Source: http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/365/365mass185.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 10:38:47+00:00

Document:
Timothy H. Donahue (Robert L. Bouley with him) for the employer.
Joseph F. Ryan for the employee.
Section 30), total disability (Section 34), partial disability (Section 35), dependency (Section 35A), and specific injuries (Section 36 [n], [q]), shall be doubled pursuant to G. L. c. 152, Section 28. The employer [Note 1] contends that no double compensation is payable, and in all events objects to double compensation in regard to medical expenses; the employer also objects that dependency allowance was made to both the employee's parents instead of one. The employee claims that it was error to disallow the doubling of the cost of special shoes as part of the medical expenses.
In setting out the facts we follow closely the careful, detailed report of the single member of the Industrial Accident Board, whose findings and decision were adopted by the reviewing board.
The accident occurred on June 19, 1964, at Endean Farm in Walpole. This was a working farm of 320 acres, with the usual farm buildings and equipment, selling dairy and poultry products. It was owned by an individual who was not engaged principally in farming but as a corporate executive.
At the time of the accident, the employee was seventeen years old. He lived with his parents in a residence that was part of the farm property, and he was well acquainted with the farm manager and his two sons, one of whom was acting manager at the time of the accident. He had been taken on as a general farmhand at Endean Farm during his vacation from school in the summer of 1962, and was again employed in the summers of 1963 and 1964. Among the duties he performed was operating tractors.
One of the tractors in use in June, 1964, was a model 2405, International Industrial Tractor, purchased in December, 1963, and larger and more elaborate than those previously used on the farm. It had more complicated controls and was equipped with a front-end loader or shovel operated hydraulically from the driver's seat.
told to move a load of about 150 bales of hay from the main cow barn to the calf barn 100 yards away. The hay was loaded on a trailer attached to the model 2405 tractor, with three or four bales loaded on the front-end loader, set with its base parallel to and four feet off the ground.
After taking his seat on the tractor, the employee found that he did not know how to start it, as the control panel was different from those he was used to. As he prepared to dismount, the acting manager of the farm approached and showed him how to start, but gave him no further instructions. The employee put the tractor in gear and drove slowly to the calf barn where he stopped and turned off the motor. The unloading of the hay onto an elevator took about twenty minutes. After some difficulty, the employee restarted the tractor to return to the cow barn and pick up another load of hay. He put the tractor in gear and began to make a U-turn when he noticed the bales still on the front-end loader. He returned to the calf barn and halted the tractor by applying the foot brake, but he could not find a floor-board catch to hold the brake, as on other tractors that he had operated. Accordingly he took the tractor out of gear, shifted to neutral, removed his foot from the brake, and sat on the tractor for thirty seconds. The tractor did not move.
Leaving the tractor in neutral with its motor running, the employee dismounted and began unloading the bales from the front-end loader. One of the bales was evidently stuck and he had to "pull real hard" to dislodge it. This caused the tractor with trailer attached to roll forward toward him. He attempted to jump out of the way and to reach the driver's seat and stop the forward movement. His right hand landed on a tire which caused him to be pulled down under the tractor and resulted in the left rear tire running over his right leg. He was able to roll out of the path of the tractor and call for help and was promptly removed to the Norwood Hospital. His injuries need not be here described, except to say that these resulted in a shortening of his right leg by one and one-half inches.
out of and in the course of . . . [the employee's] employment" (c. 152, Section 26), and that he was entitled to the usual workmen's compensation. Section 28, however, provides in addition that "[i]f the employee is injured by reason of the serious and wilful misconduct of an employer or of any person regularly intrusted with and exercising the powers of superintendence, the amounts of compensation hereinafter provided shall be doubled." Further, "The employment of any minor, known to be such, in violation of any provision of . . . [G. L. c. 149, `Labor and Industries,' Sections 60-74, 104] shall constitute serious and wilful misconduct under this section."
The employee seeks first to support the award of double compensation by pointing to the failure of the acting manager or anyone under his direction to instruct the employee in the operation of the tractor, especially after it became apparent that the employee was out of his depth in starting it. But the single member found on the evidence, and the reviewing board agreed, that the manager's behavior, although it "might well be construed to constitute negligent conduct imputable to this employer," did not rank as "serious and wilful misconduct" under the statute with its connotation of knowing or reckless wrongdoing, see Burns's Case, 218 Mass. 8, 10 (1914); Scaia's Case, 320 Mass. 432, 433-434 (1946); and the Superior Court could not justifiably say, nor can this court, that this finding was "lacking in evidential support or tainted by some error of law." Thayer's Case, 345 Mass. 36, 39 (1962). Morris's Case, 354 Mass. 420, 424 (1968).
because "farmer" was then defined for the purpose of c. 90, Section 5, as "any person . . . engaged principally in the occupation of farming . . ." (see c. 90, Section 1, definition of "farmer" prior to amendments of 1965, 1966, and 1969). [Note 2] The single member and the reviewing board thus found that the employer was "in violation" under c. 152, Section 28; we may assume the judge below agreed, and so do we.
holding that the violations there involved did so "characterize" the employment, although in none of them was the question squarely confronted or discussed. [Note 4] That reading is adopted by Locke, Workmen's Compensation, Section 288 (1968). Like the court in Paltsios's Case, we do not reach the question. For we are persuaded that there was an actual and not merely an hypothesized or presumed causal connection between the violation and the injury. On this point we disagree with the single member and the reviewing board, but it is not a disagreement as to the findings of fact. Accepting exactly the single member's fact findings, we think it was error as matter of law (see Thayer's Case and Morris's Case, both supra) for the single member to conclude, as he did, that a causal connection was not made out.
