Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/414/478/
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 04:39:50+00:00

Document:
On the basis of evidence that a 14-year-old girl bought a button inscribed "Copulation Not Masturbation" at a store operated by him, appellant was convicted of "willfully" contributing to the delinquency of a minor in violation of a New Hampshire statute. The New Hampshire Supreme Court affirmed.
Held: An independent examination of the trial record pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 40(1)(d)(2) discloses that evidence is completely lacking that appellant personally sold the girl the button, or that he was aware of the sale or present in the store at the time, a fatal void in the State's case that was not filled by appellant's concession at trial that he "controlled the premises" at the time. A conviction based on a record completely lacking any relevant evidence as to a crucial element of the offense charged violates due process.
113 N.H. 239, 306 A.2d 781, reversed and remanded.
"there is no evidence whatever that the defendant sold the button, that he knew it had been sold to a minor, that he authorized such sales to minors, or that he was even in the store at the time of the sale."
113 N.H. at 244, 306 A.2d at 785. This fatal void in the State's case was not filled by appellant's concession at trial that he "controlled the premises on July 26." That concession was evidence, at most, that he operated the shop; it was in no way probative of the crucial element of the crime that he personally sold the minor the button or personally caused it to be sold to her.
In these circumstances, the conviction must be reversed.
"It is beyond question, of course, that a conviction based on a record lacking any relevant evidence as to a crucial element of the offense charged . . . violate[s] due process."
Harris v. United States, 404 U. S. 1232, 404 U. S. 1233 (1971). (DOUGLAS, J., in chambers); Thompson v. Louisville, 362 U. S. 199 (1960); Johnson v. Florida, 391 U. S. 596 (1968); see also Adderley v. Florida, 385 U. S. 39, 385 U. S. 44 (1966).
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded to the New Hampshire Supreme Court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
"[A]nyone . . . who . . . has knowingly or willfully done any act to . . . contribute to the delinquency of [a] child, may be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than one year or both."
"did willfully contribute to the delinquency of a minor by selling or causing to be sold a button with obscene material with slogan on same, to-wit, 'Copulation Not Masturbation' to . . . a minor child of the age of 14 years, knowing the said child was a minor. . . ."
"Questions not presented according to [the requirements of this rule] will be disregarded, save as the court, at its option, may notice a plain error not presented."
This discretion has been long acknowledged, see Columbia Heights Realty Co. v. Rudolph, 217 U. S. 547 (1910), recently affirmed in Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation, 402 U. S. 313, 402 U. S. 320 n. 6 (1971), and extends to review of the trial court record, see Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U. S. 1 (1941). See also Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U. S. 1 (1949).
"[A]nyone . . . who shall knowingly or willfully encourage, aid, cause, or abet, or connive at, or has knowingly or willfully done any act to produce, promote, or contribute to the delinquency of [a] child, may be punished. . . ."
N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 169:32 (Supp. 1972). The Supreme Court of New Hampshire affirmed appellant's conviction. 113 N.H. 239, 306 A.2d 781 (1973).
"evidence is completely lacking that appellant personally sold the girl the button or even that he was aware of the sale or present in the store at the time."
"The State's failure to introduce any evidence of scienter should have resulted in dismissal of the charge following the presentation of the State's case."
Appellant in that section makes the customary appellate arguments of insufficiency of the evidence, and does not so much as mention either the United States Constitution or a single case decided by this Court. The Supreme Court of New Hampshire treated these arguments as raising a classic state law claim of insufficient evidence of scienter; nothing in that court's opinion remotely suggests that it was treating the claim as having a basis other than in state law.
"1. Briefs of an appellant or petitioner on the merits shall be printed as prescribed in Rule 39, and shall contain in the order here indicated --"
but the brief may not raise additional questions or change the substance of the questions already presented in those documents. Questions not presented according to this paragraph will be disregarded, save as the court, at its option, may notice a plain error not presented."
The very language of this rule makes it clear that it applies to this Court's review of cases in which it has previously either noted probable jurisdiction or granted certiorari. The cases cited by the Court in support of what it does here are therefore necessarily cases in which review had been granted and which had been orally argued; in addition, each of those cases arose in the federal courts. See Columbia Heights Realty Co. v. Rudolph, 217 U. S. 547 (1910); Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U. S. 1 (1941); Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation, 402 U. S. 313 (1971).
jurisdiction to review the final judgment of the highest court of a State.
