Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/319/523/
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 04:11:43+00:00

Document:
Under the Revenue Act of 1938, which provides that the basis on which depreciation shall be "allowed" as a deduction in computing net income is the cost of the property with proper adjustments for depreciation to the extent "allowed (but not less than the amount allowable)" under that and prior income tax laws, excessive amount claimed by the taxpayer for depreciation in his returns for earlier years were properly deducted from cost in readjusting the depreciation basis of the property in question, although, in those years, no tax benefit resulted to the taxpayer from the use of depreciation as a deduction. P. 319 U. S. 526.
Certiorari, 318 U.S. 754, to review the reversal of a ruling of the Tax Court against a deficiency assessment of income tax.
not challenge the new rates. It contends that the amount of depreciation claimed for the years 1931 to 1936, inclusive, in excess of the amount properly allowable should not be subtracted from the depreciation basis, since it did not serve to reduce taxable income in those years. The Tax Court, in reliance on an earlier ruling, [Footnote 4] held for the petitioner. The Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. 132 F.2d 909. The case is here on a petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted because of a conflict between the decision below and Pittsburgh Brewing Co. v. Commissioner, 107 F.2d 155, decided by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
A reasonable allowance for depreciation is one of several items which Congress has declared shall be "allowed" as a deduction in computing net income. Int.Rev.Code § 23(a)(1). The basis upon which depreciation is to be "allowed" is the cost of the property with proper adjustments for depreciation "to the extent allowed (but not less than the amount allowable) under this Act or prior income tax laws." [Footnote 5] That provision makes plain that the depreciation basis is reduced by the amount "allowable" each year, whether or not it is claimed. Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. v. Commissioner, 47 F.2d 36. Moreover the basis must be reduced by that amount even though no tax benefit results from the use of depreciation as a deduction. Wear and tear do not wait on net income. Nor can depreciation be accumulated and held for use in that year in which it will bring the taxpayer the most tax benefit.
Congress has elected to make the year the unit of taxation. Burnet v. Sanford & Brooks Co., 282 U. S. 359. Thus, the amount "allowable" must be taken each year. United States v. Ludey, 274 U. S. 295, 274 U. S. 304.
distinguished from "allowable," depreciation is confined to those deductions which result in tax benefits. "Allowed" connotes a grant. Under our federal tax system, there is no machinery for formal allowances of deductions from gross income. Deductions stand if the Commissioner takes no steps to challenge them. Income tax returns entail numerous deductions. If the deductions are not challenged, they certainly are "allowed," since tax liability is the determined on the basis of the returns. Apart from contested cases, that is indeed the only way in which deductions are "allowed." And when all deductions are treated alike by the taxpayer and by the Commissioner, it is difficult to see why some items may be said to be "allowed" and others not "allowed." [Footnote 8] It would take clear and compelling indications for us to conclude that "allowed"
as used in § 113(b)(1)(B) means something different than it does in the general setting of the revenue acts. See Helvering v. State-Planters Bank & Trust Co., 130 F.2d 44.
Congress has provided for deductions of annual amounts of depreciation which, along with salvage value, will replace the original investment of the property at the time of its retirement. United States v. Ludey, supra; Detroit Edison Co. v. Commissioner, 319 U. S. 98. The rule which has been fashioned by the court below deprives the taxpayer of no portion of that deduction. Under that rule, taxpayers often will not recover their investment tax free. But Congress has made no such guarantee. Nor has Congress indicated that a taxpayer who has obtained no tax advantage from a depreciation deduction should be allowed to take it a second time. The policy which does not permit the second deduction in case of "allowable" depreciation (Beckridge Corp. v. Commissioner, 129 F.2d 318) is equally cogent as respects depreciation which is "allowed."
15% on carpets and 10% on all other equipment. At those rates, the properties would have been fully depreciated in 6 2/3 and 10 years, respectively.
8% on carpets and 5% on the other equipment, the estimated life being 12 1/2 years and 20 years, respectively.
$1,295.47 for 1938, as compared with $4,341.97 which was claimed. The difference between the depreciation claimed in the loss years and the depreciation properly allowable in such years is $31,400.25.
Kennedy Laundry Co. v. Commissioner, 46 B.T.A. 70, which followed Pittsburgh Brewing Co. v. Commissioner, 107 F.2d 155. Prior to the Kennedy Laundry Co. case and prior to the time when Pittsburgh Brewing Co. v. Commissioner, 37 B.T.A. 439, was overruled, the Tax Court took a contrary view. Its decision in the Kennedy Laundry Co. case was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. 133 F.2d 660.
"The Treasury has frequently encountered cases where a taxpayer, who has taken and been allowed depreciation deductions at a certain rate consistently over a period of years, later finds it to his advantage to claim that the allowances so made to him were excessive, and that the amounts which were in fact 'allowable' were much less. By this time, the Government may be barred from collecting the additional taxes which would be due for the prior years upon the strength of the taxpayer's present contentions. The Treasury is obliged to rely very largely upon the good faith and judgment of the taxpayer in the determination of the allowances for depreciation, since these are primarily matters of judgment, and are governed by facts particularly within the knowledge of the taxpayer, and the Treasury should not be penalized for having approved the taxpayer's deductions. While the committee does not regard the existing law as countenancing any such inequitable results, it believes the new bill should specifically preclude any such possibility."
