Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/220/428.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 07:09:29+00:00

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DIAMOND RUBBER CO OF NEW YORK v. CONSOLIDATED RUBBER TIRE CO.
[220 U.S. 428, 429] Mr. Charles K. Offield for petitioner.
Messrs. Frederick P. Fish, C. W. Stapleton, J. L. Stackpole, Thomas W. Bakewell, and Staley & Bowman for respondents.
Writ of certiorari to review a decree of the circuit court of appeals of the second circuit, sustaining a patent for an improvement in rubber tires, issued to Arthur W. Grant, February 18, 1896. The patent, and those which it is contended anticipate it, have received full exposition in the opinion of that court. 85 C. C. A. 349, 157 Fed. 677, and 89 C. C. A. 582, 162 Fed. 892, affirming 147 Fed. 739. It and they were also passed upon and the patent sustained in Rubber Tire Wheel Co. v. Columbia Pneumatic Wagon Wheel Co. 91 Fed. 978, and in Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. v. Finley Rubber Tire Co. 116 Fed. 629; Consolidated Rubber Tire Co. v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 80 C. C. A. 589, 151 Fed. 237. See also Rubber Tire Wheel Co. v. Milwaukee Rubber Works Co. 142 Fed. 531, 533, and the same case, 83 C. C. A. 336, 154, Fed. 358, 362. It was held invalid in Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Rubber Tire Wheel Co. (C. C. App. 6th C.) 53 C. C. A. 583, 116 Fed. 363, reversing the circuit court, Judge Wing presiding. It was also declared invalid in Rubber-Tire Wheel Co. v. Victor Rubber-Tire Co. 59 C. C. A. 215, 123 Fed. 85, following 116 Fed. 363, supra. [220 U.S. 428, 430] A further display of the patent and of its alleged anticipating devices would seem to be unnecessary, and that we might immediately take up a review of the divergent decisions. There is controversy as to whether they are divergent and irreconcilable in fundamental conceptions of the patent as well as in result.
We may say at the outset of this asserted conflict between the cases that the court of appeals of the second circuit considered that there was no antagonism between its decision and that of the court of appeals of the sixth circuit. It proceeded, as it in effect said, upon 'new facts and features which have been added to or developed from the records in the earlier cases.' However, something more is required of us than the reconcilation of other cases,-some consideration of the patent and the state of the art prior to it.
'1. A vehicle wheel having a metallic rim with angularly propelling flanges to form a channel or groove with tapered or inclined sides, a rubber tire, the inner portion of which is adapted to fit in said groove or channel, and the outer portion having sides at an angle to the inner portion, the angle or corner between the outer and inner portions being located within the outer periphery of the flanges, and independent retaining wires passing entirely through the inner portions of said tire and also within the outer peripheries of the flanges, substantially as described.
It will be observed that the tire is composed of three elements: First, the channel or groove with tapered or inclined sides; second, the rubber tire adapted to fit into the channel or groove, and shaped as described; third, the fastening device; that is, the independent retaining wires located as indicated.
It is conceded that the claims are narrow, counsel saying that they are 'limited closely to the specific construction of the Grant tire as it is actually shown and described in the patent.' And a right to equivalents is disclaimed. Indeed, a certain merit is made of this as exhibiting at once the simplicity and perfection of the invention and the tribute paid to its excellence by respondent by exactly imitating it, instead of attempting to evade it. It is pointed out that the coaction of the parts is so dependent upon their shape and relation that any alteration destroys their co-operation and the utility of the tire. There is strength in the contention, as we shall presently see.
