Source: http://doczz.net/doc/433821/-blaine-amendments--in-state-constitutions-in-the-21st-ce.
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 11:01:19+00:00

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more information, please contact Editor-in-Chief Patrick O'Neill.
Florida. Emeritus Professor of Law, Hamline University School of Law.
States Under God" 2013 symposium editors and staff and this Journal's editors and staff.
All websites cited below were last visited August 15, 2013.
shall not vest, enlarge, or diminish legislative power in Congress.
(daily ed. Dec. 14, 1875).
from Democrats, with whom recent immigrant Irish Catholics were finding natural political homes.
LAND: PATTERNS OF AMERICAN NATIVISM, 1860-1925, 28 (Rutgers Univ. Press 1955); WARD M.
Alfred W. Meyer, The Blaine Amendment and the Bill of Rights, 64 HARV. L. REV. 939 (1951); F.
William O'Brien, The Blaine Amendment, 1875-1876,41 U. DET. L. J. 137 (1963).
Cincinnati Bible Wars "have been touchstones for legal briefs and court decisions since the 1940s."
of states that have Blaine clauses. Professor Green, for example, counts at most twenty-one states.
Name in Vain?: State Constitutions, School Choice, and CharitableChoice, 83 DENV. U. L. REV.
Scholars on Behalf of Petitioners Gary Locke, et al., Locke v. Davey, 540 U.S. 712 (2004) (No. 021315), 2003 WL 21697729)).
7. Id. at 623, 631-36.
concerning taxes. Id. at ch. II, § 9.
clause). The 1793 Constitution is the current one; this clause remains to this day, still in article 9.
10. Vt. Const. ch I, art. 17 (same in 2013, but in article 27).
Amending the Minnesota Constitutionin Context: The Two Proposalsin 2012, 34 HAMLINE J. PUB.
particularly as to religion. Minnesota's 1857 Constitution is a case in point.
by the original constitutional clauses.
supra note I 1, at 119-23.
MINNESOTA STATE CONSTITUTION, supra note I1, at 228-46.
14. MINN. CONST. art. XIIl, § 2.
of the double burden of two school systems for Catholics).
exclusive control" of public officials."
in "devotional theology" does not violate the Free Exercise Clause.
for a Share of the Common School Fund").
experience in King George, Virginia.
explanatory text and sources in note 4. There are only five states that use only "sect" or "sectarian"
in their clauses. See infra text accompanying note 32.
18. Romer, 517 U.S. at 631-36.
19. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003); United States v. Windsor, 133 S.Ct. 2657 (2013).
See discussion infra following note 23.
20. Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002).
21. Locke v. Davey, 540 U.S. 712 (2004).
22. Romer, 517 U.S. at 632-33.
a combination of "adverse impact" and "motive" analysis.
course. They have, however, an important difference in "Blaine" contexts.
24. Lawrence, 539 U.S. at 575.
Windsor, 133 S.Ct. at 2680-81.
28. Romer, 517 U.S. at 635-36 (quoting Moreno, 413 U.S. at 534).
that "it was an open secret that 'sectarian' was code for 'Catholic."' Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S.
book. GREEN, THE BIBLE, supra note 3.
30. E.g., Picarello,supra note 4, passim.
the Massachusetts clause, which was adopted in 1855 and contains neither "sect" nor "sectarian."
Brief for the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty as Amici Curiae Supporting Petitioner, Mitchell v.
Helms, 120 S.Ct.15 (2000) (No. 98-1648) [hereinafter Amicus Brief for Mitchell v. Helms]; MASS.
clause, which contains "sect" and "sectarian" but also contains "church" and "denomination."
scholarships to attend even religious private schools. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 5 of Tulsa County v.
Spry, 292 P.3d 19 (Okla. 2012).
See, e.g., Becket Fund, website, supra note 4.
school . . .sectarian purposes . .. sectarian instruction . . . in [state] school").
exaction of money to fund "public Protestant teachers of piety, religion, and morality." MASS.
dividing lines in Hawaii's clause to "private" and "educational institutions,"
owned and under the exclusive control, order and supervision of public officers ..... MASS. CONST.
art. XVIII, § 2. (added 1855).
these most public of institutions are as heated as ever.
when it was from the King James Bible to the exclusion of the Douai or Challoner Bible.
Protestantism) permeated. See, e.g., FRASER, supra note 15, at 2, 25-47. See also Kaplan v. Ind.
Catholics were unimportant, if not illegitimate.
with a mandate from Congress as the price for admission to the Union.
See, e.g., Brief for the Becket Fund, supra note 4. See also supra note 36.
41. E.g., Goldenziel, supra note 4, at 80 (speaking of the Arizona clause: "likely that the nofunding provision was simply lifted without thought from the Enabling Act").
