Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/358/272/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 20:13:51+00:00

Document:
Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 358 › Hahn v. Ross Island Sand & Gravel Co.
Petitioner was injured while working on a barge used in connection with the dredging of and and gravel in a lagoon opening into a navigable river. His employer had rejected the State Workmen's Compensation Act, which provide that, in such cases, an injured employee may maintain in the courts a negligence action for damages. Petitioner brought such an action in a state court.
Held: Though his employer had accepted its coverage, nothing in the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act prevents petitioner from recovering in the state court. Pp. 358 U. S. 272-273.
214 Ore. 1, 320 P.2d 668, reversed and cause remanded.
By its terms, the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act does not apply "if recovery for the disability or death through workmen's compensation proceedings may . . . validly be provided by State law." § 3, 44 Stat. 1426, 33 U.S.C. § 903(a) (emphasis supplied). In Davis v. Department of Labor, 317 U. S. 249, we recognized that, in some cases, it was impossible to predict in advance of trial whether a worker's injury occurred in an operation which, although maritime in nature, was so "local" as to allow state compensation laws validly to apply under the limitations of Southern Pacific Co. v.
Jensen, 244 U. S. 205. As to cases within this "twilight zone," Davis, in effect, gave an injured waterfront employee an election to recover compensation under either the Longshoremen's Act or the Workmen's Compensation Law of the State in which the injury occurred. It seems plain enough that petitioner's injury occurred in the "twilight zone," and that recovery for it "through workmen's compensation proceedings," could have been, and in fact was, validly "provided by State law" -- the Oregon Workmen's Compensation Act. Ore.Rev.Stat. §§ 656.002-656.990. Therefore, the Longshoremen's Act did not bar petitioner's claim under state law. But, since his employer had elected to reject them, the automatic compensation provisions of the Oregon Workmen's Compensation Act did not apply to the claim. Section 656.024 of that law provides, however, that, when an employer has elected to reject the Act's automatic compensation provisions, his injured employee may maintain in the courts a negligence action for damages. Of course, the employee could not do this if the case were not within the "twilight zone," for then the Longshoremen's Act would provide the exclusive remedy. Since this case is within the "twilight zone," it follows from what we held in Davis that nothing in the Longshoremen's Act or the United States Constitution prevents recovery.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the Supreme Court of Oregon for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
This case poses a difficult and important issue of first impression. The Court decides it, I think, incorrectly.
The trial court entered judgment for the employer, notwithstanding a jury award in the petitioner's favor, and the judgment was affirmed by the Oregon Supreme Court, which held that the petitioner's sole remedy was under the federal statute. 214 Or. 1, 320 P.2d 668. It is that decision which is today reversed.
Case, 323 Mass. 162, 80 N.E.2d 478, affirmed per curiam sub nom. Bethlehem Steel Co. v. Moore, 335 U.S. 874.
Even accepting the premise that the circumstances surrounding Hahn's accident brought it within the twilight zone, no one had supposed until today that either Davis or the federal statute allowed an employee to spurn federal compensation and submit his claim to a state court jury. [Footnote 2] Chappell v. C. D. Johnson Lumber Corp., 112 F.Supp. 625, reversed on other grounds, 216 F.2d 873.
In the interest of a clear legislative purpose to provide the certainty and security of workmen's compensation, the "illogic" of a twilight zone was permitted. [Footnote 3] Such illogic should not be utilized to frustrate that very purpose. I would affirm the judgment.
The employer in such a case is deprived of the traditional common law defenses. Ore.Rev.Stat. § 656.024.
"(a) Compensation shall be payable under this chapter in respect of disability or death of an employee, but only if the disability or death results from an injury occurring upon the navigable waters of the United States (including any dry dock) and if recovery for the disability or death through workmen's compensation proceedings may not validly be provided by State law."
The twilight zone and its background have been much criticized and discussed. For summaries, see Gilmore and Black, The Law of Admiralty (1957), § 6-48; 2 Larson, The Law of Workmen's Compensation (1952), § 89.00 et seq.; Rodes, Workmen's Compensation for Maritime Employees: Obscurity in the Twilight Zone, 68 Harv.L.Rev. 637 (1955).

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