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(A) Schematic representation of the mosaic structures of alleles representative of the major allelic groups of lktA leukotoxin in Pasteurella. The different colors indicate sequence identity and the likely origins of the recombinant segments. The number of sites different from those in the corresponding region of the likely donor allele(s) and the degree of divergence are indicated below certain recombinant segments; all other segments exhibited 100% sequence identity to the corresponding regions of the donor alleles. Numbers above the proposed recombination sites indicate the position of the last nucleotide at the downstream end of the recombination segment. (B) Proposed sequence of recombination events in the evolution of lktA to the formation of the lktA8- and lktA10-type alleles (see panel A) in the ovine-specific lineages of Pasteurella leukotoxins and the bovine-specific allele lktA2. This analysis suggests not only substantial mosaicism of the toxins, but also host-switching phenomena from ovine- to bovine- and back to ovine-specific alleles. Reprinted from reference 32 with permission.
Phylogenic tree of the clostridial neurotoxins drawn with the Phylip program. Reprinted from reference 133 with permission.
Phylogenetic trees of the SPATE proteins generated using ClustalX analysis of amino acid sequences from full-length SPATE passenger domains (A) or the N-terminal one-third (B) corresponding to amino acid 242 of the Pet toxin. Substrates subject to proteolysis are indicated in panel B. Reprinted from reference 39 with permission of the publisher.
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