Source: http://cabadvantage.com/articles/category/cases-from-bits/c63-volume-10-edition-10/page/2/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 00:34:31+00:00

Document:
TRANSMASTERS TOWING and Kevin Raasch, Appellees.
The State of Kansas ex rel. Phill Kline (now Paul J. Morrison), Attorney General (State), appeals the dismissal of its claims under the Kansas Consumer Protection Act (KCPA), K.S.A. 50-623et seq., against Transmasters Towing and its owner Kevin Raasch (Transmasters). The district court held the KCPA claims were preempted by the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act (ICCTA), 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1) (2000). We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
In 2005, the State alleged that Transmasters committed multiple violations of the KCPA against 10 individual consumers. The State pled generally that Transmasters frequently obtained towing jobs under a “random assignment of government and Kansas turnpike authorities, by use of a rotation schedule” and that Transmasters had “towed vehicles in the State of Kansas without first obtaining the permission of those towed.”The State then pled as to each individual consumer the circumstances requiring the tows, the acts alleged to be deceptive or unconscionable under the KCPA, and the facts indicating a lack of consent to the towings.
Among the acts alleged to have been deceptive or unconscionable were: charging excessive prices for towing and storage, raising prices after a customer’s complaint, misrepresenting toll road policies, refusing to tow anywhere other than Transmasters’ storage facility, and preventing access to personal belongings in stored vehicles. These acts were said to have violated K.S.A. 50-626(b)(9), K.S.A. 50-627(a), and K.S.A. 50-627(b)(1), (2), and (5). The State requested a declaratory judgment that Transmasters had violated the KCPA, injunctive relief, actual damages, and civil penalties.
Transmasters moved to dismiss, contending that “all claims brought by [the State] under the [KCPA] that are related to the [prices], routes, or services of a tow truck operator are specifically preempted by federal law.”Transmasters did not identify any claims not related to its prices, routes, or services.
Are the Kansas Consumer Protection Act Claims Preempted By the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act?
The question presented on appeal is whether the State’s KCPA claims are preempted by the ICCTA. “This issue involves questions of statutory interpretation as well as preemption, both questions of law over which [an appellate] court exercises de novo review. [Citation omitted.]”Doty v. Frontier Communications, Inc., 272 Kan. 880, 888, 36 P.3d 250 (2001).
Under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, “the Laws of the United States … shall be the supreme Law of the Land …, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.”U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2. A state law which conflicts with federal law is unenforceable. In re Tax Appeal of Karsten, 22 Kan.App.2d 882, 886, 924 P.2d 1272 (1996). Because “ ‘[t]he purpose of Congress is the ultimate touchstone’ in every pre-emption case,” analysis of a federal statute “must begin with its text,” including the “ ‘structure and purpose of the statute as a whole.’”Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 518 U.S. 470, 484-86, 116 S.Ct. 2240, 135 L.Ed.2d 700 (1996) (quoting Retail Clerks v. Schermerhorn, 375 U.S. 96, 103, 84 S.Ct. 219, 11 L.Ed.2d 179 , and Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Assn., 505 U.S. 88, 96, 98, 112 S.Ct. 2374, 120 L.Ed.2d 73  ).
The ICCTA contains an express preemption clause: “Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), a State … may not enact or enforce a law …related to a price, route, or service of any motorcarrier.”(Emphasis added.) 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1) (2000); see also Doty, 272 Kan. at 888-89, 36 P.3d 250 (reviewing types of preemption). An express preemption clause makes “the courts’ task … an easy one.”English v. General Electric Co., 496 U.S. 72, 79, 110 S.Ct. 2270, 110 L.Ed.2d 65 (1990). The plain language of the ICCTA’s express preemption clause prohibits the State from bringing KCPA claims related to Transmasters’ price, route, or service unless one of the statutory exceptions is applicable. On appeal, the State concedes this point.
This price preemption exception was added to the ICCTA in 1995 “to allow States and local governments to regulate the price of tows in non-consent cases.”H. Conf. R. No. 104-422, 104th Cong., 1st Sess., at 219 (1995), reprinted in 1995 U.S.C.C.A.N. 793, 904.
