Source: https://casetext.com/case/smith-v-state-940
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 20:30:34+00:00

Document:
Opinion filed June 25, 2009. DO NOT PUBLISH — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
On Appeal from the 185th District Court Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause Nos. 1125773 1125774.
Panel consists of Justices YATES, GUZMAN, and SULLIVAN.
A jury convicted appellant Sheldon Smith of aggravated robbery and bribery. The jury sentenced him to fifteen years' confinement for the robbery conviction and two years' confinement for the bribery conviction, but recommended community supervision for the latter sentence. In three issues, appellant contends that (a) an in-court identification by a witness was tainted by an impermissibly suggestive pretrial identification procedure, (b) the trial court erred in preventing him from asking a proper voir dire question, and (c) the trial court improperly admitted statements he made while in custody. We affirm.
Trial Court Cause No. 1125773.
Trial Court Cause No. 1125774.
Appellant filed two briefs in this appeal, one for each cause number. But the third issue (which appellant erroneously identifies as "Point of Error Four") in the first brief and the only issue in the second brief concern appellant's complaint regarding the trial court's ruling on the motion to suppress the statements he made while in custody. We discuss both of these issues together in this opinion, and for ease of reference, describe them as appellant's third issue.
Appellant has not challenged the sufficiency of the evidence; we therefore address the facts briefly here and throughout the opinion as necessary to resolve this appeal. On the morning of July 19, 2008, two gunmen with their faces partially concealed by bandanas entered a Cash America Pawn Shop in Houston. As they entered the shop, store manager Gonzalo Salazar activated a silent alarm. Once inside, the gunmen threatened Salazar, store employee Ariana Delbosque, and customer Douglas Gana. They then began taking cash, jewelry, and various other items from the store. After they had taken these items, one of the gunmen told the other that the police had arrived. Houston Police Department ("HPD") officer Thomas Conner was dispatched to the pawn shop in response to the silent alarm. As he drove up to the store, Conner saw a black male, whom he later identified as appellant, crouched inside the shop. Conner watched appellant walk out of the pawn shop with his hands in his pockets and calmly cross the street. When appellant walked into a ditch beside the street, he slipped and fell. After he fell, he pulled his hands out of his pockets to push himself up, and Conner saw a large silver pistol in appellant's hand. Once Conner saw the gun, he broadcast information about appellant over his radio to other officers who had responded to the alarm. Conner then watched appellant crawl through a hole in a fence surrounding an apartment complex across the street from the pawn shop. After Conner saw appellant enter the apartment complex, he and other officers set up a perimeter around the complex. A resident of the apartment complex, Maribel Bravo-Juarez, approached officers and reported seeing appellant hiding in the bed of a pick-up truck. She also stated she had seen appellant enter apartment number 88. S.W.A.T. and K-9 officers surrounded the apartment. After a twenty-to thirty-minute stand-off, appellant and another individual, Miguel Arango, surrendered to the officers. Officers searched apartment 88 and found property stolen from the pawn shop and two firearms. Officers also recovered clothing from the apartment matching the clothing that Salazar, Delbosque, and Gana had described their assailants as wearing during the robbery. Appellant and Arango were taken into custody and placed in separate patrol cars. HPD officers transported appellant and Arango back to the pawnshop in the patrol cars. When he was shown the two suspects in the back of the vehicles, Salvador was unable to identify either of them as having been involved in the robbery. Delbosque, on the other hand, positively identified appellant as one of the robbers, but was unable to identify Arango. Gana left the scene of the offense before making an identification of either of the suspects. HPD officer D.E. Dexter and his partner transported appellant to the downtown police station for processing. During the trip to the station, appellant offered Dexter and his partner $25,000 each to release him from custody. Appellant was indicted for aggravated robbery and bribery; these causes were consolidated and tried in May 2008. A jury convicted him of both offenses and sentenced him to fifteen years' confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division for the robbery. The jury sentenced him to two years' confinement for the bribery conviction, but recommended community supervision. The trial court rendered judgment on the jury's verdict, and this appeal timely ensued.
In his first issue, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by not suppressing a witness's in-court identification based on an impermissibly suggestive pretrial identification procedure. Appellant contends in his second issue that the trial court prevented him from asking a proper voir dire question about prejudices against people from Louisiana. Finally, in his third issue, appellant argues the trial court erroneously admitted an in-custody statement that stemmed from his allegedly illegal arrest.
Because appellant's first and third issues concern the trial court's rulings on motions to suppress, we address these issues first.
We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress "in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling.'" Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007) (quoting State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006)). Because the trial court observes the demeanor and appearance of witnesses, it is the "sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony." State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000) (en banc). When reviewing a trial court's denial of a motion to suppress, we afford almost total deference to the court's express or implied determination of historical facts, while reviewing the court's application of the law to the facts de novo. Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 25. Where, as here, there are no written findings in the record, we uphold the ruling on any theory of law applicable to the case and assume the trial court made implicit findings of fact in support of its ruling so long as those findings are supported by the record. Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855-56. Finally, global statements in a motion to suppress generally do not preserve error for appellate review absent more specific grounds asserted at a hearing on the motion. See Swain v. State, 181 S.W.3d 359, 365 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005).
