Source: https://amicus-curious.com/2019/02/13/law-offices-of-carson-j-tucker-to-bring-constitutional-challenge-to-alabama-department-of-human-resources-in-veterans-benefits-takings-case-in-united-states-supreme-court/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 18:26:49+00:00

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We have engaged to file a petition in the United States Supreme Court to challenge the 1987 decision in Rose v. Rose, 481 U.S. 619 (1987), in which the Supreme Court held that all veterans’ disability pay could be diverted and otherwise taken by state courts and state agencies to satisfy the veteran’s child support and spousal support obligations. On February 12, 2019, we filed an application in the United States Supreme Court to file a petition to challenge the State of Alabama’s taking of a veteran’s disability pay.
Since Rose, many state courts, without authority, have asserted an unbridled interest in veterans’ disability pay to force veterans to pay child support, spousal support, maintenance and alimony to former spouses. Federal law preempts state law concerning the disposition and entitlement to veteran’s benefits. Moreover, after Rose, Congress amended federal law to specifically exclude veterans disability benefits from being counted towards a disabled veterans child support or spousal support obligations, unless the veteran had also gained enough time in service and credit to retire, and chose to waive retirement or retention benefits to receive such disability pay. The petitioner in this case is like so many other disabled veterans who have been severely disabled and who have not waived retired or retainer pay to receive their disability entitlements. Federal law protects this pay by way of the U.S. Constitution’s Supremacy Clause, which provides that all state laws that stand in the way of Congress’ exercise of its enumerated powers are void, have no force and effect, and are preempted. Moreover, positive enactments by Congress further specify that certain veterans’ disability pay is off limits to state courts and state agencies for satisfaction of child support and spousal support in state court divorce proceedings. See 42 USCS 659(a), (h)(1)(A)(ii)(V), and (h)(1)(B)(iii); and 38 USCS 5301. These provisions jurisdictionally bar state courts from exercising authority over veterans’ personal entitlements to their disability benefits. The United States Supreme Court recently said as much in the case of Howell v. Howell, 137 S. Ct. 1400 (2017). There, the Court held that 38 USCS 5301 jurisdictionally protected all veterans’ disability pay and state courts had no authority to vest those benefits in any one other than the entitled beneficiary, i.e., the veteran. The Court also noted the one limited federal law exception in the child support and spousal support context envisioned by 42 USCS 659(h)(1)(A)(ii)(V), but that was it. The vast majority of veterans today are not retirees, did not waive retirement pay to receive disability pay, and therefore, have no other forms of subsistence. Yet, state courts ignore federal law, blindly cite to Rose v. Rose as authority, and continue to take veterans’ disability pay from the veteran.
Joseph Holmes is a disabled veteran. He served in the United States Navy from September 1973 to 1976. In 2017, the Veterans Administration (VA) determined he was 100 percent disabled due to a service-connected condition. The VA determined he had been disabled since December 2010. He received a lump sum payment of Veterans Administration (VA) disability benefits in March 2017. Respondent, the Alabama Department of Human Resources (DHR), served a notice of levy of these benefits in July 2017, which had been deposited into his credit union account, to satisfy a past due child support obligation. Petitioner sought a stay of the levy, but DHR seized $46,035 in VA disability pay on October 25, 2017. DHR concluded that Petitioner’s VA disability benefits were not exempt from lien, levy or legal process and declined to release the levy of these benefits from his account.
In August 2017, Petitioner timely sought administrative review from DHR challenging its decision to levy his VA disability benefits. DHR denied Petitioner’s request on grounds that no hearing was required where “protective or child support services are provided as required by law or by court order”. Petitioner then filed a timely notice of appeal with DHR and a petition for judicial review in the Circuit Court for the County of Montgomery.