Goldenziel, supra note 4, at 61-62.
the rise of the Democratic party and, eventually, the Republican party).
ed., Houghton Mifflin Co. 1914) [hereinafter MORSE, LETTERS AND JOURNALS]; SAMUEL F. B.
their last visit in Paris) [hereinafter MORSE, CONFESSIONS].
by Nast and others). The most hateful of the cartoons was titled "The American River Ganges,"
philosophy is the loose way some of them write "facts."
See ROSEMARY ELLEN GUILEY, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SAINTS 19-20 (Facts on File, Inc.
books, persecution campaigns, martyring of Paul Ch6ng Hasang, etc.).
CATHOLICISM AND STATE POWER INIMPERIAL GERMANY, 1871-87 (Cath. U. of Am. Press 1998).
draft riots in some areas of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin).
religious differences over school funding, however, is a different matter.
holding that the state constitutional clauses were bills of attainder and ex post facto laws.
51. See MCPHERSON, supra note 44, at 10, 22, 32, 33, 130-32. See also PETER D.
damage ... second only to the past century's Great Depression.").
MCAFEE, supra note 3, at 18.
53. MCPHERSON, supra note 44, at 131-32.
communities. See supra note 49 and accompanying text.
that time and place. Even then, thinking about words requires a deft hand.
out an identifiable segment of society for different, burdensome treatment.
189 did not amount to a discriminatory anti-Catholic "Blaine Amendment").
Witnesses used in proselytizing before World War II and their quieter, gentler patterns today.
Justice Scalia thusly characterized the 1980 edition of the Oxford American Dictionary.
60. Id. at 419 (specifying the 20-volume OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY).
Law Dictionary until the 1951 4th edition. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1597 (4th ed. 1951). "Sect,"
from those ofother sects or people.' 16 Nev. 385." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1071 (1st ed. 1891).
(2d ed. 1910); State v. Hallock, 16 Nev. 385 (1891).
quarters as to example uses of sect and sectarianand as to "more words in this category.").
famous 1990 article indirectly contains sufficient proof of that. See generally Michael W.
McConnell, The Origins and HistoricalUnderstandingofFree Exercise ofReligion, 103 HARV. L.
Picarello, supra note 4, at 2, 7.
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, THE NEW LEXICON (Encyclopedic Ed., Lexicon Pub. 1989).
the book to which Mr. Picarello referred.
Co., 149 F. 858 (D. Mass. 1907).
and 466 to reach hard copy pages 460 and 461) [hereinafter GRAND DICTIONNAIRE].
"legal exclusion" analysis, nor for a Lawrence/Windsordue process "dignity"
than Professor Barnett's, using contemporaneous evidence in "I was there"
testimony in courtrooms sometimes has approached being unseemly.
sectarian with being a heretic-at least in France in the last half of the nineteenth century.
32; N.D. CONST., supra note 32; S.D. CONST., supra note 32.
PRESUMPTIONS OF LIBERTY (Princeton U. Press 2003).
showed the law professor was factually wrong."
shall be in all respects self-executing.
Colo. Const. art. II,§ 30b.
73. Romer, WL 518586, at *4.
Romer, 1993 WL 518586, at *9.
What in the world is going on here? Are these just "opinion" witnesses?
psychology or sociology. For one thing, history is not a fixed entity.
Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharm. Co., 509 U.S. 579, 582-600 (1993).
Robert F. Nagel, Name-Calling and the Clear Error Rule, 88 NW. U. L. REV. 193 (1993).
Catholic students' endured "beatings or expulsions for refusing to read from the Protestant Bible"
as part of the Justice's focus on anti-Catholic attitudes in the nineteenth century. Zelman, 536 U.S.
did not hit, at least not the girls; but they felt free to make us stand up in class for a public scolding.
post-war shifts and effects in race relations, economics, and social attitudes and values).
THE HISTORY OF IDEAS (Viking Press 1980).
1974). By "popular historians" I mean only that they are not attached to a university.
89. Daubert,509 U.S. at 582-600.
90. Jensen, supra note 46, at 406, 410.
the connecting, energizing force of modern nationalism." HIGHAM, supra note 3, at 4, 7, 9-10, 26.
unless they were widely read in that history.
a person says out loud and on the record is something the person believes.
legislatures and speaking to public media about public events or concernssometimes are pretty sly in their talk about what they believe on a given point.
politicians into silence or empty platitudes or incoherent babble.
largest" were moved by "a matchless fury." Id. at 58.
clear. MCPHERSON, supra note 44, at 492-94, 601-03, 606-07.
93. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803).
states whose clauses do contain those words but also have "private,"
or other support on the basis of religious identity or belief." H.J. Res. 1471, 2011 Leg., I13th Sess.
approximately 5 percent short of meeting the necessary 60 percent "Yes" votes.
PAMPHLET -GENERAL ELECTION 34 (1982).
of students to and from any school).
Catholicism, and their political relationship to the ideals of republicanism." Id. at 406.
MCCLUSKEY, supra note 15, at 43.
that are free of prejudice.
MCPHERSON, supra note 43, at 132, 507.
99. See MCAFEE, supra note 3, at 7, passim.

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