practice 2006 1504 (Peter Murphy, ed.) (Oxford University Press 2005).
4. Cameron, Neil. et al., The New Zealand Jury: Towards Reform, in World Jury Systems 192 (Neil Vidmar, ed.) (Oxford University Press 2000).
5. Constable, Marianne. The Law of the Others. The Mixed Jury and Changing Conceptions of Citizenship, Law and Knowledge (University of Chicago Press 1994).
6. Duff, Peter. The Scottish Criminal Jury: A Very Peculiar Institution, in World Jury Systems 255, 257–63 (Neil Vidmar, ed.) (Oxford University Press 2000).
7. European Commission and Council of Europe, Коментарi до проекту Кримінально-процесуального кодексу України [Komentari do proektu Kriminal’noprotsessual’nogo kodeksu Ukraini [Commentary on Draft Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine]] PCRED/DGI/EXP (2003) 63.
8. Evatt, Herbert V. The Jury System in Australia, 10 Austl. L.J. 49 (1936).
9. Fraud Trials Committee, Report 126, 128–29 (Hansard 1986).
10. Gleadow, Carmen. Spain’s Return to Trial by Jury: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Results, 2001–2002 St. Louis-Warsaw Transatlantic L.J. 56 (2002).
11. Granger, Cristopher. The Criminal Jury Trial in Canada (2nd ed., Carswell 1996).
12. Hostettler, John. The Criminal Jury Old and New: Jury Power from Early Times to the Present Day 21–23 (Waterside Press 2004).
13. Jackson, John D., & Kovalev, Nikolay P. Lay Adjudication and Human Rights in Europe, 13 Colum. L. Rev. 83, 101, 104 (2006).
14. Jackson, John, et al. The Jury System in Contemporary Ireland: In the Shadow of a Troubled Past, in World Jury Systems 290–92 (Neil Vidmar, ed.) (Oxford University Press 2000).
15. Johnson, Sheri L. Black Innocence and the White Jury, 83 Mich. L. Rev. 1611–1708 (1985).
16. Kovalev, Nikolai, & Suleymenova, Gul’nara. New Kazakhstani Quasi-Jury System: Challenges, Trends and Reforms, 38 Int. J. L., Crim. & Just. 261 (2010).
17. Kovalev, Nikolai. Criminal Justice Reform in Russia, Ukraine, and the Former Republics of the Soviet Union 539–560 (Edwin Mellen Press 2010).
18. Kovalev, Nikolay. Lay Adjudication of Crimes in the Commonwealth of Independent States: An Independent and Impartial Jury or a ‘Court of Nodders?,’ 11 J. E. Eur. L. 123 (2004).
19. Kucherov, Samuel. Courts, Lawyers an Trials Under the Last Three Tsars(Greenwood Press 1974).
20. Kutnjak Ivković, Sanja. Lay Participation in Criminal Trials: The Case of Croatia 46–49 (Austin & Winfield 1999).
21. Lloyd-Bostock, Sally, & Thomas, Cheryl. The Continuing Decline of the English Jury, in World Jury Systems 68–69, 72–76 (Neil Vidmar, ed.) (Oxford University Press 2000).
22. Marder, Nancy S. The Jury Process 98 (Foundation Press 2005).
23. Medetsky, Anatoly. Juror in Sutyagin’s Trial Was a Former Intelligence Officer, The Moscow Times (Oct. 26, 2004), <http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/juror-in-sutyagins-trial-was-a-former-intelligence-officer/227444.html> (accessed Juny 16, 2014)).
24. Nicholas Blake, The Case for the Jury, in The Jury Under Attack 140 (Mark Findlay & Peter Duff, eds.) (Butterworths, 1988).
26. Medietate Linguae: A History and Proposal for Change, 74 B.U.L. Rev. 777–818 (1994).
27. Siegismund, Eberhard. The Function of Honorary Judges in Criminal Proceedings in Germany, Presentation to the 120th UNAFEI International Senior Seminar (Japan, Jan. 7 – Febr. 17, 2002), <http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/PDFpublect/siegismund.pdf> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
28. Tanford, J. Alexander. The Trial Process: Law, Tactics, and Ethics 110 (LexisNexis 2002).
29. Tanovich, David M., et al. Jury Selection in Criminal Trials (Irwin Law 1997).
30. Thaman, Stephen C. Spain Returns to Trial by Jury, 21 Hastings Int. & Comp. L. Rev. 241 (1998).
31. Thaman, Stephen C. The Resurrection of Trial by Jury in Russia, 31 Stanf. J. Int. L. 61, 67 (1995).
32. Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America 262 (University of Chicago Press 2000).