In his initial brief in the Circuit Court, Petitioner argued that 38 U.S.C. § 5301(a)(1) exempts his VA disability benefits from “attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process whatever, either before or after receipt by the beneficiary.” Petitioner conceded that certain VA benefits may be subject to income withholding, garnishment, or other legal process brought by a state agency seeking to enforce payment of a child-support obligation, but only with respect to those VA disability benefits received in lieu of retirement or retention benefits. Cf. 42 U.S.C. § 659(a), (h)(1)(A)(ii)(V), and (h)(1)(B)(iii). Because Petitioner’s VA disability was not received in lieu of retirement pay or retention pay, DHR could not lawfully seize them and they were off limits under 38 U.S.C. § 5301 as a personal entitlement. See Howell v. Howell, 137 S. Ct. 1400, 1405-1406 (holding state courts cannot vest that which under governing federal law they lack the authority to give, citing 38 U.S.C. § 5301, which provides that disability benefits are generally non-assignable, while noting that for military retirement pay, the state courts are allowed to take account that some retirement or retainer pay may be waived and calculate or recalculate the need for child support or spousal support, citing Rose v. Rose, 481 U.S. 619, 630-634, and n. 6, 107 S. Ct. 2029, 95 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1987), but reserving the questions concerning the scope and breadth of allowing the use of VA disability pay for spousal support and child support). Petitioner also made a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging DHR had, by its actions, deprived him of his constitutional rights to his property, to wit, his VA disability pay.
The Circuit Court affirmed DHR’s decision. Petitioner then filed an appeal in the Court of Appeals, arguing several bases for reversal. First, DHR violated federal statutory and constitutional provisions, including 38 U.S.C. § 5301(a)(1) and 42 U.S.C. § 659(h)(1)(A)(ii)(V), and that its decision was clearly erroneous, arbitrary and capricious. Petitioner also claimed that DHR had violated his rights under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Petitioner also argued that DHR’s “policy” that VA disability benefits are not exempt from lien or levy influenced its decision not to provide him an administrative hearing and it was axiomatic that denial of an administrative hearing is a fundamental violation of minimal due process under the 14th amendment.
The Court of Appeals affirmed. The Court of Appeals undertook its review of DHR’s decision based on Section 41-22-20(k) of the Alabama Code of 1975, which, inter alia, authorizes the court to reverse a state agency action if it finds the agency’s action “is due to be set aside or modified under standards set forth in appeal or review statutes applicable to that agency or if substantial rights of the petitioner have been prejudiced because the agency action is: (1) in violation of constitutional or statutory provisions; (2) in excess of the statutory authority of the agency; (3) in violation of any agency rule; (4) made upon unlawful procedures; (5) affected by other error of law; (6) clearly erroneous in view of the reliable, probative, and substantial evidence on the whole record; or (7) unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious, or characterized by an abuse of discretion or a clearly unwarranted exercise of discretion.
The Court of Appeals ruled that while Petitioner was correct that VA disability benefits do not fall within the exception from direct levy while those benefits are in the possession of the VA, citing 42 U.S.C. § 659(h)(1)(A)(ii)(V), this fact did not prevent DHR from seizing Petitioner’s benefits. The Court of Appeals reasoned that 42 U.S.C. § 659(a) only creates a “limited waiver of sovereign immunity” of the United States, citing Rose, 481 U.S. at 635, and, therefore, the requirement in § 659(a) that the benefits to be seized be “based upon remuneration for employment” did not prevent the states from enforcing child-support orders by ordering that payment be made from VA disability benefits.
While glossing over the sweeping language of 38 U.S.C. § 5301, which prohibits any legal process from being used by states to assert rights to VA disability benefits that are deemed by preemptive federal law to be off limits, the Court of Appeals reasoned that the fact that VA disability benefits are intended to support not only the veteran, but the veteran’s family, required the Court in Rose, supra at 634, to “[r]ecogniz[e] an exception to the application of § 3101(a)’s prohibition against attachment, levy, or seizure in this context [to] further, [and] not undermine, the federal purpose in providing these benefits.” The Court of Appeals followed Rose and held the anti-assignment provision, now 38 U.S.C. § 5301, does not extend to protect VA disability benefits from seizure where the veteran invokes that provision to avoid an otherwise valid order of child support.
The Court of Appeals concluded that neither the anti-assignment provision, 38 U.S.C. § 5301 nor the requirements of 42 U.S.C. § 659 were relevant to determining whether DHR could seize, or otherwise prevent Petitioner from accessing his VA disability benefits from his credit union account. The Court of Appeals dismissed Petitioner’s argument that DHR’s policy that VA disability benefit are not exempt from lien or levy had influenced its decision not to provide him with an administrative hearing and was in violation of the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of minimal due process. The Court of Appeals however went on to further reason that DHR was justified in its denial of a hearing based on its determination that it had been providing “child support services as required by law.” Citing Ala. Admin. Code (DHR) Rule 660-1-5-.05(f).
The Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the circuit court affirming DHR’s decision to levy Holmes’s VA disability benefits to satisfy his child-support obligation. On December 7, 2018, the Alabama Supreme Court denied Petitioner’s writ of certiorari to the Alabama Court of Appeals. Petitioner seeks to file a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari in this case and by way of this application requests an extension of 60 days to file said petition for the following reasons.
Among the issues likely to be addressed in this case is the rule concerning the absolute preemption of federal law over state courts in the disposition of VA disability benefits. Under its enumerated Article I “Military Powers”, Congress provides veterans disability benefits as a personal entitlement to the veteran. The Supremacy Clause provides that federal laws passed pursuant to Congress’ enumerated Article I powers absolutely preempt all state law. Under this power, Congress has prohibited any legal process from being used to deprive veterans of their disability benefits. 38 U.S.C. § 5301.Unless Congress has lifted the absolute preemption provided by federal law in this area, state courts and state agencies simply have no authority, or jurisdiction, to direct that such benefits be seized or paid over to someone other than their intended beneficiary. Congress has lifted this absolute preemption in a small subset of cases: (1) for marital property through the Uniformed Services Former Spouses Protection Act (USFSPA), 10 U.S.C. § 1408; and (2) spousal support and child support, through the Child Support Enforcement Act (CSEA), 42 U.S.C. § 659. 42 U.S.C. § 659 was amended to specifically exclude VA disability benefits that are paid to non-retiree disabled veterans – those veterans who had not retired, and therefore could not have waived retired or retention pay to receive disability benefits. See also Howell v. Howell, 137 S. Ct. 1400 (2017).
Where a state court is preempted by controlling federal law, the state court has no authority to issue an order that exceeds its jurisdictional control. When federal law, through the Supremacy Clause preempts state law, as it does in the area of divorce in regard to veterans’ benefits, then a state court lacks jurisdiction to issue a contrary award. “State courts may exercise jurisdiction and authority over veteran’s disability pay to satisfy a child support and/or spousal support award, but only up to the amount of his or her waiver of retired pay.” In re Marriage of Cassinelli, 20 Cal App 5th 1267, 1277; 229 Cal Rptr 3d 801 (2018). See also 42 U.S.C. §§ 659(a), (h)(1)(A)(ii)(V), (B)(iii); 5 C.F.R. § 581.103 (2018) (emphasis supplied). Cassinelli was a decision on remand from this Court after Howell, supra.
VA disability benefits have also been deemed constitutionally protected property rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. Cushman v. Shinseki, 576 F.3d 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2009) and Robinson v. McDonald, 28 Vet. App. 178, 185 (U.S. 2016) (federal veterans’ benefits are constitutionally protected property rights). See also Morris v Shinseki, 26 Vet. App. 494, 508 (2014) (same).
Petitioner has presented the arguments that demonstrate federal law preempts state law, and that his constitutional rights have been infringed upon by Respondent, DHR’s seizure of his property.
Finally, Rose was wrongly decided, and it is an outdated case that does not even apply to the factual circumstances of this case because Congress amended 42 U.S.C. § 659 to add subsection (h)(1)(B)(iii) after Rose.
Most importantly, all of the issues of law presented by this case are of national significance due to the increasing number of disabled veterans whose main or only source of income are disability benefits. Petitioner is not the only disabled veteran whose disability pay is a sole means of subsistence and who relies on these benefits to survive.
