Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/9650040/Opposition-to-EMI-s-Motion-to-Dismiss
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 00:32:53+00:00

Document:
MP3tunes' opposition to EMI's request for the counter claims against them for bad faith to be dismissed.
that was exactly the point. That. Under these circumstances. But once it places its music for free download on the Internet. and (b) EMI’s request for reconsideration of this Court’s previous denial of EMI’s motion to stay discovery. and would essentially put MP3tunes out of business.com. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 7 of 32 Defendant / Counterclaimant MP3tunes. EMI is misusing the civil litigation process to try to drive a legitimate Internet innovator out of the music marketplace. and as EMI has never denied. On this theory. This would be all but impossible to undertake. EMI’s breathless rhetoric of . and directly from the music labels themselves. The truth is that EMI routinely authorizes its songs to be distributed for free on the Internet. Inc. Indeed. regardless of whether such songs were ever on an EMI take-down list or not. made under penalty of perjury. It is important to call this as it is – this lawsuit is nothing more than an act of harassment. that it has never authorized any songs by any of its artists to be put on the Internet. large music festivals like South by Southwest. (“MP3tunes”) hereby respectfully submits this memorandum of law in opposition to: (a) the motion of Counter-Defendants (collectively. As MP3tunes pleads.com. Sideload. Indeed. all links to all EMI-copyrighted songs anywhere on the World Wide Web. EMI based this on its representation. which is exactly what EMI is trying to do here. it loses the right to sue MP3tunes for failing to remove links to all EMI songs. the entire premise of EMI’s suit – that all EMI songs on the Internet are infringing – is plainly and knowingly false. the artist’s own websites. of course. EMI asserts that MP3tunes has an independent duty to cleanse its search engine of all such songs. “EMI”) to dismiss all of MP3tunes’ Counterclaims. is EMI’s right. music magazines like Spin and Filter. such EMI-authorized songs can be found for free download on the websites of such established music industry sources as MTV. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT This lawsuit was of borne EMI’s outrageous demand that MP3tunes remove from its search engine.
and that MP3tunes should go plead that specificity in this Court. that the California court dismissed MP3tunes’ claims on the merits. when all it held (with respect to but one of MP3tunes’ claims) was that greater specificity was needed. MP3 alleges that: “EMI knowingly materially misrepresented that certain material on the Sites . § 512(f)(1) when it was not. even though EMI knowingly places such music on the Internet itself for promotional purposes.S. Since it filed its Counterclaims. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 8 of 32 “massive copyright infringement” necessarily falls by the wayside.” Counterclaims ¶ 56. Specifically. EMI desperately wants these counterclaims dismissed from the case. At issue in this motion is EMI’s assault on MP3tunes’ Counterclaims. when paragraph 56 says just that in clear and plain language. so that it may avoid having any discovery taken on them. A – 01 -2- . Unable to address this allegation. that “EMI has not authorized any of its recordings to be copied. EMI repeatedly and falsely claims that MP3tunes has not alleged any “knowing” violation by EMI. which unlike EMI’s claims are meritorious. or performed in this manner on or by MP3Tunes or its users. made under oath. and further belies EMI’s representation.such as the aforementioned material - was infringing in violation of 17 U. based on representations made under oath that such material is infringing.” See Counterclaims Ex. distributed. Moreover. That is what MP3tunes has done. For purposes of the instant Rule 12(b)(6) motion. EMI simply pretends it does not exist. falsely. MP3tunes’ Counterclaims will reveal that EMI has been going around perjuring itself in its take-down notices. Throughout its brief. Issues of evidence and proof are for another day. it is sufficient that MP3tunes has pled its causes of action with sufficient particularity to survive dismissal. EMI also claims.C. unlawfully demanding that legitimate Internet service providers such as MP3tunes remove links to any and all EMI songs on the Internet. MP3tunes has learned information which even further supports its claims of perjury and bad faith. that only deals with EMI’s claims.
com offers online storage “lockers” for users to -3- . EMI’s motion to dismiss should be denied. when they know full well that they do? And when they get caught red-handed. and the EMI entities in particular. This is ultimately an issue with far broader implications than just this case. and fact discovery should proceed pursuant to the Court-ordered schedule. free of any possible counterclaim. Namely. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 9 of 32 (underlining in original. one that cries out for judicial resolution. As set forth in the accompanying Declaration of Michael Robertson.g. does the victim have redress? MP3tunes respectfully submits that it does have such redress. based on perjured claims that they do not place free music on the Internet. but has been paying content delivery networks and others to do so on EMI’s behalf. which links to all the same MP3s as does Sideload. these Counterclaims present an important issue. perjury and other misconduct.” Those technologies exist today only because those lawsuits failed. one that a jury must decide. MP3tunes. e. Counterclaims ¶ 35. They sued the first makers of portable MP3 players (the predecessors to today’s iPods) and digital video recorders.com and Sideload. be held to account for their bad faith. MP3TUNES’ ALLEGATIONS A.. at the very least. If they are going to do so.com. Accordingly. bold added). Now the Record Industry is trying to litigate away the music search engine and the personal music locker. MP3tunes MP3tunes is an Internet pioneer that now operates two websites – MP3tunes. and the other reasons set forth below. it can do so to Google. EMI has not only been distributing its songs over the Internet by itself. on the ground that such playback constituted “copyright infringement. EMI and its cohorts in the Record Industry have a long history of trying to stifle innovation through litigation. continue to exploit their superior resources to threaten. harass and sue Internet innovators. they should. For these reasons. may the Record Industry. If EMI can threaten MP3tunes with impunity. then.
