Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/677/957/231684/
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 16:17:26+00:00

Document:
Alan N. Sussman, Kingston, N. Y. (Ricken, Goldman, Sussman & Blythe, Kingston, N. Y., of counsel), for plaintiffs-appellants.
Arlene R. Silverman, Asst. Atty. Gen., New York City (Robert Abrams, Atty. Gen., State of N. Y., George D. Zuckerman, Asst. Sol. Gen., New York City, of counsel), for defendants-appellees.
Before FEINBERG, Chief Judge, and KAUFMAN and MANSFIELD, Circuit Judges.
The Upper Staff Building was appellants' sole residence. The building, located about a quarter mile from the prison, consists of a layout of living facilities, each comprising a room with semi-private or private bath, and sharing common kitchens. Aside from the fixtures and a bed and dresser, the occupants of each facility supplied all other furnishings and accessories. The occupancy or "tenancy" was governed by two Correction Department documents. One was entitled "Facility Housing-Rules and Regulations" ("Rules"), signed by the occupants and Superintendent Joseph C. Snow, setting forth various conditions. The other, a "Department Directive" dated January 29, 1976 ("Directive"), set forth the procedure for selecting occupants and additional conditions of the occupancy.4 These documents throughout refer to the occupants as "tenants" and to the $36 deducted monthly from the payroll of each occupant as "rent" or "rental cost." The Directive made clear that the rent was not to be treated as a mere business expense; it specified that the rental cost could not be deducted by a resident-officer from his salary for income tax purposes. The Directive also obligated Mid-Orange to repair and maintain the rooms "in accordance with normal 'landlord-tenant' responsibilities and practices."
On April 18, 1979, a statewide strike was called by the Security and Law Enforcement Employees Council 82, AFL-CIO. On that day Governor Hugh L. Carey issued a Proclamation and Executive Order activating the National Guard. On April 19 most of the officers at Mid-Orange joined the strike. Either on that day or the following day Superintendent Snow because of the strike issued an order barring striking employees from the facility grounds unless they obtained his permission. At 12:10 A.M. on April 21 Snow finally declared an emergency at Mid-Orange. Beginning around April 19, National Guardsmen had begun arriving at Mid-Orange, eventually reaching a maximum force of 260.
As a result of these developments, from April 19 to April 25 appellants and other employees believed to be on strike were repeatedly denied access to the administration building. Striking officers who lived in staff housing were thus also denied access to their apartments, with one exception on April 20 when appellant Engblom was permitted to retrieve some personal items. The payroll rental deductions were cancelled effective April 19, 1979. Some time before April 25 a decision was made by Mid-Orange to clear the rooms that had been leased to the striking officers so that the rooms could be used to house National Guardsmen, who until then had been housed in the school and administration buildings.7 On April 25 officer-tenants were permitted to enter and remove and store their belongings in a locked storage area in the building, and appellants did so.8 Their rooms had been ransacked and personal property was found to be missing or destroyed. Beginning at the same time Guardsmen were housed in these rooms and remained until the end of the strike on May 5. It is undisputed that Palmer's room was so used. While Snow's affidavit states that Engblom's room was never occupied by Guardsmen, this was disputed by Engblom's affidavit.
When the strike was over on May 5, appellants were made an offer to resume residence in their staff housing, which they declined. Neither was terminated and both continue to work as correction officers at Mid-Orange.
We first address the novel claim based on the Third Amendment, a provision rarely invoked in the federal courts. We agree with the district court's conclusion that the National Guardsmen are "Soldiers" within the meaning of the Third Amendment and that they are, except perhaps when "federalized" by unit under 10 U.S.C. §§ 331, 332, 672, state employees under the control of the Governor. Moreover, we agree with the district court that the Third Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment for application to the states.