On appeal, Transmasters counters that the State did not raise the price preemption exception below, but the State clearly addressed this issue in its response to Transmasters’ motion to dismiss. Nevertheless, because the State only raises the preemption exception relating to price, it tacitly concedes the ICCTA express preemption clause prohibits the State from bringing KCPA claims relating to Transmasters’ route or service. See McGinley v. Bank of America, N.A., 279 Kan. 426, 444, 109 P.3d 1146 (2005) (issues not briefed are deemed abandoned). Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the State’s KCPA claims relating to Transmasters’ route or service based upon the ICCTA’s express preemption provision.
With regard to the price preemption exception, the district court declined to rule whether the State had pled a lack of “prior consent or authorization of the owner or operator,” as required by the exception. 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C). The district court considered the “nonconsensual tow” issue to be moot, given its ruling that the KCPA is not a law “relating to the price of for-hire motor vehicle transportation by a tow truck” under 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C). Moreover, the parties have not briefed the nonconsensual tow issue. As a result, this issue is not appropriate for our review.
The question then becomes more narrowly focused: Are the KCPA’s unconscionable acts or practices provisions a law “relating to” price?
In addressing this question, the parties brief only the “unconscionable acts or practices” provisions under K.S.A. 50-627(b). It is noteworthy that the KCPA does not define unconscionability. State ex rel. Stovall v. DVM Enterprises, Inc., 275 Kan. 243, 249, 62 P.3d 653 (2003). Rather, it sets out a nonexclusive list of “circumstances” which the court “shall consider” when “determining whether an act or practice is unconscionable.”K.S.A. 50-627(b). Some of these acts or practices deal directly with price, e.g.,K.S.A. 50-627(b)(2) (“the price grossly exceeded the price at which similar products or services were readily obtainable in similar transactions by similar consumers”), while others may relate to price depending on the circumstances. See, e.g.,K.S.A. 50-627(b)(5) (“the transaction the supplier induced the consumer to enter into was excessively onesided in favor of the supplier”). As a result, price unconscionability under the KCPA is determined on a case-by-case basis. See Remco Enterprises, Inc. v. Houston, 9 Kan.App.2d 296, 302, 677 P.2d 567,rev. denied235 Kan. 1042 (1984) (“In determining price unconscionability, there is no fixed ratio limit. The issue is to be determined by the court upon the basis of the peculiar circumstances of each case.”).
The KCPA, adaptable to the circumstances of a particular case, is still a law “relating to the price” as that phrase is used in the price preemption exception of 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C). If it were not, we would conclude it is not “related to” price as that phrase is used in the express preemption clause of 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1). Congress’ use of cognates of the word, “relate,” show it intended to grant an exception in 1995 as broad in scope (at least with reference to price) as the express preemption clause previously enacted in the ICCTA.
The State properly suggests this result is dictated by “rules of logic.” The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has employed this logic: “[T]he regulation [for Washington state towing businesses] is not preempted under § 14501(c)(1) unless it relates to price. If the regulation relates to price, however, it is saved from preemption under the non-consensual towing exception of § 14501(c)(2)(C). Thus, either way … [the] regulation is not preempted.”Independent Towers, WA v. Washington, 350 F.3d 925, 932 (9th Cir.2003).
A contrary result is appropriate only if Congress expressed one intent by the phrase “related to” in the express preemption clause of 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1), and a different intent by the phrase “relating to” in the price preemption exception found at 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C). This was the conclusion of law made by the district court in the present case.
“For purposes of the present case, the key phrase, obviously, is ‘relating to.’ The ordinary meaning of these words is a broad one-‘to stand in some relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; refer; to bring into association with or connection with,’ Black’s Law Dictionary 1158 (5th ed.1979)-and the words thus express a broad pre-emptive purpose. We have repeatedly recognized that in addressing the similarly worded pre-emptive provisions of … ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a), which pre-empts all state laws ‘insofar as they … relate to any employee benefit plan.’” 504 U.S. at 383, 112 S.Ct. 2031.
This passage supports the district court’s conclusion that the phrase “related to” in the express preemption clause at 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1) should be broadly construed.
