Source: http://www.swissarbitrationdecisions.com/failure-to-raise-a-violation-of-the-right-to-be-heard-immediatel/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 01:57:27+00:00

Document:
Failure to raise a violation of the right to be heard immediately in the arbitration proceedings; the question of the independence and impartiality of an arbitral tribunal is not an issue of public policy; legal aid denied because of the appeal was doomed to fail.
Frankly this case, dated October 3, 2011, is of a very limited interest but it does contain some interesting points.
An athlete was banned for life by the Hearing Commission of her country for refusing to submit to an anti-doping test, failing to appear for such a test or attempting to counterfeit the results. As she had been previously sanctioned, the ban was for life.
An appeal was made to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (“CAS”). The International Council of Arbitration for Sport ICAS granted legal aid and appointed counsel for the athlete. The Panel consisted of a sole arbitrator.
After a hearing in Lausanne, the Arbitrator rejected the appeal and confirmed the decision of the national federation in an award of July 26, 2011.
The Court emphasizes again that any alleged violation of the right to be heard must be raised immediately and that failure to do so will cure the violation and make it incapable of appeal to the Federal Tribunal (see section 2.2 of the opinion in this respect).
Whether or not an arbitral tribunal is independent and impartial is not an issue of public policy within the meaning of Art. 190 (2) (e) PILA but it falls within the provisions of Art. 190 (2) (a) PILA as a particular case of “irregular composition” of the Arbitral tribunal. This affords broader judicial review then would otherwise be the case under the very narrow construction of “public policy” before the Federal Tribunal. (see section 3.2 of the opinion in this respect).
If whatever body of a national federation adjudicating a dispute is – allegedly – …, the possibility of a subsequent appeal to the CAS is sufficient as the requirement that there should be a double degree of jurisdiction is not part of procedural public policy (see section 3.3.2 of the opinion in this respect). You will notice that counsel was appointed by the ICAS because the athlete could not afford one. Lausanne lawyer Pascal de Preux represented the athlete and then filed an appeal to the Federal Tribunal, which refused to grant legal aid allegedly because the appeal was hopeless. It may have been hopeless but as court appointed counsel, Mr de Preux had to do everything in his power and with all due respect to the court, it was unjust to deny him any compensation at all.
X.________ (hereafter: the athlete) is a middle distance running athlete and holds a licence issued by the [name of country omitted] Athletics Federation.
On December 8, 2008, the Appeal Commission of Z.________, a public body specialized in combating doping confirmed a September 10, 2008, decision by which the Hearing Commission of Z.________ issued a two year ban against the athlete from November 16, 2007, for violating anti-doping rules.
Upon appeal by the athlete, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) found that the matter was not capable of appeal in an award of October 9, 2009.
In the spring of 2010 the International Association of Athletics Federations (hereafter: IAAF, according to its English acronym) entrusted Z.________ with carrying out some anti-doping off-competition tests on a target group to which the athlete belonged.
After a first unsuccessful attempt, two agents of Z.________ went to a [name of country omitted] town on May 18, 2010, in a place where the athlete was training, with a view to having her and another long distance runner submit to an unannounced test. According to the statement of one of them, which is disputed, the athlete apparently attempted to distort the test at the time a sample of urine was taken, then precipitously left the bathroom and ran away, after throwing the cup she had started filling into the sink.
The Hearing Commission of Z.________ provisionally banned the athlete in a decision of June 3, 2010. It heard her for the first time on the following day, then again on June 11, 2010, when it also proceeded to hear witnesses and to confront the athlete with the two agents who had carried out the May 18, 2010, test. In a decision (number 18 of July 8, 2010), the aforesaid Commission found that the provisions relating to the refusal to submit to an anti-doping test or to unjustified absence at such a test or to the counterfeiting or attempt at counterfeiting a sample were applicable. On that basis and in view of the previous disciplinary sanction given to the athlete, as well as the suspicious character of some samples taken from her during an off-competition test carried out by the IAAF on March 10, 2010, it banned the athlete for life.
On August 4, 2010, the athlete filed an appeal with the CAS. She sent her appeal brief on August 27, 2010. Z.________ filed its answer on October 25, 2010.
In a fax of November 9, 2010, the Appellant applied for legal aid and agreed that the matter should be submitted to a sole arbitrator. For its part the Respondent asked for a three arbitrator panel.
The International Council of Arbitration for Sport (ICAS) granted legal aid to the Appellant in its decision of January 11, 2011. On the same day the CAS Court Office informed the parties that the dispute would be decided by a sole arbitrator whose name it indicated. On February 15, 2011, it advised them that Mr Pascal de Preux had been appointed by the ICAS as court appointed counsel for the Appellant.