The crux of appellants' Third Amendment claim depends on whether the nature of their property interest in their residences is sufficient to bring it within the ambit of the Third Amendment's proscription against quartering troops "in any house, without the consent of the Owner." The absence of any case law directly construing this provision presents a serious interpretive problem, and little illumination can be gleaned from the debates of the Constitutional Convention. We are thus left with the language of the Third Amendment and analogies to other areas of law. Under a technical and literal reading of the language, the Third Amendment would only protect fee simple owners of houses.11 We reject such a formalistic construction for the same reasons that it has been rejected in analogous contexts.
The Third Amendment was designed to assure a fundamental right to privacy. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 484, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 1681, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510 (1965); Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497, 81 S. Ct. 1752, 6 L. Ed. 2d 989 (1961), at 552, 81 S. Ct. at 1781 (Douglas, J., dissenting), 549, 81 S. Ct. at 1779 (Harlan, J., dissenting). Since the privacy interest arises out of the use and enjoyment of property, compare Griswold, supra (privacy in marital relationship), an inquiry into the nature of the property-based privacy interest seeking protection becomes necessary. In closely analogous contexts rigid notions of ownership are not prerequisites to constitutional protections. When determining whether a legitimate expectation of privacy exists for the purposes of the Fourth Amendment, for instance, the Supreme Court has rejected the notion that a protected privacy interest in a place must be "based on a common-law interest in real or personal property." Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143-44 n.12, 99 S. Ct. 421, 430-31 n.12, 58 L. Ed. 2d 387 (1978). Rather, the Court stated that "one who owns or lawfully possesses or controls property will in all likelihood have a legitimate expectation of privacy." Id. (emphasis added). Similarly, in applying the due process clause, the Court has extended its procedural protection "well beyond actual ownership of real estate, chattels, or money," Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 572, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 2706, 33 L. Ed. 2d 548 (1972), and has interpreted "property" as "not limited (to) a few rigid, technical forms," but as "denot(ing) a broad range of interests that are secured by 'existing rules or understandings.' " Perry v. Sinderman, 408 U.S. 593, 601, 92 S. Ct. 2694, 2699, 33 L. Ed. 2d 570 (1972). A rigid reading of the word "Owner" in the Third Amendment would be wholly anomalous when viewed, for example, alongside established Fourth Amendment doctrine, since it would lead to an apartment tenant's being denied a privacy right against the forced quartering of troops, while that same tenant, or his guest, or even a hotel visitor, would have a legitimate privacy interest protected against unreasonable searches and seizures. See, e.g., Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S. Ct. 725, 4 L. Ed. 2d 697 (1960) (friend's apartment); United States v. Agapito, 620 F.2d 324, 333-35 (2d Cir.) (hotel room), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 834, 101 S. Ct. 107, 66 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1980); United States v. Bell, 488 F. Supp. 371 (D.D.C. 1980) (apartment tenant).
Accordingly we hold that property-based privacy interests protected by the Third Amendment are not limited solely to those arising out of fee simple ownership but extend to those recognized and permitted by society as founded on lawful occupation or possession with a legal right to exclude others. Rakas, supra, 439 U.S. at 143-44 n.12, 99 S. Ct. at 430-31 n.12. Cf. United States v. Ochs, 595 F.2d 1247, 1253 (2d Cir.) (complete "dominion and control" over car creates privacy interest), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 955, 100 S. Ct. 435, 62 L. Ed. 2d 328 (1979). While the determination looks first to state law as the "primary source of property rights," Quinn v. Syracuse Model Neighborhood Corp., 613 F.2d 438, 448 (2d Cir. 1980), ultimately the issue is one of "federal constitutional law." Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 9, 98 S. Ct. 1554, 1560, 56 L. Ed. 2d 30 (1978) (quoted in Quinn, supra, 613 F.2d at 447).
Applying these principles, as a matter of state law appellants throughout the strike had a lawful interest in their living quarters sufficient to entitle them to exclude others. Even assuming arguendo, as the district court found, that appellants' occupancy interest was merely incidental to their employment, they could not be deprived of that interest without notice, a hearing and judicial determination, N.Y. Real Prop. Actions and Proceedings Law § 713(11), none of which was accorded them. If, as we conclude, appellants had a more substantial tenancy interest, the procedural protections afforded them under state law would be even greater. See e.g., id., at §§ 711, 713; N.Y. Real Prop. Law § 228. Thus, even if pre-deprivation due process procedures were not available to them, they retained a protectible interest in their quarters until they were lawfully deprived of it.
