Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/204/1170/506408/
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 09:18:58+00:00

Document:
Evelina J. Norwinski, Assistant Federal Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant. A.J. Kramer, Federal Public Defender, Carmen D. Hernandez and Reita Pendry, Assistant Federal Public Defenders were on the briefs.
Elizabeth H. Danello, Assistant U.S. Attorney, argued the cause for appellee. With her on the brief were Wilma A. Lewis, U.S. Attorney, John R. Fisher and Patricia Stewart, Assistant U.S. Attorneys.
In In re Sealed Case No. 97-3112 (Sentencing Guidelines' "Substantial Assistance"), 181 F.3d 128 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (in banc), the court held that a district court may not invoke 5K1.1 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines ("U.S.S.G." or "the Guidelines") to sentence a criminal defendant below the guideline range for the prescribed offense except upon motion by the government " 'stating that the defendant has provided substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another person who has committed an offense.' " Id. at 130 (quoting U.S.S.G. 5K1.1, p.s. (1997)). Appellant contends that there is an exception to the motion requirement where the assistance relates to a District of Columbia offense, and hence the district court erred in denying his departure request. Specifically, he contends that the term "offense" in 5K1.1 refers solely to federal offenses, and that he thus may receive a departure below the level prescribed by the Guidelines on the basis of his assistance to law enforcement officers with regard to a homicide prosecution under the District of Columbia Code, even though the government never filed a motion in support of such departure. Because appellant never presented this argument to the district court, our review is for plain error and we find none.
" [A] request for an adjustment under the Guidelines is [forfeited] if the argument is not made at sentencing," and this court "will review sentencing issues raised for the first time on appeal [only] for 'plain error.' " United States v. Foster, 988 F.2d 206, 209 (D.C. Cir. 1993); see United States v. Klat, 156 F.3d 1258, 1267 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (plain error review applied to departures as well as adjustments not requested in the district court); United States v. Ortez, 902 F.2d 61, 64 (D.C. Cir. 1990); see also United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731 (1993). While our plain error review in the sentencing context requires a "slightly less exacting" showing of prejudice than for trial errors, see United States v. Saro, 24 F.3d 283, 287 (D.C. Cir. 1994), an appellant must still show that "from the perspective of the trial court [,] the error [was] 'so "plain" [that] the trial judge and prosecutor were derelict in countenancing it, even absent the defendant's timely assistance in detecting it.' " Id. at 286 (quoting United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 163 (1982)).
Appellant pleaded guilty to one count of a ten count indictment, and was sentenced to 57 months' imprisonment after receiving a downward departure under United States v. Smith, 27 F.3d 649 (D.C. Cir. 1994). In appealing his sentence, he concedes that in seeking a downward departure for cooperation that he had provided to the government in connection with a homicide prosecution in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, he did not specifically argue in the district court that 5K1.1 was inapplicable because his cooperation related to a non-federal offense. The closest he came to raising the issue was when he stated in his first memorandum in aid of sentencing that "under U.S.S.G. 5K2.0 ... [his] assistance augurs in favor of a downward departure."1 Appellant made no mention of 5K1.1 as a separate ground and did not explain why 5K2.0 authorized departure in his case. In his second memorandum in aid of sentencing he argued that 5K1.1 was invalid because Congress had mandated that departures based upon cooperation with the government be addressed through sentencing guidelines while 5K1.1 is a policy statement,2 and that the district court may impose a sentence outside the range established by theapplicable guideline, if the court finds 'that there exists anaggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to adegree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sen-tencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that shouldresult in a sentence different from that described.'U.S.S.G. 5K2.0, p.s. (1997) (quoting 18 U.S.C. 3553(b)).thus retained general authority under 18 U.S.C. 3553(b) to depart on the basis of his cooperation, even absent a government motion for departure. At a subsequent hearing, the district court rejected appellant's 5K1.1 argument, ruling that it lacked authority to depart on the basis of appellant's cooperation "in the absence of a 5K1.1 letter" from the government. Thus, appellant never argued to the district court that 5K1.1, or any other authority, authorized departure absent a government motion because of the non-federal case on which appellant assisted the government.
To be sure, Vizcaino was not required to state the issue as clearly as appellate counsel has, or, for that matter, even to cite to section 5K2.0 in order to preserve the issue for appeal. But absent any statement that the district court could have reasonably interpreted as arguing that crack so distorted the sentence as to take it out of the Guidelines' heartland, we cannot conclude that Vizcaino preserved the issue.
United States v. Vizcaino, 202 F.3d 345, 348 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 15, 2000) (and distinguishing United States v. Beckham, 968 F.2d 47 (D.C. Cir. 1992)). So too here, appellant never made the argument to the district court that he raises on appeal, and to the extent that he referred to 5K2.0 and 3553(b), he never suggested to the district court why either would entitle him to a departure because of his non-federal cooperation, while his reliance on the latter was based upon an argument since rejected by this court. See supra note 2. Therefore, because the issue of whether the district court had authority to depart under 5K2.0 based on appellant's assistance on a non-federal offense was never presented in the district court, it was forfeited and our review is for plain error. See Vizcaino, 202 F.3d at 348; Saro, 24 F.3d at 286.
