Source: https://pinpdf.com/potassium-phosphite-ufu.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 16:43:12+00:00

Document:
POTASSIUM PHOSPHITE: A PROMISING PRODUCT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES CAUSED BY Colletotrichum gloeosporioides IN COFFEE PLANTS FOSFITO DE POTÁSSIO: UM PRODUTO PROMISSOR NO MANEJO DE DOENÇAS CAUSADAS POR Colletotrichum gloeosporioides EM CAFEEIRO Cláudio OGOSHI 1; Mario Sobral de ABREU2; Bruno Marques da SILVA3; Helon Santos NETO1; Pedro Martins RIBEIRO JÚNIOR4; Mario Lúcio Vilela de RESENDE5 1. Doutorando em Fitopatologia pelo Programa de Pós Graduação em Agronomia/Fitopatologia – Universidade Federal de Lavras UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brasil.; 2. Professor Titular do Departamento de Fitopatologia - UFLA, Lavras, MG. Brasil. [email protected]; 3. Acadêmico em Biologia pelo Centro Universitário de Lavras- UNILAVRAS, Lavras, MG, Brasil; 4. Pós-Doutorando em Fitopatologia- UFLA, Lavras, MG. Brasil; 5. Professor Associado do Departamento de Fitopatologia - UFLA, Lavras, MG. Brasil.
minute, washed in sterile distilled water and dried with sterilized filter paper. Then they were transferred to a Petri dish with 2% MEA medium (malt extract and agar) and kept in a growth chamber at 25°C and photoperiod of 12 hours for further work. Potassium phosphite on germination and appressorium formation. The experiment was mounted on microscope slides with a single cavity and placed in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes with filter paper disks at the bottom of the dish, sterilized and humidified with sterile distilled water. Each slide received an aliquot of 40µl of spore suspension (2 x106 sporesmL-1), with quantification made in a Neubauer hemocytometer, and another aliquot of 40µl of the treatments mentioned in Table 1. After that, the dishes were kept in a humid chamber for 14 hours at 25ºC. After this period, germination was stopped with 10 µL of solution of lacto phenol. The experimental design was completely randomized with five repetitions, where each repetition consisted of one microscope slide. To evaluate the average number of germinated spores, the abaxial surface of the microscope slides was divided into quadrants, where four areas for sampling had been determined. Twenty-five spores in each one of the areas, for a total of 100 spores had been counted. Spores were considered germinated when they presented any emission of the germination tube, independent of length.
Table 1. Specifications of the treatments used in the evaluation of the effect of potassium phosphite on the germination, appressorium formation and mycelial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Treatments Commercial product Doses of commercial product Potassium Phosphite Reforce ® 1.25 mL.L-1 Potassium Phosphite Reforce ® 2.5 mL.L-1 Potassium Phosphite Reforce ® 5.0 mL.L-1 Potassium Phosphite Reforce ® 10.0 mL.L-1 Acibenzolar-S-methyl Bion 500 WG ® 0.2 g.L-1 Chlorotalonil Bravonil 500 ® 2.0 g.L-1 Control Distilled water -----------Reforce® = (25 % of K2O and 35% de P2O5). Agrichem do Brasil Ltda; Bion 500 WG® = (50% of Acibenzolar-S-methyl). Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda; Bravonil 500® = (50% of Chlorotalonil). Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda.
diameter of the colonies of Cg were transferred to the center of the dishes and incubated in a growth chamber at 25°C, with a photoperiod of 12 hours. The evaluation of the mycelial growth was performed every 24 hours, measuring the diameter of the colonies, until the control occupied the entire dish.
expanded true leaves, around nine months after sowing. Three days before inoculation, seedlings were put in a humid chamber, made from plastic bags, and then kept in a growth chamber at 25 oC. Treatments were sprayed seven days before inoculation with Cg with manual spraying of 0.5 L, always at the end of the afternoon. The inoculation was performed with 10 µL of Cg suspension, on the abaxial face of the leaves, in places marked with self-adhering disks with orifices of 1.4 cm in diameter. Wounds were made in the areas of inoculation with a set of entomological needles to allow penetration and colonization of the fungi. Later, the inoculated area was covered with a 1.3 cm diameter semipermeable paper disk, previously moistened, forming a micro-humidity chamber. The treatments used were those mentioned in Table 1 with the addition of one control inoculated with the pathogen; all were sprayed seven days before inoculation with the pathogen. The evaluations of disease severity were carried out at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 days after inoculation. For the evaluation of disease severity a scale adapted by Martins (2008) was used (Table 2).
