Source: https://mie.uic.edu/k-Teacher/constantine-m-megaridis-phd/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 12:17:51+00:00

Document:
P. R. Jones, X. Hao, E. R. Cruz-Chu, K. Rykaczewski, K. Nandy, T. M. Schutzius, K. K. Varanasi, C. M. Megaridis, J. H. Walther, P. Koumoutsakos, H. D. Espinosa and N. A. Patankar, “Sustaining Dry surfaces under Water,” Scientific Reports 5, 12311, 2015.
S. Gart, J. E. Mates, C. M. Megaridis and S. Jung, “Droplet Impacting a Cantilever: A Leaf-Raindrop System,” Physical Review Applied 3, 044019, 2015.
A. Das, M. Raffi, C. M. Megaridis, D. Fragouli, C. Innocenti and A. Athanassiou, “Magnetite (Fe3O4)-filled Carbon Nanofibers as Electro-conducting/Superparamagnetic Nanohybrids and their Multifunctional Polymer Composites,” J. Nanoparticle Research 17, 1, 2015.
J. E. Mates, I. S Bayer, M. Salerno, P. J. Carroll, Z. Jiang, L. Liu and C. M. Megaridis, “Durable and Flexible Graphene Composites Based on Artists’ Paint for Conductive Paper Applications,” Carbon 87, 163-174, 2015.
D. Attinger, C. Frankiewicz, A. Betz, T. M. Schutzius, R. Ganguly, A. Das, C.-J. Kim and C. M. Megaridis, “Surface Engineering for Phase Change Heat Transfer: A Review,” MRS Energy & Sustainability 1, 2014.
J. Song, S. Huang, Y. Lu, J. Mates, A. Ghosh, R. Ganguly, C. Carmalt, I. Parkin, W. Xu and C. M. Megaridis, “Self-Driven One-Step Oil Removal from Oil Spill on Water via Selective-Wettability Steel Mesh,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces6, 19858-19865, 2014.
T. M. Schutzius, G. Graeber, M. Elsharkawy, J. Oreluk and C. M. Megaridis, “Morphing and Vectoring Impacting Droplets with Wettability Engineered Surfaces,” Scientific Reports 4, 7029, 2014.
A. Ghosh, S. Beaini, B. J. Zhang, R. Ganguly and C. M. Megaridis, “Enhancing Dropwise Condensation through Bioinspired Wettability Patterning,” Langmuir 30, 13103-13115, 2014.
J. E. Mates, T. M. Schutzius, J. Qin, D. E. Waldroup and C. M. Megaridis, “The Fluid Diode: Tunable Unidirectional Flow through Porous Substrates,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, 12837-12843, 2014.
D. Fragouli, A. Das, C. Innocenti, Y. Guttigonta, S. Rahman, L. Liu, V. Caramia, C. M. Megaridis and A. Athanassiou, “Polymeric Films with Electric and Magnetic Anisotropy due to Magnetically Assembled Functional Nanofibers,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, 4535–4541, 2014.
A. Ghosh, R. Ganguly, T. M. Schutzius and C. M. Megaridis, “Wettability Patterning for High-rate, Pumpless Fluid Transport on Open, Non-planar, Microfluidic Platforms,” Lab on a Chip 14, 1538 – 1550, 2014.
M. Elsharkawy, T. M. Schutzius and C. M. Megaridis, “Inkjet Patterned Superhydrophobic Paper for Open-air Surface Microfluidic Devices,” Lab on a Chip 14, 1168-1175, 2014.
L. Liu, A. Das, C. M. Megaridis, “Terahertz Shielding of Carbon Nanomaterials and their Composites ‐ A Review and Applications,” Carbon 69, 1-16, 2014.
J. E. Mates, T. M. Schutzius, I. S. Bayer, J. Qin, D. E. Waldroup and C. M. Megaridis, “Water-based Superhydrophobic Coatings for Nonwoven and Cellulosic Substrates,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, 222-227, 2014.
