Source: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol9/pp85-102
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 04:26:03+00:00

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In the valley of the Sor Brook the land is liable to flooding, but in the centre of the parish, at Claydon Hill (566 ft.) and Welshcroft Hill, and in the northwest and north-east, it rises to 500 ft. and over. The soil is red Marlstone overlain by Upper Lias clays, with Northampton Sands and Inferior Oolite Limestone on the hills. (fn. 8) Marl from the limestone quarries no doubt supplied the fuller's earth for Broughton's fulling-mills. (fn. 9) The Marlstone, apart from providing good corn-growing land, and plentiful building-stone, (fn. 10) lends colour to the landscape. Although the landscape retains an upland character, hedging of fields after inclosure in the 17th and 19th centuries, the creation of a park (58 a.) in the 18th century, and the making of coverts in the late 18th and 19th centuries (fn. 11) have diversified it. Ridge and furrow is visible on the high ground near Woad Mill Farm and elsewhere in the parish.
The parish roads probably carried much traffic in the Middle Ages: there were markets at Banbury and Chipping Camden (Glos.) and North Newington chapel seems to have had local importance as a pilgrim centre. (fn. 16) From the 17th century onwards growth of population and trade, and of Broughton's industries — fulling, dyeing, and later paper-making — added to the volume of traffic. (fn. 17) Especially at North Newington there were important wagoner's inns: in 1782 and 1783 the 'Roebuck' and the 'Three Lions' were licensed, (fn. 18) along with the 'Twisleton Arms' in Broughton village. (fn. 19) The 'Roebuck' and the 'Saye and Sele Arms' (successor to the 'Twisleton Arms') have obtained a new lease of life from modern motor traffic. North Newington contains another inn, 'The Bakers' Arms'.
Broughton village lies in the south-east corner of the parish. (fn. 20) Its name (O. E. Broctun) means 'the inclosure or farm by the brook'. (fn. 21) The field name 'Chadwell', (fn. 22) which seems to be one of many invocations of St. Chad, Bishop of the Mercians (d. 672), perhaps provides additional support for the antiquity of the settlement.
The medieval castle and church lie close together on gently rising ground on the northern bank of the Sor Brook near its confluence with two small feeders. Nearby stood Broughton mill. In 1685 Broughton village comprised 19 houses standing in their own gardens and orchards. Most were grouped in Church Lane or spread out along both sides of the Banbury road between the mill and Danvers farm. Four of the houses, including 2 isolated fulling-mills on the Sor Brook, were right off the road. (fn. 23) In the 1660s the Danverses' house and one other had been taxed on 4 hearths and there were 3 other farm- or millhouses with 3 hearths each. (fn. 24) The village expanded from the late 17th century to the 1820s, especially in the last decade of the 17th century and in the later 18th century. (fn. 25) In 1738 the rector said that there were 30 houses (fn. 26) and in 1805 that there were c. 37 families. (fn. 27) In 1827 Broughton contained 26 cottages, 5 farm-houses, a mill, and the rectory, and there were 2 isolated mill-houses. (fn. 28) Population was, however, then declining. It had reached its 19th-century peak in 1821, earlier in fact than in most Oxfordshire villages, and it fell fairly steadily to 132 in 1911, when it began to rise again. (fn. 29) In 1961 it was 158 (fn. 30) but subsequently increased as commuters settled in the village.
Apart from the castle (fn. 31) the most imposing house in Broughton is the rectory-house. This house was originally built in 1694 by the rector John Knight on a new site. (fn. 32) It seems that the medieval rectory stood on rather lower ground, for remains of a 14th-century building were found there in the 19th century. In 1665 it was taxed on 7 hearths. (fn. 33) The medieval window now in the rectory out-buildings was placed there when the tithe barn was pulled down in the early 19th century. (fn. 34) Knight's house, of 2 builds, had five bays, two stories, and cellars, and still stands, though considerably enlarged in 1820 and 1842. The earlier work of 1820 involved the building of the bay-windowed drawing-room or west portion of the house with its wide-eaved roof after a design by S. P. Cockerell. New offices and kitchens and the upper coach house were designed by H. J. Underwood of Oxford in 1842. (fn. 35) The house retains its original 17th-century wainscoting, which Hannah Knight, the rector's relict undertook not to remove. (fn. 36) Most of the other houses in the village street date from the 19th century. They are built of local stone and in the Gothic style: Rectory Farm replaced the old farm-house in 1807–8; in 1841 twelve old cottages were pulled down and replaced by three new blocks, each block containing four tenements; in 1859 the almshouses were built by Elizabeth Bradford Wyatt; in 1864 the house opposite the 'Saye and Sele Arms' was built; in 1877 a Gothic lodge to the castle and in 1882 a brick Sunday school (now closed) were constructed, (fn. 37) and in 1892 the mill was converted into a dwelling-house. (fn. 38) This part of the village, which includes the 'Saye and Sele Arms', built in the 17th–18th centuries, remained substantially unaffected by modern developments, apart from the introduction of electricity in 1954. In 1816 many trees were planted in 'Townside' (fn. 39) which was notable for its trees in 1963.
Before the Conquest BROUGHTON was held by Turgot the lageman of Lincoln, who had estates in Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, and Lincolnshire. Turgot's lands passed after the Conquest to Robert de Todeni and his son Berenger, and in 1086 Berenger held an estate assessed at 20 hides in Broughton which probably included North Newington. (fn. 56) The overlordship of Broughton evidently descended with the de Todeni lands to Berenger's niece. Cecily of Belvoir, daughter of Adeliz de Todeni and Roger Bigod, who married William (I) d'Aubigny. (fn. 57) In the early 13th century Broughton and North Newington were held as three fees of the honor of Mortain of William (III) d'Aubigny of Belvoir (d. 1236). (fn. 58) The overlordship of the manors should have descended through Isabel, daughter of William (IV) d'Aubigny (d. 1242), to the de Ros family, (fn. 59) but their connexion with the lordship of Belvoir appears to have been lost in the later 13th century.