Anticipating somewhat, we may say that the tire has utility is not disputed; to what its utility is to be attributed is in controversy. The respondents the tire company contend that the tire is at once firm and mobile in its channel, 'creeps' (moves slowly around the edge of the rim), and will yield laterally, and thus the lateral blows against it will be cushioned. It is further contended that if the tire be 'tipped from its seat in the channel by a side blow' it 'automatically restores itself to normal position when the side pressure is released.' In other words, and in the language of one of the expert witnesses, the tire has the capacity to rise and fall and reseat itself under lateral strain; that is, to rise slightly from the rim on one side, independently of the other, when subjected to very great strain, and immediately reseat itself when such strain is removed. 'It must be borne in mind,' counsel say, 'that the Grant tire is not cemented into the channel. This is an essential and important point. Any tire that is cemented in its channel is rigid and cannot 'creep' or yield to lateral blows. It is therefore easily and quickly destroyed. The absence of cement in the Grant tire is a vital characteristic.' And, further, that Grant, [220 U.S. 428, 434] 'by omitting the cement, and by permitting the tire to tip, to creep, and to move in its channel, obtained a radically new and useful result.' And it is insisted that this results because the tire is a new and patentable combination of parts, coacting in the manner of a true combination to produce a new and useful result, and is not an aggregation of old elements or parts, each performing its own function and nothing more. These propositions are combated by the rubber company, and it is insisted that the testimony is 'conclusive and uncontradicted that the Grant tire, clamped to the tire or rim by the straining tension of the two wires,' has not the capacity attributed to it, 'and never could have.' And it is said that 'it is manifest that this question can be easily determined as a question of fact,' and that the testimony 'proves such asserted movement a myth and a fallacy.' And it is urged that such capacity in the tire is not recited in the specifications of the patent, and was unknown to Grant.
This tipping capacity is made the pivot of the controversy. It was as to that that the courts of appeals of the sixth and second circuits disagreed either upon the difference of the testimony in the cases, or more deeply, on principle. The controversy and Grant's alleged ignorance of the tipping characteristic of the tire really present some anomaly. The tire has utility, a utility that has secured an almost universal acceptance and employment of it, as will subsequently appear. It was certainly not an exact repetition of the prior art. It attained an end not attained by anything in the prior art, and has been accepted as the termination of the struggle for a completely successful tire. It possesses such amount of change from the prior art as to have received the approval of the Patent Office, and is entitled to the presumption of invention which attaches to a patent. Its simplicity should not blind us as to its character. Many things, [220 U.S. 428, 435] and the patent law abounds in illustrations, seem obvious after they have been done, and, 'in the light of the accomplished result,' it is often a matter of wonder how they so long 'eluded the search of the discoverer and set at definance the speculations of inventive genius.' Pearl v. Ocean Mills, 2 Bann. & Ard. 469, Fed. Cas. No. 10,876, 11 Off. Gaz. 2. Knowledge after the event is always easy, and problems once solved present no difficulties, indeed, may be represented as never having had any, and expert witnesses may be brought forward to show that the new thing which seemed to have eluded the search of the world was always ready at hand and easy to be seen by a merely skillful attention. But the law has other tests of the invention tha subtle conjectures of what might have been seen and yet was not. It regards a change as evidence of novelty, the acceptance and utility of change as a further evidence, even as demonstration. And it recognizes degrees of change, dividing inventions into primary and secondary, and as they are, one or the other, gives a proportionate dominion to its patent grant. In other words, the invention may be broadly new, subjecting all that comes after it to tribute (Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Sayles, 97 U.S. 554, 556 , 24 S. L. ed. 1053, 1054); it may be the successor, in a sense, of all that went before, a step only in the march of improvement, and limited, therefore, to its precise form and elements, as the patent in suit is conceded to be. In its narrow and humble form it may not excite our wonder as may the broader or pretentious form, but it has as firm a right to protection. Nor does it detract from its merit that it is the result of experiment and not the instant and perfect product of inventive power. A patentee may be baldly empirical, seeing nothing beyond his experiments and the result; yet if he has added a new and valuable article to the world's utilities, he is entitled to the rank and protection of an inventor. And how can it take from his merit that he may not know all of the forces which he has brought into operation? It is certainly [220 U.S. 428, 436] not necessary that he understand or be able to state the scientific principles underlying his invention, and it is immaterial whether he can stand a successful examination as to the speculative ideas involved. Andrews v. Cross, 19 Blatchf. 294, 8 Fed. 269; Eames v. Andrews, 122 U.S. 40, 55 , 30 S. L. ed. 1064, 1069, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1073; St. Louis Stamping Co. v. Quinby, 4 Ban. & Ard. 192, Fed. Cas. No. 12,240, 16 Off. Gaz. 135; Pfeifer v. Dixon-Woods Co. 5 C. C. A. 148, 14 U. S. App. 245, 55 Fed. 390; Cleveland Foundry Co. v. Detroit Vapor Stove Co. (C. C. A. 6th C.) 68 C. C. A. 233, 131 Fed. 853; Van Epps v. United Box Board & Paper Co. (C. C. A. 2d C.) 75 C. C. A. 77, 143 Fed. 869; Westmoreland Specialty Co. v. Hogan ( C. C. A. 3d C.) 93 C. C. A. 31, 167 Fed. 327. He must, indeed, make such disclosure and description of his invention that it may be put into practice. In this he must be clear. He must not put forth a puzzle for invention or experiment to solve, but the description is sufficient if those skilled in the art can understand it. This satisfies the law, which only requires as a condition of its protection that the world be given something new and that the world be taught how to use it. It is no concern of the world whether the principle upon which the new construction acts be obvious or obscure, so that it inheres in the new construction.