LEITE, 1995). Although having presented inferior results in relation to the previous ones, the 2.5 mL.L-1 dose of potassium phosphite was statistically superior to the control, presenting 33% of the germinated conidia, of which only 4% had formed fungal pathogens (Table 3). Acibenzolar-Smethyl and the lower dose of potassium phosphite showed low toxicity for germination, but the phosphite at the lower dose provided low appressorium formation, at around 8%.
Table 3. Effect of potassium phosphite on germination of conidia, appressorium formation and mycelial growth index (MGI) of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Treatments Germinated Appressorium Mycelial growth index conidia (%) formation (%) (MGI) -1 Potassium Phosphite 1.25 mL.L 47.6 d 8.40 b 2.97 c Potassium Phosphite 2.5 mL.L-1 37.8 c 4.00 b 2.88 c Potassium Phosphite 5.0 mL.L-1 27.6 b 0.60 a 2.35 b Potassium Phosphite 10.0 mL.L-1 20.8 b 0.00 a 2.39 b Acibenzolar-S-methyl 52.8 d 33.8 c 2.74 c Chlorotalonil 0,00 a 0.00 a 0.69 a Control* 56.4 d 45.6 d 2.77 c Values followed by the same letter in the column belong to the same group, by the Scott-Knott test (P ≤0.05). * Control =distilled water.
index, the two lower doses of potassium phosphite were statistically equal to that of Acibenzolar-Smethyl and the standard control (Table 3). Nojosa et al. (2009) reported that potassium phosphite at 10.0 mL.L-1 provided inhibition of 62.3% of mycelial growth of Phoma costarricensis, standing out compared to the other treatments tested. This direct effect of potassium phosphite on mycelial growth of fungi has also been verified for other pathosystems, such as for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of gala leaf spot and Glomerella leaf spot in apple (ARAÚJO et al., 2010), a fact also observed in this work. Potassium phosphite in the control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in coffee seedlings. The control treatment did not present any symptom of disease, that is, leaf necrosis. As for potassium phosphite, the dose of 10 mL.L-1 was the best treatment, presenting the least area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), itself differing statistically from the inoculated control and the other treatments. Following potassium phosphite at doses of 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mL.L-1, the fungicide Chlorotalonil and ASM presented intermediate AUDPC with no statistical differences between the two and differing statistically from the inoculated control (Table 4).
Table 4. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), in coffee leaves inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Treatments Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) -1 Potassium Phosphite 1.25 mL.L 608.35 c Potassium Phosphite 2.5 mL.L-1 638.02 c Potassium Phosphite 5.0 mL.L-1 674.48 c 336.56 b Potassium Phosphite 10 mL.L-1 Acibenzolar-S-methyl 612.50 c Chlorotalonil 670.83 c Control* 0.00 a Inoculated control 897.39 d Values followed by the same letter belong to the same group, by the Scott-knott test (P ≤0.05). CV= 29.46%; * Control = sprayed with distilled water .
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for granting a scholarship and to the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for the financial resources for execution of this project.