T. M. Schutzius, I. S. Bayer, J. Qin, D. Waldroup and C. M. Megaridis, “Water-based, Nonfluorinated Dispersions for Environmentally Benign, Large-area, Superhydrophobic Coatings,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 5, 13419-13425, 2013.
J. H. Walther, K. Ritos, E. R. Cruz-Chu, C. M. Megaridis and P. Koumoutsakos, “Barriers to Superfast Water Transport in Carbon Nanotube Membranes,” Nano Letters 13, 1910-1914, 2013.
A. Das, T. M. Schutzius, C. M. Megaridis, S. Subhechha, T. Wang and L. Liu, “Quasi-Optical Terahertz Polarizers Enabled by Inkjet Printing of Carbon Nanocomposites,” Applied Physics Letters 101, 243108, 2012.
T. M. Schutzius, M. Elsharkawy, M. K. Tiwari and C. M. Megaridis, “Surface Tension Confined (STC) Tracks for Capillary-Driven Transport of Low Surface Tension Liquids,” Lab on a Chip 12, 5237-5242, 2012.
T. M. Schutzius, I. S. Bayer, G. Jursich, A. Das and C. M. Megaridis, “Superhydrophobic-Superhydrophilic Binary Film Micropatterns by Localized Thermal Treatment of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)-Silica Films,”Nanoscale 4, 5378-5385, 2012.
A. Das, T. M. Schutzius, I. S. Bayer and C. M. Megaridis, “Superoleophobic and Conductive Carbon Nanofiber/Fluoropolymer Composite Films,” Carbon 50, 1346-1354, 2012.
T. M. Schutzius, I. S. Bayer, M. K. Tiwari and C. M. Megaridis, “Novel Fluoropolymer Blends for the Fabrication of Sprayable Multifunctional Superhydrophobic Nanostructured Composites,” ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, 11117-11123, 2011.
T. M. Schutzius, M. K. Tiwari, I. S. Bayer and C. M. Megaridis, “High Strain Sustaining, Nitrile Rubber Based, Large-Area, Superhydrophobic, Nanostructured Composite Coatings,” Composites Part A 42, 979-985, 2011.
S. Jung, M. Dorrestijn, D. Raps, A. Das, C. M. Megaridis and D. Poulikakos, “Are Superhydrophobic Surfaces best for Icephobicity?” Langmuir 27, 3059-3066, 2011.
A. Das, H. T. Hayvaci, M. K. Tiwari, I. S. Bayer, D. Erricolo and C. M. Megaridis, “Superhydrophobic and Conductive Carbon Nanofiber/PTFE Composite Coatings for EMI Shielding,” J. Colloid Interface Science 353, 311-315, 2011.
M. K. Tiwari, I. S. Bayer, G. M. Jursich, T. M. Schutzius and C. M. Megaridis, “Highly Liquid-Repellent, Large-Area, Nanostructured Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) Composite Coatings: Particle Filler Effects,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2, 1114-1119, 2010.
S. Sinha-Ray, Y. Zhang, D. Placke, C. M. Megaridis and A. L. Yarin, “Resins with Nano-Raisins,” Langmuir 26, 10243-10249, 2010.
M. K. Tiwari, I. S. Bayer, G. M. Jursich, T. M. Schutzius and C. M. Megaridis, “Poly(vinylidene fluoride) and Poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate) Blends through Controlled Polymerization of Ethyl 2-Cyanoacrylates,” Macromol. Mater. Eng. 294, 775-780, 2009.
I. S. Bayer, A. Biswas, A. Tripathi, D. K. Avasthi, J. P. Singh and C.M. Megaridis, “Composite Thin Films of Poly(phenylene oxide)/Poly(styrene) and PPO/Silver via Vapor Phase Deposition,” Polym. Adv. Technol. 20, 775-784, 2009.
R. Srikar, A. L. Yarin and C. M. Megaridis, “Fluidic Delivery of Homogeneous Solutions through Carbon Tube Bundles,”Nanotechnology 20, 275706, 2009.
M.Gandhi, R.Srikar, A.L.Yarin, C.M.Megaridis and R.A.Gemeinhart, “Mechanistic Examination of Protein Release from Polymer Nanofibers,” Molecular Pharmaceutics 6, 641-647, 2009.
