Source: https://www.lawweb.in/2018/08/whether-landlord-is-entitled-to.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 12:02:41+00:00

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Law Web: Whether eviction decree on ground of bonafide need can be refused to landlord if he fails to disclose that he is possession of several properties?
Whether eviction decree on ground of bonafide need can be refused to landlord if he fails to disclose that he is possession of several properties?
However, the respondent-landlords, have not at all been candid with the Court insofar as the pleadings are concerned. In the course of evidence, it has come on record that the respondent-landlords have, besides the suit premises several other premises, which are being used by them for purposes of commerce as well as residence. Some of the premises, may have been acquired post the institution of the suit including in particular, the premises acquired by one of the sons of Baitullah Shaikh. Nevertheless, there were no disclosures volunteered in the course of examination-in-chief. Even if, the premises subsequently acquired are left out of consideration, there was a duty upon the respondent-landlords to fully and candidly make disclosure about the premises in their occupation, both for the purposes of residence as well as commerce and thereafter to explain, howsoever briefly, the subsistence of the need in respect of suit premises. The respondent-landlords have completely failed in this aspect. Such non-disclosure is a relevant consideration in the context of determining both the reasonability as well as bona fides.
Nevertheless, from the material on record, it is apparent that the landlords have in their occupation several properties and carry on several businesses and these facts were suppressed by the landlords in their plaints seeking eviction on the ground of reasonable and bona fide requirement. The belated explanation that some of the properties are taken on rent or rented, that some of the properties are not in the names of the landlords or that some of the properties are joint family properties, hardly inspire any confidence. In any case, the reasons, do not apply to all the properties in regard to which, the material has been produced on record by the applicants. It was the duty of the landlords to have made disclosure in their pleadings and thereafter, offered explanation, howsoever brief, as to how despite the occupation of all such properties, need in respect of the suit premises subsists and is further bona fide and reasonable. Such pleading or disclosure, would have enabled the applicants to meet the case set out by the landlords. In absence of such disclosures on vital and relevant matters, no decree of eviction under Section 16(1)(g) of the Rent Act is sustainable.
1. Rule and interim relief was granted in these Civil Revision Applications by speaking order dated 4 February 2014. As against the same, the respondent-landlords preferred Special Leave Petitions before the Apex Court, which were dismissed on 2 May 2014. However, the Apex Court requested this Court to dispose of the pending Civil Revision Applications expeditiously. It is in these circumstances, that two Civil Revision Applications were taken up for final disposal.
2. The learned counsel for the parties requested that these two Civil Revision Applications be disposed of by common judgment and order. Even otherwise, the respondent-landlords in the two Civil Revision Applications are one and same. The tenants who have instituted these Civil Revision Applications occupy parts of the same House No. 86. The impugned orders proceed on basis of substantially similar facts and reasoning. After certain stage, common evidence came to be recorded in the two matters. For all these reasons, it would indeed be appropriate if these two Civil Revision Applications are disposed of by this common judgment and order.
3. The Civil Revision Application No. 770 of 2013 is instituted by Vasant M. Gujar (Gujar). This concern two rooms, together admeasuring about 240 sq.ft. in House No. 86, Dr. Sabane Road, Mahabaleshwar (suit premises No. 1), of which the respondents are the landlords. The suit premises No. 1 were let out by one Mr. Bhise, the previous owner since last several decades. The suit premises are being used by the tenant Gujar for residential purposes.
4. The Civil Revision Application No. 167 of 2014 has been instituted by Smt. Khatija Panhalkar and others (Panhalkar). This concerns road facing premises ad-measuring about 40 sq.ft., again being part of House No. 86, Dr. Sabane Road, Mahabaleshwar (suit premises No. 2) of which, the very same respondents as in Civil Revision Application No. 770 of 2013 are landlords. The suit premises No. 2 are being used by the tenant Panhalkar for sale of handicrafts, Mahabaleshwar sticks etc. last several decades.
5. At least two portions of House No. 86 of which the suit premises form a part, are in possession of the landlords. One of the portion is immediately adjacent to suit premises No. 1 and the same was used for residential purposes. The second is immediately adjacent to suit premises No. 2 and is used by the landlords for commercial purposes. There is reference to yet another portion/shed in the occupation of tenant Gujar. However, no proceedings are initiated in respect of the said portion/shed and accordingly it is clarified that the present proceedings do not concern with such portion/shed.
6. The landlords instituted Regular Civil Suit No. 137 of 2010 (old Regular Civil Suit No. 241 of 2002) against the tenant Gujar seeking eviction from the suit premises No. 1 on the grounds of default in payment of rent, reasonable and bona fide requirement and that the premises are required for immediate purpose of demolition ordered by municipal authorities. These are grounds contemplated by Sections 15, 16(1)(g) and 16(1)(k) of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999 (Rent Act).
7. The landlords also instituted Regular Civil Suit No. 136 of 2010 (old Regular Civil Suit No. 239 of 2002) against the tenant Panhalkar for eviction on the same grounds. There was however, an additional ground that the tenant Panhalkar had without the landlords' consent in writing erected upon the suit premises No. 2 a permanent structure. This is a ground contemplated by Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act.
8. The two suits were taken up for consideration together by the Civil Judge, Junior Division at Mahabaleshwar (Trial Court). The examination-in-chief was recorded separately in the two cases to begin with. However, after some stage, at the request of the parties, common evidence was recorded. Even the cross-examination of Baitulla Shaikh is common in both cases. The Trial Court, by judgment and order dated 4 July 2011 decreed two suits on the ground of reasonable and bona fide requirement as also on the ground that the suit premises are required for immediate purpose of demolition ordered by the Municipal Authorities. However, decree of eviction on other grounds was declined.
9. The tenants appealed to the District Court (Appeal Court). The landlords instituted cross-objections seeking decree of eviction on the remaining grounds as well. The Appeal Court by its judgment and order dated 4 July 2013 has dismissed the tenants' appeal and allowed the landlords cross-objections. Hence, the present Civil Revision Applications, by the tenants.
10. In the suit against the tenant Gujar, it appears that the landlords had raised the ground that the tenant Gujar had acquired an alternate suitable accommodation in Namdeo Cooperative Housing Society. Under the Rent Act, the acquisition of alternate premises is not a ground for eviction. The Trial Court is not clear whether eviction was made on this ground. However, it does appear that this aspect was taken into consideration by the Trial Court in dealing with the issue of comparative hardship. The Appeal Court has, however, not adverted to this aspect at all.
11. In the appeals, both the tenants had taken out applications under Order 41 Rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure (1908) seeking leave to produce additional evidence. The Appeal Court, in making the impugned judgment and decree dated 4 July 2013, has not dealt with or disposed of the said applications. The arguments before the Appeal Court had concluded on 15 January 2013 and the impugned judgment and decree was made on 4 July 2013.
(f) There was no case made out for eviction under Section 16(1)(k) of the Rent Act. There is material on record which establishes that the landlords were intentionally and maliciously damaging the suit premises with the sole object of inviting demolition notices. There is no satisfaction recorded that the suit premises were required for 'immediate purpose of demolition'. In any case, the demolition notices, on basis of which the suits came to be instituted did not relate to the entire suit premises. There is clear misinterpretation of the provisions contained in Section 16(1)(k) of the Rent Act.
(g) There is no case made out to evict the tenant Panhalkar under Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act. The Trial Court had rightly declined the eviction on this ground. The finding of the Appeal Court is vitiated by clear perversity. The explanation to Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act has been completely ignored.
