Source: http://advocatesforpregnantwomen.org/main/publications/articles_and_reports/post.php
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 16:32:30+00:00

Document:
Throughout the late 1980's and still today, "crack moms" and "crack babies"
of women who use cocaine during pregnancy.
on some of the most highly charged and deeply entrenched political issues of our day.
focused on low-income African-American women, many of whom are rely on welfare.
helps to explain why rational and compassionate discussion of the issue is so difficult.
actually help pregnant women and drug exposed infants.
care and women's hope for legal equality.
it might also make room for compassion and understanding.
the children who suffer." The face of a tearful child filled the page beneath the words.
tiny infant's head, so small that a grown man's hand engulfs it almost completely.
cocaine alone was the cause of an array of severe and costly health problems.
other factors like, poor nutrition, are far more important.
Resources for women and children were seriously affected.
apart]. They can't run. They just run around in class like a little rat.
with contributing to the delinquency of a minor.
between health care providers, the prosecutors office, and the police.
to these searches and search warrants were never obtained.
Carolina Supreme Court, has upheld such prosecutions in a case called Whitner v.
State. 26 This decision is now being challenged in the federal courts.
begin to understand them and the problems that need to be addressed.
forgive him and give him another chance.
numbing, relief-giving effects of alcohol.
many second chances Sipowicz's character routinely gets.
that stand in the way of recovery.
behavior that is simply a matter of will-power.
drug use is difficult to overcome without help. Indeed the judge viewed Ms.
limited drug treatment that exists in this country. In a landmark study in 1990, Dr.
pregnant crack addicted pregnant women.
dollars. Funding is unlikely to be renewed in the coming years.
treatment itself often inappropriate or inadequate to help the women.
this, the judge makes clear that it was having a child that was against the law. If Ms.
access to reproductive health services for women.
make their family work. Because they are "pro-life" and would never have an abortion.
does not exist for low-income women.
"choices" were much more limited than Judge Eaton assumed.
for a drug-addicted pregnant woman who attempts to make responsible "choices."
and battering somehow miraculously disappear from view.
effect, urged to "tie one on."
actions. Much of the problem with this argument has already been addressed above.
those of its mother, such is not and cannot be the law of this state.
moment of conception until birth.
her every act or omission while pregnant subjected to state scrutiny?
woman was negligent at any point during her pregnancy?
fetus. That this is so is not a pregnant woman's fault: it is a fact of life.
But What About the Fetus?
on behalf of the fetus.
she needs without the risk of arrest.
fetuses or children. It will, however, further an agenda to undermine women's rights.
how much value we place on a fetus's potential life, it is still inside the woman's body.
as one radio talk show host asserted, a "delivery system" for drugs to the fetus.
yet a third party could be prosecuted for the very same acts."
violence, not against his own body, but against that of another person.
for her child's needs and by ensuring that the child does not take drugs him or herself.
child despite her addiction problem, she could go to jail for ten years as a child abuser.
Because the fetus is in her body, every option available to her is a crime.
complete strangers to interfere with women's freedom.
and lived despite chemotherapy and the removal of an entire leg and half her pelvis.
Eventually she married and became pregnant.
judge to decide what should be done in terms of the fetus.
kill her and that none of them were willing to perform the surgery.
listed as a contributing factor in her death.
Lindesmith Center, Cocaine & Pregnancy (1997); Laura E. Gomez, Misconceiving Mothers (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992).
Linda C. Mayes, R H. Granger, M.H. Nornstein, and B. Zuckerman, "The Problem of Cocaine Exposure, A Rush to Judgment," Journal of the American Medical Association 267 (1992): 406.
Stephan R. Kandall,, Substance and Shadow, Women and Addiction in the United States (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996); Mike Grey, Drug Crazy (New York: Random House, 1998).
Sheila B. Blume, "Sexuality and Stigma: The Alcoholic Woman," Alcohol Health and Research World 15, no 2 (1991): 139-146.
Katha, Pollitt, A New Assault on Feminism, The Nation (26 March 1990).
Lindesmith Center, Cocaine & Pregnancy.
Time Magazine (13 May 1991).
Mayes, "The Problem of Cocaine Exposure."
Gideon Koren, Karen Graham, Heather Shear, and Tom Einarson, "Bias Against the Null Hypothesis: the Reproductive Hazards of Cocaine," Lancet (1989); 1, 1440-1442.
Mayes, "The Problem of Cocaine Exposure;" B. Lutiger, K. Graham, T. R. Einarson, G. Koren, "Relationship between gestational cocaine use and pregnancy outcome: a meta-analysis. Teratology (1991); 44; 405-414.
Barry Zuckerman et al., "Effect of Maternal Marijuana and Cocaine Use on Fetal Growth," The New England Journal of Medicine, 320, no. 12, (23 March 1990): 762-768; Deborah Frank, and Barry S. Zuckerman, "Children Exposed to Cocaine Prenatally: Pieces of the Puzzle," Neurotoxicology and Teratology 15 (1993): 298-300; Deborah A. Frank, Karen Bresnahn, and Barry Zuckerman, "Maternal Cocaine Use: Impact on Child Health and Development," Advances in Pediatrics 40 (1993): 65-99.
Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, Substance Abuse and the American Woman (1997); Joseph R. DiFranza, Robert A. Lew, "Effect of Maternal Cigarette Smoking on Pregnancy Complications and Sudden Death Syndrome," Journal of Family Practice 40 (1995): 385. Cigarette smoking has been linked to as many as 141,000 miscarriages and 4,800 deaths resulting from perinatal disorders, as well as 2,200 deaths from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, nationwide.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Substance Abuse, Drug Exposed Infants, Pediatrics 86 (1990): 639.
