Source: https://es.scribd.com/document/292745801/Kultur-1-pdf
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 10:16:46+00:00

Document:
research and practice are discussed.
1999). 2000. norms. 2002. Waldron. and school change that is maintained over time (Dufour et al. McLeskey & Waldron. Grove. 2007. Walther-Thomas. including developing inclusive education for students with disabilities (Cole & McLeskey.. improved professional satisfaction. Englert & Tarrant. 1995. 2000). Fullan (1999. McLeskey & Waldron. successful school change was dependent on a high level of collaboration among professionals. Korinek. Although this research has provided much useful information regarding how schools are successfully changed (for an extensive review of this literature. Fisher et al. McLaughlin. 2007). The outcomes of re-culturing are demonstrated through new forms of interaction and professionalism surrounding activities such as joint problem solving. Waldron & McLeskey. 2000. see Fullan. improved instructional practices. it is likely that the particulars regarding such change . Wallace. 2006). Richardson. 1995). 2002a. 1998. improving student literacy using faculty teams (Irwin & Farr. 2000). McLeskey & Waldron. ‘‘re-culturing’’ is required. & Sax. Fisher & Frey. beliefs. research has revealed that such a collaborative culture or community leads to higher levels of trust and respect among colleagues. Waldron & McLeskey. There are no simple answers regarding how a school develops a collaborative culture. Fisher. 2006. a key finding relates to the critical role of collaboration in the school change process.. 2004. 2007) has described how such collaboration develops in a school as he suggests that rather than restructuring a school. 2000. McLeskey. & Pacchiano. 2000. These collaborative activities result in added value by generating multiple solutions to complex problems and by providing opportunities to learn from others as school professionals express and share expertise. & Bartholomay. Weller & McLeskey. Eaker. 2002a. & Williams. the professional literature includes descriptions and analyses of school improvement experiences that address collaboration in relation to a range of education initiatives. 2007. 1996). 2000. 2003. To change a school culture and create a more inclusive school. So. Friend & Cook. A school culture may be defined as the guiding beliefs and expectations evident in the way a school operates (Fullan.Collaborative Culture 59 The limited success of these school improvement efforts led researchers to examine how change could be accomplished in schools to improve teaching practices and increase student achievement. data sharing and analysis. 2002. Anderson. 2001. shared decision making. and preferred behaviors (Fullan. When these endeavors are part of a school change initiative. Swanson. 1998. & Many. In each of these examples. 2006. Joyce & Showers. and increasing student achievement through collaborative teacher learning and professional development (Dufour. & Loveland. More specifically. educators must question their beliefs about teaching and learning for students who struggle to learn and engage in a collaborative change process that results in new values. and distributed leadership (McLeskey & Waldron. 2003. Moreover. Waldron. 1997. better outcomes for all students. Fisher & Frey. McLeskey. Dufour. 2007).
we have found that these discussions are most beneficial if there is a focus on a clear explanation of what inclusion is and what will be expected of teachers in inclusive classrooms. high-quality professional development. BUILDING A COLLABORATIVE CULTURE AND COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL REFORM (CSR) The work we have done related to school improvement has focused on improving teacher practices that result in improved outcomes for all students. We have provided detailed information regarding this change process in previous publications (McLeskey & Waldron. these discussions should serve to convey to teachers that they are empowered to make the necessary changes to improve their school and classrooms. In addition. inclusion). 2006). inclusive schools.. 2000. L. . 2000. This is followed by a description of the most critical manifestation of this change process. 2002a. 1998. To a large degree. 1997. Even under the best of circumstances. 2002b. 2002a. Waldron and J. When CSR focuses on the development of effective. only a brief description of this CSR process is provided here. McLeskey vary depending on the context of a given school. McLeskey & Waldron. 2001. This work has placed significant emphasis on addressing the needs of students with disabilities in general education classrooms (i. Waldron et al. 2006). McLeskey et al. Waldron & McLeskey. The first step in the process of Comprehensive School Reform (CSR) that we have employed is a discussion among the entire school community regarding the importance of engaging in CSR to improve outcomes for all students. What we provide in this article is a brief description of a process for Comprehensive School Reform (CSR) that we have used to facilitate the re-culturing of schools as they develop collaborative cultures and address school improvement with the purpose of developing more effective. These discussions begin to give teachers and other professionals ownership of the school improvement activities and continue until teachers and other school professionals are well informed. Thus. 1999).e. We then address the need for leadership from the principal and others in a school that supports high-quality professional development and other collaborative school improvement efforts. 2000. this step is the beginning of an ongoing discussion regarding why it is important to engage in school improvement that results in the development of more inclusive placements and improves outcomes for all students. McLeskey & Waldron. 2002a.. inclusive schools (McLeskey & Waldron. these changes are difficult to achieve and may take several years to accomplish (Fullan. 2006. 2006) and have also written about the successful outcomes of these school improvement efforts for students and teachers (Cole & McLeskey.60 N. 2007..