(h) In general, for the aforesaid reasons, the learned counsel for the tenants submitted that the impugned judgment and decrees are in excess of jurisdiction and in any case, vitiated by illegality and material irregularities."
13. Mr. P.B. Shah and Mr. A.V. Anturkar, learned counsel for the landlords, separately advanced submissions in support of the impugned judgments and decrees. They submitted that there are concurrent findings recorded by the two Courts which are borne from the material on record. There is accordingly, no warrant to interfere with the same in the exercise of limited revisional jurisdiction.
14. The learned counsel for the landlords further submitted that on the basis of evidence led by the tenants, it is apparent that there were defaults in payment of rents. The tenants neither raised any dispute with regard to the standard rent nor did they avail the option under Section 15(3) of the Rent Act. Accordingly, the Appeal Court was right in directing eviction under Section 15 of the Rent Act.
15. The learned counsel for the landlords further submitted that in this case, Municipal Authorities had issued no less than four notices for demolition of House No. 86, of which the suit premises were only a part. The allegations of malice or mala fide were vaguely made and the same was rightly rejected by the Appeal Court. Accordingly, they submitted that the ground as contemplated by Section 16(1)(k) of the Rent Act was clearly made out.
17. Finally, Mr. Anturkar submitted that the material on record clearly bears out that the tenant Panhalkar had carried out construction of permanent nature and therefore, the decree under Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act, as made by the Appeal Court, was in perfect order.
18. The learned counsel for both the parties made reference to certain decisions of the Apex Court as well as this Court to which reference shall be made in the course of this common judgment and order.
19. The rival contentions now fall for my determination.
20. There is nothing in the record and at least none was demonstrated by the learned counsel appearing for the landlords that the tenants' applications under Order 41 Rule 27 of the CPC were considered and disposed of by the Appeal Court at the stage of making the impugned orders. This clearly, amounts to failure to exercise jurisdiction.
"5. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and after considering the facts and circumstances of the present case, we are of the view that in order to decide the pending appeal in which the application under Order 41 Rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure was filed ought to have been taken by the appellate court along with the application for acceptance of additional evidence under Order 41 Rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
6. In that view of the matter and without going into the merits as to whether the application under Order 41 Rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure was rightly rejected by the appellate court as well as by the High Court, we set aside the order of the High Court as well as of the appellate court rejecting the application under Order 41 Rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure and we direct that the appellate court shall decide the pending appeal along with the application under Order 41 Rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure on merits within a period of three months from the date of supply of a copy of this order to the appellate court. The appeal is allowed to the extent indicated above. There will be no order as to costs.
7. The view that we have expressed can be supported by a decision of this Court in Jaipur Development Authority v. Kailashwati Devi - MANU/SC/0819/1997: (1997) (7) SCC 297."
"3. It is true that the first appellate court, while deciding the first appeal, had given reasons for rejection of the said application but the ground for such rejection was, as noted hereinabove, not considered by the High Court. That being the position, we set aside the judgment of the High Court and direct it to decide the appeal afresh on merits and in accordance with law along with the application under Order 41 Rule 27 CPC and the reasons given by the first appellate court for its rejection.
4. The High Court is now requested to decide the second appeal along with the application under Order 41 Rule 27 CPC on merits within a period of three months from the date of supply of a copy of this order. While deciding the same, the High Court shall also consider the reasons for rejection of the application under Order 41 Rule 27 CPC given by the appellate court."
23. In the aforesaid circumstances, this would call for remand to the Appeal Court. However, the suits in the present case were instituted in the year 2002. As discussed hereinafter, the tenants have made out a case to upset the eviction orders upon other substantive grounds. Remand, in the circumstances, would only prolong the life of the litigation. Accordingly, no remand is ordered upon this ground.
24. The record reveals that oral arguments before the Trial Court concluded on 15 January 2013. Thereafter, Roznama reveals that the matters were adjourned at least on five to six occasions for 'reply'. The significance of such adjournments or for that matter 'reply' after conclusion of final arguments in the appeal, is by no means discernible. However, abruptly, on 4 July 2013, the impugned orders came to be pronounced. There is no record of any reply as such, being filed by any of the parties on any of the adjourned dates. In effect, there is delay of over six months in making the impugned orders, after the conclusion of the arguments. The record also indicates that all the parties had filed written notes of arguments on record.
25. The learned counsel for the tenants submitted that the delay constitutes breach of principles laid down in the Order 20 Rule 1 of the CPC and the impugned orders deserve to be set aside on the grounds of delay alone. On the other hand learned counsel for the landlords submitted that this was the case where notes of written arguments had been filed before the Appeal Court and therefore, the impugned orders are not vitiated on this score.
"Nevertheless an unreasonable delay between hearing of arguments and delivery of judgment, unless explained by exceptional or extraordinary circumstances, is highly undesirable even when written arguments are submitted. It is not unlikely that some points which the litigant considers important may have escaped notice. But, what is more important is that litigants must have complete confidence in the results of litigation. This confidence tends to be shaken if there is excessive delay between hearing of arguments and delivery of judgments."
27. In the case of Anil Rai v. State of Bihar MANU/SC/1586/2001 : (2001) 7 SCC 318, the Apex Court again made strong observations and went on to suggest that the delay in delivery of judgments after the conclusion of arguments, might by itself, constitute a ground for setting aside such orders and a remand for re-hearing. The Division Bench of this Court in case of Debang R. Vora v. Union of India MANU/MH/0640/2003 : 2004 (2) Mh.L.J. 208, in fact set aside the order made by CEGAT on the ground of delay alone and remanded the matter for fresh consideration. The Division Bench of this Court in case of Pradeep K.R. Sangodker v. State of Goa and The District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forum1, upon analysis of several rulings on this subject, issued directions to judicial as well as quasi judicial authorities in the State of Goa to deliver judgments within a period of three months from the date of conclusion of arguments. The contention that written arguments were on record and therefore, delay did not matter was rejected in case of R.C. Sharma (supra) by observing that it is not unlikely that such points which the litigant considers important may have escaped notice.
28. Applying the aforesaid principles to the facts and circumstances of the present case, it shall have to be held that the delay in pronouncement of the impugned order by the Appeal Court is indeed inordinate and unexplained. However, as noted earlier, the learned counsel for the landlords do not seek a remand. There are other substantial grounds to upset the impugned orders. This is also not a case where any of the parties had moved this Court complaining about the delay in pronouncement of the impugned order and applied for withdrawal of the case from the Bench or sought a fresh hearing. Upon cumulative consideration of all these circumstances, it would not be appropriate to set aside the impugned judgments and decrees and remand the matter for fresh consideration on the ground of delay between conclusion of arguments and pronouncement of judgment.
29. The landlords, in their notice dated 4 February 2002 issued under Section 15(2) of the Rent Act, alleged that the tenants have not bothered to pay any rents to the landlords from the year 1992. Demand was made of arrears in an amount of Rs. 3400/- from the tenant Gujar. Similarly, notice dated 31 May 2002 was issued to the tenant Panhalkar quantifying arrears in an amount of Rs. 2312/-. There are allegations/pleadings in the respective plaints are also to the same effect.
30. The tenants' defence, both in their replies to the notices as well as in written statement was that rents in respect of suit premises were regularly sent to the landlords, inter alia, by means of money orders. However, the same were refused, which refusal is evident from the postal records. In such circumstances, the tenants contended that they have always been ready and willing to pay the rents and therefore, in terms of Section 15(1) of the Rent Act, there arises no question of making any decree of eviction on the ground of non-payment of rent. As a matter of abundant caution, the tenants even deposited the arrears/rents deposited before the Trial Court. However, it is common ground that such deposit is well beyond the period of ninety days from the date of service of summons in the suit.
