Source: http://courts.mrsc.org/supreme/084wn2d/084wn2d0416.htm
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 04:29:10+00:00

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v. THE CITY OF TACOMA et al., Respondents.
 Zoning - Proceeding - Appearance of Fairness - In General. Public bodies conducting hearings affecting planning and zoning not only must insure that such hearings are fair and impartial, and that they, insofar as is practicable, are open-minded, objective, impartial, free of entangling influences, and capable of hearing both the weak and the strong voices, but must also give the appearance of impartiality.
[ Zoning - Proceeding - Appearance of Fairness - Application. The appearance of fairness doctrine is applicable to a member of a public body who had an interest which might have influenced his action regardless of whether the interest actually affected his action. Such an opportunity for partiality, whether exercised or not, creates the appearance of unfairness in the eyes of those affected by the action and violates the doctrine.
 Zoning - Proceeding - Appearance of Fairness - Minimal Contacts. The mere acquaintanceship of a member of a planning board with one of the parties affected by an action, or having minimal, casual business contacts with such a party, does not give rise to a violation of the appearance of fairness doctrine in the absence of contrary findings of fact.
 Zoning - Spot Zoning - Judicial Review - Standards. Spot zoning is a specialized type of arbitrary and capricious activity by a municipal government. In the absence of a demonstration to the reviewing court of arbitrary and capricious action by the public body there cannot be a valid finding that spot zoning has occurred.
 Zoning - Environment - SEPA - Impact Statement - Rezoning. A determination by a zoning board that a change in classification of an area does not significantly alter the environment of the area under consideration and that no impact statement is necessary, when such determination is supported by substantial evidence in the record, indicates compliance with the State Environmental Policy Act of 1971 (RCW 43.21C) and will not be disturbed on review. A significant alteration of the area would be the causing of adverse environmental effects under the new use in excess of those created by uses previously authorized, and a major change in the affected area's environment resulting from a cumulation of the adverse effects from the new use and those already present.
alteration of the land or an irrevocable commitment to permit such an alteration, and is not a development within the terms of the shoreline management act (RCW 90.58), which requires the obtaining of a development permit for any substantial development of land within the purview of the act.
 Judgment - Entry - When Effective. A judgment known to all parties to have been signed and placed in the clerk's file and lodged in his office on a particular date is deemed entered for procedural purposes (CR 58) on that date regardless of the date of its file stamp and corresponding docket entry.
FINLEY, J., did not participate in the disposition of this case.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for Pierce County, No. 215114, Bartlett Rummel, J., entered June 19, 1973. Reversed.
Action to review a zoning decision of a city council. The petitioners appeal from a judgment in favor of the respondents.
Binns, Petrich, Mason, Hester & Robson, by James J. Mason, for appellants.
Quinby R. Bingham, Mann, Copeland, King, Anderson, Bingham & Scraggin, Robert R. Hamilton, F. H. Chapin, Jr., and William J. Barker, for respondents.
The Narrowsview Preservation Association and William M. Douge on his own behalf and on behalf of a class similarly situated, brought a writ of certiorari before the Superior Court. They sought to review the actions of the planning commission and city council of the City of Tacoma who had adopted an ordinance which rezoned an 89-acre tract. The rezone was from single-family dwelling to planned residential development. The Superior Court upheld the validity of the amendment to the zoning ordinances of the City of Tacoma.
doctrine, whether the City failed to comply with the requirements of the State Environmental Policy Act of 1971, requiring an environmental impact statement in major actions significantly affecting the environment, and whether the City improperly failed to require a shoreline development permit from the developer.
We find there was a violation of the appearance of fairness doctrine and reverse the trial court.
The tract in question is 89 generally unimproved acres sloping down toward the Tacoma Narrows. A portion of it is within 200 feet of Puget Sound although a railroad line runs between the Sound and the upper portion of the property. Forty-five acres of the tract are owned by Sydney C. Selden, and Selden's, Inc., a wholly owned family corporation. The remaining 44 acres are owned by Thomas W. Anderson, as trustee for members of his family, and by members of a Barnett family. In 1972, respondents filed their application to have the property rezoned to a planned residential development to allow them to build approximately 1,100 apartment units in 3-story structures. The city planning commission approved the petition by a vote of 4 to 3 and this action was later affirmed by a unanimous vote of the city council in adopting the challenged ordinance. Two of the four affirmative votes cast at the planning commission were voted by Mr. Nathaniel Green and Mr. Phillip Schroeder.
under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Act. 11 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. (1970).