It is uncertain when the Broughtons became lords of North Newington. Late in the 12th century NEWINGTON was held by William Clement, lord also of Balscott in Wroxton and of Dunchurch (Warws.). (fn. 79) He left two daughters as his heirs, Christine and Alice. Christine and her husband, Avenel Butler, sent the child Alice to a convent and later persuaded her to become a nun, thus acquiring all the property. (fn. 80) When Alice came of age she repudiated her vows, married, and demanded half her father's inheritance. The lawsuit dragged on from 1201 to 1220, first against Avenel Butler and later against his son Jordan, who refused to restore the property on the plea that Alice was an excommunicated nun. (fn. 81) Eventually in 1220 Alice quitclaimed to Jordan Butler her inheritance in 2 fees and 4 hides of land in Newington, except for 20 a., in return for land in Wroxton. (fn. 82) Christine, daughter and heir of Jordan Butler, married John de Dunheved, who was returned in 1242 as one of the lords of the 3 fees in Broughton and Newington. (fn. 83) After 1244 there is no record of the family's connexion with these fees. (fn. 84) By the end of the century 2 fees in Newington had passed to John of Seagrave, who was granted free warren in his demesnes there in 1299. (fn. 85) Seagrave, one of Edward I's leading commanders, died in 1325. Although his grandson John was said to be lord of Newington in 1346, (fn. 86) the manor had probably already passed to the Broughtons. No further trace of the Seagrave's manor has been found and the property appears to have been divided earlier in the century. Perhaps a part was given in dower, for in 1316 John of Broughton was said to have been lord of both Broughton and Newington, (fn. 87) and the Seagrave arms on the earliest Broughton family tomb in Broughton Church imply that the families were allied. Newington was included in the settlement of the property of John of Broughton's son in 1333. (fn. 88) The two manors thereafter followed the same descent.
Broughton Castle, probably begun by Sir John of Broughton (d. 1315), (fn. 117) is a notable example of a medieval fortified manor-house with 16th-century additions. It was built of stone from the local quarries. (fn. 118) It consisted of an exceptionally large hall (54½ ft. x 28¾ ft.), (fn. 119) flanked at one end by the lord's private apartments and at the other by the kitchen and other offices. The hall was much altered in the 16th century when its original timber roof was replaced by an upper floor, but surviving buttresses indicate that it was of four bays, lit by traceried windows, portions of which can still be seen built into both walls. The entrance appears to have been in the second bay from the west, where one jamb of the south doorway can be seen in the exterior wall. The lower doorways in the west wall, blocked in the 16th century, led to the buttery, pantry, and kitchen; those above them, also blocked, presumably gave access to a gallery, but the original arrangement cannot be fully reconstructed. At the other end windows with richly moulded jambs flanked the dais. The block to the east of the hall retains its medieval arrangements to a greater extent than any other part of the house. It is remarkable for a series of vaulted rooms and connecting passageways. The north passage led to a newel staircase mounting to the Great Chamber and further on, on the ground floor, to its undercroft, now used as the dining-room. Both the passage and the undercroft have vaulted roofs. From the south side of the hall another vaulted passage extends eastwards to the straight chapel stair and the south-east projection. The chapel is a rare example of an untouched 14th-century private chapel and can, perhaps, be exactly dated by the licence granted in 1331 to John de Broughton for divine service in his oratory at Broughton. (fn. 120) The chapel retains its original stone altar slab supported on stone brackets, and its only loss is the glass that once filled its lofty threelight east window. A blocked entrance in the south wall presumably led from the upper chamber to a gallery, and a squint still enables the altar to be seen from this upper chamber.
Bishop William of Wykeham bought the manor in 1377 and may have been responsible for some minor alterations to the castle. He may also have reconstructed the gatehouse, for the inner arch, the staircase turret, and the upper story all appear to date from the later 14th century. The gatehouse has no portcullis, but was provided with cross arrowslits and two pairs of gates. The existing outer gates are dated 1617 and have wheels inset for raising a drawbridge. The building was repaired in 1655 by William Fiennes (d. 1662) whose initials W. F. appear on the battlements. In 1406 Sir Thomas Wykeham was given licence to crenellate his house, (fn. 121) and was probably responsible for building a battlemented wall, of which a portion remains to the south-west of the gatehouse. He may also have built the stable which adjoins the gatehouse to the east, as it is lighted by windows with Perpendicular tracery of the second quarter of the 15th century. His alterations to the house seem to have been comparatively slight: he appears to have filled in the two arches which span the space between the south end of the chapel and the south-east projection and inserted two Perpendicular windows in the upper chamber above the arches. Neither the Wykeham descendants nor Richard Fiennes, who succeeded in 1528, had the desire or the necessary means to make further large-scale alterations, and were evidently well satisfied with what Leland described as a 'fair manor place'. (fn. 122) It was not until the mid16th century that Richard Fiennes, Lord Saye and Sele (d. 1573), transformed the ancient house into an Elizabethan mansion. Fiennes undertook his building operations while still a young man in 1554.
The alterations he made can be dated so exactly for two reasons: first there is the date 1554 on the chimney-shaft over the oriel window on the north front; secondly there is the evidence of the heraldry on the chimney-piece of the bedroom at the east end of the gallery which indicates that the room must have been built before 1556, the date of Richard Fienne's marriage. The heraldry in question consists of the crest of Danvers and the arms of Neville (i.e. the families of Richard's mother and his stepfather), whereas one would expect that the arms of Fermor would have been portrayed had the chimneypiece been made after 1556. Furthermore, the architectural details of the oriel are in the short-lived Italianate style of the 1550s which was inspired by French examples. Similar details are found at Broughton round the opening at the top of the eastern staircase and in the projecting sills on the inner side of the window in the second-floor room at the east end of the gallery. These sills rest on consoles or brackets of classical character. Moreover in the room known as the Star Chamber there is a chimney-piece surmounted by a plaster relief. The subject is a scene of Dryads dancing round an oak, identified by the inscription 'QUERCUM ERISICHTONIAM DRYADES CINXERE CHOREIS' as an illustration of Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII, 746. A relief representing the same scene formerly formed part of the decoration of the Galerie Francois I at Fontainebleau, and is known from an engraving by Boyvin. These features suggest that Richard Fiennes must have employed some of the craftsmen who executed similar work in England at Nonsuch (Surrey), Somerset House, Lacock Abbey (Wilts.) and Longleat (Wilts.). A further modernization of the house was carried on by Richard Fiennes (d. 1612 or 1613) after his father's death in 1573. The later work was in the usual Flemish Renaissance style of the late Elizabethan architecture.