The purpose of Congress in enacting 38 U.S.C. § 5301 was to “prevent the deprivation and depletion of the means of subsistence of veterans dependent upon these benefits as the main source of their income.” Rose, 481 U.S. at 630. For a very limited time (after Rose v. Rose), the judicial allowance to state courts to force veterans to use their disability pay for child support and spousal support appears to have applied across the board to all disabled veterans. However, this worked an inequitable result on a certain subset of disabled veterans; namely those, like Petitioner in this case, who had been injured and rendered disabled and unable to serve before they had acquired years in service sufficient to also have the financial support and economic security of retirement pay. Now, this subset of veterans, especially due to the last 3 decades of up-tempo, high-volume deployment and military operations in which the U.S. military has been involved represents the largest population of disabled veterans in existence. The significance of this cannot be understated. See Trauschweizer, 32 International Bibliography of Military History 1 (2012), pp. 48-49 (describing the intensity of military operations commencing in the 1990’s culminating in full-scale military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past three decades). See also VA, Trends in Veterans with a Service-Connected Disability: 1985 to 2011, Slide 4 at: http://www.va.gov/vetdata/docs/QuickFacts/SCD_trends_FINAL.pdf.
Indeed, the country is no longer only faced with the waning population of disabled veterans from the post-Vietnam era and prior. Rose was, as noted, a 1987 case, and it necessarily addressed an entirely different population of aging and disabled veterans. Since 1990, there has been a 46 percent increase in disabled veterans, placing the total number of veterans with service-connected disabilities above 3.3 million as of 2011. VA, Trends, supra. By 2014, the number of veterans with a service-connected disability was 3.8 million. See U.S. Census Bureau, Facts for Features at: http://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2015/cb15-ff23.html. As of March 22, 2016, the number of veterans receiving disability benefits had increased from 3.9 million to 4.5 million. Id. See also VA, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, What’s New at: https://www.va.gov/vetdata/veteran_population.asp. Also, since 1990, there has been a remarkable increase in veterans with disability ratings of 50 percent of higher, with approximately 900,000 in 2011. VA, Trends, supra at slide 6. That same year, 1.1 million of the 3.3 million total disabled veterans had a disability rating of 70 percent or higher. Id.
Finally, the disability numbers and ratings for younger veterans has markedly inclined. Conducting an adjusted data search, 570,400 out of 2,198,300 non-institutionalized civilian veterans aged 21 to 64 had a VA service-connected disability at 70 percent or higher in the United States in 2014. See Erickson, W., Lee, C., von Schrader, S. Disability Statistics from the American Community Survey (ACS) (2017). Data retrieved from Cornell University Disability Statistics website: www.disabilitystatistics.org. Thus, according to this data analysis, half of the total number of veterans with a disability rating greater than 70 percent are between 21 and 64 years of age.
The National Veterans Foundation found that over 2.5 million Marines, Sailors, Soldiers, Airmen and National Guardsmen served in Iraq and Afghanistan. Of those, nearly 6,600 were killed, and over 770,000 have filed disability claims. See http://www.nvf.org/staggering-number-of-disabled-veterans/. Yet another study shows nearly 40,000 service members returning from Iraq and Afghanistan have suffered traumatic injuries, with over 300,000 at risk for PTSD or other psychiatric problems. These veterans face numerous post-deployment health concerns, sharing substantial burdens with their families.
These staggering numbers are, in part, a reflection of the nature of wounds received in modern military operations, modern medicine’s ability to aggressively treat the wounded, and modern transportation’s ability to get those most severely wounded to the most technologically advanced medical treatment facilities in a matter of hours. Fazal, Dead Wrong? Battle Deaths, Military Medicine, and Exaggerated Reports of War’s Demise, 39:1 International Security 95 (2014), pp. 95-96, 107-113. Physical injuries in these situations are understandably horrific. Id. See also Kriner & Shen, Invisible Inequality: The Two Americas of Military Sacrifice, 46 Univ. of Memphis L. Rev. 545, 570 (2016). However, many veterans also suffer severe psychological injuries attendant to witnessing the sudden arbitrariness and indiscretion of war’s violence. Zeber, Noel, Pugh, Copeland & Parchman, Family perceptions of post-deployment healthcare needs of Iraq/Afghanistan military personnel, 7(3) Mental Health in Family Medicine 135-143 (2010). As one observer has stated: “assignments can shift rapidly from altruistic humanitarian work to the delivery of immense deadly force, leaving service members with confusing internal conflicts that are difficult to integrate. During deployment, even medical personnel are at times compelled to use deadly force to protect themselves, their patients, and their fellow soldiers.” Finley, Fields of Combat: Understanding PTSD Among Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan (Cornell Univ. Press 2011).
