Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/238/446/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 04:03:27+00:00

Document:
This Court accepts the decision of the highest court of the state as to the construction of a pure food statute and whether specified articles are included within the prohibitions thereof, and then determines whether, as so construed, the statute is valid under the federal Constitution.
The police power of the state extends to imposing restrictions having reasonable relation to preserving the health of its people.
The nature and extent of such restrictions are matters for legislative judgment in defining the policy of the state, and are within the power of the state unless palpably unreasonable and arbitrary.
A prohibition against the sale of food preservatives containing boric acid is not so unreasonable and arbitrary as to amount to deprivation of property without due process of law.
It is not enough to condemn a police statute as unconstitutional under the due process clause that the innocuousness of the prohibited article be debatable, for, if debatable, the legislature is entitled to its own judgment.
In enacting a police statute, the legislature is not limited to general directions, but may prohibit the sale of such specific articles as it deems injurious.
The legislature may estimate degrees of evil and adjust its legislation according to the existing exigency; and, without offending the equal protection provision of the Constitution, may prohibit the sale of particular articles -- such as food preservatives containing boric acid -- if it does not exceed bounds of reasonable classification.
This Court will not assume that goods are shipped from state to state in small retail packages, and where the character of the shipment is not shown, such packages cannot be classed with the "original packages" within the rule protecting such packages from subjection to the police laws of the state.
In this case, no question of the conflict of the state law with action by Congress in regard to interstate shipment of food is involved.
under the due process or equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, or a to the sale within that the article involved in this action in the package in which they were sold, under the Commerce Clause of the federal Constitution.
The facts, which involve the constitutionality under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Pure Food Statute of Illinois of 1907, are stated in the opinion.
This is a writ of error to review a judgment of the Supreme Court of Illinois which affirmed a judgment of the Municipal Court of Chicago finding the plaintiff in error guilty of a violation of the "pure food" statute of that state and imposing a fine. 257 Ill. 587.
The violation consisted of a sale in Chicago of a preservative compound known as "Mrs. Price's Canning Compound," alleged to be intended as a "preservative of food," and to be "unwholesome and injurious in that it contained boric acid."
"§ 8. DEFINES ADULTERATION. That, for the purpose of this act, an article shall be deemed to be adulterated: . . ."
"In case of food: . . . "
"Fifth -- If it contains any added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredient which may render such article injurious to health: Provided, that when, in the preparation of food products for shipment, they are preserved by an external application, applied in such a manner that the preservative is necessarily removed mechanically, or by maceration in water, or otherwise, and directions for the removal of said preservatives shall be printed on the covering of the package, the provisions of this act shall be construed as applying only when such products are ready for consumption, and formaldehyde, hydrofluoric acid, boric acid, salicylic acid and all compounds and derivatives thereof are hereby declared unwholesome and injurious. . . ."
"§ 22. SALE OF PRESERVATIVES PROHIBITED. No person, firm or corporation shall manufacture for sale, advertise, offer or expose for sale, or sell, any mixture or compound intended for use as a preservative or other adulterant of milk, cream, butter or cheese, nor shall he manufacture for sale, advertise, offer or expose for sale, or sell any unwholesome or injurious preservative or any mixture or compound thereof intended as a preservative of any food: Provided, however, that this section shall not apply to pure salt added to butter and cheese."
"It is not claimed for this compound that it contains anything of food value, but it is an antiseptic preparation, and, among its many uses, may be employed to prevent canned fruits and vegetables from souring and spoiling;"
the State Food Commission pursuant to the provisions of the food law.
There was also introduced in evidence on behalf of the state an envelop, used for enclosing the compound, upon which were statements as to its uses, prices, etc. It was thus stated that the preservative could be used "in canning all kinds of fruit," and was "especially valuable for corn, beans, peas," etc. There was also the statement on the envelop that the contents "of this package" were sufficient for "four quarts," and that the retail prices were from ten cents for one "package" to one dollar for fifteen "packages." That was the case for the state.
"Price Canning Compound is an article of commerce, which has been sold under that distinct name for a period of years, with the ingredients and in the proportions contained in the sample taken by the Food Department, which is the subject of this suit; that it has acquired a wide reputation over a large number of states in the Union as a distinctive article, used for canning by the housewife;"
that "it is not sold to manufacturers of food or canners of food for sale;" and that "boric acid is a constituent part of the compound, and has been such during all the time that the compound has been sold."
testify that the compound "is an article of commerce, sold in Illinois in the original package manufactured in Minnesota."
Upon this state of the record, the contention of the plaintiff in error that the statute was inapplicable, or, if applicable, was repugnant to the Constitution of the state and to the commerce clause and the Fourteenth Amendment of the federal Constitution was overruled.
