Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/325/687/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 19:59:16+00:00

Document:
Decedent purchased from an insurance company two single premium contracts. The first contract insured the decedent's life and provided for payment of the proceeds to his wife or, if she predeceased him, to their daughters, and if the decedent survived all beneficiaries, the proceeds were to be paid to his executors or administrators. The second contract, which the decedent was required to purchase in lieu of a physical examination, provided for semi-annual payments to the decedent during his lifetime and for payment of a specified amount to his wife upon his death, or, if she predeceased him, to the daughters, and if they were not then living, to his estate. Each contract provided that the wife, during her lifetime, should have the right to assign it, to borrow money on it, to receive dividends, to change the beneficiaries, and to surrender the contract and obtain its cash surrender value. If the wife predeceased the decedent, those powers were to pass to him. Decedent was 63 years of age when the contracts were purchased, and died nearly five years later, survived by his wife and daughters. His wife had not surrendered, assigned or alienated either contract prior to his death.
1. The contracts, which must be considered together, involved no true insurance risk; therefore, § 302(g) of the Revenue Act of 1926, relating to amounts receivable "as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life," was inapplicable. Helvering v. Le Gierse, 312 U. S. 531. P. 325 U. S. 690.
2. For purposes of the federal estate tax, the proceeds of the contracts were includible in the gross estate of the decedent, under § 302(c) of the Revenue Act of 1926, as an interest of which the decedent had made an inter vivos transfer "intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after his death." P. 325 U. S. 690.
3. The decedent's death was the decisive fact that terminated all of his potential rights and insured the complete ripening of the wife's interests. The transfer of the proceeds of the contracts having been effectuated finally and definitely at the decedent's death, § 302(c) requires that those proceeds be included within the decedent's gross estate. P. 325 U. S. 692.
4. The essential element here is the decedent's possession of a reversionary interest at the time of his death, which postponed until then the determination of the ultimate possession or enjoyment of the property. The existence of such an interest constitutes an important incident of ownership sufficient, in itself, to support the imposition of the estate tax. Helvering v. Hallock, 309 U. S. 106. P. 325 U. S. 692.
5. Imposition and computation of the federal estate tax are based upon interests in actual existence at the time of the decedent's death. Events which would have extinguished the decedent's reversionary interest had they occurred, but which did not occur, must be ignored. P. 325 U. S. 693.
Certiorari, 324 U.S. 833, to review the affirmance of a judgment, 52 F.Supp. 704, dismissing the complaint in a suit for a refund of federal estate taxes.
(2) Under the annuity contract, the decedent paid a single premium of $12,142.92. The contract provided for semi-annual payments of $386.51 to be made to the decedent during his lifetime and for payment of $6,071.46 to his wife upon his death or, if she predeceased him, to their daughters or, if they were dead, to his estate.
By the terms of each contract, the wife had the unrestricted right to assign it, to borrow money on it, to receive dividends, to change the beneficiaries, and to surrender the contract and obtain the surrender value thereof. The contracts designated her as the "Owner" or "Purchaser," the decedent being called the "Insured" or "Annuitant." In the event that the wife should predecease the decedent, the contracts provided that all of the enumerated powers were to vest in the decedent to the extent that such powers had not otherwise been exercised by the wife.
The decedent was 63 years old when the contracts were issued. He died nearly five years later, on February 23, 1938, survived by his wife and daughters. His wife had not surrendered, assigned, or alienated either contract prior to his death. The Equitable Life Assurance Society thereupon paid the widow $6,071.46 under the annuity contract, $18,928 under the life contract, and $182.24 as accumulated dividends, making a total of $25,181.70.
Helvering v. Le Gierse, 312 U. S. 531, makes it plain that these two contracts, which must be considered together, contain none of the true elements of insurance risk. Section 302(g) of the Act, relating to amounts receivable "as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life," is therefore inapplicable. The sole question, then, is whether the proceeds of the contracts are includible in the decedent's gross estate under Section 302(c) as the subject of a transfer intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after the decedent's death. That question we answer in the affirmative.
dispositions of property operative at death. It thus sweeps into the gross estate all property the ultimate possession or enjoyment of which is held in suspense until the moment of the decedent's death or thereafter. Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. v. Rothensies, 324 U. S. 108, 324 U. S. 111. In so doing, Section 302(c) pierces all the verbiage of "unwitty diversities of the law of property." Helvering v. Hallock, supra, 309 U. S. 118. Testamentary dispositions of an inter vivos nature cannot escape the force of this section by hiding behind legal niceties contained in devices and forms created by conveyancers.
In this instance, the decedent carefully procured the issuance of two contracts in his wife's name without possessing for a measurable period most of the usual attributes of ownership over the contracts. But this procedure does not conceal the fact that decedent used these contracts as a means of effecting a transfer of approximately $25,000 of his estate to the natural objects of his bounty. Nor does it negative the fact that this inter vivos transfer possessed all the indicia of a testamentary disposition. There was, in other words, a "transfer of property procured through expenditures by the decedent with the purpose, effected at his death, of having it pass to another." Chase National Bank v. United States, 278 U. S. 327, 278 U. S. 337. Section 302(c) must therefore be brought to bear.
the proceeds of the two contracts would automatically have been payable to his estate when he died. Thus, the ultimate disposition of the proceeds of the contracts was suspended until the moment of decedent's death. Only then did the respective interests of the wife and daughters become fixed; only then were their interests freed from the contingency of the decedent's survival. His death was the decisive fact that terminated all of his potential rights and insured the complete ripening of the wife's interests. The transfer of the proceeds of the contracts having been effectuated finally and definitely at the decedent's death, as in the Hallock case, Section 302(c) requires that those proceeds be included within the decedent's gross estate.
