Source: http://studepedia.org/index.php?vol=1&post=26782
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 06:15:34+00:00

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The nominative absolute participial construction.
The objective participial construction with participle II.
According to their morphological composition nouns can be divided intosimple, derived, andcompound.
The verbal character of participle I is manifested morphologically in the categories of voice and perfect (see table VII) and syntactically in its combinability. Thus, like the other non-finites, it may combine: a) with a noun or a pronoun as direct, indirect or prepositional object; b) with an adverb or a prepositional phrase as an adverbial modifier; c) with a noun or adjective as a predicative.
a) Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her.
We didn’t utter a word while listening to the story.
b) Rising early, you’ll make your days longer.
Do you know the man sitting in the middle of the first row?
c) Being absent-minded, he went into the wrong room.
Participle I is used as a pure verb form in the formation of the continuous aspect forms.
The adjectival and adverbial features of participle I are manitested in its syntactical functions as an attribute and an adverbial modifier.
Arriving at the station, she saw him at once, leaning agains the railing.
(adverbial modifier of time, detached attribute).
Non-perfect participle I active has synonymous adjectives formed from the same verb stem, such as resulting - resultant, convulsing - convulsive, abounding - abundant, deceiving - deceptive. Some participles border on adjectives when used as attributes or predicatives, and have qualitative adjectives as synonyms; for example amusing - funny, boring - dull, deafening - (very) loud. There are even some deverbal adjectives that have completely lost their verbal meaning, for example interesting, charming.
When they lose their verbal character, participles may be modified by adverbs of degree used with adjectives, such as very, so, too, as in very (greatly, exceedingly, etc.) amusing, too boring, most exciting.
My job is with one of the ministers - too boring and distasteful to discuss.
All this was extremely gratifying.
Like an adjective, participle I forms adverbs with the suffix -ly: laughingly, jokingly, surprisingly, admiringly, appealingly, feelingly.
You surprise me, she said feelingly.
The category of perfect in participle I finds its expression in the contrast of the non-perfect and perfect forms.
The non-perfect form suggests that the action denoted by participle I is simultaneous with that of the finite verb. Thus the time-reference of the action expressed by participle I can be understood only from the context, that is it is not absolute, but relative.
Learning foreign languages you know your native tongue better. I used to begin my day with repeating new words. you will learn a lot about your native tongue.
The perfect form of participle I indicates that the action denoted by the participle is prior to that denoted by the finite verb.
Having learnt the elements of English I shall start upon French. our students start upon French or German. we started upon French.
The meaning of priority may be accompanied by the notion of completion or duration, depending on whether the meaning of the verb is terminative or durative.
Dinny took the little packet, and having brought no bag, slipped it down her dress.
house was thrown into darkness.
Like that of the other non-finites, the perfect form of participle I invariably expresses priority, whereas non-perfect participle I varies in its meaning according to the context, expressing either a prior or a simultaneous or a posterior action.
Non-perfect participle I regularly expresses immediate priority and denotes an instantaneous action if it is formed from terminative verbs, such as verbs of motion (to come, to enter, to arrive, to turn, to leave), of sense perception (to see, to hear, to find) and verbs of certain specific actions associated with motion (to put, to put on, to take, to take off, to seize, to grasp, to open).
Leaving the house, Andrew continued his round.
Turning the comer, you’ll see the house you are looking for.
Hearing a noise in the garden, I looked out of the window.
Taking off our shoes, we tiptoed into the nursery.
Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her. But: Having seen tine girl only once, I didn’t recognize her.
Not having seen her for a long time, I didn’t recognize her.
Her husband, finding the right key, fits it into the lock of the bureau.
Having found the place he sought, Bateman sent in his card to the manager.
Lizzy left the room, banging the door shut.
John fell, hurting his knee.
There may be a lapse of time between the first and the second (posterior) action. This is evident from the context.
I then hired a car and went home, arriving just before twelve о'clock.
We left at dawn, returning late.
As seen from the above examples non-perfect participle I denoting a prior action usually precedes the predicate verb. When it denotes a posterior action, it stands always after the predicate verb. In both cases it corresponds to the Russian perfective adverbial participle (деепричастие) (приехав, повернув, услышав, сняв, поднявшись, найдя, хлопнув, вернувшись).
Translating from English into Russian, she should know well both languages. Having translated the text into Russian, we handed it to the teacher. Being translated into many languages, the novel is known all over the world. Having been translated long ago, the novel is likely to be re-translated.
Participle I active denotes an action directed from the doer of the action, while participle I passive denotes an action directed towards it.
Do you know the students translating the text?
Have you read the text being translated by the students?
I heard someone mentioning your name.
