Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/359/344.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 15:43:34+00:00

Document:
Petitioner was convicted in a State Court of contempt and sentenced to fine and imprisonment for refusing to obey an order of that Court to answer certain questions put to him by an Investigating Committee of the State Legislature. The events leading to his subpoena, as well as the questions asked him, made it clear that the Committee's investigation touched the area of free speech, press and association; and the record showed that the purposes of the inquiry, as announced by the Chairman of the Committee, were so unclear and conflicting that petitioner did not have a fair opportunity of understanding the basis of the questions or any justification on the Committee's part for seeking the information he refused to give. Held: His conviction violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since he was not given a fair opportunity, at the peril of contempt, to determine whether he was within his rights in refusing to answer. He cannot be sent to jail for a crime he could not with reasonable certainty know he was committing. Pp. 344-353.
Joseph L. Rauh, Jr. argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief were John Silard and Karl Sorg.
Leslie Hall argued the cause and filed a brief for respondent.
Opinion of the Court by MR. JUSTICE BLACK, announced by MR. JUSTICE HARLAN.
Scull is a printer and calendar publisher in Annandale, Virginia, where he has been a long-time resident active in religious, civic and welfare groups. Soon after this Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 , holding segregation in the public schools to be unconstitutional, Scull began to advocate compliance with the requirements of the Brown case. In December of 1954, Scull and a group of other citizens met at a church in Alexandria to consider and discuss "the part which concerned and conscientious citizens can best play in helping to achieve the community adjustments necessary to protect the educational and constitutional rights of all citizens as recently defined and interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States." The group decided to prepare and publish through a "Citizens Clearing House On Public Education" information about the Virginia educational program and to report on the progress made by various Parent-Teacher Associations in Northern Virginia in developing programs for "orderly integration."
One of the newsletters published by the Clearing House was obtained by the Fairfax Citizens' Council, a group which vigorously opposed any desegregation of Virginia schools. The Council republished a large part of the letter in a pamphlet entitled "The Shocking Truth!" It called attention to the fact that the newsletter was being "disseminated through Box 218, Annandale, Va. (David Scull)," and stated that "communications with the N. A. A. C. P., Southern Regional Council, Clearing House, B'nai B'rith, Council on Human Relations, American Friends and many other pro-integration groups are funneled through Box 218, Annandale, Va., and membership is encouraged if not actually suggested by the P. T. A. Federation."
The pamphlet came to the attention of Delegate James M. Thomson, Chairman of the Virginia Committee on [359 U.S. 344, 347] Law Reform and Racial Activities, who promptly subpoenaed Scull to appear and testify. This group, commonly called the "Thomson Committee," was established a few months after the Virginia General Assembly adopted a resolution attacking the Brown decision and pledging that the Legislature would take all constitutionally available measures to resist desegregation in the public schools. 1 The bill setting up the "Thomson Committee" was one of a series relating to segregation passed on the same day. Among these were bills establishing a pupil-assignment plan, providing for the withdrawal of state funds from integrated schools and forbidding barratry, champerty and maintenance. 2 While they did not mention the NAACP by name, Chairman Thomson testified below that in the course of the "legislative battle" over them he had stated that with "this set of bills . . . `we can bust that organization . . . wide open.'"
It is difficult to see how some of these questions have any relationship to the subjects the Committee was authorized to investigate, or how Scull could possibly discover any such relationship from the Chairman's statement 5 [359 U.S. 344, 350] It does seem that several of the questions asked were aimed at connecting Scull with barratry or champerty, but it was never made wholly clear to Scull, either before or after the questioning, that this was one of the subjects under inquiry as far as he was concerned. Nevertheless, Scull was cited to appear before the Circuit Court to show cause why he should not be compelled to answer.
"For my personal standpoint, I would say that the one dealing with the taxable status does not affect him here, and likewise the one - I have forgotten whether I stated it or not, but I would think that the integration or the threat of integration on public school systems, on the general welfare, would apply.
"Looking at it in retrospect, the other on champerty, barratry, and maintenance would not apply. I don't recall whether I did say or did not say. We did specifically with the third one: Champerty, barratry, and maintenance."
Counsel for Scull: "Q. Now, is it also correct that you said several which primarily do not deal with you?"
Chairman Thomson: "A. If the transcript says it there, I said it.
"Q. Which of those three were you referring to when you said, `Several which primarily do not deal with you'?
"Q. Would you just state for the record so that it is clear on the record which ones you were referring to that did not deal with Mr. Scull?
"A. The violation of those statutes dealing with champerty, barratry, and maintenance, and general unauthorized practice of the law.
"A. No, no; I think in the connection that we are dealing with here, that the ones spoken of first did not apply; only the latter one did apply that I was making.
"Q. Now I am confused."
Subsequently, Chairman Thomson stated that barratry applied to a certain "section of the testimony" but did not identify which section. Still later he undertook to specify the section but instead of doing so he made what may have been a general retraction and said, "The whole statement would be applicable to the entire transcript and the fact that he was advised of each one of them would be applicable to the entire transcript."