J. K. Wise, A. L. Yarin, C. M. Megaridis and M. Cho, “Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Oriented Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Engineering the superficial zone of articular cartilage,” Tissue Engineering 15, 913-921, 2009.
M. K. Tiwari, A.V. Bazilevsky, A. L. Yarin and C.M. Megaridis, “Elongational and Shear Rheology of Carbon Nanotube Suspensions,” Rheologica Acta 48, 597-609, 2009.
M. K. Tiwari, A. L. Yarin, C. M. Megaridis, “Electrospun Fibrous Nanocomposites as Permeable, Flexible Strain Sensors,” J. Applied Physics 103, 044305, 2008. This article received unsolicited coverage by the March 10, 2008 issue of Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology (www.vjnano.org).
R. Srikar, A. L. Yarin, C. M. Megaridis , A. V. Bazilevsky and E. Kelley, “Desorption-Limited Mechanism of Release from Polymer Nanofibers,” Langmuir 24, 965-974, 2008.
A. V. Bazilevsky, K. Sun, A. L. Yarin and C. M. Megaridis, “Room-Temperature, Open-Air, Wet Intercalation of Liquids, Surfactants, Polymers and Nanoparticles within Nanotubes and Microchannels,” J. Materials Chemistry 18 , 696 – 702, 2008. On December 21, 2007, this article received unsolicited coverage by Chemical Technology Magazine (www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech) published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. On 2 January, 2008, the article was highlighted in Materials News, an on-line compilation of materials-related news published by the Materials Research Society (MRS); www.mrs.org.
A.V. Bazilevsky, A. L. Yarin and C.M. Megaridis, “Pressure-Driven Fluidic Delivery through Carbon Tube Bundles,” Lab on a Chip 8 , 152-160, 2008.
I. S. Bayer, C. M. Megaridis, J. Zhang, D. Gamota and A. Biswas, “Analysis and Surface Energy Estimation of Various Model Polymeric Surfaces using Contact Angle Hysteresis,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 21, 1439-1467, 2007.
A.V. Bazilevsky, K. Sun, A.L. Yarin and C.M. Megaridis, “ Selective Intercalation of Polymers in Carbon Nanotubes ,”Langmuir 23, 7451-7455, 2007.
A.V. Bazilevsky, A.L. Yarin and C.M. Megaridis, “ Co-electrospinning of Core-Shell Fibers Using a Single Nozzle Technique,” Langmuir 23, 2311-2314, 2007.
I. S. Bayer and C.M. Megaridis, “Contact Angle Dynamics in Droplets Impacting on Flat Surfaces with Different Wetting Characteristics,” J. Fluid Mechanics 558, 415-449, 2006.
H. H. Bau, Y. Gogotsi, C. M. Megaridis and J.C. Bradley, “Unraveling the behavior of liquids at the nanoscale,” Opinion Paper, J. Fluids Engineering 128, 3-4, 2006.
A. L. Yarin, J. B. Szczech, C. M. Megaridis, J. Zhang and D. R. Gamota, “Lines of Dense Nanoparticle Colloidal Suspensions Evaporating on a Flat Surface: Formation of Non-Uniform Deposits ,” J. Colloid Interface Science 294, 343-354, 2006.
A.L. Yarin, A.G. Yazicioglu, C.M. Megaridis, M. P. Rossi, Y. Gogotsi, “Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Aqueous Liquids Contained in Carbon Nanotubes,” J. Applied Physics 97, 124309, 2005. This article received unsolicited coverage by the July 4, 2005 issue of the Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology (www.vjnano.org).
C. R. Shaddix, Á. B. Palotás, C. M. Megaridis, M. Y. Choi and N. Y. C. Yang, “Soot Graphitic Order in Laminar Diffusion Flames and a Large-Scale JP-8 Pool Fire,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48, 3604-3614, 2005.
A. G. Yazicioglu, C. M. Megaridis, A. Nicholls and Y. Gogotsi, “Electron Microscope Visualization of Multiphase Fluids Contained in Closed Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes,” J. Visualization 8, 137-144, 2005.