I heard your name being mentioned at the conference.
The phrase The conference held at the University is ambiguous, because it might be understood as The conference that has been held or -was held or is being held.
§ 131. Participle I performs the syntactical functions characteristic of the adjective and the adverb, and can therefore be used as attribute, predicative, or as adverbial modifier.
a) Let sleeping dogs lie.
He drank his coffee standing.
b) There are some other people waiting for you.
The youth looked at him curiously, never having seen a Forsyte with a beard.
c) We found him working in the garden.
§ 132. This function is peculiar to non-perfect participle I in its main sense, that of a process simultaneous with the action denoted by the main verb or with the moment of speech. It corresponds to the Russian imperfective participle, usually active: leading - ведущий, asking - спрашивающий, sleeping - спящий. The passive participle I corresponds to the Russian imperfective passive participle: being asked - спрашиваемый, being translated -переводимый, being built - строящийся.
a) We went along the street leading to the seashore.
Emma sat in the armchair facing the door.
Another factor concerns the formality of the language being taught.
b) Once a month Tommy, arriving separately, came in for a brief drink.
A detached participial phrase is set off from the modified noun by a comma (or commas) in writing and by a pause (or pauses) in speech.
When a single participle is used as attribute, it generally functions as a premodifier. Here we usually find only participle I active of intransitive verbs. Its verbal character is clear from the processual meaning of the verb itself: living people, a sleeping dog.
Participle I as a premodifying attribute differs from the gerund in the same function. The noun serves as the subject of the action expressed by the participle, as in a living man = a man who lives, a burning house = a house that is burning, a dancing girl == a girl who is dancing (or dances). The gerund suggests the destination of the object or a person’s occupation, as in writing paper =paper for writing, dancing hall = a hall for dancing, a singing teacher = a teacher of singing. Note also the difference in stress patterns. There are two stresses in the pattern with the participle (a 'burning 'house), the second being the main stress, while in the pattern with the gerund only the first (gerundial) element is stressed (a ' dancing hall); if there are two stresses, the first component has the main stress, as in a 'speaking 'habit, a 'writing 'career.
Я разговаривал со студентами, вернувшимися с практики. – I’ve just talked to the students who have come back from their teaching practice.
Я разговаривал со студентами, вернувшимися с практики на прошлой неделе. – I’ve talked to the students who came back from their school practice last week. .
Женщина, стоявшая на крыльце, вошла в дом. - The woman who had been standing on the porch went into the house, (the action expressed by the participle is prior to that of the finite verb) But: Я обратился к женщине, стоявшей на крыльце. - I addressed the woman standing on the porch (simultaneous actions).
§ 133. All the four forms of participle I can function as adverbial modifiers of different semantic types (time, reason, manner, attendant circumstances, and sometimes condition, concession, comparison).
Seeing her, he stopped (he stopped because he saw her, or when he saw her).
Living alone, one becomes self-centred (as one lives alone, or if one lives alone).
Very often to make the semantical relationship clearer, certain conjunctions are employed, such as: when, while, though, as if, as though, if.
1) Participle I as adverbial modifier of timemay denote a simultaneous or a prior action. Here it corresponds to the Russian adverbial participle (деепричастие).
Non-perfect participle I active, when used as an adverbial modifier of time, usually conveys the meaning of the motion or state. Most often it is a participle of the verbs of motion (come, walk, go), or position in space (sit, lie, stand).
Walking along the track, Bowen burst into song.
Returning to London, Arthur had thrown himself into the work.
Standing there now on the corner of the stage, he went on as before.
Lying in the hospital with his rotting wound, he dictated his farewell letter to his brother.
The notion of simultaneity may be expressed more explicitly by the conjunctions when and while.
He felt horrible while saying this.
Don’t forget articles when speaking English.
Participle I passive in this function usually denotes priority.
Being left alone, Paulina and I kept silence for some time.
Perfect participle I as adverbial modifier of time, always denotes a prior action.
They wrote because they had to, and having written, thought only of what they were going to write next.
2) Participle I as adverbial modifier of reason can be expressed by all the four forms. The most frequently used non-perfect participles I are those of verbs denoting mental perception and emotions, for example, knowing, realizing, remembering, expecting, hoping, fearing; also the participles being and having.
Hoping to catch the train, we took a taxi.
She knew that we were guilty. And knowing it, the child in her was outraged.
Being there, I could see all.
He’s very conceited, you know, having parades and things all the time.
Having decided on this course of action some time ago, I was unable to stay at home.
Another characteristic feature of participles functioning as adverbials of reason consists in their combinability with negation (no matter what it is expressed by).
I turned back, not knowing where to go.
Even then he hadn’t been able to watch her, not having eyes in the back of his head.
3) The adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances is one of the most characteristic of participle I - it is considered to be the main grammatical meaning of non-perfect participle I. In this case participle I denotes some action or event parallel to the action or state denoted by the finite verb.