A hearing was held in Lausanne on April 14, 2011. During that hearing the Arbitrator interrogated several witnesses and experts as well as the parties before closing the case.
In an award of July 26, 2011, the Arbitrator found that he had jurisdiction, rejected the athlete’s appeal, and confirmed the decision under appeal.
In substance, the Arbitrator held that Z.________ had exclusive jurisdiction, to the exclusion of the athlete’s National Federation, to issue a decision as to anti-doping matters in [name of country omitted]. As to the Appellant’s grievance that she had not been treated fairly in front of that body, he rejected it because the full power of review of the CAS both as to the facts and the law would in any event cure the possible procedural violations committed by Z.________. The Arbitrator then assessed the evidence in the record of the arbitration to determine if the Respondent, which had the burden of proof, had satisfactorily demonstrated, pursuant to the ad hoc rules, that the athlete had eluded the taking of a urine sample. Reaching the conclusion that it was so, he then reviewed the sanction issued by Z.________. Whilst finding that a ban for life was severe – as it meant the end of the athlete’s career – he found that he had to uphold it in view of the circumstances of the case and because in any event he was not seized of a submission that the sanction should be reduced. The Arbitrator added that it was also consistent with well-established case law of the CAS in this field. Moreover, it did not seek merely to punish the athlete but also to preserve her health.
On September 6, 2011, the athlete filed a Civil law appeal with the Federal Tribunal with a view to obtaining the annulment of the July 26, 2011, award. The Appellant sought legal aid for the federal proceedings and the appointment of her counsel as court appointed counsel.
The Respondent and the CAS were not invited to file an answer.
In the field of international arbitration a Civil law appeal is possible against the awards of arbitral tribunals pursuant to the requirements of Art. 190 to 192 PILA2 (Art. 77 (1) LTF3). Whether as to the object of the appeal, of the standing to appeal, of the time limit to appeal or with regard to the Appellant’s submissions, none of these requirements of admissibility raises any problem in this case. There is accordingly no reason not to address the appeal.
The Appellant first argues that the CAS violated her right to be heard and the principle of equal treatment of the parties within the meaning of Art. 190 (2) (d) PILA in handling her request for legal aid.
The grounds in support of that argument are quite unclear and hardly make it possible to understand its scope. Moreover the request at issue was granted and a decision in this respect was issued by the ICAS.
The Appellant appears to argue that the time between the filing of her request for legal aid and the appointment of her court appointed counsel – three months – was inadequate. According to her, that circumstance (the absence of counsel during that time), deprived her from having her case adjudicated by three arbitrators as opposed to a sole arbitrator.
At the beginning of the hearing the Arbitrator recalled the elements on the record which had led to the composition of the Panel, limited to a sole arbitrator. He also recalled the observations made by the Parties in this respect. In answer to the Arbitrator’s question as to the continuation and the holding of the hearings with a Panel consisting of a sole arbitrator, the Parties answered that they did not want to raise any objections as to the composition of the Panel and the conduct of the proceedings in front of the CAS in general and agreed that the case should go on. (Emphasis supplied by the Federal Tribunal).
The Appellant does actually deny that she raised no objections during that hearing. Yet she does so on the basis of a truncated quote of the paragraph reproduced above, whilst stopping well short of quoting the words in bold type (see appeal brief, p. 4, § 2e), which deprives her argument of any credibility. Moreover she does not state which objections would have been made specifically in that occasion, merely referring the Federal Tribunal to the tape recording of the hearing of April 14, 2011, without indicating any specific points. This is not admissible in view of the requirement for reasons in support of an appeal against an international arbitral award (see Art. 77 (3) LTF).
It must be recalled that a party, considering that it isthe victim of a violation of its right to be heard or of any other procedural violation, must raise it immediately in the arbitral proceedings under penalty of forfeiture. It is indeed contrary to good faith to invoke a procedural violation only in the context of the appeal against the arbitral award when the violation could have been raised during the proceedings (judgment 4A_348/2009 of January 6, 2010 at 4).
According to these principles of case law the Appellant is no longer entitled to raise the alleged procedural violation which led to legal aid being granted or of the consequences it could have had on the composition of the Panel which issued the award under appeal, because she did not act in a timely manner.
Thus the first argument is therefore groundless.
After a theoretical explanation, in which she recalls the contents of that constitutional guarantee, the Appellant seeks to demonstrate that Z.________, in view of its institutional connections with the state of [name omitted] and because of the way in which its Hearing Commission conducted the disciplinary proceedings, would not meet the requirements affirmed by settled case law relating to the aforesaid guarantee.