33. Vidmar, Neil, & Hans, Valerie P. Judging the Jury (Plenum Press 1986).
34. Vidmar, Neil. AHistorical and Comparative Perspective on the Common Law Jury, in World Jury Systems 28, 34–35 (Neil Vidmar, ed.) (Oxford University Press 2000).
35. Vidmar, Neil. The Canadian Criminal Jury: Searching for a Middle Ground, in World Jury Systems 234 (Neil Vidmar, ed.) (Oxford University Press 2000).
36. Vogler, Richard. The International Development of the Jury: The Role of the British Empire, 72 Int. Rev. Pen. L. 525 (2001).
37. Walker, Sonia. Battle-Axes and Sticky-Beaks: Women and Jury Service in Western Australia 1898–1957, 11(4) Murdoch U. Electronic J.L. (2004), available at <http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v11n4/walker114_text.html> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
38. Алексеева Л.Б., Радутная Н.В. Предупреждение судебных ошибок, обусловленных обвинительным уклоном в деятельности судов первой и кассационной инстанции: Пособие для судей [Alekseeva L.B., Radutnaya N.V. Preduprezhdenie sudebnykh oshibok, obuslovlennykh obvinitel’nym uklonom v deyatel’nosti sudov pervoi i kassatsionnoi instantsii [Lidiya B. Alekseeva & Nona V. Radutnaya, Prevention of Judicial Errors Caused by Accusatory Bias in Trial and Appellate Courts: Manual for Judges]] 4–5 (VYuZI 1989).
39. Анашкин Г.З. Народные заседатели в советском суде [Anashkin G.Z. Narodnye zasedateli v sovetskom sude [Grigorii Z. Anashkin, Peoples’ Assessors in Soviet Court]] 7 (3rd ed., Gosyurizdat 1960).
40. База данных ФОМ. Казахстан. Поле мнений [Baza dannykh FOM. Kazakhstan. Pole mnenii [FOM Database. Kazakhstan. The Field of Opinions]] (2002), <http://bd.fom.ru/map/kazahstan/506_12746> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
41. Вахтин Н. и др. Новые языки новых государств: явление на стыке близкодержавных языков на постсоветском пространстве [Vakhtin N. idr. Novye yazyki novykh gosudarstv: yavlenie na styke blizkoderzhavnykh yazykov na postsovetskom prostranstve [Nikolai Vakhtin et al., New Languages of New States: Phenomenon at the Junction of neighboring States’ Languages in the Post-Soviet Countires]] (2003), <http://old.eu.spb.ru/ethno/projects/project3/list.htm> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
42. Демичев А.А. Теневое право и суд присяжных // Государство и право. 2004. № 7. С. 104, 105 [Demichev A.A. Tenevoe pravo i sud prisyazhnykh // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2004. No. 7. S. 104, 105 [Alexei A. Demichev, Shadow Law and Trial by Jury, 2004(7) State and Law 104, 105]].
43. Доходы 12 процентов россиян ниже прожиточного минимума [Dokhody 12 protsentov rossiyan nizhe prozhitochnogo minimuma [Income of 12 Percent of Russians is Below Subsistence Minimum]], Pravda (Nov. 25, 2013), <http://www.pravda.ru/news/economics/25-11-2013/1183272-money-0/> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
44. Ковалев Н. Комментарии к законопроекту о присяжных заседателях судов Республики Казахстан от 13 января 2005 г. // Судопроизводство с участием присяжных заседателей и перспективы его введения в Республике Казахстан [Kovalev N. Kommentarii k zakonoproektu o prisyazhnykh zasedatelyakh sudov Respubliki Kazakhstan ot 13 yanvarya 2005 g. // Sudoproizvodstvo s uchastiem prisyazhnykh zasedatelei i perspektivy ego vvedeniya v Respublike Kazakhstan [Nikolai Kovalev, Commentaries on Draft Law on Jurors in Courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in Trial by Jury and Prospects of Its Introduction in the Republic of Kazakhstan]] 277–78 (Dmitry Nurumov, ed.) (Poligrafservis 2005).
