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Timestamp: 2019-04-22 01:11:27+00:00

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- [257 U.S. 282, 283] Mr. John C. Dollan, of Louisville, Ky., for plaintiff in error.
[257 U.S. 282, 284] Mr. M. Walton Hendry, of Washington, D. C., for defendant in error.
The principal defense interposed-the only one which we have occasion to notice-was to the effect that the plaintiff had not complied, as was the fact, with a statute of Kentucky (Ky. Stats. 1915, 571) prescribing the conditions on which corporations of other states might do business in that state, and that the contract was therefore not enforceable. To this the plaintiff replied that the only business done by it in Kentucky consisted in purchasing [257 U.S. 282, 287] wheat and other grain in that state for immediate shipment to its Tennessee mill and then shipping the same there; that the contract in question was made in the course of this business and with the purpose of forwarding the wheat to the mill as soon as it was delivered on board the cars; that this transaction was in interstate commerce, and as to it the statute of Kentucky whose application was invoked by the defendant was invalid because in conflict with the commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States.
In the state court the plaintiff did not simply claim a right or immunity under the Constitution of the United [257 U.S. 282, 289] States, but distinctly insisted that as to the transaction in question the Kentucky statute was void, and therefore unenforceable, because in conflict with the commerce clause of the Constitution. The court did not accede to the insistence, but applied and enforced the statute. Of course, that was an affirmation of its validity when so applied. Bridge Proprietors v. Hoboken Co., 1 Wall. 116, 144; McCullough v. Virginia, 172 U.S. 102, 116 , 117 S., 19 Sup. Ct. 134; General Oil Co. v. Crain, 209 U.S. 211, 228 , 28 S. Sup. Ct. 475; Corn Products Refining Co. v. Eddy, 249 U.S. 427, 432 , 39 S. Sup. Ct. 325. And see Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Kansas, 216 U.S. 1, 3 , 27 S., 30 Sup. Ct. 190. The case is therefore of the class described in the first of the provisions which we have quoted from the jurisdictional section. That the statute was not claimed to be invalid in toto and for every purpose does not matter. A statute may be invalid as applied to one state of facts and yet valid as applied to another. Poindexter v. Greenhow, 114 U.S. 270, 295 , 5 S. Sup. Ct. 903, 962; St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. Co. v. Wynne, 224 U.S. 354 , 32 Sup. Ct. 493, 42 L. R. A. (N. S.) 102; Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Anderson, 233 U.S. 325 , 34 Sup. Ct. 599. Besides, a litigant can be heard to question a statute's validity only when and so far as it is being or is about to be applied to his disadvantage. Yazoo & Mississippi R. R. Co. v. Jackson Vinegar Co., 226 U.S. 217 , 33 Sup. Ct. 40; Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. v. Blagg, 235 U.S. 571, 576 , 35 S. Sup. Ct. 167. Neither does it matter on what ground the court upheld and enforced the statute. The provisions quoted from the jurisdictional section show that in cases where the validity of a state statute is drawn in question because of the alleged repugnance to the Constitution the mode of review depends on the way in which the state court resolves the question. If it be resolved in favor of the validity of the statute, the review may be on writ of error; and if it be resolved against the validity the review can only be on writ of certiorari. The provisions take no account of the particular grounds or reasons on which the decision is put. [257 U.S. 282, 290] It is loosely said in one of the briefs for the plaintiff that the 'sole question for decision' is whether the contract was a part of interstate commerce; but we attach no importance to this, because it not only is said in the same brief that the plaintiff 'maintained in the state court, and it maintains here, that the Kentucky statute, as construed and applied in this case by the state court, is unconstitutional under the commerce clause,' but much of that brief and of another is devoted to an effort to show the invalidity of the statute in that regard.
Our conclusion on the jurisdictional question is that, as the state court applied and enforced to the plaintiff's disadvantage a state statute which the plaintiff seasonably insisted as so applied and enforced was repugnant to the Constitution and void, the case is rightly here on writ of error. Like rulings on like grounds will be found in Eureka Pipe Line Co. v. Hallanan, 257 U.S. 265 , 42 Sup. Ct. 101, and United Fuel Gas Co. v. Hallanan, 257 U.S. 277 , 42 Sup. Ct. 105.