Prior to rezone, testimony placed the value of the subject tract at $8,000 an acre with the rezone increasing the value to $17,000 per acre. The latter figure is the figure which the property was agreed to be sold for if the rezone were accomplished. The effect of the rezone was to more than double the value of the bank's collateral for the delinquent indebtedness.
The vice-chairman of the City of Tacoma Planning Commission, Mr. Green, was a loan officer of the Pacific National Bank of Washington. The bank was aware of Mr. Green's position on the planning commission, and, prior to voting, Mr. Green had inspected the property. The bank also knew that the property was owned by Sydney Selden, that Selden's, Inc., was an account of the bank, and that the rezone would increase the value of the property. Mr. Green testified he did not identify the Sydney Selden, who owned the property, with Selden's, Inc., at the time he voted.
The court found that Mr. Green was not an officer of the bank at the time the application for the rezoning was submitted to the planning commission of the City of Tacoma and was not in a policy-making position with the bank at the time of the proceedings here involved. It further found that none of the members of the council or the planning commission of the City of Tacoma were shown to have an interest whereby they would benefit by either granting or denying the petition for rezoning in this case. The court therefore concluded that the hearings involved did not lack an appearance of fairness.
loans up to $1,000 only. Mr. Green left the employment of the bank in January of 1973 to enter the retail grocery business and had started negotiations for purchase of this business in August of 1972, prior to the planning commission hearing. The funds for purchase of his grocery business were obtained from another bank in the Tacoma area after Pacific National Bank denied his request.
The record does reveal that one of the owners of a portion of the rezoned property, Mr. Thomas Anderson, was at the time of rezoning, a director of Pacific National Bank of Washington, but further reflects that Mr. Green was unaware of this fact and had never met Mr. Anderson.
[1,2] The development of the appearance of fairness doctrine in this state is closely tied to our recognition that restrictions on the free and unhampered use of property imposed by planning and zoning compel the highest public confidence in governmental processes bringing about such action. Members of commissions with the role of conducting fair and impartial fact-finding hearings must, as far as practical, be open-minded, objective, impartial, free of entangling influences, capable of hearing the weak voices as well as the strong and must also give the appearance of impartiality. Buell v. Bremerton, 80 Wn.2d 518, 523, 495 P.2d 1358 (1972). The doctrine is applicable to show an interest which might have substantially influenced a member of the commission even if that interest did not actually affect him.
be stressed that there is no evidence or inference that either the bank or Mr. Anderson applied any improper pressure of any nature on Mr. Green. It is the appearance to those affected, however, that is determinative under these facts.
 Complaint was further made that the presence of Mr. Phillip A. Schroeder on the planning commission as a representative of the city council violated the appearance of fairness doctrine. Mr. Schroeder voted adversely to appellants and for the rezone as a planning commission member and also again as a member of the city council. The facts show that Mr. Schroeder had at one time worked for the Seldens but was now engaged in his own business of carpet, rug and furniture cleaning. He had customers who were members of appellant - Narrowsview Preservation Association and had many customers among the several hundred residents who signed the petitions of appellants. A mere acquaintance with, or casual business dealings in a minimal sense with the Seldens, would not be of such a nature that we could say, absent a finding of fact to the contrary, that Mr. Schroeder could not both in fact and appearance be open-minded, objective, impartial and free of entangling influences.
usually characterized as `arbitrary and capricious conduct.'" Although there was serious disagreement as to whether it was wise for the City to rezone, the recommendation of the planning commission noted that the rezone would allow more open space and recreation areas, that the zoning would not have a substantially greater impact on the surrounding area than development of the property under the present R-1 single-family classification, that the population density of the area would remain about the same and that a single-family residence subdivision was bordered on 3 sides by the site in question and had numerous lots remaining vacant and some homes unoccupied. This showing fails to disclose conduct of the kind that can be described as arbitrary and capricious, and the contention that there was "spot zoning" is without merit.
Appellants next contend the City of Tacoma failed to act in accordance with the State Environmental Policy Act of 1971, RCW 43.21C, which requires cities and other public agencies to include an environmental impact statement in every major action significantly affecting the environment. The City of Tacoma has indicated that it does not, as to the rezoning, intend to prepare nor require the developer to furnish an environmental impact statement in connection with the rezone. This does not mean that the City failed to consider the environmental impact of this proposed rezoning.
public to obtain objections to the possibility of increased traffic from construction of apartments in the area.
The court specifically found that "the Planning Commission investigated the environmental factors which were required to be considered under the State Environmental Act . . ." The planning commission concluded "the development as proposed under the R-3 PRD zoning would not have a substantially greater impact on the surrounding area than development of property under its present R-1 one-family classification."
