Source: https://openjurist.org/107/f3d/20/cf-v-certain
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 14:28:00+00:00

Document:
CERTAIN FORMER EMPLOYEES OF CF & I STEEL CORPORATION, Appellees.
Steven T. Waterman, Cameron M. Hancock, and Valerie A. Longmire of Ray, Quincey & Nebeker, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Appellant.
Dolores B. Kopel, Denver, Colorado, and L.R. Curtis, Jr. of Holme Roberts & Owen, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Appellees.
Before BRORBY, HENRYand MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
Reorganized debtor CF & I Fabricators of Utah, Inc. appeals the district court's finding the notice of appeal to that court from the bankruptcy court was adequate. After finding the notice of appeal adequate, the district court reversed the bankruptcy court's decision and remanded to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings. Because the district court's order is not a final order under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d) (1988),1 and no exceptions to the finality rule are applicable, we dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
The Appellees are a group of former employees of the debtor. They filed an application for payment of administrative expenses with the bankruptcy court, seeking severance benefits. After the bankruptcy court disallowed the application, the Appellees filed a "Motion for Reconsideration, to Reopen Record for Admission of Newly Discovered Evidence, and to Deposit Funds in Escrow Account." Upon the bankruptcy court's denial of that motion, they filed an appeal with the district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a).
CF & I Fabricators filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, contending the former employees' notice of appeal did not comply with the requirements of Bankruptcy Rule 8001(a), therefore rendering the district court without jurisdiction to hear the appeal. Bankruptcy Rule 8001(a) explicitly requires a notice of appeal from a bankruptcy court to a district court to "contain the names of all parties to the judgment, order, or decree appealed from." However, the notice of appeal did not contain the names of the individual former employees appealing the bankruptcy court decision; rather, it simply stated the appellants to be "Certain Former Employees of CF & I Steel Corporation [the debtor corporation prior to reorganization]." Failure to specifically name a party in the notice of appeal of a bankruptcy court decision is a jurisdictional bar to that party's appeal. Storage Technology Corp. v. United States Dist. Court, 934 F.2d 244, 247 (10th Cir.1991).
However, relying on Fed. R.App. P. 3(c),2 which has more lenient requirements for filing a notice of appeal than those of Bankruptcy Rule 8001(a), Storage Technology, 934 F.2d at 247, the district court denied CF & I Fabricators' motion to dismiss, holding the notice of appeal was sufficient to provide jurisdiction. Proceeding to the merits of the appeal, the court restated its finding of jurisdiction and reversed the bankruptcy court's holding that the former employees' failure to file timely administrative claims for severance benefits did not constitute excusable neglect. It then remanded the case to the bankruptcy court with instructions to (1) fix a time within which the former employees may file claims, (2) deny any claim filed by a former employee who knew or has stated he or she knew a claim for severance benefits was not going to be filed on his or her behalf by CF & I Steel, and (3) only permit those former employees who make a specific showing of detrimental reliance to file claims.
Upon CF & I Fabricators' appeal to this court of the district court's decision regarding the sufficiency of the notice of appeal, we sua sponte requested the parties to submit briefs addressing the question whether the district court's order is final, which is generally a prerequisite to this court's exercise of appellate jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (1994); 28 U.S.C. § 158(d) (1988). CF & I Fabricators asserts three alternative grounds on which to premise jurisdiction: (1) the district court's order was a final order, (2) the district court's order is final in the practical or pragmatic sense, and (3) the district court's order is appealable under the collateral order doctrine. However, after thorough review, we conclude we are without jurisdiction to hear CF & I Fabricators' appeal.
(d) The courts of appeals shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final3 decisions, judgments, orders, and decrees entered under subsection[ ] (a) ... of this section.
28 U.S.C. § 158(a), (d). Accordingly, with certain limited exceptions discussed subsequently in this opinion, "when jurisdiction in the court of appeals is based on § 158(d), we have jurisdiction only when the district court decision appealed from is 'final.' " Farmers Home Admin. v. Buckner (In re Buckner), 66 F.3d 263, 265 (10th Cir.1995). " '[T]o be final and appealable, the district court's order must end the litigation and leave nothing to be done except execute the judgment.' " Id. (quoting Magic Circle Energy 1981-A Drilling Program v. Lindsey (In re Magic Circle Energy Corp.), 889 F.2d 950, 953 (10th Cir.1989)). The oft-stated rationale underlying this finality rule is the need to control piecemeal adjudication and eliminate delays caused by interlocutory appeals. E.g., In re Magic Circle Energy Corp., 889 F.2d at 953 (citing Homa Ltd. v. Stone (In re Commercial Contractors, Inc.), 771 F.2d 1373, 1375 (10th Cir.1985)).