In short. at ¶ 38. Id.com. much the same way email users can access messages on Gmail or Yahoo! from any such computer. Sideload. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 10 of 32 store music. artist websites. as it is not possible to distinguish between a song that was burned from a user’s CD versus a song purchased from an online store such as Amazon. Id. Id. Id. No music files are stored on Sideload. Declaration of Michael Robertson -4- . MP3Tunes is a “service provider” and as such is protected under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (the “DMCA”).com. Id. both sites merely store users’ information at the direction of the user.com only contains links to third party websites. B. music magazines such as Spin and Filter. Contrary to EMI’s allegations. except that it searches exclusively for free music downloads available on the Internet. from any computer with an Internet connection. at ¶ 37.com is a search engine much like Google or Yahoo!. Id. Id. including promotional music offered for free through popular websites such as MTV. which was enacted to protect service providers from the heavy- handed legal harassment in which EMI has engaged. The music is uploaded into the online lockers by the users themselves. at ¶ 38. at ¶¶ 49-53. Users can access their lockers. Id. which they purchased from the MP3tunes Store or other retailers such as iTunes or Amazon. and directly from the music labels themselves. it cannot determine from where the track originated. Sideload. EMI’s Extensive Internet Promotion Major music labels these days embrace the concept of free promotional MP3s as a marketing and sales tool for both new and established artists. MP3tunes has no control over which links are included in Sideload. Notably. and thus their music collections. Id. music files cannot be shared or transferred between lockers and cannot be accessed by anyone other than the user. at ¶ 36. While MP3tunes can identify songs stored in a user’s locker. Id. The free music downloads come from a variety of legitimate music industry sources. large music festivals such as South by Southwest.
com.com: . 53. Amazon is clearly a reputable.. MP3tunes believes that it is likely that this track is such a promotional distribution and is lawfully available. MP3tunes has no reason to believe that the Filter track is anything but lawful.. EMI works with numerous online music partners. Links were also included from promotional companies such as -5- .800 musical acts of all genres from around the globe on over eighty stages in downtown Austin and offers free promotional downloads for artists featured at the festival. The SXSW MUSIC AND MEDIA CONFERENCE features a legendary festival showcasing more than 1.com and more to distribute these free mp3 downloads. Nevertheless. Similarly.. For example. an online music retailer and promoter.. MP3tunes removed this track from availability for sideloading as per EMI’s demand. The same is true for the tracks that EMI lists from the Paste Store: .. authorized retailer of digital music. For example. There were also several songs listed from the SXSW (South by Southwest) website.. spin.. including free mp3 downloads on the Internet. which offers numerous authorized free music downloads: . Filter.. the first band that is listed in EMI’s spreadsheet is “Air. were wrongfully listed in the Notice: . such as MTV. Id... Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 11 of 32 (“Robertson Decl. EMI’s list also includes the track “Nobody Move... This year EMI successfully gave away an MP3 for “I Kissed A Girl” by Katy Perry which helped propel that song to #1 on both iTunes and Billboard charts. 50..”) ¶ 8. 51. MP3tunes has recently learned that EMI appears to be one of the most aggressive labels when it comes to mp3 promotion on the Internet..” MP3tunes features an “Air” track – “Once Upon A Time” – on the first page of Sideload.com. filter.com. All the labels distribute MP3s promotionally.. Another example is the promotional track that appears to be associated with Amazon. Paste Store is a store which often distributes promotional tracks provided to them. and is accessed by the URL . . Specific examples of such authorized mp3 files were enumerated in the Counterclaims: 49... Thus. Spin is a popular online music magazine.. 52. Id.... Still additional links to Artist Direct. That track is from the popular online music magazine. Nobody Get Hurt” by the band “We Are Scientists” from the URL .. Other links included in the Notice that appear to be authorized by EMI for free download include links from the MTV2 website. As part of its business and marketing efforts EMI routinely distributes and authorizes others to distribute promotional copies of their music..
Bec Recordings. infringing. Id. at ¶ 13. at ¶ 13. far more specific information. which were not. MP3tunes has further recently come to learn that EMI makes extensive use of its own websites to distribute free music downloads. MP3tunes has found on the Internet several EMI-copyrighted songs available for download with Akamai URLS. Robertson Decl. but MP3tunes now has additional. and Mute Record.. This fact was mentioned briefly in the Counterclaims (see Counterclaims ¶ 49). are paid services which distribute free MP3 songs for download over the Internet. ¶ 9. 54. which uses “edgeboss” as the marketing brand for their technology service. Definitive Jux Records. The biggest and most prominent CDN in the business is a company called Akamai.. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 12 of 32 ToolShed. Siren Records. two other CDNs which like Akamai. Robertson Decl. MP3tunes has researched the URLs for the songs listed on EMI’s take-down notice in great detail. Counterclaims ¶¶ 49-54. It is clear that EMI has one or more accounts with Akamai to distribute its music over the Internet for free.. among the record label sites owned by EMI which distribute free MP3 files are EMI Chrysalis. and has discovered that over 140 of the links are to music blogs and related online sites. MP3tunes also recently discovered that EMI contracts with several content delivery networks (“CDN”) to mass distribute free MP3s to promote its artist online. Id. in fact. third-party companies that are paid to distribute materials such as MP3s over the Internet. since the filing of the Counterclaims. at ¶ 12. MP3tunes has also found EMI songs on the Internet with URLs indicating that they were distributed by CoralCDN and Nine Systems. Id. but merely examples of the many links that EMI represented as being associated with infringing copies of their alleged copyrighted works. Id. These are private. Lastly. Indeed. MP3tunes has further learned that -6- . The links referenced herein are not exhaustive. which is billed as an online promotion for independent records: . Parlophone Records. at ¶ 14. See Robertson Decl.
