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Timestamp: 2019-04-24 08:22:10+00:00

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If your parliamentary authority is Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) and the organization has both a Vice President and President-Elect, who presides in the absence of the President (if there is no bylaws language that helps)?
The Vice President. RONR § 47 (p. 457).
Under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), can a meeting be called to order without a quorum present?
Yes. However, once called to order, the chair "announces the absence of a quorum, and entertains a motion to adjourn or one of the other motions allowed, as described" in RONR § 40." RONR § 40 (p. 349).
Under The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th Edition, what is the type of committee that screens main motions that are to come before a convention (except for those which previously have been screened by some other committee)?
In Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), what is the difference in disciplining an officer between language in the bylaws to the effect that officers serve "for ___ years OR until their successors are elected" and language to the effect that officers serve for a fixed term such as "for ___ years"?
Depending on which language is in the bylaws, the officer can either be removed from office by a motion to do so or the officer can only be removed for cause following an investigation, charges, and formal trial. RONR § 63 (p. 653-654).
Using Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), when more than one person is to be elected to an office, such as to a board of directors, may a member nominate more than one person for the office or position?
If an objection is made, not until every member wishing to nominate has had an opportunity to do so. RONR § 46 (p. 432).
If your parliamentary authority is Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), how is the motion to Reconsider different in standing or special committees?
The motion can be made by anyone who did not vote on the losing side--including one who did not vote at all. RONR § 37 (p. 315).
Does an adopted motion for the Previous Question prevent additional Requests for Information (formerly "Points of Information")?
This is a tough one, as Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) is not entirely clear. Certainly, members who adopt a motion to close debate do not intend for discussion to continue indefinitely through questions. However, RONR § 16 provides that the "adoption of an order for the Previous Question does not prevent the making of privileged or incidental motions as applicable. Requests for Information are an incidential motion. RONR § 16 (p. 198).
Under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), can a vote on a motion to amend the bylaws be reconsidered?
Only a failed motion. An affirmative vote on a motion to amend the bylaws cannot be reconsidered. RONR § 57 (p. 592).
Under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), can a motion to Limit or Extend Limits of Debate be applied to more than the immediately pending debatable motion?
Yes. The motion can be also appplied to an entire series of pending debatable motions or to any consecutive part of such a series beginning with the immediately pending question. RONR § 15 (p. 192).
Under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), what are the bases for temporarily replacing the chair with another presiding officer?
"If the chair fails to act in accordance with the assembly's decision on an appeal (or on a point of order submitted to a vote of the assembly) or otherwise culpably fails to perform the duties of the chair properly in a meeting . . . ." RONR § 62 (p. 651).
When an hour is assigned to a particular subject in an agenda, does the subjet become a special order or general order?
Special order. RONR § 41 (p. 371).
At a meeting that follows Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, an amendment to a legislative agenda is proposed. A member Objects to the Consideration of the amendment. Is the Objection to Consideration in order?
No. An Objection to the Consideration of a Question can only be applied to original main motions, and not to subsidiary motions. RONR § 26 (p. 268).
If your parliamentary authority is Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), what motions are not prevented by the adoption of an order for the Previous Question?
Privileged or incidental motions. RONR § 16 (p. 198).
What is the qualified form of the motion for the Previous Question?
Using Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), it is a motion to close debate that is applied to include consecutively any series beginning with the immediatley pending question. RONR § 16 (p. 199).
If your parliamentary authority is Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), can an election be taken by voice or unanimous consent (and no one objects) if the bylaws require a vote by ballot?
No. "The assembly cannot make valid a viva-voce election if the bylaws require the election to be by ballot." RONR § 46 (p. 443).
Both Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) and The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th Edition have a motion to divide a pending question. As to the vote, what is the major difference between these two books?
The motion to Divide a Question in RONR requires a majority vote, while in the The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure any question can be divided upon request by a member by the presiding office and a majority vote is only required if "the presiding officers feels the motion is not divisible and denies the request." TSC, p. 97.
The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th Edition does away with Robert's use of "Call for the Orders of the Day" to require the presiding officer follow scheduled order of business. What does TSC recommended using instead?
Simply requesting of the presiding officer that any scheduled matter be taken up or using Point of Order to raise the concern. TSC, p. 232.
A motion with two distinct parts that should be divisible has been discussed, amended, and debate closed through adoption of the Previous Question. Just prior to the vote, a member moves to Divide the Question. Is the motion in order?
Yes. "[A] motion to divide can be made at any time that the main motion, an amendment which it is proposed to divide, or the motion to Postpone Indefinitely is immediately pending--even after the Previous Question has been ordered." RONR § 27 (p. 271).