"13] In this regard, I have perused Section 15 of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act. It gives three-fold protection to tenant in clause (1), (2) and (3) respectively. As per Section 15(1) of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, if the tenant pays or is ready and willing to pay the amount of standard rent and permitted increases then the landlord is not entitle to recover the possession of tenanted premises. In present case, admittedly, the rent of suit property is not paid to the plaintiffs but, we have to see whether the defendant was and is ready and willing to pay rent? In this respect, it is pertinent to note that, D.W.1 Mahesh had deposed that, since 9/1/1992 defendant is sending the rent to plaintiff by money order and plaintiff had refused the same. He has filed receipts of money order, said are at Exh. 257 to 296. I have perused said money order receipts. On perusal of said receipts it reveals that, receipts at Exh. 295 and 296 are accepted but the plaintiff had refused other money orders of the rent. Therefore, in my opinion, if the plaintiff is refusing the rent and thereafter coming before the court on the ground of default then he can not be allowed to do so and to take benefit of his own wrong. It is clear that, the defendant had sent the rent by money order but the plaintiff had refused it. Further, plaintiffs had not proved that, they had made the demand of rent to the defendant and defendant refused to pay the rent. On the contrary, as stated above, it is the plaintiff who had refused to accept the rent, therefore, in my opinion, the act of defendant of sending the rent to plaintiff by money order clearly shows that, the defendant was ready and willing to pay the rent of suit property. Further, during the pendency of suit the defendant had also deposited the amount of rent in the court which shows that, the defendant is ready and willing to pay the rent. Therefore, as defendant is ready and willing to pay the rent, in my opinion, clause No. 2 and 3 of Section 15 of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act will not be applicable to the present case."
32. The reasoning of the Trial Court in declining a decree of eviction on the ground of default in payment of rents in case of the tenant Panhalkar is almost identical to the aforesaid, except that the reasoning contained in paragraph 25 of the judgment and decree dated 4 July 2011.
"31] It is the defence that the defendants had endeavoured to pay the arrears of rent by Money Order, but it was refused by the landlords. According to D.W. 2 Ibrahim, the plaintiff as has refused to accept the amount of Money Order, the ground under Section 15 of the Act is not open. Exhs.295 and 296 are the receipts of Money Orders, having endorsement of refusal by the addressee.
32] The documentary evidence reveals that first time, the defendant has deposited the amount of rent on 4-10-2004, then on 24th June 2005. He has time and again deposited the rent, but one fact is clear that no rent was paid before 7-10-1992, though the plaintiffs have purchased the suit property on 9th January, 1992. For around nine months, the defendant did not pay the rent, much less in time. He filed his written statement on 21-11-2002 by alleging that entire arrears were paid. The statutory period of 90 days comes to an end on 9-12-2002. the defendant has been served with suit summons on 9-9-2002. Thus, it was obligatory on his part, especially when the plaintiffs are accusing him to be defaulter, to deposit the entire arrears together with statutory interest.
33] It is the defence that the defendant has endeavoured to pay rent through Demand Draft, but it was also refused. On this point, evidence of Vijay Kadam, the Manager of Mahabaleshwar Urban Cooperative Bank, is to be viewed. The said witness does not know, who applied for the Demand Draft and in favour of whom it was issued. Thus, Exh. 415 is just a Challan for issuance of Demand Draft. No further details have been dispelled by his evidence. The defendant has just placed on record photo-copy of said Challan, which is not admissible. Though assumed that the defendant has deposited the arrears of rent, it is inclusive of 9% interest. Arrears of 13 years rent comes to Rs. 7,450/- and 9% interest comes to Rs. 4,023/- total Rs. 11,473/- has been deposited vide Exh. 34 on 2nd September, 2004. This is in contravention of Sub-section (3) of Section 15 of the Act.
34] On going through the impugned Judgment, the learned trial Court has emphasised the factum of refusal, however, has failed to consider whether even after service of summons, the defendant has failed to deposit the arrears. All three clauses of Section 15, are parallel to each other. The plaintiffs have purchased the suit premises in January, 1992. Since then, the defendants did not pay the rent to them, at least up to August, 1992. This material aspect of this matter is not aptly considered by the trial Court. What is material is the date of demand and deposit of amount of rent. Even after service of Notice, dated 4-2-2002, amount was not paid. Thus, mere offering the amount does not work. Thus, the claim of plaintiffs falls under Sub-section (3) of Section 15 of the Act and the defendants are guilty of non-compliance thereof.
For these reasons, I endorse my finding against Point No. 4 in the affirmative."
"15. No ejectment ordinarily to be made if tenant pays or is ready and willing to pay standard rent and permitted increases. - (1) A landlord shall not be entitled to the recovery of possession of any premises so long as the tenant pays, or is ready and willing to pay, the amount of the, standard rent and permitted increases, if any, and observes and performs the other, conditions of the tenancy, in so far as they are consistent with the provisions of this Act.
(2) No suit for recovery of possession shall be instituted by a landlord against the tenant on the ground of non-payment of the standard rent or permitted increases due, until the expiration of ninety days next after notice in writing of the demand of the standard rent or permitted increases has been served upon the tenant in the manner provided in section 106 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (IV of 1882).
35. Section 15(1) of the Rent Act, in terms provides that a landlord shall not be entitled to eviction of a tenant, so long as the tenant pays, or is ready and willing to pay, the amount of the standard rent and permitted increases, if any, and observes and performs the other conditions of the tenancy, in so far as they are consistent with the provisions of this Act. Clause 15(3) of the Rent Act, however, is a legislative injunction to the Courts from making a decree of eviction on the ground of default in payment of rent and permitted increases, if, within a period of ninety days from the date of service of summons in the suit, the tenant pays or tenders in Court the standard rent and permitted increases then due together with simple interest at the prescribed rates and thereafter, continues to pay or tenders the same till the suit is finally decided and also pays cost of the suit as directed by the Court.
36. The Appeal Court has made a decree of eviction by merely recording that the applicants failed to comply with the provisions of Section 15(3), in as much as arrears of rent, permitted increases together with interest, were not deposited in the Court within ninety days from the date of service of summons in the suit. There is no consideration whatsoever of the tenants' plea that the tenants had paid or in any case were ready and willing to pay rents and permitted increases to the landlords, but it was the landlords who had refused to accept the same.
37. From the scheme of Section 15 of the Rent Act, it is clear that benefit under Section 15(3) of the Rent Act can be availed of by a tenant, even if such tenant is admittedly, in default. From the tenor of Section 15(3) of the Rent Act, it does appear that no Court can make a decree of eviction on the grounds of default, where such tenant deposits within ninety days, arrears of rent, permitted increases and complies with other prescribed requirements. This, however, does not mean and imply that resort to benefit under Section 15(3) of the Rent Act is only mode available to a tenant to avoid a decree of eviction on the ground of default. The tenant, can always establish that he has paid or was always ready and willing to pay the rent and the permitted increases to the landlord and on such basis avoid a decree of eviction. In fact, Section 15(1) of the Rent Act, in terms provides that a landlord shall not be entitled to a decree of eviction so long as the tenant pays or is ready and willing to pay the standard rent, permitted increases and observes other terms and conditions of the tenancy, so far as they may consistent with the provisions of the Rent Act.
