Source: http://aoot.osa.org/ome/abstract.cfm?uri=ome-9-3-1528
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 23:03:41+00:00

Document:
Coloration using semicontinuous metal films has been explored recently and has shown far-reaching interest as a result of being inexpensive, environment-friendly, and non-bleaching. In this paper, we demonstrate the generation of bright colors through laser modification of semicontinuous Ag films. A palette of colors is obtained from blue through green, orange, up to red, and the potential exists to obtain other hues through varying the scan speed, number of pulses, energy density, power, and exposure time. This unique process can be applied to the macroscopic, mesoscopic and nanoscopic printing of innovatory fade-free artistic images as one example of application.
N. Dean, “Colouring at the nanoscale,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 10(1), 15–16 (2015).
P. Colomban, “The Use of Metal Nanoparticles to Produce Yellow, Red and Iridescent Colour, from Bronze Age to Present Times in Lustre Pottery and Glass: Solid State Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Nanostructure,” J. Nano Res. 8, 109–132 (2009).
A. S. Roberts, A. Pors, O. Albrektsen, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Subwavelength Plasmonic Color Printing Protected for Ambient Use,” Nano Lett. 14(2), 783–787 (2014).
K. Kumar, H. Duan, R. S. Hegde, S. C. W. Koh, J. N. Wei, and J. K. W. Yang, “Printing colour at the optical diffraction limit,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 7(9), 557–561 (2012).
F. Cheng, J. Gao, T. S. Luk, and X. Yang, “Structural color printing based on plasmonic metasurfaces of perfect light absorption,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 11045 (2015).
T. Xu, Y.-K. Wu, X. Luo, and L. J. Guo, “Plasmonic nanoresonators for high-resolution colour filtering and spectral imaging,” Nat. Commun. 1(5), 59 (2010).
S. J. Tan, L. Zhang, D. Zhu, X. M. Goh, Y. M. Wang, K. Kumar, C.-W. Qiu, and J. K. W. Yang, “Plasmonic Color Palettes for Photorealistic Printing with Aluminum Nanostructures,” Nano Lett. 14(7), 4023–4029 (2014).
A. Kristensen, J. K. W. Yang, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, S. Link, P. Nordlander, N. J. Halas, and N. A. Mortensen, “Plasmonic colour generation,” Nat. Rev. Mater. 2(1), 16088 (2017).
V. M. Shalaev, Nonlinear Optics of Random Media : Fractal Composites and Metal-Dielectric Films (Springer, 2000).
V. A. Markel, V. M. Shalaev, E. B. Stechel, W. Kim, and R. L. Armstrong, “Small-particle composites. I. Linear optical properties,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 53(5), 2425–2436 (1996).
S. Grésillon, L. Aigouy, A. C. Boccara, J. C. Rivoal, X. Quelin, C. Desmarest, P. Gadenne, V. A. Shubin, A. K. Sarychev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Experimental Observation of Localized Optical Excitations in Random Metal-Dielectric Films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(22), 4520–4523 (1999).
U. Kreibig and M. Vollmer, Optical Properties of Metal Clusters (Springer, 1995).
V. M. Shalaev, Optical Properties of Nanostructured Random Media (Springer, 2001).
A. K. Sarychev, V. A. Shubin, and V. M. Shalaev, “Anderson localization of surface plasmons and nonlinear optics of metal-dielectric composites,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 60(24), 16389–16408 (1999).
V. M. Shalaev, R. Botet, and A. V. Butenko, “Localization of collective dipole excitations on fractals,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 48(9), 6662–6664 (1993).
Y. Yagil, P. Gadenne, C. Julien, and G. Deutscher, “Optical properties of thin semicontinuous gold films over a wavelength range of 2.5 to 500 µm,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 46(4), 2503–2511 (1992).
D. A. Genov, A. K. Sarychev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Metal-Dielectric Composite Filters with Controlled Spectral Windows of Transparency,” J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater. 12(04), 419–440 (2003).
V. M. Shalaev, “Electromagnetic properties of small-particle composites,” Phys. Rep. 272(2–3), 61–137 (1996).
A. V. Karpov, A. K. Popov, S. G. Rautian, V. P. Safonov, V. V. Slabko, V. M. Shalaev, and M. I. Shtokman, “Observation of a wavelength- and polarization-selective photomodification of silver clusters,” JETP Lett. 48(10), 571 (1988).
P. Nyga, M. D. Thoreson, V. de Silva, H.-K. Yuan, V. P. Drachev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Infrared Filters Based on Photomodification of Semicontinuous Metal Films,” in Frontiers in Optics (OSA, 2006), p. FTuU3.
P. Nyga, V. P. Drachev, M. D. Thoreson, and V. M. Shalaev, “Mid-IR plasmonics and photomodification with Ag films,” Appl. Phys. B 93(1), 59–68 (2008).
U. K. Chettiar, P. Nyga, M. D. Thoreson, A. V. Kildishev, V. P. Drachev, and V. M. Shalaev, “FDTD modeling of realistic semicontinuous metal films,” Appl. Phys. B 100(1), 159–168 (2010).
Y. E. Danilova, N. N. Lepeshkin, S. G. Rautian, and V. P. Safonov, “Excitation localization and nonlinear optical processes in colloidal silver aggregates,” Phys. A Stat. Mech. its Appl. 241(1–2), 231–235 (1997).
