Source: http://marriageofmcrory.tripod.com/id96.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 03:25:14+00:00

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Angst in serious musical composition has been a reflection of the times. Musical composition embodying angst as a primary theme have primarily come from European Jewish composers such as Gustav Mahler and Alban Berg, written during a period a great persecution of the Jewish people shortly before and during European Nazi rule. A notable exception is the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich whose symphonies use the theme of angst in post-WWII compositions depicting Russian strife during the war. However, it is the Jewish artists, Gustav Mahler and Franz Kafka in music and literature that have embraced the theme of angst so highly in their work that they have become synonymous with the term to the point of popular joking and cartoons today.
Angst appears to be absent from important French music. Erik Satie’s Gymnopédie and Maurice Ravel’s Pavane pour une infante défunte, composed before WWII, reflect melancholy sentiment without angst in soft, quiet compositions. The effect of angst is achieved by Shostakovich, Mahler and Berg in compositions of wide dynamic range, at times seemingly spinning out of control (Mahler), and atonal music using the twelve-tone row method of composition (Berg and others) to create an angst ridden atmosphere of grotesque sound.
The theme of angst is vividly portrayed in Mahler's Symphony No. 6 (The Tragic) and in Alban Berg's poignant Violin Concerto, dedicated to "To the memory of an angel", for the death of friend Gustav Mahler’s daughter.
Angst, in contemporary connotative use, most often describes the intense frustration and other related emotions of teenagers and the mood of the music and art with which they identify. Heavy metal, punk rock, grunge, nu metal, emo, and virtually any alternative rock dramatically combining elements of discord, melancholy and excitement may be said to express angst. Angst was probably first discussed in relation to popular music in the mid- to late 1950s that was popular amongst the nuclear disarmament and antiwar protester subculture. Folk rock songs like Bob Dylan's 1963 Masters of War and A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall articulated the dread caused by the threat of nuclear war. A key text is Jeff Nuttall's book Bomb Culture (1968) which traced this pervasive theme in popular culture back to Hiroshima.
In the 1980s "teen angst" was expressed in music to a certain extent in the rise of punk, post punk, and alternative music with which it is currently more associated. It was used in reference to the grunge movement and the band Nirvana. Nirvana themselves seem to have been aware of this, as evidenced by the first line of "Serve the Servants" in which Kurt Cobain describes the success of writing songs dealing with the subject (Teenage angst has paid off well | Now I'm bored and old...). In addition, rock band Placebo released a single from their first album entitled Teenage Angst. Also, From First To Last's first full-length album quotes a line of dialogue from black comedy film Heathers, entitled Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has A Body Count, and the same line appears in their single "Ride The Wings Of Pestilence". Another band that has done this is The Wombats in which their line (In their single "Kill the Director") is "And with the angst of a teenage band, here's another song about a gender I'll never understand." Another song to mention the term is Silverchair's song "Miss You Love", which says: "I love the way you love/But I hate the way I'm supposed to love you back/It's just a fad/Part of the, teen, teenage angst brigade". another band that mentions angst is Rise Against with their song Six Ways til Sunday "You're the new revolution/The angst-filled adolescent/You fit the stereotype well"
Angst in My Pants is the eleventh album by Sparks.
The term "angst" is now widely used as a theme by many great modern writers. Often, the expression is used as a common adolescent experience of malaise, as in J.D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye. It has become one of the central themes in modern fiction.
Franz Kafka is the writer whose work is most associated with the theme of angst. His novels The Trial and The Castle, and the short story The Metamorphosis all share this theme.
A party subject to a valid court order who, with knowledge of the order and the ability to comply, fails to comply with the terms of the order is subject to a contempt adjudication and statutory contempt penalties (Ca Civ Pro §§ 1218 & 1219). As an enforcement remedy, exercise of the contempt power enables the court to compel compliance with its valid orders.
In a "civil contempt," the punishment is "remedial, and for the benefit of the complainant." In a "criminal contempt," the sentence is "punitive, to vindicate the authority of the court."
The face of the Judicial Council Affidavit for Contempt form expressly states "A contempt proceeding is criminal in nature" and advises the citee that "the possible penalties include jail sentence . . ." Consequently, at least one court concludes any contempt proceeding brought on the standard Judicial Council contempt form is per se a criminal (not a civil or "remedial") contempt matter.
Support Orders: Child, spousal and family support orders are based on an obligation arising out of marriage and parentage and are imposed by law. They are not money judgments in civil actions for the payment of a "debt" within the meaning of the constitutional guaranty against imprisonment for debt and thus clearly are enforceable by contempt.
