Source: http://www.essaysexperts.net/blog/category/case-study/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 04:41:38+00:00

Document:
The wine industry experienced significance growth in the Christian era because competition for luxury and dynastical stature. Earlier, Europeans had plantations of vines to manufacture various grades of wine. With the establishment of a wine processing firm in France, production of wine grew tremendously. Because of favorable conditions in the country, France became a major producer of wine all over the world. France dominated the industry for centuries before other countries could match her production capacity. Notably, the thriving wine industry in France became the epicenter of economic, social and political issues in the country. One of the leading factors, which led to France’s successful wine production, was its proper climatic conditions and geographical features. Located at the heart of Europe, the country experienced as reliable rains and good weather conditions for the growth of grapes. Moreover, France had the right soils, which had matching nutrient requirements of grapes (Bartlett, 2009, p. 78). With naturally fertile soils, France got bumper harvest of grapes, which provided sufficient raw materials for wine production. This was its strength over potential competitors regionally and worldwide. Due to these conditions, France got experience in wine production, and supplied the finest wine brands in Europe and all over the world.
Its excellent and promising quality of produced wine further propelled France to dominate the industry. It heavily invested in quality wine production as compared to its competitors, making it an experienced player in the market. Additionally pioneers of wine production and promoters embraced the country’s passion for high quality wine. Thus, the industry not only gained dominance but also global recognition. Adoption of technology in wine production further contributed to France’s dominance in the industry. During this time, plants adopted new technology in mass production of bottles, manufacture of crock stoppers and pasteurization of crude wine. With new technology, it was possible to store processed wine for a longer time and meet the demand for wine in different markets. France also supplied wine to distant markets, creating a lucrative global market of which it was the main player. With innovation and relevant technology at hand, wine became stable as it could stay longer without going bad (Bartlett, 2009, p. 82).
France further thrived in wine production because of the government’s goodwill and support. The government of the day formulated and implemented policies, which ensured disciplined practices and high quality production. The government was in full control, making it easy to monitor wine production directly. Some of the measures, which the government implemented, were VDQS and AOS, which regulated wine production from setting up the vineyard to processing. In terms of wine processing, France rose to dominate the market because it had more competitive advantages than its competitors did. Some of these advantages included government support, new production technology, and suitable climatic conditions. By dominating the global market, French wine industry grew not only in Europe but also in the world.
It is worth noting that France faced a range of threats even though it had numerous competitive advantages in the market, as it was exposed to vulnerable conditions. For instance, there was disharmony between vineyards and production, which led to the disintegration of the entire process. Furthermore, unprecedented poor weather conditions, diseases and the high cost of the vineyard dented sales and French distribution system. High taxes and poor roads for transport further catalyzed the vulnerability of the sector. Consequently, the wine industry in France began experiencing logistical and operational challenges in the production process.
Because of the escalating challenges, France and other traditional wine producers started losing their dominance in the industry worldwide. For example, French system of production changed, resulting into high cost of vineyards in the country. Moreover, the continuous production of wine led to the depletion of vineyards. While this was the case, new world had begun using new land, which was more affordable than traditional French vineyards. The entry of New World Countries in the wine industry affected the performance of France and other traditional wine producers. These new countries gained momentum in the industry, with their lower prices, stemming from low operational costs. Which cheap land in these countries, it was also easier to acquire vineyards (Bartlett, 2009, p. 84). Appoint to note, most New World Countries adopted grape farming and applied new technology in processing. Growing grapes remained an extensive exercise because of irrigation techniques. With the introduction of mechanical harvesters, farmers adopted mechanized harvesting. There was high production because of the introduction of fertilizers and adoption of pruning methods. New World Countries also adopted on-site lab technology, which was key in carrying out analysis on proper grape farming and harvesting practices. As a result, they experienced low cost of production, causing a shift in the global wine market. With these developments, France and its affiliates lost their traditional global market share to the New World Countries, which capitalized on their already existing advantages to dominate the world market. This had negative impact on economies of former wine-producing giants.
The most appropriate advice for the head of French Wine Industry concerns regulatory measures and policy framework in processing and manufacturing. For example, AOC regulations are hurting the industry by offering non-competitive opportunities with the emergence of New World Countries, even though they allow production of finest wine in the global market. Thus, the head of French Wine Association must work towards lessening the application of AOC rules together with meticulous research and use of technology in wine production. The head of French Wine Association should further discourage total control of the industry by the government. Some of the government policies ought to be annulled because they undermine wine production process (Bartlett, 2009, p. 87).
In addition, the proprietor of Bordeaux Vineyard, which is a renowned producer of premium and super premium wines, must implement operational measures in order to take advantage of the situation. A good example is developing technology in production to allow new brands thus retaining customers. Bordeaux Vineyard must put into practice responsive attributes regarding new technology and production of new brands. They must however put weight on lucrative markets, which have more opportunities for better returns.
Notably, The Australian Wine industry is successful in implementing its operational measures. With its mission and vision, it is ahead of other competitors in the market. For instance, it has an achievable mission of being the world’s best producer of wine brands by 2015 through innovation and pricing. Nonetheless, it continues to struggle with issues of promotion, price and image design. To handle this, the association should invest in global marketing campaigns to enhance their public image and awareness of the Australian wine quality (Bartlett, 2009, p. 89). If it implements these measures, the association will overcome current threats and thrive in wine production and marketing.
On the other hand, Vineyard in Barossa should carry out intensive research on high quality wine production at a lower cost. They also consider other markets like Asia and China and not relying on US and British markets.
For the US wine industry, the head should focus on streamlining the production cost through mechanization like the Australian wine industry does. Moreover, the US should do away with its three-tier distribution system, as it is a threat to export products, while handing over cost advantage to other players. USA wine producers should also include middle segment in the whole production process. American wine agencies must develop brands and promotional strategies to reach the global markets.