The language of 5K1.1 makes no distinction between local and federal offenses and merely uses the term "offense":"Upon motion of the government stating that the defendant has provided substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another person who has committed an offense, the court may depart from the guidelines." U.S.S.G. 5K1.1 (first paragraph). Essentially, appellant maintains that according to the definition of "offense" in the Commentary to 1B1.1,3 the meaning of that term as used in 5K1.1 must "Offense" means the offense of conviction and all relevant conduct under 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) unless a different meaning is specified or is otherwise clear from the context. The term "instant" is used in connection with "offense," "federal offense," or "offense of conviction" as the case may be, to be determined contextually; that is, in appellant's view, the narrow definition of "offense" in 1B1.1 "does not fit the 5K1.1 formulation" because it refers to the offense of conviction rather than the offense to which assistance was provided. Because, appellant maintains, the Guidelines always refer expressly to non-federal offenses when they are to be included in the term "offense," the unadorned use of that term in 5K1.1 should be interpreted to refer only to federal offenses. Appellant also relies on the fact that the Guidelines have sometimes included a separate definition when offenses under state, tribal, or military law are to be included. Yet for plain error purposes it is not obvious that offenses under District of Columbia law are excluded from 5K1.1.
First, the second sentence in the definition commentary to 1B1.1 indicates that the term "offense" is broader than federal offenses. That explicit statements exist in other sections of the Guidelines describing the covered offenses to include non-federal offenses is hardly dispositive on plain error review. Compare 5K2.9 p.s. and 5G1.3(b) with 2K2.1, comment (nn.7 & 14); 4A1.1, comment (backg'd).Indeed, to the extent that appellant relies on " [t]he legislative antecedents of 5K1.1," he suggests that there is nothing obvious in 5K1.1 to show that it excludes District of Columbia offenses.
Second, appellant's reliance on context is self-defeating. Because of the unique prosecutorial arrangement in the District of Columbia, a sentencing judge in this district would be particularly unlikely to see obvious error in applying 5K1.1 to cooperation involving local prosecutions. Unlike other districts in which the role of the United States Attorney does not blur the distinction between federal and state prosecutions, the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia serves as both a federal and District of Columbia prosecutor and even has authority to join local offenses to federal charges. See D.C. Code 23-101(c),(d) (1981) (ann.).
Finally, appellant has not pointed to a single case decided before his sentencing that supported his interpretation of 5K1.1. In fact, as of appellant's sentencing, the Second, Third, and Ninth Circuits had all rejected his argument. See United States v. Kaye, 65 F.3d 240, 242 (2d Cir. 1995), vacated, 140 F.3d 86 (2d Cir. 1998); United States v. Emery, 34 F.3d 911, 913 (9th Cir. 1994); United States v. Love, 985 F.2d 732, 733 (3d Cir. 1993). Indeed, appellant's counsel conceded during oral argument in this court that there was no judicial authority whatsoever in his favor at the time of his sentencing. Although the Second Circuit later reconsidered its decision and adopted appellant's interpretation of 5K1.1, this decision upon reconsideration came after appellant was sentenced and therefore does not influence our review for plain error.
Because neither the language of 5K1.1 nor judicial or other authority in existence at the time of appellant's sentencing would have caused the district court on its own to have considered that there might be such an issue in appellant's favor, much less apposite authority even now to demonstrate plain error, the district court did not plainly err in denying appellant's request for a downward departure under 5K2.0.Accordingly, without reaching the merits of appellant's underlying legal argument, we affirm the judgment of conviction.
U.S.S.G. 5K2.0, p.s. (1997) (quoting 18 U.S.C. 3553(B)).
This argument has since been rejected by In re Sealed Case No. 97-3112, 149 F.3d 1198, 1200-01 (D.C. Cir. 1998), vacated in part on other grounds, 159 F.3d 1362 (D.C. Cir. 1998). See also In re Sealed Case No. 97-3112, 181 F.3d at 131 n.3. Furthermore, the argument is unpersuasive on its face, inasmuch as Congress expressly authorized the Sentencing Commission to issue general policy statements regarding application of the Guidelines. See 28 U.S.C. 994(a) (2) (1993). Indeed, the court's language in rejecting this position was unequivocal: "we have no doubt that the Commission's decision to issue a policy statement rather than a guideline in response to section 994(n) amounted to a permissible, if not the only reasonable, construction of the statute." In re Sealed Case No. 97-3112, 149 F.3d at 1201.
"Offense" means the offense of conviction and all relevant conduct under 1 B 1.3 (Relevant Condutc) unless a different mening is specified or is otherwise clear from the context. The term "instant" is used in connection with "offense," "federal offense," or "offense of conviction" as the case may be, to distinguish the violation for which the defendant is being sentenced from a prior or subsequent offense, or from an offense before another court (e.g. an offense before a state court involving the same underlying conduct).
U.S.S.G. 1B1.1, comment (n.1(l) ).

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