Combat-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), with or without a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can negatively impact soldiers and their families. These conditions have been linked to increased domestic violence, divorce, and suicides. Melvin, Couple Functioning and Posttraumatic Stress in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom – Veterans and Spouses, available from PILOTS: Published International Literature On Traumatic Stress. (914613931; 93193). See also Schwab, et al., War and the Family, 11(2) Stress Medicine 131-137 (1995).
Such conditions are exacerbated when returning veterans must face stress in their families caused by their absence. Despite the amazing cohesion of the military community and the best efforts of the larger military family support network, separations and divorces are common. Families, already stretched by this extraordinary burden, are often pushed beyond their limits causing relationships to break down. Long deployments, the daily uncertainty of not knowing whether the family will ever be reunited, and the everyday travails of civilian life are difficult enough. A physical disability coupled with mental and emotional scars brought on by wartime environments make the veteran’s reintegration with his family even more challenging. Finley, supra.
This younger population of disabled veterans are not entitled to retirement pay because they were injured or wounded during the first few years of their service to the country. Like Petitioner, who only served for approximately 3 years, many disabled veterans in this population do not and will never have the financial security and economic assurances of a retirement pension and all the other benefits that come with being classified as retired. When it became apparent that this growing subset of disabled veterans were also being subjected to having their disability benefits taken by state courts to satisfy support orders in domestic relations cases, Congress acted to differentiate this class of veterans by amending the CSEA and adding 42 U.S.C. § 659(h)(1)(A)(ii)(V) and (h)(1)(B)(iii) distinguishing the two subsets of veterans and the two classes of disability benefits, those which are available to former spouses and minor children from the former group of retiree veterans and those that are not from the latter group of non-retiree veterans.
Federal law is very clear and has been changed since Rose v. Rose to protect veterans’ rights and enforce federal law. Yet, state courts across the country continue to blindly cite Rose for the proposition that states have unfettered access to these disability benefits no matter what the income and status of the disabled veteran. This has caused a systemic destruction of the ability of disabled veterans to sustain themselves and their families. The greatest tragedy, of course, is the effect that this has had on the veteran community as a whole. Homelessness, destitution, alcoholism, drug abuse, criminality, incarceration and, in too many cases, suicide, are a direct result of the consequences of a blind adherence to outdated and no longer viable federal law that fails to take account of the reality of current circumstances.
A state court that rules incorrectly on a matter preempted by federal law acts in excess of its jurisdiction. Such rulings, and the judgments they spring from, including all subsequent contempt and related orders (which would cover the sanctions award here) are void ab initio and exposed to collateral attack. The United States Supreme Court has said as much: “That a state court before which a proceeding is competently initiated may – by operation of supreme federal law – lose jurisdiction to proceed to a judgment unassailable on collateral attack is not a concept unknown to our federal system.” Kalb v. Feurstein, 308 U.S. 433, 440, n 12 (1940). “The States cannot, in the exercise of control over local laws and practice, vest state courts with power to violate the supreme law of the land.” Id. at 439. “States have no power…to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government.” McCulloch v Maryland, 17 US (4 Wheat) 316, 436; 4 L Ed 579 (1819) (MARSHALL, CJ) (emphasis added). Absent such power, any attempt by state courts to impede the operation of federal laws must be considered a nullity and void. Kalb, supra.
Trinity Advocates seeks to change the law on behalf of our disabled veterans so that this nation’s promise to care for them and look after them for their years of service and sacrifice will not be forgotten.
An appellate court in New Jersey has ruled that the United State Supreme Court’s decision in Howell v. Howell, means that state courts cannot enforce or otherwise order disabled veterans to reimburse or otherwise indemnify former spouses with veterans disability pay received as a result of a waiver of retirement pay.
