Source: https://www.radioeng.cz/papers/2005-4.htm
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SWANSON, D. G. Jr., W. J. R HOEFER, W. J. R. MicrowaveCircuit Modeling Using Electromagnetic Field Simulation. London:Artech House, 2003.
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POLIVKA, M., DRAHOVZAL M., MAZANEK, M. Synthesis ofdualband broadside radiated microstrip patch antenna operating withTM10 and TM21 modes. In Proceedings of Antenna and PropagationSymposium APS 2004. Monterey (USA), 2004, p. 245-248.
GARG. R., BHARTIA, P. Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook.Norwood: Artech House, 2000.
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BIANCO, B., PANINI, L., PARODI, M., RIDELLA, S. Someconsiderations about the frequency dependence of the characteristicimpedance of uniform microstrips. IEEE Transactions on MicrowaveTheory and Techniques. 1978, vol. 26, no. 3, p. 182-185.
SOKOL, V., CERNY, P., HOFFMANN, K., SKVOR, Z. Assessmentof reference planes location for 3-D components in planar structures.In ITSS 2004 - Summer School Proceedings. Brno (Czech Republic),2004, p. 377-381.
In the paper, four different planar multi-band antennas are designed, modeled, fabricated, and measured. Parameters of the antennas are in detail compared to demonstrate advantages and disadvantages of different solutions. Discussions are supported by results of the modal and full-wave analyses of antennas.
The classical patch antenna is a basic building block of compared antennas. The multi-band behavior is achieved by etching perturbation slots to the patch, which influence resonant current distributions.
The antennas are designed for GSM bands (900 MHz, 1 800 MHz), and for the Bluetooth band (2 400 MHz).
GARG, B., BAHL, I. Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Norwood:Artech House, 2001.
KUMAR, G., RAY, K. P. Broadband Microstrip Antennas. Norwood:Artech House, 2003.
WONG, K. L. Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas. NewYork: J. Wiley and Sons, 2002.
NAKANO, H., SATO, Y., HIROAKI, M., YAMAUCHI, J. An invertedFL antenna for dual-frequency operation. IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation. 2005, vol. 53, no. 8, p. 2417-2421.
NASHAAT, D. M., ELSADEK, H. A., GHALI, H. Single feed compactquad-band PIFA antenna for wireless communication applications.IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2005, vol.53, no. 8, p. 2631-2635.
ZHAN, L., RAHMAT-SAMII, Y. Optimization of PIFA-IFA combinationin handset antenna designs. IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation. 2005, vol. 53, no. 5, p. 1770-1778.
LATIF, S. I., SHAFAI, L., SHARMA, S. K. Bandwidth enhancementand size reduction of microstrip slot antennas. IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation. 2005, vol. 53, no. 3, p. 994 to 1003.
ROW, J. S. Dual-frequency triangular planar inverted-F antenna.IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2005, vol. 53, no.2, p. 874-876.
MOLEIRO, R., NUNES, P. Dual-band microstrip patch antennaelements for GSM. In Proceedings of the Antennas and PropagationSociety International Symposium. 2000, vol. 3, p. 1596-1599.
POLIVKA, M., DRAHOVZAL, M., MAZANEK, M. Synthesis ofdualband broadside radiated microstrip patch antenna operating withTM_10 and TM_21 modes. In Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Antennasand Propagation Society International Symposium. Monterey(CA, USA), 2004, p. 245-248.
POLIVKA, M. Multiband behavior of the rectangular microstrippatch antenna modified by T notch perturbation elements. In Proceedingsof the 18th International Conference on Applied Electromagneticsin Communications ICECom 2005. Dubrovnik (Croatia):KOREMA, 2005, p. 185-188.
HAZDRA, P. Numerical analysis of microstrip patch antennas withfractal boundary. In POSTER 2002 - Book of Extended Abstracts.Prague : CTU - Faculty of Electrical Engineering, 2002, p. C10.
HAZDRA P., MAZANEK, M. Planar patch antennas with fractalboundary. In Proceedings of ISAP 2004. Sendai (Japan), 2005, p.401-404.
http://www.cst.com/ - the home site of Computer Simulation TechnologyLtd.
http:://www.zeland.com - the home site of Zeland Software Inc.