Washington mutual bankruptcy marks the largest case of a bank failure. Washington mutual was a popular savings bank and the largest loan and savings association in the United States until it collapsed in 2008. Washington Mutual filed for bankruptcy on 26th September 2008 and it was eventually delisted from the stock exchange in New York.
The saga that led to filing for bankruptcy started at the onset of global economic crisis. It began on15th September 2008, which was the day when Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy sparking a crisis. Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy due to the subprime mortgage loan crisis. In one year, price of the stock of this company dropped from a share of $30 to $2.
As a result, Washington Mutual’s customers withdrew deposits amounting to $16.7 billion in a span of 10 days from Washington Mutual after the Lehman Brothers’ case. This prompted the government to place this company under the FDIC control. FDIC sold its assets to the JPMorgan Chase at 1.9 billion. As the Washington Mutual’s receiver, the FDIC retained the claims Washington Mutual held against the other parties.
The move to sell the assets of the firm made debtors to file chapter 11 petitions. Eventually, disputes emerged between FDIC, JPMC, debtors and other interested parties. The disputes were centered on propriety of JPMC sale and multiple assets’ ownership. There were also angered litigations in different jurisdictions.
A global settlement agreement also known as GSA was announced in March 2010. This was incorporated in Sixth Amended Plan. In an order and opinion dated 7th January 2011, the conclusion made by the court was that the announced GSA was reasonable and fair. However, the court did not confirm Sixth Amended Plan stating that it had too broad injunction, release as well as exculpation provisions.
In a bid to address the concerns of the court, the GSA and Sixth Amended Plan were modified on 16th and 25th March 2011. FDIC, JMC, Creditors’ committee, WMI senior group of note-holders, debtors and the other parties supported the modified Sixth Amended Plan. However, equity committee, litigation tracking warrants holders, some WMB note-holders, other creditors and share holders opposed the Amended plan.
Those opposed to the plan argued that settlement negotiations were marred by improper trading. They alleged that improper trading formed the basis of their objection. According to them, the proposal of the modified plan was not in good faith and that note-holder’s settlement should be disallowed equitably.
An examiner was appointed by the court at the request of the equity holders of WMI. The examiner investigated the claims thoroughly to determine whether the settlement proposed was equitable and fair. Findings of the examiner revealed that this settlement provided a fair resolution.
On 24th February 2012, the court entered the order to confirm a Seventh Amended Plan as proposed by the WMI and co-debtor. On 19th March 2012, the settlement and plan became effective.
You need time, skills, experience and resources to write a case study. However, you can simply order a case study on Washington Mutual bankruptcy with expert writers at Essays Experts now.
Lehman brothers’ bankruptcy was considered as the largest in the history of economics. This is because the company’s assets were more than those of the previous giant firms to file for bankruptcy such as Enron and WorldCom. The company was also the fourth-largest investment bank in the U.S.
The move to file for bankruptcy is attributed to subprime mortgage. From 2003 to 2004, there was a housing boom in the U.S. At this time, this investment bank acquired five major mortgage lenders that included subprime lender and Aurora Loan. At first, the acquisition seemed lucrative. The bank reported profits from 2005 to 2007 with net income rising to $4.2 billion.
The stock of this bank reached $86.18 as of February 2007. This gave the company market capitalization of almost $60. Unfortunately, the housing market in the U.S already had cracks by almost the same time. Subprime mortgages had defaults that rose to even 7-year high.
On 14th March 2007, one day after its stock recorded the biggest drop in a day for five years, Lehman’s brothers recorded profit and revenues for the first financial quarter. The chief financial officer of the company stated that the company was containing home delinquencies and their impact on the earnings of the firm would be minimal. The officer also said that there were no foreseeable problems posed by subprime market to the U.S housing market and that this would not affect the U.S economy negatively.
The credit crisis that started in August of 2007 caused a sharp fall of the Lehman’s stock. During this month, Lehman’s brothers got rid of 2,500 jobs related to mortgages. It also shut the BNC unit down. Three Alt-A Aurora lender offices were also closed.
However, the company continued to be among the major players. For instance, in 2007 the firm accumulated an $85 billion portfolio by underwriting mortgage backed securities. With the new highs of the worldwide equity markets and fixed income assets prices, the stock of this company rebounded. Nevertheless, this firm failed to take advantage of this to trim the mortgage portfolio which was its last chance.
The huge mortgage securities portfolio of this company made it more vulnerable to the deteriorating conditions in the market. Its shares fell to a low of 48% on 17th March 2008 when Bear Sterns, the second-largest mortgage-backed securities underwriter was near-collapse. This forced the firm to issue preferred stock convertible to Lehman shares but the stock continued to decline.
This trend continued and in September 2008 the stock plunged to 77% with the company reporting losses worth $3.9 billion. On 13th September, Lehman, Bank of America and Barclays PLC made the last efforts to facilitate the firm’s takeover but they were unsuccessful.
On 15th September, the stock of this company plunged to 93% forcing it to be declared bankruptcy.
Case study writing is not easy especially if you do not have adequate sources and time. Fortunately, you can let us write your case study on Lehman brothers’ bankruptcy at Essays Experts at a reasonable price.
General Motors filed for bankruptcy on 10th July 2009. This firm is a US auto manufacturing company that was founded by Billy Durant in 1908. Its headquarters are in Detroit, Michigan. Over the years, this company has introduced remarkable innovations in the U.S which enabled it to dominate the economy of the U.S in the 20th Century. It also dominated the auto industry in the 1950s. In 1954, this company had a market share of 54%. However, this was the highest mark of this company.
Domestic market share of General Motors has been declining steadily over the past years. This combined with global financial crisis necessitated restructuring of this company. Nevertheless, several challenges forced this firm to eventually enter the bankruptcy court and file for bankruptcy ending the long and at some point a proud, iconic history.
Worsening market and economic conditions such as those affecting equity and real estate values, tight credit markets, increasing unemployment, high fuel prices, weakening housing markets and decreasing consumer confidence have caused a decline in vehicle sales.