A corporation of one state may go into another, without obtaining the leave or license of the latter, for all the legitimate purposes of such commerce; and any statute of the latter state which obstructs or lays a burden on the exercise of this privilege is void under the commerce clause. Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U.S. 47, 57 , 11 S. Sup. Ct. 851; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Kansas, 216 U.S. 1, 27 , 30 S. Sup. Ct. 190; International Text-Book Co. v. Pigg, 217 U.S. 91, 112 , 30 S. Sup. Ct. 481, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 493, 18 Ann. Cas. 1103; Sioux Remedy Co. v. Cope, 235 U.S. 197 , 35 Sup. Ct. 57.
There is no controversy about the facts bearing on the character of the transaction in question. It had been the [257 U.S. 282, 292] practice of the plaintiff to go into Kentucky to purchase grain to be transported to and used in its mill in Tennessee. On different occasions it had purchased from the defendant-at one time 13,000 bushels of corn. This contract was made in continuance of that practice the plaintiff intending to forward the grain to its mill as soon as the delivery was made. In keeping with that purpose the delivery was to be on board the cars of a public carrier. Applying to these facts the principles before stated, we think the transaction was in interstate commerce. The state court, stressing the fact that the contract was made in Kentucky and was to be performed there put aside the further facts that the delivery was to be on board the cars and that the plaintiff, in continuance of its prior practice, was purchasing the grain for shipment to its mill in Tennessee. We think the facts so neglected had a material bearing and should have been considered. They showed that what otherwise seemed an intrastate transaction was a part of interstate commerce. See Swift & Co. v. United States, 196 U.S. 375, 398 , 25 S. Sup. Ct. 276; Reading Co. v. United States, 226 U.S. 324, 367 , 33 S. Sup. Ct. 90; Pennsylvania R. R. Co. v. Clark Bros. Coal Mining Co., 238 U.S. 456 -468, 35 Sup. Ct. 986; Eureka Pipe Line Co v. Hallanan, supra. The state court also attached some importance to the fact that after the grain was delivered on the cars the plaintiff might have changed its mind and have sold the grain at the place of delivery or have shipped it to another point in Kentucky. No doubt this was possible, but it also was improbable. With equal basis it could be said that a shipment of merchandise billed to a point beyond the state of its origin might be halted by the shipper in the exercise of the right of stoppage in transitu before it got out of that state. The essential character of the transaction as otherwise fixed is not changed by a mere possibility of that sort. See United Fuel Gas Co. v. Hallanan, supra.
For these reasons we are of opinion that the transaction was a part of interstate commerce, in which the planitiff [257 U.S. 282, 293] lawfully could engage without any permission from the state of Kentucky, and that the statute in question, which concededly imposed burdensome conditions, was as to that transaction invalid because repugnant to the commerce clause.
The writ of error should, in my opinion, be dismissed. The obstacle to our assuming jurisdiction is not procedural, as it is in those cases where a plaintiff fails because the claim was not made seasonably or in appropriate form. 1 Here the obstacle is the nature of the constitutional question sought to be reviewed. It involves a state statute. But the validity of the statute is not actually drawn in question. Only the propriety of the application or use of the statute is questioned. Since the Act of September 6, 1916, c. 448, 2, 39 Stat. 726, such questions are not reviewable in this court as of right. They may now be reviewed only in the court's discretion; and exercise of the discretion must be invoked by a petition for a writ of certiorari.
This court has now, as it had before that act, jurisdiction under section 237 of the Judicial Code to review a final judgment of the highest court of a state whenever a right under the federal Constitution duly claimed has been denied in applying a state statute. And in no case involving a state statute can jurisdiction attach unless the statute has been applied. For, unless it was applied, there could not have been an invasion of the party's constitutional right; and, unless there was such invasion, the constitutional [257 U.S. 282, 294] question presented, whatever its nature, would be moot. But the act of 1916 made the nature of the constitutional question raised in applying the statute a matter of importance. If the question is a denial of the power of the Legislature to enact the statute as construed, a review may be had as of right. If the question concerns merely the propriety of the particular use of the statute or of the manner of applying or administering it the review may be had only in this court's discretion. The classification thus introduced rests upon broad considerations of policy. The steady increase of the business of this court had made it necessary to limit the appellate jurisdiction in cases arising under section 237. To this end Congress determined in 1916 that even cases involving constitutional questions should be reviewed here only where the public interest appeared to demand it. Congress left parties a review as of right where the validity of a state statute had been drawn in question; because the decision of such a question is usually a matter of general interest. But whether a valid state statute has in a particular case been so used as to violate a constitutional guaranty is ordinarily a matter of merely private interest. Hence Congress provided that, where the validity of the statute is not assailed, the denial of a claim that in applying it a right, privilege, or immunity had been violated should not be reviewed, unless this court, in its discretion to be exercised upon petition for a writ of certiorari, should direct the review; that is, Congress treated a right, privilege, or immunity claimed to have been violated by the courts' erroneously applying a confessedly valid statute to the particular facts of a case just as it treated a claim that the right, privilege, or immunity had been violated by a decision erroneous in some other respect.