38. The reasoning of the Appeal Court, in fact, constitutes an error of law apparent on face of record. The Appeal Court does not appear to have reversed the findings of the fact in the context of payment or dispatch of money orders by the tenants and their refusal by the landlords. The Appeal Court, however, makes decree of eviction on the ground of non-compliance with the provisions contained in Section 15(3) of the Rent Act. There is no consideration whatsoever to the pleas of the tenants that rents were indeed tendered regularly and punctually to the landlords, by means of money orders and the same were refused by the landlords. The Appeal Court has held that 'all three clauses of Section 15 are parallel to each other'. This is an error of law apparent on face of record. Even where, there is no compliance with the provisions contained in Section 15(3) of the Rent Act, it is always open to a tenant to establish the factum of payment or the factum of readiness and willingness of payment of rent. If such factum is indeed established, the landlords cannot secure a decree of eviction on the ground of default in payment of rents. This proposition which emerges upon the plain reading of the provisions in Section 15 of the Rent Act, as also from the authorities on the subject, has been ignored by the Appeal Court. The finding on this aspect is therefore, vitiated by error of law apparent on face of record.
"5. Section 12 of the Rent Act provides for ejectment of the tenant by the landlord. It is divided into four clauses. The first clause prohibits a landlord from recovering possession of any premises so long as tenant pays and is ready and willing to pay the amount of the standard rent and permitted increases, if any, and observes and performs the other conditions of the tenancy in so far as they are consistent with the provisions of the Rent Act. Therefore, as long as the tenant is ready and willing to pay and as long as he observes the conditions of tenancy, landlord cannot recover possession of the premises. The second clause directs the landlord to give a notice before a suit on the ground of non-payment of rent is filed. A landlord under this clause cannot file a suit until expiration of one month next after the notice of the demand of standard rent. The third clause deals with two kinds of arrears, Sub-clause (a) deals with a tenant who is in arrears for a period of six months or more; sub-clause (b) deals with a tenant, who is in arrears for less than six months and sub-clause (c) provides that if a tenant raises a dispute regarding the amount of standard rent or permitted increases he is allowed to raise that dispute; and if the tenant makes the payment of which he is arrears within one month of the notice, then the landlord cannot recover possession of the premises. But if he does not raise any dispute and if he neglects to pay until expiration of the period of one month after the notice then the Court has no other alternative but to pass a decree for eviction. So far as sub-clause (b) is concerned the tenant is asked to pay the arrears on the first date of the hearing of the suit or before such other date as the Court may fix and if he continues to pay rent regularly in Court, then no decree can be passed against him but if after notice and after filing of the suit he neither pays the arrears on the first date of the hearing of the suit nor before such other date as the Court may fix, then a decree for eviction shall have to be passed. We are not concerned with the fourth clause because that clause merely deals with disbursement of the amount paid by the tenant in Court.
6. Now, therefore, under Section 12 of the Rent Act this Court has to see whether the tenant was ready and willing to pay rent; whether the landlord had given him necessary notice; whether in this case, which is governed by Section 12(3)(a), the tenant is in arrears of rent for a period of six months or more and whether the tenant has neglected to make payment of the same. We have seen that the respondent had been refusing to accept rent sent to him by money orders. The arrears of rent according to the notice given by the landlord is for a period from 1-11-64 to 1-5-65. The question, in view of the fact that the tenant had sent rent by money orders and is whether the tenant was still in arrears of rent. If the landlord had accepted rent, the tenant would certainly not have been in arrears and there could not have been any cause of action for the notice to be served by the landlord on the tenant. Because the landlord had been refusing to accept rent for the period for which he was said to be in arrears the cause of action arose. In my view the landlord cannot take advantage of his conduct in not accepting rent sent by the tenant and then give a notice saying that the tenant is in arrears of rent for more than six months. The intention of the legislature when enacting Rent Act could not have been to protect the landlord who refuses to accept rent and after six months turns round to say that the tenant is in arrears of rent for a period of six months or more. In my view, therefore the facts and circumstances of the instant case show that the petitioner - tenant was ready and willing to pay rent. The facts also show that the tenant was not in arrears of rent voluntarily. It is because of the conduct of the landlord that he fell in arrears at all. If that is so, then, in my view, the view of the learned Assistant Judge in inferring that the petitioner can be evicted under Section 12(3)(a) of the Rent Act is erroneous. On the other hand the inference and the legal effect of these proved facts is that the tenant cannot be evicted because he was neither in arrears of rent nor can be said to be not ready and willing to pay rent.
7. I am supported in this view of mine by a judgment of Chandachud J. while deciding Civil Revision Application No. 1450 of 1961 on 16th April 1964. He had before him facts similar to the facts of the instant case and he has taken the same view as I am now taking.
"14. After having heard the learned Counsel for both sides in the above and after perusal of all the aforesaid judgments, it is very clear that Section 12 makes it abundantly clear that if tenant pays or ready or willing to pay standard rent or permitted increases, then no ejectment will be made. To put it in other words, the landlord will be entitled to recover possession of the premises only if the tenant fails to pay the standard rent and permitted increases. In fact the said Section 12 clearly contemplates in a negative manner that no suit for recovery of possession shall be instituted by the landlord unless the landlord satisfies that the tenant was not ready and willing to tender and had not paid the standard rent and permitted increases for over a period of six months and in the event, the tenant was not ready and willing to tender standard rent and permitted increases, and that he has been in arrears of over a period of six months, then the landlord has to issue notice terminating the tenancy and demand the standard rent and permitted increases within a month after service of the notice. Even Section 12(3)(a) makes it clear that where the rent is payable by the month and there is no dispute regarding the amount of standard rent or permitted increases, if such rent or increases are in arrears for a period of six months or more and the tenant neglects to make payment thereof until the expiration of period of one month after the notice as referred in Sub-section (2), the Court may pass a decree for eviction in any such suit for recovery of possession. By way of explanation, in the said section, it is provided that in any case where there is dispute as to the amount of standard rent or permitted increases recoverable under this Act the tenant shall be deemed to be ready and willing to pay such amount if, before the expiry of the period of one month after notice referred to in Sub-section (2), he makes an application to the Court under Sub-section (3) of Section 11 and thereafter pays or tenders the amount of rent or permitted increases specified in the order made by the Court. To put it in other words, the explanation is with regard to the procedure, when there is a dispute with regard to the standard rent. Where there is no dispute with regard to the standard rent, the tenant has to show that he was always ready and willing to tender rent and he must not be in arrears for more than six months and in the event, the tenant was in arrears for more than six months, the landlord has the right to serve notice of termination and demand rent and permitted increases, and if the tenant does not pay the same within one month, in such a case, the landlord will be entitled for a decree of eviction.
15. In view of the clear explanation of Section 12, if the tenant raises a dispute with regard to the standard rent and permitted increases, he has to approach the Court within a period of one month from the notice of termination and make deposit within a period of one month in the Court. On the contrary, if there is no dispute, the tenant must show his readiness and willingness to pay rent and permitted increases and must keep regularly tendering the same, even by money order and no landlord can take advantage, neither by refusing to accept the same nor say that the tenant had not paid the rent or tendered the rent. This fact has been rightly pointed out by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Priya Ghosh and Ors. v. Bajranglal Singhania and Anr. and it is held that the landlord will be easily able to trap the tenant by refusing to accept and turn round and to file a suit against the tenant. That is why, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has clearly observed that the law has to be construed in a fair manner and it is not intended to trap the tenant into a situation so that the landlord can evict the tenant.
