Source: https://fra.europa.eu/fr/charterpedia/article/47-droit-un-recours-effectif-et-acceder-un-tribunal-impartial
Timestamp: 2020-01-24 23:50:47+00:00

Document:
Article 47 - Droit à un recours effectif et à accéder à un tribunal impartial | Agence des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne
`Toute personne dont les droits et libertés reconnus dans la présente Convention ont été violés, a droit à l'octroi d'un recours effectif devant une instance nationale, alors même que la violation aurait été commise par des personnes agissant dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions officielles`.
`Toute personne a droit à ce que sa cause soit entendue équitablement, publiquement et dans un délai raisonnable, par un tribunal indépendant et impartial, établi par la loi, qui décidera, soit des contestations sur ses droits et obligations de caractère civil, soit du bien-fondé de toute accusation en matière pénale dirigée contre elle. Le jugement doit être rendu publiquement, mais l'accès de la salle d'audience peut être interdit à la presse et au public pendant la totalité ou une partie du procès dans l'intérêt de la moralité, de l'ordre public ou de la sécurité nationale dans une société démocratique, lorsque les intérêts des mineurs ou la protection de la vie privée des parties au procès l'exigent, ou dans la mesure jugée strictement nécessaire par le tribunal, lorsque dans des circonstances spéciales la publicité serait de nature à porter atteinte aux intérêts de la justice`.
Dans le droit de l'Union, le droit à un tribunal ne s'applique pas seulement à des contestations relatives à des droits et obligations de caractère civil. C'est l'une des conséquences du fait que l'Union est une communauté de droit, comme la Cour l'a constaté dans l'affaire 294/83, `Les Verts` contre Parlement européen (arrêt du 23 avril 1986, rec. 1986, p. 1339). Cependant, à l'exception de leur champ d'application, les garanties offertes par la CEDH s'appliquent de manière similaire dans l'Union.
Article 12.The freedom of the individual is guaranteed.No one can be prosecuted except in the cases provided for by the law, and in the form prescribed by the law.(...) Article 13.No one can be separated, against his will, from the judge that the law has assigned to him. Article 14.No punishment can be introduced or administered except by virtue of the law. Article 23.Everyone has the right to lead a life in keeping with human dignity.
determine the conditions for exercising them:(...) 2° the right to social security, to health care and to social, medical and legal aid;(...) Article 144.Disputes about civil rights belong exclusively to the competence of the courts. However, the law can empower the Council of State or federal administrative courts, in accordance with the terms it specifies, to rule on the effects that their decisions have with respect to civil law. Article 145.Disputes about political rights belong to the competence of the courts, except for the exceptions established by the law. Article 146. A court and a body capable of rendering judgment can only be established by virtue of a law. No extraordinary courts or commissions may be created, no matter under which designation. Article 148. Court hearings are public, unless such public access endangers morals or the peace; if such is the case, the Court so declares in a judgment.In cases of political or press offences, proceedings can only be conducted in camera on the basis of a unanimous vote. Article 149.Each judgment is supported by reasons. It is pronounced publicly.
All citizens of the Republic of Croatia and aliens shall be equal before the courts,
governmental agencies and other bodies vested with pubic authority.
Everyone is presumed innocent and may not be held guilty of a criminal offence until such
guilt is proven by a binding court judgment.
Everyone shall be entitled have his or her rights and obligations, or suspicion or accusation of
a criminal offence decided upon fairly before a legally established, independent and impartial
court within a reasonable period.
In the case of suspicion or accusation of a criminal offence, the suspected, accused or indicted
Criminal proceedings may only be initiated before the court at the request of an authorized
2. Έκαστος, κατά την διάγνωσιν των αστικών αυτού δικαιωμάτων και υποχρεώσεων ή οιασδήποτε κατ’ αυτού ποινικής κατηγορίας, δικαιούται ανεπηρεάστου, δημοσίας ακροαματικής διαδικασίας εντός ευλόγου χρόνου, ενώπιον ανεξαρτήτου, αμερολήπτου και αρμοδίου δικαστηρίου ιδρυομένου διά νόμου.