Members of the team also may visit schools that have achieved success in meeting student needs. a large number of office referrals and suspensions) and make a determination that these issues should be addressed as part of CSR. 2002. the school principal. Smith. instruction. 2002b). School capacity is ‘‘the collective power of the full staff to improve student achievement school wide’’ (Newman. one of its first activities is to examine available data on student achievement and focus efforts on those groups of students whose academic achievement is below desirable levels (often disproportionately students with disabilities and those from high-poverty backgrounds). 2000).Collaborative Culture 61 Following this initial discussion and agreement of the principal and other professionals in the school to participate in CSR. The team members then examine their school to determine the current capacity to address student needs and how well this capacity is being used. 2007). This process may entail several meetings to ensure that the majority of the school staff is engaged in planning and thus is more likely to assume ownership of the proposed changes. Once this plan is developed. & VanDeHeyden. and so forth. Burns. school psychologists. We have included general and special education teachers. This entails the examination of factors such as student grouping. Once a team is formed. 2000. The size of the team has ranged from 8 to 20. Critical areas of professional development when developing inclusive programs include areas such as co-teaching. These activities are then followed by extensive professional development for school staff to get ready for the school change. p. This team consists of the principal and other professionals who are leaders in the school. the quality of core instruction in the general education classroom. it is shared with the entire school staff for reactions and changes. 2007.g. teacher assignments. 261). differentiating instruction. and so forth. a team is formed to lead the change process. depending on the size of the school and level of interest among the school staff (McLeskey & Waldron. school organization. The team may also focus on behavioral issues that exist in the school (e. and other school professionals on this team. This information is then used to develop a plan to increase the capacity of the school to address student needs. representing a range of perspectives on the issues being addressed. The team also might examine the extent to which seamless tiers of high-quality support are available for addressing student academic and behavioral needs (Eber. The CSR team then explores options for school change by consulting with school staff and outside experts on curriculum.. Sugai. L. King. Jimerson. & Youngs. & Scott. A critical aspect of increasing capacity is improving the skills of professionals to meet student needs through professional development. the CSR team takes responsibility for monitoring the changes to ensure they are working and to make additional changes . Once the changes are implemented. and evidence-based approaches for reading instruction (McLeskey & Waldron. Fuchs & Fuchs.
1997).. 2003. One of the clearest manifestations of the extent to which re-culturing has begun to occur in a school and a collaborative culture is emerging is the quality of the professional development activities that occur to support CSR. These assumptions include (Guskey. 2003) the following: . Lang & Fox. after reviewing research related to professional development. 2003. 2000. 2002. Harris. Fuchs. 2003. High-quality professional development is of critical importance in ensuring that teachers and other school professionals have the necessary skills to implement and sustain new practices that are needed to support inclusive programs. the CSR team has provided the initial model in a school for a learning community as it has built a sense of trust. and set the stage for teachers to take risks and experiment with options for increasing capacity and improving practice (McLeskey & Waldron. 2006). empowered teachers to make changes in school practices. Fuchs. Joyce and Showers (2002) concluded that 5–10% of teachers used practices that were presented using traditional forms of professional development. McLeskey as needed. developed and implemented a plan for CSR by collaborating with teachers and administrators schoolwide. Richardson. We address the components of high-quality professional development in the next section. teachers and other school professionals are empowered to make changes in school practices and are encouraged to take risks and experiment with options for increasing capacity and improving practices. 2003. D. Research in special education has reached similar conclusions (e. This monitoring includes examining student outcome data and obtaining feedback from participating teachers and administrators regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the program (McLeskey & Waldron. modeled collaborative problem solving to other professionals in the school.62 N. In these schools. Richardson & Placier. 2000. Richardson. 2001). Delivering this type of professional development has proven more difficult than most educators anticipated as many schools and districts use traditional forms of professional development activities that have proven largely ineffective ( Joyce & Showers.. Waldron and J. 2002a).g. In our work. L. 1996. & Roberts. THE CENTRAL ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN CSR A component of CSR that is integral to the development and maintenance of a collaborative culture as well as the continuous improvement of a school is high-quality professional development. Gersten et al. the CSR team has provided the foundation for developing a collaborative school culture as an effective. Lang & Fox. inclusive school is being developed. Through this process. 2002a. 1995. For example. Traditional professional development is built upon several assumptions that likely contribute to its lack of success.