Even if appellant's "sufficiency of the evidence" contention in the Supreme Court of New Hampshire could be said to have been presented as a federal constitutional claim based on Thompson v. Louisville, 362 U. S. 199 (1960), I would nonetheless be unable to join in the Court's disposition of it. In Thompson, the only state court proceedings reaching the merits of the case were in the Louisville Police Court from which there was no right of appeal to any higher state court, and there was therefore no state court opinion written which construed the statute under which Thompson was convicted. This Court therefore had no choice but to engage in its own construction of the statute, and, upon doing so, it concluded that the record was "entirely lacking in evidence to support any of the charges." Id. at 362 U. S. 204. Thompson was obviously an extraordinary case, and, up until now, has been saved for extraordinary situations; it has not heretofore been broadened so as to make lack of evidentiary support for only one of several elements of an offense a constitutional infirmity in a state conviction.
"It is uncontested that the defendant was in control of the premises where the sale was made. There was evidence that a girlfriend of this minor had previously purchased there a pin 'like that.' These pins were displayed on a card on a counter. The trial court saw the minor, and had an opportunity to conclude whether her minority should have been apparent to whoever sold the pin. The court could find that the defendant was aware of the character of the pins which were being offered for sale and sold in his establishment."
"Defendant is charged with willfully contributing to the delinquency of a minor by selling or causing to be sold to her the button in question. To act willfully is 'to act voluntarily and intentionally, and not because of mistake or accident or other innocent reason.' [Citations omitted.] The trial court could properly find and rule that the sale of this button to the minor was intentional. The trial court could further conclude that the seller of this type of button should have realized that it would tend to be harmful to the morals of the purchaser or others. R.S.A. 169:32 (Supp. 1972). This would warrant a finding and ruling that the defendant willfully contributed to the delinquency of this minor, as charged in the complaint. [Citations omitted.]"
Id. at 242, 36 A.2d at 784.
of context, and concludes that there was no evidence to establish that the appellant "[knew] the girl to be a minor, personally sold her the buton, or personally caused another to sell it to her." The word "personally" is the contribution of this Court to the New Hampshire statute; it is not contained in the statute, and is not once used by the Supreme Court of New Hampshire in its opinion dealing with the facts of this very case. Indeed, the entire thrust of the opinion of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire is that appellant need not personally have sold the button to the minor nor personally have authorized its sale to a minor in order to be guilty of the statutory offense. The only fair reading of the above-quoted language from the Supreme Court of New Hampshire is that the word "willfully" in the statute does not mean "personally," and the facts that the appellant controlled and operated the shop, that the same type of pin had been previously purchased at the shop, and that the pins were prominently offered for sale were sufficient evidence on the issue of willfulness.
purposeful, as distinguished from accidental, omission to make a timely return might meet the test of willfulness."
Spies v. United States, 317 U. S. 492, 317 U. S. 497-498 (1943).
"We, of course, are bound by a State's interpretation of its own statute, and will not substitute our judgment for that of the State's when it becomes necessary to analyze the evidence for the purpose of determining whether that evidence supports the findings of a state court."
Garner v. Louisiana, 368 U. S. 157, 368 U. S. 166 (1961). We do have constitutional authority in appropriate cases to hold that the State's construction of its statute is such that the statutory language did not give a criminal defendant fair warning of the conduct which is construed to be embraced within it. Cole v. Arkansas, 333 U. S. 196 (1948); Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U. S. 347 (1964). But this is a far cry from our own rewriting of a state statute in order to make it require a highly specific intent, and then turning around and saying that there was no evidence before the state courts to prove the kind of intent which we have said the statute requires. I would at least note probable jurisdiction over the appeal and set the case for oral argument.
* Appellant makes two contentions in his jurisdictional statement: first, that the New Hampshire statutes defining contributing to the delinquency of a minor and sale and delivery of obscene material (N.H.Rev.Stat.Ann. §§ 571-A:1, 571-A:2 (Supp. 1972)) have been applied to the sale of the button by appellant in a way that infringes upon his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights; and, second, that the New Hampshire statute defining contributing to the delinquency of a minor is unconstitutionally vague. There is simply nothing else presented by the jurisdictional statement.
Since the Court instead chooses, without ever having heard argument, to rewrite the New Hampshire statute and substitute its interpretation for that of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, I dissent.

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