Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/332/234/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 22:34:02+00:00

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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 332 › United States v. Munsey Trust Co.
1. Notwithstanding claims of a surety on a statutory payment bond (given under 40 U.S.C. § 270a) for reimbursement for sums paid to laborers and materialmen, the Government may set off, against unappropriated percentages of progress payments withheld by it and due to the contractor on the construction contract, a debt owed to it by the contractor as a result of a separate and independent transaction. Pp. 332 U. S. 236-244.
2. When a receiver is appointed for a contractor with instructions to collect money owing to the contractor by the Government and to hold it for reimbursement of a surety on a payment bond for payments made to laborers and materialmen, a suit in the Court of Claims by the receiver against the Government for money due the contractor is in the right of the contractor, but the receiver may assert the surety's rights also. P. 332 U. S. 239.
3. Under Judicial Code § 145, 28 U.S.C. § 250, when a receiver asserts in the Court of Claims a contractor's title to a sum owing to him by the Government, that Court is under statutory duty to recognize an undisputed claim of the Government against the contractor. Pp. 332 U. S. 239-240.
4. With reference to withheld and unappropriated percentages of progress payments on a construction contract, performance of which has been completed and accepted, the Government is not a mere general creditor, but a secured creditor entitled to withhold what it owes the contractor until it is paid whatever the contractor owes the Government. P. 332 U. S. 240.
5. A surety on a payment bond who has paid laborers and materialmen for labor and material furnished under a Government construction contract is not entitled, by subrogation to their rights, to a lien on unappropriated percentages of progress payments retained by the Government for its own protection. Pp. 332 U. S. 241-242.
6. The right of the Government to retained percentages of progress payments on a construction contract does not devolve on a surety who has paid laborers and materialmen, so as to prevent the Government from applying the unappropriated sum to the satisfaction of its own claim growing out of a separate and independent transaction. Pp. 332 U. S. 242-243.
7. The provisions of 40 U.S.C. § 270a requiring a separate bond for payment of laborers and materialmen were enacted for their benefit, and do not give sureties who have paid them rights to the detriment of the Government. Pp. 332 U. S. 243-244.
8. When the work to be done under a Government construction contract has been completed at the contract price and accepted by the Government, the law of damages is not pertinent to the rights of a surety on a payment bond given under 40 U.S.C. § 270a who has paid laborers and materialmen. P. 332 U. S. 244.
107 Ct.Cl. 131, 67 F.Supp. 976, reversed.
to laborers and materialmen. 107 Ct.Cl. 131, 67 F.Supp. 976. This Court granted certiorari. 330 U.S. 814. Reversed, p. 332 U. S. 244.
This case presents a problem arising out of contracts for public building construction and repair. The rights inter sese of contractor, surety, assignees, and government have been productive of much litigation, but we have not heretofore had to decide whether percentages retained pursuant to contract by the United States may be subjected to its setoff claims despite the claims of a surety who has paid laborers and materialmen.
by default of the contractor to fulfill its obligations. [Footnote 1] The work was completed by the contractor, apparently, in 1940, and accepted by the government. The surety therefore was not called upon to make good the promise of the performance bonds. But the contractor did not pay $13,065.93 owed to persons who had supplied labor and material for performance of five of the six contracts. This indebtedness the surety paid between April and September, 1941 as the payment bonds obliged it to do.
Under the customary terms of its contracts, the government had retained percentages of the progress payments due to the contractor. This retained money, on acceptance of the work, amounted to $12,445.03, but it was not disbursed. On October 18, 1940, the Federal Contracting Corporation submitted a bid to the United States for another painting job, in St. Louis. That bid was accepted, but the contractor then failed to enter into contract for the work. Another contractor painted the building for a price which left the government considerably more out of pocket than it would have been had Federal undertaken performance at its bid price. It is undisputed that $6,731.50 is the amount of damages sustained by the government after it had applied the contractor's deposit of $415.00 in reduction.
"the proceeds of all collections made by the Receiver pursuant to this order shall be held for the reimbursement of the defendant The Aetna Casualty and Surety Company for expenditures made by it in the payment of furnishers of labor and material under the several contracts of the Federal Contracting Corporation."
