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Timestamp: 2019-04-20 18:41:10+00:00

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THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. JOHN CHARLES, JR., et al., Defendants and Appellants.
Thomas C. Lynch, Attorney General, William E. James, Assistant Attorney General, C. Anthony Collins and Walter R. Jones, Deputy Attorneys General for Plaintiff and Respondent.
In People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal. 2d 518 [47 Cal. Rptr. 353, 407 P.2d 265], we established rules governing the conduct of joint trials in which one defendant's extrajudicial statement implicates a codefendant.  We hold in the instant case that those rules are available to defendants whose judgments of conviction are still on appeal even though they were tried before the date of the Aranda decision, November 12, 1965.
The trial in this case began on May 28, 1964. On June 26, 1964, after finding both defendants guilty of armed robbery (Pen. Code, §§ 211, 211a), the trial court entered the judgments of conviction which defendants challenge in this appeal. These judgments were pending on direct review when we filed our decision in Aranda, and were not yet final on June 13, 1966, when the United States Supreme Court decided Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 10 A.L.R.3d 974].
An information charged the defendants jointly with the robbery of a liquor store in the south end of Los Angeles on January 19, 1964, and with three additional counts of armed robbery, subsequently dismissed in the interest of justice. The information further alleged that defendant Charles had sustained [66 Cal. 2d 333] three, and defendant Boddie two, prior felony convictions. Defendants waived trial by jury and submitted the case to the court upon the transcript of the preliminary examination. The court found that both defendants were guilty as charged, that only defendant Charles was armed, and that each defendant had suffered two prior felony convictions.
The transcript contained the testimony of the proprietor of the liquor store, identifying the defendants as the men who had robbed him, and the testimony of Officer Deiro of the Los Angeles Police Department, stating that both defendants had confessed during questioning at the police administration building in Los Angeles. According to Officer Deiro, each defendant supplied a detailed account of what he and his codefendant had done on all four of the robberies charged.
On its face, the record before us discloses a violation of the joint trial rules set forth in People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at pages 530-531. Each confession implicated both defendants; accordingly, if Aranda applies, the trial judge should have determined whether all parts of each confession implicating the nondeclarant could be effectively deleted without prejudice to the declarant; if such deletions proved infeasible, he should have severed the trials or excluded the confessions. Initially, therefore, we must decide whether the Aranda rules govern appeals in cases which, like the one before us, reached trial before the date of Aranda.
Although we therefore conclude that violations of the procedural requirements set forth in Aranda may not be challenged on collateral attack, we nonetheless hold that cases still pending on direct review should be adjudicated in accord with the principles which Aranda established. In reaching this conclusion, we adhere to the settled practice both of this court and of the United States Supreme Court.
Those Courts of Appeal which have decided to limit the application of Aranda to post-Aranda trials have done so partly because we described the principles there elaborated "not as constitutionally compelled, but as judicially declared rules of practice to implement [Pen. Code] section 1098" (People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 530), fn. 4 and partly because the United States Supreme Court employed a trial-date limitation for Escobedo and Miranda in Johnson v. New Jersey (1966) 384 U.S. 719 [16 L. Ed. 2d 882, 86 S. Ct. 1772]. fn. 5 We find neither reason persuasive.
Our statement that the Aranda rules were not constitutionally compelled does not bear upon the applicability of [66 Cal. 2d 336] those rules on appeal but only upon their automatic availability for collateral attack. Moreover, the fact that Aranda worked a change which might be characterized as "procedural" furnishes no reason to limit that change to purely prospective operation. In this area of the law, as in others, fn. 6 substance and procedure are so interwoven that their attempted segregation into clean-cut categories becomes meaningless; here, as elsewhere, the hoary dichotomy between the substantive and the procedural cannot serve as a talismanic solution to the retroactivity problem. We have previously decided pending cases under newly announced rules no less "procedural" than those elaborated in Aranda; fn. 7 we see no reason to treat the Aranda rules differently, whatever labels might be used to describe them.
Although we adhered to the specific conclusion of Johnson that the rules set forth in Miranda should be limited to post- Miranda trials (People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal. 2d 681, 686-687), we did so largely because we believed that Escobedo and Dorado had encouraged law enforcement authorities to adopt " 'devices which, although below the constitutional minimum [as defined by Miranda], were not intentional evasions of the requirements of the privilege [against self- incrimination].' " (People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal. 2d 681, 686, quoting Johnson v. New Jersey, supra, 384 U.S. 719, 733 [16 L. Ed. 2d 882, 892].) We were reluctant to require "retrials of pre-Miranda cases in which prosecutors and trial courts carefully heeded the teachings of Escobedo and of Dorado but failed to anticipate the additional requirements set forth in Miranda." (People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal. 2d 681, 687.) No such considerations are controlling here. Accordingly, we hold that failure to follow the procedure we set forth in Aranda may be raised on appeal even by defendants whose trials took place before Aranda was decided.