In considering whether in this case the validity of the state statute was drawn in question, it is necessary to bear in mind that, in every case involving a statute, the state [257 U.S. 282, 295] court must perform (aside from the consideration of any constitutional questions) two functions essentially different. First the court must construe the statute; that is, determine its meaning and scope. Then it must apply the statute, as so construed, to the facts of the case. 2 In this case the construction of the statute was never in controversy. It had been settled by earlier decisions that the statute referred only to corporations when transacting business in intrastate commerce. Here the only controversy concerned the character of the particular transaction to which defendant sought to have the statute applied. Was it interstate commerce? If so, the transaction was not within the scope of the statute. To decide that controversy two determinations had to be made. One was of fact-whether the wheat was sold and bought for shipment to Tennessee. The other was of law-whether the fact that the wheat was so sold and bought makes the transaction one in interstate commerce. Did that controversy over the character of the commerce draw in question the validity of the statute or did it draw in question merely the propriety, that is, the constitutionality, of its application? What the character of the controversy was must be decided upon the record presented here.
The validity of a statute as was said in Baltimore & Potomac R. R. Co. v. Hopkins, 130 U.S. 210, 224 , 9 S. Sup. Ct. 503, 507 (32 L. Ed. 908), is drawn in question whenever the power to enact it 'as it is by its terms or is made to read by construction, is fairly open to denial and denied.' The power to enact [257 U.S. 282, 296] section 571, Kentucky Statutes, as construed by the highest court of the state, was not fairly open to denial; for the statute was construed as affecting only intrastate transactions of foreign corporations. See International Text-Book Co. v. Pigg, 217 U.S. 91 , 30 Sup. Ct. 481, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 493, 18 Ann. Cas. 1103; Hooper v. California, 155 U.S. 648 , 15 Sup. Ct. 207. A writ of error which rested solely upon the challenge of the statute so construed would have presented no substantial claim and must have been dismissed as frivolous. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. v. Brown, 187 U.S. 308, 311 , 23 S. Sup. Ct. 123; Sugarman v. United States, 249 U.S. 182, 184 , 39 S. Sup. Ct. 191. Compare Blumenstock Bros. v. Curtis Publishing Co., 252 U.S. 436, 441 , 40 S. Sup. Ct. 385. Nor was the power to enact section 571 as construed actually denied. The question decided below and presented for review here is merely whether this valid statute has been so used-not construed-as to deny to the plaintiff a privilege or immunity guaranteed by the federal Constitution.
Since 1903 it had been the settled law of the state, as then declared by its highest court, that section 571 did not affect transactions in interstate commerce, Commonwealth v. Hogan, McMorrow & Tieke Co. (Ky.) 74 S. W. 737.3 Thus, before this action was begun, it was the settled law that such transactions of foreign corporations were not within the scope of the statute. In 1915, after this action was begun, but before the first trial, that rule was again applied in Louisville Trust Co. v. Bayer Co., 166 Ky. 744, 746, 179 S. W. 1034. When, therefore, this case was before the Circuit Court at the second trial and when it was before the Court of Appeals for the second time, there clearly was no actual controversy over the validity of the statute. It [257 U.S. 282, 298] is true that plaintiff had used in pleading language which imported not only a claim of immunity because the transaction was interstate commerce, but also an assertion that section 571, if construed so as to affect it, was invalid. But a review by this court as of right cannot be acquired by inaccurately describing, or by disguising, the nature of the constitutional claim actually made. Nor could there have been a conscious purpose to do this when the reply was filed. In 1915 the exact nature of the claim under the Constitution was not material. At that time the denial of any claim of constitutional right, whatever its nature, still gave the party a review in this court as of right. It was the Act of September 6, 1916, which made the division of cases involving constitutional questions into two classes a matter of substance.
