Source: https://chestofbooks.com/real-estate/Property-Law-In-Land/Constituents-And-Incidents-Of-Land-Part-31.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 02:42:24+00:00

Document:
The language of C. J. Lane, in Cassilly v. Rhodes, 12 Ohio, 95, does not, at first, appear to clash with that just cited. He says: 'If the question were between the grantor and grantee, whether growing crops, annual or other, pass by a deed of sale, it would be of easy solution. They are not, technically, 'emblements,' but 'issues,' or ' profits,' and part of the land, while in the owner's hands; and, unless excepted, pass by the deed, because it is construed most strongly against him who makes it." But his citation of authorities, 9 Cow. 39, 15 Mass. 159, would furnish a construction of his words such as would, if it must prevail, require a large modification of Mr. Gwynne's language. The latter writer says: '' Wheat growing is a chattel." C. J. Lane calls it a "part of the land while in the owner's hands." The true rule is not fully given by either. To Mr. Gwynne's rule, as well as to that of C. J. Lane, qualifications are to be annexed. Wheat growing is not always a chattel; nor even while the lands whereon it grows are held by the owner, is it always a part of the land. No question of reservation by parol was involved, or attempted to be raised in 12 Ohio. We are not called upon to overrule any decision, in saying, as we do, that growing corn, or the like, may sometimes be a mere chattel, though not always so, and on the other hand, may be such mere chattel, although unsevered from the lands, while the latter are in the hands of the owner himself.
Thus regarding the legal character of growing corn, or the like, we feel authorized to declare, that a parol reservation of it may be proven, notwithstanding a subsequent deed between the same parties, in the common form. And in so declaring, we make no departure from the wholesome rule of evidence, which gives so much respect to the solemn, written contracts of parties.
A deed purports to convey the realty. But what is the realty? Growing corn may be part of it, for some purposes, but it is generally to be considered as personalty. If the parties to a deed, either by words or their behavior, signify their understanding that as between them it is personalty, the law will so regard it and will respect their intention in the construction of the deed. When the evidence of such understanding is produced, it is not to contradict the deed, for with that it is perfectly consistent; but it is to show that what in some instances would go with the lands as part of the realty, was, in that case, converted into personalty by the will of the parties, and thus to hold the deed to its true meaning and effect.
There was no error in admitting the evidence objected to in this case.
The motion for new trial will be overruled, and judgment given for the defendant.
(2.) Exceptions or Reservations, - How to Be Made.
9 Cowen (N. Y.), 39. - 1828.
39 Illinois, 28. - 1865.
3 Ohio State, 438. - 1854.
(3.) Effect of Sale of Land on Foreclosure.
8 Wendell (N. Y.), 584 - 1832.
By the Court, Sutherland, J. - The question in this case is, whether the lessee of a mortgagor is entitled, as against the mortgagee to the crops growing on the mortaged premises at the time of the foreclosure and sale, the mortgagee having become the purchaser. In England the mortgagee may sustain an action of ejectment against the mortgagor or any one claiming under him, by title subsequent to the mortgage, without any notice to quit; they are considered mere tenants at will. Keech v. Hall, Doug. 21; Moss v. Gallimore, Id. 269; Pow. Mort. 205, 206, ch. 7. In this State, however, it has been held that a mortgagor is entitled to notice to quit before he can be treated as a trespasser, on the ground that there is an implied consent and agreement between him and the mortgagee, that the former may continue to occupy the premises. Jackson v. Longhead, 2 Johns. 75; Jackson v. Fuller, 4 Johns. 215; M'Kercher v. Hawley, 16 Johns. 289. A purchaser of the interest of the mortgagor, or a lessee under him, or any third person, stands upon the same footing here as in England, and is not entitled to notice to quit from the mortgagee. There is no privity of contract or estate between the mortgagee and such third person - as to him they are trespassers. 4 Johns. 215; 16 Id. 289; 20 Id. 61. The English doctrine, therefore, in relation to the rights of a mortgagee against a mortgagor or his grantees or assignees, is entirely applicable to this case.
In Keech v. Hall, Doug. 21, already referred to, the mortgagee brought an action of ejectment against a tenant, who claimed under a lease from the mortgagor, given after the mortgage without the privity of the mortgagee. Ld. Mansfield, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: "On full consideration we are all clearly of opinion, that there is no inference of fraud or concert against the mortgagee to prevent him from considering the lessee of the mortgagor as a wrongdoer." The question turns upon the agreement between the mortgagor and the mortgagee; when the mortgagor is left in possession, the true inference to be drawn is an agreement that he shall possess the premises at will in the strictest sense and, therefore, no notice is ever given him to quit and he is not even entitled to reap the crops as other tenants at will are because all are liable to the debt, on payment of which the mortgagee's title ceases. The mortgagor has no power, express or implied, to let leases not subject to every circumstance of the mortgage; the tenant stands exactly in the situation of the mortgagor.
This court, in M'Kerc/ier v. Hawley, 16 Johns. 292, also held that the relation subsisting between the mortgagor and mortgagee, did not imply a right on the part of the mortgagor to lease. The mortgagor, therefore, in giving a lease becomes as to the mortgagee a disseisor; vide also Jackson v. Hopkins, 18 Johns. 487; Jackson v. Dickerson, 6 Cow. 147; Woodf. 237; and if during the disseisin, he should cut down the grass, trees or corn growing on the land, the disseisee, after re-entry, may have an action of trespass vi et armis against him for the trees, grass or corn; for after re-entry, the law, as to the disseisor and his servants, supposes the freehold always to have continued in the disseisee, though perhaps trespass vi et armis would not lie against the lessee, for the fiction of law shall not by relation make him a wrongdoer vi et armis, who comes in by color of title, because in fictione juris semper aequitas existat Lifford's Case, 11 Co. 51. But though the lessee shall not be treated as a trespasser, still if he cuts the grass and trees, or sows the land and cuts and carries away the crops, they may be recovered by the disseisee after re-entry; the re-entry by relation vests the property in him, as well for the emblements as the freehold, and equally against the feoffee or lessee of the disseisor as against disseisor himself, though it will not, as against a person coming in by color of title, give him an action of trespass vi et armis. 11 Co. 51; Dyer, 31, 173; Pow, Mort. 213, 214, ch. 7. Mr. Powell observes, that as to emblements there is a distinction between tenants who have particular estates that are uncertain, defeasible by the act of the parties, or by the act of God, or those who have particular estates uncertain - defeasible by a right paramount; for in the latter case, he that hath the right paramount shall have the emblements. The mortgagee undoubtedly, as against the mortgagor and his grantees, has the paramount right. Mr. Powell considers the right of a mortgagee to emblements as against the lessee of the mortgagor, as necessarily resulting from the doctrine established by Ld. Mansfield, in Kerch v. Hall, Doug. 21, that a mortgagor has no right to lease; he observes, that he can see no ground on which the case of such lessee, as to emblements, can be distinguished from any other tenant under a tortious title; for if he be considered a wrongdoer as to his occupation of the premises, he cannot be considered in a different character as to the emblements, nor can there be any ground to imply a consent to cultivate the property, when no implication is admitted of a consent to occupy it. Jac. Law Dic, Emblements; 4 Rep. 21.

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