On demand by the receiver for the amounts due, the General Accounting Office deducted the government's claim of $6,731.50 and paid over $5,713.53. Aetna, by letter to the Comptroller General, protested the government's settlement by setoff, and asserted its right to an additional $3,568.23. [Footnote 3] The receiver also protested the setoff and demanded $3,143.23 for reimbursement of the surety. It relied upon Maryland Casualty Co. v. United States, 100 Ct.Cl. 513, 53 F.Supp. 436. The Acting Comptroller General declined to follow the opinion of the Court of Claims in the absence of ruling by this Court, and rejected the protests. When the receiver reported its efforts to the district court, it was ordered to turn over to the surety the money collected, less $500. That sum was for prosecution of suit in the Court of Claims for the recovery of whatever other moneys "may be due under the contracts of the Federal Contracting Corporation." This action was begun, and the Court of Claims gave judgment for $3,568.23 to respondent. 67 F.Supp.
976. We granted the government's petition for certiorari because of the importance and novelty of the question and the cumulative effect of Maryland Casualty Co. v. United States, supra, and the decision below. 330 U.S. 814.
In these cases, it is usual for the rights relied upon to be largely derivative or subrogated ones. Decision will be attended with unnecessary confusion and difficulty if it is not clear whose rights are being asserted and who claims them. The Court of Claims treated this case as though the surety were plaintiff. But the district court directed the receiver to bring the suit. Its order of appointment made it the representative of Federal Contracting Corporation, although the sums it was to collect were to be held for the reimbursement of Aetna. The second order authorized this action to collect whatever other money might be held to be due under the six contracts which the government would not voluntarily pay. Certainly, the receiver sued at least in the right of Federal, but, since its efforts were directed to be for the benefit of Aetna, it might assert the surety's rights also. Samuel Olson & Co. v. Voorhees, 292 F. 113, 115.
"All setoffs, counterclaims, claims for damages, whether liquidated or unliquidated, or other demands whatsoever on the part of the Government of the United States against any claimant against the Government in said court. . . ."
Judicial Code § 145, 28 U.S.C. § 250(2).
This power given to the Court of Claims to strike a balance between the debts and credits of the government, by logical implication, gives power to the Comptroller General to do the same, subject to review by that court. Insofar as the suitor in the Court of Claims asserted the contractor's title to the sum in dispute, that court was under statutory duty to recognize the undisputed claim for damages of the United States. Cherry Cotton Mills, Inc. v. United States, 327 U. S. 536.
But the surety urges that it is subrogated also to the rights of laborers and materialmen whom it paid and of the United States. From Prairie State Nat. Bank of Chicago v. United States, 164 U. S. 227, to American Surety Co. v. Sampsell, 327 U. S. 269, we have recognized the peculiarly equitable claim of those responsible for the physical completion of building contracts to be paid from available moneys ahead of others whose claims come from the advance of money. But, in all those cases, the owner was a mere stakeholder, and had no rights of its own to assert. Respondent tells us that here, the United States is in the same position, and that, as a general creditor, it has no more right to the money which it holds than does any other general creditor of the contractor.
At the time demand for payment was made by the receiver, the claim of the United States on the St. Louis contract was extant for some time. The disbursing officers therefore did not concede that they held the entire amount of the retained percentages for distribution to the contractor or others. And one whose own appropriation and payment of money is necessary to create a fund for general creditors is not a general creditor. He is not compelled to lessen his own chance of recovering what is due him by setting up a fund undiminished by his claim, so that others may share it with him. In fact, he is the best secure of creditors; his security is his own justified refusal to pay what he owes until he is paid what is due him.