The Supreme Court’s statutory interpretation in Morales also bolsters the proposition that the phrase “relating to” in the price preemption exception of 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C) should be construed broadly. The Morales court effectively equated the words “related to” and “relating to,” even though the phrases were found in different acts, i.e., the ADA and ERISA. See 504 U.S. at 383-86, 112 S.Ct. 2031.Similarly, we should not differentiate these phrases in the ICCTA, especially when they are found in the same statute.
It is true Morales construed “relating to” with regard to the breadth of preemption, not the breadth of an exception to preemption which is at issue here, but the principle is the same. Morales emphasized that “statutory intent” is based on “ ‘the language employed by Congress and the assumption that the ordinary meaning of that language accurately expresses the legislative purpose. [Citations omitted.]’ ” 504 U.S. at 383, 112 S.Ct. 2031.Nothing in the ordinary meaning of language suggests that cognates of “relate” have a broad meaning for purposes of preemption but a narrow meaning for purposes of an exception to preemption. Such a construction could only be based on a consideration other than the statutory language itself. In this regard, we note there is a general presumption against preemption of state law. See Coma Corporation v. Kansas Dept. of Labor, 283 Kan. 625, 632, 154 P.3d 1080 (2007) (citing New York State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 U.S. 645, 654, 115 S.Ct. 1671, 131 L.Ed.2d 695  ).
“provides a new exemption from the preemption of State regulation of intrastate transportation relating to the price of non-consensual tow truck services. This is only intended to permit States … to set maximum prices for non-consensual tows, and is not intended to permit re-regulation of any other aspect of tow truck operations.”H.R.Rep. No. 104-311, 104th Cong., 1st Sess., at 119 (1995), reprinted in 1995 U.S.C.C.A.N. 793, 831.
Relying exclusively on this brief passage, the district court held that the KCPA does not set “maximum price[s],” the phrase used by the House Committee, and thus it ruled: “[T]here is no applicable exception and [the State’s] claims are preempted by the ICCTA.”This legislative history, however, does not support the district court’s conclusion because the House Conference Report later removed the House Committee’s reference to “maximum” prices. H. Conf. R. No. 104-88 at 219. Moreover, Transmasters cites no case law in support of its assertion that the price preemption exception at 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C) applies only to maximum prices.
The intent of Congress is expressed through its statutory language. “It is never easy to use legislative history to decipher legislative intent because members of Congress may vote for a statute for varying reasons and may expect the courts to apply the statute in differing manners.”Perera v. Siegel Trading Co., Inc., 951 F.2d 780, 784 (7th Cir.1992). The district court’s restrictive interpretation of 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C) simply read “relating to” out of the statute. See also American Airlines, Inc. v. Wolens, 513 U.S. 219, 226-28, 115 S.Ct. 817, 130 L.Ed.2d 715 (1995) (holding a generally worded consumer protection act fell within ADA preemption).
If the KCPA unconscionability provision is expressly preempted because it relates to price under 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1), it is also a law relating to price under the preemption exception established by 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C). We hold, under the facts of this case, that unconscionable price claims brought under K.S.A. 50-627 are not preempted by the express preemption clause of 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(1) prohibiting the enactment or enforcement of a law “related to a price, route or service of any motorcarrier” because these claims are included within the preemption exception allowing the enactment or enforcement of a law “relating to the price of for-hire motor vehicle transportation by a tow truck, if such transportation is performed without the prior consent or authorization of the owner or operator of the motor vehicle” under 49 U.S.C. § 14501(c)(2)(C).
The district court’s ruling to the contrary is reversed, the remaining rulings are affirmed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings.
United States District Court, D Connecticut.
Scarlett L. BURKE, Ryan Boyle, ppa MATTHEW BOYLE and Nancy Boyle, and Matthew Boyle and Nancy Boyle, individually, Defendants.
WARREN W. EGINTON, Senior United States District Judge.