Appellants' interest, moreover, reasonably entitled them to a legitimate expectation of privacy protected by the Third Amendment. Appellants' rooms, which they furnished and for which they were charged a monthly rent, were their homes. They did not maintain separate residences or have alternative housing available in the event of an emergency. During the entire two-year period preceding the strike, appellants did not reside in any other dwelling. These factors supporting the existence of a tenancy-type interest are reinforced by the Department's Directive and Rules, which repeatedly refer to the occupants as tenants and at one place to Mid-Orange as the equivalent of a landlord. See Lahti v. State, 98 Misc.2d 829, 414 N.Y.S.2d 607, 609 (Ct. Cl. 1979) (terms used in an instrument, while not conclusive, are indicative of parties' intent). Although the Rules and Directive placed restrictions on the terms of the occupancy, the record does not reveal whether those restrictions, such as the prohibition of overnight guests and the provision for inspections at any time, were ever in fact enforced. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to appellants, we cannot rule out an inference that the Rules signed by both the Superintendent and appellants was tantamount to a lease. See, e.g., Miller v. City of New York, 15 N.Y.2d 34, 255 N.Y.S.2d 78, 80, 203 N.E.2d 478, 480 (1964); Statement, Inc. v. Pilgrim's Landing, Inc., 49 A.D.2d 28, 370 N.Y.S.2d 970, 974 (1975).
We conclude, therefore, that in the context of a motion for summary judgment the record, viewed most favorably to appellants, does not preclude a finding that they had a substantial tenancy interest in their staff housing, and that they enjoyed significant privacy due to their right to exclude others from what were functionally their homes. See Statement, Inc., supra, 49 A.D.2d 28, 370 N.Y.S.2d at 975 ("a tenancy involves an interest in real property which passes to the tenant, and a possession exclusive even of that of the landlord, except as the lease permits the landlord's entry"). Accordingly, since we cannot say that as a matter of law appellants were not entitled to the protection of the Third Amendment, we reverse the summary dismissal of their Third Amendment claim.
The question remains, however, whether the state's failure to afford appellants prior notice and a hearing before the deprivation violated their due process rights. Appellants point to the Department's own regulations providing for six months notice and an investigation prior to eviction and to New York landlord-tenant law under which even a squatter or licensee is entitled to 10 days notice, personal service, a hearing and a judicial determination prior to eviction. N.Y. Real Prop. Actions and Proceedings Law § 713(3) & (7). But the regulations were suspended during the declared emergency, and the procedural safeguards provided by state law, while relevant to determining whether appellants remained in lawful possession, do not establish what process is due as a matter of federal constitutional law. The requirements of due process are inherently flexible, and turn on an analysis of the private and government interests involved in each particular situation. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334, 96 S. Ct. 893, 902, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976).
"These cases recognize that either the necessity of quick action by the State or the impracticality of providing any meaningful predeprivation process can, when coupled with the availability of some meaningful means by which to assess the propriety of the State's action at some time after the initial taking, satisfy the requirements of procedural due process."The "necessity of quick action" in denying appellants access to their quarters and the "impracticability of providing any meaningful predeprivation process" can hardly be doubted here. Mid-Orange was thrown into a state of emergency by the decision of all but a few of the staff of 210 to join the statewide strike. Approximately 260 National Guardsmen, untrained in corrections work, were called in on extremely short notice to take their places. The Superintendent had received reports of vandalism and improper use of state facilities by striking officers. Prompt counter-measures were essential. Thus the decision to bar striking employees from the facility, which necessarily had the effect of barring resident employees from their rooms, did not deny them due process merely because of the lack of pre-deprivation procedures.
Because we find that post-deprivation procedures provide adequate means for appellants to challenge their admittedly limited deprivation, we hold that the absence of pre-deprivation process did not violate their due process rights. We therefore affirm the summary dismissal of appellants' due process claim but on substantially different grounds from those advanced by the district court.