U.S alone had a 44.7% decrease in vehicle sales annually by September 2007. Globally, annual vehicle sales decreased by 13.2%. Being a company that is highly sensitive to the sales volume, the financial and business results of General Motors were affected negatively and significantly.
The chairman of General Motors, Rick Wagoner, heads of Chrysler and Ford sought assistance from Washington during mid-September 2008. According to The New York Times, $7.5 billion was approved as of October. In the same year in November, the three heads of the auto manufacturing firms went to congress again seeking for a direct aid amounting to $25 billion.
However, Congress approved $13.4 billion only to General Motors and Chrysler. Congress also requested that the companies be restructured to secure the loans. As of February 2009, General Motors was cutting jobs, reducing its brand line-ups and closing plants.
To avoid bankruptcy, the firm announced that it needed a loan worth $4.6 billion of the $18 billion that it had requested within weeks. In addition, the company announced that it needed $12billion financial support.
General Motors announced that it had lost $30.9 billion in 2008 or $53.32 per share. The firm also announced that it was spending $19.2 billion of the cash reserves it had at that time. This implied that the cash reserves of this company were as low as $14 billion when it made the announcement on February 26th 2009.
The auto task force of President Obama met Mr. Wagoner and at that time he confirmed that General Motors could no longer survive without more loans from the government. On July 10th 2009, General Motors filed for bankruptcy after which a new and government-owned firm purchased its assets. In the bankruptcy petition, the firm stated that it has debts worth 172.8 billion and assets worth $82.3 billion.
A good case study should focus on the subject analysis to provide sufficient details and crucial information. Writing such a case study requires time, skills, experience and effort. At Essays Experts, we will write such a case study on General Motors bankruptcy for you upon request.
American Airlines bankruptcy is considered by many industry observers as a step that was long overdue. This company was among the few major airlines in the US that had always avoided bankruptcy. However, the company had to succumb to a path that is trodden by most of the other airlines in the US.
According to some industry observers the move to file for bankruptcy was necessitated by claims and losses. American Airlines made losses worth $2.1 billion in 2008, $1.5 billion in 2009 and $471 million in 2010. In addition, the company was having managerial, PR and maintenance issues. Pilot union was also demanding for the signing of a contract which included provisions for job and salary security provisions.
Employees were also bitter due to the inability of the AA to make a promising deal. Customers were also irritated by inappropriate engagement in public rants by flight attendants. There were also cases where several planes were forced to land urgently due to issues that arose from insufficient inspection such as loose seats.
There was also a time when some passengers of the airline were hospitalized due to a turbulence encounter during flight. All these issues combined contributed to the need to file for a bankruptcy.
There are experts who say that filing for bankruptcy was a strategy used by the American Airlines to enhance its performance. Some airlines analysts such as Jeff Kaufman were surprised by the timing of this move.
According to Jeff, the company had sufficient cash that would pay for the losses and keep the company running for another year. However, he notes that filing for bankruptcy was a sensible move because of several factors. These include the high fuel cost, tough negotiations with labor union and loss of the business customers of the company to competitors.
Until 2006, the American Airlines remained the largest carrier in the world. Mergers pushed this company to a third position in terms of the miles that paying passengers fly after the United Continental and the Delta Air Lines.
According to the management of the American Airlines, filing for bankruptcy was never a preference of this company. However, for the company to ensure its competitive future it had to file for bankruptcy. The management said that the move gave the firm resources required to order for more planes such as 460 jets and the Airbus. This would enable the company to replace its current 247 MD-80 planes which are fuel guzzlers.
The cash reserves of this company combined with cash from the current ticket sales provides the needed funds for reorganization. Thus, the airline will not need the debtor-in-possession loan required by Chapter 11.
Writing a case study is not the same as writing other coursework assignments. You must focus on the subject of your study, gather specific data and analyze it carefully. If you do not have adequate time to do all that, order your case study on American Airlines bankruptcy at Essays Experts now.
Finjan, Inc. v. Secure Computing Corp patent infringement case was presented before the United States Court of Appeals for Federal Circuit in 2010. It involved proactive scanning techniques for ensuring computer security.
Finjan, Inc. is a company that provides security solutions to enterprise web. It sued the Secure Computing Corp, Webwasher AG and Cyberguard Corp for infringing three patents in the US. These are the patent number 6,092,194, number 6,804,780 and number 7,058,822. In counterclaim, the defenders accused Finjan for infringing two patents of in the US. These are the patent number 6,357,010 and number 7,185,361.
According to the Jury who presided over the case, these patents were valid. Finjan had not infringed any of the patents of the defendants. However, defendants had infringed on all patents asserted in the Finjan claims. As such, Finjan was awarded damaged worth $9.18 million by the district court under 35 U.S.C 284. A permanent injunction was also issued against defendants.
After passing the verdict, defendants appealed for both damages and infringement. On the other hand, Finjan appealed the damage ruling by the district court. Finjan claimed that it should be awarded more damages for duration between post-judgment and the pre-injunction.
194 Patent: This included the method claims, storage medium, and system claims that could compromise receiving and comparing steps for downloadable and protection downloadable execution for the purpose of detecting and preventing threats.
780 Patent: It included system, storage medium and method claims. It also covered caching or identification of downloadable files that had been encountered previously.
822 Patent: This included the system and method claims. It also addressed sandboxing of downloadable items that were potentially dangerous with a protective code.
After hearing appeals from the two sides, the Federal Circuit decision was mixed up. This is because method claims are difficult to determine since they might require performance of some functionalities to find infringement. In regards to infringements, Federal Circuit affirmed infringement of the storage medium and system patent of Finjan by Secure Computing. However, it reversed infringement of method claim of Finjan.
In regards to the damages award, Federal Circuit affirmed the $9.18 damages awarded to Finjan and also remanded the district court to conduct extra assessment for additional damages between post-judgment and the pre-injunction duration.
Are you worried that the submission deadline is almost elapsing yet you have not written your case study on Finjan, Inc. v. Secure Computing Corp patent infringement? Do you need expert’s help to write a quality case study within the set submission deadline? Then buy your case study at Essays Experts. We are veteran writers who have handled many case studies on this and related topics.