If jurisdiction upon writ of error can be obtained by the mere claim in words that a state statute is invalid, if so construed as to 'apply' to a given state of facts, the right to a review will depend, in large classes of cases, not upon the nature of the constitutional question involved, but upon the skill of counsel. The result would be particularly regrettable, because the decision of such cases often depends, not upon the determination of important questions of law (which should in the main engage the attention of this court), but upon the appreciation of evidence frequently voluminous. Thus, in proceedings under state Workmen's Compensation Acts or state Employers' Liability Acts, the question whether a carrier is liable depends often upon the question whether at the time of the accident the employee was engaged in interstate or in intrastate commerce. Since the Act of September 6, 1916, certiorari is the proper means of reveiwing a judgment involving that question. Southern Pacific Co. v. Industrial Commission, 251 U.S. 259 , 40 Sup. Ct. 130, 10 A. L. R. 1181. If the rule now insisted upon obtains, the carrier could in every such case secure a review on writ of error by simply claiming [257 U.S. 282, 299] that the state statute is invalid under the commerce clause if construed so as to apply to the special facts of the case. Yet it was pre-eminently the decision of the questions like these from which Congress sought to relieve this court by the act of September 6, 1916.4 Likewise in cases involving state taxation the validity of the tax often depends upon the question whether the specific thing taxed was property within or property without the taxing state-a question which, as held in Dana v. Dana, 250 U.S. 220 , 39 Sup. Ct. 449, and Anderson v. Durr, 257 U.S. 99 , 42 Sup. Ct. 15, can be reviewed here only on writ of certiorari. If the rule now insisted upon should prevail, jurisdiction in such cases could be secured on writ of error by the simple device of claiming that the taxing statute is invalid under the Fourteenth Amendment if construed so as to apply to the specific property involved. So, in suits jin state courts against foreign corporations, the question whether there is jurisdiction depends often upon the question whether the corporation was doing business within the state and had expressly or impliedly consented to be used there. 5 The correctness of the decision of a state court of this question has been held to be reviewable here only upon certiorari. Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. v. Gilbert, 245 U.S. 162 , 38 Sup. Ct. 58. But, if the rule now insisted upon [257 U.S. 282, 300] should prevail, jurisdiction on writ of error may be secured by simply making the claim that the state statute is invalid under the Fourteenth Amendment if construed so as to apply to the facts of the case.
Plaintiff relies upon a number of cases, assumed to be similar, in which, after the Act of September 6, 1916, jurisdiction was (mainly without discussion) taken on writ of error. They are not in point. In some of them orders of railroad commissions were challenged as violating the Constitution. 6 Such an order, unlike decisions of courts, being legislative in its nature and made by an instrumentality of the state, is a state law within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States and the laws of Congress regulating our jurisdiction. Lake Erie & Western R. R. Co. v. Public Utilities Commission, 249 U.S. 422, 424 , 39 S. Sup. Ct. 345, 346 (63 L. Ed. 684). In each of these cases, therefore, attacking the validity of the order was drawing in question the validity of a law. In others the validity of state statutes as construed was actually drawn in question. 7 McGinis v. California, 247 U.S. 91 , 38 Sup. Ct. 440, and McGinis v. California, [257 U.S. 282, 301] 247 U.S. 95 , 38 Sup. Ct. 441, involved, like the case at bar, the determination whether the transaction in question was one in interstate or foreign commerce. Although they did not draw in question the validity of any statute, this court properly entertained the writ of error in each of those cases, because, as the original records disclose, the judgment was of a date so early as not to come within the Act of September 6, 1916. It is true that section 237 of the Judicial Code, which re- enacted section 709 of the Revised Statutes, and section 2 of the Act of February 5, 1967, c. 28, 14 Stat. 385, 386, used, in defining the jurisdiction of this court, the phrase 'where is drawn in question the validity of a statute.' But under none of these acts could there be occasion for deciding the question here under discussion; for each contained also the more comprehensive provision giving jurisdiction where any right, title, privilege, or immunity claimed under the Constitution had been denied. And under section 25 of the Judiciary Act of September 24, 1789, c. 20, 1 Stat. 73, 85, which embodied the law prior to 1867, the conditions were substantially the same. Hence little help can be derived from the consideration of cases involving judgments entered before the Act of September 9, 1916, became effective. 8 [257 U.S. 282, 302] Nor can we be aided in construing the Act of September 6, 1916, by considering cases arising under section 238 of the Judicial Code (Comp. St . 1215), re-enacting section 5 of the Act of March 3, 1891, c. 517, 26 Stat. 826, 827, as amended. For the third clause thereof empowers this court to review by writ of error or appeal decisions of United States District Courts 'in any case that involves the construction or application of the Constitution of the United States.' This comprehensive provision renders immaterial in this connection the nature of the constitutional question. The specification in the fourth clause of cases 'in which the constitutionality of any law of the United States ... is drawn in question,' and in the fifth clause of cases 'in which the Constitution or law of a state is claimed to be in contravention of the Constitution of the United States,' adds nothing. Nor can we derive aid from cases involving review by this court of cases coming from the Circuit Court of Appeals under section 241 of the Judicial Code (Comp. St. 1218), re- enacting section 6 of the act, 26 Stat. 826, 828. For under it the right of review where available exists regardless of the nature of the constitutional question.