Our affirmance of the dismissal of appellants' due process claim is not inconsistent with our holding that it was error summarily to dismiss their Third Amendment claim. The form of due process to which appellants were entitled with respect to eviction of them from their premises, i.e., a post-deprivation hearing instead of a pre-deprivation hearing, is to be determined by different standards than those governing the question of whether their Third Amendment rights were violated. The emergency which justified the Superintendent's taking immediate action to bar all striking employees, resident or not, from the facility grounds was concern for the prison's security and the possible misuse and destruction of state property by striking employees. Although this concern may have justified temporary dispossession of appellants from their premises without an advance hearing, the record does not show that it justified quartering State Guardsmen in those premises in alleged violation of their Third Amendment rights.
Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of the due process claim but reverse and remand the dismissal of the Third Amendment claim for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
With its historical origins rooted in the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the Third Amendment of the United States Constitution2 embodies a fundamental value the Founders of our Republic sought to insure after casting off the yoke of colonial rule: the sanctity of the home from oppressive governmental intrusion. In passing the Quartering Act of 1765, the British Parliament required the American colonists to bear the cost of feeding and sheltering British troops stationed in this country. The Act provided that if there was insufficient room for the soldiers in the barracks, they could be quartered in inns, livery stables and ale houses. 5 Geo. 3, c.33 (1765). The Quartering Act of 1774, one of the "Intolerable Acts" the British Parliament enacted as tensions heightened following the Boston Tea Party, authorized much more intrusive intervention. Apparently, before the Revolution, the City of Boston provided barracks for British troops only on an island in Boston Harbor from which the soldiers could not move quickly to the City in the event of an uprising or disturbance by the colonists. To remedy this strategic disadvantage, the Quartering Act of 1774 authorized the British commanders to quarter their troops wherever necessary, including the homes of the colonists. 14 Geo. 3, c.54 (1774).
The aversion of the populace to the military presence of the British found eloquent expression in the Declaration of Independence, which registered the complaint that the King "has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the consent of our legislatures." When the colonies began drafting constitutions and declarations of rights during the Revolution, a prohibition against the quartering of troops in private homes was frequently articulated. For instance, section 21 of the Delaware Declaration of Rights, drafted in 1776, provided "that no soldier ought to be quartered in any house in time of peace without the consent of the owner, and in time of war in such a manner only as the Legislature shall direct."3 Two months later, Maryland proclaimed its own Declaration of Rights, which contained an analogous clause.4 Similar provisions appear in the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights in 17805 and the New Hampshire Bill of Rights in 1783.6 After the Framers forged the Constitution, the memory of an oppressive military presence lingered among the people. Emanating from the first Congress in 1789 as part of the proposed Bill of Rights to meet the widespread popular demand for safeguards for individual rights and subsequently ratified by the States, the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the often distrusted Federal Government from the peacetime quartering of soldiers in any house without the consent of the owner. With the help of the Fourth Amendment, the Third Amendment thus constitutionalized the maxim, "every man's home is his castle."7 The Founding Fathers, I am certain, could not have imagined with this history that the Third Amendment could be used to prevent prison officials from affording necessary housing on their own property to those who were taking the place of striking guards.
I do not disagree with the majority that the Third Amendment should be incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment for application to the states. The Third Amendment embraces aspects of liberty and privacy that have justified the application of the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures to the states. The notion that the home is a privileged place whose privacy may not be disrupted by governmental intrusions is basic in a free and democratic society. As Judge Jerome Frank felicitously phrased it, "(a) sane, decent, civilized society must provide some such oasis, some shelter from public scrutiny, some insulated enclosure, some enclave, some inviolate place ...."8 Accordingly, Judge Sweet properly concluded that the Third Amendment is incorporated into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as one of the "fundamental" rights "rooted in the tradition and conscience of our people" and thus "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty." Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 499, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 1689, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510 (1965) (Harlan, J., concurring); Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319, 325, 58 S. Ct. 149, 152, 82 L. Ed. 288 (1937).
