Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/73/140/557313/
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 19:50:46+00:00

Document:
Bradley W. Murphy (argued), Office of the United States Attorney, Peoria, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Roy P. Amatore (argued), Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before POSNER, Chief Judge, and CUDAHY and MANION, Circuit Judges.
Defendant Lykes moves, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) (2), for reconsideration of his sentence for possession of a firearm by a felon. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). Lykes was sentenced on April 3, 1992 to a term of 120 months imprisonment for the offense, which was committed on January 29, 1990. The sentence was enhanced by the application of the career offender provision of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. USSG Sec. 4B1.1. Lykes here appeals the denial of his Sec. 3582(c) (2) motion for reconsideration of his sentence. We affirm.
Sentencing under the career offender provision requires that the defendant have been convicted of three offenses, including the current one, which are either "crimes of violence" or controlled substance violations. Lykes' career offender sentence was predicated on the sentencing court's construction of the Sec. 922(g) conviction as a "crime of violence." Under a 1991 amendment to the Sentencing Guidelines (Amendment 433), Sec. 922(g) offenses may not be so construed. USSG Sec. 4B1.2, Comment. (n. 2). Another 1991 amendment (Amendment 374), however, substantially increased the base offense level for Sec. 922(g) in those cases in which a defendant had at least two prior convictions of crimes of violence or of controlled substance violations. USSG Sec. 2K2.1(a) (2). Thus the guidelines in effect at the time of Lykes' sentencing (the 1991 Guidelines) would have precluded sentencing Lykes as a career offender but would have exactly compensated by providing a higher base level for his offense.
The sentencing court, however, applied the 1989 Guidelines, which were in effect at the time of the offense, in calculating Lykes' sentence. Since Amendment 433 was not in effect in 1989 and since this circuit's earlier precedent treated Sec. 922(g) violations as crimes of violence, the sentencing judge sentenced Lykes as a career offender under the 1989 Guidelines. Subsequently, a panel of this court considered Lykes' direct appeal from the 1992 sentence. At that time, he argued that Amendment 433 precluded us from approving a sentence incorporating the career offender enhancement. United States v. Lykes, 999 F.2d 1144 (7th Cir. 1993) (Lykes I) . Resolution of Lykes' appeal required a rather complicated analysis of the effects on Lykes' sentence of various guidelines amendments which were enacted between the time of the offense (January 29, 1990) and the time of sentencing (April 3, 1992). We also were required to consider the impact on the sentence of the Ex Post Facto Clause. We concluded in Lykes I that the Ex Post Facto Clause did not require the sentencing judge to apply the 1989 Guidelines and that the 1991 Guidelines should have been applied. However, we also concluded that, regardless whether the guidelines in force at the time of the offense or those in effect at the time of sentencing were applied, Lykes' sentence would be the same. The reason for this was that the earlier enhancement and the later increase in the base offense level were in Lykes' case of equivalent magnitude; the deletion of the first was exactly offset by the increase in the second. In Lykes I the court also concluded that Amendment 433 was a substantive amendment to the guidelines, which could not be employed retroactively at sentencing to constrain the interpretation of the 1989 Guidelines.
The case is now before us in a different procedural posture requiring a different analysis. Lykes now appeals the district court's subsequent denial of his motion under Sec. 3582(c) (2) for reconsideration of his sentence. That statute allows a court to reduce a sentence "in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission ... if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission." The Commission is instructed in 28 U.S.C. § 994(u) that "if the Commission reduces the term of imprisonment recommended in the guidelines applicable to a particular offense or category of offenses, it shall specify in what circumstances and by what amount the sentences of prisoners serving terms of imprisonment for the offense may be reduced." The Sentencing Commission complies with Sec. 3582(c) (2) and Sec. 994(u) by listing in USSG Sec. 1B1.10(c) those amendments to the guidelines which will ordinarily warrant such reductions. In November of 1992, Amendment 433 was included in that list of amendments warranting reductions of sentences. USSG App. C, Amendment 469.
In this analysis, the chronology of events, which we outline here, is important. Lykes committed his Sec. 922(g) violation on January 29, 1990. On November 1, 1991, the Sentencing Commission amended the commentary to the career offender enhancement guideline (via Amendment 433) to ensure that Sec. 922(g) offenses would no longer be considered crimes of violence for purposes of that enhancement. At the same time the Commission raised the base offense level for the Sec. 922(g) offense. On April 3, 1992 Lykes was sentenced pursuant to the 1989 Guidelines and in line with our precedent which treated Sec. 922(g) as a crime of violence. On November 1, 1992 the Commission added USSG Sec. 1B1.11 (which controls the choice of guideline for initial sentencing). The Commission on the same date also amended Sec. 1B1.10 (which relates to sentence reconsideration) to provide that Amendment 433 could, under appropriate circumstances, form the basis for a reconsideration of sentence.1 In 1993, the Supreme Court specifically held that interpretations of the Guidelines by the official commentary are binding on the courts. Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 113 S. Ct. 1913, 123 L. Ed. 2d 598 (1993).