CF & I Fabricators contends the part of the district court's order refusing to grant its motion to dismiss is a separate and distinct dispute from the remand to the bankruptcy court. It claims that discrete decision is final because the order ends the litigation with respect to the sufficiency of the notice of appeal. However, this argument is flawed. It is true that in the bankruptcy context courts have recognized the appropriate "judicial unit" for purposes of the finality requirement as something less than the resolution of the overall bankruptcy case; in bankruptcy, the "judicial unit" for purposes of finality refers to the individual or discrete adversarial proceeding or controversy within the larger case. E.g., Adelman v. Fourth Nat'l Bank & Trust Co. (In re Durability, Inc.), 893 F.2d 264, 266 (10th Cir.1990). Accordingly, we look to the district court order as a whole to determine whether it has resolved the individual adversarial proceeding. Here, the district court's order finding the notice of appeal sufficient did not resolve the adversarial proceeding. Rather, it allowed the case as a whole to continue. We refuse CF & I Fabricators' invitation to separate as discrete the notice of appeal's sufficiency. To do so would drastically undercut the policies underlying the finality doctrine. See In re Bucyrus Grain Co., Inc., 905 F.2d at 1366 (refusing to find remanded matters constituted a separate judicial unit from unremanded issues). Therefore, we will not consider the district court's refusal to dismiss the former employees' appeal for lack of jurisdiction as a final order with regard to a discrete judicial unit.
Indeed, even were we to look solely to the district court's holding on the jurisdictional issue, we have repeatedly held that denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is not immediately reviewable. John E. Burns Drilling Co. v. Central Bank of Denver, 739 F.2d 1489, 1491 (10th Cir.1984) (citing Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 236 (1945)); see also In re Cascade Energy & Metals Corp., 956 F.2d at 937; In re Magic Circle Energy Corp., 889 F.2d at 954 (citing Catlin ). Such decisions lack finality, John E. Burns Drilling, 739 F.2d at 1491; the appellant must wait until the bankruptcy court enters its final judgment before appealing the jurisdictional issue, In re Magic Circle Energy Corp., 889 F.2d at 954, or must make an interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292. See supra note 3.
Having determined the district court's order is not appealable as a final order under § 158(d), we must decide whether either of two limited exceptions to the finality requirement are applicable: practical (or pragmatic) finality, or the collateral order doctrine.
Practical finality allows a court to assume jurisdiction where the "danger of injustice by delaying appellate review" outweighs the policies underlying the finality rule. Bender v. Clark, 744 F.2d 1424, 1427 (10th Cir.1984). However, this exception "has lived a checkered life in both our court and the United States Supreme Court," Utah State Dep't of Health v. Kennecott Corp., 14 F.3d 1489, 1495 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 115 S.Ct. 197 (1994), and, since Bender, we have repeatedly stressed the narrowness of its application, reserving it only for truly "unique" or "exceptional" circumstances. Albright v. UNUM Life Ins. Co., 59 F.3d 1089, 1094 (10th Cir.1995); Kennecott Corp., 14 F.3d at 1496. This case does not involve such circumstances. Here, just as in Kennecott Corp., "the only real peril to the Appellants is the cost of extraneous litigation." 14 F.3d at 1496. Although later review by this court may show the proceedings on remand to have been inappropriate due to an erroneous jurisdictional ruling by the district court, the "cost of a wasted proceeding does not justify immediate appeal." Id. (citing 15A Charles A. Wright et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 3913, at 473 (1992)).
CF & I Fabricators notes other circuits have expressed a greater willingness to apply practical finality in the bankruptcy context because of the somewhat unique nature of such proceedings. See, e.g., Bonner Mall Partnership v. U.S. Bancorp Mortgage Co. (In re Bonner Mall Partnership), 2 F.3d 899, 903 (9th Cir.1993); F/S Airlease II, Inc. v. Simon, 844 F.2d 99, 103-04 (3d Cir.1988). However, we have repeatedly refused to adopt the more flexible standard of finality some circuits apply in identifying final bankruptcy orders; instead, we continue steadfastly to interpret bankruptcy finality in traditional terms. E.g., In re Buckner, 66 F.3d at 265; In re Magic Circle Energy Corp., 889 F.2d at 953. It is enough that one panel cannot overrule another panel, see, e.g., Starzynski v. Sequoia Forest Indus., 72 F.3d 816, 819 (10th Cir.1995), to ensure our keeping to this precept. Accordingly, we do not find the district court's order to be practically final.
The second exception to which the debtor directs our attention is the collateral order doctrine, which derives from Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541 (1949). To fall within the Cohen exception, "an order must ' conclusively determine the disputed question, resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and be effectively unreviewable on appeal from final judgment.' " Kennecott Corp., 14 F.3d at 1492 (quoting Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468 (1978)). Because an order is not within the scope of this exception unless it meets all three requirements, if one is not met, we need not discuss the others. Stringfellow v. Concerned Neighbors in Action, 480 U.S. 370, 375 (1987). Here, we have already noted that after this adversarial proceeding attains finality, upon appeal we would then have jurisdiction to review the district court's decision regarding the adequacy of the notice of appeal. See Masunaga v. Stoltenberg (In re Rex Montis Silver Co.), 87 F.3d 435, 437-38 (10th Cir.1996). We could at that time vacate the district court's opinion for lack of jurisdiction and reinstate the bankruptcy court's original opinion of June 16, 1994. Thus, the third Cohen requirement is not satisfied, rendering the collateral order exception inapplicable to the district court's order.
Because the district court's order was neither a final order nor within any recognized exception to the final order rule, we are without jurisdiction to hear this appeal.
A notice of appeal must specify the party or parties taking the appeal by naming each appellant in either the caption or the body of the notice of appeal. An attorney representing more than one party may fulfill this requirement by describing those parties with such terms as "all plaintiffs," "the defendants," "the plaintiffs A, B, et al." or "all defendants except X." ... An appeal will not be dismissed for ... failure to name a party whose intent to appeal is otherwise clear from the notice.

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