In his first issue, appellant asserts that the trial court erred in admitting identification evidence based on an impermissibly suggestive identification procedure. "[A] pretrial identification procedure may be so suggestive and conducive to mistaken identification that subsequent use of that identification at trial would deny the accused due process of law." Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 200 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). Determining the admissibility of an in-court identification involves a two-step analysis: (1) whether the pretrial identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive, and, if so, (2) whether that suggestive procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of an irreparable in-court misidentification. Id. An appellant must prove both of these elements by clear and convincing evidence. Santos v. State, 116 S.W.3d 447, 451 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd) (citing Delk v. State, 855 S.W.2d 700, 706 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993)). In analyzing this issue, we must consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the identification. Conner, 67 S.W.3d at 200. But "[i]f the totality of the circumstances reveals no substantial likelihood of misidentification despite a suggestive pretrial procedure, subsequent identification testimony will be deemed `reliable,' reliability [being] the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony." Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 195 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999) (citations omitted, internal quotations omitted). Considering the first step of the analysis, a show-up identification is not necessarily impermissibly suggestive. See Garza v. State, 633 S.W.2d 508, 512 (Tex.Crim.App. 1982) (op. on reh'g); see also In re G.A.T., 16 S.W.3d 818, 827 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). In fact, "a one man show up without more does not violate due process." Lewis v. State, 751 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, no pet.). Although an "on-the-scene confrontation has some degree of suggestiveness, in many situations its use is necessary." Garza, 633 S.W.2d at 513. Such a show-up identification may provide the following benefits: (1) the witness can test her recollection while her memory is fresh; (2) quick confirmation of identification expedites the release of innocent suspects; and (3) if police are able to release an innocent suspect, they may continue their search for the perpetrator while "he is still within the area and before the criminal can substantially alter his looks and dispose of evidence of the crime." Id. In this case, officers arrived at the scene of a robbery-in-progress. Officer Conner saw appellant leaving the pawn shop and entering the grounds of a nearby apartment complex. Officers set up a perimeter around the apartment complex, and based on information obtained from a witness, identified the specific apartment in which appellant was hiding. Officers surrounded this apartment and demanded that those inside come out. After the surrounding officers threatened to send in a police dog, appellant and Arango surrendered to police. Conner then identified appellant as the individual he had seen leaving the pawn shop and fleeing to the apartment complex. Returning appellant to the scene of the offense allowed the officers to quickly determine if he had been involved in the armed robbery, so they could continue their search of the immediate area, if necessary. See id. Such a quick identification was particularly important here, as the perpetrators were both armed. Further, appellant and Arango had already attempted to alter their appearances by changing their clothing. See id. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the show-up was not unncecessarily suggestive. Id. But even assuming the show-up identification was impermissibly suggestive, we conclude there was no substantial likelihood of misidentification. Factors we consider when determining whether there is a substantial likelihood of misidentification based on an impermissibly suggestive pretrial identification procedure include: (a) the witness's opportunity to view the perpetrator at the time of the offense; (b) the witness's degree of attention during the offense; (c) the accuracy of the witness's prior description of the perpetrator; (d) the witness's level of certainty regarding her identification at the time of confrontation; and (e) the lapse of time between the offense and the subsequent confrontation. See Santos, 116 S.W.3d at 453 (citing Ibarra, 11 S.W.3d at 195). We consider these issues of historical fact in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling, then weigh them de novo against the "corrupting effect" of the suggestive pretrial identification procedure. Id. at 453-54 (citing Ibarra, 11 S.W.3d at 195-96). Delbosque testified that her assailant had covered part of his face with a bandana, but she stated that she observed appellant's physique and eyes and heard his voice. She explained that she had seen appellant's face for 15 to 20 seconds and emphasized she would never forget it. Further, she described what appellant was wearing; her description matched the clothing that Officer Connor saw appellant wearing as he left the pawn shop and crossed the street in front of his patrol car. Moreover, Delbosque stated that she did not think the suspects in the back of the patrol cars were necessarily involved in the robbery, even though she knew that several of the items stolen from the pawn shop had been recovered before she identified appellant. She testified that it was a bad neighborhood and that she believed officers "could have pulled anybody over." Finally, according to Delbosque, "maybe an hour or two" elapsed between the robbery and her identification of appellant. After reviewing these facts in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling and weighing them de novo against any "corrupting effect" from the pretrial identification procedure, we conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting Delbosque's in-court identification of appellant. We therefore overrule appellant's first issue.
In his third issue, appellant complains that the trial court erroneously admitted his in-custody statements because they arose from an allegedly illegal arrest. In his written "Motion to Suppress," appellant generally argued that "[a]ny statements obtained from [him] were obtained in violation of Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and in violation of [his rights] pursuant to the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, Article I, Sections 9, 10 and 19 of the Constitution of the State of Texas." These arguments were global in nature and consisted of nothing more than citations to constitutional and statutory provisions. See Swain, 181 S.W.3d at 365 (concluding that similar global statements in motion to suppress did not preserve error in the absence of more specific grounds asserted at hearing). At the hearing on the motion to suppress, appellant did not complain that the police arrested him without a warrant. In fact, appellant made no claim during either the hearing or his trial that he was improperly arrested without a warrant. Appellant's global statements in his pretrial motion to suppress are not sufficiently specific to preserve the arguments he now makes on appeal. Id. We therefore overrule this issue.
Every member of the panel was given an opportunity to respond to this question. It was only after this line of questioning had been developed that the trial court sustained the State's objection to the particular question noted above. The record reflects that appellant had an opportunity to explore any possible biases the jurors held against people from Louisiana or Hurricane Katrina evacuees before the trial court prevented this particular question. Thus, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in preventing this subsequent question about this topic during voir dire. Accordingly, we overrule appellant's second issue.
Having overruled appellant's issues, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

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