This paper deals with simulations of a radio interface of third generation (3G) mobile systems operating in the WCDMA FDD mode including propagation predictions in macro and microcells. In the radio network planning of 3G mobile systems, the quality of coverage and the system capacity present a common problem. Both macro and microcellular concepts are very important for implementing wireless communication systems, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) in dense urban areas. The aim of this paper is to introduce different impacts - selected bit rate, uplink (UL) loading, allocation and number of Nodes B, selected propagation prediction models, macro and microcellular environment - on system capacity and quality of coverage in UMTS networks. Both separated and composite simulation scenarios of macro and microcellular environments are presented. The necessity of an iteration-based simulation approach and site-specific propagation modeling in microcells is proven.
LAIHO, J., WACKER, A., NOVOSAD, T. Radio Network Planningand Optimization for UMTS. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
BERG, J-E: A. Recursive method for street microcell path loss calculation.In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium onPersonal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications PIMRC'95.1995, vol. 1, p. 140-143.
COST Action 231 Final Report: Digital Mobile Radio, Towards FutureGeneration Systems, 1999.
ETSI: Selection Procedures for the Choice of the Radio TransmissionTechnologies of UMTS (UMTS 30.30 version 3.1.0), Nov 1997.
HOLIS, J., PECHAC, P. Effective propagation prediction in urbanmicrocells. In Proceedings of the International Wireless Summit2005. Aalborg (Denmark), 2005.
HOLMA, H., TOSKALA, A. WCDMA for UMTS radio access forthird generation mobile networks. New York: John Wiley & Sons,2000.
HOLIS, J., PECHAC, P. Iteration-based simulations of UMTS capacityand quality of coverage in high altitude platform basic scenarios.COST 297. Athens (Greece), 2005.
Two studies of the outdoor propagation of 60 GHz microwaves are described. The focus of this paper is the relationship between rainfall and measured attenuation of the microwave signal. Experimental data are presented and the measured statistics are compared with the Recommendations of the ITU-R. Measured rain intensity statistics at the two sites were found to be in good agreement with the ITU-R Recommendations, however measured attenuations were higher than those calculated using the models provided by the ITU-R.
ASEN, W., TJELTA, T. A novel method for predicting site dependentspecific rain attenuation of millimeter radio waves. IEEETrans. on Antennas and Prop., 2003, vol. 51, no. 10, p. 2987-2999.
ASEN, W., GIBBINS, C. J. A comparison of rain attenuation anddrop size distributions measured in Chilbolton and Singapore. RadioScience, 2002, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 6-1 to 6-14.
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VEYRUNES, O., LE CLERC, P., SIZUN, H. Results of millimetrewave propagation analysis. In Millennium Conference on Antennasand Propagation AP-2000. Davos (Switzerland), 2000, p. 61.
Rec. ITU-R P.837-4 Characteristics of precipitation for propagationmodelling. ITU, [CD-ROM], Geneva (Switzerland), April 2003.
Rec. ITU-R P.530-11 Propagation data and prediction methodsrequired for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems. ITU, [CDROM],Geneva (Switzerland), March 2005.
TIMMS, G. P., ABBOTT, D. A., DYADYUK, V., STOKES, L.Early results of a rain attenuation study in the 60 GHz band. In Proceedingsof the 6th Topical Symposium on Millimeter Waves(TSMMW 2004). Yokosuka (Japan), 2004, pp. 159-162.
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Rec. ITU-R P.841-4 Conversion of annual statistics to worst monthstatistics. ITU, [CD-ROM], Geneva (Switzerland), March 2005.
KVICERA, V., CEJKA, P. 50-year cumulative distributions of rainintensities in the Czech Republic (average year, average worstmonth, extremes, stability, periodicity). In Proceedings of the FirstInternational Workshop on Radiowave Propagation Modelling forSatCom Services at Ku-Band and above. ESTEC, Noordwijk (TheNetherlands), 1998, pp. 147-154.
KVICERA, V., GRABNER, M., HLAVATY, M. Rain intensitystatistical processing and comparison with ITU-R Recommendations.In Radioengineering, 2004, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1-2.
FISER, O. Examples of rain gauge data analysis for microwave rainattenuation estimation. 3rd International Workshop of the COSTAction 280, Praha, 2005, http://www.cost280.rl.ac.uk.
The design of an active integrated antenna with negative resistance transistor oscillator has been described. Simple but reasonably accurate analysis of oscillation start-up and steady state operating frequency prediction is presented. The active antenna prototype was manufactured and its operating frequency, EIRP and radiation patterns were measured. Two of these antennas were integrated in active arrays coupled in E- and H-planes. The inter-element distance in the arrays was optimized to obtain in-phase operation and mutual injection locking. Very good power combining efficiency was measured and beam scanning capabilities were demonstrated for both arrays.