Researchers in special education (Boudah & Mitchell. Lang & Fox. Joyce and Showers (2002) found that up to 95% of teachers implemented new practices when this form of professional development was used. change is viewed as a very difficult process. Vaughn & Coleman. research or evidence-based practices) is produced by researchers from outside of schools. Joyce & Showers. Teachers use effective practices in their classrooms with little or no change in how the practices are implemented. For example.g. including the determination of the topics that will be addressed and delivering the professional development. 2002b. Research on alternative forms of professional development has shown that when these activities are deeply situated within collaborative school cultures. Desimone. Birman. and 4. 1998. Porter. & Yoon. Furthermore. 1995. This type of professional development violates many of the assumptions regarding decision making in a school with a collaborative culture. 3. Guskey. and teachers are often characterized as recalcitrant and resistant when they do not implement the suggested change’’ (p. 2002. and teachers are consumers of research. Englert & Tarrant. Professional development is a linear process. 906). 2003. When traditional forms of professional development are employed.Collaborative Culture 63 1. After teachers receive information regarding effective practices. Gersten et al. 2001). 1998. 2001. Richardson and Placier (2001) note that when traditional professional development is used. Collaborative forms of professional development are designed with a constructivist approach to adult learning as a framework and assume that teachers actively participate in all aspects of professional development. with little or no need for attention to contextual factors or follow-up support. Professional development consists of describing and demonstrating for teachers practices that have been proven effective by research.. 1997. To further illustrate this point. teachers are viewed as passive recipients of research-based classroom practices. 2004) have confirmed these findings for special education teachers as collaborative forms of professional development result in significantly higher levels of implementation than traditional forms of professional development. professionals from outside the classroom hold ‘‘the power over change.. which are typically presented to large groups of teachers (i. it is assumed that collabora- . they are much more effective in changing teacher practices and improving student outcomes (Boudah & Mitchell. McLeskey & Waldron. with information moving from an outside expert to a teacher to the teacher’s classroom. 2. 20 or more) in short-term professional development workshops. Perhaps the most basic of these assumptions relates to the teacher as a passive recipient of information rather than as an active decision-maker. Richardson & Placier.. 2003.e. it is assumed they will apply this information in their classrooms with fidelity. Garet. Knowledge (e.
Addresses instructional practices and content knowledge that improve student outcomes. McLeskey & Waldron. 2. Is coherent and focused (i. These strategies also provide the social. the use of traditional approaches to professional development may undermine efforts to improve schools and create effective. 2002b). Thus. and dialogue about practices in order to be able to integrate them into school life. 4. dialogue. Richardson & Placier. Garet et al. 21) . job embedded. For example. collaborative professional development is much more time consuming and expensive than traditional forms of professional development (Lang & Fox. If collaborative professional development is to be effectively implemented in a school. emotional. Is actively supported by the school administration. McLeskey & Waldron. 2003). and learn from others. in improving learning and behavioral outcomes (Fox & Ysseldyke.e. Provides extensive follow-up (e. In spite of the effectiveness of collaborative professional development. 2003. 3.64 N.g. inclusive programs. 2001. 2003). Several researchers have speculated regarding barriers that might exist related to the implementation of more collaborative forms of professional development. question. 5. A second barrier to the use of collaborative professional development is the lack of a collaborative culture within many schools (Richardson. 2001) 1. more traditional forms of professional development continue to be widely used in schools (Lang & Fox. 2002b. Is school based. Guskey. Many schools in the United States continue to be characterized by teachers working in isolation. teach. 2003). 2003. Richardson. ensuring high levels of teacher buy-in. 2003). and long term. coaching) in teachers’ classrooms.. Collaborative strategies provide the context for teachers to explore. collaborative professional development relies heavily on peer-to-peer support and promotes reflection. Lang & Fox. it can be implemented only slowly and with far fewer teachers and schools than traditional professional development. L. (p. McLeskey tive professional development (Boudah & Mitchell. infrequently opening the classroom door and strongly protecting their individualism (Richardson. 2003. and 6.. 1997. Thus. especially those with disabilities. teachers must willingly open their classroom doors and work with. 2002b.. As Lang and Fox note. Waldron and J. and collaboration about teaching practices. and teachers do not develop and use in their classrooms the necessary new skills to effectively support students. not fragmented). McLeskey & Waldron. Is collaboratively built upon the practices and beliefs of teachers. 1998. and intellectual engagement with colleagues needed to change practice.