(b) In determining whether, and to what extent, a reduction in sentence is warranted for a defendant eligible for consideration under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) (2), the court should consider the sentence that it would have imposed had the amendment(s) to the guidelines listed in subsection (c) been in effect at the time the defendant was sentenced.
(c) Amendments covered by this policy statement are listed in Appendix C as follows: ... 433,.... (emphasis added).
This guideline is addressed, as is Sec. 3582(c) (2) itself, to the question of when a sentence, once correctly imposed, may be reconsidered in light of subsequent changes in the Guidelines. Amendment 433, however, was enacted prior to Lykes' sentencing. Thus, while Amendment 433 would provide grounds for a Sec. 3582(c) (2) motion for defendants who were sentenced prior to its enactment, it provides no basis for a Sec. 3582(c) (2) motion in cases such as Lykes'. Consistent with this analysis, there is no way the district court could "consider the sentence that it would have imposed had [Amendment 433] been in effect at the time of sentencing." Amendment 433 was in effect at the time of sentencing. Possible errors in the district court's application of Amendment 433 to Lykes' case were addressed on direct appeal from his sentencing. That appeal established the law of the case, and we will not reconsider the same errors on a Sec. 3582(c) (2) motion.
Our finding that Lykes is ineligible for sentence reconsideration under Sec. 1B1.10 is not, as the district court believed, dependent on the analysis of Amendment 433 contained in Lykes I. Confusion about the import of Lykes I apparently results from there being two distinct avenues by which a guideline amendment may be applied retroactively. One involves the initial choice of guidelines at sentencing (now controlled by Sec. 1B1.11), and the other pertains to sentence reduction under Sec. 1B1.10. Sec. 1B1.11 controls retroactivity when the Guidelines have been amended between the time of the offense and the time of sentencing. Sec. 1B1.10, however, comes into play when the amendment is enacted after the defendant is sentenced. Conflict between Sec. 1B1.10 and our interpretation of Sec. 1B1.11, perceived by the parties and accepted by the district court, is not really present.
(2) The Guidelines Manual in effect on a particular date shall be applied in its entirety.... However, if a court applies an earlier edition of the Guidelines Manual, the court shall consider subsequent amendments, to the extent that such amendments are clarifying rather than substantive changes. (emphasis added).
While holding that the district court should have applied the 1991 Guidelines to Lykes' case, Lykes I opined that Amendment 433 was a substantive change and thus could not have been properly considered by the sentencing judge even if ex post facto concerns had dictated that the 1989 Guidelines be applied. Lykes I states only that Amendment 433 cannot be applied retroactively to defendants, such as Lykes, who were sentenced pursuant to an older guideline after the Amendment's enactment.
The question whether an amendment is substantive or clarifying, which may arise in analyzing the effect of the Ex Post Facto Clause on the initial sentence imposition, is, however, irrelevant to the implementation of Sec. 1B1.10.2 Under the enabling statutory language, the Sentencing Commission may designate any amendment, substantive or clarifying, as a basis for sentence reconsideration under Sec. 1B1.10, as long as the amendment in question reduces a term of imprisonment for some offense. Indeed, one might expect that such amendments would ordinarily be substantive.
The cases cited by the defendant in support of the application of Amendment 433 here are not persuasive since none of them involves a defendant sentenced after Amendment 433 was enacted, but moving for reduction on Sec. 3582(c) (2) grounds. See United States v. Davis, 1993 WL 559173, 1994 U.S.App. LEXIS 892 (7th Cir. 1994) (unpublished) (Sec. 3582(c) (2) route left open when amendment issued after defendant was sentenced); United States v. Douglas, 64 F.3d 450 (8th Cir. 1995) (defendant sentenced before amendment enacted granted retroactive reduction); Hamilton v. United States, 67 F.3d 761 (9th Cir. 1995) (same); United States v. Beckley, 1994 WL 385186, 1994 U.S.App. LEXIS 18774 (6th Cir. 1994) (unpublished) (same).
The defendant also urges us to reconsider the view expressed in Lykes I that Amendment 433 is a substantive, rather than clarifying, amendment. The defendant points out that the majority of circuits that have addressed the issue have found Amendment 433 to be clarifying, as suggested by the Sentencing Commission, rather than substantive. Douglas; United States v. Garcia-Cruz, 40 F.3d 986 (9th Cir. 1994); United States v. Stinson, 30 F.3d 121 (11th Cir. 1994), on remand from 508 U.S. 36, 113 S. Ct. 1913, 123 L. Ed. 2d 598 (1993); United States v. Guerra, 962 F.2d 484 (5th Cir. 1992). Even if we were to reconsider this issue, however, Lykes' Sec. 3852(c) (2) motion does not provide an appropriate vehicle.
As indicated, the promulgation of Amendment 469 is an event occurring after sentencing, but Amendment 469 merely controls the effect of Amendment 433 on those sentenced before its enactment. The effective date of Amendment 469 is irrelevant to the instant question since, whatever the interpretation of Amendment 433, it was promulgated before Lykes was sentenced.

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