Section 61. The exercise of judicial authority shall be governed only by statute. Extraordinary courts of justice with judicial authority shall not be established.
Section 62. The administration of justice shall always remain independent of administrative authority. Rules to this effect shall be laid down by statute.
Section 63. Subsection 1. The courts of justice shall be empowered to decide any question relating to the scope of the executive’s authority; though any person wishing to question such authority shall not, by taking the case to the courts of justice, avoid temporary compliance with orders given by the executive authority. Subsection 2. Questions relating to the scope of the executive’s authority may by statute be referred for decision to one or more administrative courts, except that an appeal against the decision of the administrative courts shall be referred to the highest court of the Realm. Rules governing this procedure shall be laid down by statute.
Section 64. In the performance of their duties, the judges shall be governed solely by the law. Judges shall not be dismissed except by judgement, nor shall they be transferred against their will, except in cases in which a rearrangement of the courts of justice is made. A judge who has completed his sixty-fifth year may, however, be retired, but without loss of income up to the time when he is due for retirement on account of age.
Section 65. Subsection 1. In the administration of justice all proceedings shall to the widest possible extent be public and oral. Subsection 2. Laymen shall participate in criminal proceedings. The cases and the form in which such participation shall take place, including which cases shall be tried by jury, shall be provided for by statute.
Section 71. Subsection 2. A person shall be deprived of his liberty only when this is warranted by law. Subsection 3. Any person who is taken into custody shall be brought before a judge within twenty-four hours. When the person taken into custody cannot be released immediately, the judge shall decide, in an order to be given as soon as possible and at the latest within three days, stating the grounds,
whether the person taken into custody shall be committed to prison; and in cases in which he can be released on bail, the judge shall also determine the nature and amount of such bail. This provision
may be disregarded by statute as far as Greenland is concerned, if for local considerations such departure may be deemed necessary. Subsection 4. The pronouncement of the judge may be separately appealed against at once to a higher court of justice by the person concerned. Subsection 5. No person shall be remanded in custody for an offence which can involve only punishment by fine or simple detention.
§ 15. Igaühel on õigus pöörduda oma õiguste ja vabaduste rikkumise korral kohtusse. Igaüks võib oma kohtuasja läbivaatamisel nõuda mis tahes asjassepuutuva seaduse, muu õigusakti või toimingu põhiseaduse vastaseks tunnistamist. Kohus järgib põhiseadust ja tunnistab põhiseaduse vastaseks mis tahes seaduse, muu õigusakti või toimingu, mis rikub põhiseaduses sätestatud õigusi ja vabadusi või on muul viisil põhiseadusega vastuolus.
§ 24. Kedagi ei tohi tema vaba tahte vastaselt üle viia seadusega määratud kohtu alluvusest teise kohtu alluvusse. Igaühel on õigus olla oma kohtuasja arutamise juures.Kohtuistungid on avalikud. Kohus võib seaduses sätestatud juhtudel ja korras oma istungi või osa sellest kuulutada kinniseks riigi- või ärisaladuse, kõlbluse või inimeste perekonna- ja eraelu kaitseks või kui seda nõuavad alaealise, kannatanu või õigusemõistmise huvid.Kohtuotsus kuulutatakse avalikult, välja arvatud juhud, kui alaealise, abielupoole või kannatanu huvid nõuavad teisiti. Igaühel on õigus tema kohta tehtud kohtuotsuse peale seadusega sätestatud korras edasi kaevata kõrgemalseisvale kohtule.
Article 15. Everyone whose rights and freedoms have been violated has the right of recourse to the courts. Everyone is entitled to petition the court that hears his or her case to declare unconstitutional any law, other legislative instrument, administrative decision or measure which is relevant in the case.
Article 64 The President of the Republic shall be the guarantor of the independence of the
Judicial Authority (...)
