Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/119/99/
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 10:59:25+00:00

Document:
In an action against a railroad company by a passenger to recover for injuries received by an accident to a train, a written statement as to the nature and extent of his injuries, made by his physician while treating him for them for the purpose of giving information to others in regard to them, is not admissible in evidence against the company, even when attached to a deposition of the physician in which he swears that it was written by him and that in his opinion it correctly states the condition of the patient at the time referred to.
The declaration of the engineer of the locomotive of a train which meets with an accident, as to the speed at which the train was running when the accident happened, made between ten and thirty minutes after the accident occurred, is not admissible in evidence against the company in an action by a passenger on the train to recover damages for injuries caused by the accident.
"so carelessly, negligently, and unskillfully constructed and maintained its railroad track, engine, and cars, and so carelessly, negligently, and unskillfully conducted itself in the management, control, and running of the same,"
that the car in which Mrs. O'Brien was seated as a passenger was thrown from the railroad track and overturned, whereby she was seriously injured. There was a verdict and judgment for $9,000 in favor of the plaintiffs.
"3. Look on the accompanying statement, dated November 26, 1881, and state if it was written by you at the date it bears, for what purpose it was written, and to whom it was delivered. Does the statement represent substantially and correctly Mrs. O'Brien's condition as it appeared when you first saw her, and as it continued up to November 26, 1881?"
"Answer. I have looked upon the statement referred to, which was written by myself at Mr. O'Brien's request at the date mentioned, when he was about to take his wife away from here to his home in New Orleans, and was intended to convey an idea of how she was when I was called to see her, and what her condition was when she left my charge, and in my opinion I correctly stated her condition at times referred to."
The written statement referred to in the interrogatory was signed by the witness and attached to his deposition as an exhibit. It was addressed to Mr. O'Brien, and sets forth with much detail the nature of the injuries received by the wife and their effect upon her bodily and mental condition. It also embodied an expression of the witness' opinion as to the probable length of time within which she might recover from her injuries. The plaintiff, before reading the remaining interrogatories and answers, offered to read this statement to the jury as evidence. The company objected, upon these grounds: that it was not made by the witness under oath and in defendant's presence or with its knowledge and consent; that it was hearsay evidence, and therefore wholly incompetent, and that in any event it could only be referred to by the witness to refresh his recollection. The court overruled the objection and permitted the statement to be read in evidence, the defendant taking an exception thereto, which was allowed. The remainder of the deposition was then read to the jury.
The present case does not require us to enter upon an examination of the numerous authorities upon this general subject, for it does not appear here but that at the time the witness testified, he had, without even looking at his written statement, a clear, distinct recollection of every essential fact stated in it. If he had such present recollection, there was no necessity whatever for reading that paper to the jury. Applying, then, to the case the most liberal rule announced in any of the authorities, the ruling by which the plaintiffs were allowed to read the physician's written statement to the jury as evidence in itself of the facts therein recited was erroneous.
It is, however, claimed in behalf of the plaintiffs that in his answers to other interrogatories the physician testified, apart from the certificate, to the material facts embodied in it, and that therefore the reading of it to the jury could not have prejudiced the rights of the defendant, and for that reason should not be a ground of reversal.
We are unable to say that the defendant was not injuriously affected by the reading of the physician's certificate in evidence. It is not easy to determine what weight was given to it by the jury. In estimating the damages to be awarded in view of the extent and character of the injuries received, the jury, for aught that the court can know, may have been largely controlled by its statements. The practice of admitting in evidence the unsworn statements of witnesses, prepared in advance of trial at the request of one party and without the knowledge of the other party, should not be encouraged by further departures from the established rules of evidence. While this Court will not disturb a judgment for an error that did not operate to the substantial injury of the party against whom it was committed, it is well settled that a reversal will be directed unless it appears beyond doubt that the error complained of did not and could not have prejudiced the rights of the party. Smiths v. Shoemaker, 17 Wall. 630, 84 U. S. 639; Deery v. Cray, 5 Wall. 795; Moores v. Nat. Bank, 104 U. S. 630; Gilman v. Higby, 110 U. S. 47, 110 U. S. 50.
with Morgan Herbert, the engineer having charge of the locomotive attached to the train at the time of the accident, and he told me that the train was moving at the rate of eighteen miles an hour."
The defendant renewed its objection to this testimony by a motion to exclude it from the jury. This motion was denied and an exception taken. As bearing upon the point here raised, it may be stated that under the evidence it became material -- apart from the issue as to the condition of the track -- to inquire whether at the time of the accident (which occurred at a place on the line where the rails in the track were, according to some of the proof, materially defective), the train was being run at a speed exceeding fifteen miles an hour. In this view, the declaration of the engineer may have had a decisive influence upon the result of the trial.
"that the admission of the agent cannot always be assimilated to the admission of the principal. The party's own admission, whenever made, may be given in evidence against him, but the admission or declaration of his agent binds him only when it is made during the continuance of the agency in regard to a transaction then depending et dum fervet opus. It is because it is a verbal act and part of the res gestae that it is admissible at all, and therefore it is not necessary to call the agent to prove it; but wherever what he did is admissible in evidence, there it is competent to prove what he said about the act while he was doing it."
"where the acts of the agent will bind the principal, there his representations, declarations, and admissions respecting the subject matter will also bind him if made at the same time and constituting part of the res gestae,"
"A close attention to this rule, which is of universal acceptance, will solve almost every difficulty. But an act done by an agent cannot be varied, qualified, or explained either by his declarations, which amount to no more than a mere narrative of a past occurrence, or by an isolated conversation held, or an isolated act done, at a later period. The reason is that the agent to do the act is not authorized to narrate what he had done, or how he had done it, and his declaration is no part of the res gestae."