Place an order for your case study on Finjan, Inc. v. Secure Computing Corp patent infringement at Essays Experts now and we guarantee you that we will deliver a top-notch quality case study within the deadline that you set for us.
Uniloc USA, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. patent infringement case was filed originally in 2006 in U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island. Uniloc is a copy protection and computer security software company. It was established in 1992. This company operates on patent-based technology given to Ric Richardson. Uniloc develops try and buy applications which is distribute through magazines. They apps are also preinstalled in new computers.
In this case, the controversial patent was 216 patent. In the US, it is patent number 5,490,216. This is a software registration system deterring users of the software from copying it to other computers. According to Uniloc, Product Activation Feature of Microsoft infringed this patent.
The Product Activation Feature of Microsoft acts as a gatekeeper for different Windows operating systems as well as the Microsoft Office products. Users are required to enter a key with 25 characters in this product. The key is an alphanumeric key. Based on this software, it forms a Product ID and then a Hardware ID is generated from the computer information.
After initiating Product Activation, digital license is requested from Microsoft via the internet. In a remote location, the information is entered into an SHA-1 Windows products’ algorithm or MD5 message digest algorithms for the Office products.
Both software pieces hinder copying of the software casually and users install the copies of program in multiple computers. This violates the conditions of software license. According to Uniloc, Microsoft uses algorithms in the product activation application that infringe its patent.
Microsoft and Uniloc used product key with an aim of reducing unauthorized copying of their software. The district court granted a summary judgment that declared that Microsoft did not infringe patent of Uniloc. However, Uniloc appealed the ruling of the district court in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. This court reversed the ruling and the decision was remanded.
In remanded case, the district court returned the infringement verdict. The court found that infringement by Microsoft was willful and therefore it rewarded Uniloc damages worth $388 million. However, district court allowed for a new trial on willfulness and infringement and other motions after the post-trial motions. Uniloc appealed again.
The new infringement trial was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit but it affirmed the lack of evidence on the side of Uniloc to prove that the willfulness. A new trial for damage costs was granted.
Later, Microsoft and Uniloc reached a mutually agreeable settlement and the terms of this resolution were kept secret.
Are you looking for a professional writer to help you with your case study on Uniloc USA, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. patent infringement? Are you worried because the submission deadline seems difficult to beat? Then place an order for your case study at Essays Experts and we will sort you out.
On ordering your case study with us at Essays Experts, rest assured that you will submit a supreme quality case study on Uniloc USA, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. patent infringement within the set submission deadline.
TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp. patent infringement case was presented in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas as well as the United States Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit. The case took place between 2004 and 2011.
In this lawsuit, TiVo Inc. was suing EchoStar Corp. claiming that it had infringed its DVR technology patent. Several issues were addressed during the litigation. They included product redesign infringement, injunctions wording, patent infringement, contempt sanctions and court orders’ contempt.
A permanent injunction was issued by the court against EchoStar Corp. However, EchoStar appealed against this judgment in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The infringement judgment was reversed by the Federal Circuit court after review due to hardware claims. However, infringement due to software claims was affirmed by the court. The injunction issued by the District Court was maintained during the court of appeals’ proceedings.
According to the court, EchoStar Corp was not only in contempt of the court due to its non-compliance with the injunction, but it had also infringed the patent of TiVo Inc. EchoStar appealed against the contempt of court judgment in the Federal Circuit. However, EchoStar Corp arguments did not move the court.
The court affirmed the ruling and EchoStar was mentioned for rehearing at the en banc. After review, en banc Federal Circuit noted that KSM test could not work and it established a new post-infringement contempt proceeding test. The existing contempt test was replaced by the court with a one-step test. This simplified test made it difficult for holders of patent to prove contempt due to repeat infringement.
Upon vacation, en banc Federal Circuit remanded infringement provision of a permanent injunction. However, it affirmed the contempt judgment in respect to violation of Disablement provision. This implied that court held EchoStar in contempt of court. However, the two parties in the case reached an agreement, EchoStar Corp. paid licensing fee to TiVo Inc.
On 29th April 2011, the companies reached a settlement worth $500 million. EchoStar Corp. accepted to license TiVo Inc.’s DVR technology. Additionally, the pending litigations were set for dismissal with prejudice and injunctions dissolved. However, en banc federal did not dismiss the Federal Circuit appeal since a decision had been reached before a settlement. Thus, all parties were free on remand to ask the District court to dismiss complaint and to vacate sanctions that had been imposed before die to settlement.
yet the deadline is almost elapsing? Do you need help of a competent case study specialist to write a descent case study within the set submission deadline? Then order your case study with us at Essays Experts.
At Essays Experts, you are guaranteed that you will submit the best quality case study on TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp. patent infringement once you place an order with your specific requirements.
Diamond v. Chakrabarty patent infringement case was heard in the United Sates Supreme Court in 1980. The case entailed the patentability of genetically modified organisms. Genetic engineer known as Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty developed a bacterium called Pseudomona putida while working with General Electric. The bacterium can break down crude oil which made it suitable for treating future oil spills.
Chakrabarty was listed as the investor of the bacterium by the General Electric when the company applied for patent. However, patent examiner rejected the application on the basis that patent law of that time considered living things as not being patentable subject matters. The examiner quoted Section 101 of the Title 35 U.S.C.
Although the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences upheld the initial decision, the United States Court of Customs and patent did not. It overturned this case in favor of Chakrabarty noting that for the purposes of patent law, the fact that all micro-organisms are living things does not have legal significance. Sidney A. Diamond who was the Patents and Trademarks’ commissioner made an appeal to Supreme Court. This case was deliberated on 17th March 1980. A decision was made on 16th June 1980 and on 31st March 1981, USPTO granted patent.