RESUMO: Nos últimos anos a produtividade de café tem sido prejudicada por doenças causadas por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cg), como por exemplo, antracnose, seca de ponteiros e mancha manteigosa. Portanto torna-se necessário desenvolver medidas alternativas de controle para essas doenças, visto que não existem fungicidas registrados no Brasil para seu controle. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: avaliar o efeito do fosfito de potássio na germinação, formação de apressórios e no crescimento micelial de Cge verificar a ação do mesmo na redução da severidade da antracnose em folhas de cafeeiro. Os tratamentos utilizados no experimento in vitro foram: fosfito de potássio nas doses de 1,25; 2,50; 5,0 e 10,0 mL.L-1; acibenzolar-S-metil 0,1g.L-1; fungicida clorotalonil 2,0 g.L-1. Já in vivo, além dos tratamentos anteriores, foi utilizada uma testemunha pulverizada com água sem inoculação e outra inoculada com Cg.O fosfito de potássio nas doses de 5,0 mL.L-1 e 10,0 mL.L-1 e o fungicida clorotalonil proporcionaram maior inibição da germinação de conídios, maior inibição da formação de apressórios e maior redução do índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial do patógeno. No experimento in vivo, o fosfito de potássio na dose de 10,0mL.L-1 proporcionou maior redução na severidade da antracnose, em torno de 62,5 %.Este trabalho demonstrou o potencial do fosfito de potássio no manejo de doenças causadas por fungos do complexo Colletotrichum em cafeeiro. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Controle alternativo. Coffea arabica L. Acibenzolar-S-metil. Clorotalonil. REFERENCES ARAÚJO, L.; VALDEBENITO-SANHUEZA, R. M; STADNIK, M. J. Avaliação de formulações de fosfito de potássio sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro e no controle pós-infeccional da mancha foliar de Glomerella em macieira. Tropical Plant Pathology, Brasília, v. 35, n. 1, p. 54-59, Jan./Feb. 2010. ARMESTO, C.; MAIA, F. G. M.; ABREU, M. S.; REIS, A. F.; ALENCAR, N. E. Produção e regeneração de protoplastos de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em diferentes condições de cultivo. Bioscience Journal, Uberlândia, v. 27, n. 4, p. 597-602, July/Aug. 2011. BONETI, J. I. S.; KATSURAYAMA, Y. Viabilidade do uso de fosfitos no controle da sarna-da-macieira. Agropecuária Catarinense, Florianópolis, v. 18, p. 51-54, 2005. BRACKMANN, A.; GIEHL, R. F. H.; SESTARI, I.; STEFFENS, C. A. Fosfitos para o controle de podridões pós-colheita em maçãs ‘Fuji’ durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, v. 34, n. 4, p. 1039-1042, July/Aug. 2004. CARVALHO, G. A.; ABREU, M. S.; OLIVEIRA, F. D.; REZENDE, M. L. V.; ABREU, M. F. E. Efeito in vitro e in vivo de filtrados de rizobactérias sobre Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. do cafeeiro. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 29, n. 3, p. 553-561, May/June 2005. COMPANHIA NACIONAL DE ABASTECIMENTO (CONAB). Acompanhamento da safra brasileira de Café: primeira estimativa – janeiro/2011. Available at:. Accessed on 17 Feb. 2011. DANIEL, R.; GUEST, D. Defense responses induced by potassium phosphonate in Phytophthora palmivorachallenged Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, London, v. 67, n. 3, p. 194201, Oct. 2006. DIAS, M. D.; POZZA, E. A.; ABREU, M. S.; OROZCO MIRANDA, E. F. Efeito da temperatura no crescimento micelial, produção e germinação de conídios de Colletotrichum spp. Isoladosd e Coffea arabica L. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 29, n. 3, p. 545-552, May/June. 2005.
FERREIRA, D. F. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 35, n. 6, p. 1039-1042, Dec. 2011. FERREIRA, J. B.; ABREU, M. S.; ALVES, E.; PEREIRA, I. S.; FERNANDES, K. D. Eventos do processo de infecção de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides inoculados em folhas de Coffea arabica L. Summa Phytopathologica, Botucatu, v. 35, n. 4, p. 273 281, 2009. FERREIRA, J. B.; ABREU, M. S.; MACHADO, J. C.; PEREIRA, I. S.; FERNANDES, K. D. Transmissibilidade e efeito do tratamento de sementes de cafeeiros com mancha manteigosa (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 34, n. 1, p. 101-108, Jan/Feb. 