KYKKOTIS, C., HALL, P.S., GHAFOURI-SHIRAZ, H. Performanceof active antenna oscillator arrays under modulation forcommunication systems. IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennasand Propagation, 1998, vol. 145, no. 4, p. 313-320.
MORROW, I.L., HALL, P.S., JAMES, J.R. Measurement and modelingof a microwave active-patch phased array for wide-anglescanning. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1997,vol. 45, no. 2, p. 297-304.
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MURATA, M., MATSUI, T. 2×2 spatial power combining array ofplanar radiating oscillator using butterfly-shaped patch element. InProceedings of the 29th European Microwave Conference. Munich(Germany), 1999, vol. 2, p. 201-204.
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-, AT-41485, Up to 6 GHz Low Noise Silicon Bipolar Transistor -Technical Data. Hewlett-Packard Co., USA, 1997.
BALANIS, C.A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. 2nd ed.New York: John Wiley, 1997.
The paper presents a brief overview of the development of so called collinear types of antenna arrays. A new type of this structure in microstrip technology is further introduced. The principle of the antenna operation is explained via surface current distribution of excited modes. Such distribution is reached via geometrical perturbation of a radiating element by slots introduced in such a way that they e liminate radiation from even half current wavelengths . The initial design and optimization of the prototype operating in RFID band (869 MHz) has been performed in planar simulator Zeland IE3D. A prototype has been realized and measured. The reached results show that the presented antenna has directional character as it can be expected due to the proposed technology and the presence of a planar ground plane.
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In the paper selected problems of computer simulations of a broadband antenna containing large metallic surfaces with the Method of Moments have been discussed. A novel broadband combined spiral-discone antenna, built of a complementary spiral and a cone has been analyzed. Since the antenna contains large metallic surfaces wire-grid models had to be developed in order to simulate the antenna with the thin-wire kernel method of moments. Several wire-grid models of the antenna have been proposed and analyzed. The simulation results for input impedance have been compared to those obtained from measurements and the best model of the antenna has been identified.
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The paper deals with the broadband modeling of microwave structures by finite-element methods. The attention is turned to original enhancements of accuracy, efficiency and stability of finite-element codes.
The partial improvements are based on novel approximations both in the spatial domain and in the time one, in the adoption of complex frequency hopping, fast frequency sweep and envelope finite-element techniques. In the paper, a possible hybridization of approaches is discussed.
Proposed finite-element schemes are applied to the analysis of canonical longitudinally homogeneous transmission lines in order to demonstrate their advantages.
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MOTL, M., FRANEK, O., RAIDA, Z. Comparison of time-domainfinite element (TD-FE) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)methods. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on AntennasJINA 2002. Nice (France): S.E.E GReCA, 2002, p. 79-82.
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MOTL, M., FRANEK, O., RAIDA, Z. Comparison of finite elementcomplex frequency hopping (FE/CFH) and finite-difference timedomain(FDTD) methods. In Proceedings of the International ScientificConference Radioelektronika 2002. Bratislava: Slovak Universityof Technology, 2002, p. 70-73.
MOTL, M., RAIDA, Z. Comparison of finite element complex frequencyhopping (FEM/CFH) and time-domain finite element (TDFEM)methods. In Proceedings of the International Scientific ConferenceRadioelektronika 2003. Brno: Brno University of Technology,2003, p. 264-267.
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This paper provides a principal overview of the time domain measurement instrumentation and information about the implementation of the time domain option in the Agilent PNA microwave network analyzer E8364A. The paper also presents practical experiences with antenna measurements realized by sweep mode of a vector network analyzer with data processing in a time domain. The new single antenna methods of gain and antenna radiation patterns measurements are presented. These mirror methods with gating in a time domain are based on the reflection coefficient measurements realized in the frequency domain with time domain data processing. These methods seem to be promising for measurements of gain and radiation patterns of ultra-wideband linearly polarized antennas. The paper compares the results of the new methods with the results of standard measurements.
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Double Ridged Waveguide Horn - Model DRH18E, www.rfspin.cz,2005.
The paper presents a new approach to the radiation pattern reconstruction from near-field amplitude only measurement over a two planar scanning surfaces. This new method for antenna pattern reconstruction is based on the global optimization PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization). The paper presents appropriate phaseless measurement requirements and phase retrieval algorithm together with a brief description of the particle swarm optimization method. In order to examine the methodologies developed in this paper, phaseless measurement results for two different antennas are presented and compared to results obtained by a complex measurement (amplitude and phase).