The work carried out by the two men amounted to an almost complete remodelling of the principal rooms apart from the chapel. The medieval hall was given a flat ceiling and new windows; two floors were constructed above it and new staircases were made by adding two gabled projections on the south front. These staircases were themselves designed in accordance with the new square plan with wide treads and frequent landings. The south-west staircase rises to the Council Chamber in the top story, where William, Lord Saye and Sele, and his anti-royalist friends schemed against the government. The kitchen, buttery, and pantry were moved from the west end to buildings on the south side of the castle and the old screens passage of the medieval hall was done away with. Two symmetrical bay windows were added to the north front, the easternmost of which contains an entrance doorway in its west side. This arrangement of the entrance was unusual at this date though it later became common and is found at nearby Chastleton. Above the hall on the first floor there is a long gallery which evidently dates from this period, though its interior was remodelled in the 18th century. This appears to be the extent of the alterations carried out by the first Richard Fiennes by about 1570. In about 1598 his son Richard transformed the medieval west end, creating a range of two stories which balances the medieval east wing. This range contains little more than two great rooms, one on each floor. Each room is lit by mullioned and transomed windows of ample size. The ground-floor room (intended as a dining-room) is lined with contemporary wainscoting of unusually elaborate character. The plaster ceiling is correspondingly rich and ornate. The chimney-piece (14 ft. wide ü 6 ft. high) has above it a seascape painting in oils by Jan Pieters representing Charles II's departure from Scheveningen on his return to England in 1660. There is also an elaborate interior porch with a cartouche of the Fiennes quarterings and the motto Quod olim fuit meminisse minime juvat. The motto is reputed to have been added by William Fiennes (d. 1662) after the restoration of Charles II when he was doubtless anxious to obliterate the memories of his Parliamentarian past. The White Room above has a plaster ceiling decorated with roundels of heraldic birds and beasts and shields of arms. At the south end is a lozenge with the date 1599 on it while at the north end another lozenge has the initials R.E.F. for Richard Fiennes and Elizabeth, his second wife. The room lacks original woodwork of any kind and was, perhaps, never completed. Until the end of the 17th century there was much painted glass in the windows, but it was removed to Belvedere House (Kent) in about 1830. (fn. 123) The two doorcases in the Elizabethan style date from the 19th century.
Since about 1600 very little has been done structurally to the house. It suffered in the Civil War when it was besieged, (fn. 124) and among the minor repairs done afterwards were those to the gateway already mentioned. Later at the time of James Fiennes's death in 1674, the house, park, and gardens were described by Celia Fiennes as 'much left to decay and ruin'. (fn. 125) For the hearth tax of 1665 it had been assessed on 26 hearths, 1 fewer than Shirburn Castle and 8 fewer than Wroxton. (fn. 126) During most of the 18th century the Twisletons resided, (fn. 127) and to them must be attributed the Georgian Gothic decoration of the Library and the Gallery. But in the early 19th century the house was leased (fn. 128) and Brewer noted in 1819 that the rooms were 'daily dilapidating from misuse'. (fn. 129) It was not until 1848 that the owners again took up residence at Broughton. In the 1850s Frederick TwisletonWykeham-Fiennes employed Sir Gilbert Scott to carry out a careful restoration of the castle, (fn. 130) but leased it again a few years before his death in 1887. It remained in the occupation of tenants (fn. 131) until 1912, since when it has been the residence of successive Lords Saye and Sele. Grants for the restoration of the house and gatehouse were made by the Historic Buildings Council in 1955 and 1962. (fn. 132) Among the contents of the house that are of special historical importance is the diary of Celia Fiennes. In the hall are some fine 19th-century examples of the furnishing fabrics of the Shutford plush industry.
The effect of inclosure on the status of the villagers was marked. In return for the tenants' cooperation Sir Richard Fiennes substituted leasehold tenure for copyhold, at least at North Newington where he gave them 'all' leases. (fn. 172) He probably created a number of small freeholds also, for 7 people were said to hold land in chief in North Newington in the late 16th century. (fn. 173) Richard claimed that these changes were all to the benefit of the tenants and instanced increases in value by 1607 of three or four times the old value of 1589: e.g. one 60 a. holding had increased from £10 to £30 and the parsonage holding (50 a.) from £20 to £40. (fn. 174) Furthermore, he claimed that individual tenants 'now lived well' and 'brought up and bestowed their children well', and described Newington as a village where all had been tenants-at-will and 'lived poorly' but 'now live all welthily'. (fn. 175) The local farmer prospered still further in the later 17th century when Sir Richard's successors, unable to continue with large-scale demesne farming, because, no doubt, of their losses incurred during the Civil War, leased much of their estate.
