Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/315/437/
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 02:25:29+00:00

Document:
A state regulation which forbids violence on the part of strikers in picketing the premise of their employer, but which permits peaceful picketing, held consistent with the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. P. 315 U. S. 441.
236 Wis. 329, 294 N.W. 632, 295 N.W. 634, affirmed.
Certiorari, 314 U.S. 590, to review the affirmance of a decree which sustained an order of the Employment Relations Board of Wisconsin acting under the Employment Peace Act of the Wisconsin.
picketing insofar as we have deemed it an exercise of the right of free speech protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U. S. 88; American Federation of Labor v. Swing, 312 U. S. 321. The specific question for decision is the constitutional validity of an order made by the Wisconsin Employment Relations Board acting under the Employment Peace Act, Wisconsin Laws of 1939, c. 57, St.1939, § 111.01 et seq. In deciding this question we are, of course, controlled by the construction placed by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin upon the order and the pertinent provisions of the Act.
These are the undisputed facts. In June, 1938, the petitioners, various unions representing hotel and restaurant employees, made a closed shop agreement for a year with the respondent Plankinton House Company, which owned two hotels in Milwaukee. After negotiations between the parties for renewal of the contract failed, the dispute was submitted to arbitration. On October 30, 1939, the Company notified the unions of its willingness to sign a contract in accordance with the terms of the arbitration. Three days later, the employees of both hotels went on strike. Members of the unions picketed the hotels, and the company continued to operate the hotels with new employees. Union pickets forcibly prevented the delivery of goods to one of the hotels. For this conduct, two union officials were arrested and fined. One of them returned to the picket line immediately after his arrest, assaulted one of the nonstriking employees, and was again arrested and fined. Numerous other outbreaks of violence resulted in the conviction of the offending pickets and occasioned special police measures to maintain the peace.
The Company complained to the Employment Relations Board that the petitioners had committed "unfair labor practices." After due hearing, the Board made findings of fact, not challenged throughout these proceedings.
In accordance with the statutory provisions for judicial review, the petitioners applied to the Circuit Court of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, to set aside the Board's order. The Board cross-petitioned for enforcement. The Circuit Court sustained the order, and an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, which affirmed the judgment and, after further elucidating the meaning of the statute and the order, denied a rehearing. 236 Wis. 329, 352, 294 N.W. 632, 295 N.W. 634.
"cooperate in engaging in, promoting or inducing picketing, boycotting or any other overt concomitant of a strike unless a majority in a collective bargaining unit of the employees of an employer against whom such acts are primarily directed have voted by secret ballot to call a strike,"
"hinder or prevent, by mass picketing, threats, intimidation, force, or coercion of any kind the pursuit of any lawful work or employment, or to obstruct or interfere with entrance to or egress from any place of employment, or to obstruct or interfere with free and uninterrupted use of public roads, streets, highways, railways, airports, or other ways of travel or conveyance."
"Except as specifically provided in this chapter, nothing therein shall be construed so as to interfere with or impede or diminish in any way the right to strike or the right of individuals to work; nor shall anything in this chapter be so construed as to invade unlawfully the right to freedom of speech."
v. Wisconsin, 195 U. S. 194; Senn v. Tile Layers Union, 301 U. S. 468. What is before us therefore is not the order as an isolated, self-contained writing, but the order with the gloss of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin upon it. And that Court has unambiguously rejected the construction upon which the claim of the petitioners rests.
"The act does not limit the right of an employee to speak freely. . . . The term 'picketing' as used in [the act], does not include acts held in the Thornhill case, supra, to be within the protection of the constitutional guaranty of the right of free speech. The express language of the act forbids such a construction. It clearly refers to that kind of picketing which the Thornhill case says the state has power to deal with as a part of its power 'to preserve the peace and protect the privacy, the lives, and the property of its residents.' . . . In this case, it is undisputed that numerous assaults were committed by pickets, that the pickets acted in concert; that the fines of these pickets were paid by the unions; that ingress and egress to and from the premises of the employer were prevented by force and arms. It was at conduct of that kind that the statute was aimed. It is conduct of that kind that is dealt with in this case. It is conduct of that kind that is declared to be an unfair labor practice by the statute, and from which the defendants are ordered to cease and desist. . . ."
free speech is in no way infringed by the statute or the order of the board."
What public policy Wisconsin should adopt in furthering desirable industrial relations is for it to say, so long as rights guaranteed by the Constitution are respected. Aikens v. Wisconsin, 195 U. S. 194; Senn v. Tile Layers Union, 301 U. S. 468. As the order and the appropriate provisions of the statute upon which it was based leave the petitioners' freedom of speech unimpaired, the judgment below must be affirmed. Problems that would arise had the order and the pertinent provisions of the Act been otherwise construed by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin need not therefore be considered.
"It is ordered that the respondent unions, Hotel and Restaurant Employees International Alliance, Local No. 122, International Laundry Workers, Local No. 174, Bartenders International League of America, Local No. 64, International Union of Operating Engineers, Local No. 311, and the Milwaukee Building Trades Council, the officers, members, agents, successors and assigns of each shall:"
"1. Immediately cease and desist from:"
"(a) Engaging in promoting or inducing picketing at or near the Plankinton House or the Kilbourn Hotel;"
"(b) Attempting to hinder or prevent by threats, intimidation, force or coercion of any kind the pursuit of lawful work by employees of the Plankinton House Company;"
"(c) Boycotting in any way the Plankinton House Company."
"2. Take the following affirmative action, which the Board finds will effectuate the policies of the act:"
"(a) Post notices to their members in conspicuous places at the union headquarters that the union has ceased and desisted in the manner aforesaid, and that all officers, members and agents of the union are to refrain from engaging in promoting or inducing picketing and boycotting of the Plankinton House Company, and also to refrain from attempting to hinder or prevent by threats, intimidation, force or coercion of any kind the pursuit of lawful work by employees of the Plankinton House Company."
"(b) Notify the Board in writing forthwith that steps have been taken by each of the respondent unions to comply herewith."

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