Source: http://dcmetrotrustcode.com/article/article-3/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 08:34:12+00:00

Document:
UTC §301(d) is a bracketed provision providing that a settlor may not represent and bind a beneficiary with respect to the termination or modification of a trust. The purpose of this provision is to avoid the possible inclusion of the trust in the settlor’s estate for estate tax purposes because, arguably, participation in the termination or modification of a trust constitutes a retained interest under §2036 of the Internal Revenue Code. UTC §301(d) is omitted from DC §19-1303.01 and also omitted from MD §14.5-301. UTC §301(d) is included in VA §64.2-714.
§ 301. Representation: basic effect.
(a) Notice to a person who may represent and bind another person under this [article] has the same effect as if notice were given directly to the other person.
(b) The consent of a person who may represent and bind another person under this [article] is binding on the person represented unless the person represented objects to the representation before the consent would otherwise have become effective.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in Sections [411 and] 602, a person who under this [article] may represent a settlor who lacks capacity may receive notice and give a binding consent on the settlor’s behalf.
§ 19-1303.01. Representation: basic effect.
(a) Notice to a person who may represent and bind another person under this subchapter has the same effect as if notice were given directly to the other person.
(b) The consent of a person who may represent and bind another person under this subchapter is binding on the person represented unless the person represented objects to the representation by notifying the trustee or the representative before the consent would otherwise have become effective.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in sections 19-1304.11 and 19-1306.02, a person who under this subchapter may represent a settlor who lacks capacity may receive notice and give a binding consent on the settlor's behalf.
(a) Except as required by the applicable rules of civil procedure in a judicial proceeding, notice to a person that is authorized to represent and bind another person under this subtitle has the same effect as if notice were given directly to the other person unless the person represented objects to the representation by notifying the trustee and the representative before the notice would otherwise have become effective.
(b) The consent of a person that is authorized to represent and bind another person under this subtitle is binding on the person represented unless the person represented objects to the representation by notifying the trustee and the representative before the consent would otherwise have become effective.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in [MISSING REFERENCE TO OTHER SECTION] § 14.5–602 of this title, a person that under this subtitle is authorized to represent a settlor that lacks capacity may receive notice and give a binding consent on behalf of the settlor.
(d) A representative may act on behalf of the individual represented with respect to a matter arising under this title, whether or not a judicial proceeding concerning the trust is pending.
(e) In making decisions as a representative of an individual, the representative may consider the general benefit accruing to the living members of the family of the individual.
A. Notice to a person who may represent and bind another person under this chapter has the same effect as if notice were given directly to the other person.
B. The consent of a person who may represent and bind another person under this chapter is binding on the person represented unless the person represented objects to the representation by notifying the trustee or the representative before the consent would otherwise have become effective.
C. Except as otherwise provided in §§ 64.2-729 and 64.2-751, a person who under this chapter may represent a settlor who lacks capacity may receive notice and give a binding consent on the settlor's behalf.
D. A settlor may not represent and bind a beneficiary under this chapter with respect to the termination or modification of a trust under § 64.2-729.
§ 302. Representation by holder of general testamentary power of appointment.
To the extent there is no conflict of interest between the holder of a general testamentary power of appointment and the persons represented with respect to the particular question or dispute, the holder may represent and bind persons whose interests, as permissible appointees, takers in default, or otherwise, are subject to the power.
§ 19-1303.02. Representation by holder of general testamentary power of appointment.
(2) All persons other than the power holder, the power holder's estate, the power holder's creditors, and the creditors of the power holder's estate.
§ 14.5–302. Qualified power of appointment.
[MISSING "TO THE EXTENT THERE IS NO CONFLICT OF INTEREST . . . QUESTION OR DISPUTE"] (a) The holder of a qualified power of appointment may represent and bind persons whose interests as permissible appointees or takers in default [MISSING "OR OTHERWISE"] are subject to the power.
(2) A power of appointment exercisable in favor of all persons other than the power holder, the estate of the power holder, the creditors of the power holder, and the creditors of the estate of the power holder.
UTC §303(6) and all three jurisdictions permit a parent to represent and bind the parent’s minor or unborn child if a conservator or guardian for the child has not been appointed. MD extends this provision to include an incapacitated child, an unknown child of the parent, and a child whose location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable. MD §14.5-303(7) (which became effective on October 1, 2016), DC §19-1303.03(7), and VA §64.2-716(7). allow an individual to represent a grandchild or more remote descendant, whether born or unborn, who is incapacitated or whose location is unknown and unascertainable (Maryland), whom a parent may not represent and bind (DC), or who is not otherwise represented (Virginia).
§ 303. Representation by fiduciaries and parents.
(6) a parent may represent and bind the parent’s minor or unborn child if a [conservator] or [guardian] for the child has not been appointed.