Although a man's home is his castle under the Third Amendment, it is not the case, as Gertrude Stein might say, that a house is a house is a house.9 A reasonable analysis of Engblom's and Palmer's possessory interest in their rooms at the Mid-Orange Correctional Facility, the relationship between their possession of the rooms and their employment as correction officers, and a realistic acknowledgment that the physical context of their possessory interest was a prison, support the district court's conclusion that Engblom and Palmer did not have the kind of property right that warrants protection under the Third Amendment. While technical ownership has not been deemed a prerequisite for a constitutionally protected property interest in other contexts, see e.g., Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S. Ct. 507, 19 L. Ed. 2d 576 (1967); United States v. Agapito, 620 F.2d 324, 333-35 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 834, 101 S. Ct. 107, 66 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1980), it does not follow that the Third Amendment's protection covers every conceivable type of possessory interest, from full ownership to the rights enjoyed by the casual visitor. Like the majority, I reject a literal reading of the Third Amendment, which, on its face, appears to protect only fee simple owners of houses. In this case, of course, the literal owner of the prison residences was the State, the actor responsible for ordering the quartering of the National Guardsmen. Engblom and Palmer have argued that their interest in the prison residences was a tenancy, a type of possession exclusive of all other interests including that of the landlord, except insofar as the landlord exercises his right to enter the premises to demand rent or make repairs, and to the extent the lease permits entry for other reasons. See The Statement, Inc. v. Pilgrim's Landing, Inc., 49 A.D.2d 28, 370 N.Y.S.2d 970, 975 (4th Dep't 1975). Since a lease involves "the transfer of absolute control and possession of property at an agreed rental," id., quoting Feder v. Caliguira, 8 N.Y.2d 400, 404, 208 N.Y.S.2d 970, 972, 171 N.E.2d 316, 318 (1960), Engblom and Palmer assert that their "tenancy" interest, carrying with it the right to exclude others, was sufficient to come within the ambit of the Third Amendment protection of "houses."
Although the housing facility at Mid-Orange may have been their sole residence, the occupancy rights of Engblom and Palmer, and hence their privacy interest, were much more restricted than the bundle of rights enjoyed by a lessee in a typical tenancy relationship. The guards were not lessees of ordinary private property, but were given an option to live in staff housing as employees of a highly specialized institution with a compelling interest in security, and as a result, were subject to carefully circumscribed rules and regulations. The restrictions placed on Engblom's and Palmer's use of the rooms were quite severe. In a document entitled "Facility Housing-Rules and Regulations," signed by the occupants and Superintendent Joseph C. Snow, the prison administration noted that it retained the right to inspect the premises at any time and, accordingly, had a master key to all staff rooms. Several provisions of the regulations are related to prison security. For instance, the administration prohibited the employment of inmates in cleaning individual rooms, forbade the admission of prisoners in the staff quarters for any reason, and mandated that firearms be stored in the facility arsenal rather than in the individual rooms. The Employees Manual provided that in an emergency, the Superintendent was empowered to "suspend such portions of any or all rules which might impede proper emergency action." Coupled with the unfettered right to inspect the quarters at any time, these security-related provisions support the inference that the parties intended the prison administration to have the right to enter the quarters without limitation for the purpose of maintaining prison security. While Engblom and Palmer may have had the right to exclude third parties, it does not appear that they had the right to exclude prison officials at all. If prison officials could enter Engblom's and Palmer's rooms to search for a missing prisoner, or simply to make sure that no condition existed which could threaten the security of the prison or the safety of its employees, surely it must follow that the guards could not prevent prison officials and their representatives from entering their rooms after a strike by virtually all correction guards at the facility.
Moreover, the compelling need to maintain order and discipline in the facility induced agreement to other restrictions as well. Prison officials limited occupancy rights in the facility housing to the employee and his immediate family. According to the Regulations, employees assigned quarters in the prison housing could permit overnight or longterm guests in their rooms "under no circumstances." The residents were required to keep alcohol under lock and key. These restrictions contradict appellants' claim that they enjoyed the full and exclusive possession of their premises equivalent to a landlord-tenant relationship.
