Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/380/503/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 03:49:56+00:00

Document:
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born v.
Since the order of the Subversive Activities Control Board, affirmed by the Court of Appeals, requiring that petitioner register as a "Communist front" organization was based upon evidence at a hearing which ended in 1955 which related largely to the activities of one individual who died prior to the Board's order, the judgment is vacated and the cause remanded to determine petitioner's current status.
117 U.S.App.D.C. 393, 331 F.2d 53, vacated and remanded.
The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed an order of the Subversive Activities Control Board requiring that the petitioner register as a "Communist front" organization under § 7 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, as amended, 64 Stat. 993, 50 U.S. C. § 786 (1958 ed.). 117 U.S.App.D.C. 393, 331 F.2d 53. We granted certiorari. 377 U.S. 915.
"(A) is substantially directed, dominated, or controlled by a Communist action organization, and (B) is primarily operated for the purpose of giving aid and support to a Communist action organization . . ."
§ 3(4), 64 Stat. 989, 50 U.S.C. § 782(4) (1958 ed.). In Communist Party of United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U. S. 1, this Court sustained the Board's determination that the Communist Party is a "Communist action organization" within the meaning of § 3(3) of the Act; in doing so, the Court upheld the registration requirement against First Amendment attack, and found an objection based on the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination not ripe for decision.
should be brought up to date to take account of supervening events. Since a registration order operates prospectively, it is apparent that reasonably current aid and control must be established to justify a registration order. Our Communist Party decision on the Communist action provisions did not necessarily foreclose petitioner's constitutional questions bearing on the Communist front provisions. [Footnote 2] Since petitioner's current status is not clear on this record, decision of the serious constitutional questions raised by the order is neither necessary nor appropriate.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is vacated, and the cause remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
"[t]his case is stale, and you ought to throw it out because you can't enter an order under the Act. . . . [The Attorney General] talks about what a devil Abner Green was, or Harriet Barron, the two people he said ran the organization. Well, the fact is that it has been years since Harriet Barron has had any connection with the [petitioner], and Abner Green, to my great sorrow, is now dead. Things have changed, and times have changed; . . . you can't conscientiously enter an order in the present in view of the terrific amount of time that has passed and the changes in time. . . ."
XVIII Transcript 7492-7493. The Board made no mention of this argument in its report.
"Insofar as the bill would require registration by the Communist Party itself, it does not endanger our traditional liberties. However, the application of the registration requirements to so-called Communist front organizations can be the greatest danger to freedom of speech, press and assembly since the alien and sedition laws of 1798. This danger arises out of the criteria or standards to be applied in determining whether an organization is a Communist front organization."
". . . [T]he bill would permit such a determination to be based solely upon 'the extent to which the positions taken or advanced by it from time to time on matters of policy do not deviate from those' of the Communist Movement."
"This provision could easily be used to classify as a Communist front organization any organization which is advocating a single policy or objective which is also being urged by the Communist Party or by a Communist foreign government. . . . Thus, an organization which advocates low-cost housing for sincere humanitarian reasons might be classified as a Communist front organization because the Communists regularly exploit slum conditions as one of their fifth-column techniques."
H.R.Doc. No. 708, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., p. 6. See also Note, 74 Yale L.J. 738 (1965).
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, with whom MR. JUSTICE BLACK and MR. JUSTICE HARLAN concur, dissenting.
"If either party shall apply to the court for leave to adduce additional evidence, and shall show to the satisfaction of the court that such additional evidence is material, the court may order such additional evidence to be taken before the Board and to be adduced upon the proceeding in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as to the court may seem proper. [Footnote 2/2]"
action organization; (2) the extent to which financial or other support is derived from a Communist action organization; (3) the extent to which the alleged front's funds and personnel are used to promote the objectives of a Communist action organization; and (4) the extent to which the alleged front's positions on matters of policy do not deviate from the Communist line. Evidence in all four of these categories was adduced.
"Where the current character of an organization and the nature of its connections with others is at issue, of course past conduct is pertinent. Institutions, like other organisms, are predominantly what their past has made them. History provides the illuminating context within which the implications of present conduct may be known."
and that he was the "most influential official" therein, but he was not the only top official who was found to be a member of the Communist Party. The number two person in the national organization was Harriet Barron, the administrative secretary, who, with Green, carried on the organization's day-to-day activities. She was found to have been a member of the Communist Party at the time of the hearings and for a number of years prior thereto.
