Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/supreme-court/1993/134-n-j-241.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 08:05:26+00:00

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SUZANNE SAVAGE (NEE SAMUEL), PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT, v. OLD BRIDGE-SAYREVILLE MEDICAL GROUP, P.A., AND PRYSTOWSKY MEDICAL GROUP, DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS, AND JOHN DOE, M.D., # 1-4, (JOHN DOE BEING FICTITIOUS AS TRUE IDENTITY IS UNKNOWN), DEFENDANTS.
*242 Richard J. Hull argued the cause for appellant Old Bridge-Sayreville Medical Group, P.A. (Morgan, Melhuish, Monaghan, Arvidson, Abrutyn & Lisowski, attorneys; Michael A. Swimmer and Michelle M. Schott, on the brief).
*243 William S. Mezzomo argued the cause for appellant Prystowsky Medical Group (McDonough, Korn & Eichhorn, attorneys; Jacqueline F. Bunn, of counsel and on the brief).
Richard Galex argued the cause for respondent (Garruto, Galex and Cantor, attorneys).
This appeal presents a difficult exercise in application of the discovery rule. The case arises, as have several recent cases, from an experience of tooth discoloration due to medical treatment with tetracycline antibiotics in early childhood.
The history and principles underlying the discovery rule have been examined by us on numerous occasions, see, e.g., Vispisiano v. Ashland Chemical Co., 107 N.J. 416, 527 A.2d 66 (1987), and need no further elaboration here.
Here the plaintiff was aware of her injury, namely the tooth discoloration, during her childhood, and she was aware of that when she reached the age of maturity. She was also aware that the medication given to her as a child may have caused the discoloration. That is, she was aware of the likely cause of her injury. Thus at the time she reached the age of maturity, she was aware of the state of facts from which she could reasonably learn if they equated in law with a cause of action.
The Appellate Division reversed, 260 N.J. Super. 417, 616 A.2d 1307 (1992), reasoning that although plaintiff was indeed aware of the fact that she had suffered injury and that medication was a likely cause of the injury, the record did not demonstrate that she was reasonably aware that the injury was due to any fault in the medication or the care given. The Appellate Division distinguished our holding in Apgar v. Lederle Laboratories, 123 N.J. 450, 588 A.2d 380 (1991), which held time-barred the claim by one who knew by the time that she reached her twenty-first birthday that her teeth had been discolored and, based on information from several dentists, that medication she had taken as a child had produced the staining. In that case, however, before the plaintiff was eighteen years old, she was under the belief that the medication "had not been thoroughly tested," and was under the further assumption that "`something [was] not right.'" Id. at 453, 588 A.2d 380. The plaintiff's theory in Apgar was that although she had reason to believe the defective medication had caused her injury, the statute of limitations did not begin to run on her claim until she learned the identities of the manufacturers of the drugs that she had taken. We disagreed because the identities of the drug manufacturers were readily ascertainable from the plaintiff's physicians.
*245 We granted the petitions for certification of Old Bridge-Sayreville Medical Group, P.A., and Prystowsky Medical Group, 133 N.J. 433, 627 A.2d 1139 (1993), to review their contention that the Appellate Division's ruling represented a new and unwarranted expansion of discovery-rule doctrine.
Plaintiff was among that group of children who, in the 1960s, were treated with tetracycline antibiotics for infectious childhood diseases. She was born on January 27, 1961, shortly after the products were introduced. She suffered from childhood disease that required heavy doses of antibiotics. She recalls that when she was nine or ten years old, her mother told her that discoloration of her teeth may have been the result of taking medicine as a child. Her mother, Marilyn Samuel, recalls such a conversation but not its exact year. Mrs. Samuel recalls that she was informed by one of Suzanne's childhood dentists that the discoloration was most likely due to medication that Suzanne had received as a child. Suzanne readily acknowledges that throughout her teens and into her twenties she understood the correlation between the discoloration of her teeth and her childhood medications. She says, however, that it was not until her mother read a 1988 advertisement concerning legal actions for such tetracycline staining that she was aware that she had a claim.
In Feldman v. Lederle Laboratories, 132 N.J. 339, 625 A.2d 1066 (1993), we recently reviewed the regulatory history of the introduction and marketing of the tetracycline antibiotics. As early as 1963, with the possible exception of Declomycin, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had recommended a suggested statement, to be incorporated in the printed matter that accompanies tetracycline products, cautioning that certain use during early tooth development may cause discoloration of teeth. Sometime after 1964, the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) contained a *246 warning that administration even of Declomycin during the developmental stages of permanent teeth could cause permanent discoloration. In the case of therapeutic products that protect or prolong life, most often the absence or inadequacy of warning is what makes the product defective.
