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This chapter describes the occurrence and mechanisms of resistance in some of the bacterial species and some of the problems in susceptibility testing of these bacteria. Actinobaculum suis seems to be susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, and spectinomycin but intrinsically resistant to the fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole or SXT). Antimicrobial agents used in food animal production are excreted in active forms in feces and urine, which subsequently are spread on fields. Resistance to SXT might be emerging in Brucella. There have been only a limited number of studies on the antimicrobial susceptibility of Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Most studies have found that Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis shows reduced susceptibility or resistance to aminoglycoside. Susceptibility testing of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has been performed as both agar and broth dilution using normal nonsupplemented medium. Most early studies on growth and susceptibility testing of Leptospira were performed using different media supplemented with serum. Susceptibility testing of Listeria spp. can be performed as for all other gram-positive bacterial species. Numerous bacterial species can cause infections in animals and humans or function as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance genes. Some of the resistance genes found in rarely isolated pathogens are also well known from the more important pathogens. Thus, this emphasizes that all bacterial species to some extent share the same gene pool.
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