The majority's effort to avoid the implications of these restrictions on the ground that the record does not reveal whether the rules were ever enforced is unavailing. The question is whether the prison administration retained the right to enter the staff housing for purposes of inspection, quartering troops, or otherwise, not whether officials had in fact entered the rooms or enforced the restrictions in the past. To accept the majority's approach would require the untenable conclusion that the prison officials "slept on their rights" because of the absence of an earlier emergency.
The totality of the facts and circumstances indicates that the provision of prison housing to a number of the correction officers was closely related to the employment of those officers. While occupancy was not a job requirement, the purpose of providing prison housing was inherently job-related: to have personnel close at hand in the event of an emergency. Accordingly, the occupancy rights of Engblom and Palmer may be deemed analogous to possession incident to employment, see Dobson Factors, Inc. v. Dattory, 80 Misc.2d 1054, 364 N.Y.S.2d 723 (Civ.Ct.1975) (occupancy rights considered possession incident to employment), which under New York law does not constitute a landlord-tenant relationship. New York Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law § 713(11) (McKin.1979). Although Engblom and Palmer were not required to accept staff housing as a condition of their employment as correction guards, and staff housing was not provided as a form of compensation for their employment, it is a fact that their occupancy rights were closely connected to the terms of their employment. Prison officials had the right to terminate occupancy if the occupant's conduct was "detrimental to the facility," a power which makes their occupancy more similar to possession incident to employment than to ordinary tenancy.
Moreover, a Department Directive dated January 29, 1976, contains a priority list for selecting housing applications. The category of facility employees "whose presence is desired near the institution" follows the categories of facility superintendents and deputy superintendents, and precedes the general catchall category of other employees, including those whose presence near the facility is not vital. As a result, it is clear that the provision of prison housing was motivated by the desire to have a certain number of personnel close at hand at all times. This sentiment was expressed in the Addendum to the Rules and Regulations, which states that "(h)ousing on facility grounds is granted for the benefit of the facility." The conclusion that the housing arrangement in this case is analogous to possession incident to employment is not contradicted by the statement in the Directive, dated March 26, 1975, that the Department would no longer issue a certification that housing is for the benefit of the employer. That statement was intended to address the tax treatment the individual employee could expect to receive concerning the fees paid for the housing, and does not concern the purpose of the facility in providing housing to an aggregate of employees, which purpose is central to an understanding of the limitations on the rights of the "tenants."
Most important, however, is the context of the housing arrangement. Engblom and Palmer are employees at a prison. The housing facilities are located on prison grounds. Like negligence, property rights do not exist in the air. The bundle of rights accompanying a possessory interest are shaped by the context. Cf. Bynes v. Toll, 512 F.2d 252, 254-55 (2d Cir. 1975) (challenge by married students at state university to residency requirement which barred children of students from living in married student suites). Accordingly, the right of Engblom and Palmer to exclude prison officials and their agents from entering the residences is limited not only by the nature of the employment relationship, but also by the context of the prison.
In a prison, security and discipline are paramount concerns of the administration. See Sostre v. McGinnis, 442 F.2d 178, 200 (2d Cir. 1971) (en banc), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 1049, 92 S. Ct. 719, 30 L. Ed. 2d 740; 405 U.S. 978, 92 S. Ct. 1190, 31 L. Ed. 2d 254 (1972). The Mid-Orange Correctional Facility has a pressing need to maintain an adequate number of guards. During the statewide strike of correction officers, the facility was faced with a crisis resulting from the absence of the guards necessary for the maintenance of order and discipline. Unfamiliar with the sweat of prison life, and lacking the expertise to provide prison officials with detailed guidance concerning appropriate measures for maintaining security, courts should be reluctant to interfere in prison administration where there has been no interference with important constitutional rights, of the prisoners or the prison guards. The prison context, with its searing tensions and overriding need for discipline and security, does not support the tortured analysis of the majority. Subject to a set of restrictions unlike any accompanying the ordinary tenancy, the staff housing at Mid-Orange, a dormitory-like barracks, simply bears no resemblance to the kind of oasis of privacy our Forefathers undoubtedly envisioned when they fashioned the Third Amendment. The majority's willingness seriously to entertain a "quartering of troops" claim holds us up to derision.