This action arises from plaintiff Farm Family Casualty Insurance Co.’s (“FFCI”) claim that it is not obligated to provide indemnification to defendant Scarlet Burke regarding claims made by the other named defendants, Ryan Boyle, ppa Matthew Boyle and Nancy Boyle, and Matthew Boyle and Nancy Boyle, individually (collectively, “defendants”) arising from a personal injury lawsuit currently pending in the Connecticut Superior Court. In its motion for summary judgment, FFCI seeks a declaratory judgment of its rights and obligations pursuant to a Farm Family Umbrella Policy issued to plaintiff and in effect at the time of the accident. In the alternative, FFCI maintains that partial summary judgment is warranted because the FFCI Policy bars coverage for punitive or exemplary damages.FN1Defendants object to plaintiff’s motion, claiming that said policy is ambiguous and that genuine issues of material fact preclude the granting of summary judgment.
FN1. Defendant Burke does not contest plaintiff’s claim for partial summary judgment; instead, she argues that it is not entitled to summary judgment to bar all coverage of Burke’s claims under the policy. The Boyle defendants object to both FFCI’s motion for a global summary judgment and its alternate remedy.
On October 13, 2003, Burke was the driver of a truck involved in a motor vehicle accident in which Ryan Boyle, a minor, suffered severe multiple injuries. Ryan Boyle, Matthew Boyle and Nancy Boyle filed a lawsuit in the Connecticut Superior Court for the Judicial District of Fairfield (Ryan Boyle, ppa Matthew Boyle and Nancy Boyle, et al. v. Kenneth Novak, et al., Docket # FBT-CV-04-4003712-S), claiming that Ryan’s injuries were caused by Burke’s negligence, and seeking to recover damages from Burke.
At the time of the accident, Burke was the named insured under an FFCI Personal Auto Policy No. 0601 P636-1 with coverage limits of $250,000 and an FFCI Umbrella Policy No. 0601B1203 with coverage limits of $1,000,000. She was also the named insured under an Allstate Insurance Co. (“Allstate”) Automobile Liability Policy No. 919255332 with coverage limits of $300,000 and an Allstate Personal Umbrella Policy No. 91955846 with coverage limits of $1,000,000. All policies were in effect on October 13, 2003.
3. have complied with the policy provisions….
a. sums an INSURED must pay (legally or by agreement with our written consent) because of PERSONAL INJURY or PROPERTY DAMAGE covered by this policy;….
a. If the named INSURED on the declarations page is an individual, then INSURED means you….
b. destruction of tangible property including the loss of use of this property.
We will pay on an INSURED’S behalf DAMAGES for which an INSURED becomes legally responsible due to PERSONAL INJURY or PROPERTY DAMAGE caused by an OCCURRENCE. This coverage applies only to damages in excess of the PRIMARY INSURANCE FN2 or the RETAINED LIMIT, whichever applies.
FN2. The FFCI Policy defines “PRIMARY INSURANCE” as “any insurance collectible by the INSURED which covers the INSURED’s liability for PERSONAL INJURY or PROPERTY DAMAGE [missing text].
29. PERSONAL INJURY or PROPERTY DAMAGE with respect to which an INSURED under this policy is also an INSURED under a Personal Umbrella or Commercial Umbrella or would be insured under such policy but for its termination upon exhaustion of its limit of liability.
48. Punitive or exemplary DAMAGES.
1. This policy pays only after the limits of the PRIMARY INSURANCE and excess insurance, and any other PRIMARY INSURANCE and excess insurance covering the claim have been paid by you or on your behalf.
a. If PRIMARY INSURANCE or any other collectible insurance does cover PERSONAL INJURY or PROPERTY DAMAGE covered by this policy [Farm Family is not required to take charge of the investigation, defense or settlement but has the right to join in such activities and may do so as it feels is appropriate].
This policy provides only excess insurance. It does not contribute with any Required Underlying Insurance or other insurance which applies to an occurrence. It also is excess to any Retained Limit an insured assumes.
We will pay only those amounts within our limit of liability which exceed the sum of: 1. The limits of liability to any Required Underlying Insurance which apply to the occurrence, plus 2. The limits of any other liability insurance available to an insured which apply to the occurrence.
FFCI claims that it is entitled to summary judgment because Exclusion 29 to its policy operates to bar coverage in that it unambiguously precludes coverage where the insured is also an insured under a personal umbrella policy such as the one included in the Allstate policy. In the alternative, It also argues that it is entitled to partial summary judgment because Exclusion 48 bars coverage for punitive or exemplary damages.