Child Custody & Visitation Orders: Child custody and visitation orders do not impose a "debt" obligation. Thus, e.g., the court may invoke its contempt power against a parent who unjustifiably interferes with the other parent's court-ordered visitation rights or violates an injunction restraining relocation with the children.
Attorney Fees/Costs Orders: Need-based attorney fees and costs are awardable by statute in marital proceedings (Ca Fam §§ 2030/2032). The award is based on a law-imposed obligation (not arising out of a money judgment for a "debt") and thus is enforceable by contempt.
Property Division Orders: A spouse who refuses to relinquish a specific item of property or to pay over a portion of a specific fund of money pursuant to a community property division order is subject to enforcement by contempt. The obligation is "law-imposed" (not a "debt") because based on the parties' statutory right to an equal division of community property upon termination of marital status (Ca Fam § 2550 et seq.).
Marital Settlement Agreement Obligations Not Merged Into Judgment: Obligations arising out of a marital settlement agreement are not enforceable as court orders unless "merged" or incorporated in the judgment. Consequently, breach of a marital settlement agreement (or any other contract) is not remediable by contempt where the defaulted obligation was never made a part of the judgment.
Marital Debt Liability Orders: An order pursuant to a division of the community estate requiring a spouse to make specified payments in satisfaction of a community liability is a "debt" not enforceable by contempt . . . unless the obligation is an integral part of a support order.
If the contempt proceedings are criminal in nature, the U.S. Constitution guarantees the citee the full panoply of due process safeguards afforded criminal defendants.
Right To Counsel: Contempt citees clearly have a due process right to be represented by an attorney they have retained for that purpose. Additionally, where the potential penalty includes a jail sentence, an indigent citee has the due process right to court-appointed counsel at county expense.
Application Of The 5th Amendment: The citee must be afforded the testimonial privileges of a criminally accused: He or she is entitled to exercise the privilege not to be called as a witness, and can decline to answer specific questions, claiming the privilege against self-incrimination. These privileges are not waived by filing an answer to the charging declaration.
Criminal Burden Of Proof: As a general rule, the citee also has the same rights as a criminally accused to proof of a prima facie contempt case by competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. The contempt must be discharged if the charging party fails to carry this burden on each element of the prima facie case.
Right To Jury Trial: The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to a jury trial for all "serious" criminal contempts--i.e., when the contempt is punishable by more than six months' imprisonment.
The right to a jury trial under the California constitution is broader: It extends to all criminal prosecutions above an "infraction." Thus, there is a right to jury trial in criminal contempt proceedings that carry a maximum penalty comparable to a felony or misdemeanor (six months' imprisonment plus $1,000 fine) regardless of what the Legislature has labeled the offense.
However, there is no right to jury trial where the court invokes its general summary contempt power under Ca Civ Pro § 1209 and imposes only a maximum five-day sentence and/or $1,000 fine (Ca Civ Pro § 1218(a)). That punishment is not akin to a misdemeanor penalty and thus does not trigger the state constitutional jury trial provision.
If the court proceeds to trial on contempt charges without a jury, and the citee has not expressly waived the right to a jury, the maximum sentence that may be imposed is 180 days (six months). A longer sentence in violation of the jury trial right will not invalidate the contempt conviction or require retrial by jury; but the court must reduce the sentence to six months or less.
Double Jeopardy: Constitutional "double jeopardy" protection guarantees that a person will not be subject to duplicate punishment or duplicate prosecution for the same criminal offense (U.S. Const., 5th Amend; see also Ca Penal § 1387). Double jeopardy protection fully attaches in a nonsummary criminal contempt prosecution to the same extent as it does in other prosecutions for a criminal offense.
In family law cases, the contempt proceedings must be initiated by filing and serving an FL-410 Order to Show Cause and Affidavit for Contempt, along with an applicable Affidavit of Facts Constituting Contempt (FL-411 or FL-412). These forms have been adopted for mandatory use.
The facts generally necessary to establish a prima facie contempt of a family law order are: (i) rendition of a valid order; (ii) the citee's knowledge of the order; and (iii) the citee's willful disobedience of the order.
Valid Order: A contempt adjudication cannot stand if the underlying order is invalid. The charging affidavit must identify the underlying order by date of entry and type. For purposes of sustaining a prima facie case, the court can presume validity unless the order is void on its face; the citee thus normally bears the burden of showing invalidity, either as an affirmative defense in the answer or by motion to discharge the contempt citation.
Knowledge Of The Order: The charging affidavit must set forth facts showing the citee's notice or knowledge of the underlying order (a jurisdictional prerequisite to a valid contempt adjudication).