 The factual determination by the City was to the effect that the action in rezoning would not significantly affect the environment in that it would not impact the.area to any greater degree than the existing zoning. The use of the term "significantly" has been defined to include the examination of at least two relevant factors: (1) the extent to which the action will cause adverse environmental effects in excess of those created by existing uses in the area, and (2) the absolute quantitative adverse environmental effects of the action itself, including the cumulative harm that results from its contribution to existing adverse conditions or uses in the affected area. Hanly v. Kleindienst, 471 F.2d 823, 828 (2d Cir. 1972). Here, the determination by the City would seem to have negatived a finding that the impact was "significant" as defined in Hanly. The trial court found that the rezoning would not have a substantial impact on the environment and that the determination was supported by evidence in the record.
The administrative decision of the city government would not appear to have been arbitrary and capricious under any standard we have previously announced. There was a careful consideration of the environmental impact, numerous affected agencies were contacted for opinions and a full public hearing was held. There was, as well, substantial evidence to support the administrative decision. Deaconess Hosp. v. State Highway Comm'n, 66 Wn.2d 378, 403 P.2d 54 (1965); State ex rel. Perry v. Seattle, 69 Wn.2d 816, 420 P.2d 704 (1966).
It is entirely consistent for government to determine that a change in the zoning would not have a substantial impact on the environment, based upon the information available, when examined in relation to those uses already allowed by existing zoning and yet to require an environmental impact statement at such time as a preliminary plat or building permit was issued for a specific project when details of the specific structure and use of the property are more clearly defined. See Eastlake Community Council v. Roanoke Associates, Inc., 82 Wn.2d 475, 513 P.2d 36 (1973); Loveless v. Yantis, 82 Wn.2d 754, 513 P.2d 1023 (1973).
"`Development' means a use consisting of the construction or exterior alteration of structures; dredging; drilling; dumping; filling; removal of any sand, gravel or minerals; bulkheading; driving of piling; placing of obstructions; or any project of a permanent or temporary nature which interferes with the normal public use of the surface of the waters overlying lands subject to this chapter at any state of water level;"
total cost or fair market value exceeds one thousand dollars, or any development which materially interferes with the normal public use of the water or shorelines of the state . . ." Here, unlike the facts of Merkel v. Port of Brownsville, 8 Wn. App. 844, 509 P.2d 390 (1973), there is no commencement of construction to prejudice subsequent decisionmaking or any other acts which would allow specific physical improvements being made on the land within 200 feet of the shoreline.
Respondents finally argue that the appeal should be dismissed in its entirety inasmuch as notice of appeal was given prior to the time of the actual filing and entry of judgment. This appeal was initially filed with the Court of Appeals, and CAROA 33(1) states that for the Court of Appeals to obtain jurisdiction a written notice of appeal must be filed with the Clerk of the Superior Court "within thirty days after entry of the order, judgment, or decree from which the appeal is taken . . ." In this case, affidavits on file indicate the court, on May 14, 1973, signed findings of fact, conclusions of law and judgment and at the conclusion of the hearing delivered the file and the signed judgment to an employee of the clerk's office. The county clerk found the judgment loose in his file on June 19, 1973; however, they were not stamped and a docket entry had not been made as of that date. Notice of appeal was filed on May 23. An affidavit of the' deputy clerk assigned to the case indicated that, although he did not specifically recall filing the papers, it was his invariable practice after the signing of a judgment and delivery to him of such papers by the court, to lodge them in the clerk's office for filing the same day. He stated he had no reason to believe any different practice was followed in this case.
noted, at page 263, "Our holding is a very narrow one confined to the facts which hopefully are unique and unlikely to occur again. Yet, if we held otherwise, this litigant would be deprived of his right to appeal because of an unfortunate set of misadventures which merely reflect the fact that human beings conduct the daily routines of the administration of justice." The affidavits in this case indicate that, although the judgment was not stamped and a docket entry made until June 19, 973, they were physically in the clerk's file and lodged in his office on May 14 and that, more importantly, all counsel in the proceedings were aware the judgment was signed and placed in the file on that date. We believe this distinguishes this case from our holding in Malott v. Randall, supra, and the cases relied on therein and hold that the notice of appeal was filed pursuant to court rule, subsequent to entry of judgment.
HALE, C.J., and ROSELLINI, HUNTER, HAMILTON, STAFFORD, WRIGHT, and BRACHTENBACH, JJ., concur.

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