The employer argues that, if c. 152, Section 28, is applicable and double compensation is to be paid, still the medical expenses of Section 30 are on a special footing and should be held not among "the amounts of compensation hereinafter provided" to which Section 28 refers. The question is not an easy one and we have no direct precedents.
It is true that the costs of medical services are customarily paid not to the employee but to those furnishing the services, [Note 6] so that in mode of payment, at least, the employee is not being compensated. The word "compensation" itself (or variant), while appearing in c. 152, Sections 34, 35, 35A, and 36, does not appear in Section 30, except in the statement, rather equivocal for the present inquiry, that the provisions of Section 30 apply as long as the medical services are necessary, "notwithstanding the fact that maximum compensation under other sections of this chapter may have been received by the injured employee." It may be noted, too, that the medical expenses payable are not according to a fixed statutory measure, as other benefits typically are, so that the reference in Section 28 to "the amounts . . . hereinafter provided" is somewhat awkward as applied to the former.
Cf. Matthews v. Favey Linen Supply, Inc. 110 R. I. 558 (1972). But cf. Matter of Industrial Commr. v. McCarthy, 295 N. Y. 443, 448-449 (1946).
The case is remanded to the Superior Court for modification of the decree as indicated in the paragraph above; otherwise the decree is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are to be determined by a single justice of this court. See Garnhum's Case, 349 Mass. 473 (1965).
[Note 1] The extra compensation is payable in the first instance by the insurer but the insurer recoups from the employer. The insured employer may appear and defend against that extra claim only. See c. 152, Section 28, second and third sentences.
[Note 2] After these amendments (St, 1965, c. 643; St. 1966, c. 23; St 1969, c. 122), G. L. c. 90, Section 1, now defines "farmer" as "any person . . . engaged principally or substantially in the occupation of farming or of raising horses, poultry or hogs on land owned or controlled by him."
[Note 3] In Paltsios's Case the employment of the minor on the day of the injury called for work over a total of more than ten consecutive hours, which was on its face a violation of the pertinent statute, but a majority of the court held that there was no violation unless the injury occurred after the tenth hour; in fact the injury occurred in the sixth. Wilkins, J., dissented from this conclusion (which was not favored elsewhere, see Maryland Cas. Co. v. Industrial Acc. Commn. of Cal. 179 Cal. 716, 719-720 ; El v. Newark Star-Ledger, 131 N. J. L. 373, 382 ), and he would therefore have tackled the question of causation; Counihan, J., also dissenting, did go on to that question and would have held that it was enough that the injury was one arising out of or in the course of the employment.
[Note 4] Something might turn on the nature of the violation. Where the violation consisted of a minor's working without a required employment permit as in Juozapaitis's Case, it was natural to think that c. 152, Section 28, was satisfied by any injury arising from the employment, while closer connection of violation to injury might appear necessary where the violation consisted of the minor's operating a specific kind of machine or the like. Compare Hertz Drivurself Stations, Inc. v. Industrial Commn. 254 Wis. 308 (1949), with Connor Lumber & Land Co. v. Industrial Commn. 6 Wis. 2d 171 (1959). But on this question we express no opinion.
[Note 5] On "operation" in varying contexts, see Commonwealth v. Henry, 229 Mass. 19, 22 (1917); Cook v. Crowell, 273 Mass. 356, 358 (1930); Jenkins v. North Shore Dye House Inc. 277 Mass. 440, 445 (1931); Blair v. Boston Elev. Ry. 310 Mass. 1, 4 (1941); Diggins v. Theroux, 314 Mass. 735, 736-737 (1943); Peloquin v. Robert Northridge Furniture Co. 338 Mass. 107, 109 (1958); Nichols & Co. Inc., v. Travelers Ins. Co. 343 Mass. 494, 497 (1962); Travelers Ins. Co. v. Safeguard Ins. Co. 346 Mass. 622, 624 (1964); Magoun v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. 346 Mass. 677, 681 and n. 4 (1964); Improved Mach. Inc. v. Merchants Mut. Ins. Co. 349 Mass. 461, 464 (1965).
[Note 6] In this respect Panasuk's Case, 217 Mass. 589 (1914), was exceptional. Cf. Klapacs's Case, 355 Mass. 46 (1968).
[Note 7] Under Section 27, an employee injured by reason of his own serious and wilful misconduct may not recover "compensation" (though his dependents are not barred if the injury results in death): it seems fairly clear that the "compensation" denied here extends to medical expenses.
[Note 8] Missouri Annotated Statutes, Section 287.120, subsec. 4, stated: "Where the injury is caused by the failure of the employer to comply with any statute in this state, or any lawful order of the commission, the compensation and death benefit provided for under this chapter shall be increased fifteen per cent." Section 287.140, subsec. 1, stated: "In addition to all other compensation, the employee shall receive and the employer shall provide . . . [medical and related treatment]."
[Note 9] The question of interpretation was mentioned but left open in Juozapaitis's Case, 335 Mass. 137, 140 (1956).

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