V. P. Safonov, V. M. Shalaev, V. A. Markel, Y. E. Danilova, N. N. Lepeshkin, W. Kim, S. G. Rautian, and R. L. Armstrong, “Spectral Dependence of Selective Photomodification in Fractal Aggregates of Colloidal Particles,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(5), 1102–1105 (1998).
V. C. de Silva, P. Nyga, and V. P. Drachev, “Optimization and photomodification of extremely broadband optical response of plasmonic core-shell obscurants,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 484, 116–124 (2016).
A. S. Roberts, S. M. Novikov, Y. Yang, Y. Chen, S. Boroviks, J. Beermann, N. A. Mortensen, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Laser Writing of Bright Colors on Near-Percolation Plasmonic Reflector Arrays,” ACS Nano 13(1), 71–77 (2019).
A. Y. Vorobyev and C. Guo, “Enhanced absorptance of gold following multipulse femtosecond laser ablation,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 72(19), 195422 (2005).
A. Y. Vorobyev and C. Guo, “Colorizing metals with femtosecond laser pulses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(4), 041914 (2008).
J.-M. Guay, A. Calà Lesina, G. Côté, M. Charron, D. Poitras, L. Ramunno, P. Berini, and A. Weck, “Laser-induced plasmonic colours on metals,” Nat. Commun. 8, 16095 (2017).
“Origin: Data Analysis and Graphing Software,” https://www.originlab.com/index.aspx?go=Products/Origin .
M. Ohring, Materials Science of Thin Films: Deposition and Structure (Academic Press, 2002).
M. Lončarić, J. Sancho-Parramon, M. Pavlović, H. Zorc, P. Dubček, A. Turković, S. Bernstorff, G. Jakopic, and A. Haase, “Optical and structural characterization of silver islands films on glass substrates,” Vacuum 84(1), 188–192 (2009).
A. Pors and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Plasmonic metasurfaces for efficient phase control in reflection,” Opt. Express 21(22), 27438–27451 (2013).
X. Wang, C. Santschi, and O. J. F. Martin, “Strong Improvement of Long-Term Chemical and Thermal Stability of Plasmonic Silver Nanoantennas and Films,” Small 13(28), 1700044 (2017).
“Nanophotonic FDTD Simulation Software - Lumerical FDTD Solutions,” https://www.lumerical.com/products/fdtd-solutions/ .
M. D. Thoreson, J. Fang, A. V. Kildishev, L. J. Prokopeva, P. Nyga, U. K. Chettiar, V. M. Shalaev, and V. P. Drachev, “Fabrication and realistic modeling of three-dimensional metal-dielectric composites,” J. Nanophotonics 5(1), 051513 (2011).
E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids. III (Academic Press, 1998).
K.-P. Chen, V. P. Drachev, J. D. Borneman, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Drude Relaxation Rate in Grained Gold Nanoantennas,” Nano Lett. 10(3), 916–922 (2010).
Fig. 1 (a) Optical camera image and schematic view of Ag gradient sample. (b) Transmittance spectra of Ag gradient sample measured at locations corresponding to different mass.
Fig. 2 SEM images of Ag gradient sample recorded at locations corresponding to different deposited mass. Gradual nanostructure changes result from the increase of Ag thickness: isolated grains and islands at low thickness, near the percolation threshold at moderate thickness, and finally a continuous metal film with dielectric voids. Scale bar is the same for all images.
Fig. 3 CIE 1931 Chromaticity diagram showing the colors of a gradient Ag film at different locations. Numbers 1-11 correspond to the spectra presented in Fig. 1, where 1 is the lowest thickness and 11 is the highest thickness of deposited silver.
Fig. 4 Schematic view of Ag SMF on a SiO2 spacer atop silver mirror.
Fig. 5 SMF/M samples with different top Ag layer thickness (10 nm, 13.5 nm and 17 nm). Insets present optical images captured using a microscope.
Fig. 6 Comparison of (a) measured and (b) simulated reflectance and absorption spectra of 10 nm Ag SMF/M and SMF/M overcoated with a 30 nm layer of SiO2.
Fig. 7 (a) Reflectance measured with linearly polarized light co-polarized with respect to laser polarization. SMF/M photomodified using different exposure time. (b) CIE 1931 Chromaticity diagram of colors of as-deposited overcoated 10 nm SMF/M (initial) and after different time exposure to 800 nm, 80 fs, 1 kHz laser. Inset shows an image captured using a digital camera of part of the spot exposed for 30 minutes.
Fig. 8 SEM images corresponding to different color regions (yellow (a); red (b); green (c)) of the photomodified spot after being exposed for 30 minutes.
Fig. 9 Reflectance spectra of overcoated 10 nm Ag SMF/M structure photomodified with different laser fluence measured with linearly polarized light (a) co-polarized and (b) cross-polarized with respect to laser polarization. The inset squares represent the generated color palette recorded using unpolarized light.
Fig. 10 Optical images of laser printed (a) checkered pattern (red - 30 mJ cm−2; yellow - 150 mJ cm−2) and (b) 150 years of Purdue logo with a “P” letter (100 mJ cm−2) on the SMF/M film.

References: V. 

V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 

V. 
 V. 
 V. 

V. 
 V. 
 V. 

V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 

V. 
 V. 
 V. 

V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.