Rae Banks and Assata Zerai,, "Maternal Drug Abuse and Infant Health: A Proposal for a Multilevel Model," in African-American and the Public Agenda: The Paradoxes of Public Policy, ed. Sedrick Herring (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1997), 53-67.
Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, Annual Report, 1994.
State v. Collins, Transcript of Record (Pickens Cnty., S.C., Dec. 18, 1991).
Allison Marshall, 1992, 1993, & 1994 Legislative Update, in National Association for Families and Addiction Research and Education Update (Chicago (1993, 1994, 1995).
Brown Trial Transcript, Ferguson et al. V. City of Charleston et al., U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina, Charleston Division, C/A No. 2:93-2624-1 at 5:18-21 (Dec. 10, 1996).
Plaintiff's Exhibit 119, Ferguson et al. V. City of Charleston et al., U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina, Charleston Division, C/A No. 2:93-2624-1.
Philip H. Jos, Marshall Jos, and Martin Perlmutter, "The Charleston Policy on Cocaine Use During Pregnancy: A Cautionary Tale," Journal of Law Medicine and Ethics, 23 (1995) 120-128.
Whitner v. State, 492 S.E.2d 777 (S.C. 1997).
Shelly Geshan, "A Step Toward Recovery, Improving Access to Substance Abuse Treatment for Pregnant and Parenting Women" Southern Regional Project on Infant Mortality (1993): 1.
Dorothy Roberts, "Punishing Drug Addicts who have Babies: Women of Color, Equality, and the Right of Privacy," Harvard Law Review 104, no. 7, (1991): 1419, 1422.
Dianne O. Regan, Saundra M. Ehrlich, and Loretta P. Finnegan, "Infants of Drug Addicts: At risk for Child Abuse, Neglect, and Placement in Foster Care." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 9 (1987): 315-319.
Sheigla Murphy and Marsha Rosenbaum, "Pregnant Women on Drugs, Combatting Sterotypes and Stigma" (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1999).
State v. Johnson No. E89-890-CFA (Fla.Cir.Ct. July13, 1989).
Linder v. United States, 268 U.S. 5, 18 (1925); Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660, 82 S. Ct. 1417 (1962).
Mike Hudson, "With neglect charge behind her, mother intent on staying clean," Roanoke Times, (17 September 1991).
Wendy Chavkin, "Drug Addiction and Pregnancy: Policy Crossroads," American Journal of Public Health, 80, no. 4 (April 1990): 483-487.
Elaine W. v. Joint Diseases North General Hospital, Inc., 613 N.E.2d 523 (N.Y. 1993).
Charisse, Jones, "A Casualty of Deficit: Center for Addicts," New York Times (14 January 1996); Laura M., Lassor, "When Success is Not Enough: The Family Rehabilitation Program and the Policitcs of Family Preservation in New York City," Review of Law and Social Change (forthcoming).
United States General Accounting Office Report to the Chairman, Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, Drug-Exposed Infants, A Generation at Risk, GAO/HRD-90-138 (June 1990).
Lynn M. Paltrow, "When Becoming Pregnant is a Crime," Criminal Justice Ethics 9, no. 1 (Winter-Spring 1990): 41-47.
State v. Crawley, Transcript of Record (Ct. Gen. Sess. Anderson Cnty., S.C., Oct. 17, 1994).
Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1942); Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927); Stephen J. Gould, "Carrie Buck's Daughter," Natural History (July 1984).
People v. Johnson, No. 29390 (Cal.Super.Ct. Jan. 2, 1991).
State v. Ashley, 1997, 701 So.2d 338 (Fla. 1997).
Amy Hill, "Applying Harm Reduction to Services for Substance Using Women in Violent Relationships," Harm Reduction Coalition 6 (Spring 1998): 7-8.
Jan Hoffman, "Pregnant, Addicted and Guilty?" The New York Times Magazine (19 August 1990): 53.
Angela Bonavoglia, "The Ordeal of Pamela Rae Stewart," Ms. (August 1987).
Ricardo A. Yazigi, Randall Odem, Kenneth L. Polakoski, "Demonstration of Specific Binding of Cocaine to Human Spermatozoa," Journal of the American Medical Association 266, no. 14 (9 October 1991).
Stallman v. Youngquist, 125 Ill.2d 267, 531 N.E.2d 355 (1988).
Lynn Paltrow, Punishing Women for their Behavior During Pregnancy, National Institute on Drug Abuse (1997).
Amicus Brief of the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors, et. al, submitted in Whitner v. State , United States Supreme Court, No. 97-1562 (1998).
Reva Siegel, "Reasoning from the body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection," Stanford Law Review 44 (1992): 261.
Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U.S. 484 (1974); Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, 114 S.Ct. 753 (1993).
NAPARE policy statement no. 1, "Criminalization of Prenatal Drug Use: Punitive Measures will be Counter-Productive," National Association on Perinatal Addicition Reserach (Chicago, 1990).
Whitner v. State, 328 S.C. 1, 492 S.E. 2d 777 (1977); Ariela R. Dubler, "Monitoring Motherhood," Yale Law Journal 106 (1996): 935.
Terry E. Thornton, and Lynn Paltrow, "The Rights of Pregnant Patients: Carder Case Brings Bold Policy Inititatives," Healthspan 8 no. 5 (May 1991): 10-16.

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