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Example of constructional deficit. Patient with left frontoparietal metastatic tumor was asked to copy block construction (left). Patient's copy (right) shows poor performance.
Example of topographical memory deficit restricted to contralateral hemispace. Figure is map of Piazza del Duomo in Milan with various landmarks numbered. Right hemisphere stroke patient attempted to recall from two perspectives landmarks bordering square. Numbered dark circles, landmarks recalled from perspective A; numbered dark squares, landmarks recalled from perspective B.
Lateral views of monkey and human cerebral hemispheres showing different cytoarchitectural parcellation schemata of posterior parietal cortex. A: Brodmann's subdivisions of monkey cortex (Cercopithecus) . B: von Bonin and Bailey's classification of monkey cortex (Macaca mulatta) . C: Brodmann's parcellation of human cortex . D: von Economo's parcellation of human posterior parietal cortex .
Parcellation of monkey posterior parietal cortex (Macaca mulatta) based on cytoarchitecture and patterns of corticocortical connections. Upper drawings, medial surface; lower drawings, lateral surface. A: subdivisions of cortical hemisphere. B: lateral, intraparietal, and cingulate sulci have been opened up to show areas inside. AS, arcuate sulcus; CC, corpus callosum; CF, calcarine fissure; CING S, cingulate sulcus; CS, central sulcus; IOS, inferior occipital sulcus; LF, lateral fissure; LS, lunate sulcus; OTS, occipitotemporal sulcus; POMS, parieto‐occipital medial sulcus; PS, principal sulcus; STS, superior temporal sulcus.
Parcellation of inferior parietal lobule and adjoining dorsal aspect of prelunate gyrus based on physiological, connectional, myeloarchitectural, and cytoarchitectural criteria. Cortical areas are represented on flattened reconstructions of cortex . A: lateral view of monkey hemisphere. Darker lines outline flattened area. B: same cortex isolated from rest of brain. Stippled areas, cortex buried in sulci; blackened area, floor of superior temporal sulcus (ST); arrows, movement of local cortical regions resulting from mechanical flattening. C: completely flattened representation of same area. Stippled areas, cortical regions buried in sulci; contourlike lines, tracings of layer IV taken from frontal sections through this area. D: locations of several cortical areas. Dotted lines, borders of cortical fields not precisely determinable. DP, dorsal prelunate area; IP, intraparietal sulcus; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; L, lunate sulcus; LF, lateral fissure; LIP, lateral intraparietal area; MST, medial superior temporal area; MT, middle temporal area.
Laminar distribution of sources and terminations of feed‐forward and feedback corticocortical pathways. Feedforward pathways originate predominantly from cell bodies in superficial layers and end as terminals mainly in layer IV. Feedback pathways originate from superficial and deep layers and terminate mainly outside layer IV.
A: hierarchy of visual pathways from area V1 to inferior parietal cortex determined by laminar patterns of sources and terminations of projections. Dashed box, cortical areas of inferior parietal lobule and dorsal aspect of prelunate gyrus. B: 3 of shortest pathways for visual‐information travel from area V1 to area 7a.
Disklike distribution of labeled terminals in medial pulvinar after injection of tritiated amino acids in area 7a. Drawings of frontal sections through pulvinar are arranged with anterior sections above posterior sections. CL, central lateral nucleus; HI, lateral habenular nucleus; LP, lateroposterior nucleus; MD, mediodorsal nucleus; Po, posterior nucleus; Pul. i, inferior nucleus of pulvinar complex; Pul. 1, lateral nucleus of pulvinar; Pul. m, medial nucleus of pulvinar; R, thalamic reticular nucleus; SG/Li, suprageniculate and limitans nuclei; VLps, ventral lateral nucleus pars postrema.
Adapted from Asanuma et al.
Typical apparatus used for inferior parietal lobule recording experiments from awake behaving monkeys.
Demonstration of eye‐position‐related and visual‐related responses recorded from same inferior parietal lobule neuron. A: animal fixates small light located 20° down from straight ahead in otherwise total darkness. Fixation‐point line indicates times when light was on and off. Lines H and V show horizontal and vertical eye‐position traces in degrees of visual angle (animal has been trained to maintain steady fixation even with fixation light off). B: same as A, but animal fixates target 20° down and 20° right. Tonic rate of activity in B is markedly reduced from that in A even when fixation light is off, indicating that cell is signaling eye position. C: animal fixates target, which does not blink off; a second test stimulus is flashed in visual field evoking visual‐related response. Ordinate, 4 spikes/division; abscissa, 1 s/division.