One of the medieval rectors, Ralph de Bereford (1317–62), came of a knightly family and was probably related to the Broughtons. (fn. 287) His successor, Roger Gledston (1369–?1399) a Newington man, was wealthy enough to give Wroxton Priory a house and yardland and to enlarge his own rectory-house. (fn. 288) With Master John of Wykeham (1399–1415) (fn. 289) the parish began to have rectors who were university graduates but who were, at the same time, pluralists and often non-resident. One was dispensed to hold Broughton in plurality with a Norfolk rectory in return for repairing the churches and rectoryhouses of both parishes. (fn. 290) His successor, Thomas Broke, not only paid him to resign but in return for his presentation paid the patron's debts. (fn. 291) He was excommunicated for simony but in 1446 received papal absolution on condition that he spent a year's income from the church on its fabric. (fn. 292) The rector in 1518 and 1520 lived on another cure in Derbyshire; (fn. 293) he was charged with failing to maintain a lamp, to pay the deacon who served Broughton and to keep a bull and a boar for the use of the parish. (fn. 294) His successor paid a curate and also leased the living. (fn. 295) The curate, Richard Crowley, (fn. 296) was involved in a tithe dispute with a parishioner who accused him of favouring the supremacy of Rome and commanding his congregation to offer alms on 'relics' Sunday. (fn. 297) These charges were denied.
A second effigy of a knight, probably representing the founder's son John of Broughton (d. c. 1350) or his grandson Thomas of Broughton (d. c. 1375), wears plate armour of the time of Edward II or Edward III, and carries an uncharged shield. In c. 1800 this effigy was placed on a table tomb of 15th-century date. (fn. 344) The tomb bears the arms of Fiennes but it has not been discovered for whom it was made. In a canopied recess in the chancel there are 2 fine alabaster effigies of a knight and his wife. In 1805 they were lying on the ground sadly 'hacked and broke'. (fn. 345) The canopy of the chantry has been destroyed, but stone panelling of mid-15thcentury workmanship remains. This tomb is likely to be that of Sir Thomas Wykeham (d. 1443) and his wife. A fourth tomb, surmounted by muzzled bears supporting uncharged shields, may have been intended for Edward Fiennes (d. 1528). It was evidently unfinished and when the tomb was opened in the 19th century it was found to be empty. (fn. 346) William, Viscount Saye and Sele (d. 1662), and his wife Elizabeth (d. 1648) are commemorated by a marble table-tomb in the chancel. There are also numerous 17th-century and 18th-century inscriptions to other members of the Fiennes family, including Lawrence, Viscount Saye and Sele (d. 1742). There is a memorial to Charles Wyatt (d. 1821).
Methodism, too, had more success in North Newington than in Broughton; the rector attributed the growth of dissent to the hamlet's remoteness from the parish church. (fn. 380) A meeting-house in John Tysoe's house at Newington was registered in 1805 and the signatories' names suggest that they were Methodists. (fn. 381) In 1811 8 or 10 enrolled Methodists were meeting on a Newington farm, served occasionally by licensed travelling teachers. (fn. 382) In 1814 there were said to be 20 Methodists and in 1817 10 or 12 Methodist families. (fn. 383) In 1820, however, a private census listed 14 Methodists and 15 Calvinists. (fn. 384) No further reference to Methodists has been found.
Independents, probably the 'Calvinists' of the census, became predominant. In 1832 the minister of the Independent Church at Banbury registered a private house as a meeting-house and in 1837 a chapel was built at North Newington. (fn. 385) At the 1851 census there were congregations of 80 and 93 (including children), presumably gathered from neighbouring villages as well. (fn. 386) The rector's estimate of 30 must have applied to the congregation drawn from his parish alone. (fn. 387) The chapel was rebuilt in 1876. (fn. 388) North Newington members, however, appear to have been decreasing, for in 1866 there were an estimated 20 dissenters, and in 1878 only 3 or 4 families of them in the parish. (fn. 389) By 1963 the chapel was disused.
1. O.S. Area Bk. (1882); Census, 1961.
2. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 167.
3. O.R.O., S. & F. colln. (uncat.), Broughton incl. schedule and map. Until 1861 the Census Reports state that Broughton contained 1270 a. and North Newington 680 a., although at inclosure in 1805 the acreages were 939 and 1090 respectively.
4. O.S. Map 25" Oxon. V. 10–12, 14–16, IX, 3 (1st edn.); O.S. Map 6" SP 43 N.W., 44 S.W. (1955).
6. V.C.H. Oxon. ii. 318–19.
7. V.C.H. Oxon. i. 341 and map between pp. 266a– 267.
8. Agric. Research Council, Soil Survey Report, no. 9 (1956).
9. For the importance of Broughton's mills see p. 96 and Par. Rec., newspaper cutting.
10. Wood-Jones, Dom. Archit. Banbury Region, 2–3.
11. See maps of castle and park penes Lord Saye and Sele: (i) map of 1803 with additions of 1839 and 1845, (ii) map of 1848 by Davis and Saunders; P.O. Dir. Oxon. (1864). When C. F. Wyatt wrote (c. 1880), the park had been reduced to 22 a.: Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.), MS. notes, hereafter cited as Wyatt's MS. notes.
12. Ogilby, Britannia (1698), p. 7, pl. 23.
13. Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.).
15. Ibid. and Beesley, Hist. Banbury, 16, 332.
18. O.R.O., Cal. Q. Sess. vi; Beesley, Hist. Banbury, 16, 332.
19. O.R.O., Cal. Q. Sess. vi.
20. O.S. Map 25" Oxon. V. 15 (1st edn.).
21. P.N. Oxon. (E.P.N.S.), ii. 397; V.C.H. Oxon. ii. 328.
22. See map of 1685 penes Lord Saye and Sele (photostat at O.R.O.: Misc. Saye 1/1).
23. Ibid.; cf. 12 tenements and 5 cottages listed in a 17thcentury rental: MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 183.
24. Hearth Tax Oxon. 141.
25. The Broughton registers give the following figures: 1683–1693, 63 baptisms, 36 deaths; 1716–1726, 71 baptisms, 54 deaths; 1683–1755, 457 baptisms, 348 deaths; 1754–1812, 682 baptisms, 377 deaths; 1813–1870, 1,200 baptisms, 658 deaths.
27. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 568.
28. Bodl., Bradford pps., valuation list.
29. V.C.H. Oxon. ii. 217; Census, 1801–1961.
32. Par. Rec., licence from Lord Saye and Sele to build on any part of the rectory ground; date 1694 on chimney stack.
33. Wyatt's MS. notes; Hearth Tax Oxon. 141.
35. Ibid.; MS. Oxf. Dioc. b 70, f. 145.
38. Bodl., Bradford pps., photograph taken shortly before the mill's demolition. The present house has a date stone, 1700.