A. L. Yarin, A. G. Yazicioglu and C. M. Megaridis, “Thermal Stimulation of Aqueous Volumes Contained in Carbon Nanotubes: Experiment and Modeling,” Applied Physics Letters 86, 013109, 2005. This article received unsolicited coverage by the January 17, 2005 issue of the Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology (www.vjnano.org).
N. Naguib, H. Ye, Y. Gogotsi, A. G. Yazicioglu, C. M. Megaridis and M. Yoshimura, “Observation of Water Confined in Nanometer Channels of Closed Carbon Nanotubes,” Nano Letters 4 , 2237-2243, 2004. This article received unsolicited coverage online by nanotech.org on Oct. 27, 2004, the Nanotechnology News Network on Oct. 28, 2004, and in the Research News Section of NanoToday supplement to Elsevier Science’s Materials Today magazine (p. 12, Dec. 2004).
J.B. Szczech, C.M. Megaridis, J. Zhang and D.R. Gamota, “Ink Jet Processing of Metallic Nanoparticle Suspensions for Electronic Circuitry Fabrication,” Microscale Thermophysical Engineering 8 , 327-339, 2004.
A.G. Yazicioglu, C.M. Megaridis and Y. Gogotsi, “Evaporative Transport of Aqueous Liquid in a Closed Carbon Nanotube: A Nano Heat Pipe?” ASME J. Heat Transfer 126, 506, 2004.
U. Alakoç, C. M. Megaridis, M. McNallan and D. B. Wallace, “Dynamic Surface Tension Measurements with Submillisecond Resolution Using a Capillary-Jet Instability Technique,” J. Colloid Interface Science 276, 379-391, 2004.
C.M. Megaridis, K. Boomsma and I.S. Bayer, “Partial Rebound of Molten-Metal Droplets Impacting on Solid Substrates,” AIChE Journal 50, 1356-1363, 2004.
H. Ye, N. Naguib, Y. Gogotsi, A.G. Yazicioglu and C.M. Megaridis, “Wall Structure and Surface Chemistry of Hydrothermal Carbon Nanofibres,” Nanotechnology 15 , 232-236, 2004.
E. A. Howell, C. M. Megaridis and M. McNallan, “Dynamic Surface Tension Measurements of Molten Sn/Pb Solder using Oscillating Slender Elliptical Jets,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 25, 91-102, 2004.
G. Bellizia, C. M. Megaridis, M. McNallan and D. B. Wallace, “A Capillary Jet Instability Method for Measuring Dynamic Surface Tension of Liquid Metals,” Proceedings of The Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 459, 2195-2214, 2003.
J. D. Engel, D. Jacobs, B. Konsur, C. M. Megaridis and W. Bushman, “Urodynamic Evaluation of the Human Bladder Response to an Increase in Outlet Resistance,’’ Neurourology and Urodynamics 21, 524-528, 2002.
J. B. Szczech, C. M. Megaridis, D. R. Gamota and J. Zhang, “Fine-Line Conductor Manufacturing Using Advanced Drop-On-Demand PZT Printing Technology,” IEEE Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing 25, 26-33, 2002.
C. M. Megaridis, A. G. Yazicioglu, J. A. Libera and Y. Gogotsi, “Attoliter Fluid Experiments in Individual Closed-End Carbon Nanotubes: Liquid Film and Fluid Interface Dynamics,” Physics of Fluids 14, L5-L8, 2002.
A. G. Yazicioglu, C. M. Megaridis, A. Campbell, K.-O. Lee and M. Y. Choi, “Measurement of Fractal Properties of Soot Agglomerates in Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flames using Thermophoretic Sampling in Conjunction with Transmission Electron Microscopy and Image Processing,” Combustion Science and Technology 171, 71-87, 2001.
Y. Gogotsi, J. A. Libera, A. G. Yazicioglu and C. M. Megaridis, “In-situ Multiphase Fluid Experiments in Hydrothermal Carbon Nanotubes,” Applied Physics Letters 79, 1021-1023, 2001.