This discussion may be broader than the contention of the rubber company requires; indeed, may imply a misunderstanding of it. The contention may only mean that Grant did not discern the manner of the operation of the elements which he combined, and therefore did not really invent anything, only assembled old elements, changing their relations somewhat, and retaining their essential character and effect. We should be slow to infer such ignorance. It is difficult to suppose that the contriver of a successful device did not understand how it operated; that he saw nothing in it, and committed it to the world without seeing anything in it but a composition of wood, rubber, and iron in certain relations, without understanding or attempting to discover the law and principle of its or- [220 U.S. 428, 437] ganization and efficiency. Grant's situation demanded caution and knowledge. He was confronted by what has been termed a 'crowded' prior art; he might expect to encounter litigation, and, even before litigation, he would have to satisfy the Patent Office of the novelty and utility of his device, and it is hard to believe that he did not know the co-operating law of the elements which he had combined, and only unconsciously made use of it. We find the contention difficult to handle. When a person produces useful instrument, to say that he did not know what he was about is at least confusing. To take from him the advantage of it upon nice speculation as to whether it was an ignorant guess or confident knowledge and adaptation might do him great injustice. His success is his title to consideration.
'The Willoughby patent, No. 5,924, Fig. 8a, shows in combination wire connections, also described in the specification, very similar, save in location, to those used by Grant, and the figure shows also a very slight angle located slightly within the flanges. The rim, however, is of the clinger variety; that is, the flanges incline inwardly, and bind the rubber on each side. Such a tire thwarts the lateral play otherwise permitted to the rubber by the wires, and, although almost imperceptible angles appear, made by the sides of the rubber, they are not sufficient to give the immunity resulting from a well-defined angle whose vertex is within the flaring rim. Figures 5a and 5c show rims shaped like the segment of a circle, in which are seated spherical rubbers held in place by a single wire. The rim is described in the specifications as U or V- shaped. A V-shaped rim must have flaring flanges, but the rim is quite unlike that employed by Grant, and in the entire absence of the angle the functions attributed to the Grant tire seem to be absent. Indeed, the freedom of action permitted by the wire in the rim used by Grant seems to [220 U.S. 428, 440] be denied the tire, for the reason that the rubber is confined by the V- shaped channel.
Willoughby patent No. 18,030, has no relevancy whatever. It is true it has flanges upon the rim, flaring and at right angles, and it is illustrated by figures showing what may be called retaining wires, to quote from the brief of counsel, 'above the periphery of the flanges, another substantially on a line with the periphery of the flanges, and three of the figures showing the retaining wires substantially below the periphery of the respective flanges.' It is manifest that the relation of the retaining wires to the periphery of the flanges is absolutely unimportant in the tire. Willoughby, describing his invention, says: 'The object of my present invention is, as in my previous one, to provide a metallic outer tire or armor to rubber which is of itself flexible.' The retaining wires hold the metallic exterior to the rubber bed.
That the tire is an invention is fortified by all of the presumptions,- the presumption of the patent by that arising from the utility of the tire. And we have said that the utility of a device may be attested by the litigation over it, as litigation 'shows and measures the existence of the public demand for its use.' Eames v. Andrews, 122 U.S. 40, 53 , 30 S. L. ed. 1064, 1069, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1073. We have shown the litigation to which the grant tire has been subjected.
The first ground is a somewhat distant assertion that the tire does not involve invention, but as to that we have sufficiently expressed opinion. The second ground is an inversion of cause and effect, and there is an obvious answer to the third ground. Without suitable rubber, there could have been no rubber tires, and the desire for them necessarily induced their manufacture, and Grant exercised invention to produce an efficient one. We can understand that some advertising was necessary to bring it into notice, and give it a certain use, but the extensive use which it attained, and more certainly the exclusive use which it attained, could only have been the result of its essential excellence, indeed, its pronounced superiority over all other forms. Here, again, in our discussion, a comparison is suggested between it and other tires, and the inquiry occurs why capital has selected it to invest in and advertise, and not one of the tires of the prior art, if it be not better than they? But the effect of advertising is mere speculation; to the utility and use of an article the law assigns a definite presumption of its character, as we have seen, and which we are impelled by the facts of this record to follow.