40. Ex inf. Banbury R.D.C.; Oxf. Mail, 29 Mar. 1961.
41. O.S. Map 25" Oxon. V. 11 (1st edn.).
42. Secker's Visit.; MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 568.
43. V.C.H. Oxon. ii. 217; Census, 1911–61.
46. O.R.O., S. & F. colln., Broughton incl. schedule and map.
48. Hearth Tax Oxon. 141; E 179/164/504.
49. O.R.O., S. & F. colln., Broughton incl. schedule and map.
50. Gardner, Dir. Oxon. (1852); Dalby's house was mentioned in a late 16th-century survey: MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 169. For the dovecot see plate facing p. 182.
51. Wyatt's MS. notes. It was probably the 'Three Lions' mentioned above. By 1805 it was a farm-house: O.R.O., S. & F. colln., Broughton incl. schedule and map.
52. Bodl., Bradford pps. where there is also a 19thcentury water-colour.
55. Pps. of Capt. Hen. Stevens (O.R.S. xlii), ed. Margaret Toynbee, 27; D.N.B.
56. V.C.H. Oxon. i. 417; V.C.H. Yorks. ii. 145–6.
57. For the descent see J. H. Round in Hist. MSS. Com. Rutland, IV, 106.
58. Bracton's Note Bk. ed. Maitland, ii, p. 589; Bk. of Fees, 448.
59. Complete Peerage, xi. 96.
60. Rot. Welles, ii. 17.
61. V.C.H. Yorks. ii. 145–6.
62. Bracton's Note Bk. ed. Maitland, ii, p. 589.
63. Bk. of Fees, 1101.
64. C 148/86/106; D.L. 42/2, p. 43.
65. Cal. Inq. p.m. vi, p. 207.
66. G. Metcalfe, Broughton and N. Newington, 4; Cal. Inq. p.m. xi, p. 109.
67. e.g. C 139/113/16; C 140/541/45; C 142/50/91; C 142/167/72; C 142/333/50.
68. V.C.H. Oxon. i. 417.
69. Rot. Welles, ii. 17, 32; Emden, O.U. Reg. for the career of Belet.
70. V.C.H. Oxon. ii. 101.
71. Bk. of Fees, 824.
72. Cal. Chart. R. 1300–26, 1; Cal. Inq. p.m. vi, pp. 207–8.
73. C. Moor, Knights of Edw. I (Harl. Soc. lxxx), 152.
74. For the tomb see p. 100.
75. Cal. Inq. p.m. vi, pp. 207–8; Metcalfe, Broughton, 4; cf. Cat. Anct. D. ii. B 2723.
76. C.P. 25(1)/189/17/75, 76; for details see Metcalfe, Broughton, 6.
77. Cat. Anct. D. ii. B 3544; cf. E 326/8839–40.
78. Feud. Aids, iv. 178.
79. See p. 178; V.C.H. Warws. vi. 80.
80. Cur. Reg. R. v. 80; vii. 108.
81. Ibid. ii. 81; iii. 41, 334; v. 79–80, 171, 183–6; vii. 108; ix. 241, 381–2. For a full account see V.C.H. Warws. vi. 80.
83. Bk. of Fees, 824; V.C.H. Warws. vi. 80.
85. Cal. Chart. R. 1257–1300, 481.
86. Feud. Aids, iv. 178; D.N.B.
87. Feud. Aids, iv. 166.
89. E 326/4433; Cal. Inq. p.m. xi. p. 109.
90. Cal. Close, 1368–74, 476.
92. Cal. Close, 1368–74, 194.
93. Ibid. 1374–7, 528; ibid. 1377–81, 493; ibid. 1381–5, 128; ibid. 1385–9, 78; C.P. 25(1)/191/23/22.
94. C.P. 25(1)/191/24/24; for details see Metcalfe, Broughton, 7; D.N.B.
95. Cal. Chart. R. 1341–1417, 419.
97. C.P. 25(1)/293/71/336; Oxon. Visit. 296.
99. For the descent of that peerage see Complete Peerage, xi. 482 sqq.
100. C 140/541/45. Richard Fiennes's father Henry used the title of Lord Saye but was never summoned to parliament. The family's claim to hold the barony de facto was not admitted until 1603.
101. Cal. Pat. 1476–85, 44.
102. Cal. Inq. p.m. Hen. VII, ii, p. 272.
103. Ibid. ii, p. 401.
105. Complete Peerage, xi. 484.
109. Complete Peerage, xi. 485 and App. I where this 'confirmation' is discussed in detail. The fact that the barony was from 1603 able to descend to heirs of the body led to the later separation of the viscounty and the barony: see below.
110. Complete Peerage, xi. 485–6.
112. C.P. 25(2)/709/Trin. 29 Chas. II; ibid. 956/Trin. 1 Anne; Complete Peerage, xi. 488–90.
113. Complete Peerage, xi. 490.
118. For early drawings of the castle see illustration facing p. 114; Bodl. Gough Maps 44, nos. 70, 73; Buckler views of 1822 in MS. Top. Oxon. a 65, nos. 123, 125. The following account except where otherwise stated has been based on an account by W. H. St. J. Hope in Arch. Jul. lxvii, 382–6 and on an article by H. Avray Tipping in Country Life, Jan. 1930, pp. 50–57, 84–91, 126–134.
119. Measurements from Wood-Jones, Dom. Archit. Banbury Region, 28.
120. MS. Top. Oxon. c 394, p. 197.
121. Cal. Pat. 1405–8, 161; for the Wykehams see p. 88.
122. Leland, Itin. ed. Toulmin Smith, ii. 14.
123. MS. Rawl. B. 400b, ff. 143–147v.; Wyatt's MS. notes.
124. O.A.H.S. Proc. n.s. v. 281.
125. The Journeys of Celia Fiennes, ed. C. Morris, 25.
126. Hearth Tax Oxon. 141.
127. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 568.