Ex. thousands of EMI songs are available on the Internet for free download with their authorization.” Id. -7- . 2007. EMI has taken its obligation not to commit perjury with the proverbial grain of salt. under penalty of perjury. which EMI claimed were linked to unauthorized EMI works. MP3Tunes is obligated to remove all of EMI’s copyrighted works. EMI also represented that each and every link to any EMI artist on Sideload. Unfortunately. 46. September 18. at ¶ 47. EMI has engaged in active marketing of its music directly and through hundreds if not thousands of online music partners. 2007. despite its mass distribution of free MP3s on the Internet: “based on EMI’s representative list.com website.com was infringing. On September 4. The DMCA requires that the information in the notice be accurate. 512(c)(3)(A). and October 25. Counterclaims ¶ 47. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 13 of 32 record companies such as EMI are often well aware that such sites post downloads but either choose to ignore them or. that an exclusive right is allegedly infringed. EMI has sent take- down notices that expressly and falsely represent that all mp3 files on the Internet infringe their copyrights. even those not specifically identified on the attached. In short. because exposure of artists on such sites can lead to increased sales. 17 U. openly cooperate and license them. As a consequence.C. and that the putative copyright holder swear. EMI’s Fraudulent Take-Down Notices Despite their mass distribution of free mp3 downloads on the Internet. C.S. in many cases. 2007 its counsel sent MP3tunes three separate DMCA take-down notices. The DMCA requires putative copyright holders to first provide service providers such as MP3tunes with notice of the claimed infringement. A at A-01. Id. thereby taking the position that any free MP3 files on the Internet are infringing. Counterclaims ¶¶ 43. so that such service providers have the opportunity to remove the infringing content – without littering the federal courts with frivolous lawsuits. in which it identified 350 or more links from the Sideload.
Rather. Governing Standard Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that all pleadings filed in federal court. In any event. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 14 of 32 As noted above. Scherer. 468 U. and thereby shield itself from any discovery. overruled on other grounds. At the same time. (2) “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. 416 U. which no one would ever accuse of trafficking in infringing materials. 232. which is sure to reveal the bad faith business and legal tactics it uses. A district court’s task in determining the sufficiency of a pleading that satisfies Rule 8(a) is “necessarily a limited one. In any rational world. “The issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail.S. on the outrageous theory that MP3tunes had an independent obligation to cleanse its entire search engine of any and all links to any and all EMI-copyrighted songs – whether on its take-down list or not – anywhere on the Internet. it took down all 350 music links. LEGAL ARGUMENT I. its motion should be denied in full. EMI seeks to dismiss all of MP3tunes’ counterclaims. MP3tunes has already learned that a large number of these links were expressly or implicitly authorized to be on the web. but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims. including counterclaims. 236 (1974).com and MTV. MP3tunes suspects discovery will reveal that many if not most of these music links were proper.” and (3) a demand for judgment for the relief sought. must set forth three elements: (1) a basis for the court’s subject matter jurisdiction over the claim. that would have been the end of this story.S. MP3tunes did not debate the point.” Scheuer v. Indeed. Davis v. As EMI cannot even remotely meet the relevant burden. Rhodes. it sued anyway. Counterclaims ¶ 55. Indeed it may appear on the face of the pleadings that a recovery is very remote and unlikely but -8- . But this being EMI. 183 (1984).com. even without the benefit of discovery. many of these links are to unimpeachable websites such as Amazon.
02[A].” Padavan v. and the issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims. 512(f) A.S. “In reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. inter alia. development.” Bernheim v. Rowe. No.2d 19. research.. and education. Here. United States. EMI – after citing Rule 12(b)(6) – proceeds to ignore it. § 512. quoting Hughes v. 79 F. The review of such a motion is limited. Digital Millennium Copyright Act The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. Civ.3d 23. Inc.S. suggesting that MP3tunes is under some sort of heightened pleading standard akin to Rule 9(b) for fraud claims. Thus. 693 F. 1996).S. See 3 Nimmer on Copyright § 12A. amended the Copyright Act to update domestic law for the online era. 10 (1980). such a drastic step would not be justified here. MP3tunes has more than satisfied it. “to facilitate the robust development and world-wide expansion of electronic commerce.” S. the Second Circuit holds that: “Dismissal of a complaint before discovery is a drastic step.C. 449 U. this Court must accept the factual allegations of the complaint as true and must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. at 1 (105th Congress. 1996) (citations omitted). on the putative ground that MP3tunes has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. But there is no such requirement here.3d 318. and even if there were. 321 (2d Cir. Litt. Rep. The DMCA was designed. communications. The motion should be denied. Rule 12(b)(6). R. As set forth below. P. 22 (2d Cir. MP3tunes Has Stated A Claim For Relief Under 17 U. Johnson Controls. 17 U. 1982). 5. II.” Wade v. Motions on this ground are generally disfavored and should not be granted unless the movant can show “beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of [its] claim which would entitle [it] to relief. 2d Session 1998). 105-190. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 15 of 32 that is not the test. 26 (2d Cir. EMI has moved to dismiss all of MP3tunes’ Counterclaims under Fed. 82 F.C.” Id. -9- .
has no affirmative duty to monitor its service or search for facts that show infringing activity in order to qualify for the protections afforded by the DMCA.3d 1102. 165 F. a service provider must adopt. § 512(m). and that he has a good-faith belief that the use is infringing. § 512(f). § 512(c)(3)(A)(v)-(vi). among other enumerated activities.10 - . .. the DMCA explicitly limits a service provider’s duty to act to those instances where it receives proper notice of infringing activity. Congress added title II in order to “provide greater certainty to service providers concerning their legal exposure for infringements that may occur in the course of their activities.S.” Perfect 10. 2007) (emphasis added). 17 U.C. 17 U. Rep. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 16 of 32 Most relevant here. A qualified service provide who complies with the DMCA cannot be monetarily liable for copyright infringement. CCBill LLC.3d 1072. Title II of the DMCA explicitly created a new statutory “safe harbor” limiting liability for copyright infringement for Internet service providers who. Robertson. 17 U. 1112 (9th Cir. Further.C. Supp. under penalty of perjury.C. Inc. 2004) (internal quotation omitted). This requirement is not superfluous. The DMCA makes it unlawful for copyright holders to use take-down threats when the copyright holder knows that infringement has not actually occurred.2d 1082. § 512(a).S. v. implement and inform its subscribers and account holders of a policy that provides for the termination of repeat infringers.S. 488 F. however.S. that he is authorized to represent the copyright holder. 1089 (C.C. 357 F. provide links to Internet sites containing allegedly infringing material. citing 17 U.S.D. 2001) (finding take-down notices deficient where notices did not include written statement under penalty of perjury that plaintiff had “a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized”). § 512(i)(1)(A). 17 U. 1076 (9th Cir. “The DMCA requires a complainant to declare. A service provider. To qualify for the safe harbor provided by the DMCA. eBay Inc. S. see also Hendrickson v.” Ellison v. Cal.C.