"The management, direction, and supervision of the branches (local committees) have been by Communist Party members such as Ruth Hillsgrove for the New England Committee; Evelyn Abelson and Bess Steinberg for the Western Pennsylvania Committee; Saul Grossman for the Michigan Committee; Marion Kinney for the Northwest Committee; and Delphine Smith for the Los Angeles Committee."
This evidence establishes that the petitioner cannot possibly be regarded as a one-man organization. It is true that Green was the leader of the national organization in New York, and that he appeared at some meetings of the local committees. But the nature and existence of these local committees, which the Board regarded as "part of" the national organization, indicate clearly that the organization had an existence above and beyond Green himself.
branch, and seems to have had little, if any, part in it. The first mention of Green in connection with this branch seems to be the testimony that, in 1952, he made a speech at a meeting that was in some way connected with the activities of the local committee.
"We find on the entire record that the American Committee and the various area or local committees are associated together for joint action on particular subjects. Together, they constitute a voluntary association, and one organization within the meaning of the term 'organization' set forth in section 3(2) of the statute."
(Emphasis supplied.) One simply cannot read the record and come to the conclusion that this congery of individual organizations, loosely united under the aegis of the national committee, was merely Green's alter ego, and would therefore change upon his death.
"the cases of Joe Weber, Refugio Ramon Martinez, and James MacKay [were] handled by the Midwest Committee; the Mexican deportees and a group referred to as the Terminal Island Four [were] handled by the Los Angeles Committee, and the Giacomo Quattrone-Ponzi case [was] handled by the New England Committee."
There is no reason to believe that this work of the local committees has been discontinued because of Green's death.
The case is very much alive; and the record is by no means stale. We should face up to the serious issues presented and in no way affected by Abner Green's death.
The Attorney General began the present proceeding in 1953 for an order requiring the petitioner to register as a Communist front organization, alleging that the petitioner was controlled by the Communist Party. (Immediately prior to the commencement of this proceeding, the Board had issued its report of April 20, 1953, finding the Party to be a Communist action organization.) Hearings were had before an examiner, and concluded sometime in 1956. The examiner's recommended decision was issued on September 10, 1957. While the Board had the case under advisement, the second remand in the Communist Party litigation occurred. (The history of this litigation is set out in full in Communist Party of United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U. S. 1, at 367 U. S. 19-22.) It was therefore necessary to postpone action in the present case because petitioner here was alleged to be a front for the Communist Party, and the provisions of the Act would not come into play as to petitioner unless the Party were proved to be a Communist action organization -- which was, of course, the purpose of the Communist Party litigation.
In 1959, after the Board's second modified report in the Communist Party proceeding, the Board reactivated this case and ordered the Attorney General to make available to petitioner certain documents which intervening judicial decisions had suggested were producible. Further proceedings were had in this connection; further oral argument was presented to the Board; and the Board's report and order were filed on June 27, 1960.
On appeal, the Court of Appeals, on January 8, 1962, remanded the case to the Board to allow petitioner to introduce evidence of alleged perjured testimony. On March 8, 1962, the Board reaffirmed its earlier order. On December 17, 1963, the Court of Appeals affirmed the Board's order. We granted certiorari on April 27, 1964.
"Abner Green, to my great sorrow, is now dead. Things have changed, and times have changed. Standards have changed, and everybody has changed, I think, but the Department of Justice. . . ."
This passing reference to Green's death falls far short of a serious effort to show that petitioner was a legally different entity after Green's death: for example, petitioner made no effort to reopen the record for evidence concerning Green's successor, any new policies now in effect, or the like. And, as noted, no effort was made in the Court of Appeals to have the case remanded for the taking of new evidence.
"[I]t is rarely, if ever, possible to prove present nature by some instantaneous, contemporaneous fact, totally ignoring the whole of the past. Not only is the past clearly pertinent, it may be quite material to a determination of present nature. Whether it is material depends upon whether there is affirmative evidence of a departure from the established past. In the ordinary affairs of life and in ordinary litigation, if a person or an organization is shown to have had over many years a certain policy and program, and no more is shown, the conclusion is clearly indicated that he or it has the same policy and program in the present."
96 U.S.App.D.C. 66, 105, 223 F.2d 531, 570.
than this one, even in countries considered the most benighted. Previous efforts to have this Court pass on the constitutionality of the various provisions of this freedom-crushing law have met with frustration on one excuse or another. I protest against following this course again. My vote is to hear the case now, and hold the law to be what I think it is -- a wholesale denial of what I believe to be the constitutional heritage of every freedom-loving American.
** In Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U. S. 500, this Court held unconstitutional on its face the whole of § 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, as amended, 64 Stat. 993, 50 U.S.C. § 785 (1958 ed.), which made it unlawful for any member of an organization registered under the Act "to make application for a passport . . . or . . . to use or attempt to use any such passport."

References: v.

 § 7
 § 786

§ 3
 § 782
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 § 3
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 § 6
 § 785