The judge who ordered Scull to answer the questions made no clearer statement of their pertinence to the investigation or to basic state interests than had the Committee Chairman. His holding was merely that "the questions are of a preliminary nature and in developing the inquiry to secure the information which the Committee is after appears to the Court to be perfectly proper line of inquiry." He at no time analyzed the individual questions asked, nor explained to Scull what it was that the Committee wanted from him and how the questions put to him related to these desires.
The events leading to Scull's subpoena, as well as the questions asked him, make it unmistakably clear that the Committee's investigation touched an area of speech. press, and association of vital public importance. 6 In NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U.S. 449, 460 -466, this Court [359 U.S. 344, 353] held that such areas of individual liberty cannot be invaded unless a compelling state interest is clearly shown. 7 But we do not reach that question because the record shows that the purposes of the inquiry, as announced by the Chairman, were so unclear, in fact conflicting, that Scull did not have an opportunity of understanding the basis for the questions or any justification on the part of the Committee for seeking the information he refused to give. See Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 208 -209, 214-215. To sustain his conviction for contempt under these circumstances would be to send him to jail for a crime he could not with reasonable certainty know he was committing. This Court has often held that fundamental fairness requires that such reasonable certainty exist. See Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451, 453 ; Jordan v. De George, 341 U.S. 223, 230 ; Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 208 -209, 214-215, 217; Flaxer v. United States, 358 U.S. 147, 151 . Certainty is all the more essential when vagueness might induce individuals to forego their rights of speech, press, and association for fear of violating an unclear law. Winters v. New York, 333 U.S. 507 . Such is plainly the case here. The information given to Scull was far too wavering, confused and cloudy to sustain his conviction.
The case is reversed and remanded to the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
[ Footnote 1 ] See Va. Acts 1956, S. J. Res. 3.
[ Footnote 2 ] See generally, Va. Acts, E. S. 1956, cc. 31-37, 56-71.
"(3) determining the effect which integration or the threat of integration could have on the operation of the public schools in the State or the general welfare of the State and whether the laws of barratry, champerty and maintenance are being violated in connection therewith." Va. Acts, E. S. 1956, c. 37.
[ Footnote 4 ] (1) "Are you a member of The Fairfax County Council on Human Relations?"
(2) "Are you a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People?"
(3) "Have you contributed to any of the suits, contributed financially to any of the suits designed to bring about racial integration in the public schools?"
(4) "Have you paid court costs in any of the suits designed to bring about racial integration in the State of Virginia?"
(5) "Have you paid attorneys' fees to any attorneys in regard to [359 U.S. 344, 349] racial litigation involved in the integration of the public schools in Virginia?"
(6) "Have you attended any meetings at which the formulation of suits against the State of Virginia in racial integration suits in the public schools have been discussed?"
(7) "I notice in your statement that you say that you think you have a moral duty to counsel with a fellow citizen as to his legal rights if he is ignorant of them. Do you feel qualified to counsel with him as to his legal rights?"
(8) "Who else uses that box number [No. 218 in Annandale, Va.] besides yourself?"
(9) "Does the Fairfax County Council on Human Relations use that box?"
(10) "Has the NAACP used that number from time to time?"
(11) "Has the organization known as the Citizens Clearing House used that box number?"
(12) "Has the Fairfax County Federation of PTA's used that number?"
(13) "Has the Fairfax County Federation of P-TA Workshops on Supreme Court Decisions on the Public Schools used that box number?"
(14) "Has Miss Caroline H. Planck or Mrs. Barbara Marx used that box number?"
(15) "Do you know Mrs. Planck or Mrs. Marx?"
(16) "Has Dr. E. B. Henderson used that box number?"
(17) "Has the National Conference of Christians and Jews used that box number?"
(18) "Has the Save Our Schools Committee of Fairfax County used that box number?"
(19) "Has Mr. Warren D. Quenstedt used that box?"
(20) "Has Mr. E. A. Prichard used that number?"
(21) "Has the American Civil Liberties Union used that same box number?"
(23) "Has the Japanese-American Citizens League used that box number?"
(24) "Has the Washington Inter-Racial Workshop used that same number?"
(25) "Has the American Friends Service Committee used that box number?"
(26) "Does the Community Council for Social Progress use the same box number?"
(27) "Does B'nai B'rith use that same box number?"
(28) "Does the Communist Party use that box number?"
(29) "Do you belong to any racial organization, and by `racial' I mean organizations whose membership is interracial in character or organizations that are instituting or fostering racial litigation?"
(30) "Have you ever been called as a witness before any Congressional Committee?"
(31) "Has your name ever been cited by any Congressional Committee as being on any list of members of any organizations that are cited as subversive?"
[ Footnote 5 ] Question 28 asked if the Communist Party used Box 218; Question 30 asked if Scull had ever been called as a witness before a Congressional Committee; Question 31 asked if his name had ever been cited by any Congressional Committee as being on any list of members of any organizations that are cited as subversive. Nothing in the language of the Act authorizing the Committee or in the statement of Chairman Thomson about the subjects under inquiry could lead Scull to think that it was the Committee's duty to investigate Communist or subversive activities.
[ Footnote 6 ] See NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U.S. 449, 460 -466; United States v. Rumely, 345 U.S. 41 . Among the questions asked were several dealing directly with political activity. Question 19, for example asked if Mr. Warren D. Quenstedt, a candidate for Congress had used Scull's post-office box.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.