In the decision that was made in Chakrabarty’s favor, the court noted that a live micro-organism made by human under Title 35 U.S.C, 101. The micro-organism of the respondent constituted of a composition of matter or manufacture within the statute. The decision was written by Warren E. Burger, the Chief Justice. Others who joined him were Potter Stewart, William Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens and Harry Blackmun.
According to Burger, the case presented to the court was narrow according to the interpretation of Title 35 U.S.C, 101. The title allows individuals or entities who discovers or invents useful and new processes, machines, matter’s composition or manufacture whether new or improvement to obtain patent for them under the conditions stipulated by the title.
The judges cautioned the court against reading conditions and limitations in the patent laws which had not been expressed by the legislature. The court observed that when congress chose expansive terms such as composition of matter and manufacture and later modified to any, was a plain contemplation of the wide scope of the patent laws. The court concluded that congress intended to include anything under the sun that is man made in the list of patentable subject matter.
Struggling with a case study on Diamond v. Chakrabarty patent infringement? Do you need help of a professional writer to come up with a comprehensive case study within the set deadline? Then place an order for your case study at Essays Experts. We have a team of highly professional experts who are always ready to help you with your case study assignment.
Place an order for your case study on Diamond v. Chakrabarty patent infringement at Essays Experts and rest assured that a superior quality and comprehensive case study will be delivered to you within your timeline.
Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. patent infringement case was presented in the United States Supreme Court in 1961. While deliberating on this case, the Court redefined repair and reconstruction doctrine of the U.S patent law. The decision made by the Court is known as Aro I in some cases because some years later similar issues were readdressed by the Supreme Court in another case in 1964 in which similar parties were involved.
In controversy in the case was about fabric top replacement in a convertible automobile’s roof assembly. After sometime, fabric tops of a convertible would become discolored and torn due to droppings from birds. Owners would like to replace the part of the tops that is made of cloth without having to purchase the entire top assembly of the convertible.
The patent would cover some metal parts and the cloth that would be serviceable. Aro supplied replacement cloth that would fit different car models. Patent infringement arose when Aro refused to pay patentee a royalty fee.
Before the Supreme Court made a decision in Aro I case, buyers of patented products replaced the components of the products. The lower courts in the U.S decided whether this conduct was permitted as a repair or an impermissible reconstruction of patented article using complex and multi-factor balancing test. When making the decision, the courts had to weigh several factors including cost of replaced components against the relative components of the whole article, replaced components against the overall number of the components, life span of the components and essence of the replaced components, as well as whether the replaced component was the gist of the entire invention.
In its opinion, the court of appeals said that the main issue is not relatively expensive or minor component of patented combination or element that is expected to wear out after some years of use despite having an expectable life span that is shorter than life span of other components. For this reason, the court concluded that the owner would or would not rationally believe that a minor repair was being made while replacing worn out fabric. Instead, this replacement would account for a major reconstruction.
However, few precedents of the Supreme Court had a broader analysis than foregoing the factor analysis. The Court noted that distilled essence of the case originated from a ruling by Judge Learned Hand who stated that patent monopolists should not hinder their buyers from reconditioning articles that are worn out by use unless if they make new articles. On this basis, the court rejected factor analysis approach used by the lower courts on reconstruction and repair.
Looking for immediate help with case study on Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. patent infringement? Are you worried that the submission deadline is almost elapsing? Then place an order for your case study with us at Essays Experts.
We guarantee you that you will have a superior quality case study on Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co. patent infringement to submit within the deadline once you place an order with us at Essays Experts.
Miranda v Arizona is a landmark case in which the United States of America gave a ruling in regards to the arrested individuals. The ruling declared that all arrested individuals should be informed about their right to a counsel and to maintain silence before they start being interrogated by the police.
Miranda v Arizona is still a landmark case and one of the most important cases heard by the Supreme case in the 1960s (Salseda, et al. 2010). This case played a very important role in the establishment of justice reliability in the procedures of the case against a defendant in a criminal circumstance (Rogers, et al. 2010). The Supreme Court in the United States decided on this landmark case largely from two different guiding lines specifically from the 14th amendment.
The Miranda v Arizona’s case guides was the defendant’s right to a counsel which is majorly from Powell v. Alabama (1932). The decision of the court was that all needy perpetrators ought to get a counsel if they are facing capital cases. In the Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the court further fuelled this provision. The court decided that individuals should be given a counsel if they are charged with felony. In the Escobedo v. Illinois case of 1964, the decision of the court was that confession that is obtained after a perpetrator requests for an opportunity to speak to his/her attorney and he is denied is inadmissible (Salseda, et al. 2010).
The second guiding line was drawn from Malloy v. Hogan (1964). The decision of the court in this case was that the self-incrimination contradiction right is pragmatic for the state. Nevertheless, even prior the Miranda v Arizona case there were initial instances where the court made a decision inferring that the police should not use coercion of any nature while trying to extract information from a suspect. As such, before the court made a ruling on Miranda v Arizona case, using information that is extracted from individuals via any form of coercion whether physical or any type of psychological pressure was not allowed by the constitutional rules. This was especially the case if perpetrators had requested to be allowed consultations with their attorneys.
As such, it can be noted that the Supreme Court of the United States was to use the clauses of the 5th Amendment in the 14th Amendment. The Miranda v Arizona case majorly depended on the 14th Amendment. This amendment states that the ruling of the court on the cases that relate to criminals should be fair. In the Ernest Miranda case, he confessed that he kidnapped and raped the victim. The police initiated this confession by interrogating him after arresting him. Apart from the confession that he made before two policemen, he also wrote the same confession in a document and appended his signature on it (Rogers, et al. 2010). No form of coercion whether psychological or physical was employed by both policemen since this type of coercion had been defined by the previous cases (Rogers, et al 2010).
More interviews of this case showed that it was possible for the victim to answer the questions asked in manner that was relatively free. However, the information acquired from Miranda after denying the actions further confessed that he had committed the offense. The whole process used to obtain this information was relatively fast taking approximately two hours.