 As we have previously indicated, however, failure to adhere to the Aranda procedure constitutes reversible error only if it causes prejudice. fn. 10 Although we find no such prejudice here as to either defendant, the record fails to dispel Boddie's contention that his confession, unlike that of Charles, was obtained in violation of Escobedo and Dorado. As we later explain, the introduction of Boddie's inadmissible confession constituted error as to both defendants; that error [66 Cal. 2d 338] was automatically prejudicial as to Boddie but not as to Charles. We have therefore concluded that the conviction of Boddie, but not that of Charles, must be reversed.
The record fails to show that Boddie's confession did not result from "a process of interrogations that lends itself to eliciting incriminating statements" (Escobedo v. Illinois, [66 Cal. 2d 340] supra, 378 U.S. 478, 491 [12 L. Ed. 2d 977, 986]; People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal. 2d 338, 353). In this connection, the record discloses that the police arrested Boddie for robbery; that officers spoke with him at the police administration building at 3 a.m. and tape-recorded the ensuing conversation; that he initially denied committing any robberies; that, "after a short conversation," he finally became more cooperative; and that, during a series of highly specific questions, he "indicated that he and [Charles] had committed [the] robbery" in question.
In this situation, People v. Luker (1965) 63 Cal. 2d 464 [47 Cal. Rptr. 209, 407 P.2d 9], and People v. Stockman (1965) 63 Cal. 2d 494, [47 Cal. Rptr. 365, 407 P.2d 277], hold that the [66 Cal. 2d 341] prosecution bears the burden of proving that the statement in question was not the fruit of a forbidden interrogation. fn. 14 The prosecution has not discharged that burden here. Surely we cannot dissect the interrogation of defendant Boddie in order to declare that it began with a series of purely investigatory questions by the police and ended with a sequence of entirely spontaneous statements by the accused. We face a hiatus in the record; our decisions forbid us to fill it with our purely speculative surmises. Nor can we properly engage in legal surgery to select from this incomplete account excerpts which might be viewed in isolation as fragments of a "spontaneous confession" of Boddie's guilt.
We therefore conclude that, so far as the record shows, Boddie's conviction rested upon a confession obtained in violation of Escobedo and Dorado; since the erroneous admission of a confession is necessarily prejudicial (People v. Schader, supra, 62 Cal. 2d 716, 728-731; People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal. 2d 338, 356; People v. Parham, supra, 60 Cal. 2d 378, 385; see Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. 18, 23 & fn. 8 [66 Cal. 2d 342] [17 L. Ed. 2d 705, 710, 87 S. Ct. 824, 827-828] (dictum)), fn. 15 Boddie's conviction must be reversed.
Turning next to the case of defendant Charles, we set forth here our reasons for finding that his confession was lawfully obtained and properly introduced against him. We then explain why we have concluded that the use of Boddie's inadmissible confession nonetheless infected Charles' trial with error, but that such error was harmless.
Defendant Charles was apprehended in Phoenix, Arizona. On the plane from Phoenix, Charles offered to "talk about the case," but the officer who was returning with him to Los Angeles suggested that he wait until the plane landed in California. At the police administration building in Los Angeles, Charles again offered to tell "about all the robberies that he was on." Even then, the officer conducted no interrogation; he simply said, "Go ahead," whereupon Charles proceeded to narrate the elements of the four robberies, volunteering a full confession of his participation in the crime of which he now stands convicted. fn. 16 Escobedo and Dorado "were never intended to discourage a defendant from volunteering to the police his complicity in the perpetration of a crime nor to prohibit the police from receiving and acting upon such confessions." (People v. Cotter, supra, 63 Cal. 2d 386, 393 [46 Cal. Rptr. 622, 405 P.2d 862], vacated on other grounds [66 Cal. 2d 343] (1967) 386 U.S. 274 [18 L. Ed. 2d 43, 87 S. Ct. 824].) The police did no more than accept and act upon such an unsolicited confession in the case of defendant Charles; his conviction thus accords fully with Escobedo and Dorado.