The following are generally recognized to be types of what?
Types of proxies. See The Complete Idiot's Guide to Parliamentary Procedure Fast-Track, p. 80.
If your parliamentary authority is Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), under what catagory of business should matters that the bylaws require to be considered at a particular meeting, such as the nomination and election of officers, be considered?
Special Orders. RONR § 41 (p. 357).
If you follow Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), may a meeting without quorum even be called to order?
Yes. "If a quorum cannot be obtained, the chair calls the meeting to order, announces the absence of a quorum, and entertains a motion to adjourn or one of the other motions allowed." RONR § 40 (p. 349).
If at a properly called special meeting action is taken relating to business not mentioned in the call of the meeting, what must be done to make that action valid under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition)?
I am attending a meeting that uses The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (4th Edition). Is it permissible for me to speak to an issue and end my remarks with a motion to "close debate and vote immediately"?
If your parliamentary authority is The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (4th Edition), what is the name of the motion to Postpone Temporarily if the Chair interprets the motion as a motion to kill the proposal without further debate?
What vote is required in Robert's to adopt the motion to Discharge a Committee?
Using Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), can a motion be referred or postponed after debate has been limited?
Robert's provides that a motion to Refer or Postpone cannot be moved after the adoption of a motion to close debate at a specific time or to limit total debate. RONR § 13 (p. 170) and § 14 (p. 181-82). The premise behind this rule is that a motion to Refer or to Postpone conflicts with the order limiting debate. This esoteric rule is rarely followed.
If notice has been of a bylaws amendment and your parliamentary authority is Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), during what portion of the order of business should the amendment be considered?
"When notice has been given of a bylaws amendment, it becomes a general order for the meeting at which it is to be considered." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 57 (p. 596).
According to Robert's Rules of Order, should a president of an organization be chair of or serve on a nominating committee?
"Although in organizing a new society it may be feasible for the chair to appoint the nominating committee, in an organized society the president should not appoint this committee or be a member of it--ex officio or otherwise." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 46 (p. 433).
A committee. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) §1 (p. 5-9).
Under Robert's Rules of Order, what is the quorum for a special committee that is not provided for in the bylaws?
“In all other committees and in boards, the quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee unless a different quorum is provided for: (a) by the bylaws, in the case of a board or standing committee that the bylaws specifically establish; or (b) by a rule of the parent body or organization or by the motion establishing the particular committee, in the case of a committee that is not expressly established by the bylaws.” Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) §40 (p. 347).
Under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), which of the following are stopped by adopting the Previous Question?
Adopting the Previous Question closes debate, stops amendment of, and prevents the making of subsidiary motions except Lay on the Table. "The adoption of an order for the Previous Question does not prevent the making of privileged or incidental motions as applicable . . . . " RONR § 16 (p. 198) As a result, debate, Amend, and Refer would be prevented.
An organization that follows Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) has both a President, President-Elect and Vice President. The President fails to make a meeting. If the bylaws are silent, which officer should preside?
Bylaws often provide that in the absence of the President, the President-Elect (if there is one) presides. However, [u]nless such provision is made, the first vice-president would preside . . . ." RONR § 47 (p. 457).
When is an Appeal NOT debatable, according to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition)?
is made when an undebatable question is immediately pending or involved in the appeal.
RONR § 24 (p. 257).
The general rules is that bylaws cannot be suspended. However, if your parliamentary authority is Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), under what two circumstances might it be possible to suspend a bylaws provision?
A motion is laid on the table by an organization that follows Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). Later in the same meeting, a motion to Take from the Table is made, seconded, and defeated. Another matter of business is then taken up. How long must a member wait before again moving to take from the table (or should the motion to Take from the Table be reconsidered?)?
The motion to Take from the Table cannot be reconsidered. "A motion to Take from the Table that has failed can be renewed after disposal of the business that was taken up following rejection of the motion." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 38 (p. 340).
You are in a meeting that follows Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). You make a motion to reconsider an item that was discussed and adopted several meetings before the present one. The chairman notes that because no notice of the motion to reconsider was given and because of some members not being present at the meeting, a two-thirds vote will be required to adopt the motion to reconsider. What type of meeting are you attending?
A meeting of a standing or special committee. Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 37 (p. 330).
According to Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), if a motion to Reconsider is made at a time when it is not in order for it to come before the assembly for debate and vote, should the motion be seconded at that time or later (when the motion is "called up" for consideration)?