16. Under the aforesaid facts and circumstances of the case, we are clearly of the view that the view taken by Bhole, J. is correct and the view taken by Jahagirdar, J. is over-ruled and the same does not lay down the correct law.
41. The reasoning of the Appeal Court in the present case is directly contrary to the law laid down by Bhole, J., in case of Suka Ishram Chaudhari (supra), which is held as the correct view by the Division Bench in case of Sitaram Nagpure (supra).
42. The learned counsel for the respondents, however, submitted that there is no material on record in support of the applicants' plea that rents were regularly and punctually sent to the landlord by money order and that the same were refused by the landlord. In this regard, Mr. Anturkar, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent-landlords in Civil Revision Application No. 167 of 2014, on the basis of the documents evidencing money orders attempted to demonstrate that there were certain unexplained gaps in the despatch of money orders. Mr. Anturkar and Mr. Shah also submitted that since the plea of refusal of money orders was denied by the respondent-landlords, the applicants had to examine the postman in order to establish refusal. In absence of the evidence of postman, failure to accept the rents cannot be said to be proved and therefore, the Appeal Court justify in making the decree on the ground of default in payment of making rents.
43. It is not possible to accept the aforesaid contentions of the learned counsel for the respondent-landlords. The Trial Court on the basis of material on record, has recorded findings of fact that rents were regularly and punctually sent by the applicants to the respondent-landlords through money orders and that the same were refused by the respondent-landlords. In record of such finding, the Trial Court has adverted to the material on record in the form of money order despatches, the endorsement made thereon as well as the payment made thereby. The payments, relate not to some limited period but to over a substantial length of time, i.e. from January 1992 to February/May 2002. There is material on record, which establishes that the rents were paid and in any case, over considerable period of time, were being accepted on yearly basis. The Trial Court has also given due credence to the oral testimony, inter alia, the deposition and cross-examination of the respondent-landlords. On basis of all such materials, the findings of fact as to absence of any default on the part of the applicants came to be recorded by the Trial Court. There is absolute no perversity in the record of such findings. The Appeal Court has in fact, not even disturbed such findings. The Appeal Court, has merely criticized the Trial Court for having 'emphasized the factum of refusal' but failed to consider whether even after the service of summons the applicants had failed to deposit arrears. Thus, the decree made by the Appeal Court, is not on the basis of any default on the part of the applicants in making payment of rents, but rather the decree is made on the ground of failure on the part of the applicants to deposit the arrears of rent within ninety days from the receipt of summons in the suit. The Appeal Court in terms states that the decree is made, because the claim of respondents (plaintiffs) fall under sub-section (3) of Section 15 of the Rent Act and 'the defendants are guilty of non compliance thereof'. As noticed earlier, such reasoning is contrary to scheme of Section 15 of the Rent Act, as also the decisions in case of Suka Ishram Chaudhari (supra) and Sitaram Nagpure (supra).
"7. .......... It would be relevant to point out that this Court in Suka Ishram's, case was fully conscious of the said legal position which is reiterated by the Apex Court in Harbanslal's case. This Court in Suka Ishram's case at page 222 has referred to the broad principles that would cover the cases under Section 12(3)(a) of the Bombay Rent Act, nevertheless, in the facts of that case, which in my view are similar to the one in the present case, proceeded to hold that the tenant cannot be evicted under Section 12(3)(a) of the Bombay Rent Act. As aforesaid, it cannot be said that the respondent-tenant was a wilful defaulter prior to the issuance of the suit notice or had failed and neglected to pay the rent regularly. On the other hand, what appears from the record is that the petitioner-landlord obviously wanted to create an evidence against the respondent-tenant to maintain the suit for eviction on the ground of arrears of rent and therefore refused to accept the money orders (Exhibits 36, 37 and 38) sent by the respondent. The Courts below have therefore rightly held that the petitioner-landlord had an oblique motive in refusing to accept the money orders sent just before the issuance of the suit notice and if the petitioner had accepted the said money orders, in which case, there would have been no cause of action for the petitioner to issue the suit notice or to institute the suit on the ground of default. The Courts below have consistently held that the respondent has not neglected to pay the rent, which was the prerequisite for applying Section 12(3)(a) of the Bombay Rent Act. I am in full agreement with the concurrent finding of fact as well as the conclusions reached by the Courts below."
45. Similarly, in case of Kamlabai B. Kabade v. Laxmibai J. Jagtap and ors. MANU/MH/0649/2000 : 2001(2) MH.L.J. 905, this Court has held that refusal of rent sent by money order constitutes deemed acceptance of rent. In such a situation, there would be no cause of action either to issue notice or to institute a suit on the ground of default.
46. The failure to examine postman, in facts and circumstances of the present, is by no means sufficient to upset the concurrent findings that rents were indeed sent by money order and refused by the respondent-landlords. There are records of money order dispatches over considerable period. The amounts dispatched and the endorsement thereon are substantially clear. The deposition on behalf of the applicants as well as respondent-landlords, does substantially establish that consequent upon purchase of suit premises by the respondent-landlords some time in the year 1992, rents have been dispatched by the applicants by way of money orders and same have been refused by the respondent-landlords. In such circumstances, there is no question of ignoring all such materials and relying upon a singular and bald assertion on the part of the respondent-landlords that the rents dispatched by money orders were never refused by them. Any conclusion that rents were not refused, in the facts and circumstances of the present case, would be contrary to the weight of evidence on record. The Appeal Court, therefore, has exceeded its jurisdiction or in any case, committed an error of law apparent on face of record.
47. In the notice preceding the institution of suits for eviction, inter alia, on the ground that the suit premises are required by the respondent-landlord reasonably and bona fide for occupation by himself or by any person for whose benefit the premises are held, the Applicants have set out the case that Baitulla Shaikh (plaintiff No. 1) has two sons Irfan B. Shaikh and Haroon B. Shaikh. That both are aged 23 and 24 years respectively and are degree holders. Similarly, Shri. C.K. Aris, Hamid (plaintiff No. 2), apart from the suit premises, has no other premises in Mahabaleshwar. Therefore, it was stated that the respondent-landlords proposed to demolish the suit premises and in their place construct a building for residence as well as hotel business. The necessary plan in this regard has also been approved by the Municipal Authorities and in the open space appurtenant, pits have been dug and construction work commenced. The allegations in the plaint, are also to this identical effect.
48. Section 16(1)(g) of the Rent Act entitles the landlord to recover possession of the tenanted premises, if the same are reasonably and bona fide required by the landlord for occupation by himself or by any person for whose benefit the premises are held. Section 16(1)(i) further provides that where premises are reasonably and bona fide required by the landlord for the immediate purpose of demolishing them and such demolition is to be made for the purpose of erecting new building on the premises sought to be demolished, then subject to certain conditions set out in sub-sections (4), (5), (6) and (7) of Section 16 of the Rent Act, the Court may make a decree of eviction.