A motion for summary judgment will be granted where there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and it is clear that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).“Only when reasonable minds could not differ as to the import of the evidence is summary judgment proper.”Bryant v. Maffucci, 923 F.2d 979, 982 (2d Cir.), cert. denied,502 U.S. 849 (1991).
The burden is on the moving party to demonstrate the absence of any material factual issue genuinely in dispute. American International Group, Inc. v. London American International Corp., 664 F.2d 348, 351 (2d Cir.1981). In determining whether a genuine factual issue exists, the court must resolve all ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences against the moving party.Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).
If a nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient showing on an essential element of its case with respect to which it has the burden of proof, then summary judgment is appropriate. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. If the nonmoving party submits evidence which is “merely colorable,” legally sufficient opposition to the motion for summary judgment is not met.Anderson, 477 U.S. at 24.
It is well settled that an insurance contract is analyzed to assess the intent of the parties: what the insured expected to receive and what the insurer expected to provide. Royal Insurance Co. of America v. Zygo Corp., 2003 WL 21960734, *3 (D.Conn.).“Where the terms of the policy are clear and unambiguous, then the language, from which the intention of the parties is to be deduced, must be accorded its natural and ordinary meaning. If, however, the words of the policy are susceptible of two equally responsible interpretations, the Court must adopt that interpretation that will sustain the claim and cover the loss.”Id. See Heyman Associates No. 1 v. Insurance Co. of Pennsylvania, 231 Conn. 756, 769-70 (1995). Where there is clear and unambiguous language, the “the determination of what the parties intended by their contractual commitments is a question of law.”Thompson & Peck, Inc. v. Harbor Marine Contracting Corp., 203 Conn. 123, 131 (1987).See also, Mycak v. Honeywell, Inc., 953 F.2d 798, 802 (2d Cir.1992). Summary judgment is appropriate only where the contract language is wholly unambiguous. “Where contractual language is ambiguous and subject to varying reasonable interpretations, intent becomes an issue of fact and summary judgment is inappropriate.”Thompson v. Gjivoje, 896 F.2d 716, 721 (2d Cir.1990). Because the insurer drafted the contract, any ambiguity in the contract must be construed in favor of the insured. Community Action for Greater Middlesex County, Inc. v. American Alliance Insurance Co., 254 Conn. 387, 399 (2000).
Both the FFCI Policy and the Allstate Policy contain “other insurance” clauses. There are three types of “other insurance” clauses: 1) excess; 2) pro rata; and 3) escape. An “excess” insurance clause provides that if there is other valid insurance applicable to the loss, the excess policy comes into effect only if the claimant’s loss exceeds the policy limits of the primary insurer. A “pro rata” clause provides that if there is other valid coverage, the insurer is liable only for its pro rata share of the loss; i.e., the proportion that the policy limits hold against the total applicable policy limits. An “escape” other insurance clause provides that the existence of other coverage eliminates the insurer’s liability to the claimant of the other policy. 8A J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice (1981) § 4906, pages 345-52. Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. v. CNA Insurance Co., 221 Conn. 779, 784 n. 3 (1992).
FFCI posits that paragraph 29 of its policy is an “exclusion” of coverage that is triggered as a result of the Allstate Policy’s status as an “umbrella” policy. Defendants argue that paragraph 29 is an “escape” clause and that it is inconsistent with the policy’s “excess” clause contained in section IV, paragraph 1 and in section VII, paragraph 5. Defendants also assert that the existence and applicability of the Allstate policy dictate that the FFCI policy must be read in conjunction with it and its own “other insurance” clauses delineating it as an “excess” insurer.
While it is true that, in and of itself, Exclusion 29’s plain and clear language precludes FFCI’s indemnification of Burke, it is not possible to read this provision in the vacuum that plaintiff suggests. To do so would be to ignore the totality of the insurance contract. “It is axiomatic that a contract of insurance must be viewed in its entirety, and the intent of the parties for entering it derived from the four corners of the policy.”Community Action for Greater Middlesex County, Inc. v. American Alliance Insurance Co ., 254 Conn. at 399.