Fullan. McLeskey & Waldron. the use of high-quality professional development. Further. 2001. Watson. 2005. ‘‘decisions are not made by a single individual. and the successful implementation and maintenance of CSR activities (Firestone et al. changes in teacher practices that are needed to develop and sustain effective. 2007). McDaniel. LEADERSHIP TO SUPPORT A COLLABORATIVE CULTURE Although principals have long been the most important leaders in a school. Our work in developing inclusive schools. & Overly. Further. and counselors (Mangin. 2007. McLeskey. the principal ensures that teachers are empowered to make decisions regarding new practices that are implemented in their classrooms and is willing to take risks to implement these practices.Collaborative Culture 65 A final barrier to collaborative professional development is the lack of active support for and understanding of this form of professional development by the building administrator (Firestone. As Scribner and colleagues (Scribner. rather decisions emerge from collabora- . including teachers. as we discuss in the next section. In this section. Lacking such support. 2007) have noted. & Polovsky. 2007). 2005. Newmann et al. Mangin. in schools with a collaborative culture. 2000). as well as extensive research on models of CSR. the advent of site-based management and school improvement. Furthermore. schools with collaborative cultures have increased the need for leadership not only from the principal but from other school personnel as well. school psychologists. ensuring the coherence of changes.. Mangin. which are dependent upon a collaborative culture. has revealed that the principal is a key participant in ensuring the development of a collaborative culture. Waldron. 2000).. Newmann et al. 1996. 2000. Sawyer. 2007). Martinez. 2005. we address the critical role the principal plays in ensuring that leadership is distributed across a range of school personnel as well as the role of school leaders in supporting the development and maintenance of a collaborative culture. and building school capacity to address student needs. the very nature of schools that have a collaborative culture requires a different type of leadership and decision making than traditional schools. & Myers.. inclusive schools are not likely to occur. Distributing Leadership Much research has indicated that the many supervisory and instructional leadership activities that are the responsibility of the principal are too numerous for one person to adequately address (Fullan. has increased the demands for leadership that are placed on them (Firestone & Riehl. Marks & Nance.
2007. For example. 70). in these less successful settings. 2000). Scribner et al. L. When these endeavors are undertaken. 2007. In addition. empower school personnel to share responsibility for decision making. For . Furthermore. 2002a). These activities form the core of distributed leadership as principals in schools with collaborative cultures. classroom and schoolwide behavior management. no single individual has the broad range of knowledge or skills regarding general and special education to provide leadership for every aspect of school change (McLeskey & Waldron. Thus.66 N. and support of teacher leaders were significant barriers to the development of the successful distribution of leadership responsibilities. Waldron and J. when leadership is distributed it is assumed that teachers and other school personnel will take leadership roles and share in decision making regarding changes in instructional practices. and frequently communicates the expectation of instructional improvement (Mangin. many factors may impede the development of successful distributed leadership in a school. York-Barr & Duke. interaction. Supporting the Development of a Collaborative Culture Although distributed leadership is perhaps the most significant action a principal can take to help develop and support a collaborative culture in a school. However. This results in leadership that ‘‘occurs through the complex network of relationships and interactions among the entire staff of the school’’ (p. of necessity. This form of leadership and decision making leads to increased teacher trust and buy-in for change initiatives as well as increased student achievement (Mangin. changes in curriculum and instruction.. the use of evidence-based practices in basic skill areas. Distributed leadership may include persons to provide leadership regarding the process of school change. engaged in mutually dependent activities’’ (p. principals had little interaction with teacher leaders and were disinterested in the role. less knowledge. and other areas (McLeskey & Waldron. Mangin found that teacher leadership was least successful in schools where principals had little knowledge of teacher leadership and models of distributed leadership and failed to communicate to all school personnel the importance of these roles. Principals support the development of distributed leadership by being explicit regarding their willingness to share leadership responsibilities with others and by empowering others to share in decision making regarding substantive issues. For example. teacher leaders are more successful when the principal provides vocal support for the teacher leaders. We have found that distributed leadership is indispensable in school change efforts that address the development of effective. 2004). 68). expresses an expectation that others will work with them. several other activities have been shown to be important. McLeskey tive dialogues between many individuals. inclusive schools. 2007).
2006). Scribner. such as the appearance of ‘‘groupthink’’ (i.. Fullan (2000) has noted that schools with a collaborative culture do not take on the greatest number of new practices. The principal also plays a key role in a collaborative culture by ensuring that goals are explicit and continue to be clear to all as decision making occurs and that expectations for school improvement and student outcomes are high. Giles & Hargreaves. For example. but they are selective and work to ensure that the in- . a principal might present data regarding the extent to which students with disabilities are included in general education classrooms and academic outcomes for these students. principals who successfully support collaborative cultures ensure that their active support for such a culture is obvious to all. ensuring that school personnel feel they will be supported in risk taking as they move toward school goals. Hager. 2002).e. An excellent opportunity to model this collaboration occurs when goals for school improvement are being determined. 2007. a critical action a principal engages in to support a collaborative culture is to model collaboration in working with other professionals in the school. a collaborative culture cannot exist within a school unless the principal understands what a collaborative culture is and why it is important (i. By working collaboratively with the school staff to determine these goals. A principal’s actions must model and support a collaborative culture in many ways. Through these and other similar activities. 2000. 2006). Ensuring Coherence A major responsibility of a principal in a school with a collaborative culture is providing direction and ensuring coherence as decision making occurs (Hoppey. Other actions taken by a principal to demonstrate this support include addressing issues such as developing a climate of trust within the school. the principal then empowers teachers to work collaboratively to identify goals for increasing inclusive placements and improving student outcomes and determine how this will be achieved (McLeskey & Waldron. As these goals are being addressed. if such a culture is to develop and flourish. & Warne.. both large and small.Collaborative Culture 67 example. knowledge regarding collaborative cultures) and actively supports the development and maintenance of such a culture (Mangin. This ensures that school improvement endeavors engaged in by school staff are coherent and manageable and that the focus of decision making remains on improving teaching practice and student outcomes as agreed upon by stakeholders in the school. 2006).e. where members of a group insulate themselves from alternative ideas. the principal not only models collaboration but also empowers other school personnel to make decisions and ensures that a large proportion of the school staff buys in to the school improvement plan. and addressing dysfunctions in the collaborative culture. After discussing these data with teachers.
