Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/321205490/United-States-v-Perry-560-F-3d-246-4th-Cir-2009
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 11:14:35+00:00

Document:
is corrected to read cocaine-trafficking.
District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
Agee and Judge Smith joined.
relation to a drug trafficking crime. We affirm Perrys convictions, but vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing.
activity was considered to be consistent with drug distribution.
amount consistent with distribution, and an additional quantity of marijuana.
years, both at Perrys house and at his place of business.
arising from the controlled buy on June 9, 2005 (Count 3).
crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (West Supp.
well as incriminating statements he made to officers that day.
the persons or things to be seized." U.S. Const. amend. IV.
(4th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted).
established reputation as a drug dealer in Franklin County.
[c]ocaine and other controlled substances," as well as "firearms and weapons." J.A. 45.
had probable cause to search. Accordingly, we affirm the district courts denial of Perrys motion to suppress the marijuana and firearms found during the search of his house.
to the Franklin County officers on the day of the search.
after the cocaine was found.
Although it is not entirely clear, Perry apparently believed that Detective Strickland was related to him by marriage.
amount of powder." J.A. 48.
or otherwise terminate the encounter." United States v. Weaver, 282 F.3d 302, 309 (4th Cir. 2002).
touching by the police of the citizen.
Id. at 309-10 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
into the car at the suggestion or request of the police officers."
questioning" prior to his being given his Miranda warnings.
suppress the spontaneous utterance as well as the postMiranda confessions.
drug trafficking crime. We disagree.
the 924(c) violation, the government was required "to present evidence indicating that the possession of a firearm furthered, advanced, or helped forward a drug trafficking crime.
(quoting Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942)).
the jurys determination that Perry possessed a firearm to further, advance, or help forward his drug trafficking activities.
double-wide trailer with three bedrooms.
drug paraphernalia and firearms found in the master bedroom.
offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
invalid under the Fifth Amendment.
unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury. . . ."
F.3d 233, 242 (4th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Randall, 171 F.3d 195, 203 (4th Cir. 1999)).
of the Count 4 offense.
United States v. Montgomery, 262 F.3d 233, 242 (4th Cir.
also United States v. Farish, 535 F.3d 815, 823-24 (8th Cir.
504 F.3d 99, 104 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (same).
uncharged predicate offense of possession with intent to distribute. See id.
in Randall was not charged in the indictment. Id.
requiring the jury to be unanimous as to which firearm supported the 924(c) conviction.
offenses charged in Count 4 or Count 5.
Perrys reliance upon United States v. Cappas, 29 F.3d 1187 (7th Cir.
reliance upon United States v. Theodoropoulos, 866 F.2d 587 (3d Cir.
and there was no way to determine which gun the jury had relied upon.
because a specific firearm is not an element of a violation under 18 U.S.C.
924(c)(1)(A)." Id. at 214 (emphasis added).
is not required for either the firearm possessed or the predicate offense it is possessed in furtherance of in order to convict.
possession with intent to distribute marijuana.
charged in Count 4 or Count 5." J.A. 609 (emphasis added).
for the single 924(c) conviction.
assuming that the district court should have required jury unanimity as to the predicate offense, the error was harmless.
is no longer valid in light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.
whether such a verdict would be proper to another day.
attributable to Perry, and we find no error in its determination.
exceptional circumstances"). Because Perrys asserted sixlevel increase fails to create an "exceptional circumstance,"
standard of proof on this point.
cocaine sentencing ratio could not be a basis for a variance).

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