distributed.” (Emphasis added. at 49 (105th Congress. EMI is seeking § 512(f) damages by way of its Second Claim for Relief. including costs and attorneys’ fees. or in replacing the removed material or ceasing to disable access to it. e. EMI made numerous material misrepresentations in its DMCA take-down notices.. Ca.. § 512(c)(3)(A)(vi). . that material or activity is infringing is liable for any damages. A – 01 (underlining in original).. Universal Music Corp. all these statements are made under penalty of perjury.”). As MP3tunes sets forth with great particularity in its Counterclaims.” See Counterclaims Ex. 105-90. Cal.11 - . 2d Session 1998) (“[Section 512(f)] is intended to deter knowingly false allegations to service providers. 2d 1150 (N.C. Inc.S. 17 U. Section 512(f) Under 17 U. the most egregious being that: “EMI has not authorized any of its recordings to be copied.g.. 1202 (N. 337 F. Supp.D. Under the DMCA. or performed in this manner on or by MP3Tunes or its users. B. Diebold. Supp. MP3tunes declared that: “MP3tunes is obligated to remove all of EMI’s copyrighted works. A copyright holder who issues such frivolous threats must pay damages. 17 U. § 512(f).C. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 17 of 32 No.S. Lenz v..D.” Id. including costs and attorneys’ fees. incurred by the alleged infringer .C. § 512(f): “Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents . to those harmed by the misrepresentations. as the result of the service provider relying upon such misrepresentation in removing or disabling access to the material or activity claimed to be infringing.2d 1195. who is injured by such misrepresentation.. 2004) (holding that defendant knowingly misrepresented that plaintiffs infringed defendant’s copyright interest where defendant could not reasonably have believed that material at issue was protected by copyright). see also Online Policy Group v.) See. 2008) (plaintiff’s allegation that record company acted in bad faith for failure to consider fair use survives motion to dismiss). even those not specifically identified the attached [song list].S. Here. 572 F.. Based on this falsehood.
N. Indeed. Counterclaims ¶¶ 49- 54. Dist. MP3tunes lays out in considerable detail its basis for concluding that these statements were false.” EMI Br. And it will be free to put that defense to the jury.such as the aforementioned material . at 1. EMI suggests that MP3tunes should be punished for careful pleadings. rather than throwing caution and truth to the wind as EMI does. 1999 U. § 512(f)(1) when it was not..was infringing in violation of 17 U.S.D.D. Metromedia Fiber Network.N. from famous and reputable music blogs. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 18 of 32 In its Counterclaims. 1992) . EMI has never denied that these links are non-infringing.. LLC v. MP3tunes alleges – with good basis – that: “EMI knowingly materially misrepresented that certain material on the Sites . EMI also that these allegations should be disregarded by the Court. See. at 24.Y. There is no basis for this argument. ¶ 14. See Robertson Decl. Rather.” EMI Br. *21 (S. Mar. In fact. MP3tunes is able to specifically identify 12 links from established companies in the music business. Even without the benefit of discovery. As set forth in the accompanying Declaration. Lexis 2368. In its brief.Y. But for purposes of a motion to dismiss. e. Vento & Co. Constellation Bancorp. 1999) (denying motion to dismiss complaint based on plaintiff’s “information and belief” allegations). Meilke v.S. EMI admits that discovery relating to EMI’s online licensing arrangements would be “immense.g. 3. because MP3tunes has not been as categorical in some of its pleadings as EMI has been in its take-down notices.. which clearly have authorization from EMI to distribute the MP3s and are not infringing. MP3tunes now believes that another 140 of the cited links.12 - . EMI tries to write all this off as “de minimis. also have explicit or implicit authorization from EMI to disseminate free mp3 downloads.C. Rather.” Counterclaims ¶ 56. That allegation is assumed to be true. Lexis 3020. *4 (S.S. MP3tunes will prove it to be true once it can take discovery. 1992 U. In other words. the courts in this Circuit have repeatedly held that a party may plead allegations on “information and belief” without thereby exposing the pleading to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Dist.
Equally specious is EMI’s allegation that MP3tunes has “identifies no harm that it suffered from” EMI’s misconduct. In any event.. Supp. the District Court rejected an almost identical argument to the one EMI makes now. Proof of damages is for trial. and responding to the take-down notice. Once EMI grants MP3tunes access to the evidence.13 - . Dist. Here.D. the matters at issue are “peculiarly within the opposing party’s knowledge. Cal.. 2d 1150. In each case. 379 (2d Cir.R. 2008). seeking attorney. it is sufficient that MP3tunes alleges harm.” Meilke. There. 433-34 (S. the Court found that after the parties engaged in discovery. MP3tunes has put forward a plethora of evidence. 1987) (same).Y. Neilan v. Specifically. MP3tunes will prove this allegation. MP3tunes pleads that: “it has been injured by EMI’s misrepresentations because (1) it relied upon such misrepresentations and removed or disabled access to the allegedly infringing material. Inc. Lexis 2368 at *3-*4. Value Vacations. and (2) MP3tunes was forced to bring this action as a result of the inaccuracies and deficiencies in EMI’s Notice.” This is comparable to the harm found cognizable in Lenz v. there was no evidence that the misrepresentation was made knowingly. 1974). which it undeniably has done. as noted above. 116 F. In ¶ 56 of its Counterclaims. which apply a completely different standard. . MP3tunes has a good faith belief that a significant portion of the links cited by EMI were explicitly or implicitly authorized by EMI and thus non-infringing..N. The Rossi and Arista cases cited by EMI are inapposite because they are summary judgment cases. MP3tunes has alleged that EMI has made knowing misrepresentations. holding that the plaintiff had incurred a “cognizable injury” in reviewing counter- notice procedures. this misses the point. at 4. no discovery has occurred. 1156-57 (N. See EMI Br. as here.D. 507 F. This is particularly the case where. Once again.S. Penn-Dixie Cement Corp.D. 572 F. in ¶ 95 of its Counterclaims. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 19 of 32 (same). MP3tunes is entitled to test this claim in discovery. citing Schlick v. the allegation alone suffices. 431. 1992 U. For now.2d 374. For now. Universal Music Corp.