In Fattore v. Fattore, the parties were divorced in 1997. They had agreed as a part of the judgment to divide the military pension of the veteran. The veteran became disabled and started collecting disability pay, which he received as a result of a waiver of his pension. Nearly 20 years after the parties were divorced, the former spouse filed a motion to compel the disabled veteran to compensate her for her share of the military pension which had not been paid to her by the Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS). DFAS had explained to her in a letter that pursuant to the Uniformed Services Former Spouses Protection Act (USFSPA), 10 U.S.C. § 1408, only disposable military retired pay was divisible in state court divorce proceedings, and since the veteran was receiving non-disposable disability pay instead, DFAS was unable to compensate or otherwise pay the former spouse.
The trial court judge ruled that the disabled veteran was required to reimburse his former spouse to make up the amount of the divisible pension benefits the former spouse had been deprived of by operation of federal law.
The appellate court reversed. Citing Mansell v. Mansell, and Howell, supra, the Court noted that the United States Supreme Court had held that the USFSPA preempted state court orders which permitted equitable distribution (or redistribution) of disability benefits to satisfy property divisions in state court divorce proceedings. The Court followed the controlling precedent of Howell by stating that federal law completely preempts states from treating military retirement pay waived to receive federal military disability pay and such disability pay as well as a divisible asset or property. The Court further noted that Howell held that Congress intended to omit disability benefits from disposable retirement pay and state courts cannot overcome Congress’ intent by enforcing or otherwise entering orders that purport to equitably offset the effects upon the servicemember’s pension as a result of his or her waiver to receive disability pay to which he or she is entitled.
Importantly, the court held that since Mansell had already held that the USFSPA expressly excluded veteran disability benefits from the definition of disposable retired pay prior to the entry of the parties’ divorce judgment, the former spouse could not rely on principles of res judicata or collateral estoppel. The state court was bound to follow federal law.
This is another example of the sweeping reach and effect of the Supreme Court’s decision in Howell, a rare “unanimous” decision in which the United States Supreme Court followed each of the arguments of law posited in the amicus curiae (friend of the court) brief by Veterans of Foreign Wars and Operation Firing for Effect, which submitted on behalf of all disabled veterans by attorney Carson J. Tucker.
Following state courts across the country that have begun implementing the United States Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in Howell v. Howell, the Court of Appeals of Kansas has held that state courts do not have jurisdiction to divert veterans’ disability pay to former spouses, even where the parties had previously agreed to divide such benefits in a divorce judgment by consent.
The Court held that the United States Congress has directly and specifically legislated in the area of veterans’ disability benefits through its enumerated powers. As such, the state courts were preempted by the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, article VI, cl. 2, from diverting such benefits, or vesting them in someone other than the beneficiary. See In re Babin, 2019 Kan. App. LEXIS 6 (February 1, 2019).
The Court of Appeals noted that Howell had overruled state cases that had previously relied on the sanctity of contract to escape the reach of federal preemption. See Slip Opinion at p. 16. “The district court lacked jurisdiction to order such a division of benefits, especially over [the servicemember’s] objection to the division of property.” Id.
This is yet another case that confirms the breadth and reach of the Supreme Court’s decision in Howell. The Law Offices of Carson J. Tucker filed the amicus curiae brief on behalf of Veterans of Foreign Wars and Operation Firing for Effect in the United States Supreme Court in the Howell case. This decision confirms the arguments and principles put forth in that brief, and confirmed by the United States Supreme Court’s unanimous decision that federal law absolutely preempts state law in this area and state courts simply have no jurisdiction or authority to order otherwise, even where the parties have previously agreed to divide the disability pay. All such orders are preempted.
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It has to do with precedent; what law, or rule, takes first position over the others. Where veterans are concerned, the jurisdiction statute of Title 38 was changed in 1988, after the old version was ruled upon by the Supreme Court. This ruling was based on a strict reading of the exact words in the positive law statute §211, as it was written back then. If the words had remained exactly as they were to this day, the ruling would have precedent, but the words have changed, therefore must be read strictly as they are now.
The Veterans Judicial Review Act (VJRA) – Section 101 of Public Law 100-687 (Veterans’ Benefits Improvement Act of 1988.) Congress responded to Rose by enacting the VJRA, which began by amending the Positive Law Jurisdiction Statute of Title 38 to make it clear and unmistakable that Congressional intent was to preempt state jurisdiction entirely. They did not make any allowances for state jurisdiction to consider any Title 38 benefits or the subject matter of disability.
Earle, thanks for your comment.

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