Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/271/33/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 08:32:40+00:00

Document:
1. A complaint by a seaman against a ship owner for damages for injuries alleged to have resulted from the owner's negligence in furnishing a defective appliance held an action under the Merchant Marine Act as supplemented by the Employers' Liability Act, in which the plaintiff must prove negligence and subject himself to reduction of damages in proportion to any contributory negligence on his part. P. 271 U. S. 36.
2. The state courts have jurisdiction, concurrently with the federal courts, to enforce the right of action established by the Merchant Marine Act as a part of the maritime law. P. 271 U. S. 37.
3. The provision of the Employers' Liability Act that "no action shall be maintained under this Act unless commenced within two years from the day the cause of action accrued" is one of substantive right, both setting a limit and necessarily implying that the action may be maintained, as a substantive right, within that period. P. 271 U. S. 38.
4. This provision was incorporated by adoption in the Merchant Marine Act, and controls in actions brought under that Act in state courts, regardless of the statutes of limitations of the states. P. 271 U. S. 38.
Certiorari to a judgment of the Supreme Court of California which affirmed a judgment dismissing, on demurrer, a complaint in an action for damages, brought by Engel against Davenport.
"That any seaman who shall suffer personal injury in the course of his employment may, at his election, maintain an action for damages at law, with the right of trial by jury, and in such action all statutes of the United States modifying or extending the common law right or remedy in cases of personal injury to railway employees shall apply, and in case of the death of any seaman as a result of any such personal injury, the personal representative of such seaman may maintain an action for damages at law with the right of trial by jury, and in such action, all statutes of the United States conferring or regulating the right of action for death in the case of railway employees shall be applicable. Jurisdiction in such actions shall be under the court of the district in which the defendant employer resides or in which his principal office is located."
defective appliances, in that a pelican hook, which was a necessary part of the chain lashing used in carrying the cargo, had in it a flaw observable upon ordinary inspection; that this hook was not inspected, and that it broke by reason of this flaw, causing the injuries in question. Davenport demurred to the complaint on the ground, inter alia, that the cause of action was barred by § 340, subd. 3, of the California Code of Civil Procedure, which required an action for personal injury caused by wrongful act or negligence to be commenced within one year. This demurrer was sustained, without leave to amend, and judgment was entered in favor of Davenport, which was affirmed, on appeal by the supreme court of the state. 194 Cal. 344. This writ of certiorari was then granted. 266 U.S. 600.
The petitioner contends that the suit is one founded on § 33 of the Merchant Marine Act, of which the state courts have jurisdiction concurrently with the federal courts, and that, by virtue of § 6 of the Employers' Liability Act, 35 Stat. 65, c. 149, incorporated in the provisions of the Merchant Marine Act, it might be commenced within two years after the cause of action accrued, irrespective of the state statute.
The respondent contends, on the other hand, that the suit is not founded on the Merchant Marine Act, and its provisions therefore have no application, and that, in any event, § 6 of the Employers' Liability Act is not incorporated in the Merchant Marine Act and does not determine the period of time within which an action may be commenced in a state court.
Liability Act and its amendments, adopted by the generic reference to "all statutes of the United States Modifying or extending the common law right or remedy in cases of personal injuries to railway employees", and "extends to injured seamen a right to invoke at their election, either the relief accorded by the old rules or that provided by the new rules" -- that is, that it grants them, as an alternative, the common law remedy of an action "to recover compensatory damages under the new rules, as distinguished from the allowances covered by the old rules," which, as a modification of the maritime law, may be enforced through appropriate proceedings in personam on the common law side of the courts.
injuries resulted from negligence in providing a defective appliance and in other respects, and it is not in conflict with the Carlisle Packing Co. case, in which, as shown by the original record, the suit was commenced in 1918, prior to the Merchant Marine Act. And see Lorang v. Steamship Co., 298 F. 547, and Lynott v. Transit Corporation, 202 App.Div. 613.
2. It is clear that the state courts have jurisdiction concurrently with the federal courts to enforce the right of action established by the Merchant Marine Act as a part of the maritime law. This was assumed in Re East River Co., 266 U. S. 355, 266 U. S. 368, and expressly held in Lynott v. Transit Corporation, supra, affirmed without opinion in 234 N.Y. 626. And it has been implied in various decisions in the district courts involving the question of the right to remove to a federal court a suit that had been commenced in a state court.
of the several states, and no case arising thereunder when brought in any state court of competent jurisdiction shall be removed to any federal court. Nor is the jurisdiction in suits under § 33 of the Merchant Marine Act limited to the federal courts, as has been sometimes held in the district courts, by its provision that jurisdiction "shall be under the court of the district" in which the employer resides or his principal office is located. This, as was held in the Panama Railroad case, p. 264 U. S. 385, was not intended to affect the general jurisdiction of the federal courts, but only to prescribe the venue of actions brought in them under the Act.
3. This brings us to the question whether a suit brought in a state court to enforce the right of action granted by the Merchant Marine Act may be commenced within two years after the cause of action accrues, or whether a state statute fixing a shorter period of limitation will apply. Section 6 of the Employers' Liability Act provides that "no action shall be maintained under this Act unless commenced within two years from the day the cause of action accrued." This provision is one of substantive right, setting a limit to the existence of the obligation which the Act creates. Atlantic Coast Line v. Burnette, 239 U. S. 199, 239 U. S. 201. And it necessarily implies that the action may be maintained, as a substantive right, if commenced within the two years.
Act as to the time within which a suit may be instituted is directly applicable to the subject matter of the Merchant Marine Act, and covered by the reference. In the Panama Railroad case, p. 264 U. S. 392, it was held that the contention that the Merchant Marine Act did not possess the uniformity in operation essential to its validity as a modification of the maritime law was unfounded, since the Employers' Liability Act, which it adopted, had a uniform operation which could not be deflected from "by local statutes or local views of common law rules." The period of time within which an action may be commenced is a material element in such uniformity of operation. And plainly Congress, in incorporating the provisions of the Employers' Liability Act into the Merchant Marine Act, did not intend to exclude a provision so material, and to permit the uniform operation of the Merchant Marine Act to be destroyed by the varying provisions of the state statutes of limitation.
We conclude that the provision of § 6 of the Employers' Liability Act relating to the time of commencing the action is a material provision of the statutes "modifying or extending the common law right or remedy in cases of personal injuries to railway employees" which was adopted by and incorporated in the Merchant Marine Act. And, as a provision affecting the substantive right created by Congress in the exercise of its paramount authority in reference to the maritime law, it must control in an action brought in a state court under the Merchant Marine Act, regardless of any statute of limitations of the state. See Arnson v. Murphy, 109 U. S. 238, 109 U. S. 243.
The judgment of the Supreme Court of California is reversed, and the case remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Although other owners of the vessel were also named as defendants in the complaint, the record does not indicate that any of them were served with process or entered their appearance, the suit apparently having been prosecuted against Davenport alone.
Inserted by the amendment of 1910 36 Stat. 291, c. 143.

References: § 340
 § 33
 § 6
 § 6
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 33
 v. 
 § 6
 v.