Analogous Fourth Amendment doctrine compels this result. The special prison context, and the numerous restrictions on the use of the rooms, must have shaped the "expectation of privacy" shared by Engblom and Palmer. See Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S. Ct. 507, 19 L. Ed. 2d 576 (1967); Lahti v. State, 98 Misc.2d 829, 414 N.Y.S.2d 607, 609 (Ct. Cl. 1979) (terms used in an instrument are indicative of parties' intent). Even if an "owner" were arguably protected by the Third Amendment, his right should be viewed as carrying the same "expectation of privacy" as the sphere of individual liberty protected by the Fourth Amendment. It is unreasonable to conclude that appellants could have a legitimate expectation that the housing would not be used in the event of a strike by correction officers. As noted above, the Employees Manual provided that in an emergency, the Superintendent was empowered to "suspend such portions of any or all rules which might impede proper emergency action." Engblom and Palmer must have known that substitute personnel would be required during a strike. Since they are employees of a prison, they may properly be charged with knowledge of the risks and limitations on their "rights" as occupants of prison housing. Accordingly, their acceptance of prison housing in light of the prison's need for an adequate number of guards at all times may be viewed as implied consent to the use of the rooms by replacements, whether National Guardsmen or other personnel, in the event of an emergency, such as the one occasioned by the strike of the prison guards themselves.
Judge Sweet properly dismissed appellants' Third Amendment claim in granting the defendants' motion for summary judgment. The "genuine issues of material fact" noted by the majority are illusory. Whether appellant Engblom's room was in fact occupied by Guardsmen is not material.10 Even assuming that it was so occupied, Judge Sweet correctly concluded that, as a matter of law, her Third Amendment rights had not been violated. Moreover, the other "issues" mentioned by the majority-the contradiction between Superintendent Snow's affidavit and the Directive concerning the purpose of providing prison housing, and the uncertainty whether the individual decisions to allow Engblom and Palmer to live in staff housing were based on the desire to have them live near the prison-are not serious issues of material fact requiring development at trial. Since Engblom and Palmer did not present any genuine issues of material fact, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 56, see Securities and Exchange Commission v. Research Automation Corp., 585 F.2d 31, 32 (2d Cir. 1978); Heyman v. Commerce and Indus. Insur. Co., 524 F.2d 1317, 1319 (2d Cir. 1975), and the record is adequate for the constitutional question to be decided, see Keeler v. Joy, 641 F.2d 1044, 1047 (2d Cir.) (Tenney, J., concurring), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 102 S. Ct. 390, 70 L. Ed. 2d 208 (1981), the district court properly granted defendants' motion for summary judgment and dismissed appellants' Third Amendment claim.
I would affirm the judgment in all respects.
Aside from the lower court's opinion in this case, 522 F. Supp. 57 (S.D.N.Y. 1981), there are no reported opinions involving the literal application of the Third Amendment. Several far-fetched, metaphorical applications have been urged and summarily rejected. See, e.g., Securities Investor Protection Corp. v. Executive Securities Corp., 433 F. Supp. 470, 472 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (claim that subpoena violates the Third Amendment); Jones v. United States Secretary of Defense, 346 F. Supp. 97 (D. Minn. 1972) (claim by Army Reservists that a parade order violates the Third Amendment); United States v. Valenzuela, 95 F. Supp. 363, 366 (S.D. Cal. 1951) (claim that "(t)he 1947 House and Rent Act ... is and always was the incubator and hatchery of swarms of bureaucrats to be quartered as storm troopers upon the people in violation of Amendment III.").
Section 201.5 of the Employees Manual provides as follows: "Upon the occasion and for the duration of a major emergency, the Superintendent may suspend such portions of any or all rules which might impede proper emergency action."

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