45. Кригер И. Суд как разведмероприятие [Kriger I. Sud kak razvedmeropriyatie [Igor Kriger, Trial as Intelligence Measure]], Novaya Gazeta (Nov. 4, 2004), <http://2004.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2004/82n/n82n-s10.shtml> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
46. Маляренко В.Т. Позитиви і негативи суду присяжних // Право Украины. 2000. № 3. С. 3, 9 [Malyarenko V.T. Pozitivi i negativi sudu prisyazhnykh // Pravo Ukrainy. 2000. No. 3. S. 3, 9 [Vasilyi T. Malyarenko, Advantages and Disadvantages of Trial by Jury, 2000(3) Law of Ukraine 3, 9]].
47. Мельник В.В. Искуство защиты в суде присяжных [Mel’nik V.V. Iskusstvo zashchity v sude prisyazhnikh [Valerii V. Mel’nik, Art of Defense in Trial by Jury]] 32 (Delo 2003).
48. Миттермайер К. Европейские и американские суды присяжных [Mittermeier C. Evropeiskie iamerikanskie sudy prisyazhnykh [Carl Mittermeier, European and American Jury Systems]] 83–84 (V. Molchanov, ed.) (Tipografiya A.I. Mamontova i Ko 1869).
49. Научно-практический комментарий к Уголовно-процессуальному кодексу Российской Федерации [Nauchno-prakticheskii kommentarii k Ugolovno-protsessual’nomu kodeksu Rosiiskoi Federatsii [Commentary on Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation]] 563, 572 (Viacheslav M. Lebedev, ed.) (Yurait 2003).
50. Об итогах всероссийской переписи населения 2010 г. [Ob itogakh vserossiiskoi perepisi naseleniya [About the Results of the Russian National Census in 2010]], Rosiiskaya gazeta (Dec. 22, 2011), <http://www.rg.ru/2011/12/16/stat.html> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
52. [Osnovy zakonodatel’stva osudoustroistve Soyuza SSR, soyuznykh iavtonomnykh respublik 1958 // Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. 1959. No. 1(12). St. 29 [Fundamentals of Legislation of the USSR and the Union and Autonomous Republics on the Judicial Organization, 1959(1) Bulletin of the USSR Supreme Council, item 12, Art. 29]].
53. Открытое обращение неправительственных организаций Республики Казахстан к Правительству, Парламенту и Президенту Республики Казахстан [Otkrytoe obrashchenie nepravitel’stvennykh organizatsii Respubliki Kazakhstan k Pravitel’stvu, Parlamentu i Prezidentu Respubliki Kazakhstan [An Open Letter from NGOs to the Kazakhstani Government, Parliament and President]], Zona.kz (Nov. 11, 2005), <http://zonakz.net/articles/?artid=10127> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
54. Панасюк А.Ю. Презумпция виновности в системе профессиональных установок судей // Государство и право. 1994. № 3. С. 70 [Panasyuk A.Yu. Prezumptsiya vinovnosti v sisteme professional’nykh ustanovok sudei // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 1994. No. 3. S. 70 [Alexander Yu. Panasyuk, Presumption of Guilt in the System of Professional Biases of Judges, 1994(3) State and Law 70]].
55. Пашин С., Левинсон Л. Суд присяжных: проблемы и тенденции [Pashin S., Levinson L. Sud prisyazhnykh: problemy i tendentsii [Sergei Pashin & Lev Levinson, Trial by Jury: Issues and Trends]] 52–53, 70 (International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights 2004).
56. Пашин С.А. Концепция судебной реформы в России [Pashin S.A. Kontseptsiya sudebnoi reformy v Rossii [Sergei A. Pashin, Concept of the Judicial Reform in Russia]] (2004), <http://sutyajnik.ru/rus/cases/etc/koncepcia_sud_reformi.htm> (accessed Juny 16, 2014).
57. Пашин С.А. Отбор присяжных заседателей в суде // Состязательное правосудие [Pashin S.A. Otbor prisyazhnykh v sude // Sostyazatel’noe pravosudie [Sergei A. Pashin, Jury Selection in Court, in Adversarial Justice]] 37–38 (Sergei A. Pashin & Lyudmila M. Karnozova, eds.) (Izd-vo Mezhdunar. kom. sodeistviya pravovoi reforme 1996).
58. Петрухин И.Л. Суд присяжных: проблемы и перспективы // Государство и право. 2001. № 3. С. 5–15 [Petrukhin I.L. Sud prisyaznykh: problemy i perspektivy // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2001. No. 3. S. 5–15 [Igor L. Petrukhin, Trial by Jury: Issues and Prospects, 2001(3) State and Law 5–15]].