there is no collateral estoppel because the merits of the claim has not been “both actually litigated and actually decided. 949 F. If EMI wanted to take advantage of the law of the case doctrine. 593 (2d Cir. it got it dismissed in favor of this action. The California Court’s Decision Next.S. Frankly. 486 U.14 - . C. EMI alternatively labels this argument as one of ““law of the case” or “collateral estoppel.2d 585.. so that MP3tunes could remedy the pleading deficiency before this Court. “without prejudice” dismissal of this claim by the District Court in California bars MP3tunes from re-pleading it. at 177). 800. Instead. The exact amounts and proofs of damages will come at trial. as Your Honor expressly asked EMI’s counsel at the pre-motion conference not to make it. at 13-14. we will respond. Id. It has beefed up its allegations . it could have continued the case in California.. Instead. Colt Indus. the misrepresentations were not material given the breadth of infringement alleged by Defendant and the speculative nature of the allegations”). and has incurred substantial legal fees.’” In re PCH Assocs. But the Court took pains to note twice in its Order that the dismissal was without prejudice. But MP3tunes did not merely re-file the same pleading. Second. EMI argues that the prior. Of course. we are surprised to see this argument in EMI’s brief. as pled. the California court merely held that MP3tunes had not sufficiently pled its claim. Operating Corp. this Court could simply follow the decision of the California Court (although Your Honor would not be bound to do so).” Neither doctrine even remotely applies here. See Christianson v. MP3tunes has been forced to take down possibly hundreds of legitimate music links. See 4/1/8/08 Order at 13 (“the Court finds that. 1991) (quoting 18 Federal Practice & Procedure § 4419. First. 816 (1988). there is no law of the case because this is not the same case. But since it has been made. as a result of EMI’s perjurious take-down notice. had MP3tunes merely re-filed the exact same pleading. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 20 of 32 Here.
. MP3tunes Has Stated Proper Claims Under New York And California Unfair Competition Laws A. MP3tunes has pled a cognizable claim. MP3tunes recently discovered that EMI contracts with several content delivery networks to distribute these free MP3s. Id. Plaintiff need not show that the defendant committed the complained-of acts repeatedly. Perhaps most tellingly. EMI tried to force MP3tunes to drop every song in the EMI library. New York General Business Law § 349 A prima facie claim under New York unfair competition law. MP3tunes now has solid proof that EMI routinely distributes free MP3s. (2) defendant engaged in an act or practice that is deceptive or misleading in a material way. MP3tunes is now able to specifically identify twelve links from established companies in the music business.2d 20.the largest content delivery network in the world. N. Yet. but instead must demonstrate that the acts or practices have a broader impact on consumers at large. and (3) that plaintiff has been injured by reason thereof. Counterclaims ¶¶ 49-54.15 - . III. as noted above. And MP3tunes has explained in greater detail exactly why these are not infringing. including Akamai . which clearly have authorization from EMI to distribute the MP3s. Furthermore. Id. This is a considerable showing. This is a textbook case of bad faith copyright infringement accusations – just what the DMCA was enacted to prevent. MP3tunes believes discovery will confirm that more than 140 additional links were explicitly or implicitly authorized by EMI and non-infringing. 25-26 (1995). as explained in detail in the accompanying Declaration.A. given that it has been done without discovery. on the Internet.Y. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 21 of 32 significantly. In fact. See Oswego Laborers’ Local 214 Pension Fund v.. Marine Midland Bank. New York General Business Law § 349 requires a showing that: (1) the conduct of the defendant that is consumer- oriented. which EMI lied and said were infringing. at 25. Among other things. EMI in its twenty-five page brief does not deny any of this. 85 N.
than in most causes of action. when it had to take down hundreds of lawful links from its search engine. Schnabolk. 280 F. In short. MP3tunes.16 - .Y. of course. and when it had to interpose its Counterclaims to defend itself from EMI’s harassment. 197-98 (2d Cir. not whether the suit is brought by a consumer or a competitor. MP3tunes has standing to bring this claim because it was actually injured when it had to engage counsel to respond to EMI’s threats and misrepresentations. misleading and unlawful practices. their lockers are shut down and their MP3s appropriated. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 22 of 32 “The critical question.3d 175. misleading and unlawful practices affect the public interest in New York. New York users are affected in that they will lose the ability to access and utilize the Sideload. v. v.. It has been broadly described as encompassing any form of commercial immorality. 264 (2d Cir.com search engine. but whether such unfair. 1995).. 65 F.3d 256. or simply as endeavoring to reap where one has not sown” Telecom Int’l Am. “The incalculable variety of illegal commercial practices denominated as unfair competition is proportionate to the unlimited ingenuity that overreaching entrepreneurs and trade pirates put to use. AT&T Corp.. as a result of EMI’s harassment. Ltd. Further. the question is not whether consumers were misled by EMI’s unfair. will have to prove its allegations and injury allegations at trial. is whether the matter affects the public interest in New York. N. 2001) (citations omitted) (emphasis added). . New York Common Law Unfair Competition “New York’s law of unfair competition is a broad and flexible doctrine that depends more upon the facts set forth .. MP3tunes’ claims clearly affect the public interest in New York because the New York users stand to lose substantial sums of money if. v. B. Inc. Gibson Lighter Mfg.” Ronson Art Metal Works. But there is no basis to dismiss this claim on the pleadings. much like the general public would be harmed if someone tried to shut down Google because it could be used to locate mp3 files on the Internet.” Securitron Magnalock Corp. then.