Article XXVIII (Freedom and Responsibility) (1) Everyone shall have the right to have any charge against him or her, or his or her rights and obligations in any litigation, adjudicated within a reasonable time in a fair and public trial by an independent and impartial court established by an Act. […]
(3) Persons subject to criminal proceedings shall have the right to defence at all stages of the procedure. Defence counsels shall not be held liable for their opinion expressed while providing legal defence. […]
XXVIII. cikk (SZABADSÁG ÉS FELELŐSSÉG) (1) Mindenkinek joga van ahhoz, hogy az ellene emelt bármely vádat vagy valamely perben a jogait és kötelezettségeit törvény által felállított, független és pártatlan bíróság tisztességes és nyilvános tárgyaláson, ésszerű határidőn belül bírálja el.
Art. 24. Anyone may bring cases before a court of law in order to protect their rights under civil and administrative law. Defense is an inviolable right at every stage and instance of legal proceedings. The poor are entitled by law to proper means for action or defense in all courts. The law shall define the conditions and forms of reparation in case of judicial errors. Art. 25. No case may be removed from the court seized with it as established by law. No punishment may be inflicted except by virtue of a law in force at the time tehe offence was committed. No restriction may be placed on a person's liberty save for as provided by law. Art. 101. Justice is administered in the name of the people. Judges are subject only to the law. Art. 104. The Judiciary is a branch that is autonomous and independent of all other powers. (...) Art. 111. Jurisdiction is implemented through due process regulated by law. All court trials are conducted with adversary proceedings and the parties. are entitled to equal conditions before an impartial judge in third party position. The law provides for the reasonable duration of trials. In criminal law trials, the law provides that the alleged offender shall be
promptly informed confidentially of the nature and reasons for the charges that are brought and shall have adequate time and conditions to prepare a
defence. The defendant shall have the right to cross-examine or to have cross-examined before a judge the persons making accusations and to
summon and examine persons for the defence in the same conditions as the prosecution, as well as the right to produce all other evidence in favour of
the defence. The defendant is entitled to the assistance of an interpreter in the case that he or she does not speak or understand the language in which
the court proceedings are conducted. In criminal law proceedings, the formation of evidence is based on the principle of adversary hearings. The guilt of the defendant cannot be established on the basis of statements by persons who, out of their own free choice, have always voluntarily avoided undergoing cross-examination by
the defendant or the defence counsel. The law regulates the cases in which the formation of evidence does not occur in an adversary proceeding with the consent of the defendant or owing to reasons of ascertained objective impossibility or proven illicit conduct. All judicial decisions shall include a statement of reasons. Appeals to the Court of Cassation in cases of violations of the law are always allowed against sentences and against measures affecting personal freedom pronounced by ordinary and special courts. This rule can only be waived in cases of sentences by military tribunals in time of war. Appeals to the Court of Cassation against decisions of the Council of State
and the Court of Accounts are permitted only for reasons of jurisdiction. Art. 112. The public prosecutor has the obligation to institute criminal proceedings. Art. 113. The judicial safeguarding of rights and legitimate interests before the bodies of ordinary or administrative justice is always permitted against acts of the public administration. Such judicial protection may not be excluded or limited to particular kinds of appeal or for particular categories of acts. The law determines which judicial bodies are empowered to annul acts of public administration in the cases and with the consequences provided for by the law itself.
20 straipsnis. Niekas negali būti savavališkai sulaikytas arba laikomas suimtas. Niekam neturi būti atimta laisvė kitaip, kaip tokiais pagrindais ir pagal tokias procedūras, kokias yra nustatęs įstatymas. Nusikaltimo vietoje sulaikytas asmuo per 48 valandas turi būti pristatytas į teismą, kur sulaikytajam dalyvaujant sprendžiamas sulaikymo pagrįstumas. Jeigu teismas nepriima nutarimo asmenį suimti, sulaikytasis tuojau pat paleidžiamas.
30 straipsnis. Asmuo, kurio konstitucinės teisės ar laisvės pažeidžiamos, turi teisę kreiptis į teismą. Asmeniui padarytos materialinės ir moralinės žalos atlyginimą nustato įstatymas.31 straipsnis Asmuo, kaltinamas padaręs nusikaltimą, turi teisę, kad jo bylą viešai ir teisingai išnagrinėtų nepriklausomas ir bešališkas teismas.