49. In the context of decree of eviction under Section 16(1)(i), sub-section (4) of Section 16 of the Rent Act provides that a Court may pass the decree only in respect of a part of the premises which in its opinion is necessary to vacate for carrying out the work of erection of new building. Sub-section (5) of Section 16 of the Rent Act renders unlawful, assignment of any decree of eviction obtained on the grounds specified in Section 16(1)(i) of the Rent Act. Sub section (6) of the Section 16 provides that no decree of eviction on grounds specified in Section 16(1)(i) of the Rent Act shall be made, unless the Court is satisfied that necessary funds for purpose of the erection of new building are available with the landlord, the plans and estimates of the new building have been properly prepared, that the new building contained residential tenements not less than the number of existing tenements which are sought to be demolished, the landlord has given the necessary undertakings prescribed under clause (d) of sub-clause (6) of Section 16 of the Rent Act. The undertaking makes reference to the amendment and time schedule in which the erection of new building will commence and conclude. Sub-section (7) of Section 16 of the said provides that where possession of premises is recovered under Section 16(1)(i) of the Rent Act and the premises are transferred by the landlord, or by operation of law before the tenant or tenants are placed in occupation, then such transfer shall be subject to the rights and interests of such tenants.
50. Mr. Talkute relying upon the statements in notice dated 4 February 2002, the plaint as also the deposition of the landlords submitted that the respondent-landlords intended to seek eviction under Section 16(1)(i) and not Section 16(1)(g) of the Rent Act. If this be so, Mr. Talkute submitted that the conditions prescribed in sub-sections (4) to (7) of Section 16 of the Rent Act had to be complied with. In absence of any such compliance, no decree of eviction would ever been made against the applicants.
51. In fact, Mr. Anturkar, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent-landlords in Civil Revision Application No. 167 of 2014 fairly conceded to the aforesaid position, in the light of the averments in the legal notice, plaint and the deposition. However, Mr. Shah, who appears for the same respondent-landlords in Civil Revision Application No. 770 of 2013, submitted that notwithstanding the statements/averments in the notice, plaint and deposition, a decree of eviction was perfectly competent under Section 16(1)(g) of the Rent Act. In this regard, Mr. Shah placed reliance upon the decision of the Apex Court in case of Ramniklal P. Mehta (supra) and Sharadchandra Chitnis (supra), which according to him, have taken the view that where the possession of the tenanted premises is required reasonably and bona fide for the personal occupation of the landlord or members of the landlord's family, eviction decree can be made despite the proposal being for demolition of the suit premises and the erection of a new building thereon.
52. The aforesaid issue does not call for any decision in the facts and circumstances of the present case. This is because, the respondent-landlords, in the present case, have not made out any case for decree of eviction on the ground that the suit premises are reasonably and bona fide required by them or any persons for whose benefit the premises are held by them.
53. In notice as well as suit seeking eviction upon the grounds contemplated by Section 16(1)(g) of the Rent Act, the respondent-landlords have averred that the suit premises are required for the purposes of residence as well as hotel business of the two sons Irfan B. Shaikh and Haroon B. Shaikh as well as Shri. C.K. Aris Hamid (plaintiff No. 2). The pleadings, are by no means clear and categorical. However, in such matters, the pleadings, particularly in the context of reasonable and bona fide requirement are requiring to be liberally considered, as such the contentions of Mr. Talkute and Mr. Warunjikar that the landlords' plea be rejected on grounds of vagueness in the pleadings, cannot be accepted.
54. However, the respondent-landlords, have not at all been candid with the Court insofar as the pleadings are concerned. In the course of evidence, it has come on record that the respondent-landlords have, besides the suit premises several other premises, which are being used by them for purposes of commerce as well as residence. Some of the premises, may have been acquired post the institution of the suit including in particular, the premises acquired by one of the sons of Baitullah Shaikh. Nevertheless, there were no disclosures volunteered in the course of examination-in-chief. Even if, the premises subsequently acquired are left out of consideration, there was a duty upon the respondent-landlords to fully and candidly make disclosure about the premises in their occupation, both for the purposes of residence as well as commerce and thereafter to explain, howsoever briefly, the subsistence of the need in respect of suit premises. The respondent-landlords have completely failed in this aspect. Such non-disclosure is a relevant consideration in the context of determining both the reasonability as well as bona fides.
55. The tenants have managed to bring on record the material in the context of occupation and control of several premises by the respondent-landlords. Looking to the conduct of the respondent-landlords, there is no certainty as to whether the premises in respect of which the tenants have obtained and produced documents, are only premises which are in the occupation of control of the respondent-landlords or whether there are some others as well. However, even on basis of the existing material on record, there was no question of making any decree under Section 16(1)(g) of the Rent Act.
56. There is record that the property in C.T.S. No. 137, 137/1, 137/2 and 137/3 at Dr. Sabane Road, Mahabaleshwar, Satara is in the occupation of the respondent-landlords. Upon the said property, the respondent-landlords, operate 'Hotel Blue Star'. Incidentally, Dr. Sabane Road, Mahabaleshwar, is the very road upon which the suit premises are situated. In the plaint, there was no reference in respect of this property. There are documents which establish that this property is in the occupation of the respondent-landlords. There are admissions in this regard as well. Mr. Shah contended that failure to disclose is not fatal, if it is established that a decree for eviction can be sustained even if disclosure were to be made. That is not a situation in the present case. Apart from this property, there are several other properties in the occupation or control of the respondent-landlords. The landlords have hotel business under the name and style of 'Hotel Blue Star'. There are other businesses like STD Booth, sale of handicrafts, Lucky Restaurant carried out by the landlords at Mahabaleshwar itself. There was no disclosures in regard to the premises and the businesses. Such disclosures were necessary, if the requirement of the suit premises is to be regarded as reasonable and bona fide.
57. There is again, the property at School Mohalla in CTS No. 252, Mahabaleshwar, Satara. The ownership of this property by Shaikh Baitulla is not really in dispute. There is material in the form of documents as well as admissions. The belated explanation is that the property is ancestral property belonging to the joint family. This by itself, is no excuse for non-disclosure. There is again reference to the property at CTS No. 399 near Nagarpalika Society. This property as also Municipal House No. 11 CTS No. 558 comprising six rooms with Toilet bathroom have nexus with the two sons of Mr. Baitulla Shaikh. The belated explanations that one of the properties is in the name of Irfan's wife or that one of the properties has already been rented out, again, afford no excuse for non-disclosure. The respondent-landlords i.e., Baitulla Shaikh himself resides at 23/B, Nagarpalika Society since last several years, though the explanation is that the said property belongs to his mother-in-law. There is also reference to a flat in Pune, which, however, in the facts and circumstances of the present case, is really irrelevant. Nevertheless, from the material on record, it is apparent that the landlords have in their occupation several properties and carry on several businesses and these facts were suppressed by the landlords in their plaints seeking eviction on the ground of reasonable and bona fide requirement. The belated explanation that some of the properties are taken on rent or rented, that some of the properties are not in the names of the landlords or that some of the properties are joint family properties, hardly inspire any confidence. In any case, the reasons, do not apply to all the properties in regard to which, the material has been produced on record by the applicants. It was the duty of the landlords to have made disclosure in their pleadings and thereafter, offered explanation, howsoever brief, as to how despite the occupation of all such properties, need in respect of the suit premises subsists and is further bona fide and reasonable. Such pleading or disclosure, would have enabled the applicants to meet the case set out by the landlords. In absence of such disclosures on vital and relevant matters, no decree of eviction under Section 16(1)(g) of the Rent Act is sustainable.
"7. ................... That building can be used for residence. These facts were indeed relevant for deciding the issue of bonafide and reasonableness of the requirement of the Plaintiff, but were not disclosed either in the pleadings or atleast in the examination-in-chief when the Plaintiff entered the witness box. However, were elicited only during the cross examination conducted by the Defendant-tenant. This was possible only because all these details were within the knowledge of the Defendant-tenant. In spite of such overwhelming evidence on record, the Courts below have proceeded to answer the issue of bonafide and reasonable requirement in favour of the Respondent landlord. That cannot be countenanced, to say the least.