The main effect of Miranda v Arizona tussle in the US was the importance of the policemen in different states to get ‘Miranda cards’. These cards led to the embodied caution as per the requirement of the Supreme Court. After suspecting that someone has committed a crime and arresting him/her, the court decided that he/she should not be questioned or interrogated unless if a warning had been issued to that person and the suspect waived the right to maintain silence while obtaining guidance from a counsel prior answering questions. Interrogation must be stopped immediately if the arrested individual wants to consult an attorney. The interrogation would continue after the consultations.
Major changes in the way suspects are treated were observed after Miranda v Arizona tussle (Rogers, et al. 2010). This is because the liability of indicating knowledge and volunteering a waiver of one’s right to remain silent was enforced by the court. Additionally, it showed that the perpetrators or the suspects had to be persuaded by the police in order to agree to write a statement. The decision of the court was able to change situations and atmospheres that suspects usually found themselves in before they were arrested (Rogers, et al. 2010).
However, it has been noted that the important ruling on Miranda v Arizona tussle has affected the way cases are handled. This is because confessions of the perpetrators were the main compositions of cases that were presented in the court against the suspect. On the other hand, people fear that the ruling of the case would jeopardize police efforts. The arguments of some people are that this ruling makes it difficult for the police to acquire important information that would be necessary for the determination of the situation of the suspect being guilty.
However, they fear that suspects may not make further confessions after consulting a counsel and the suspect may be waivered by the silent urge. Additionally, this case was credited for the protection the arrested persons’ rights as well as protecting them from the abusive and brutal language that police used in retrieving information from the suspects. The case eliminated coercion of the suspects by police officers (Friedman, 2010).
Do not trouble yourself with looking for the best place to have your assignments done.At EssaysExperts.net ,we have the best answer for you.Our writers are experts in all fields.Given their experience in the field,you are assured of nothing less than the best.
Friedman, B. (2010). Wages of Stealth Overruling (with Particular Attention to Miranda v. Arizona), The. Geo. LJ, 99, 1.
Salseda, L. M., Dixon, D. R., Fass, T., Miora, D., &Leark, R. A. (2011). An evaluation of< i> Miranda</i> rights and interrogation in autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 79-85.
Rogers, R., Rogstad, J. E., Gillard, N. D., Drogin, E. Y., Blackwood, H. L., & Shuman, D. W. (2010). “Everyone knows their Miranda rights”: Implicit assumptions and countervailing evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(3), 300.
This analysis draws basis from a patient’s local hospital. The hospital drew impetus from the case study of a 26-year-old woman who experienced a gradual shortness of breath in a period of three days. Her experience was free of other symptoms like cough, fever, or wheezing. She decided to go to her local hospital when it became increasingly difficult to breath.
Of interest were the wait times that the woman endured before she could obtain a proper evaluation and diagnosis of her condition, which could be a comorbidity. From her case, wait times were determined as follows; after staying in the waiting area before registration for an undisclosed duration, the patient was registered and made to wait for 20 minutes before the triage nurse took the patients history and vital signs. The patient then returned to the waiting area for some time before detailed history, physical exam, blood tests, X-ray, lung scan, and electrocardiogram. Another three-hour wait followed before her evaluation was out. The physician diagnosed the patient with asthma and informed her that it was nothing serious.
A meeting between the hospital’s administrators, the director of the hospital’s performance improvement, and the physician director revealed worrying trends in the hospital, notably diminishing patient satisfaction, increased elopements, and patients collapsing in the teeming waiting room.
The performance improvement director requested a departmental reorganization. The hospital developed an ine-month plan to measure, analyze, and improve quality of care. The plan focused established wait times, patient satisfaction, patient return visits with same problem within 72 hours as the measures to use.
To analyze the plan, one must look at quality from the customer’s point of view. ‘Quality’ represents an individual’s subjective evaluation of an output and the personal interactions that take place as the individual obtains the output. It is rooted in that individual’s expectations, which depend upon the individual’s past experiences and needs. Quality evaluations therefore arise from, and are part of, an individual’s value system. One can measure and change,as a value system, quality expectations over time through education.
Several concepts can measure quality. Quality has two main components—content and delivery. Content quality is concerned with the medical outcome that results. It also refers to whether the output does what the customer believes it should do-whether the output functionally meets the customer’s expectations.
The measures used in determining quality improvement can transport time for AMI patients, the smoothness of admission or discharge, courtesy of hospital employees, availability of good emergency care, number of emergency department patients who return with the same symptoms, and the time for getting an EKG for patients with chest pain.
The first step is evident in the hospital’s institution of the quality improvement program after recording alarming declines in patient satisfaction, increased patient ‘elopements’ and alarming cases of patients falling in waiting rooms. The hospital’s performance improvement director proposed a restructuring of the emergency department to reduce wait times and respond to cases that were delay sensitive by allowing them to skip the registration procedure and obtain quick treatment. The hospital introduced a ‘greeter’ and moved the triage nurse to the waiting room after identifying it as a possible avenue for longer wait times.
The hospital’s quality improvement strategies may succeed since the laid out plan follows laid out concepts and uses realistic measures to measure its improvement.
For all your academic papers and assignments,contact us at EssaysExperts.net.We provide quality papers at affordable prices keeping a keen eye on quality and time.Do not look any further.
(2007) Hospital Quality Improvement: Strategies and Lessons from U.S. Hospitals.The Common Wealth Fund.
Nash, David B. (2006)The Quality Solution: The Stakeholder’s Guide to Improving Health Care. Jones & Bartlett Learning,.
Ritz-Carlton Hotel was founded in 1983 in Atlanta Georgia after the sale of Ritz-Carlton Boston and the United States trademark. The company has been able to expand over time to establish its brand in 26 countries so far with more than 81 hotels and resorts. The founder of the organization, Cesar-Ritz took luxury accommodation a notch higher though his distinct management in the hotels’ branches in Paris and London.
The mission of the company, ‘’we are ladies and gentlemen serving ladies and gentlemen’’ enhances a close relationship between the workers and customers, and also indicates the perception and appreciation of development in the company.
