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properties which have fascinated the scientific community.
fraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy.
microscope (Figure 2a and b).
interest in investigating two-layer and few-layer graphenes as well.
to synthesis, characterization, structure, and properties.
reader to obtain more detailed information.
and received his MS (Engg.) degree in 2008.
book on nanotubes and nanowires.
under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions.
enes in comparison with an in situ method (Figure 3).
to 7 Æ28 at 14008C.
persing graphite in surfactant–water solutions.
by reactive ion etching with an oxygen plasma.
and the average topographic height was approximately 1 nm.
calated with sulphuric acid molecules (spheres) between the layers.
tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been studied.
sonication forming stable dispersions in the above solvents.
of layers can be obtained.
by a direct current (DC) discharge.
other by ridges. The film thickness is (1.5 Æ0.5) nm.
range, with a maximum open circuit voltage of 60 V.
employed to produce graphene sheets.
recombination of carbon radicals in the microwave plasma.
Figure 10. a) Schematic representation of the transferring process.
Si substrates without the use of metal catalysts.
and hydrazine monohydrate as the reducing agent.
chemical reduction by refluxing with hydroquinone.
process followed by reverse exfoliation.
the films and transferring them on to substrates (Figure 13).
/Ar is carried out at 10008C.
been processed through soft-landing mass spectroscopy.
oxide sheets has been reported (Figure 14).
at room temperature for five days.
quartz tube at 10508C under an argon atmosphere.
strategy for the large-scale production of graphene.
equivalent carbon sublattices A and B, shown in Figure 15a.
K and K’ are the two inequivalent points in the Brillouin zone.
Berrys phase and Klein paradox.
ulated by application of an inhomogeneous lattice distortion.
graphene near the K-point can be written as Equation (5).
where s =Æ1 is a band index, j is a subband index (j =1,2).
of the top layer (solid line). c) Energy dispersion of a bilayer graphene.
is the energy separation between the two subbands.
quantum hall effect possible at room temperature.
are shown in Figure 17b.
mode is slightly higher in frequency (ca.
the interlayer spacing does not change appreciably as n varies.
but could prove to be a marker for the number of layers.
is shown. c) Atomic displacements for the highest TO mode at K.
fourth-order perturbation theory as Equation (7).
involving the LO phonon near the G-point (Figure 20b).
highly dispersive with changing incident photon energy (ca.
), almost twice of the dispersion of the D-band.
the spectrum of HOPG. Ferrari et al.
prepared by different methods are shown in Figure 25.
) compared to exfoliated graphene.
when sample is cooled down after annealing.
Raman scattering. Notation same as in Figure 20.
relative movement of the Dirac cones.
contribute to the asymmetric broadening of the 2D band.
tronic transitions and the dashed lines represent emission of phonons.
right inset is a schematic illustration of polymer electrolyte top gating.
due to the non-adiabatic removal of the Kohn anomaly at G.
the phonons in bilayer graphene have been studied.
bilayer graphene as a function of Fermi-energy shift.
structure and properties of graphene.
acceptor molecules on the electronic structure of graphene.
because the origins of D and 2D Raman bands are different.
TTFand TCNE interact with few-layer graphene (Figure 32).
from the effects of electrochemical doping.
to be dependent on surface area of the graphene samples.
voltages. b) Pos(G) and FWHM(G) as a function of Fermi energy shift.
with respect to the Dirac-point of graphene.
their structure and properties investigated.
its electronic and vibrational properties.
phene has been carried out by employing similar strategies.
amide derivative which is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
fluoride with alkyl lithium reagents.
, and THF (Figure 33a).
treated with excess of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and conc.
presence of poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) or KOH.
prepared by the reductive alkylation of fluorinated graphite.
platelets, which are soluble in polar aprotic solvents.
short branched alkanes yield stable dispersions.
particles as a “knife” has been described.
nanoparticles of metals such as Au and Pt.
acid as the metal precursors.
that can be useful for construction of integrated circuits.
ate-terminated pyrene molecules (Figure 38).
cobalt nitrate hexahydrate in n-hexanol and then heating.
lytic reduction of graphite oxide.
Figure 35. Aqueous graphene dispersions stabilized with TCNQ anion.
step sites and the nanoparticles end up at the end of the cut channels.
channel. c) STM images of nano-channels in different directions.
graphic orientation of graphene. Inset: graphite crystal structure.
important role in determining the magnetic properties.
nanographite may be tailored by cutting in certain directions.
irrespective of whether the edges are regular or irregular.
netism and antiferromagnetic features in graphene.
believed to come from defects.
significantly affected by adsorption of oxygen.
arc evaporation of graphite) have been compared.
at low fields, this divergence disappears at high fields.
hysteresis curves of the three samples are shown in Figure 40.
c) before and d) after ALD.
area thus indicating that edge states and/or defects play a role.
thus ruling out spin-glass behavior in these graphene samples.
particles and this aspect also requires further study.
comparable to carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
interfacial phonons in the silica layer.
overlap semimetal, into an insulator.
enable the design of spin-valve devices.
and oxygen functional groups present in the sample.
investigated as electrode materials in supercapacitors.
excellent performance with a high contrast ratio.
be prepared by a bottom-up approach.
being 2.5, 3.1, and 2.0 wt % for DG, EG, and HG, respectively.
modate up to 7.7 wt % of hydrogen.
the nanoribbons, while other gas molecules have little effect.
for chemical warfare agents and explosives.
, and dinitrotoluene has been investigated.
transfer, the electrical contacts play only a limited role.
candidate for the detection of CO.
at both the microbial and the molecular level.
epitaxial graphene can be used as a pH sensor.
single-layer functionalized graphene gives the best results.
contact between the particles and the polymer matrix.
induced assembly of graphene sheets dispersed in solution.
ogy. A recent report by Kara et al.
see if silicene does exist.
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