 We note, however, that Charles' trial contained a clear violation of Aranda. We explain here the nature of that violation and the reasons for our conclusion that it constituted harmless error. Charles was of course implicated by Boddie's confession; since that confession should not have been admitted against Boddie, its use at the joint trial of both defendants gives rise to an Aranda infirmity in Charles' conviction entirely apart from the trial court's failure to employ the specific procedure required by our Aranda decision. The trial court was careful to state in this case that Boddie's confession would not be considered against Charles, but in Aranda we emphatically rejected "any assumption that error in admitting a confession that implicates both defendants is rendered harmless to the nonconfessing defendant by an instruction that it should not be considered against him." (People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 526.) We reasoned that the "rule permitting joint trials in such cases [reflected] a compromise between the policies in favor of joint trials and the policies underlying the exclusion of hearsay declarations against one who did not make them." (Ibid) When the confession implicating both defendants was not even admissible against the defendant from whom it had been elicited, however, we could see no further room for compromise: "The risk of prejudicing the nonconfessing defendant [could] no longer be justified by the need for introducing the confession against the one who made it." (Ibid) Accordingly, we held that the introduction of a confession violative of Escobedo and Dorado and implicating a codefendant is not rendered harmless as to the latter by the trial court's admonition that the confession may be considered only against the declarant.
The use of Boddie's inadmissible confession thus infected Charles' trial with an Aranda error. As we have already explained, however, in light of the fact that the evidence properly admitted against Charles included his own amply corroborated confession, we find no reasonable probability that Charles would have received a more favorable verdict had Boddie's statement been excluded. Accordingly, we conclude [66 Cal. 2d 344] that this violation of Aranda, like that previously discussed, proved nonprejudicial in the present case.
In summary, we hold that all cases still pending on direct review are governed by the rules established in Aranda for the conduct of joint trials. [4b] Although we conclude that these rules were twice violated here, we find neither violation prejudicial since each defendant rendered a detailed and fully corroborated confession of his own guilt. Because the record fails to show that Boddie's confession was not elicited by methods held unconstitutional in the Escobedo and Dorado decisions, his conviction cannot stand. The prosecution has, however, sustained its burden of demonstrating that Charles' confession was obtained in full compliance with the standards established by those decisions; his conviction, therefore, need not be disturbed.
The judgment of conviction of defendant Charles is affirmed; that of defendant Boddie is reversed.
Traynor, C. J., and Sullivan, J., concurred.
The result reached by the majority in reversing the Boddie conviction is compelled by the clear Dorado violation.
I cannot agree, however, that we should apply People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal. 2d 518 [47 Cal. Rptr. 353, 407 P.2d 265], to cases tried before the decision was rendered, even though hopefully there may be few in number. To do so makes rare prescience a requisite in prosecutors and trial judges.
The Chief Justice emphasized in Aranda (at p. 530) that "the rules we now adopt are to be regarded, not as constitutionally compelled, but as judicially declared rules of practice to implement section 1098."
A rule of practice adopted by the Legislature would govern "from the date it takes effect and not before" (People v. Righthouse (1937) 10 Cal. 2d 86, 88 [72 P.2d 867]). I find it difficult to accord greater sanctity to a judicially promulgated rule of practice.
I concur with the majority's view that a collateral attack may not be used to challenge violations of the procedural requirements set forth in People v. Aranda, 63 Cal. 2d 518 [47 Cal. Rptr. 353, 407 P.2d 265], governing the conduct of joint trials in which one defendant's extrajudicial statement implicates a codefendant. I dissent, however, from the majority's conclusions (1) that those requirements apply to cases on appeal that were tried before the requirements were even announced and (2) that those requirements should be extended to cases of trials by a judge sitting without a jury.
The United States Supreme Court utilized a trial date limitation for new rules of constitutional dimensions enunciated in Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 [12 L. Ed. 2d 977, 84 S. Ct. 1758], and Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 [16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 10 A.L.R.3d 974] (Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719 [16 L. Ed. 2d 882, 86 S.Ct. 1772]), and we adopted the same limitation with respect to the Miranda rules (People v. Rollins, 65 Cal. 2d 681, 683 [56 Cal. Rptr. 293, 423 P.2d 221]; see also People v. Ryan, 152 Cal. 364, 368-369 [92 P. 853]; Note 10 A.L.R.2d 1371, 1414-1415). fn. 1 I believe [66 Cal. 2d 346] that we should likewise hold that the procedural requirements established in Aranda, ones not declared to be of constitutional dimensions, are applicable only to cases tried after the date of our decision in Aranda.