The Appellant finally points out that the full judicial review invoked by the Arbitrator on the basis of Art. R57 of the Code of Sport Arbitration (hereafter: the Code; award at 100 to 102), would apply only to the violation of the right to be heard and not to a procedural violation of such gravity as the lack of independence or impartiality of an arbitral tribunal.
The precedent on which the Appellant relies to tie the right to an independent and impartial tribunal to procedural public policy within the meaning of Art. 190 (2) (e) PILA is not pertinent. That judgment, issued by the Federal Tribunal on July 20, 2007, in case 4A_137/2007, dealt with the enforcement of a state judgment. It is in that context that the First Civil Law Court recalled at 6.1 that the requirement of independence and impartiality of a tribunal was one of the fundamental principles within the Swiss concept of procedural law as contemplated at Art. 27 (2) (b) PILA.
In reality the Federal Tribunal stated a long time ago that the violation of the rule requiring an arbitral tribunal to present sufficient guarantees of independence and impartiality leads to an irregular composition within the meaning of Art. 190 (2) (a) PILA (ATF 118 II 359 at 3b). This Court confirmed its view in a recent decision (ATF 136 III 605 at 3.2.1 p. 608). As to procedural public policy within the meaning of Art. 190 (2) (e) PILA the Court sees in it only an alternative guarantee which can be invoked only if none of the grievances contained in Art. 190 (2) (a to d) PILA can be taken into account (judgment 4P.105/2006 of August 4, 2006 at 5.3 and references).
It must be found that the Appellant does not argue a violation of Art. 190 (2) (a) PILA in support of her second argument but only that of Art. 190 (2) (e) PILA. In other words she raises an alternative argument when she should have raised the principal argument that was available to her. It is therefore doubtful that the matter is capable of appeal from that point of view.
Be this as it may, the argument could only be rejected even if admissible.
3.3.1 The Appellant does not challenge the independence and the impartiality of the Arbitrator appointed by the CAS who decided her appeal with “full power to review the facts and the law” to adopt the wording of Art. R57 (1), first sentence, of the Code. Neither does she argue that it would have been impossible for her, for whatever reason, to submit some evidence to the Arbitrator substantiating her thesis or a legal argument which could support it. It is therefore clear that the Appellant was able to submit her case to an arbitral tribunal meeting the requirements of case law to be assimilated to a real Court, such tribunal exercising full judicial review both as to the facts and the law. In other words, a properly constituted tribunal handled the case de novo, and addressed whether the allegations against the Appellant corresponded to reality or not. It then assessed the legal consequences of the breach of the anti-doping rules which resulted, in its view, from the facts it had found on the basis of the evidence presented. Finally it decided on the justification of the sanction imposed on the athlete to punish the violation.
3.3.2 According to the Appellant, the full judicial review of the CAS on the basis of the aforesaid provision of the Code would apply only to the violation of the right to be heard but would not apply to that of the guarantees of independence and impartiality of a tribunal. In her view, Z.________ would not offer such guarantees, whether as to its appointment process or its functioning. Thus finding that full judicial review on appeal suffices would effectively turn the CAS into a sole jurisdiction with unlimited power.
In the case of the professional cyclist A.________ the Federal Tribunal was seized of a similar argument as the Appellant claimed that the CAS wanted to exercise the powers of an investigating body, a disciplinary body and the appeal body in the same proceedings. The Court rejected the argument because it did not see why the CAS, on the basis of the broad powers it is given by Art. R57 (1) of the Code, could not investigate itself the case on which it has to issue a decision on appeal when the first instance authority refused to open disciplinary proceedings. The Court also pointed out that the requirement of having two bodies or a double degree of jurisdiction does not fall within procedural public policy within the meaning of Art. 190 (2) (e) PILA (judgment 4A_386/2010 of January 3, 2011 at 6.25 and the case quoted). The same remarks can be made mutatis mutandis in this case.
Therefore the argument based on a violation of Art. 190 (2) (e) PILA could only be rejected even if admissible.
In view of the foregoing this appeal was doomed from the start. Hence the Appellant’s request for legal aid can only be rejected pursuant to Art. 64 (1) LTF. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in view of the Appellant’s precarious financial position as it appears from the documents filed, this Court will not charge costs for the federal proceedings (Art. 66 (1) LTF). There is no issue as to the costs of the other party as the Respondent was not asked to file an answer to the appeal.
The request for legal aid is rejected.
No costs shall be charged.
4. Translator’s note: Cst. is the French abbreviation for the Swiss Federal Constitution.

References: Art. 190
 Art. 190
 Art. 190
 Art. 190
 § 2
 Art. 77
 Art. 190
 Art. 27
 Art. 190
 Art. 190
 Art. 190
 Art. 190
 Art. 190
 Art. 190
 Art. 190
 Art. 64