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The type III secretion system needle complex. (A) An electron micrograph of osmotically shocked bacterial cells from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium reveals a structure with an inner membrane-associated base (white arrow), outer membrane ring, and filamentous extension (the “needle”; black arrow). Reprinted from Kubori et al. (1998) with permission. (B) Higher-resolution EM reconstructions of isolated needle complexes from Shigella reveal the details of the substructures of the secretion apparatus. The needle filament (light gray arrow), the outer membrane secretin rings (white arrow), the periplasmic rings (dark gray arrow), and the inner membrane rings (black arrow) are shown. Reprinted from Blocker et al. (2001) with permission. (C) Schematic of the needle complex, illustrating the docking of the filament with the host cell pore, the inner and outer membrane elements such as the secretin rings, periplasmic rings, and inner membrane rings. The bacterial cytoplasm contains homodimeric secretion chaperones binding to effector molecules prior to translocation through the needle complex.
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