This case differs from Apgar, supra, in that plaintiff asserts that the medicine was prescribed between 1961 and 1971, long after the PDR contained a warning that unwarranted use of the tetracyclines could cause permanent tooth discoloration.
As noted, during her early childhood years, Suzanne Savage began noticing that her teeth were discolored. Her mother told her that her condition was due to the medicine she had taken as a child. Can one reasonably assume that Suzanne would have been, as a child, aware of either a defect in the tetracycline products or of a lack of due diligence among the physicians who had treated her? At what later point in her maturing would it have been reasonable to believe that she should have been aware of a defect in the product or the treatment? It was not until 1975 that Dr. Feldman, the physician who prescribed Declomycin for his own daughter, is described as having "questioned [Lederle Laboratories'] medical representative regarding dental discoloration related to the use of tetracycline." Feldman v. Lederle Lab., 97 N.J. 429, 440, 479 A.2d 374 (1984) (Feldman I).
Our cases have regularly emphasized the same two threads of knowledge of injury and knowledge of fault. The seminal case of Lopez v. Swyer, 62 N.J. 267, 300 A.2d 563 (1973), defined the issue *247 in terms of when the plaintiff "`knew or should reasonably have known the nature of Maria's illness and its causal relationship with the alleged negligence.'" Id. at 272, 300 A.2d 563 (quoting Lopez v. Swyer, 115 N.J. Super. 237, 252, 279 A.2d 116 (App.Div. 1971)). Tevis v. Tevis, 79 N.J. 422, 432, 400 A.2d 1189 (1979), states that "when a party is either unaware that he has sustained an injury or, although aware that an injury has occurred, he does not know that it is, or may be, attributable to the fault of another, the cause of action does not accrue until the discovery of the injury or facts suggesting the fault of another person." (Emphasis added).
Burd v. New Jersey Telephone Co., 76 N.J. 284, 291, 386 A.2d 1310 (1978), emphasized that a third-party action for a workplace exposure to noxious fumes accrues when a "plaintiff learns, or reasonably should learn, the existence of that state of facts which may equate in law with a cause of action," because the trial court had ruled that the plaintiff had to be informed by an attorney that he had a cause of action before the statute would commence to run.
In discussing the role of the Lopez hearing in such a case, the Court wrote: "To the extent that fault is not self-evident or *248 obviously revealed by the injury itself, the judicial search into an aggrieved party's knowledge of possible fault must be * * * exacting." Id. at 74, 424 A.2d 1169.
In Vispisiano, supra, 107 N.J. 416, 527 A.2d 66, a toxic-tort case, a worker exposed to chemicals at a plant did not immediately connect the exposure to his symptoms. The Court wrote: "At times, as in this case, `the inquiry must focus upon fault as well as injury where the awareness of the fault is not self-evident in the injury.'" Id. at 427, 627 A.2d 1139 (quoting Jarusewicz v. Johns-Manville Prods. Corp., 188 N.J. Super. 638, 643, 458 A.2d 156 (Law Div. 1983)).
"Fault" in the context of the discovery rule is simply that it is possible not provable or even probable that a third person's conduct that caused the injury was itself unreasonable or lacking in due care. In other words, knowledge of fault does not mean knowledge of a basis for legal liability or a provable cause of action; knowledge of fault denotes only facts suggesting the possibility of wrongdoing. Thus, knowledge of fault for purposes of the discovery rule has a circumscribed meaning: it requires only the awareness of facts that would alert a reasonable person exercising ordinary diligence that a third party's conduct may have caused or contributed to the cause of the injury and that conduct itself might possibly have been unreasonable or lacking in due care.
The purpose of statutes of limitations is "to `stimulate to activity and punish negligence' and `promote repose by giving security and stability to human affairs.'" O'Keeffe v. Snyder, 83 N.J. 478, 491, 416 A.2d 862 (1980) (quoting Wood v. Carpenter, 101 U.S. 135, 139, 25 L. Ed. 807, 808 (1879)). The question to be resolved on the remand hearing is whether Suzanne Savage was negligent in not becoming earlier aware of fault in the administration of the medicines.
In this case, the Appellate Division believed that the trial court reasoned that once plaintiff was aware of an injury and once plaintiff was aware of cause in fact, then plaintiff should have been charged as a matter of law with constructive knowledge of fault in the administration of the medication. We agree with the Appellate Division that the premises of that equation (knowledge of injury plus knowledge of cause equals knowledge of fault) do not logically or necessarily produce its conclusion.
