Source: http://supreme.nolo.com/us/248/67/case.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 02:40:55+00:00

Document:
A Utah corporation, operating an extensive railroad through several states, with but slight mileage, and small proportion of its property, and no intrastate business, in Missouri, seeking to issue over $30,000,000 bonds under mortgage of its whole line to meet expenditures incurred but in small part in that state, was charged for the privilege, by a Missouri commission, over $10,000, calculated by a percentage of the entire issue. Held a direct, unconstitutional interference with interstate commerce. P. 248 U. S. 69.
This Court must examine for itself whether there is any basis in fact for a finding by a state court that a constitutional right has been waived. P. 248 U. S. 69.
Where a state exacted an unconstitutional fee for a certificate of authority to issue railroad bond, under statutes threatening heavy penalties and purporting to invalidate the bonds, and so rendering them unmarketable, if the certificate were not obtained, held that application for and acceptance of the certificate, with payment under protest, were made under duress. P. 248 U. S. 70.
the Commission's judgment aside as an interference with interstate commerce and as bad under the Fourteenth Amendment. The court decided that the charge was unreasonable and that the minimum statutory fee of $250 should have been charged. On appeal by the Commission, the supreme court held the railroad estopped by its application, reversed the court below, and upheld the charge. 268 Mo. 641.
The railroad company is a Utah corporation having a line over thirty-five hundred miles long, extending through several states, from Kansas City, Missouri, and elsewhere, to Ogden, Utah. It has only about six-tenths of one mile of main track in Missouri, and its total property there is valued at a little more than three million dollars, out of a total valuation of over two hundred and eighty-one millions. The bonds were to reimburse the company for expenditures of which again less than one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars had been made in Missouri. The business done by the railroad in Missouri is wholly interstate. On these facts, it is plain, on principles now established, that the charge, which in accordance with the letter of the Missouri statutes, was fixed by a percentage on the total issue contemplated, was an unlawful interference with commerce among the states. Looney v. Crane Co., 245 U. S. 178, 245 U. S. 188; International Paper Co. v. Massachusetts, 246 U. S. 135.
right has been waived. Creswill v. Knights of Pythias, 225 U. S. 246. Were it otherwise, as conduct under duress involves a choice, it always would be possible for a state to impose an unconstitutional burden by the threat of penalties worse than it in case of a failure to accept it, and then to declare the acceptance voluntary, as was attempted in Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. O'Connor, 223 U. S. 280.
On the facts, we can have no doubt that the application for a certificate and the acceptance of it were made under duress. The certificate was a commercial necessity for the issue of the bonds. The statutes, if applicable, purported to invalidate the bonds and threatened grave penalties if the certificate was not obtained. The railroad company and its officials were not bound to take the risk of these threats being verified. Of course, it was for the interest of the company to get the certificate. It always is for the interest of a party under duress to choose the lesser of two evils. But the fact that a choice was made according to interest does not exclude duress. It is the characteristic of duress properly so called. The Eliza Lines, 199 U. S. 119, 199 U. S. 130-131. If, as may be, the supreme court of the state regards or will regard this statute as inapplicable, Public Service Commission v. Union Pacific R. Co., 271 Mo. 258, probably the state would not wish to retain the charge, but, we repeat, the railroad company was not bound to take the risk of the decision, and no proceeding has been pointed out to us by which it adequately could have avoided evils that made it practically impossible not to comply with the terms of the law. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. O'Connor, 223 U. S. 280, 223 U. S. 286.

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