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Timestamp: 2019-04-23 11:03:56+00:00

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A new concept of intensity-tunable structural coloration is proposed on the basis of a helical photonic crystal (HPC). The HPCs are constructed from a mixture of chiral reactive mesogens by spin-coating, followed by the photo-polymerization. A liquid crystal (LC) layer, being homogeneously aligned, is prepared on the HPCs to serve as a tunable waveplate. The electrical modulation of the phase retardation through the LC layer directly leads to the intensity-tunable Bragg reflection from the HPCs upon the incidence of the polarized light. The bandwidths of the structural colors are found to be well preserved regardless of the applied voltage. A prototype of a full color reflective-type display, incorporated with three primary color units, is demonstrated. Our concept of decoupling two mutually independent functions, the intensity modulation by the tunable waveplate and the color reflection by the HPCs provides a simple and powerful way of producing a full color reflective-type display which possesses high color purity, high optical efficiency, the cycling durability, and the design flexibility.
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Fig. 1 Operation principle of the intensity-tunable structural coloration based on the HPC. Color unit consists of the front polarizer, the homogeneously aligned LC layer (a tunable waveplate), and the HPC: (a) The voltage-off state (total reflection state) that the incident light becomes circularly polarized in the same direction as the handedness of the HPC and a certain bandwidth of the incident light corresponding to the Bragg reflection of the HPC comes out from the incidence plane. Here, P1, P2, P3, and P4 denote the polarization states of the light in the optical stages. (b) The voltage-on state (total transmission state) that the incident light becomes circularly polarized in the opposite direction to the handedness of the HPC by the reorientation of the LC molecule and penetrates the HPC without the Bragg reflection. Here, θ denotes the angle between the optical axis of the tunable waveplate and the front polarizer.
Fig. 2 Fabrication of the color reflective-type display based on the HPC array: (a) Spin-coating of MR on the bottom substrate. Top and bottom substrates were prepared by patterning ITO electrode and applying a homogeneous alignment layer. (b) Photo-polymerization of MR with the photomask. (c) Wash-out process for un-polymerized material. (d) Repetition of spin-coating, photo-polymerization, and wash-out process using MG and MB for the construction of HPC-G and HPC-B, respectively. (e) Assembly of the top substrate and injection of LC as the tunable waveplate. Here, h1, h2, and h3 denote the thickness of the HPC-R, HPC-G, and HPC-B, respectively.
Fig. 3 Numerical and the experimental results of the transmittance and the reflectance of the G unit as a function of θ and Φ: (a) The contour plot of the transmittance. (b) The experimental result of the transmittance for several different values of θ (θ = 15°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 165°). (c) The contour plot of the reflectance. (d) The experimental result of the reflectance for several different values of θ (θ = 15°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 165°). (e) Poincaré spheres showing the polarization states along the optical pathway for θ = 135°. The red and blue arrows represent the propagation of the incident light and that of the reflected light, respectively. The dashed arrows represent the transitions of the polarization states.
Fig. 4 Electro-optical properties of three color units (R, G, and B): (a) The voltage-dependent reflectance of R, G, and B color units. (b) Dynamic response of the R color unit. The applied voltage was a bipolar square waveform with the amplitude of 4 V at the frequency of 1 kHz.
Fig. 5 Reflection spectra showing the intensity-tuning capability of (a) R, (b) G, and (c) B color units and the corresponding POM images of the arrays of the color units at several different values of the applied voltage. Here, P and R denote the optic axis of the front polarizer and the rubbing direction, respectively. Scale bars in the POM images are 200 μm.
Fig. 6 The demonstration of a prototype of a full color reflective-type display incorporated with three primary color units. The POM images showing (a) the bright state for three color units in the initial state (VR = 0 V, VG = 0 V, and VB = 0 V), and the black states for (b) B color unit (VR = 0 V, VG = 0 V, and VB = 3.8 V), (c) G color unit (VR = 0 V, VG = 3.7 V, and VB = 0 V), and (d) R color unit (VR = 3.2 V, VG = 0 V, and VB = 0 V). Scale bars are 200 μm.
(1) P 2 = I in 2 [ cos 2 θ o −cos θ o sin θ o + e iΦ ( sin 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o ) sin 2 θ o −cos θ o sin θ o + e iΦ ( cos 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o ) ].
(3) K t = cos 2 θ o −cos θ o sin θ o +i( − sin 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o ) + e iΦ ( sin 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o )−i e iΦ ( cos 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o ).
(4) I t I in = 1−sin2θsinΦ 4 .
(6) K r = cos 2 θ o −cos θ o sin θ o +i( sin 2 θ o −cos θ o sin θ o ) + e iΦ ( sin 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o )+i e iΦ ( cos 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o ).
(7) P 4 = K r I in 2 2 [ cos 2 θ o −cos θ o sin θ o + e iΦ ( sin 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o ) sin 2 θ o −cos θ o sin θ o + e iΦ ( cos 2 θ o +cos θ o sin θ o ) ].
(8) P r = K r 2 I in 4 2 [ 1 −1 ].
(9) I r I in = 1 2 [ 1+sin2θsinΦ 2 ] 2 .

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