These demands may be managed by using a range of strategies.68 N. 2000). Two years later. After extensive discussion. This results in a consistency of focus and allows for more time and resources to be focused on carefully circumscribed professional development activities. the principal and staff of this school determined that the timing for CSR to develop inclusive programs was appropriate and successfully engaged in these activities. Such an approach results in the opportunity to provide high-quality professional development that includes modeling of effective practices and follow-up support or coaching as practices are implemented in teachers’ classrooms. Firestone and colleagues (2005) contend that coherent professional development should address fewer areas in more depth and thus allow for effective follow-up. from buffering against external demands by making strategic decisions to engage these demands in limited ways. Newmann et al. 2004. 2006). inclusive programs was appropriate. to bridging external demands by shaping the terms of compliance to align with goals of the unique school setting (Honig & Hatch. as some of these demands require a response and also may offer resources for meeting school goals (Honig & Hatch. L. In addition. This relates not only to internal agreement on goals and the focus of activities by the school staff but also to managing demands that are placed on the school from external audiences (e. the principal and staff determined that too many school improvement endeavors were being addressed and decided not to engage in CSR related to inclusion. accountability standards mandated by state education agencies) that threaten coherence and successful school improvement (Honig & Hatch. after completing several ongoing school improvement activities. Hoppey. Waldron and J. fragmentation of these efforts often results in confusion for school professionals regarding the focus of improvement efforts and how the different components of school improvement relate . In short. We have seen many examples of principals working with staff to ensure coherence of change activities.. Thus. To illustrate. 2004. Furthermore. McLeskey novations implemented closely connect to the established goals the school is addressing. 2000) as resources (both time and money) are diminished by focusing on activities that are not central to the goals of school improvement. Hoppey.. schools with collaborative cultures actively attack incoherence as they focus on established goals and use resources effectively and efficiently.g. 2006. a principal met with outside change agents and school staff to determine if the timing for engaging in CSR to develop effective. In one instance. If the principal is not successful in actively managing the coherence of school improvement activities. schools limit the influence of external organizations but do not eliminate these connections. a principal in a school with a collaborative culture works to ensure coherence as school improvement endeavors are carried out. 2004). his or her school will have difficulty achieving school improvement goals (Fullan.
it is critical that leaders of these endeavors ensure that the school infrastructure is evaluated to reorganize available time and make appropriate time available for collaborative work (Irwin & Farr. Capacity includes concrete and tangible elements such as finances. These suggestions emphasize the organization of school schedules to provide common planning time. personnel. plan. Materials and resources. 2007). and time are some of the components of school infrastructure. prioritizing activities that allow teachers to meet and collaborate. 2007. efficient instruction. Time is obviously a scarce resource in schools. and designating time within the workday for professional learning. regrouping students for more effective. When working to establish a collaborative school culture. A critical role of the principal and other leaders in CSR efforts is to ensure that the focus of change efforts stays on building school capacity to address student needs. Building School Capacity School capacity refers to the infrastructure and resources available within a school to address student needs. 2006). 2007). When schools develop collaborative cultures. when fragmentation occurs. As plans for CSR are developed. Indeed. altering responsibilities of individuals or groups of professionals. rethinking staff and student groupings to allow groups of professionals to collaborate. scheduling. professional roles and responsibilities. One difficulty that often arises as teachers work on CSR activities and alter the nature and scope of their professional interactions with others is ensuring that time is available for these activities.Collaborative Culture 69 to one another. Sever & Bowgren. . This is especially important when general and special educators work to develop inclusive programs. School capacity is a final area where principal leadership is important to ensure a successful collaborative school change effort. Khorsheed. and scheduling as well as intangible elements such as school climate and vision. When developing inclusive programs. Addressing the extent to which a school’s infrastructure is designed to meet student needs is a key element for building capacity. this may involve using a new. 2000). infrastructure changes operate to both support the conditions for collaboration and to generate new possibilities for interaction. but rather they use time in new ways to focus on the work at hand (Khorsheed. evidence-based instructional practice or program. and deliver services (McLeskey & Waldron. 2007. 2007). this is the primary reason a collaborative culture exists (Fullan. Changes to infrastructure serve to empower professionals and also support changes in classroom practice (Friend & Cook. or changing daily schedules to include time for professionals to interact. educators do not necessarily find new time. Others have offered suggestions for how to address the time demands of collaboration (Friend & Cook. 2004). the capacity of a school to address student needs is diminished. Thus.