Deb was silent, fidgeting with the spoon in her saucer.
I laughed, and still laughing turned away eastward.
4) Participle I as an adverbial modifier of manner is akin to an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. The difference consists in the fact that an adverbial modifier of manner characterizes the action of the finite verb, whereas that of attendant circumstances denotes a parallel action or event.
He came in carrying a big parcel.
5) Occasionally participle I occurs as an adverbial modifier of comparison, concession or condition.
As if obeying him, I turned and stared into his face.
When participle I is used as an adverbial modifier of concession the conjunction is not obligatory and then the idea of concession may be understood from the context. However the conjunction though will make the semantic relationship clearer.
Somebody was waiting: a man who, though moving irregularly, was making quite a speed in my direction.
She ought to be there and her absence might be resented, but being there she wouldn’t know what to say (но, если бы она была там ... , ... но будучи там ...).
Well, we’ll be in Scotland afore we know where we are, going at this speed (... если будем двигаться с такой скоростью).
§ 134. Non-perfect participle I can be part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation. Within this type of predicate participle I follows verbs of sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, to catch, also some causative verbs, such as to keep, to leave in the passive voice.
Jane was heard playing the piano.
Paul was found working in the garden.
The boy was caught teasing the cat.
I was kept waiting an hour or so.
I was left standing on the stage.
In this type of predicate participle I active is generally used, though occasionally non-perfect participle I passive is to be found.
He flicks the switch and “Roll Out the Barrel” is heard being whistled.
The predicate of double orientation consists of two parts: the first is oriented on somebody implied, and the second refers semantically to the doer of the action expressed by the subject. Thus the first example means that somebody heard that Jane was playing the piano.* Therefore sentences with this type of predicate are translated into Russian by indefinite personal or impersonal sentences, complex or simple, depending on the verb in the passive voice.
* See p. II Syntax, § 53 The compound verbal predicate of double orientation; also § 123 Predicative complexes (the subjective predicative construction).
Слышали (слышно было), как Джейн играет на рояле.
Меня заставили ждать почти целый час.
§ 135. In the position of predicative only non-perfect participle I active occurs, its adjectival character being predominant. Although keeping the form of the participle, it is treated as an adjective, or a deverbal adjective.
The participle in this position gives the qualitative characterization to the person or thing used as subject (or object, in the case of the objective predicative).
The story is amusing. Your answer is surprising. We found him dying - I find the story amusing. - I consider your answer surprising. - We found that he was dying.
§ 136. Participle I as parenthesis forms the headword of a participial phrase, the meaning of which is a comment upon the contents of the whole sentence or sometimes part of it. The comment may take the form of a logical restriction or personal attitude. Here we find such participial phrases as generally (properly, roughly, legally, strictly) speaking, putting it mildly, judging by (from), allowing for, taking everything into consideration, etc.
Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.
Strictly speaking, this is illegal.
§ 137. Participle I may function as part of a predicative construction, entering into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forming a syntactical unit with it.
* For details see p. II Syntax. The Predicative Constructions (The Complex Object).
I saw John playing tennis I saw him playing tennis We heard them singing - Я видел, как Джон играет в теннис. - Я видел, как он играет в теннис. - Мы слышали, как они поют.
In many cases, however, the translation depends on the verb it reters to and on the requirements of the Russian usage.
He heard himself uttering the words.
I could see the books being taken away.
I saw the car stop at the gate. I saw the car stopping. - Я видел, что машина, остановилась у ворот. - Я видел, как машина остановилась (останавливалась) у ворот.
If the homogeneous infinitives are used, they denote two actions in succession. If two participles I are homogeneous, they suggest two simultaneous actions.
I heard him leave the room and lock the door. Soames saw Bosinney watching her and smiling to himself. - Я слышал, как он вышел из комнаты и запер ее. - Соме увидел, что Босинни наблюдал за ней и улыбался сам себе.
b)with various verbs of causative meaning, or inducement.
c) occasionally with verbs expressing wish.
We saw (watched, heard, listened to) the train approaching the station.
I could feel the dog leaning against my feet.
We found him working in the garden.
I won’t have you smoking at your age!
They soon got (started) things going.
Don’t keep me waiting. I’m in a hurry.
Your words set me thinking.
Can you start (set) that engine going?
Note: The verbs to have, to get may be used in the construction without their causative meaning, as in: I have some students waiting for me. I’ve got my grandson staying for a week.
Sentences with the verbs of this group are usually translated into Russian by simple sentences.
I don’t want you talking back to me.
They didn’t like me leaving so early.
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References: § 131

§ 132

§ 133

§ 134
 § 53
 § 123

§ 135

§ 136

§ 137