We deem it unnecessary to notice other exceptions taken to the action of the court below.
This case was decided at the last term of this Court, and Mr. Justice Woods concurred in the order of reversal upon the grounds herein stated.
Reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Lightner v. Wike, 4 S. & R. 203; Calvert v. Fitzgerald, Litt.Sel.Cas. 388; Lawrence v. Barker, 5 Wend. 305; Redden v. Spruance, 4 Har. (Del.) 267, 268; Field v. Thompson, 119 Mass. 151.
Russell v. Hudson River Railroad, 17 N.Y. 140; Guy v. Mead, 22 N.Y. 465; Merrill v. Ithaca & Oswego Railroad, 16 Wend. 586; Kelsea v. Fletcher, 48 N.H. 283; Haven v. Wendell, 11 N.H. 112; Mims v. Sturdevant, 36 Ala. 640; State v. Rawls, 2 Nott & McCord 331, 334.
Luby v. Hudson River Railroad, 17 N.Y. 131; Pennsylvania Railroad v. Books, 57 Penn.St. 343; Dietrich v. Baltimore &c. Railroad, 58 Md. 347, 355; Lane v. Bryant, 9 Gray 245; Chicago Burlington &c. Railroad v. Riddle, 60 Ill. 535; Virginia & Tennessee Railroad v. Sayers, 26 Gratt. 351; Chicago & N.W. Railroad v. Fillmore, 57 Ill. 266; Michigan Central Railroad v. Coleman, 28 Mich. 446; Mobile & Montgomery Railroad v. Asheraft, 48 Ala. 30; Bellefontaine Railway v. Hunter, 33 Ind. 354; Adams v. Hannibal & S. J. Railroad, 74 Mo. 556; Kansas & Pacific Railroad v. Pointer, 9 Kan. 620, 630; Roberts v. Burks, Litt. (Ky.) Select Cas. 411; Hawker v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 15 W.Va. 636. See also 1 Taylor, Ev., 7th Eng. ed., § 602.
MR. JUSTICE FIELD, with whom concurred THE CHIEF JUSTICE, MR. JUSTICE MILLER, and MR. JUSTICE BLATCHFORD, dissenting.
I am not able to give may assent to the judgment of the court in this case.
The statement by the physician as to the condition of the injured party, the admission of which is held to have been error, was proved by his deposition to have been correct. Every material fact, also, which it contained was established by his independent testimony. It would not be in accordance with the usual action of men in the ordinary concerns of life to reject as incompetent evidence a written statement thus made by a physician as to the condition of a patient under his charge when it is subsequently proved by him to be true in all its details. And it should seem that evidence upon which everyone would act without hesitation in the common affairs of life ought not to be excluded from consideration except for clear reasons of policy or long established rules to the contrary when those affairs are brought into litigation before the courts.
If the recollection of the condition of the patient had passed from the mind of the physician, and he could still have testified that the statement made by him when the patient was under his charge was true, it would have been admissible. It is difficult, therefore, to find any just reason for excluding it from the fact that, in corroboration of its truth, the physician also testified to the facts therein stated.
engineer was the only person from whom the company could have learned of the exact speed of the train at the time; to him it would have been obliged to apply for information on that point. It would seem, therefore, that his declaration, as that of its agent or servant, should have been received. The modern doctrine has relaxed the ancient rule that declarations, to be admissible as part of the res gestae, must be strictly contemporaneous with the main transaction. It now allows evidence of them when they appear to have been made under the immediate influence of the principal transaction and are so connected with it as to characterize or explain it.
"that the declaration of the engineer was no part of the res gestae. It was made at the time, in view of the goods strewn along the road by the breaking up of the boxes, and seems to have grown directly out of and immediately after the happening of the fact. The negligence complained of being that of the engineer himself, we cannot say that his declarations, made upon the spot at the time and in view of the effects of his conduct, are not evidence against the company as a part of the very transaction itself."
the judge according to the degree of its relation to that fact, and in the exercise of a sound discretion, it being extremely difficult, if not impossible, to bring this class of cases within the limits of a more particular description. The principal points of attention are, he adds, whether the declaration was contemporaneous with the main fact and so connected with it as to illustrate its character.
But, independently of this consideration, there is another answer to the objection taken to the admissibility of the declaration of the engineer. It was immaterial in any view of the case. The engagement of a railroad company is to carry its passengers safely, and, for any injury arising from a defect in its road, or in the rails or ties, which could have been guarded against by the exercise of proper care it is liable. Its liability does not depend upon the speed of the train, whether it was one mile or eighteen miles an hour. Though as a carrier of passengers it is not, like a carrier of property, an insurer against all accidents except those caused by the act of God or the public enemy, it is charged with the utmost care and skill in the performance of its duty, and this implies not merely the utmost attention in respect to the movement of the cars, but also to the condition of the road and of its ties, rails, and all other appliances essential to the safety of the train and passengers. For all injuries through negligence, to which the passenger does not contribute by his own acts, it is liable. So it matters not what the speed of the train was in the case at bar, nor what was the declaration of the engineer in that respect.
I am authorized to state that THE CHIEF JUSTICE, MR. JUSTICE MILLER, and MR. JUSTICE BLATCHFORD concur in this dissent.

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