McLeskey. accomplishing the goal of providing students with disabilities and other struggling learners with the educational options that will enable them to achieve their potential requires deep and sustainable partnerships among school professionals.70 N. counselors. School psychologists. These changes will require re-culturing schools to develop a collaborative culture. Gates et al. 2006). & Rentz. counselors. McLeskey CONCLUSION Although we have made great progress in recent years in providing students with disabilities access to general education classrooms and curriculum (McLeskey. & Flippin. 2000. L. Williamson. special educators. Hoppey. and other school personnel may take to facilitate the development of a collaborative culture and the implementation of CSR activities as inclusive schools are developed? 4. 2006. CSR is an effective means of creating school culture that permits these dreams to become reality. What are leadership roles that school psychologists. Waldron and J. How are school improvement activities and a collaborative culture sustained in a school with significant teacher and administrator turnover (Fisher et al. 2004)? 2. and other professionals will play critical roles in these school improvement activities. Hoppey. teachers. McLeskey. This is especially the case in relation to the development of effective. Our understanding of how collaborative school cultures develop and influence school improvement efforts has grown considerably in recent years as a result of research that has provided rich descriptions of individual schools as well as analyses of the characteristics and factors that either support or impede the change process.. . What are unique issues faced in CSR activities when addressing the development of inclusive programs to improve teacher practices and outcomes for students with disabilities? Ultimately. inclusive services for students with disabilities. further research is needed to provide additional understanding regarding how successful school improvement efforts are developed and sustained over time. the delivery of high-quality professional development. ensuring that expertise is available and shared with collaborative partners to develop high-quality programs and improve teacher practices. inclusive programs that change teacher practices and improve student outcomes. Critical topics that research might address include these: 1.. and strong leadership within schools. & Rentz. 2002)? 3. CSR shows great promise for ensuring the development of effective. Tyler. Williamson. 2004. In spite of this progress. What is the context of schools and school districts that support (or inhibit) the delivery of high-quality professional development as inclusive schools are being developed ( Joyce & Showers.
New York: Teachers College Press. (1994). K. Harvard Educational Review... 37. (1999). 213– 227. Implementing inclusion at the middle school level: Lessons from a negative example. G. (2003). M. Teaching Exceptional Children. B. Fuchs. C. The Journal of Special Education. & Schirmer. & Riehl. C. Myths about changing schools and the case of special education. (1998).. Fisher. R. Leading coherent professional development: A comparison of three districts. Inclusive schools movement and the radicalization of special education reform.Collaborative Culture 71 REFERENCES Boudah.. T. Focus on Exceptional Children.). Change forces: The sequel. Fuchs. Fuchs. (2006). A new agenda for research in educational leadership. K. & Sax. 1–26. (2005). R. Remedial and Special Education. 10. (2002).. T. (2005). J. Fullan. 10–15. 1–15. The real thing. Remedial and Special Education. N. (1997). Creating collaborative cultures for educational change. What is special about special education? Overview and analysis. L.. L. Inclusive urban schools. (2003). Interactions: Collaboration skills for school professionals (5th ed.. Cuban. L. C. Bridging the research-to-practice gap with Mainstream Assistance Teams: A cautionary tale. C. London: Falmer. Dufour. & Ysseldyke. 43–47.. 16(6).. 100. N. 75–82. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Mangin. School Administrator.. (2000).. Cook. 60. 413–448. 17(2)... 294–309. (1995). Friend. C. W. M. R. & Polovsky. Elmore. M. Journal of Staff Development. Firestone. & Roberts.. Dufour. (1995). L. Grove.). 11. 581– 584. 64(1). . M. L.. 325–336. IN: Solution Tree. The new meaning of educational change (3rd ed.. & Many. & Cook. 353. L. A model for implementing responsiveness to intervention. & McLeskey. & Scott. The resilience of changes promoting inclusiveness in an urban elementary school. T. 81. V. Elementary School Journal. 39(5). A. Wrap-around and positive behavior interventions and supports in the schools.. Cole. M. D. D. Fuchs. Fox. Fullan. (1996). & Frey. (Eds. Exceptional Children. Sugai. Eaker. (1997). M. New York: Teachers College Press. & Mitchell. Leading professional learning: Think ‘‘system’’ and not ‘‘individual school’’ if the goal is to fundamentally change the culture of schools. (1996). Fullan. D. School Psychology Quarterly. The three stories of education reform. & Tarrant. J. Martinez. 14–20. (2000). Learning by doing: A handbook for professional learning communities at work. 244–266. (2007). Baltimore: Brookes. Firestone.. D. (2001). Exceptional Children. Educational Administration Quarterly... Fisher. D. P. M. D.). Phi Delta Kappan. M. 63(10). (2006). Getting to scale with good educational practice. 29(6). & Fuchs.. (2007). Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.. B. Eber. 19(3). Secondary inclusion programs for students with mild disabilities. 171–180... Englert. R. Harris. Fullan. Smith. W. 41. Bloomington. & Fuchs. 200–205. 81–98. 66(1).