The company’s credo is offering genuine care and comfort to guests, providing better personalized services and facilities, and enlivening the senses and fulfilling the wishes of guests with mind blowing experiences. Husrt established a customer/ employee credo and set standards which employees are required to meet in serving clients. This highlights human resource management practices and organizational cultures like hiring, training and empowerment that have been implemented by the company for organizational success.
Some of the challenges that are experienced by the organization in management include strict organizational culture, an expensive recruitment process and an expansive method of enticing guests for ensuring an excellent experience in the resorts and hotels.
The company acquired finances to open new branches from Manufacturers Hanover Trust of New York. Under the leadership of Horst Schulze, the company has emerged as a leader in the hospitality industry in the United States through the institution of a personal and data driven service. The company endeavors to acknowledge the employees’ contributions since they are the greatest resource for enhancing service delivery, nurturing talent towards the benefit of both the individuals and the organization at large, and value diversity, improvement of quality and strengthening of the values of the organization through creation of a proper working environment.
The company sets aside sufficient time and resources for the orientation and training of employees since it is believed that proper training enables the workers to obtain service values and the required service standards. To make sure that only qualified individuals are hired and the process is objective, Ritz-Carlton uses the services of Talent+ Recruitment Firm based in Nebraska. The organization conducts ongoing training for the employees in their first year of recruitment (100 hours annually), so that they are able to perfect their skills and master the culture of the organization. Besides, it also holds workshops and training sessions on either monthly or quarterly basis where it discusses aspects like the appreciation of individual disparities, team work and evaluation of co-workers performance.
The Ritz-Carlton employees are taken through intensive and comprehensive training for the achievement of excellent standards. To recognize the quality and commitment towards offering training to its employees, the company clinched the top spot in training top 125 winners in 2007. Besides, the organization has been able to curve a reputation for exemplary performance when it comes to the provision of quality services by calling their staff ladies and gentlemen, and using training methods that help in providing high quality services as expressed in the company’s Gold Standards. For instance, in 2007, the organization invested 10% of its expenditure in creating a sufficient training program.
Ritz-Carlton is a leading name in the hospitality industry because of the choice to create and adhere to its own standards that is portrayed by the fact that it is the only company that has won the Malcohm Baldridge National Quality Award two times and provides the best through its employee training program. According to the Chief Executive Officer, the success of the organization is tied to several fundamentals like location, product building and the people. To make sure that all employees are up to date, the company uses lineup whereby the CEO communicates with the waiters and waitresses on their schedule for the day and employees utilize this opportunity to also discuss their service experiences. This lineup also enhances continuous training and communication since the message from the heads of departments is passed across. Besides, the sharing of experiences motivates the employees to strive towards continuous development.
Giving employees the opportunity to use at least $2,000 to make sure that guests are treated to the best experience instills trust, enhances creativity and also creates a good public image for the company. The values of Ritz-Carlton acknowledge that creating a good working environment requires that employees ate involved in because this will makes them feel part of the organization and influence their commitment as professionals instead of servants. Despite the awards that the organization received for excellence, the CEO still felt that they were far from attaining sufficient customer satisfaction since their services were erratic and workers lacked a clear understanding on what was required of them.
Employees are given the power to spend up to $2,000 in cases where they think that they are able to enhance the experience of customers, handle customer complaints or correcting an error without the permission from their supervisor. This level of trust makes the staff to have confidence, be creative and approach issues and come up with solutions professionally to the advantage of the company. The philosophy of the organization of respecting its employees creates a fully incorporated working environment that accommodates all. The turnover of Ritz-Carlton is about 20%, quite a low rate in the hospitality industry and the move towards evaluating how well the employees feels that the company’s promises are accomplished on day 21 is commendable.
The evaluation of employee performance is conducted by a quality management team every week through reviews of product and service quality offered. The strategic plans are set on a yearly basis to guide the employees on what they are required to achieve over a given period of time and the established monitoring performance is aimed at enabling them to set goals and carry out evaluations at individual levels. Once the management realizes that a particular employee is not delivering, the first step is to establish the source of the problem and through training, they are encouraged to solve the problem themselves. Employees also monitor their own performance and are rewarded at both departmental and hotel level for their accomplishments.
Although the organization does not provide the greatest salary packages in the industry, it is preferred by many people who have the dream of developing their professional standings because of the positive organizational culture. Comprehensive training and delegation of responsibility and trust to employees reduces the employee turnover, thereby leading to growth since hiring and training expenditure are barely at minimum.
The culture of the organization emphasizes on customer satisfaction and maximization of profits. The question is how much the organization is willing to spend on offering clients exemplary experiences. Besides, upholding the culture of the organization is based on the person at the helm and the processes involved in hiring, much time and resources are unnecessarily spent. Due to the intensive training and strict standards, the organizational culture is static and accommodating change can take quite some time. According to literature, the expense involved in operations and ensuring that guests have mind blowing experiences has been identified to cause strain between the management and owners of the organization.
A new plan of action should consider implementing a recruitment strategy that does not take a lot of time and resources. The company offers rewards to employees for better performance like professional growth at individual levels and promotions for employees who are committed and hard working.
Considering a good working environment and name of Ritz-Carlton, it is important that salaries of employees are reviewed so that they are able to coincide with the revenues of the organization.
The target market for the employees working in the hospitality industry is focused on tourism and hotel industry. Therefore, the training program should be flexible so that workers are able to use the knowledge acquired in outside situations.
The company sets aside sufficient resources for hiring, training and employee empowerment. This has ensured success of the company in the industry. With 25% of the organization’s managerial workforce as employees who were hired as casual indicates that the organization provides opportunities for professional growth through promotions. The better working conditions enable the employees to understand their roles and also create a perception that they are not in the company to undertake certain duties.
The challenges experienced in the management of the organization include a stringent organizational culture, an expensive process of recruitment and a costly method enticing guests in an effort to make sure that they have the most memorable experience in the hotels. A review of the strategy of recruitment will make sure that the process is less costly to the company and release resources initially used to other important ventures.
