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Timestamp: 2019-04-22 02:03:11+00:00

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In this study, a new global earth system model is introduced for evaluating the optical performance of space instruments. Simultaneous imaging and spectroscopic results are provided using this global earth system model with fully resolved spatial, spectral, and temporal coverage of sub-models of the Earth. The sun sub-model is a Lambertian scattering sphere with a 6-h scale and 295 lines of solar spectral irradiance. The atmospheric sub-model has a 15-layer three-dimensional (3D) ellipsoid structure. The land sub-model uses spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDF) defined by a semi-empirical parametric kernel model. The ocean is modeled with the ocean spectral albedo after subtracting the total integrated scattering of the sun-glint scatter model. A hypothetical two-mirror Cassegrain telescope with a 300-mm-diameter aperture and 21.504 mm × 21.504-mm focal plane imaging instrument is designed. The simulated image results are compared with observational data from HRI-VIS measurements during the EPOXI mission for approximately 24 h from UTC Mar. 18, 2008. Next, the defocus mapping result and edge spread function (ESF) measuring result show that the distance between the primary and secondary mirror increases by 55.498 μm from the diffraction-limited condition. The shift of the focal plane is determined to be 5.813 mm shorter than that of the defocused focal plane, and this result is confirmed through the estimation of point spread function (PSF) measurements. This study shows that the earth system model combined with an instrument model is a powerful tool that can greatly help the development phase of instrument missions.
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» Visualization 1: AVI (1436 KB) RGB true-color images of the Earth from observing simulation without atmosphere, the instrument of the simulation shows diffraction limit performance.
» Visualization 2: AVI (1320 KB) RGB true-color images of the Earth from observing simulation, the instrument of the simulation shows diffraction limit performance.
Fig. 1 Illustration of specular (A) and scattering (B) ray tracing.
Fig. 2 Flowchart of the IRT method showing molecular atmosphere sub-model enveloping other sub-models within the earth system model.
Fig. 3 Flowchart of the molecular atmospheric sub-model.
Fig. 4 Flowchart of cloud sub-model.
Fig. 5 Flowchart of land, ocean, snow cover, and sea ice sub-models.
Fig. 6 Instrument design and traced rays.
Fig. 7 RGB true-color image from simulation and observation. Two movie files from the simulation and one movie file from the observation over 24 h are included. Visualization 1 shows the simulation images of the Earth surface without atmosphere. Visualization 2 is the simulation for the Earth with atmospheric components. Visualization 3 shows the Earth images from the EPOXI HRI-VIS observation.
Fig. 8 RGB composite images, edge map, defocus map, and magnified difference map of the observation and simulation maps of defocus aberration.
Fig. 9 Disk-averaged spectra of line-by-line simulation with IRT method.
(3) ℜ → S,j (λ, P → S,j , D → S,j , F S,j ,i,m,o, ℑ S,j ).
(9) BRD F land ( θ s , θ v , ϕ s , ϕ v ,λ)= K 0 (λ)+ K 1 (λ) F 1 ( θ s , θ v , ϕ s , ϕ v )+ K 2 (λ) F 2 ( θ s , θ v , ϕ s , ϕ v ).
(10) BRD F ocean ( θ s , θ v , ϕ s , ϕ v ,λ)=BRD F L (λ)+BRD F SG ( θ s , θ v , ϕ s , ϕ v ,λ).

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