It is, of course, permissible to make the claim that a statute is invalid, and also that, as administered or applied, it violates a right or immunity under the Constitution. In such a case the writ of error is clearly appropriate. But in the case at bar there never has been a real claim that the statute as construed by the highest court of Kentucky is invalid. The actual claim was and is that a confessedly valid statute was misapplied, and thereby a constitutional guaranty was violated. A review as of right is not to be obtained by misdescribing the question in controversy. When Congress declared that there should be a review as of right only where the validity of the statute was drawn in question, it did not provide for securing the right by the use of a form of words-a potent formula which should operate as an 'open sesame.' It was dealing with substance. It legislated to relieve an overburdened court.
[ Footnote 1 ] See Jett Bros. Co. v. Carrollton, 252 U.S. 1, 6 , 40 S. Sup. Ct. 255; Mergenthaler Linotype Co. v. Davis, etc., 251 U.S. 256, 258 , 40 S. Sup. Ct. 133; Godchaux Co. v. Estopinal, 251 U.S. 179 , 40 Sup. Ct. 116.
[ Footnote 2 ] The word 'apply' is used in connection with statutes in two senses. When construing a statute, in describing the class of persons, things or functions which are within its scope; as that the statute does not 'apply' to transactions in interstate state commerce. When discussing the use made of a statute, in referring to the process by which the statute is made operative; as where the jury is told to 'apply' the statute of limitation if they find that the cause of action arose before a given date. In this opinion it is used in the latter sense.
[ Footnote 3 ] See, also, Ryman Steamboat Line Co. v. Commonwealth, 125 Ky. 253, 101 S. W. 403, 10 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1187; Commonwealth v. Chattanooga Impl . & Mig. Co., 126 Ky. 636, 104 S. W. 389; Commonwealth v. Eclipse Hay Press Co. (Ky.) 104 S. W. 224; Three States Buggy & Implement Co. v. Commonwealth (Ky.) 105 S. W. 971.
[ Footnote 4 ] See Report of Judiciary Committee, House Doc. No. 794, 64th Cong. 1st Sess. House Rep. vol. 3. Of the cases on the docket for the preceding term of this court 37 presented the question whether the employee was engaged in interstate or intrastate commerce. See New York Central R. R. Co. v. Winfield, 244 U.S. 147 , 168, note 1, 37 Sup. Ct. 546, L. R. A. 1918C, 439, Ann. Cas. 1917D, 1139; St. Louis, San Francisco & Texas Ry. Co. v. Seale, 229 U.S. 156 , 33 Sup. Ct. 651, Ann. Cas. 1914C, 156; Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co. v. Hancock, 253 U.S. 284 , 40 Sup. Ct. 512; Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co. v. Di Donato, 256 U.S. 327 , 41 Sup. Ct. 516; Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co. v. Polk, 256 U.S. 332 , 41 Sup. Ct. 518.
[ Footnote 5 ] See, e. g., Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co. v. McKibbin, 243 U.S. 264 , 37 Sup. Ct. 280; People's Tobacco Co. v. American Tobacco Co., 246 U.S. 79 , 38 Sup. Ct. 233, Ann. Cas. 1918C, 537, and Chipman, Limited, v. Jeffrey Co., 251 U.S. 373 , 40 Sup. Ct. 172; as illustrating the issues involved.