Ritz-Carlton’s process of recruitment is done professionally and only applicants with the highest qualifications in the hospitality sector are absorbed. This is because of the fact that service and quality can only be as good as the staff and for the company to attain the Gold Standards, it is important that it hires the right kind of employees and equip them with the necessary input. Recruitment is conducted through benchmarking, an overtime observation of the ability of an employee to learn and deliver. Besides, the good working environment enables employees to understand their responsibility and instills a perception that they are not in the company to play certain roles.
See more at EssaysExperts.net .
Procter and Gamble (P&G) was founded in 1837 in Cincinnati, Ohio as a partnership between a British candle maker and Irish soap maker William Procter and James Gamble (Conklin 2006, p. 189). The partnership led to birth of the company proctor and gamble that gained fame quickly and reputation because of their honesty which made it possible for them to earn respect and trust from suppliers and customers alike. The company delivered its products at prices that were competitive and the quality of products was always superior. Upon the merger, the company’s sales reached $ 1 million by 1859 and by that time, the company already had an excess of eighty employees. During the 1880s, the company started to market new products which included an in-expensive sop that could float in water.
The company, in 1887 allowed employees to undertake employee stock option plan (ESOP) where they were permitted to buy shares from the company. The company continued introduction of new products and product improvement as well as engaged in diversification of related products (189). The company, by 1980 was a leading marketer and a leader in advertising as well as basic development and research. By that time, it had marketed move than 300 brands within thirty nine categories which included personal care, laundry, cleaning food and beverages, chemical and pulp products. In the 1980’s the company was able to achieve 95% market penetration. The acquisitions the company made helped in fostering the company (192) and it continued to grow such that by 1990, performance of the company in terms of sales reached a high sales record.
Success of P&G can be attributed to the company’s willingness to operate the business in a manner that was consistent with integrity values, doing what is right in the best manner possible and respecting individual working with the company (192). The environment the company worked on was one of religious backing as such, they were able to inculcate honesty in all dealings. The management policies set aided in best performance among employees. The company also held the belief the company was inseparable from employees as such, it placed great value on workers. The principle of placing high value on workers dictated the HRM policies which included promotion and recruitment of staff from within the organization on the basis of merit, development of individuals through coaching and training, rewarding and encouraging individuals, leadership and innovations and teamwork across the numerous divisions, disciplines and geographies (194-7). The company as well employed in excess of 89,000 people throughout the globe by 1990.
The environment within which the organization operated was comprised of strong internal competition and teamwork which was characterized by a management process that was well structured. The company famed the brand management system by ensuring each brand had drive and focus. In this regard, the management allocated people to foresee the performance of drive in the market place. Each brand was assigned to a specific brand manager and a couple of assistants mandated with the responsibility for loss and profit for the complete product line, for instance, detergents (197). Changes in business environments contributed t revelation of the effects of internal competition leading to conflicts, lack of focus and inefficiencies (197). When authority was pushed down to managers of categories, decision making was also enhanced and the company was better able to get closer to its customers (198).
In the 70s and 80s, competition and globalization in the industry led to many issues because P&G was not in the position to respond to the new environment fast. This contributed to erosion of earnings, brand leadership and margins. The new entrants into the industry included warehouse retailers such as Wall-Mart and large supermarkets. The new entrants as well brought about new sale of point technology, shifting balance of power within the industry from the manufacturers to consumers (199). The retailers benefited as a result of this and they were able to exploit rivalries ad dictate terms of trade.
As the level of competition intensified, competitors reacted quickly to change and they benefited more from restructured operations. P&G faced a lot of competition in all brand categories mostly from competitors that were foreign based such as France’s L’Oreal, Japans Kao, Germany’s Henkel and Unilever Johnson and Johnson, and Gillette (199). Others included American’s Colgate Palmolive and Kimberly Clark who stole the market share for diapers and dental products. The competitive was extremely stiff such that one analyst indicated there were over 1000 new products introduced in the market each month (199-200). The competition was high and especially with the brands established to the point that by 1989, unit sales had risen by 17% and other products competing in the same category doubled. Changing demographics affected competition. An increase in working women and proliferation of media outlets made it hard for the company to be in the position of reaching a large number of segments. As a result of this, the financial state of P&G was drastically reduced.
Due to the deteriorating results, the company was forced into implementing internal changes in marketing, sales, manufacturing and distribution (199). The structure of management and creation of new category managers begun turning the business around. The company was able to be more customer focused as a result of this since it was in a position to work with its big pool of customers. In order to make this possible, the company employed globalization strategy and research as well as development in marketing, distribution and production of its products. International strategy, worked well till 1970 when the low prices and increased competition weakened it. By 1990 however, the company increased its international marketing and this was attained as a result of foreign expansions, acquisitions and mergers (201). The company as well as able to use global strategy by expanding into Asia, Latin America and Europe among other places (201-203). After the war P&G management carried out research and development, talked to European managers and were able to understand the economic, social and political state throughout Europe making it possible for them to start business once more in these regions by using different models such as taking the entire pulp and detergent industry in the Soviet Union nations.
The merger between gamble and proctor aided in nurturing a global company. The company won the market as a result of its capability to invest in employees and cultivate a culture of honesty in its dealings. Work allocation and hiring within the company made certain that the company retained competent employees and this made it possible for it to introduce more than a hundred new product brands. Technological innovation also led to company collapse. The management should have looked into the issue immediately as it would have made it possible to know introduction of technology age into the market. Development and research was not properly carried out since the company did not have the slightest idea of how to respond to the conditions in the market faster. While the company valued internal hiring, external experts might have been integrated into the company to introduce new ideas such as technology, new products and ideas. Regardless of this fact, the company still managed to perform well by restricting and this helped it to reclaim its lost glory through initiating different kinds of models to be taken to Eastern Europe.
Conklin, D. W. 2006. Cases in the environment of business: international perspectives. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications.
Get more information at EssaysExperts.net .

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.