8. To my mind, however, it is obligatory for the landlord to disclose in the pleadings and in his evidence the fact that he owns other premises which were capable of being utilized for the requirement pressed into service in the suit filed against the tenant and to further disclose and explain that inspite of those acquisitions and ownership of other premises, the requirement which is pressed into service against the tenant would still survive. It is only then the landlord would be entitled to invoke this ground and would succeed in establishing his need to be bonafide and reasonable.
9. I have no hesitation in taking the view that in the fact situation of the present case the Plaintiffs has failed to plead and also depose in his evidence (examination-in-chief) about the ownership of other premises capable of being used for the requirement pressed into service in the subject suit. Besides, he has failed to disclose and explain that even the other premises were not sufficient to satisfy the requirement pressed into service in the suit against the tenant. Only when the landlord pleads and proves all these material facts that the Court would be able to adjudicate fully, completely and effectually as to whether the requirement pressed into service by the landlord in the suit so filed is bonafide and reasonable. As mentioned earlier, it is well settled that the landlord is not only required to establish his need to be bonafide but also to be reasonable. If the landlord fails to plead or establish either of this ingredient then the ground under Section 13(1)(g) of the Act for eviction is unavailable to the landlord. Inherent in this test is that if the landlord has failed to disclose relevant materials in the pleading and in his evidence (examination-in-chief), dejure, the landlord has not approached the court with clean hands. In such a case, it will be the duty of the court to non-suit the landlord with regard to this ground. It will be useful to place reliance on the enunciation of the Apex court in the case of S.P. Chengalvaraya Naidu's case (supra). The Apex Court has observed that duty is cast upon the Plaintiff to disclose all the facts, it is the duty of the Plaintiff to come to Court with true case and prove it by true evidence. The Apex Court has further observed that deliberate deception with the desire of securing something by taking unfair advantage of another, it is a deception in order to gain by another's loss, it is a cheating intended to get an advantage. Further, in Paragraph 6 it has observed that, non disclosure of all the material and relevant facts at the trial tantamount to playing fraud on the Court. A litigant, who approaches the Court, is bound to produce all the documents executed by him which are relevant to the litigation. Withholding of any vital document in this case information, in order to gain advantage on the other side then he would be guilty of fraud on the Court as well as on the opposite party. Such a person can be summarily thrown out at any stage of the litigation. If this principle is to be applied to the facts of the present case, I have no manner of doubt that the Respondent-Landlord will have to be non suited on this ground. Because, it is a case of non disclosure of material facts and information, therefore, one of approaching the Court with unclean hands. And as observed by the Apex Court tantamount to playing fraud on the court as well as the opposite side. In this case sheerly because the Petitioner tenant was vigilant enough, could muster the necessary information to confront the Respondent landlord regarding his need being not bonafide and reasonable.
"9. The application as filed by the petitioner before the Rent Controller does not contain a reference to other house belonging to him and situated at Rajapeth i.e. within the Municipal limits. The law requires the petitioner to prove his bonafide need and for that to approach the Court of law with clean hands. The petitioner could have explained inadequacy or other lacunae in Rajapeth accommodation to justify his preference of ground floor in occupation of the tenant. Had there been such a case and pleading, the respondent - tenant would have then got an opportunity of cross examination and then bonafides or otherwise of the need of the landlord could have been judicially appreciated. Unfortunately, such a course of action is not possible here. The respondent - tenant has through cross examination of the petitioner placed on record only the suppression of availability of other house at Rajapeth with further fact that proceedings for eviction of Mohan Singh Thakur therefrom were actually initiated and later on compromised when Mohan Singh Thakur agreed to increase the rent. Thus, this material brought on record by the tenant is sufficient to substantiate that there is no bonafide need of the landlord. Subsequent utilization of premises vacated by Shri Mohan Singh Thakur for establishing a business again raises several questions and as this fact is not on record, the same cannot be considered here.
10. The reliance upon the judgment delivered by me and reported in the case of Murlimanohar v. Prabha Bhattacharya, (supra) in this situation is misconceived. There, the landlady and her sisters qualified gynecologists were seeking eviction of tenant to start maternity home and hospital. The tenant was urging that they can have their complex and in that complex, the tenant also can be accommodated. The evidence which has come on record there has been appreciated and such insistence on the part of the tenant was found to be unjustified. This Court has found that in such situation, the landlord is the best judge of his need. The judgment, therefore, has no application in present facts. The landlord can claim to be a best judge of his need after he fairly discloses all options available to him and shows some reason for choosing particular option i.e. premises. It is this election, effected by him after full knowledge and appreciation, which cannot be interfered with judicially. Here, the premises at Rajapeth were suppressed and hence it cannot be said that the landlord has judged his need bonafide in accordance with law. In this situation, I find that the petitioner - landlord can initiate fresh proceedings in accordance with law."
60. The two Courts have returned findings on the aspect of reasonable and bona fide requirement in quite of perfunctory manner. The two Courts, have permitted themselves to be particularly influenced by the circumstances that the landlord Baitulla Shaikh resides in the house, which is owned by his mother-in-law. Although, the same might have been a relevant factor, it is to be noted that the need pleaded by Baitulla Shaikh for purposes of residence, was not his own, but rather the need pleaded was that of his two sons. In fact, the pleadings with regard to need for residence are sketchy. Though, it is held that the pleadings in the matter of reasonable and bona fide requirement have to be considered liberally, there are really, in this case, no pleadings worth the name in the context of personal residential requirement of Baitulla Shaikh. Therefore, the Courts were clearly in error in laying undue emphasis upon the circumstances that the house in which the Baitulla Shaikh resides for number of years is in the name of his mother-in-law. There was no case pleaded by Baitulla Shaikh that he is put to any inconvenience on this ground. In fact, Baitulla Shaikh chose to suppress any details about the factum of his residence.
"The prevailing paradigms of neo-classical economics and empiricist political theory have determined the conceptual insularity of law and legal institutions, with the result that they and other social events appear as random existences independent of their historical formation. The force of any theory comparative hardship of law must of course lie in its explanatory power, and this in turn depends on the wider image of social relations which produces it."
62. In Civil Revision Application No. 770 of 2013, the Courts have held against the applicant on the ground that the applicant had acquired two rooms at Namdev Cooperative Housing Society and that PW-4, one Mukund, had stated that permission for constructing a second floor can be granted by the Society. Apart from the circumstance that the acquisition of alternate premises is no longer ground under the Rent Act for eviction of a tenant, even if we proceed on the basis that such a circumstance can legitimately be taken into account in the matter of determination of comparative hardship, the material on record indicates that the suit premises at Namdeo Cooperative Housing Society are occupied by one of the two married sons of the applicant. Besides, the two rooms in Namdeo Cooperative Housing Society are not on ownership basis but taken on rent from the municipality. The tenant Gujar has further deposed that in the suit premises, which comprises two rooms ad-measuring 10 x 12 feet each, the said applicant resides alongwith his parents, two sons and two daughters. The two daughters are married, but often visit the suit premises. One of the sons is married and has shifted to two room at Namdeo Cooperative Housing Society. All such relevant materials have been totally ignored by the two Courts.