In Rollins (65 Cal.2d at pp. 686-687) we pointed out that "retroactive application [of Miranda], requiring retrials in countless cases, would needlessly burden the administration of justice" and that "the application of Miranda to trials beginning before June 13, 1966, would necessarily entail the reversal of some convictions in cases which came to trial after Escobedo and Dorado, and which complied fully with the rules announced in those decisions. The application of Miranda to reverse such convictions would upset the justifiable reliance of those who sought scrupulously to follow the rulings of this court and of the United States Supreme Court." We further declared that "We fully appreciate the difficulties which beset law enforcement agencies ...; we would compound those difficulties needlessly if we were to require retrials of pre-Miranda cases in which prosecutors and trial courts carefully heeded the teachings of Escobedo and Dorado but failed to anticipate the additional requirements set forth in Miranda. Under these circumstances, a due regard for the relationship between those who interpret the commands of the Constitution and those who must comply with such interpretations while combatting crime impels the limitations of Miranda to trials commencing after June 13, 1966, the date on which Miranda was decided."
In the instant case, as in Rollins, retroactive application of the new rules announced in Aranda would needlessly burden the administration of justice. Also, here, as in Rollins, the prosecutor and the court relied upon and scrupulously followed the then prevailing rules, but because the trial court failed to follow the then nonexistent procedural rules in Aranda the majority hold that the trial court erred--this notwithstanding the belief "that the former procedure [did not create] a grave risk of convicting innocent defendants" and that the new rules in Aranda were not yet "constitutionally compelled."
The majority recognize that the purposes of Aranda do not require its application to convictions long since final. I submit that those purposes likewise do not compel its application to cases tried before our decision was rendered in Aranda.
I also believe that the rules of procedure enunciated in Aranda should not be extended to a case where the trial will not be by a jury but rather by a court sitting without a jury. In such a case pragmatic considerations of jury thinking are not involved (People v. Talley, 65 Cal. 2d 830, 841 [56 Cal. Rptr. 492, 423 P.2d 564]; In re Hernandez, 64 Cal. 2d 850, 851 [51 Cal. Rptr. 915, 415 P.2d 803]; People v. Garcia, 239 Cal. App. 2d 58, 61 [48 Cal. Rptr. 305]; People v. Williams, 239 Cal. App. 2d 42, 44 [48 Cal.Rptr. 421]), and the burden on the victim of the crime, other witnesses, the prosecution and the courts is not outweighed by any danger of prejudice to the defendant from an extrajudicial accusatory statement of a codefendant. It is indeed anomalous to require a trial judge, who is going to try a case without a jury, to grant a severance or exclude an extrajudicial statement of a codefendant (where effective deletions are impossible) on the theory that the trial judge may be unable to disregard what he would recognize as merely a hearsay accusatory statement of the codefendant and at the same time presume, for example, that the judge will be able to disregard the defendant's own confession if the judge determines it to be inadmissible.
FN 2. See In re Lessard (1965) 62 Cal. 2d 497, 503 [42 Cal. Rptr. 583, 399 P.2d 39], adhering to the concurring opinion of Traynor, J., in In re Harris (1961) 56 Cal. 2d 879, 881-886 [16 Cal. Rptr. 889, 366 P.2d 305]; In re Sterling (1965) 63 Cal. 2d 486 [47 Cal. Rptr. 205, 407 P.2d 5].
FN 4. See, e.g., People v. Williams (1965) 239 Cal. App. 2d 42, 45-46 [48 Cal. Rptr. 421]; People v. Martin (1966) 247 Cal. App. 2d 416, 420 [55 Cal. Rptr. 629]; People v. Perrin (1967) 247 Cal. App. 2d 838, 845 [55 Cal. Rptr. 847].
FN 5. See, e.g., People v. Haynes (1966) 244 Cal. App. 2d 579, 583-584 [53 Cal. Rptr. 530].
FN 7. See, e.g., People v. Schader (1965) 62 Cal. 2d 716, 727-728 [44 Cal. Rptr. 193, 401 P.2d 665], reversing a conviction in part because of the trial judge's failure to comply with the procedural requirements established in Jackson v. Denno (1964) 378 U.S. 368 [12 L. Ed. 2d 908, 84 S. Ct. 1774, 1 A.L.R.3d 1205]; see also People v. Carter, supra, 48 Cal. 2d 737, 752-753, reversing a conviction because, inter alia, the trial court did not follow the discovery procedure made available by People v. Riser, supra, 47 Cal. 2d 566, 586.
FN 8. See, e.g., Schwartz, Retroactivity, Reliability, and Due Process: A Reply to Professor Mishkin (1966) 33 U.Chi.L.Rev. 719, 757-768.