B. C.. Khorsheed.. Marks. Jimerson. (2006). 65(1). A. 33(8). J. NASSP Bulletin. M. (2007). S. & Fox. 30.. The sustainability of innovative schools as learning organizations and professional learning communities. B. (2003). 43.. Hoppey.. M. New York: Teachers College Press.. 4–20. Giles. (2002). 28(2). (2004). . 3–37. Educational Administration Quarterly. Crafting coherence: How schools strategically manage multiple. NY: Longman.. McLeskey. Williamson. Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of assessment and intervention.. Collaborative school communities that support teaching and learning. Santibanez. & Showers.. 343–363. (1995). Mobility and turnover among principals. K.. 17–26. Educational Administration Quarterly. Gainesville. Educational Researcher. Change without difference: School restructuring in historical perspective. Irwin. A. 16–30. Student achievement through staff development. Reading & Writing Quarterly.. Lang.. J.). R. L. Joyce. Contexts of accountability under systemic reform: Implications for principal influence on instruction and supervision. What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers. M. (Eds. 109–115. M. S. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. A. 915–945. New York: Teachers College Press. & Nance. McLeskey Fullan. D. & Stiegelbauer. & Brown.72 N. The new meaning of educational change (4th ed. New York: Springer. 42(1). What we know about using research findings: Implications for improving special education practice. The man in the principal’s office: Revisiting Harry Wolcott’s research during an era of increased complexity and high stakes accountability. The new meaning of educational change.. Honig. & Rentz. VA: ASCD. (2003). Guskey. Journal of Learning Disabilities. Goodman. (1995). T. J. (2004).. Garet. 124–156. L. D. Hoppey. Guarino. (2006). M. T.). 319–357. M. S.. W. (2004). Harvard Educational Review. & Hatch. (2007). J. Learning Disabilities: Research & Practice. Analyzing lists of the characteristics of effective professional development to promote visionary leadership. A. J. K. Vaughn. Joyce.. E. external demands. L. Mangin. Breaking with tradition: Providing effective professional development for instructional support personnel supporting students with severe disabilities. 20. Student achievement through staff development: Fundamentals of school renewal (2nd ed. 25.. Birman. Facilitating elementary principals’ support for instructional teacher leadership. & Hargreaves. & VanDeHeyden. Journal of Staff Development. Ringel. 43. C. Ghosh-Dastidar. 26(1). 4 places to dig deep: To find more time for teacher collaboration. P. T. Economics of Education Review. (2007).. American Educational Research Journal. & Farr. (3rd ed. B. D. (2006).). 87(637). 1–29. Is inclusion an illusion? An examination of national and state trends toward the education of students with learning disabilities in general education classrooms. Porter. Educational Administration Quarterly. Desimone. B. (2001). 466–476... L. 289–302. (1997). (2007).. Waldron and J.. S. 43–45. Gersten. H. University of Florida. (2007). B.).. Alexandria.. M. 19(2). Fullan. & Schiller. & Showers. B. White Plains. Burns.. 38. Teacher Education and Special Education. Deshler. & Yoon. W. Gates. (1991).