To what quality the utility of the tire may be due will bear further consideration, if for no other reason than the earnest contentions of counsel. Aside from those contentions and the ability by which they are supported, we might point to what it does as a demonstration of its dif- [220 U.S. 428, 443] ference from all that preceded it, that there is something in it, attribute or force, which did not exist before,-something which is the law of its organization and function, and raises it above a mere aggregation of elements to a patentable combination. And we may say, in passing, the elements of a combination may be all old. In making a combination the inventor has the whole field of mechanics to draw from. Leeds & C. Co. v. Victor Talking Mach. Co. 213 U. S. at page 318, 53 L. ed. 812, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 495.
The tire company gives a definition of the 'something' as tipping and reseating power. The rubber company earnestly denies the existence of the power, and, as we have seen, the courts of appeals of the sixth and second circuits divided in opinion on its existence. We think such power is possessed by the tire. This is shown by the evidence, and was shown at the oral argument. And it is the result of something more than each element acting separately. It is not the result alone of the iron channel with diverging sides, nor alone of the retaining bands or the rubber. They each have uses and perform them to an end different from the effect of either, and they must have been designed to such end,-contrived to exactly produce it. There can be no other deduction from their careful relation. The adaptation of the rubber to the flaring channel, the shape of that permitting lateral movement and compression, the retaining band, holding and yielding, placed in such precise adjustment and correlation with the other parts, producing a tire that 'when compressed and bent sidewise shall not escape from the channel, and shall not be cut on the flange of the channel,' and yet shall 'be mobile in the channel.' We agree with the court of appeals that 'this was not the result of chance or the haphazard selection of parts; his [Grant's] success could only have been achieved by a careful study of the scientific and mechanical problems necessary to overcome the defects which rendered the then-existing tires [220 U.S. 428, 444] ineffective and useless.' [80 C. C. A. 590, 151 Fed. 238.] This conclusion is not shaken by the testimony and argument urged against it.
The contention of noninfringement is very hesitatingly advanced,- suggested rather than urged. It is conceded that infringement existed in the prior litigations, but it is said that, if, under the closer analysis of the Grant patent 'as here presented, and as considered as contended for, if to be confined to exact angles and relations of angles and precise configuration of parts,'-the rubber company's device does not infringe. And this is attempted to be supported by the testimony of a witness who found, he siad, in the rubber company's tire, 'the three fundamental mechanical elements' of the Grant patent in suit, which, he interjected, were borrowed by Grant, 'both individually and in combination, from the prior art long antedating his alleged invention,' and then proceeded to declare a difference between the 'angles and relations of angles and precise configuration of parts,' to use counsel's language, of the two tires, and briefly summarizing his conclusion, said that he did not 'find the alleged invention, combinations, and devices of either of the claims of the Grant patent in suit embodied in or contained in either of the exhibits introduced in evidence professing to represent the defendant's tire.' We are unable to concur in the conclusion. The exhibits demonstrate the contrary. And we are fortified in this by the conduct of the rubber company in the circuit court. The defense of nonfringement was not there seriously urged. After considering to what extent the case, as presented, differed from the prior litigation, Judge Holt said: 'Of course, if your defense was that this defendant does not infringe, that would be an entirely different question; but the only question argued here is as to the validity of the patent.' In the opinion of the court of appeals, noninfringement received no attention; presumably because that defense was not pressed upon it. [220 U.S. 428, 445] The final contention of the rubber company is that, the Grant patent having been declared invalid by the circuit court of appeals of the sixth circuit and by the circuit court for the district of Indiana in the seventh circuit, the rubber company should not have been enjoined from the handling or sale of tires manufactured in the sixth and seventh circuits, and cites Kessler v. Eldred, 206 U.S. 285 , 51 L. ed. 1065, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 611.
'Whether it should be given a broader interpretation is a question upon which we express no opinion, deeming it more prudent to wait until the facts are fully developed.
We concur in these remarks.
Mr. Justice Day and Mr. Justice Lurton took no part in the decision.

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