63. The Trial Court, in the present case has considered the issue of bona fide requirement and comparative hardship in a composite manner rather than consider the two aspects separately. The Trial Court, failed to appreciate that to begin with, it has to be determined whether the landlords have made out a case that the suit premises are required by them reasonably and bona fide. Upon record of satisfaction in this regard, the Trial Court should have then adverted to the predicates of Section 16(2) of the Rent Act, which mandate that no decree of eviction shall be passed on the grounds specified in Section 16(1)(g) of the Rent Act, if the Court is satisfied that having regard to all the circumstances of the case, including the question whether reasonable accommodation is acquired by landlord, greater hardship would be caused by passing a decree than by refusing to pass it. There is accordingly, clear failure to exercise jurisdiction under Section 16(2) of the Rent Act, by confusing and mixing of two issues of reasonable and bona fide requirement and comparative hardship into one. The entire reasoning of two Courts is that the landlords are the best judges and the final arbiters in matters of reasonable and bona fide requirement and further that since the tenant Gujar has two rooms in Namdev Cooperative Housing Society, the respondent-landlords will suffer greater hardship. The landlords are hoteliers having Hotels like Blue Star and Lucky Restaurant at Mahabaleshwar itself. The landlords and their family members are engaged in several businesses like STD Booth, sale of handicrafts etc.. One of the landlords has been the President of Municipal Council of Mahabaleshwar. The record indicates that the family members of one of the landlords have served in Municipal Council in some capacities or the other. In contrast, the tenant Gujar, who resides in suit premises No. 1, is engaged in sale of 'Panipuri' and other road side snacks. The tenant Panhalkar is engaged in sale of handicraft items through suit premises No. 2 which admeasure around 40 sq.ft. Both the tenants have deposed that despite best efforts, it is not possible for them to acquire other premises. There are several premises in the occupation of the landlords which the landlords did not even bother to disclose in the plaints. In these circumstances, even if the issue of comparative hardship was required to be decided, the same would have to be answered in favour of the tenants. In any case, by ignoring of such relevant and vital material on record, the Courts could not have answered such issue in favour of the landl In this context, it is necessary, for the Court to be alive to the financial status of both the landlord as well as the tenant. The Court is also expected to be alive to the situation regards scarcity of accommodation at a particular place.ords.
64. This Court in case of BismilL Bee w/o. SK. Chand and Khajamiyan S/o. Sk. Chand v. anwar S.o. Mohd. Akhtar MANU/MH/1536/2009 : 2010(1) ALL MR 889, has held that the provisions of Section 16(2) of the Rent Act, cast a statutory duty upon the Court to make an enquiry to the extent of need of the landlord, even if such need is found to be reasonable and bona fide. The right of the landlord to seek eviction on one hand and the protection granted to the tenant on the ground of comparative hardship on the other hand, can be balanced by the Court by making enquiry into the extent of need of landlord and even passing a decree for partial eviction from the suit premises, to meet the ends of justice. Such an exercise is required to be carried out by the Court irrespective of the fact whether party demands it or not. If such exercise is not carried out by the Court, then certainly it would result not only in failure to jurisdiction, but also failure to perform statutory and mandatory duty, resulting in failure of justice. Further, Section 16(2) of the Rent Act mandates that the Court is to have 'regard to all circumstance of the case'. It further proceeds to state that this would include the question whether other reasonable accommodation is available for the landlord or the tenant. In this context, it is necessary, for the Court to be alive to the financial status of both the landlord as well as the tenant. The Court is also expected to be alive to the situation regards scarcity of accommodation at a particular place. In the present case, the two Courts have failed to undertake any such exercise and the impugned orders consequently are unsustainable.
81. The landlords' had alleged that the tenant Panhalkar has carried out a permanent construction on the suit premises No. 2 without landlords' written consent and therefore, the ground for eviction under Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act was made out, in so far as the tenant Panhalkar is concerned. The Trial Court had in fact held that the ground under Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act was not made out by the landlords and therefore, declined to make decree of eviction under Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act. The Appeal Court has, however, reversed the Trial Court by mainly relying upon the Report of the Commissioner at Exhibit-122, which, according to the Appeal Court, discloses that the tenant Panhalkar has erected a shed on the front side of suit premises No. 2 by implanting iron pole in cement and concrete. The finding of the Appeal Court is vitiated by perversity as well as non-application of mind.
82. In the plaint instituted against the tenant Panhalkar, the allegation is that the tenant Panhalkar, in front of suit premises No. 2 has erected that a shed on platform (Otta) and that erection of such shed constitutes a permanent construction as envisaged by Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act.
83. The material on record, as analysed by the Trial Court clearly reveals that the suit premises No. 2, which are adjacent to almost similar premises in the occupation of the landlords are used for the purposes of sale of some handicrafts, Mahabaleshwar sticks etc. During the tourist season, all such shops, erects temporary structures to cover the small space between the actual shop and the road. There is absolutely no element of any permanence in so far as the erection of such temporary shed/covering is concerned. The explanation to Section 16(1)(b), which has not even been adverted to by the Appeal Court provides that the expression 'permanent structure' does not include the carrying out of any work with the permission wherever necessary, of the Municipal Authority, for providing a wooden partition, standing cooking platform in kitchen, door, lattice work or opening of a window necessary for ventilation, a fall ceiling, installation of air-conditioners, an exhaust outlet or a smoke-chimney. There must be an element of permanency in the structure, because a temporary structure of the nature described in the evidence adduced by the tenants, is not within the contemplation of Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act.
84. In the present case, upon small space between the suit premises No. 2 and the road a temporary shed is put up. This shed, is similar to the sheds erected by other shops on the same street. The shed is basically some sort of protection to the customers from the rains. There is neither any element of permanency, nor any question of intention to put up any permanent structure upon the suit premises. In these circumstances, there was absolutely no warrant for the Appeal Court to reverse the Trial Court and make a decree under Section 16(1)(b) of the Rent Act.
85. The tenants, by Civil Application Nos. 210 and 211 of 2015, have applied for leave to produce additional evidence in these Civil Revision Applications. Mainly, the tenants wish to bring on record the details with regard to further and other premises acquired by or in possession of the landlords and their children. This is in the context of challenge to decrees of eviction on the grounds of reasonable and bona fide requirement. Since it is held that the landlords were not entitled to any decrees upon such ground, there is no necessity to permit any further material/evidence in this regard. Accordingly, Civil Application Nos. 210 and 211 of 2015 are disposed of.
86. The landlords have taken out Civil Application Nos. 352 and 353 of 2014 seeking mesne profits from the tenants. Since the eviction decrees are being set aside, there is no question of award of any mesne profits. Accordingly, Civil Application Nos. 352 and 353 of 2014 are also disposed of.
87. For all the aforesaid reasons, Civil Revision Application Nos. 770 of 2013 and 167 of 2014 are allowed and the impugned judgments and decrees dated 4 July 2011 and 4 July 2013 are set aside. Accordingly, Rule is made absolute in the two Civil Revision Applications.
88. For the reasons set out in paragraph '85', Civil Application Nos. 210 and 211 of 2015 taken out by the tenants seeking leave to produce additional evidence on record are disposed of.
89. As the two Civil Revision Applications have been allowed and the eviction decrees are set aside, Civil Application Nos. 352 and 353 of 2014 seeking mesne profits from the tenants do not survive and are consequently disposed of.
90. In the facts and circumstances as aforesaid, there shall be no order as to costs.

References: Application No. 770
 Application No. 167
 Application No. 770
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 Application No. 1450
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 Application No. 167
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 Application No. 167
 Application No. 770
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 Application No. 770
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