As we have noted, the stipulation of facts states that "the entire amount of depreciation deducted on the income tax returns" for the years in question "did not serve to reduce the taxable income." That has been taken to mean that no part of the depreciation deduction resulted in tax benefits. We do not stop to inquire how that could be true when the depreciation deducted on each return from 1931 through 1936 was larger than the net loss for each of those years. If the stipulation were not accepted, one other problem would be presented. That is the theory that, when there is a loss, depreciation may be singled out as not offsetting gross income even though it is only one of several deductions which is claimed. See Kennedy Laundry Co. v. Commissioner, 46 B.T.A. 70, 75, Judge Disney dissenting. In view of the stipulation, we do not reach that question. Cf. Butler Bros. v. McColgan, 315 U. S. 501, 315 U. S. 508-509.
and in no tax prejudice to the Government unless the excess has in fact been deducted from the taxpayer's gross income.
I can find no warrant in the purpose or the words of the statute, or in the principles of accounting, for our saying that the taxpayer is required to reduce his depreciation base by any amount in excess of the depreciation "allowable," which excess he never has in fact deducted from gross income. Whatever else the statutory reference to depreciation "allowed" may mean, it obviously cannot and ought not to be construed to mean that a deduction for depreciation which has never in fact been subtracted from gross income is a deduction "allowed."
And there is no reason why such should be deemed to be its meaning. The only function of depreciation in the income tax laws is the establishment of an amount which may be deducted annually from gross income sufficient in the aggregate to restore a wasting capital asset at the end of its estimated life. The scheme of the 1938 Revenue Act is to prescribe the permissible deductions for depreciation and to preclude the taxpayer from gaining any unwarranted advantage by the amount and distribution of those deductions. The Act accomplishes the latter by compelling the taxpayer to reduce his depreciation base by the amount of the allowable annual depreciation, whether deducted from gross income or not, and by such further amount as he has in fact deducted from gross income. No reason is suggested why the taxpayer's tax for future years should be increased by reducing his depreciation base by any amount in excess of the depreciation "allowable," unless the excess has at some time and in some manner been deducted from gross income. So inequitable a result cannot rightly be achieved by saying that a "deduction" for depreciation which never has been deducted from gross income has nevertheless been "allowed."
What I have said does not imply that a taxpayer who has deducted excessive depreciation from his gross income in any year is not subject to a deficiency assessment as the statutes and regulations prescribe, or that excessive deductions for depreciation taken from gross income -- or allowable depreciation, whether so deducted or not -- may not properly be used to reduce the taxpayer's depreciation base. The statute so provides. But I do assert that, under the system of taxation which we have established, the overstatement of the taxpayer's depreciation base on which the Government insists is not to be justified because the taxpayer may, in some other year, have deducted from gross income excessive depreciation which has already been subtracted from his depreciation base. See Burnet v. Sanford & Brooks Co., 282 U. S. 359, 282 U. S. 365. The statute neither compels nor permits so incongruous a result. The judgment should be reversed.
The first and fundamental step in determining accrued depreciation is to estimate the probable useful life of the property to be depreciated. This depends upon judgment, and is not capable of exact determination. When it is found, and after making allowance for probable salvage value at the time of retirement, it is a mere matter of mathematics to compute, under the straight-line method, the rate of annual accrual.
for application of depreciation rates the following year. In this aspect, a high depreciation rate works in favor of the Government.
The Virginian Hotel Corporation misconceived, as the Commissioner thinks, the probable life of its depreciable property. Attributing to it a longer life span, he corrected that judgment. To apply that correction consistently would lower the rate and consequent deduction on account of depreciation, and cause a smaller subtraction from the valuation base, leaving a larger base to which the smaller rate would be applied.
The Commissioner proposed to correct taxpayer's returns by considering only the year in question. He eliminated the error as far as it affected the rate, and thus reduced the depreciation accrual and increased the tax. But he retained the base as reduced by the taxpayer's accumulated errors, refusing to readjust the base consistently with the corrected depreciation rates.
To the extent that the taxpayer had obtained advantage from the use of the higher depreciation rate, I would think it quite justifiable to refuse to make a correction. T he Government, however, stipulates as to the years in question that "the entire amount of the depreciation deducted on the income tax returns for those years did not serve to reduce the taxable income." We should not disregard a deliberately made stipulation even if, on our limited knowledge of its background, we are in doubt as to why it was made. The question comes simply to this: whether the Commissioner, upon determining whether taxpayer has in good faith erred, may use a correction insofar as it helps the Government and adhere to the mistake insofar as it injures the taxpayer. I think that no straining should be done to find a construction of the statutes that will support the result.
matter of depreciation because consistency in the matter of depreciation is one of the few important principles of its application. There has been no more futile tax litigation than that over depreciation rates. In an era of rising taxes, the faster a taxpayer depleted his base for depreciation, the more the Government realized in revenue from him. If this present taxpayer had been permitted to continue its high depreciation rates, it would have come into the present era of exceedingly high taxes with its depreciation base correspondingly exhausted. What is important for the protection of the revenues is that accrual for depreciation be applied only to property that is properly depreciable, that it be stopped when the property is fully depreciated, and that the rate be consistently applied, so that the taxpayer cannot choose to take only a little depreciation when he has a little income and a lot of depreciation when he has a large income. If these conditions are observed, litigation about the rate serves chiefly to vindicate theories, rather than to protect the revenues.

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