128. The tenants were George Cobb (c. 1810–30), William Bushe (c. 1830–37) and H. C. Wilson (1842–8).
131. The tenants were George Granville Leveson-Gower (1885–6), H. F. Gladwin (1886–96) and Lord Algernon Gordon Lennox (1896–c. 1912): Wyatt's MS. notes.
132. Oxf. Mail, 17 May 1962.
133. Acts of P.C. 1589–90, 414–417; ibid. 1591, 16, 17, 62; ibid. 1592, 106–107; ibid. 1595–6, 517; Cal. S.P. Dom. 1591–4, 2, 11, 253.
134. Trans. Birmingham & Midland Institute (1873), 88.
135. D.N.B.; for his opposition to ship-money levies see Cal. S.P. Dom. 1636–9, 121, 122.
136. Acts of P.C. 1623–5, 68, 81; D.N.B.; Cal. S.P. Dom. 1619–23, 487; ibid. 1623–5, 31, 168; 1636–9, 121, 122.
137. Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, ed. W. D. Macray, iii. 26.
140. Complete Peerage, xi. 488.
142. Poor Abstract, 398–9. The keeping of separate accounts by the churchwardens of Broughton and North Newington from at least 1719 suggests that the townships were then quite separate for all rating purposes: Par. Rec., chwdns' accts.
144. Par. Rec., vestry min. bk.
145. 2nd Rep. of Poor Law Commrs. App. E. H.C. 595–II, pp. 292–3 (1836), xxix (2).
146. Poor Law Unions, 21.
147. Par. Rec., surveyors' accts.
149. 2nd Rep. of Poor Law Commrs. App. E, H.C. 595–II, pp. 292–3 (1836), xxix (2).
150. Poor Law Unions, 21.
151. V.C.H. Oxon. i. 417. The recorded population is small and suggests that not all the village was included in the survey.
152. E 179/161/9. The 1306 assessment is incomplete and about a quarter of the sums in 1316 are illegible: E 179/161/10, 8.
153. S.C. 6/1118/10; cf. Cal. Inq. p.m. Hen. VII, ii, p. 272.
154. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 158.
155. E 179/161/196, 198. Elizabeth Fiennes married William West as her second husband.
156. B.M. Add. Roll 67029.
159. MS. Oxf. Archd. Oxon. b 40, f. 76.
161. Deduced from the acreages given in 1589; Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 183.
162. MS. Oxf. Archd. Oxon. b 40, f. 76; Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 183.
163. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 183.
167. Ibid. ff. 63v., 167.
170. MS. Wills Oxon. 18/2/13.
171. MS. Wills. Oxon. 4/3/21.
172. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 183v.
173. MS. Dunkin 438/2, f. 153.
174. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 183v.
176. Ibid. D 915, rentals 1674–85; ibid. D 892, ff. 243–55, rentals 1687–89.
177. Ibid. D 892, f. 250.
178. Ibid. ff. 243 sqq.; map penes Lord Saye and Sele, Broughton Castle.
179. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 248.
180. The Quakers' darkness avoiding the Scripture light (Oxon. 1569). This is printed with Wm. Fiennes, Folly and Madness made Manifest (Bodl. copy in Wood 645(13)).
181. e.g. MS. Wills Oxon. 4/3/21; 18/5/11; 20/4/35; 22/1/42; 23/1/19; 23/4/10; 24/1/32; 30/1/58; 37/4/10; 58/3/67; 65/4/38; 83/2/17; 116/1/31; 148/3/10; 161/3/27; 184, f. 353; 185, f. 17; 187, f. 63.
182. Ibid. 185, f. 17.
187. e.g. Par. Rec., tithe case of 1697; map of 1685, penes Lord Saye and Sele, Broughton Castle.
188. Deeds penes Lord Saye and Sele.
189. e.g. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 915, f. 97.
190. MS. Wills Oxon. 18/5/11. For his tenure of demesne closes in Newington see e.g. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 248.
191. MS. Wills. Oxon. 18/5/11.
192. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, f. 168.
193. Ibid. D 915, f. 99.
194. E 134/9 Wm. III/Trin. 6 Oxf.
195. e.g. MS. Wills Oxon. 161/3/27; 23/1/19; 184, f. 353.
197. MS. Top. Oxon. c 328, ff. 88–89.
198. O.R.O., land tax assess. 1785.
200. O.R.O., land tax assess. 1785–1800.
201. MS. Top. Oxon. c 128, ff. 84, 86, 87.
202. O.R.O., incl. award. The act was dated two years earlier: Newington Incl. Act, 43 Geo. III, c 119 (priv. act).
204. O.R.O., land tax assess. 1831.
207. Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.), valuation list (undated).
209. Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.), valuation list.
211. Ibid., article on woad; and see p. 96.
214. Orr, Oxon. Agric. 65.
217. Land Utilisation Survey (1943), pt. 56, 203.
218. Ex inf. Major J. F. Nicholson, Park Farm, Drayton.
222. Kelly's Dir. Oxon. (1920).
223. V.C.H. Oxon. i. 417; B.M. Add. Roll 67029.
225. B.M. Add. Roll 67029; cp. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 915, ff. 6 sqq. for the same rent being paid in the 17th century.
226. C 1/1123/56; C 142/115/33; C 142/127/39; O.R.O. Misc. Br. I/iii/1.
227. Map penes Lord Saye and Sele, Broughton Castle; Davis, Oxon. Map (1797).
228. Bodl. MS. d.d. Oxon. c 7, 1792.
230. e.g. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 892, ff. 6, 8, 12, 24v.; map of 1685 at Broughton Castle.
231. R. P. Beckinsale, 'Plush industry of Oxfordshire', Oxoniensia, xxviii. 65.
232. Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.): 1827 poor rate assess.
234. O.S. Map 25" Oxon., V. 15 (1st edn.); article by E. A. Walford in Banbury Advertiser, 12 Dec. 1901.
235. Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.): 1827 poor rate assess, and valuation list.