. 37. N. So. Sever. The paradox of professional community: Tales from two high schools. S. In V. M.. & Coleman.. F. The supply of and demand for special education teachers: A review of research regarding the nature of the chronic shortage of special education teachers. 84. Sawyer. (2007). 24. Skiba. (1987). VA: ASCD. Teacher change. 905–947). & Walberg. D. M. The necessary restructuring of special and regular education. 53. Swanson. (2006). & Wilcox. 43(1). Hager. J. & Overly. Journal of Special Education. 269–278. McLeskey. P. N. (2002a). P. H. Perspectives of teachers toward inclusive school programs. J. J. The impact of a full-time Inclusive School Program (ISP) on the academic achievement of students with mild and severe learning disabilities. Phi Delta Kappan. Newmann. (1983).. & Waldron.. McLeskey.. & Waldron.. (2004). & Waldron. The role of mentoring in promoting use of research-based practices in reading. Richardson. Washington. Teacher Education and Special Education. Watson. J. & Bowgren. 38(1). J. Alexandria. 395–405. 64. 25(1). L. V. DC: AERA. pp.. N. Wang. N. N. 5– 21. J.. Inclusive education in action: Making differences ordinary. J. (2001). 259–299. 3(1). Vaughn. King. T.. 65–72. Washington. Teacher Educator. & Myers. Waldron.. Reform and special education: A mainstream perspective. Richardson. McLeskey. 45– 76. Teacher change and the staff development process: A case in reading instruction. McLeskey. & Warne.Collaborative Culture 73 McLeskey. 108(4). 25–38. (2004). Developing inclusive elementary programs: The principal’s perspective.. 84(1). & Waldron... L. N. Exceptional Children. R.. Waldron. National Commission on Excellence in Education. N. American Journal of Education. Teacher teams and distributed leadership: A study of group discourse and collaboration. 105–118. School change and inclusive schools: Lessons learned from practice.. D.. M. Comprehensive school reform and inclusive schools: Improving schools for all students. Remedial and Special Education.. & Placier. 45. Special Education Leadership Review.. Reynolds. DC: Author. Richardson.. (1996). Waldron. T. 391–398. M. H. C.. Theory into Practice. Tyler. K. Scribner. (2000). C.. (2003). McDaniel. C. J. & McLeskey. 24(2). (1996).. Richardson (Ed. Phi Delta Kappan. B. K. Journal of Special Education. A nation at risk. 20–23. (1998). J. N. S.. 401–406. (1990). S. Shaping the workday. V. (2007).. 38(1). 159–172. J. V. R. Educational Administration Quarterly.). & Loveland. (2002). 319–325. Professional development and inclusive schools: Reflections on effective practice. The dilemmas of professional development. 108–115. Journal of Staff Development. McLeskey. 28(2). Scribner. & Youngs.. T. Exceptional Children. (2000).. (2002b). . Educational Administration Quarterly. Handbook of research on teacher education (4th ed.. & Flippin. McLeskey. V. J.. McLeskey. New York: Teachers College Press. C. Professional development that addresses school capacity: Lessons from urban schools. (2001). 67–100.
and Early Childhood Studies at the University of Florida. 347–361.. & Bartholomay. Exceptional Children. & Williams. 411–415. T. is an Associate Professor in the School of Special Education. T. & Rentz. N. D. McLeskey. L. Educating children with learning problems: A shared responsibility. & Duke. K.. B. 255–316. Weller. 349–381. J. Giving teachers a voice: Teachers’ perspectives regarding elementary Inclusive School Programs (ISPs). School Psychology. & Pacchiano. Will. . Educating students with mental retardation in general education classrooms: An analysis on national and state trends. J. C. Hoppey. McLeskey. and previously held a faculty position at Indiana UniversityBloomington. Remedial and Special Education. James McLeskey. A. Review of Educational Research. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation. 52. inclusive schools. 141–153. 22. Her research interests include inclusive schools and the implementation and evaluation of instructional support systems within a Response to Intervention (RtI) model. What do we know about teacher leadership? Findings from two decades of scholarship. D. (2004). M. D.. McLeskey Waldron. & McLeskey. decisions. (2000). Block scheduling and inclusion in a high school: Teacher perceptions of the benefits and challenges. His research interests include factors contributing to the development of effective.. (2002). Collaboration: An element associated with the success of four inclusive high schools. (2000). MA: Allyn & Bacon. P. and issues influencing teacher learning and the translation of research based methods into practice. 209–218. 21. Exceptional Children. York-Barr. Collaboration for inclusive education: Developing successful programs. (1999). (1986). L. is currently a Professor in the School of Special Education. 72.. She earned her doctorate in School Psychology from Indiana University-Bloomington. V. Wallace. effective methods for achieving school reform/improvement. Nancy L. Williamson. School Psychology..74 N. T. J.. He earned his doctorate from Georgia State University. Walther-Thomas. L.. J. Anderson. Needham Heights. (2006). 74. Waldron and J. Teacher Education and Special Education.. PhD. McLaughlin. T. PhD. Korinek.. and Early Childhood Studies at the University of Florida. Waldron. 13.. R. or work presented in this manuscript.. Note: The authors report that to the best of their knowledge neither they nor their affiliated institutions have financial or personal relationships or affiliations that could influence or bias the opinions.
Copyright of Journal of Educational & Psychological Consultation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. download. users may print. or email articles for individual use. . However.

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.