Task for demonstrating eye‐position‐related activity. A and B: animal fixates (with head fixed) point of light in center of screen through two 25‐diopter prisms. A: prisms are base down so animal must look 14° up from straight ahead to fixate target. B: prisms are base up so animal must look down 14°. C and D: prisms are removed and animal is made to look 14° up (C) or 14° down (D) by moving fixation point up or down on screen. Angles of gaze are identical for A and C and for B and D; retinotopic positions of visual background are identical in A and B but different in C and D. Recording data indicate that cell activity varies with eye position but not with changes in retinotopic location of visual background. Lines H and V, horizontal and vertical eye positions measured in degrees of visual angle. Ordinate, 5 spikes/division; abscissa, 1 s/division.
Example of smooth‐pursuit‐related activity. Left, animal tracks point of light moving left to right 9°/s. Right, animal tracks in opposite direction. Histograms at top of figure are made from spike rasters immediately below; below rasters are eye‐position recordings; below eye‐position recordings are graphs showing position of fixation point with respect to time. KD, time at which animal pulls back behavior key and target begins to move; LM, time at which target light dims, signaling animal to push key forward; D, mean reaction time.
Demonstration of pursuit‐related activity for medial superior temporal (MST) area neurons but not for middle temporal (MT) area neurons. A and C: animal tracks spot of light; line above histogram indicates position of tracking target vs. time. B and D: dashed lines of target‐position record indicate times at which tracking target was stabilized on retina and animal maintained smooth pursuit. Decreased activity of MT neuron during stabilization indicates that its activity was mainly due to visual stimulation resulting from movement of target image on retina. Maintained activity of MST neuron during stabilization indicates that cell has pursuit‐related activity not due to visual motion stimulation.
Example of visual sensitivity of visual parietal neuron changing with eye position. A: visual receptive field of neuron plotted in coordinates of visual angle (with animal always fixating straight ahead). B: method of determining effect of eye position on visual sensitivity. Animal, with head fixed, fixates (f) at different locations on screen. Stimulus (s) is presented in center of receptive field (rf). C: poststimulus histograms corresponding to fixation locations (fix) on screen at which responses were recorded for retinotopically identical stimuli presented in center of receptive field. Ordinate, 25 spikes/division; abscissa, 100 ms/division; arrows, onset of stimulus flash.
Demonstration of spatial tuning by area 7a neurons. Gain linearly related to vertical eye position is multiplied by Gaussian function used to fit sensitivity profile along vertical axis through center of visual receptive field. A: computer simulation of response (in spikes/s) represented on contour plot. Abscissa, head‐centered coordinates of stimulus (hy); ordinate, eye‐position coordinates (ey). B: plot of actual recording data for cell with same gainfield and receptive‐field characteristics as model neuron plotted in A.
Directional selectivity of area 7a neuron. Upper left: spike raster, histogram, and eyeposition recordings illustrate response to visual stimulus moving 60°/s along horizontal meridian (contralateral to ipsilateral). Lower left: no response when same stimulus is moved in opposite direction. Right: spike rasters show almost no response to same stimulus if stationary and flashed at different locations along horizontal meridian.
Two area 7a neurons with opposed directional sensitivity. Histograms depict activity evoked by stimuli sweeping along horizontal and vertical meridians. They were cut in half (at fixation point) and arranged so that upper panels show activity when motion was directed toward fixation point and lower panels show activity when stimuli had passed through and were moving away from fixation point. In both examples, cells respond only to inward motion.
Simple model for opposed directionality. Dark arrows, directional sensitivity for long sweeps of visual stimulus; dashed arrows, local directionality (strongest in direction of radial organization). Although some cells show this local directional organization, for many cells, opponent‐vector organization for long sweeps results from long‐range inhibitory interactions between receptivefield regions. +, Fixation point.
Example of inferior parietal lobule neuron sensitive to rotation of visual stimuli. A and B: initially vertical (A) or initially horizontal (B) bar projected onto screen facing test animal produced response when rotated clockwise but not counterclockwise. C: square also produced response only when rotated clockwise. D: same bar stimulus as in A and B did not evoke response when translated horizontally toward right or left. E: paired points rotating about fixation point (FP) activated neuron; F and G: neither point traveling alone in same trajectory produced response.
Adapted from Sakata et al.
Example of inferior parietal lobule neuron sensitive to size change. A: cell responds somewhat to horizontal translation of visual stimulus in frontoparallel plane, preferring leftward motion. B: cell responds much more to stimuli moving in depth toward animal. C: expanding size of stimulus also activates neuron; size‐change sensitivity at least in part accounts for movement‐in‐depth sensitivity of cell.
Responses of four D cells recorded in medial superior temporal area to various combinations of foreground and background movement. A, E, G, I: bar moved over stationary dot‐pattern background. B, F, H, J: background was moved without bar present. C, K: bar and background are both moved in same direction. D, L: bar and background are moved in opposite directions.
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