2010. JACKSON, T.J.; BURGESS, T.; COLQUHOUN, I. J.; HARDY, G. E. St. J. Action of the fungicide phosphite on Eucalyptus marginata inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Pathology, Oxford, v. 49, n. 1, p. 147-154, Feb. 2000. LOBATO, M. C.; OLIVIERI, F. P.; GONZÁLEZ ALTAMIRANDA, E. A.; WOLSKI, E. A.; DALEO, G. R.; CALDIZ, D. O.; ANDREU, A. B. Phosphite compounds reduce disease severity in potato seed tubers and foliage. European Journal of Plant Pathology, London, v. 122, n. 3, p. 349-358, Nov. 2008. LOVATT, C. J.; MIKKELSEN, R. L. Phosphite fertilizers: what are they? Can you use them? What can they do? Better Crops, Norcross, v. 90, n. 4, p. 11-13, Oct. 2006. MARTINS, Fernanda Gonçalves. Aspectos epidemiológicos e fisiológicos da interação Colletotrichum gloeosporioides PENZ x mudas micropropagadas de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L). 2008. 56 f. Dissertation (Master’s in Phytopathology) – Post-graduate course in Phytopathology , Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2008. MCDONALD, A. E.; GRANT, B. R.; PLAXTON, W. C. Phosphite (phosphorous acid): its relevance in the environment and agriculture and influence on plant phosphite starvation response. Journal of Plant Nutrition, New York, v. 24, n. 10, p. 1505-1519, Oct. 2001. MOREIRA, L. M.; MAY - DE MIO, L. L.; VALDEBENITO – SANHUEZA, R. M.; LIMA, M. L. R. C.; POSSAMAI, J. C. Controle em pós-colheita de Monilinia fructicola em pêssegos. Fitopatologia Brasileira, Brasília, v. 27, n. 4, p. 395-398, Jul/Aug 2002. NIERE, J. O.; DEANGELIS, G.; GRANT, B. R.The effect of phosphonate on acid-soluble phosphorus components in the genus Phytophthora. Microbiology, Basingstoke, v. 140, n. 7, p. 1661-1670, July 1994. NOJOSA G. B. A.; RESENDE, M. V.; BARGUIL, B. M.; MORAES, S. R. G.; VILAS BOAS, C. H. Efeito de indutores de resistência em cafeeiro contra a mancha de Phoma. Summa Phytopathologica, Botucatu, v. 35, n. 1, p. 60-62, Jan/Feb. 2009. NOJOSA, G. B. A.; RESENDE, M. L. V.; RESENDE, A. V. Uso de fosfitos e silicatos na indução de resistência. In: CAVALCANTI, L. S.; DI PIERO, R. M.; CIA, P.; PASCHOLATI S. F.; RESENDE, M. L. V.; ROMEIRO, R. S. Indução de resistência em plantas a patógenos e insetos. Piracicaba: FEALQ, 2005, v. 1, p. 139-153. OLIVEIRA, J. A. Efeito do tratamento fungicida em sementes e no controle de tombamento de plântulas de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) e pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.). Ciência e Prática, Lavras, v. 16, p. 42-47, 1992. PARADELA FILHO, O.; PARADELA, A. L.; THOMAZIELLO, R. A.; RIBEIRO, I. J. A.; SUGIMORI, M. H.; FAZUOLI, L. C. O complexo Colletotrichum do cafeeiro. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, 2001. (Boletim Técnico IAC, 191).
PASCHOLATI, S. F.; LEITE, B. Hospedeiro: mecanismos de resistência. In: BERGAMIN FILHO, A.; KIMATI, H.; AMORIM, L. (Ed.). Manual de Fitopatologia: princípios e conceitos. 3. Ed. São Paulo: Agronômica Ceres, 1995. v. 1, cap. 22, p. 417-453. PEREIRA, V. F.; RESENDE, M. L. V.; MONTEIRO, A. C. A.; RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, P. M.; REGINA, M. A.; MEDEIROS, F. C. L. Produtos alternativos na proteção da videira contra o míldio. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 45, n. 1, p. 25-31, Jan. 2010. RIBEIRO JÚNIOR, P. M.; RESENDE, M. L. V.; PEREIRA, R. B.; CAVALCANTI, F. R.; AMARAL, D. R.; PÁDUA, M. A. Fosfito de potássio na indução de resistência a Verticillium dahliae Kleb., em mudas de cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.). Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 30, n. 4, p. 629-636, Jul/Aug. 2006. SHANER, G.; FINNEY, R. E.The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the expression of slow-mildewing resistance in Knox wheat. Phytopathology, Saint Paul, v. 67, n. 8, p. 1051-1056, Aug. 1977. WILKINSON, C. J.; SHEARER, B. L.; JACKSON, T. J.; HARDY, G. E. St. J. Variation in sensitivity of Western Australian isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to phosphites in vitro. Plant Pathology, Oxford, v. 50, n. 1, p. 83-89, Feb. 2001.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 V. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 V. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.