236. Gardner, Dir. Oxon.; Wyatt's MS. notes.
239. MS. Wills Oxon. 37/4/10.
240. Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.).
241. B.M. Add. Roll 67029.
242. For an account of the chronology of paper-mills see Rhys Jenkins, 'Early Papermaking in England, 1495– 1788', Library Assoc. Rec. II (ii). 479 sqq.
243. Shakespeare, II Henry VI, IV, vii.
244. e.g. Bodl. MS. Rawl. D 915, ff. 68v., 73, 75; ibid. D 892, ff. 246, 248, 250v., 252v., 254.
245. MS. Wills Oxon. 133/5/12; O.R.O., S. & F. colln. (uncat.).
246. N. Riding of Yorks R.O. ZKF/39.
247. cp. Bodl. MS. Oxon. Shutford, for a reference to him in 1795.
248. H. Carter, Wolvercote Mill, 70; O.R.O., land tax assess. 1831.
249. Bodl. G. A. Oxon. b 85a (27): Sale cat.
251. MS. dd. Oxon. c 7 (1793).
252. Billing, Dir. Oxon. (1854); Kelly's Dir. Oxon. (1869); Bodl. Bradford pps.; Harding, paper-maker of North Newington, occurs in the Broughton Register in 1856 and Mallins in 1854, 1859 and 1862.
253. Ex inf. Mr. J. F. Carter; a date stone on the mill-house records W.S. 1876, and a name plate over an adjacent shed, William Sellers, paper-maker.
254. Ex inf. Mr. J. F. Carter.
255. Kelly's Dir. Oxon. (1887).
257. Ex inf. Mr. G. Clark, the Mill House.
258. Some of the material for this section was kindly supplied by Frances Riddell Blount.
259. Rot. Welles, ii. 17.
261. Michael Belet presented in 1230 for his ward, John of Broughton: Rot. Welles, ii. 32 and see p. 87.
263. Linc. Reg. ii. 169.
264. MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 266, f. 142v.; see also C.P. 25(2)/ 1186/Mich. 8 Geo. II, a fine on the manor but not on the advowson.
265. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 558; the presentation of Robert Harrison was in 1766 and his institution in 1771: ibid. d 740; b 21, f. 86. See also C.P. 25(2)/1388/Trin. 6 Geo. III, East. 8 Geo. III. The legal record of the suit has not been traced.
266. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 746, 1806/4. The patron in 1805 was Wm. Curtis: O.R.O., incl. award.
267. See M.I. in church to Eliz. Bradford, daughter of Chas. Wyatt; Wyatt family papers: notes by M. L. Dix Hamilton penes Banbury Hist. Soc.
268. MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 1748, letters.
269. Cal. Papal Regs. v. 282.
270. Lunt, Val. Norw. 309; Tax. Eccl. (Rec. Com.), 31.
271. Feud. Aids. vi. 377; Valor Eccl. (Rec. Com.), ii. 163.
272. MS. Dunkin 438/2, f. 153.
273. Par. Rec., 1697 depositions. The original tithe agreement could not be produced and the case was based on a lease of 1615.
274. E 134/9 Wm. III/Mich. no. 8.
275. MS. Top. Oxon. c 128, ff. 84–84v., 86.
277. 43 Geo. III, c 119 (priv. act); O.R.O., incl. award.
278. Inq. Non. (Rec. Com.), 138.
279. MS. Oxf. Archd. Oxon. b 40, f. 76; undated terrier of time of H. Leigh (1596–1605), but referring to some years earlier.
280. Ibid. f. 77; Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.), 1805 copy of incl. schedule. For an exchange of land in 1796 see MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 434, ff. 125 sqq.
281. Bodl., Bradford pps., valuation lists.
282. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 549, p. 161.
283. Rep. of Comm. on Eccl. Revenues, H.C. 54 (1835), xxii.
285. E 326/4433; V.C.H. Oxon. ii. 101.
286. Bodl., Bradford pps., transcripts; Chant. Cert. 30.
287. e.g. E 326/4433, where Sir Robert de Bereford is a witness. The arms of Bereford are among those depicted on the tomb of John (d. c. 1350) or Thomas (d. c. 1375) of Broughton in Broughton Church.
288. Cal. Pat. 1367–70, 338.
290. Cal. Papal Regs. vii. 203, 278; ibid. viii. 82, xi. 641.
291. Beesley, Hist. Banbury, 173.
292. Cal. Papal. Regs. ix. 561–2.
293. Visit. Dioc. Linc. (1517–31), i. 127; MS. Top. Oxon. c 394, p. 206.
294. Visit. Dioc. Linc. (1517–31), i. 127.
295. Valor Eccl. (Rec. Com.), ii. 163.
297. L. & P. Hen. VIII, xxii(2), pp. 196–7, 225.
298. Clarendon, Hist. of the Rebellion, ed. W. D. Macray, i. 241.
299. Seconde Parte of a Register, ed. A. Peel, ii. 136; MS. Rawl. D 872, f. 182. Crayker was Rector of Tadmarton from 1590: see p. 157.
300. MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 264, f. 19v.
301. M.I. in churchyard; Calamy Rev. 479.
302. Beesley, Hist. Banbury, 465.
304. MS. Wills Oxon. 176; Beesley, Hist. Banbury, 487 where he is mistakenly identified with the Vicar of Banbury of the same name.
305. Journeys of Celia Fiennes, ed. C. Morris, 179.
306. M.I. in chancel. For pedigree see Journeys of Celia Fiennes, xlvi.
308. For him see Wood, Fasti, ii. 348, where the names of his printed sermons are given.
309. Par. Rec., Broughton doc.
311. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 555; Par. Rec., reg.
312. Perhaps this was The Sacrament: A plain and rational Institution (1751), by Edward Lewis, Rector of Waterstock.
313. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 558.
314. Ibid. c 660, ff. 191–2; Par. Rec., reg.
315. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 576.