But the infirmity in respondent's case goes deeper. If the United States were obligated to pay laborers and materialmen unpaid by a contractor, the surety who discharged that obligation could claim subrogation. But nothing is more clear than that laborers and materialmen do not have enforceable rights against the United States for their compensation. Cf. H. Herfurth, Jr., Inc. v. United States, 89 Ct.Cl. 122; see Schmoll v. United States, 105 Ct.Cl. 415, 455, 63 F.Supp. 753; Maryland Casualty Co. v. United States, 53 F.Supp. 436, 440. They cannot acquire a lien on public buildings, Hill v. American Surety Co., 200 U. S. 197, 200 U. S. 203; Equitable Surety Co. v. W. McMillan & Son, 234 U. S. 448, 234 U. S. 455, and, as a substitute for that more customary protection, the various statutes were passed which require that a surety guarantee their payment. Of these, the last and the one now in force is the Miller Act, under which the bonds here were drawn.
may claim payment of that which is not due to the contractor. We are aware that the laborers and materialmen have been paid, so that by no interpretation of the contracts between government and contractor can there be restrictions on paying out the money retained. It is said that it was the surety's payment of those claims which released the asserted contract restrictions. In relying on the rights of the laborers and materialmen, however, the surety must establish that those rights existed before their claims were paid. For it is elementary that one cannot acquire by subrogation what another whose rights he claims did not have. Once the laborers and materialmen have been paid, either by contractor or surety, they have no rights in any fund. If, before they are paid, the fund to which they are said to be entitled to look is unavailable for the very reason that they are unpaid, the surety relies on nothing when it relies on those nonexistent "rights." One who rests on subrogation stands in the place of one whose claim he has paid, as if the payment giving rise to the subrogation had not been made. See Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Middleport, 124 U. S. 534, 124 U. S. 548. He cannot jump back and forth in time and present himself at once as the unpaid claimant and again under the conditions as they have changed because payment was made.
We need not decide whether laborers and materialmen would have any claim to the retained percentages if both contractor and surety failed to pay them. Even if they do, certainly those would be rights to which the surety could not be subrogated, for, by hypothesis, it would have done nothing to earn subrogation.
States retained the money to assure performance of all the obligations of the contractor, and that the surety is entitled to apply that security to indemnify itself for performing one of those obligations. This is by analogy to the rule that an obligee, as against a surety, may not apply security in satisfaction of debts other than the one it secures. See 4 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence, 5th Ed., 1075. But, although we have assumed, for the purposes of another argument, that assurance that laborers and materialmen will be paid is one of the reasons for retaining the money, it seems more likely that completion of the work on time is the only motive. California Bank v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., 129 F.2d 751; see Schmoll v. United States, 105 Ct.Cl. 415, 455, 63 F.Supp. 753; Maryland Casualty Co. v. United States, supra, 53 F.Supp. at 439. It is hardly reasonable to withhold money in order to assure payments which perhaps can be made only from the money earned. In any event, we are not prepared to apply law relating to security to unappropriated sums which exist only as a claim.
for payment of laborers and materialmen were enacted for their benefit, not to the detriment of the government. It is the surety who is required to take risk. We have no warrant to increase risks of the government.
Respondent argues that, if the work had not been completed and the surety chose not to complete it, the surety would be liable only for the amount necessary to complete, less the retained money. Moreover, if the surety did complete the job, it would be entitled to the retained moneys in addition to progress payments. The situation here is said to be similar. But, when a job is incomplete, the government must expend funds to get the work done, and is entitled to claim damages only in the amount of the excess which it pays for the job over what it would have paid had the contractor not defaulted. Therefore, a surety would rarely undertake to complete a job if it incurred the risk that, by completing, it might lose more than if it had allowed the government to proceed. When laborers and materialmen, however, are unpaid and the work is complete, the government suffers no damage. The work has been done at the contract price. The government cannot suffer damage, because it is under no legal obligation to pay the laborers and materialmen. In the case of the laborers' bond, the surety has promised that they will be paid, not, as in the case of performance bond, that work will be done at a certain price. The law of damages is therefore not pertinent to the payment bond.
These assignments were, of course, invalid against the United States, R.S. § 3477, 31 U.S.C. § 203; Martin v. National Surety Co., 300 U. S. 588, but they enable the surety to prevail over the contractor if there is contest between them.
Such proceedings to appoint a receiver in the District of Columbia are for the purpose of taking possession of a fund or property and to prevent its loss or dissipation. Insolvency is not a necessary allegation, Houston v. Ormes, 252 U. S. 469, and there is no claim in this case that the contractor is insolvent.
The surety did not and could not claim the whole amount retained by the government. The payments for which it was liable and which it paid on two of the contracts exceeded, and, on the other four, were less than, the amounts retained on each particular contract.

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