ISERNIA, T., LEONE, G., PIERRI, R. Radiation pattern evaluationfrom near-field intensities on planes. IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation. 1996, vol. 44, no. 5, p. 701-710.
YACCARINO, R. G., RAHMAT-SAMII, Y. Phaseless bi-polar planarnear-field measurements and diagnostics of array antennas. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1999, vol. 47, no. 3, p.574-583.
TKADLEC, R. Determination of far-field antenna pattern from nearfieldplanar measurements. In Proceedings of the Conference Radioelektronika2003. Brno: Brno University of Technology. 2003, p.229-231, ISBN 80-214-2383-8.
ROBINSON, J., RAHMAT-SAMII, Y. Particle swarm in electromagnetics.IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation. 2004,vol. 52, no. 2, p. 397-407.
BARTIK, H., Antenna radiation patterns measurement using themirror method in time domain. In Proceedings of the ISAP 2005.Seoul, 2005, p. 1221-1224.
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In this paper we propose an analytical study in the spectral domain of cylindrical layered structures filled with general bianisotropic media and fed by a 3D electric source. The integrated structure is characterized in terms of transmission matrices leading to an equivalent circuit representation of the whole multilayered structure. Within the framework of this two-port formalism, we present a new contribution to the computation of the Green's function arising in the analysis of multilayered conformal integrated antennas loaded with general bianisotropic materials. We also propose an analytical study of the shielding effectiveness of general bianisotropic materials located in multilayered, cylindrical configuration. The expression of the shielded fields sustained both by plane wave and arbitrary sources is obtained in a closed analytical form. Numerical results are also presented showing effects of electromagnetic parameters on radiation pattern, matching properties and radar cross section of the integrated structure.
SERDYUKOV, A., SEMCHENKO, I., TRETYAKOV, S., SIHVOLA,A. Electromagnetics of Bi-Anisotropic Materials: Theory andApplications. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, p.37-41, 2001.
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A detailed analysis of the assembly influence on the small-signal parameters of a packaged transistor is presented. A new method, based on 3D field simulation and mixed-mode scattering parameters approach is proposed. Differences in scattering parameters caused by assembly change are computed using the new proposed method and compared to the standard method based on admittance matrix. The differences, accuracy, error sources and suitability of both methods are discussed. Results are verified experimentally in microstrip line for two fundamental assembly changes of a transistor in SOT 343 package in frequency range 45 MHz - 18 GHz.
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In the next generation of mobile communication networks (B3G) the using of effective handling of radio resources is supposed (channels, power and transmission rate) with simultaneous delivery of required services, in which the quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed. In this article we have described and simulated new BER based, SIR-frame based and SIR-slot based link adaptation algorithms. Algorithms were designed to increase efficiency of data transmission among user equipment and base stations (uplink) expressed by throughput and the outage probability for each link. Simulation results of hybrid adaptation (power and modulation BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM) are compared and expressed as data throughput and outage probability for different simulation environments (pedestrian channel with mobile subscriber speed 10 km/s and vehicular channel with speed 120 km/h).
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A new, seven-state switched perturbation two-port (PTP) for vector reflection measurement based on scalar measurement only was designed and realized in microstrip structure using PIN diodes. The structure was experimentally tested by means of vector measurements of different impedances in frequency band with relative bandwidth of 2.5 octaves. Good agreement with data obtained using a precise vector network analyzer was achieved. The new calibration method for the PTP was designed and tested on real measured data.
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The paper is aimed to the multi-objective optimization of wire multi-band antennas. Antennas are numerically modeled using time-domain integral-equation method. That way, the designed antennas can be characterized in a wide band of frequencies within a single run of the analysis. Antennas are optimized to reach the prescribed matching, to exhibit the omni-directional constant gain and to have the satisfactory polarization purity. Results of the design are experimentally verified.
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Refraction phenomena that occur in the lower atmosphere significantly influence the performance of wireless communication systems. This paper provides an overview of corresponding computational methods. Basic properties of the lower atmosphere are mentioned. Practical guidelines for radiowave propagation modeling in the lower atmosphere using ray-tracing and parabolic equation methods are given. In addition, a calculation of angle-of-arrival spectra is introduced for multipath propagation simulations.
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