Somewhat like Isabel Lynch, Lynch, supra, 85 N.J. 65, 424 A.2d 1169, Suzanne Savage had never been told by her physicians that the discoloration was not the norm or due to some neglect and therefore she may not have attributed the injury to the fault, that is, the possible wrongdoing, of another. The question then is whether she was unaware of the possibility that another's conduct might have unreasonably caused her condition. This case, too, differs from Apgar, supra, 123 N.J. 450, 588 A.2d 380, in that the issue is not whether plaintiff should be deemed constructively aware that a defect in the product caused her condition, but rather whether she should have been aware of the possibility that a lack of care in administering the medication had caused her condition. In this sense, her case is very close to that of the plaintiff in Lopez, supra, 62 N.J. 267, 300 A.2d 563. Maria Lopez knew that she had suffered an injury, burned skin, and that radiation treatments had caused the burning. What she did not know was that her injuries might have been avoidable had not the provider gone out for a cup of coffee while administering the dosage of radiation. Id. at 271, 300 A.2d 563. Ms. Lopez thus knew of her injury and knew of the cause, but she did not know that avoidable fault in administering the radiation had caused her injury.
The question that the Appellate Division has remanded for resolution is whether Suzanne Savage was reasonably unaware *250 until 1988 that fault on the part of her physicians had caused her injury. Although the Appellate Division characterized this appeal as presenting a type of case "not yet considered by our courts," 260 N.J. Super. at 421, 616 A.2d 1307, it is more an application of Lopez and its progeny to the particular factual circumstances. The specific inquiry under those precedents is when Suzanne Savage was aware of or should have been aware of the facts that would suggest to a reasonable person exercising ordinary diligence that the conduct of a third party may have caused her injurious condition and that the conduct was possibly lacking in due care.
First the Court zigs, see Apgar v. Lederle Laboratories, 123 N.J. 450, 588 A.2d 380 (1991), then, in today's case, it zags by *251 following the Appellate Division's "new" law. The court below, unable to fit the facts into the "discovery" rule, decided to create its own extension of the rule, acknowledging that its new creation had never before been "considered by our courts in a reported decision." Savage v. Old Bridge-Sayreville Medical Group, 260 N.J. Super. 417, 421, 616 A.2d 1307 (1992). The Appellate Division's new category of "discovery-rule" case, which this Court now adopts, is one in which a plaintiff knows of the injury (here, tooth discoloration) and the cause-in-fact thereof (here, medication that had been administered during childhood); and even though the defendant had not misled the plaintiff, nevertheless the plaintiff may simply have had no reasonable basis to link the administration of tetracycline to the actionable fault or wrongdoing of another. So, says the court, the statute of limitations does not begin to run until a plaintiff makes, or reasonably should make, that link.
Here, as did the plaintiff in Apgar, plaintiff knew early on that her tooth discoloration had been caused by one of the many medications she had taken as a child, but not until 1988 (she had turned twenty-one in 1982) did she learn that the damaging drug was tetracycline and that her doctors may have acted improperly *252 in prescribing it. Ms. Savage started this suit when she was twenty-eight years old, within two years of having discovered the causal relationship between the improper prescribing of tetracycline and her condition. However, on defendant's motions for summary judgment, the trial court declined to give plaintiff the benefit of the discovery rule inasmuch as plaintiff had, for many years, been aware of facts that suggested that she should investigate whether she had an actionable claim. The court said that no Lopez hearing was necessary because the critical facts, taken from the deposition testimony of plaintiff and her mother, were not in dispute. This Court, guaranteeing that we will be faced with at least one, probably two, and possibly three additional court events, sends the case back for a trial court to decide whether plaintiff "was reasonably unaware until 1988 that fault on the part of her physicians had caused her injury." Ante at 249-50, 633 A.2d at 519.
I would reverse the judgment of the Appellate Division and reinstate the judgment of the trial court in favor of defendants.
Justices POLLOCK and GARIBALDI join in this opinion.
*253 For affirmance Chief Justice WILENTZ, and Justices HANDLER, O'HERN and STEIN 4.
For reversal Justices CLIFFORD, POLLOCK and GARIBALDI 3.
 We have since decided that the statute of limitations on minors' actions, on a prospective basis, commences to run at age eighteen. Green v. Auerbach Chevrolet Corp., 127 N.J. 591, 601, 606 A.2d 1093 (1992).

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