316. MS. Top. Oxon. c 128, f. 97.
317. MS. Oxf. Dioc. b 70; ibid. c 660, f. 191, c 661, f. 21.
318. Ibid. d 550, f. 23.
319. Wilb. Visit.; MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 332.
321. For him see Who's Who in Oxon. (1936).
323. For 19th-century illustrations of the most notable features of the church see Buckler drawing in MS. Top. Oxon. a 65, no. 122 (S.E. view 1822); Skelton, Oxon. Bloxham Hund. plates 6, 7; and for modern photographs see Country Life, 11 Jan. 1930, pp. 56–7, and N.B.R.
324. For a drawing of the font see MS. Top. Oxon. a 65, no. 121 and Arch. Jnl. lxvii. 381 for an account.
325. Wyatt's MS. notes. This date was found on one of the timbers during the restoration of 1877.
326. Bodl. Bradford pps.; MS. Oxf. Archd. Oxon. d 13, f. 27; Par. Rec., chwdns' accts.
327. Par. Rec., chwdns' accts.
329. Bodl. Bradford pps.; Parl. ret. for rebuilding churches and cathedrals (1892), 116.
330. Bodl., Bradford pps: a water-colour of 1805 shows the weather moulding of the medieval roof.
332. Ibid.; Par. Rec., chwdns' accts.
333. MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 1748, faculties.
334. Ibid.; Oxf. Mail, 19 Nov. 1960.
335. Ex inf. Lord Saye and Sele.
336. Par. Colln. i. 59.
337. Ibid. 59–61; MS. Wood E 1, ff. 171–2.
338. Coll. Top. & Gen. iii. 235.
339. These are fully described in Lamborn, Armorial Glass, 114 sqq. (For an annotated copy with photos. see Bodl. 17031 e 17 and for tricks of the three shields see G. A. Oxon. 4° 688, p. 58b.) Photographs by P. S. Spokes are also in N.B.R.
342. Ibid. and drawings. For the blazons of the arms as seen today on the monuments see Bodl. G. A. Oxon. 4° 685, pp. 59–61; ibid. 4° 688, pp. 58–9; ibid. 16° 217, pp. 74–9. See plate facing p. 88.
343. Bodl. MS. Dugdale II, f. 156.
344. Bodl., Bradford pps., MS. notes by D. T. Powell and C. F. Wyatt.
345. Ibid. See plate facing p. 88.
347. Charles Boutell, Monumental Brasses (Lond. 1847), 48.
350. Par. Rec., chwdns' accts. It was repaired in 1788.
352. G. Metcalfe, Broughton, 4; C 143/212/22.
354. Cal. Papal Regs. v. 282.
355. Bodl. MS. Rawl. A 269, f. 50, which refers to a bull of Pope Boniface (i.e. probably Boniface IX (1389–1404)).
356. L. & P. Hen. VIII, xii (2), p. 225.
357. Bodl., MS. Rawl. A 269, f. 50.
359. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 558; ibid. d 572.
360. Wm. Fiennes, Folly and Madnesse made Manifest (Oxf. 1659); ibid. The Quakers' Reply Manifested to be Railing (Oxf. 1660).
361. The Quakers' Reply Manifested to be Railing; MS. Sufferings.
365. For list of freeholders see Oxon. Q.M. Min. Bk. (1671–1746), sub anno 1679.
367. Ibid.; Besse, Sufferings, i. 567, 571.
368. Oxon. Q.M. Min. Bk. 1678, 1679, 1683, 1692.
369. Oxon. Q.M. Min. Bk. 1683, 1685; Banbury Prep. M. Min. Bk. (1696–1720).
370. Banbury Prep. M. Min. Bk. (1696–1720).
371. Plot, Nat. Hist. Oxon. 208.
374. O.R.O. Cal. Q.Sess. viii.
375. Secker's Visit; MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 558. In 1774 two Newington families were attending Shutford meetinghouse; ibid. d 564.
376. MS. Oxf. Dioc. b 37.
378. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 570; the school was recorded in 1808: see p. 102.
379. Ibid. d 572; Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.): Gauthern's census. Visitation returns of 1817, 1820, and 1823 (MS. Oxf. Dioc. b 7) mention only two Quakers.
380. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 576.
381. Ibid. c 644, no. 83.
383. Ibid. d 574, d 576.
384. Bodl., Bradford pps. (uncat.).
385. MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 645, nos. 52, 198.
388. Kelly's Dir. Oxon. (1920).
389. MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 332; ibid. c 334.
390. Educ. of Poor, 720; Educ. Enq. Abstract, 742; MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 332, b 70.
391. The school 'at Broughton' mentioned in the returns of mid-19th-century vicars is clearly that at North Newington: MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 332, c 335 and see below.
392. MS. Oxf. Dioc. d 707.
393. Ibid. d 574; Educ. Enq. Abstract, 742.
394. Educ. Enq. Abstract, 742.
395. Par. Rec., notebook of the rector, C.F. Wyatt, jnr.
397. MS. Oxf. Dioc. c 332; ibid. c 344.
399. Schs. Special Grants, H.C. 336, p. 57 (1892), lx; Pub. Elem. Sch. Ret. (1900), 674; List of Schs. (1902), 200.
400. Kelly's Dir. Oxon. (1920).
401. Ex inf. Oxfordshire County Council Educ. Cttee.
402. Ex inf. the rector.
403. 12th Rep. Com. Char. 208.
405. 12th Rep. Com. Char. 208.
406. Gen. Digest. Char. 12–13.
407. Char. Com., G file, accts.
408. 12th Rep. Com. Char. 208 sqq.
409. Char. Com., file E 79, 446; see above.
410. Char. Com. B 14, 939.
411. Ibid. E 72, 300.
412. Ibid., G file, accts.
413. Ibid. file E 79, 446.
414. Ibid., Unrep. vol. 276, p. 359.
415. Ibid.; Char. Com., file E 98, 495.
416. Ibid., G file, accts.

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