[ Footnote 6 ] Union Pac. R. Co. v. Public Service Commission, 248 U.S. 67 , 39 Sup. Ct. 24; Lake Erie & W. R. Co. v. Public Utilities Commission, 249 U.S. 422 , 39 Sup. Ct. 345; Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Ochs, 249 U.S. 416 , 39 Sup. Ct. 343; Pennsylvania R. R. Co. v. Public Service Commission, 250 U.S. 566 , 40 Sup. Ct. 36, and St. Louis & S. F. Ry. Co. v. Public Service Commission, 254 U.S. 535 , 41 Sup. Ct. 192.
[ Footnote 7 ] Union Tank Line Co. v. Wright, 249 U.S. 275 , 39 Sup. Ct. 276; Corn Products Refining Co. v. Eddy, 249 U.S. 427 , 39 Sup. Ct. 325; Chalker v. Birmingham & N. W. Ry. Co., 249 U.S. 522 , 39 Sup. Ct. 366; New Orleans & N. E. R. Co. v. Scarlet, 249 U.S. 528 , 39 Sup. Ct. 369; Yazoo & M. V. R. Co. v. Mullins, 249 U.S. 531 , 39 Sup. Ct. 368; Kenney v. Supreme Lodge, 252 U.S. 411 , 40 Sup. Ct. 371, 10 A. L. R. 716; Royster Guano Co. v. Virginia, 253 U.S. 412 , 40 Sup. Ct. 560, Missouri Pac. R. Co. v. Ault, 256 U.S. 554 , 41 Sup. Ct. 593, and Merchants' Nat. Bank v. Richmond, 256 U.S. 635 , 41 Sup. Ct. 619. In Eureka Pipe Line Co. v. Hallanan, 257 U.S. 265 , 42 Sup. Ct. 101, and United Fuel Gas Co. v. Hallanan, 257 U.S. 277 , 42 Sup. Ct. 105, it was assumed (in my opinion erroneously) that the situation presented was similar in this respect to that in Merchants' Nat. Bank v. Richmond, supra.
[ Footnote 8 ] Thus comprehensive constitutional claims were made the basis of the writ of error in Coe. v. Errol, 116 U.S. 517, 520 , 6 S. Sup. Ct. 475, and in Kelley v. Rhoads, 188 U.S. 1, 4 , 23 S. Sup. Ct. 259, which presented the question whether the property taxed was in interstate commerce, and hence exempt from taxation under a general law, and in Vicksburg, etc., R. R. v. Dennis, 116 U.S. 665, 667 , 6 S. Sup. Ct. 625, which presented the question whether the charter of a railroad granted tax exemption so that a later general tax law if applied to it would impair its contract rights, and in Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 198 U.S. 341, 352 , 25 S. Sup. Ct. 669, which presented the question whether the tax appraisal for the purpose of fixing the value of the capital stock could include tangible personal property permanently located outside the state. (See original records.) Compare Plainters' Bank v. Sharp, 6 How. 301, 307.
[ Footnote 9 ] Compare, also, Snow v. United States, 118 U.S. 346, 353 , 6 S. Sup. Ct. 1059, Baltimore & Potomac R. Co. v. Hopkins, 130 U.S. 210 , 9 Sup. Ct. 503, District of Columbia v. Gannon, 130 U.S. 227, 229 , 9 S. Sup. Ct. 508, United States v. Lynch, 137 U.S. 280 , 11 Sup. Ct. 114, Ferry v. King Co., 141 U.S. 668 , 12 Sup. Ct. 128, 35 L. Ed, 895, South Carolina v. Seymour, 153 U.S. 353 , 14 Sup. Ct. 871, Linford v. Ellison, 155 U.S. 503 , 15 Sup. Ct. 179, and Taylor v. Taft, 203 U.S. 461 , 27 Sup. Ct. 148, where the validity of an authority or of a statute was held not to have been drawn in question, with Clayton v. Utah Territory, 132 U.S. 632 , 10 Sup. Ct. 190, Clough v. Curtis, 134 U.S. 361, 369 , 10 S. Sup. Ct. 573, Steinmetz v. Allen, 192 U.S. 543 , 24 Sup. Ct. 416, McLean v. Denver & Rio Grande R. R. Co., 203 U.S. 38, 47 , 27 S. Sup. Ct. 1, and Smoot v. Heyl, 227 U.S. 518, 522 , 33 S. Sup. Ct. 336, where such was held to have been drawn in question.

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