In short.2d 1005. 14 F. Page Keeton. 1956) “unfairness required to sustain the cause of action for unfair competition may be satisfied by showing that the defendants . Prosser and Keeton On Torts. 2d § 194 (2005) (citing Dior v. of New York.g. Sys. or performed in this manner on or by MP3tunes or its users. Inc. *29 (S. § 130 (5th ed. can be found when the defendant engages in any conduct that amounts to a recognized tort and when . Men Women NY Model Mgmt. Brown-Miller. Lexis 8652.. 337 (S.” NYC Mgmt. even if true. § 1:10 (4th ed. Milton. 2004 U. J. EMI’s deception does indeed qualify as unfair competition. 879 F.Y. at 18. New York law recognizes no such pleading requirement.” See Counterclaims ¶¶ 56-57. v. MP3tunes alleges in its Counterclaims that EMI threatened it into taking down links to over five hundred songs. 104 New York Jur. commercial misrepresentations can and do create a basis for an action in unfair competition. without any allegation of misappropriation.D. 9 Misc. 3 A. Cnty. To the contrary. Sup. A at A-01. 101-04. W.S. 230 (1957) (emphasis added). “Common law unfair competition must be grounded in either deception or appropriation of the exclusive property of the plaintiff.D. McCarthy On Trademarks and Unfair Competition. does not state a cause of action under New York unfair competition law because: “MP3tunes fails to allege that EMI has competed with the company by somehow using its labors..17 - . distributed. Supp..” EMI Br. Dist. 1025 (2d Cir.Y.2d 227. 1998).N. 2004) (emphasis added). Ct. 437 (N. and Ex. Inc.N. Hayden Co.D. v. May 14. EMI claims this allegation. 2d 331... based on false and possibly perjured claim that: “EMI has not authorized any of its recordings to be copied.Y. Here. 1988) (“unfair competition .L.. 1989).2d 425. v.. Siemens Med. Inc. Thomas McCarthy. See also. obtained entrance to the shows of the plaintiffs by fraudulent representations and promises”)... Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 23 of 32 Co. 2005) (listing “false representations” among the numerous types of conduct that can be unfair competition. Inc. Michele Pommier Models. e.. citing H. Group Inc.
MP3tunes has stated a claim under the “unlawful” prong of Section 17200. 740. unscrupulous or substantially injurious to consumers.3d 735. Casa Blanca Convalescent Homes. v. 2 Cal. EMI is required to state that the works cited in the notice are infringing and swear. Cal. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 24 of 32 that tort deprives the plaintiff of customers or other prospects”).App. This prong is met where EMI has violated any law. App. 159 Cal. 59 Cal. Inc.” State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. Superior Court. 162 (1980). oppressive. The “unfair” prong of Section 17200 intentionally provides courts with broad discretion to prohibit new schemes to defraud. v. Bus. Inc. Inc. including Section 349. that the notice is accurate and that EMI is authorized to send said notice. . or unfair. unethical.App. C. 1267 (1992).4th 1254. fraudulent.” People v. Section 512(f) or any statutory or common law tort. MP3tunes’ unfair competition claim falls well within the prevailing law as set forth above.. Klein v. Motors. Code § 17200 et seq. & Prof.18 - . 969 (1997).. It should not be struck on the pleadings. 102 Cal. Thus.3d 509. 530 (1984). Earth Elements. 4th 965. California Business and Professions Code § 17200 A violation of California Business and Professions Code § 17200 merely requires a party to show that the defendant is a business engaged in acts or practices that are unlawful. Thus. “An unlawful business practice or act” is an act or practice that is forbidden by law. their practice of including numerous non-infringing works in their take-down notices is likely to deceive.” Bank of the West v. “[T]he court must weigh the utility of the defendant’s conduct against the gravity of the harm to the alleged victim.. Times Mirror Co. To show that an unlawful business practice or act is “fraudulent” merely requires a showing that a person is “likely to be deceived. under penalty of perjury. An unlawful business practice or act is “unfair” “when [it] offends an established public policy or when the practice is immoral.
this test applies only to unfairness between direct competitors. Our discussion and this test are limited to that context. EMI and MP3tunes are not direct competitors.19 - .4th 1093.13 (C. No court of law has ever applied this theory to this context. 1118 n. Therefore. Inc. at n. The Cel-Tech case articulated by EMI is inapposite. In Cel-Tech Communications.” 20 Cal. 1104 (1996). Rhone- Poulenc Rorer. However.1 Plaintiff’s “field conflict” argument that Congress intended § 512(f) to be the exclusive remedy in connection with take-down notices is baseless. The preemptive effect of the Copyright Act is expressly defined 1 Interestingly. or violates the policy or spirit of one of the antitrust laws because its effects are comparable to or are the same as a violation of the law. D.. 4th 163. Inc. unethical. is immoral. as it alleges several state law claims against MP3tunes on top of its federal copyright claim.”)..D. 2001). 45 Cal. v. EMI sets forth the novel argument that the DMCA preempts any state law claim might have for EMI’s false and perjurious take-down notices. EMI’s business acts and practices. unscrupulous and is substantially injurious to consumers. the Cel-Tech test in inapplicable. and this Court should not be the first. Supp. If that were the case. 187 (1999). Los Angeles Cellular Tel. Cal. v.2d 1099. 12 (“This case involves an action by a competitor alleging anticompetitive practices. Co. see also Watson Labs.. oppressive. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 25 of 32 Superior Court. EMI seems not to believe its own argument. Id. 178 F.App. . Inc. the California Supreme Court set forth the test for determining an “unfair” business practice between direct competitors as whether that act or practice threatens “an incipient violation of those law. Congress would have so stated in the DMCA. such as sending fraudulent take-down notices in an attempt to put legitimate Internet service providers out of business and abusing its copyrights to prevent consumers from storing and accessing their own digital property violates public policy. There Is No Preemption Lastly.
