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Timestamp: 2019-04-18 11:18:43+00:00

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Boot Taupe Boot Zarie Taupe Naturalizer Women's Naturalizer Zarie Women's The United States appeals from the district court's dismissal of Count One of the Indictment against defendant Bradford C. Councilman (“defendant”). Count One charged defendant with conspiring to engage in conduct prohibited by various provisions of the Wiretap Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-2522, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. We affirm.
Taupe Women's Zarie Women's Boot Boot Taupe Naturalizer Naturalizer Zarie We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. See United States v. Jones, 10 F.3d 901, 904 (1st Cir.1993). The issue in this case is whether there was an “intercept” of a communication within the meaning of the Wiretap Act. In cases of statutory construction we begin with the language of the statute. See Hughes Aircraft Co. v. Jacobson, 525 U.S. 432, 438, 119 S.Ct. 755, 142 L.Ed.2d 881 (1999). We determine the meaning of a word from the context in which it is used. See Holloway v. United States, 526 U.S. 1, 6-7, 119 S.Ct. 966, 143 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999).
Taupe Taupe Boot Boot Naturalizer Women's Women's Naturalizer Zarie Zarie [I]n the almost 20 years since Congress last addressed the issue of privacy of communications in a comprehensive fashion, the technologies of communication and interception have changed dramatically. Today we have large-scale electronic mail operations ․ and a dazzling array of digitized information networks which were little more than concepts two decades ago. These new modes of communication have outstripped the legal protection provided under statutory definitions bound by old technologies.
Women's Boot Naturalizer Women's Naturalizer Zarie Zarie Taupe Boot Taupe Boot Taupe Naturalizer Boot Women's Naturalizer Zarie Taupe Zarie Women's The privacy protections established by the Stored Communications Act were intended to apply to two categories of communications: “those associated with transmission and incident thereto” and those of “a back-up variety.” H.R.Rep. No. 99-647, at 68. The first category refers to temporary storage such as when a message sits in an e-mail user's mailbox after transmission but prior to the user retrieving the message from the mail server. Importantly, however, this category does not include messages that are still in transmission, which remain covered by the Wiretap Act. Id. at 65 (stating that the Wiretap Act “prohibits ․ a provider from divulging the contents of a communication while it is in transmission.”). The second category includes communications that are retained on a server for administrative and billing purposes. Communications service providers could use stored messages in this category to restore a user's data in the event of a system crash or to recover accidentally-deleted messages.
Naturalizer Women's Women's Taupe Zarie Naturalizer Boot Zarie Boot Taupe The stated purpose of the ECPA was to “protect against the unauthorized interception of electronic communications” and to “update and clarify Federal privacy protections and standards in light of dramatic changes in new computer and telecommunications technologies.” S.Rep. No. 99-541, at 1 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3555, 3555. Congress repeatedly stressed the need for new protections for both telephone and electronic communications. See, e.g., id. at 5, reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.A.A.N. 3555, 3559 (“[T]here are no comparable Federal statutory standards to protect the privacy and security of communications transmitted by ․ new forms of telecommunications and computer technology.”); Id. at 4 (observing that existing protections for e-mail were “ ‘weak, ambiguous, or non-existent’ and that ‘electronic mail remains legally as well as technically vulnerable to unauthorized surveillance.’ ”) (quoting Office of Technology Assessment, Electronic Surveillance and Civil Liberties 45 (1985)); Id. at 3 (“Electronic hardware making it possible for overzealous law enforcement agencies, industrial spies and private parties to intercept the personal or proprietary communications of others are readily available in the American market today.”); H.R.Rep. No. 99-647, at 34 (1986) (characterizing electronic mail as “one of the most popular new computer services” and stating that through the protections in the ECPA “electronic mail will be provided with protection against interception”).
Zarie Women's Boot Taupe Naturalizer Boot Zarie Naturalizer Women's Taupe 132 Cong. Rec. H4039 (Statement of Rep. Kastenmeier).
Zarie Women's Taupe Naturalizer Women's Boot Boot Naturalizer Taupe Zarie It is also telling that virtually none of the discussions of electronic storage in House and Senate conference reports occur within the context of message transmission or the Wiretap Act. If, as the District Court and Councilman suggest, Congress intended to narrow the scope of the Wiretap Act by adopting a broad definition of “electronic storage,” it would likely have discussed storage during transmission while it discussed the new provisions in the Wiretap Act.
Boot Women's Naturalizer Women's Taupe Taupe Zarie Zarie Naturalizer Boot H.R.Rep. No. 99-647, at 65.
13Running Black Wolf Revolution Women's Grey White Shoe 3 NIKE tYHvqw6a. My colleagues quote the maxim: “[W]hen Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion,” see, e.g., In re Hart, 328 F.3d 45, 49 (1st Cir.2003). This maxim is a canon of construction, see, e.g., Trenkler v. United States, 268 F.3d 16, 23 (1st Cir.2001) (characterizing the maxim as a canon of construction). This reliance on the canon to support the inferential leap belies the availability of a plain text argument. Cf. Springer v. Government of Philippine Islands, 277 U.S. 189, 206, 48 S.Ct. 480, 72 L.Ed. 845 (1928) ( “The general rule that the expression of one thing is the exclusion of others is subject to exceptions. Like other canons of statutory construction, it is only an aid in the ascertainment of the meaning of the law, and must yield whenever a contrary intention on the part of the lawmaker is apparent.”).

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