"Must be seconded at the time it is made. . . . The calling up of the motion to Reconsider does not require a second." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 37, p. 320.
Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) is your parliamentary authority (and there are no other applicable rules). If a member desires to give notice of a motion that requires previous notice, how does he do so?
"In such a case, the member desiring to give the notice writes a letter to the secretary alone, requesting that the notice be sent with the call of the next meeting; and the secretary should then do this at the expense of the organization." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 10, p. 124.
Under The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (4th Ed.)("Sturgis"), name the five "Restorative Main Motions."
(4) Rescind; and (5) Resume Consideration. The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, p. 16.
You are a delegate to a convention that follows Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). Various committees for the convention have been appointed by the President (and approved by the convention) to make proposals to the assembled delegates. The Convention Committee is composed of five members, but only one is an elected delegate. When the Convention Committee presents is recommendations to the convention, is an additional second needed from the floor or does the committee report carry its own second?
Despite the fact that only one member of the committee is a delegate, the language in RONR suggests that no additional second from the floor is absolutely necessary (but may be politically wise).
"A motion made by direction of a board or duly appointed committee of the assembly requires no second from the floor (provided the subordinate group is composed of more than one person), since the motion's introduction has been directed by a majority vote within the board or committee and is therefore desired by at least two assembly members or elected or appointed persons to whose opinion the assembly is presumed to give weight regarding the board's or committee's concerns." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 4, p. 36. Following this provision, the motion is "made by direction" of a "duly appointed committee of the assembly," "the subordinate group is composed of more than one person," and the "motion's introduction has been directed by a majority vote within the" committee, and is "therefore desired by at least . . . appointed persons to whose opinion the assembly is presumed to give weight." In further support of this argument, the authors of RONR could easily have used the phrase, "provided the subordinate group is composed of more than one MEMBER," but instead used the word "person."
If your parliamentary authority is Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), is it in order to move to a Division of the Question on an amendment if the amendment contains several parts, each of which is capable of standing as a complete proposition if the others are removed.? Can the motion Division of a Question also be applied to a main motion while an amendment is pending?
"If applied to an amendment, it also takes precedence over that amendment; but a motion to divide the main question cannot be made while an amendment to the main question is pending." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 27, p. 271.
In Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), does the motion Request to Be Excused from a Duty require a second?
"Does not require a second except when moved formally by the maker of the request. A motion to grant the request of another member does not require a second since the maker of the request and the maker of the motion--two members--wish the question to be considered." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 32, p. 290.
A trial of a member is being handled using the disciplinary procedures outlined in Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). The accused member has notified the organization that she will appear at trial with a non-member attorney representing her. Must the organization allow the attorney to appear under RONR?
No. "Defense counsel can be attorney(s) or not, but must be member(s) of the society unless the trial body (that is, the assembly or the trial committee as the case may be) by vote agrees to permit attorney(s) who are not member(s) to act in this capacity." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 63, p. 664.
Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law states that the business part of the order of business can be remembered by the initial letters: R, R, R, S, U, N, G. What do these letters stand for?
Reading of the minutes of the last meeting; Reports of (1) officers, (2) boards, and (3) standing committees; Reports of special (temporary) committees; Special orders (specially scheduled business); Unfinished business; New business; Good of the order. Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law, p. 14.
Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law places the motions Reconsider, Reconsider and Enter, Rescind, Expunge, Ratify, and Take from the Table into a class of their own, like the subsidiary, privileged, and incidental classes of motions. What is the name for this class of motions?
Restoratory Motions. Demeter's, p. 152.
You are attending a national convention that operates under The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (4th Edition)("Sturgis"). A Bylaws amendment which required previous notice of 60 days is under discussion. During debate, a member states that several other articles and sections need to be amended to comply with the noticed amendment under discussion. He then makes an amendment to amend these other sections. Does Sturgis allow such amendments to other parts of the Bylaws not specified in the notice?
"An amendment to another part of the bylaws not specified in the notice is admissible only if it is reasonably implied by the amendment as stated in the notice. Using the same example, if the original amendment provided for the creation of an associate membership class, the necessity of fixing the dues for associate members would reasonably be implied, although the subject of dues is covered in another part of the bylaws and might have been omitted unintentionally in the proposed amendment. An amendment providing the dues for associate members would therefore be admissible." The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, p. 208.
In a disciplinary trial held pursuant to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), what is the title given to the members of the society who have the task of presenting the evidence against the accused?
"Managers." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 63, p. 662.
If you are following Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), what is typically the first item of business immediately following the call to order of a mass meeting?