a federal cause of action under 17 U. performance.S. No such actual conflict exists here. or display of any copyrighted work. For example. 451 U. distribution. In the ordinary course of their operations service providers must engage in all kinds of acts that expose them to potential copyright infringement liability. Federal copyright law preempts state law claims only if the claims create “legal or equitable rights that are equivalent to any of the exclusive rights within the general scope of copyright as specified by Section 106. Many service providers engage in directing users to sites in response to inquiries by users or they volunteer sites that users may find attractive. but it chose not to. whether original or derivative.C. Notably. Automated Med. (DMCA). v. Louisiana.20 - .” . § 512(f) does not preempt MP3tunes’ state law causes of action.. it could have included § 512 rights in the preemption provision. Any analysis of preemption “starts with the basic assumption that Congress did not intend to displace state law. Rep. 707.” Hillsborough County Fla. Labs.C.S. by limiting the liability of service providers. Inc.S. When Congress enacted the DMCA. the preemption section only applies to the enumerated rights set forth in § 106.S. service providers may hesitate to make the necessary investment in the expansion of the speed and capacity of the Internet. Certain electronic copies are made to speed up the delivery of information to users. 713 (1985) (citations omitted). 747 (1981). No Court has ever ruled to the contrary. 725.” 17 U. S. the DMCA ensures that the efficiency of the Internet will continue to improve and that the variety and quality of services on the Internet will continue to expand. § 301. Other electronic copies are made in order to host World Wide Websites. Thus. conflict preemption occurs only “when compliance with both state and federal [laws] is a physical impossibility or when state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress. Absent from the preemption statute is the right of an Internet service provider to recover damages for known. Section 512 was enacted to protect service providers from copyright infringement liability unknowingly caused by third parties. service providers must make innumerable electronic copies by simply transmitting information over the Internet. material misrepresentations in take-down notices. Nor do MP3tunes’ state claims not conflict with provisions in the Copyright Act. at 8. 471 U. In short. Indeed.2 Unfair competition law 2 “[W]ithout clarification of their liability. Some of these sites might contain infringing material. namely the right to prohibit the reproduction. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 26 of 32 within the Act itself.” Maryland v.
There is no such impossibility here. Diebold. such laws are complementary in nature. unlawful and deceptive acts and practices does not in any way make it impossible to prevent EMI from making material misrepresentations in its take- down notices. April 9. Universal Music Corp. These courts held the interference claims at issue were preempted because it is impossible to send a valid take-down notice without interfering with contracts. and in essence. unlawful and deceptive acts and practices.D. The New York law in the ASCAP case is the type of law specifically contemplated in § 301 – a state law that involves the enforcement of the enumerated rights specified in § 106. fraudulent. If anything.2d 1195. Cal. Feb. Pataki.N. 337 F.D. EMI argues that it would upset Congress’ intent to impose the “additional burden” on EMI to engage in fair. Indeed. states that EMI can engage in otherwise unfair. . Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 27 of 32 protects against unfair.Y.21 - . fraudulent or deceptive acts and practices. 2008 WL 962102 at * 4 (N.2d 1195 (N. Supp. 337 F. Cal. and thus dismissal on preemption grounds would not be justified. Supp. fraudulent. 2008) and Online Policy Group v. 2004). Universal Music Corp. This clearly was not Congress’ intent. so long as they comply with the provisions of 512(f). lawful and honest business practices and acts. See Lenz v.D. 2004) – relied upon by EMI – are inapposite. Cal.D. 1997) case relied upon by EMI is inapposite. Nor has EMI cited anything that would indicate as much.. The American Society of Composers. specifically the right to prohibit the public performance of a copyrighted work. 1997 WL 438849 (S. Authors.D.. 27. EMI’s argument is a non-sequitur. Preventing EMI from engaging in unfair. Cal. and Publishers v. 1206 (N. Both cases addressed claims of intentional interference with contract on the grounds that a DMCA take-down notice interfered with the contractual relationship with the Internet service provider. Diebold. Lenz v. April 9. 2008) and Online Policy Group v. 2008 WL 962102 (N.
because such relief would be “duplicative” of EMI’s claims. Further. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 28 of 32 IV.C. MP3tunes seeks a declaration that it falls within the DMCA’s safe harbor provisions for Internet service providers. Here. EMI responded by filing suit in this Court. and controversy giving rise to proceeding.’ . and then urged the California court to dismiss that case in favor of this one.S. Moreover. insecurity. the declaratory relief claims will also terminate and afford MP3tunes’ relief from the . 417 F.2d 998. 28 U..22 - . 1001 (2d Cir. There is no dispute that there is a case of actual controversy. promising that: “the pending New York action will resolve all of the copyright issues that MP3tunes’ suit alleges here.” Yet now that it has convinced the California court to dismiss that suit in favor of this one. EMI would prefer that no court ever consider the merits of MP3Tunes’ claims against it. Declaratory relief is available where there is a case of actual controversy within the Court’s jurisdiction. Loctite Corp. the declaratory judgment will clarify and settle the legal relations at issue between EMI and MP3tunes. The Second Circuit has held that: The two principal criteria guiding the policy in favor of rendering declaratory judgments are (1) when the judgment will serve a useful purpose in clarifying and settling the legal relations in issue. such dismissal is speciously labeled “law of the case... As this Court is aware. Broadview Chemical Corp. Declaratory Relief Is Appropriate Most specious of all is EMI’s suggestion that it should be free to threaten and harass MP3tunes. but that MP3tunes should be stripped of the right to declaratory relief provided to it under 28 U. § 2201. so as to do business free of EMI’s harassment. MP3Tunes – faced with EMI’s wrongful threats – initially brought a declaratory judgment action in the Southern District of California. 1970). as well as additional causes of action – making the present suit redundant under Rule 12(f). If either of these objectives can be achieved the action should be entertained and the failure to do so is error.S.” Apparently. and (2) when it will terminate and afford relief from the uncertainty. v. § 2201.C.