(8) A qualified beneficiary may represent and bind any beneficiary who may succeed to the qualified beneficiary's interest under the terms of the trust or pursuant to the exercise of a power of appointment.
(6) A parent may represent and bind the minor, incapacitated, unborn, or unknown child of the parent or child of the parent whose location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable if a guardian of the property or guardian of the person for the child has not been appointed.
(7) If a minor, an incapacitated, unborn, or unknown individual or an individual whose location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable is not otherwise represented under this section, a grandparent or more remote ancestor may represent and bind the individual.
7. If a minor or unborn person is not otherwise represented under this section, a grandparent or more remote ancestor may represent and bind that minor or unborn person.
§ 304. Representation by person having substantially identical interest.
Unless otherwise represented, a minor, incapacitated, or unborn individual, or a person whose identity or location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable, may be represented by and bound by another having a substantially identical interest with respect to the particular question or dispute, but only to the extent there is no conflict of interest between the representative and the person represented.
§ 19-1303.04. Representation by person having substantially identical interest.
Unless otherwise represented, a minor, incapacitated, or unborn individual, or a person whose identity or location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable, may be represented by and bound by another having a substantially identical interest with respect to the particular question or dispute, but only to the extent there is no conflict of interest between the representative and the person represented with respect to the particular question or dispute.
§ 14.5–304. Representation by person having substantially identical interest.
Unless otherwise represented, a minor, an incapacitated or unborn individual, or an individual whose identity or location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable, may be represented by and bound by a representative having a substantially identical interest with respect to a particular question or dispute, but only to the extent that there is no conflict of interest between the representative and the individual represented with respect to the question or dispute.
Unless otherwise represented, a minor, incapacitated, or unborn individual, or a person whose identity or location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable, may be represented by and bound by another having a substantially identical interest with respect to the particular question or dispute, but only to the extent there is no conflict of interest with respect to the particular question or dispute between the representative and the person represented.
See note for MD §14.5-301.
§ 305. Appointment of representative.
(a) If the court determines that an interest is not represented under this [article], or that the otherwise available representation might be inadequate, the court may appoint a [representative] to receive notice, give consent, and otherwise represent, bind, and act on behalf of a minor, incapacitated, or unborn individual, or a person whose identity or location is unknown. A [representative] may be appointed to represent several persons or interests.
(b) A [representative] may act on behalf of the individual represented with respect to any matter arising under this [Code], whether or not a judicial proceeding concerning the trust is pending.
(c) In making decisions, a [representative] may consider general benefit accruing to the living members of the individual’s family.
§ 19-1303.05. Appointment of representative.
(a) If the court determines that an interest is not represented under this subchapter, or that the otherwise available representation might be inadequate, the court may appoint a representative to receive notice, give consent, and otherwise represent, bind, and act on behalf of a minor, incapacitated, or unborn individual, or a person whose identity or location is unknown. A representative may be appointed to represent several persons or interests.
(b) A representative may act on behalf of the individual represented with respect to any matter arising under this chapter, whether or not a judicial proceeding concerning the trust is pending.
(c) In making decisions, a representative may consider general benefit accruing to the living members of the individual's family.
§ 14.5–305. Appointment of representative by court.
(a) If the court determines that an interest is not represented under this subtitle or that the otherwise available representation might be inadequate, the court may appoint a representative to receive notice, give consent, and otherwise represent, bind, and act on behalf of a minor, an incapacitated individual, an unborn individual, or a person whose identity or location is unknown or is not reasonably ascertainable as long as there is no conflict of interest between the representative and the person represented or among those being represented with respect to a particular question or dispute.
(b) A representative may be appointed to represent several persons or interests under this title.
A. If the court determines that an interest is not represented under this chapter, or that the otherwise available representation might be inadequate, the court may appoint a representative to receive notice, give consent, and otherwise represent, bind, and act on behalf of a minor, incapacitated, or unborn individual, or a person whose identity or location is unknown. A representative may be appointed to represent several persons or interests.
B. A representative may act on behalf of the individual represented with respect to any matter arising under this chapter, whether or not a judicial proceeding concerning the trust is pending.
C. In making decisions, a representative may consider general benefit accruing to the living members of the individual's family.

References: §301
 §2036
 §301
 §19
 §14
 §301
 §64

§ 301

§ 19
 § 14
 § 64

§ 302

§ 19

§ 14
 §303
 §14
 §19
 §64

§ 303

§ 304

§ 19

§ 14
 §14

§ 305

§ 19

§ 14