109 straipsnis. Teisingumą Lietuvos Respublikoje vykdo tik teismai. Teisėjas ir teismai, vykdydami teisingumą, yra nepriklausomi. Teisėjai, nagrinėdami bylas, klauso tik įstatymo. Teismas priima sprendimus Lietuvos Respublikos vardu.
Article 23 Everyone has the right to have any decision regarding his rights, duties, and any charges brought against him made without undue delay by an independent, impartial court constituted by law. Only a judge duly appointed pursuant to rules previously established by law and by judicial regulations may judge such an individual.
Article 25 Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to appeal or to any other legal remedy against the decisions of courts and other state authorities, local community authorities, and bearers of public authority by which his rights, duties, or legal interests are determined.
CJEU C‐119/15 / Judgment
CJEU T‐95/15 / Judgment
CJEU T‐248/13 / Judgment
Austria / Constitutional Court / G447/2015 ua
Austria / Highest Administrative Court / Ra 2015/12/0078
Latvia / Latgale Regional Court, Civil Division
Poland / Supreme Administrative Court / II OSK 1346/16
Lire la suite de Rights in practice: access to a lawyer and procedural rights in criminal and European arrest warrant proceedings
Lire la suite de Victims' rights as standards of criminal justice – Justice for victims of violent crime, Part I
Lire la suite de Proceedings that do justice – Justice for victims of violent crime, Part II
Lire la suite de Women as victims of partner violence – Justice for victims of violent crime, Part IV
Lire la suite de Sanctions that do justice – Justice for victims of violent crime, Part III
Lire la suite de In Brief - Protecting workers from exploitation: boosting inspections
Lire la suite de Protecting migrant workers from exploitation in the EU: boosting workplace inspections
Lire la suite de Children’s rights and justice – Minimum age requirements in the EU
Lire la suite de Orientations sur les moyens de réduire le risque de refoulement dans la gestion des frontières extérieures en cas d’activité professionnelle dans des pays tiers ou de coopération avec ceux-ci
Lire la suite de Scope of the principle of non-refoulement in contemporary border management: evolving areas of law
Lire la suite de Ensuring justice for hate crime victims: professional perspectives
Lire la suite de Surveillance by intelligence services - Volume I: Member States’ legal frameworks
Lire la suite de Les victimes de la criminalité dans l’UE : l’étendue et la nature de l’aide aux victimes
Lire la suite de Victims of crime in the EU: the extent and nature of support for victims
Lire la suite de Manuel de droit européen en matière d'asile, de frontières et d'immigration
Lire la suite de Accès aux voies de recours en matière de protection des données à caractère personnel dans les États membres de l’UE - Résumé
Lire la suite de Access to data protection remedies in EU Member States
Lire la suite de L’accès à la justice en cas de discrimination dans l’UE - Vers une plus grande égalité
Lire la suite de Handbook on the establishment and accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions in the European Union
Lire la suite de Programme de réforme des règles en matière de la protection des données à caractère personnel - Avis de la FRA – Octobre 2012
Lire la suite de Les droits fondamentaux des migrants en situation irrégulière dans l’Union européenne
Lire la suite de Migrants en situation irrégulière employés dans le secteur du travail domestique : les défis en matière de droits fondamentaux pour l’Union européenne et ses États membres
Lire la suite de L’accès à la justice en Europe : présentation des défis à relever et des opportunités à saisir
Lire la suite de L’accès à la justice en Europe
Lire la suite de Rétention des ressortissants de pays tiers dans le cadre des procédures de retour
Lire la suite de Accès à des recours efficaces : la perspective des demandeurs d'asile - Rapport thématique
Lire la suite de L’obligation d’informer les demandeurs concernant la procédure d’asile : la perspective des demandeurs d’asile
Lire la suite de L’obligation d’informer les demandeurs concernant la procédure d’asile
Lire la suite de National Human Rights Institutions in the EU Member States (Strengthening the fundamental rights architecture in the EU I)

References: § 15

§ 24

Art. 24
 Art. 25
 Art. 101
 Art. 104
 Art. 111
 Art. 112
 Art. 113