3 It should be noted that MP3tunes has not previously amended its pleadings even though an Amended Answer and Counterclaims have been filed.3 To do otherwise has even been held by the Second Circuit to constitute reversible error. v. See. 99-100 (U.g. . 83.S.2d 195. Foley. As the Supreme Court explained in Cardinal Chem. V.” See also Foman v. New York City Dep’t of Corrections. No changes to the actual pleading were made. First Blood Associates.” Block v. 283 (2d Cir. 198 (2d Cir. MP3tunes Should Be Granted Leave To Re-Plead If Necessary Finally.A. 2000) (citation omitted).. 508 U. MP3tunes respectfully requests leave to amend. and that the trial courts should “allow a party to amend its pleadings in the absence of a showing by the non- movant of prejudice or bad faith. Even if EMI dismisses its claims – there still would exist a controversy as to whether MP3tunes qualifies for protection under the DMCA. see Monahan v. 214 F.3d 275. 253 (2d Cir. 350 (2d Cir.23 - . 178. 930 F. “[W]hen a motion to dismiss is granted. The Second Circuit explains that “mere technicalities” should not prevent a case from being decided on the merits. FRCP Rule 15(a) provides that leave to amend “shall be freely given when justice so requires.” Oliver Sch. 1991).” The same reasoning applies here.com website without constant fear of continuous litigation from EMI entities. 988 F.2d 344. Morton Int’l. This is of critical importance to EMI not just for the present case – which EMI could (and should) drop at any time – but also for the next big record company that tries to bully it out of business. 1990). 182 (1962).S.. Ronzani v. 1993). Co.2d 248. 371 U. insecurity and controversy as to whether its can continue to operate its sideload.com and mp3tunes. This amendment was solely for the purposed of correcting the case caption. Sanofi S. 1993). e. “[a] company once charged with infringement must remain concerned about the risk of similar charges if it develops and markets similar products in the future. although MP3tunes believes all of its counterclaims are properly pled. v. Davis. the usual practice is to grant leave to amend the complaint.S. 899 F. to the extent the Court deems its pleading deficient in any respect. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 29 of 32 uncertainty.
VI. MP3tunes has followed the dictates of Rule 8(a) and provided “a short and plain statement” for each of its counterclaims. N..g. supported by a detailed factual discussion. Peckham Materials Corp. e. 1997 WL 88378 *2 (S.D. 7.Y. MP3tunes should be permitted at least one opportunity to correct any pleading deficiency in its new counterclaims. MP3tunes has also demonstrated.N.D. See.N. It has only been two and a half months since the original Answer and Counterclaims were filed.A. MP3tunes has now served its discovery upon EMI. EMI make no better case for one than before. 821 F. 123.Y. Cohen v. Kid. 1999) (noting that Magistrate had authorized the filing of a third amended pleading).24 - . Covington v. and is awaiting EMI’s responses. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 30 of 32 Accordingly. such a stay would materially prejudice MP3tunes. 1999 WL 9835 (S. As an initial matter. Citibank. EMI request’s reconsideration of Your Honor’s denial of its request for a stay of discovery. 124 (S. EMI would suffer no “prejudice” as a result an amendment at this early stage in the proceeding. which it can plead in support of these causes of action. Having now briefed the issue. v. Therefore.. Supp. Initial Disclosures still have yet to be exchanged.D. Raima Corp. 28. Here. MP3tunes’ § 512(f) claim is based on EMI’s material misrepresentations that all .. Feb. discovery on § 512(f) is likely to be the same or similar as discovery on infringement. 1997) (permission to amend following a motion to dismiss is the usual practice and should be “freely given when justice so requires”). 2009. the courts in this Circuit routinely permit the amendment of pleadings in response to a motion to dismiss. 1993) (granting leave to file third amended complaint). and submits that each Counterclaim has been well-pled for purposes of Rule 12(b)(6). By contrast. Jan.Y. Further. A Partial Discovery Stay Would Not Be Proper Lastly.N. that it has numerous additional facts. in the accompanying Declaration. as this Court has ordered that all fact discovery be completed by March 31.
Cramp (pro hac vice) Michelle Hon (pro hac vice) Attorneys for MP3tunes. discovery for MP3tunes’ § 512(f) claim and affirmative defenses will be largely the same. Inc. There is nothing inequitable about their participating in discovery as well. the two hinge on the same factual findings. for all of the foregoing reasons. As such. Thus. EMI’s infringements claims are based on the alleged unauthorized copying. And they have imposed extreme discovery demands on MP3tunes. and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Declaration of Michael Robertson. CONCLUSION Accordingly. Discovery should proceed without further delay. distributing of copyrighted works on third party websites. Dated: New York. The EMI plaintiffs are fifteen record companies with enormous resources. MP3tunes believes that a significant portion of the links in the take-down notice were expressly or implicitly authorized by EMI for distribution and download. . grant leave to amend.25 - . Gulia John Dellaportas 1540 Broadway New York. The pivotal question is whether EMI has authorized the copying and distribution of these works. If EMI has authorized the distribution and copying of these works then there is no infringement. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 31 of 32 links in the take-down notice were directed to infringing works. Gulia Gregory P. in the alternative. They were the ones who needlessly launched this litigation based on bogus allegations. NY 10036 (212) 692-1000 Edward M. 2008 By: s/ Gregory P. MP3tunes respectfully requests the Court deny EMI’s motions to dismiss and stay discovery or. NY DUANE MORRIS LLP December 30.
1 . D.C.com Steven B. Fabrizio Jenner & Block LLP 601 Thirteenth Street. Case 1:07-cv-09931-WHP Document 64 Filed 12/30/2008 Page 32 of 32 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that I caused a copy of the foregoing to be served by electronic service via ECF this 30th day of December. Bart Jenner & Block LLP 919 Third Avenue.26 - . 20005 sfabrizio@jenner. 2008: Andrew H. NY 10022 abart@jenner. NW.com /s/ John Dellaportas ______________________________ DM1\1493327. Suite 1200S Washington. 37th Floor New York.

References: § 512
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 512
 v. 
 § 12
 v. 
 § 512
 § 512
 § 512
 § 512
 v. 
 § 512
 v. 
 § 512
 § 512
 § 512
 § 512
 § 512
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 4419
 § 349
 § 349
 v. 
 v. 
 § 194
 v. 
 § 130
 § 1
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 17200
 § 17200
 § 17200
 v. 
 § 512
 v. 
 v. 
 § 512
 § 512
 § 106
 § 301
 v.

 § 301
 § 106
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 2201
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 512
 § 512
 § 512