Because the FFCI policy includes both an “escape” clause and an “excess” clause, an internal conflict arises. Under the “escape” clause, FFCI asserts its denial of all coverage due to Allstate’s status as a “personal umbrella” policy. However, pursuant to the “excess” clause in the FFCI policy, FFCI’s is liable for coverage up to the “amount stated in the declarations page” after the “excess” coverage of the Allstate policy is exhausted. This conflict renders the FFCI policy ambiguous and, as a result, it must be read in favor of indemnification for Burke, the insured. See Hansen v. Ohio Casualty Insurance Co., 239 Conn. 537, 548 (1996) (inconsistent language in policy created ambiguity which must be resolved against the insurer); Raffel v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 141 Conn. 389, 392 (1954) (“When the words of an insurance contract are, without violence, susceptible of two interpretations, that which will sustain the claim and cover the loss must, in preference, be adopted.”). Summary judgment must be denied on this ground.
The Connecticut Supreme Court has determined that public policy is in favor of the insured being granted full indemnification for a loss and that “other insurance” clauses should be read in favor of that end. In Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. v. CNA Insurance Co., 221 Conn. 779, 783 (1992), the Court concluded “that ‘other insurance’ clauses are valid for the purpose of establishing the order of coverage between insurers, as long as their enforcement does not compromise coverage for the insured.”The conflicting “excess” clauses in the FFCI and the Allstate policies could compromise the coverage available to Burke and, therefore, may be in contravention of public policy. “We conclude, therefore, that if a careful reading of the language of the policies in their entirety reconciles any conflict or ambiguity that may arise when identical or similar ‘other insurance’ clauses exist, and if the enforcement of the clauses would not produce adverse consequences for the insured, then the clauses should be enforced as written.”Id. at 785.Because it cannot be determined what roles the FFCI and Allstate policies’ “other insurance” clauses would play based on the record before the Court, summary judgment must be denied.
Furthermore, because the amount of Burke’s damages has not been ascertained, it is not possible to assess FFCI’s responsibility vis a vis the sufficiency of the Allstate policy, if applicable, to provide coverage. It is not clear from the record whether the FFCI policy would be implicated; i.e., whether the Allstate policy, as primary insurance, would provide indemnification for Burke and thus preclude the activation of the FFCI policy as an “excess” policy.
Plaintiff has also moved for partial summary judgment on the basis that if the Court should find that Exclusion 29 does not bar coverage for all claims asserted against Burke, Exclusion 48 precludes coverage for double and treble damages and attorneys’ fees.
Defendants concede that the FFCI policy may be exempt from providing coverage for Burke for common law punitive or exemplary damages.FN4However, defendants posit that FFCI is not excused from coverage of Burke for punitive or exemplary damages (double or treble) pursuant to Conn. Gen.Stat. § 14-295. Caulfield v. Amica Mutual Insurance Co., 31 Conn.App. 781, 786 n. 3,cert. denied,227 Conn. 913 (1993). In Caulfield, the Connecticut Appellate Court considered the implications of uninsured motorist coverage and found that the policy exclusions such as the one at issue here did not preclude payment of § 14-295 double or treble damages. It declined to award such damages, however, because it determined that to do so would place the insured in a better position than if the tortfeasor had been insured. It also found that uninsured motorist carriers have no relation to the tortfeasor and therefore cannot allocate the risk of punitive damage claims to the tortfeasor. Such a result would contravene public policy. Id. at 787.
FN4. Under Connecticut common law, “the terms ‘exemplary damages’ and ‘punitive damages’ are interchangeable labels for damages awards under circumstances to compensate a plaintiff for his expenses of litigation”Harty v. Cantor Fitzgerald and Co., 275 Conn. 72, 93 (2005).
This public policy is not at issue in the instant matter, which does not implicate uninsured motorist coverage and which presents a direct relationship between Burke, the insured tortfeasor, and FFCI. There are no policy considerations that militate against the assessment of statutory double or treble damages against FFCI. The Court will deny plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment on this ground.
For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment [Doc. 16] is DENIED.

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