Knowledge can be shown by personal service of a copy of the order, the citee's presence in court when the order was made, the citee's signature on a stipulation upon which the order was based, or proof that the citee previously sought relief related to the order (e.g., modification).
Order Willfully Disobeyed: To complete a prima facie case of contempt, the charging party must allege facts showing the citee's willful disobedience of the underlying order.
Support Cases: In making a family law support or attorney fees/costs order, the family court necessarily must determine the obligor's ability to pay (Ca Fam §§ 4320(c) (spousal support), 4053(c),(d) (child support), 270, 271(a), 2030(a) (attorney fees and costs)). Since the court has already determined the obligor/citee's ability to pay the underlying order, present ability to pay is not an element of a prima facie contempt case predicated on nonpayment. Rather, inability to pay is an affirmative defense that must be proved by the citee.
Custody/Visitation Cases: A custodial parent can be held in contempt of a visitation order only when he or she has sufficient control over the child so as to have the ability to make the child available for visitation. This is a fact question in each case. A parent probably has sufficient control over minor children of "tender years" to compel them to visit with the other parent; failure to make such children available for visitation probably would be punishable as contempt. But the result may be otherwise when the children get older and it becomes more difficult to exert parental "control." If a teenage child refuses to visit with the noncustodial parent, through no fault of the custodial parent, the custodial parent lacks the ability to comply with the order and cannot be held in contempt; in these cases, the noncustodial parent is probably left without a remedy.
Filing With Court Clerk: The completed OSC and affidavit form(s) are taken to the court clerk, who will obtain the judge's signature on the OSC and then file the papers.
Exception Were Citee Conceals Him/Herself: "Substitute service" on the citee's attorney of record might suffice where the citee has concealed himself or herself to avoid service of the contempt papers. [Shibley v. Super.Ct. (1927) 202 Cal. 738, 742-743, 262 P 332, 334; see also Cedars-Sinai Imaging Med. Group v. Super.Ct. (Moore), supra, 83 Cal.App.4th at 1286, 100 Cal.Rptr.2d at 324--personal service on citee required "(u)nless the citee has concealed himself from the court"] However, a charging party seeking to invoke this exception to personal service must provide the court with evidentiary facts showing reasonable efforts to ascertain the citee's whereabouts and the efforts taken to attempt service on the citee.
The citee may answer the charge, admitting or denying it, or may move for a discharge without answering.
In response to the contempt charge, and before the hearing, the citee can file an opposing affidavit (declaration under penalty of perjury; Ca Civ Pro § 2015.5), questioning the adequacy of the moving party's charging affidavit or raising a sufficient "excuse or justification" in defense. The opposing affidavit together with the charging affidavit frame the issues to be tried in the proceeding.
Common Defenses: Contempt charges are commonly defended on the ground that any failure to comply with the underlying order was not "wilful" because the citee lacked the ability to comply. The citee does not meet this burden, however, with conclusory declarations. He or she must set forth evidentiary facts showing why complete performance was impossible. Moreover, default under the order will not be excused if the responding allegations disclose that the inability to comply was self-imposed for the purpose of avoiding compliance.
Note also that disobedience of a lawful court order is not excused by the fact the citee was acting on advice of counsel. Moreover, attorneys who encourage such defiance can be held in contempt themselves for their own recalcitrant conduct.
The charging affidavit does not make out a prima facie case of contempt.
The same charge was previously made on the same facts and the citee was discharged on the merits.
The penalties upon a contempt adjudication are prescribed by Ca Civ Pro §§ 1218 and 1219.
Mandatory Community Service Or Imprisonment: Upon a contempt adjudication for failure to comply with a court order made under the Family Code, the court "shall order" community service and/or imprisonment as prescribed by Ca Civ Pro § 1218(c).
Read together with § 1218(c), above, this provision means that each count alleged in one charging affidavit may result in one "finding of contempt"; but that the specified community service and imprisonment penalties may be aggregated for each of the counts proved.
Example: One charging affidavit alleges five months' default in support payments, each as a separate count. If the citee has not yet been adjudicated in contempt of a Family Code order, proof of each count in a single proceeding will amount to a "first finding of contempt" under § 1218(c)(1); but the citee may be ordered to perform up to 600 hours of community service or be imprisoned for up to 600 hours (25 days).
$250 per hour with a minimum fee varying with the size and complexity of the case.
Initial filing fee approximately $40. Other fees which may or not be necessary in your particular case are: motion fees, fees for service of process, deposition fees.

References: § 2550
 § 1209
 § 1218
 § 1387
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 § 2015
 § 1218
 § 1218
 § 1218