S. Haferl, V. Butty, D. Poulikakos, J. Giannakouros, K. Boomsma, C. M. Megaridis and V. Nayagam, “Freezing Dynamics of Molten Solder Droplets Impacting onto Flat Substrates in Reduced Gravity,” International J. Heat Mass Transfer 44 , 3513-3528, 2001.
O. I. Arabi-Katbi, S. E. Pratsinis, P. W. Morrison Jr. and C. M. Megaridis, “Monitoring the Flame Synthesis of TiO 2 Particles by in-situ FTIR Spectroscopy and Thermophoretic Sampling,” Combustion and Flame 124, 560-572, 2001.
S. E. Pratsinis, O. Arabi-Katbi, C. M. Megaridis, P. W. Morrison Jr., S. Tsantilis and H. K. Kammler, “Flame Synthesis of Spherical Nanoparticles,” J. Metastable Nanocrystalline Mater. 8, 511 – 518, 2000.
K. O. Lee, C. M. Megaridis, S. Zelepouga, A. V. Saveliev, L. A. Kennedy, O. Charon and F. Ammouri, “Soot Formation Effects of Oxygen Concentration in the Oxidizer Stream of Laminar Coannular Non-Premixed Methane Flames,’’Combustion and Flame 121, 323-333, 2000.
B. Konsur, C. M. Megaridis and D. W. Griffin, “Soot Aerosol Properties in Laminar Soot-Emitting Microgravity Nonpremixed Flames,” Combustion and Flame 118, 509-520, 1999.
B. Konsur, C. M. Megaridis and D. W. Griffin, “Fuel Preheat Effects on Soot-Field Structure in Laminar Diffusion Flames Burning in 0-g and 1-g,” Combustion and Flame 116, 334-347, 1999.
J. M. Waldvogel, G. Diversiev, D. Poulikakos, C. M. Megaridis, D. Attinger, B. Xiong and D. B. Wallace, “Impact and Solidification of Molten-Metal Droplets on Electronic Substrates,” ASME J. Heat Transfer 120, 538-539, 1998.
B. Xiong, C. M. Megaridis, D. Poulikakos and H. Hoang, “An Investigation of Key Factors Affecting Solder Microdroplet Deposition,” ASMEJ. Heat Transfer 120, 259-270, 1998.
J. Zhang and C. M. Megaridis, “Soot Microstructure in Steady and Flickering Laminar Methane/Air Diffusion Flames,”Combustion and Flame 112, 473-484, 1998.
T. C. Fang, C. M. Megaridis, W. A. Sowa and G. S. Samuelsen, “Soot Morphology in a Liquid-Fueled, Swirl-Stabilized Combustor,” Combustion and Flame 112, 312-328, 1998.
J. Xin and C. M. Megaridis, “Modeling of Multiple Vaporizing Droplet Streams in Close Spacing Configurations,”Atomization and Sprays 7, 267-294, 1997.
C. M. Megaridis, D. W. Griffin and B. Konsur, “Soot-Field Structure in Laminar Soot-Emitting Microgravity Nonpremixed Flames,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 26, 1291-1299, 1996.
D. J. Wallis, N. D. Browning, C. M. Megaridis and P. D. Nellist, “Analysis of Nanometre-Sized Pyrogenic Particles in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope,” J. Microscopy 184, 185-194, 1996.
J. Xin and C. M. Megaridis, “Droplet Spindown in a High-Temperature Gas Environment,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 17, 567-578, 1996.
J. Zhang and C. M. Megaridis, “Soot Suppression by Ferrocene in Laminar Ethylene/Air Nonpremixed Flames,”Combustion and Flame 105, 528-540, 1996.
J. Xin and C. M. Megaridis, “Effects of Rotating Gaseous Flows on Transient Droplet Dynamics and Heating,”International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 17, 52-62, 1996.
A. T. Shih and C. M. Megaridis, “Thermocapillary Flow Effects on Convective Droplet Evaporation,” International J. Heat Mass Transfer 39, 247-257, 1996.