59. Положение о выборах народных судов 1948 г. (ст. 2) // Голунский С.А. История законодательства СССР и РСФСР по уголовному процессу и организации суда [Polozhenie o vyborakh narodnykh sudov RSFSR 1948 g. (st. 2) // Golunskii S.A. Istoriya zakonodatel’stva SSSR i RSFSR po ugolovnomu protsessu i organizatsii suda [Regulation on Election of Peoples Courts RSFSR 1948, Art. 2, in Sergei A. Golunskii, History of Legislation of the USSR and RSFSR on Criminal Procedure and Organization of Courts]] 240 (Gosyurizdat 1955).
60. Положение о судоустройстве РСФСР 1922 г. (ст. 15) // Голунский С.А. История законодательства СССР и РСФСР по уголовному процессу и организации суда [Polozhenie o sudoustroistve RSFSR 1922 g. (st. 15) // Golunskii S.A. Istoriya zakonodatel’stva SSSR i RSFSR po ugolovnomu protsessu i organizatsii suda [Regulation on Judicial Organization RSFSR 1922, Art. 15, in Sergei A. Golunskii, History of Legislation of the USSR and RSFSR on Criminal Procedure and Organization of Courts]] 240 (Gosyurizdat 1955).
61. Проект Закона Республики Казахстан «О внесении изменений и дополнений в некоторые законодательные акты…» (ст. 550) // Судопроизводство с участием присяжных заседателей и перспективы его введения в Республике Казахстан [Proekt Zakona Respubliki Kazakhstan ‘O vnesenii izmenenii i dopolnenii v nekotorye zakonodatel’nye akty…’ (st. 550) // Sudoproizvodstvo s uchastiem prisyazhnykh zasedatelei i perspektivy ego vvedeniya v Respublike Kazakhstan [Draft Law of the Republic Kazakhstan on Amendments to Some Laws (Art. 550), in Trial by Jury and Prospects of Its Introduction in the Republic of Kazakhstan]] 256 (Dmitry Nurumov, ed (Poligrafservis 2005).
63. by Jury During Pre-trial Investigation. Preliminary Hearing. Preparatory Session. Jury Selection, in Trial by Jury]] 73, 79 (Vyacheslav Lebedev, ed.) (Yurid. lit. 1998).
64. Рустамов Х.У. Проблема отвода в суде присяжных // Государство и право. 1997. № 6. С. 80, 81 [Rustamov Kh.U. Problema otvoda v sude prisyazhnykh // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 1997. No. 6. S. 80, 81 [Khasbulat U. Rustamov, The Issue of Jury Challenges, in 1997(6) State and Law 80, 81]].
65. Снегирева Е. Присяжный заседатель восстановлен на работе после незаконного увольнения // Российская юстиция. 1997. № 12. С. 7 [Snegireva E. Prisyazhnyi zasedatel’ vosstanovlen na rabote posle nezakonnogo uvol’neniya // Rossiiskaya yustitsiya. 1997. No. 12. S. 7 [Elena Snegireva, Juror Reinstated after Wrongful Dismissal, 1997(12) Russian Justice 7]].
66. Степанков И. Милицейский произвол в зеркале социологов [Stepankov I. Militseiskyi proizvol v zerkale sotsiologov [Igor Stepankov, Police Arbitrariness in the Mirror of Sociologists]], Rosiiskaya gazeta (Oct. 15, 2003), <http://www.rg.ru/2003/10/15/proizvol.html> (accessed June 18, 2014).
67. Устав уголовного судопроизводства // Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание второе. № 41476. Ст. 656 [Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva 1864 // Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii. Sobranie vtoroe. No. 41476. St. 656 [Law on Judicial Institutions of the Russian Empire, in 39 Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Second Collection, No. 41476, Art. 656]] (Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi E.I.V. Kantselyarii 1864).
68. Учреждение судебных установлений Российской империи // Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание второе. № 41475. Ст. 81 [Uchrezhdenie sudebnykh ustanovlenii Rossiiskoi imperii // Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii. Sobranie vtoroe. No. 41475. St. 81 [Law on Judicial Institutions of the Russian Empire, in 39 Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Second Collection, No. 41475, Art. 81]] (Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi E.I.V. Kantselyarii 1864).
69. Фойницкий И.Я. Курс уголовного судопроизводства. Т. 1 [Foinitskii I.Ya. Kurs ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva. T. 1 [1 Ivan Ya. Foinitskii, Criminal Procedure Course]] 425 (Al’fa 1996).

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 Art. 29
 Art. 2
 Art. 15
 Art. 656
 Art. 81