"A chairman and a secretary are in general the only officers required by a mass meeting. Their election takes place immediately after the meeting is called to order, a convenient method of electing them being by voice vote." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition)§ 53, p. 547.
You are attending a meeting that closely follows Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). A series of independent resolutions dealing with different subjects has been offered in one motion (and must be divided upon the demand of a single member). Instead of dividing the question, the assembly decides to consider the material seriatim (by paragraph). Later during the debate, a member moves to divide the question. Is the motion to divide the question in order?
No. "If it has been decided to consider divisible material seriatim, even if the material was divisible on the demand of a single member, it is too late to move or demand a division of the question.'" Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 28, p. 277.
An organization has held a disciplinary trial pursuant to Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). One of the managers for the organization has made a motion to expel the member as a penalty. What vote is required and must the vote be taken by ballot?
"On the demand of a single member both the question of guilt and the question of the penalty must be voted on by ballot. . . . For expulsion, a two-thirds vote is required." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 63, p. 668.
An organization that follows Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) goes into executive session during its January meeting to consider and vote on an important motion. At the February meeting, the organization goes back into executive session solely to read and act upon the minutes of the previous meeting's executive session. How do the minutes from the short executive session at the February meeting get approved?
"When the minutes of an executive session must be considered for approval at an executive session held solely for that purpose, the brief minutes of the latter meeting are, or are assumed to be, approved by that meeting." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 9, p. 96.
The current "Mission Statement" of an organization is amended during a meeting using the motion to Rescind/Amend Something Previously Adopted. Later in the meeting, it is realized that a single word change would make the Statement more grammatically correct. Can the motion to Reconsider be used at the same meeting to revisit this issue, according to Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition)?
No, not through the motion to Reconsider. "A negative vote on these motions [Rescind/Amend Something Previously Adopted] can be reconsidered, but not an affirmative vote." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 35, p. 307. It may be simpler to just make another motion to Rescind/Amend Something Previously Adopted as to new word change (which, without previous notice, will require a higher vote requirement as detailed in Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition).
The motion to Lay on the Table is commonly misused in organizations that follow Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). In fact, RONR goes so far as to state the following: "In ordinary assemblies, the motion to Lay on the Table is out of order if the evident intent is to ____ or _____ dealing with a measure." What words are missing?
"In ordinary assemblies, the motion to Lay on the Table is out of order if the evident intent is to kill or avoid dealing with a measure." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 17, p. 210.
Your parliamentary authority is Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). RONR states that during a vote the chair must always call for the negative vote except for two possible exceptions. What are these exceptions?
"The chair must always call for the negative vote, no matter how nearly unanimous the affirmative vote may appear, except that this rule is commonly relaxed in the case of noncontroversial motions of a complimentary or courtesy nature; but even in such a case, if any member objects, the chair must call for the negative vote. A further exception arises when the negative vote is intrinsically irrelevant, as, for example, when 'a vote of one fifth of the members present' is required, and the number who have voted in the affirmative is clearly greater than one fifth of those present (see p. 403)." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 4, p. 45.
If your parliamentary authority is Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), what must be done if the assembly is to elect a chairman pro tem to hold office beyond the current session (in the event of illness or disability of both the regular presiding officer and his alternate)?
According to Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), is the motion to Fix the Time to Which to Adjourn in order if there is a meeting scheduled for later within the same session?
No. "A motion to Fix the Time to Which to Adjourn is in order only if at the time it is offered there is no meeting scheduled for later within the same session. If there is such a meeting, additional meetings within the same session may be set by a motion either to Suspend the Rules (25) or to Amend Something Previously Adopted (35), namely, the previously adopted agenda or program for the session." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 22, p. 242.
You are attending a convention that follows Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). A resolution was introduced during the morning session to hold the annual banquet on Friday evening this year. An amendment to change the night to Saturday was adopted (and you supported the amendment). Everyone now realizes that the Saturday banquet conflicts with the largest social event of the year. The entire banquet issue needs to be revisited. How do you word your motion to bring back up for discussion and vote both the amendment and the main motion?
"I move to reconsider the votes on the resolution relating to the annual banquet and on the amendment to strike out 'Friday' and insert 'Saturday." I voted for the amendment." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 37, p. 330.
What is a "Texas ballot" and which parliamentary authority describes it?
"A Texas ballot is a method of plurality voting in which voters indicate the candidate that they do not wish to be elected." This method of voting is described in The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, p. 247.