The essential element in this case, therefore, is the decedent's possession of a reversionary interest at the time of his death, delaying until then the determination of the ultimate possession or enjoyment of the property. The existence of such an interest constitutes an important incident of ownership sufficient by itself to support the imposition of the estate tax. Helvering v. Hallock, supra. The indefeasibility of that interest prior to death or the decedent's possession of other powers of ownership is unnecessary and indecisive of estate tax liability.
The disappearance of a decedent's reversionary interest, together with the resulting estate tax liability, prior to death through events beyond the decedent's control, is a possibility in many situations such as the one in issue. [Footnote 3] Likewise, a reversionary interest may become vested prior to a decedent's death because of the occurrence of other events beyond the realm of the decedent's volition and unconnected in any way with his death. But the imposition and computation of the estate tax are based upon the interests in actual existence at the time of the decedent's death. It follows that only those events that actually occurred prior to that moment can be considered in determining the existence and value of the taxable interests. Events that might have but failed to take place so as to erase a decedent's reversionary interest must be ignored; such unrealized possibilities, if significant at all, only add to the remoteness of the reversionary interest.
In our view of the case, we need not consider the alternative argument urged by the United States to the effect that the specific amendments to Section 302(c) are also applicable since the decedent actually received an annual return from the contracts for a period which did not in fact end before his death. Nor do we reach any questions of valuation of the decedent's reversionary interest such as those which were decided in Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. v.
Rothensies, supra, and Commissioner v. Estate of Field, 324 U. S. 113.
"The value of the gross estate of the decedent shall be determined by including the value at the time of his death of all property, real or personal, tangible or intangible, wherever situated, except real property situated outside of the United States --"
The judgment below is stated by the United States to be inconsistent with the result reached in Lloyd's Estate v. Commissioner, 141 F.2d 758, and to be in harmony with Bailey v. United States, 31 F.Supp. 778. The United States also claims that the result below is inconsistent with the same court's prior affirmance of Estate of Ballard v. Commissioner, 47 B.T.A. 784, aff'd, 138 F.2d 512. In view of the manner of our disposition of the instant case, however, we have no occasion to determine whether these asserted conflicts exist, or whether the decision here necessarily controls the factual situations presented in these other cases.
Thus, in Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. v. Rothensies, 324 U. S. 108, the decedent's contingent power of appointment was exercisable only if her two daughters died before her and left no surviving descendants. If the daughters died first, but left surviving descendants, it would be certain before the decedent's death that her power of appointment would be nugatory. But such a contingency did not happen. At the time when the decedent died, there was still the possibility that her power of appointment might be effective. The fact that the power of appointment might have been destroyed prior to the decedent's death did not prevent the imposition of the estate tax. The decedent's death was still the decisive factor which enlarged and matured the interests of the daughters.
The court's decision repudiates Helvering v. Hallock, 309 U. S. 106, and other cases which have applied its reasoning. We have recently been told that the question whether, within the intent of the Revenue Acts, a transfer is "intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after" the grantor's death is to be decided not by the terminology of conveyancing or the ancient real property law respecting vested and contingent estates, possibilities of reverter, and the like. We have been warned that the taxpayer and his estate must have regard to substance, rather than to form, in answering the question whether the transfer becomes complete only at the transferor's death. I have assumed that the tax gatherer could not ignore the same test. Here, I think the Commissioner is permitted to do just that. In order to reach substance in disregard of form, this court only recently has treated two independent contracts, one for insurance and the other for an annuity, as constituting but a single transaction, and amounting to a gift in favor of the beneficiary of the insurance policy. Helvering v. Le Gierse, 312 U. S. 531.
his wife, was no different in substance or effect than an outright gift of money or property to her.
The decedent paid some $14,000 as a single premium for a policy by which the insurer agreed to pay some $18,000 to the beneficiaries named -- that is, to his wife, if living, if she were dead, to his two daughters. The policy was issued to the wife and designated her as the owner of it. She had the following powers: to change the beneficiary without the husband's consent, to surrender the contract, assign or pledge it without his consent or that of any subsequent owner, change the form or plan of insurance (without reference to the insured, any beneficiary or subsequent owner), to surrender the contract and receive a specified cash value, to borrow on the policy at her sole election, to receive the dividends in cash or accumulate them to purchase additional insurance, in either case for her own use. If she exercised none of these rights, the decedent would have become, at her death, if he were then living, the owner of the policy in her place and stead.
it from the donee is to die. Apparently courts are only to look to the realities of the situation, the essential nature of the ownership of the donee, where that spells taxability, but are to ignore the true character of the donee's untrammeled power over the subject matter of the gift where so to do spells taxability.
For the annuity purchased by the decedent, he gave his check for the sum of $12,000. The contract describes his wife as the purchaser. Except for an annuity of a few hundred dollars per annum, payable to the decedent and subject to reduction under the terms of the contract, the wife's rights were again absolute. Upon the death of the decedent, she was to receive a death benefit of some $6,000, but she might obtain this benefit at any time during his life, without his consent and without other condition, upon mere surrender of the contract. Such surrender she might make without anyone's consent. She might, without decedent's consent, change to another form of plan or contract, or change the beneficiary, or assign the contract, might receive the dividends or allow them to accumulate, borrow money on the contract, and elect a mode of settlement thereunder. Her assignment of the contract might, if she so elected, exclude all rights of any beneficiary or annuitant under it. Here again, a small annuity, payable to the decedent only so long as his wife permitted, was the sole element of interest remaining in the decedent. The property was subject to the wife's dominion, and hers alone.
of the property by enabling her to do exactly as she pleased with it; that the so-called "string" which he retained upon the property need not have the quality of a tie that binds.

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