A. T. Shih and C. M. Megaridis, “Suspended Droplet Evaporation Modeling in a Laminar Convective Environment,”Combustion and Flame 102, 256-270, 1995.
J. Xin and C. M. Megaridis, “Calculation of Tandem Droplet Arrays Evaporating near Vertical Hot Plates,” Numerical Heat Transfer A 27, 211-228, 1995.
J. Fukai, Y. Shiiba, T. Yamamoto, O. Miyatake, D. Poulikakos, C. M. Megaridis and Z. Zhao, “Wetting Effects on the Spreading of a Liquid Droplet Colliding with a Flat Surface: Experiment and Modeling,” Physics of Fluids A 7, 236-247, 1995.
J. Zhang and C. M. Megaridis, “Iron/Soot Interaction in a Laminar Ethylene Nonpremixed Flame,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 25, 593-600, 1994.
C. M. Megaridis, J. T. Hodges, J. Xin, J. M. Day and C. Presser, “Internal Droplet Circulation Induced by Surface-Driven Rotation,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 15, 364-377, 1994.
A. T. Shih and C. M. Megaridis, “Finite-Difference Discretization Effects on Multidimensional Droplet Evaporation Modeling,” Numerical Heat Transfer A 25, 151-169, 1994.
J. Fukai, Z. Zhao, D. Poulikakos, C. M. Megaridis and O. Miyatake, “Modeling of the Deformation of a Liquid Droplet Impinging upon a Flat Surface,” Physics of Fluids A 5, 2588-2599, 1993.
C. M. Megaridis, “Liquid-Phase Variable Property Effects in Multicomponent Droplet Convective Evaporation,”Combustion Science and Technology 92, 291-311, 1993.
C. M. Megaridis, “Pre-Solidification Liquid-Metal Droplet Cooling under Convective Conditions,” Atomization and Sprays3, 171-191, 1993.
C. M. Megaridis, “Comparison Between Experimental Measurements and Numerical Predictions of Internal Temperature Distributions of a Droplet Vaporizing under High-Temperature Convective Conditions,” Combustion and Flame 93, 287-302, 1993.
C. M. Megaridis and W. A. Sirignano, “Numerical Modeling of a Slurry Droplet Containing a Spherical Particle,” AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 7, 110-119, 1993.
C. M. Megaridis and W. A. Sirignano, “Multicomponent Droplet Vaporization in a Laminar Convective Environment,”Combustion Science and Technology 87, 27-44, 1992.
R. A. Dobbins and C. M. Megaridis, “Absorption and Scattering of Light by Polydisperse Aggregates,” Applied Optics30, 4747-4754, 1991.
C. M. Megaridis and W. A. Sirignano, “Numerical Modeling of a Vaporizing Multicomponent Droplet,” Proceedings ofthe Combustion Institute 23, 1413-1421, 1990.
C. M. Megaridis and R. A. Dobbins, “Morphological Description of Flame-Generated Materials,” Combustion Science and Technology 71, 95-109, 1990.
C. M. Megaridis and R. A. Dobbins, “A Bimodal Integral Solution of the Dynamic Equation for an Aerosol Undergoing Simultaneous Particle Inception and Coagulation,” Aerosol Science and Technology 12, 240-255, 1990.
C. M. Megaridis and R. A. Dobbins, “Comparison of Soot Growth and Oxidation in Smoking and Non-Smoking Ethylene Diffusion Flames,” Combustion Science and Technology 66, 1-16, 1989.
C. M. Megaridis and R. A. Dobbins, “An Integral Solution of the Aerosol Dynamic Equation Including Surface Growth Reactions,” Combustion Science and Technology 63, 153-167, 1989.
C. M. Megaridis and R. A. Dobbins, “Soot Aerosol Dynamics in a Laminar Ethylene Diffusion Flame,” Proceedings ofthe Combustion Institute 22, 353-362, 1988.
R. A. Dobbins and C. M. Megaridis, “Morphology of Flame-Generated Soot as Determined by Thermophoretic Sampling,” Langmuir 3, 254-259, 1987.

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.