You are at the regular monthly meeting of your civic club during New Business. A very important budget matter was tabled at the last meeting. You are presently discussing a motion on the entertainment for the annual meeting, when a member states in debate that in the event the main motion on entertainment is voted down, she will offer a different motion covering the question. The entertainment motion is put to a vote and voted down. Can you now move to Take from the Table the important matter from the previous meeting if the parliamentary authority is Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition)? Why or why not?
No. "Even if no question is pending, a motion to Take from the Table cannot interrupt a series of motions connected with bringing up a single item of business, but must wait until the complete series is disposed of. For example, . . . when a main motion has just been voted down after a member stated in debate that in that event he would offer a different motion covering the case." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 34 (p. 303).
A convention has been called for the purpose of forming a state society. The chairman of the Convention Arrangements Committee has called the meeting to order and has asked for a motion to authorize the appointment of the Credentials, Rules, and Program Committees. A Point of Order is raised that no motion of any kind is in order because the Credentials Committee has not reported and no one knows who the properly appointed delegates are. Is the Point of Order well taken if the parliamentary authority is Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition)?
The Point of Order is not well taken, and the motion is appropriate. "Until the report of the Credentials Committee is adopted, no business other than its adoption or the other preliminary actions described in this paragraph may be considered, except that any motion related to the consideration of such business or to the conduct of the meeting before the report is adopted, as well as those that are in order in the absence of a quorum (pp. 347-48), are in order." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 60 (p. 641).
In Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), what is the name of the (rarely used) proceedings in which the full assembly gives detailed consideration to a matter under consideration, members can speak to the main question or any amendment as often as they can get the floor, the presiding officer remains in the chair, and any motion except an amendment that is adopted puts an end to the proceedings?
Quasi Committee of the Whole (Consideration as If in Committee of the Whole). Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 52 (p. 538-40).
Your organization follows Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition). The pending motion is a secondary amendment to strike out words from a primary amendment to strike. What will be the difference in effect depending on whether the primary amendment is a motion to strike out words or a motion to strike out a paragraph?
"If the primary amendment is to strike out certain words, then words struck out of the primary amendment will remain in the resolution regardless of the final vote on the primary amendment (as explained under Strike Out Words, above). But if the primary amendment is to strike out a paragraph, then words stuck out of that paragraph in the process of secondary amendment are out of the resolution regardless of the final vote on the primary amendment." Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) § 12 (p. 148).
Two organizations have identical members, issues, and discussions. The only difference between the two organizations is their parliamentary authority. The following identical election took place in both meetings: For the office of president, Sue Smith received 50 votes, Bob Brown received 44 votes, Vicki Vail received 2 votes, and Mickey Mouse (yes, the cartoon character) received 4 votes. One organization declared Sue Smith the new president. The other organization had a second balloting, which Bob Brown won.
Based upon this information, which organization uses which major parliamentary authority and why does it make a difference?
The first organization uses as its parliamentary authority Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), in which illegal votes cast by legal voters (i.e., for Mickey Mouse) are taken into account in determining the number of votes cast for computing a majority. Under Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), Sue Smith did not receive a majority (51 votes) of the 100 ballots cast and reballoting is necessary.
The second organization uses as its parliamentary authority Sturgis Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure in which only legal votes are taken into account in determining the number of votes cast for computing a majority. Under The Standard Code, Sue Smith received a majority of the 96 legal ballots cast.
Debate on a particularly controversial motion has been limited by means of the motion to limit debate to one hour. After thirty minutes of debate, it is apparent that more information is needed before a final decision can be made. A member attempts to Postpone the motion until the next week's meeting but is ruled out of order by the President. Based solely on these facts (and according to Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition), why?
A committee member arrives at a regular committee meeting (operating under Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th Edition) at which all members will be present. Before the meeting begins, the member overhears that a motion will be made to reconsider an item adopted at the previous meeting. At the previous meeting, the committee member voted for adoption of the underlying motion (and does not want to discuss the matter again). What action can the committee member take to dramatically increase the chance that the motion to Reconsider will fail?

References: § 47
 § 40
 § 40
 § 63
 § 46
 § 37
 § 16
 § 16
 § 57
 § 15
 § 62
 § 41
 § 26
 § 16
 § 16
 § 46
 § 27
 § 41
 § 40
 § 13
 § 14
 § 57
 § 46
 §1
 §40
 § 16
 § 47
 § 24
 § 38
 § 37
 § 37
 § 10
 § 4
 § 27
 § 32
 § 63
 § 63
 § 28
 § 63
 § 9
 § 35
 § 17
 § 4
 § 22
 § 37
 § 34
 § 60
 § 52
 § 12