"We will first notice the objection of plaintiff in error that § 8 deals only with foods; that the declaration in that section that boric acid is injurious and unwholesome is limited to foods containing that substance as an added ingredient, and has no application to a preservative which is not, and does not purport to be, a food."
sale of all preservatives, but is against only unwholesome or injurious preservatives. . . . It is just as important to prohibit the sale to the housewife of a compound containing boric acid, to be used by her to preserve fruits and vegetables put up by her for family use, as it is to prohibit the sale of fruits and vegetables after such an ingredient has been added. We think the reasonable construction of the act to be that the prohibition against boric acid is not limited to foods to which it is an added ingredient, but extends to compounds sold as a food preservative which contain boric acid. The danger to health is as great from one as the other, and the prohibition of both was necessary to effect the evident purpose of the legislature."
257 Ill. pp. 592, 593.
The plaintiff in error challenges the correctness of this construction, but this question is simply one of local law, with which we are not concerned. We accept the decision of the supreme court of the state as to the meaning of the statute, and, in the light of this construction the validity of the act under the federal Constitution must be determined. Missouri Pacific Ry. v. Nebraska, 164 U. S. 403, 164 U. S. 414; W. W. Cargill Co. v. Minnesota, 180 U. S. 452, 180 U. S. 466; Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U. S. 61, 220 U. S. 73; Purity Extract Tonic Co. v. Lynch, 226 U. S. 192, 226 U. S. 198.
The first federal question is presented by the contention that the statute, as applied, effects a deprivation of property without due process of law and a denial of the equal protection of the laws, contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment.
state court reads it -- especially prohibits preservatives containing boric acid. The legislature thus expressed its judgment, and it is sufficient to say, without passing upon the opinions of others adduced in argument, that the action of the legislature cannot be considered to be arbitrary. Its judgment appears to have sufficient support to be taken out of that category. See Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States, 220 U. S. 45, 220 U. S. 51; Circular No. 15 (June 23, 1904), Bureau of Chemistry; Food Inspection Decision 76 (July 13, 1907); Bulletin (December 31, 1914), Bureau of Chemistry, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
It is further urged that the enactment, as construed, contains an unconstitutional discrimination against the plaintiff in error, but in this aspect, again, the question is whether the classification made by the legislature can be said to be without any reasonable basis. The legislature is entitled to estimate degrees of evil, and to adjust its legislation according to the exigency found to exist. And, applying familiar principle, it cannot be said that the legislature exceeded the bounds of reasonable discretion in classification when it enacted the prohibition in question relating to foods and compounds sold as food preservatives. Ozan Lumber Co. v. Union County Bank, 207 U. S. 251, 207 U. S. 256; Heath & Milligan Co. v. Worst, 207 U. S. 338, 207 U. S. 354; Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U. S. 61, 220 U. S. 78; Mutual Loan Co. v. Martell, 222 U. S. 225, 222 U. S. 235; Eberle v. Michigan, 232 U. S. 700, 232 U. S. 706; Keokee Coke Co. v. Taylor, 234 U. S. 224, 234 U. S. 227; Miller v. Wilson, 236 U. S. 373, 236 U. S. 383-384. We find no ground for holding the statute to be repugnant to the Fourteenth Amendment.
of the shipment from Minnesota to Illinois, and it would be wholly unjustifiable to assume that, in commercial shipments into the state, the small package was segregated or separately introduced. If these small packages were associated in their shipment into the state, as they naturally would be, and were subsequently sold separately or in various lots, these separate packages, although respectively in the original envelops, would not be classed as "original packages" within the rule invoked, so as to escape the local law governing domestic transactions. We have repeatedly so held, in cases not materially different in this respect. Austin v. Tennessee, 179 U. S. 343; Cook v. Marshall County, 196 U. S. 261; Purity Extract & Tonic Co. v. Lynch, 226 U. S. 192, 226 U. S. 199-201. The testimony offered by the plaintiff in error, and treated as received, taken in connection with what had already been proved as to the character of the packages put up for retail sale, fell far short of the proof required to constitute a defense upon the ground that the state law, otherwise valid, was applied in contravention of the commerce clause.
It should be added that no question is presented in the present case as to the power of Congress to make provision with respect to the immediate containers (as well as the larger receptacle in which the latter are shipped) of articles prepared in one state and transported to another, so as suitably to enforce its regulations as to interstate trade. McDermott v. Wisconsin, 228 U. S. 115, 228 U. S. 135. It does not appear that the state law as here applied is in conflict with any federal rule.

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