FN 9. See, e.g., separate opinion of Warren, C. J., joined by Fortas, J., in Spencer v. Texas (1967) 385 U.S. 554, 569 [17 L. Ed. 2d 606, 617, 87 S. Ct. 648, 656] (concurring in part and dissenting in part); see also, The Supreme Court, 1965 Term (1966) 80 Harv.L.Rev. 91, 136-141.
FN 11. Cf. People v. Schader, supra, 62 Cal. 2d 716, 728-731; People v. Dorado, supra, 62 Cal. 2d 338, 356; People v. Parham (1963) 60 Cal. 2d 378, 385 [33 Cal. Rptr. 497, 384 P.2d 1001].
FN 12. Although an Aranda violation is less likely to prove prejudicial in a trial by judge than in a jury trial (see People v. Talley (1967) 65 Cal. 2d 830, 840 [56 Cal. Rptr. 492, 423 P.2d 564]), the procedure required by Aranda operates prior to trial and applies whether or not a jury is subsequently waived. (Cf. People v. Santo (1954) 43 Cal. 2d 319, 332  [273 P.2d 249]; see Note (1965) 74 Yale L.J. 553, 564-565 & fns. 59-60.) Nothing in the statutory provisions governing consolidation and severance (Pen. Code, §§ 954, 1098), and nothing in Aranda, suggests a bifurcated set of rules, one for defendants who demand juries and another for those who do not.
Some types of evidence are so difficult to disregard completely (see, e.g., Jackson v. Denno, supra, 378 U.S. 368; People v. Schader, supra, 62 Cal. 2d 716, 727-728) or to consider for one purpose but ignore for another (see, e.g., People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at pp. 525-526, 528-529), that curative instructions are deemed incapable of overcoming the harm done by exposing a jury to such evidence. The hearing of evidence of this kind, by judges as well as by juries, should be restricted to the essential minimum.
Recognizing in Aranda that permitting joint trials in all cases would entail less cost and greater convenience to witnesses and to the state, we nonetheless concluded that such practical considerations could not prevail when they conflicted with the need to insure fair trials and to protect fundamental rights. (People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 530 fn. 9.) Whether the trial is by jury or by judge, that analysis remains sound. Indeed, an attempt to economize by limiting Aranda to jury trials might well prove self-defeating, since such a limitation would simply create an artificial incentive for codefendants to insist upon trial by jury as the only means of obtaining the benefit of the Aranda rules.
"Q. Now, officer, would you relate that conversation that you had with defendant Boddie?
"I knew him as Ollie Hernandez--Fernandez. He stated that's what his name was. And we discussed numerous robberies that occurred in the County of Los Angeles between the 11th of January and the 22nd of January, which he denied.
"The Witness: In substance he indicated that he wanted to clear up any robberies that he was involved in. So I asked him how many robberies had he participated in. And he said four.
"He said that he and defendant [Charles] entered the market and pretended to shop, and as the people left, they committed the robbery.
"I asked him what he used for a weapon, if any. He stated he used a .25 automatic, blue steel automatic.
"I showed him a .25 blue steel automatic, and he stated that was the same one that he had used.
"I asked him if [Charles] had a gun. He stated no, that he carried the gun on all four jobs that he was on with [Charles].
"He said the next robbery that he committed with [Charles] was at a liquor store at Seventh Street near Alvarado Street.
"I showed him the report of the Monarch Liquors. He stated that that was the one he and [Charles] pulled.
"He indicated the next robbery that he pulled with [Charles] was a liquor store on Third Street, near Berendo.
"I showed him the report, and he indicated that was the robbery that he and [Charles] pulled.
"He indicated that they pulled a robbery in the south end of town, out near Inglewood, where they took a gun from the proprietor.
"I showed him the report from that particular robbery, and he indicated that he and [Charles] had committed that robbery and took that gun."
FN 15. We note that no "multiple confessions" problem (see People v. Jacobson (1965) 63 Cal. 2d 319, 330-331 [46 Cal. Rptr. 515, 405 P.2d 555]) arises here, since the evidence included just one confession by each defendant.
FN 1. In People v. Rollins, supra, 65 Cal. 2d 681, 687-690, we rejected the trial date limitation with respect to the Escobedo rules in part because we had already applied in numerous cases a different limitation as to those rules and because, in the light of relevant prior case law, we found little force in the argument that there had been affirmative reliance on the pre- Escobedo cases by prosecuting officials. Neither such reason is applicable in the present case.

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