Source: http://pifk.magtu.ru/en/journal/32-contents-of-%E2%84%963,-2013.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 20:06:13+00:00

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The article is an attempt to reconstruct the biography of the Athenian general Timotheus (the 4th century BC). The author analyses the data of historiography sources concerning the general, considers the role of Timotheus in the political life of his polis, and particular qualities of political leadership Athens in the 4th century BC.
Roman historiography of the 1st century BC developed several concepts of plebs tribunate. Varro considered tribunate as magistracy, Verrius Flaccus saw it as plebeian magistracy, and Cicero was inclined to see tribunate beyond the realm of magistracy. One can presume that basic sources for Varro and Cicero’s conceptions were lost Libri magistratuum by Tuditanus and De potestatibus by Gracchanus in which tribunate and magistracy were considered from the viewpoint of senatorial oligarchy and populares, respectively.
The paper analyses the political usage of the word coetus in Cicero’s works. The main groups of the term’s meanings are determined. The coetus may indicate both the unoffi cial political gatherings and the meetings presided over by magistrates. Besides that, the term is used as the general name for any meetings and designates the people’s association or aggregation. It is concluded that when studying the political gatherings and consultations initiated by private individuals, one should pay special attention to the context of the usage of the word coetus, which appears to be quite a polysemantic term of political language.
The article considers wine drink making and preparation techniques, contained in cookbook ‘De re coquinaria’ (‘On the Subject of Cooking’), which was widespread in Antiquity and said to be written by Marcus Gavius Apicius, a gourmand who lived in Rome during the fi rst century C. E. Cocktail recipes, recorded in the cookbook, described popular wine-based drinks most loved by the Romans (conditum paradoxum, absinthium Romanum, rosatum, violatum). The author concludes that the collection of recipes was aimed at a wide range of readers with different income levels, not just for professional chefs serving the upper classes of Roman society. Cocktails from ‘De re coquinaria’ could be made from what was available in the different seasons of the year, were appropriate for connoisseurs of tart, spicy, fragrant or light refreshments, and remained useful both for cold and hot weather.
The article is devoted to studying the aediles’ powers in control of burial places in Rome. According to sources evidence, aediles were responsible for compliance with the ban on funeral and cremation within city boundaries. They were considering questions of honorable funerals on the defi ned by the law territories; consider the possibility of burials in a family grave. Aediles’ edict defi ned the maximum expenses on burial and mourning. The author also refers to the question of delimitation of the spheres of activity in the control over burials between praetors and aediles within cura urbis realization.
PREHISTORY OF MILITARY REVOLT IN AD 360: HOW MANY TIMES DID JULIAN SEND TROOPS TO HELP CONSTANTIUS?
Events prior to Gaul soldiers’ riot in the December of AD 360, the riot itself that resulted in proclaiming Julian as emperor have been discussed for a long time. The extant evidence is far from heterogeneous, but careful analysis of the sources revealed that the information describing the historical event is quite authentic and makes it possible to fully reconstruct the riot.
The paper considers principal tendencies of private commune (state-independent) economy in ancient Israel during the reign of David and Solomon (the 10th century BC), gives the analysis of home and foreign historiography of social and economic life of ancient Jews. It shows that economic expansion in ancient Israel is due to the land stock increase, population growth, and the start of urbanization.
The paper reveals cultural, historical, political, and ideological background of traditional use of ram horns in Sassanid Iran as a sacral attribute of royal power. Ram horns as sacral royal regalia fi rst appeared in Iran after the campaign of Alexander the Great who brought to the Orient syncretic Greek-Egyptian cult of the ram-headed Zeus-Amon. Later bull horns (and not those of a ram) as an element of royal headdress could be seen in Iran during the Seleucid and Arshacid reign. In Sassanid Iran the tradition to use ram horns as an attribute of royal power, which goes back to Alexander of Macedon, is reborn with a new religious and ideological content.
The paper presents archаeological materials that are kept in Magnitogorsk local history museum. Artifacts date from Stone Age, Bronze Age, early Iron Age and the Middle Ages.
The paper presents an attempt to fi nd the purport of cultural and historical value of Pokrovsk-type monuments which have been the subject of investigation in the north of Volga- Don and Volga-Ural interfluves throughout the last hundred years. The late 20th century saw substantial disagreement on the specifi c properties of the mentioned cultural group. The alternative to the cultural integrity of Pokrovsk antiquities (N. M. Malov, O. V. Kuzmin) is the concept according to which Abashevo-culture-based genesis of the Late Bronze era resulted in forest-steppe Timber-grave culture, and Pokrovsk-type monuments present a transition type of later Abashevo complexes (A. D. Pryakhin, V. I. Besedin). Present-day theory deals with a complex scheme of multi-componential cultural genesis processes (N. M. Malov, V. A. Lopatin, R. A. Mimokhod) whose outcome is the Timber-grave community based on the interaction and fusion of many cultural groups (Abashevo, post-catacomb, Voronezh, Volsk-Lubishchensk, Sintashtinsk, Pokrovsk).
The paper deals with the role of a number of interdisciplinary approaches to the study of late Latin intellectual elite properties. The latter comprise mythological consciousness, imperial idea (in its Late Roman sense), which, taken together, lie at the basis of Late Latin aristocratic mentality. There is also a number of interconnected components that built up a system of means for translating mental principles of Latin West writers, namely, rhetorical education, vocabulary, and poetic tradition.
The paper deals with a number of issues concerning political relations between Milan and Holy Roman Empire in the second half of the 15th century. The author reveals their goals and objectives and ways of achieving them. Particular emphasis has been placed on the history of the problem and the analysis of the political and legal status of Milan and foreign-policy factors.
The Golden Horde craft peculiarities make it possible to tell its products from those of production centers of other medieval states. Primarily, it is worth noting ceramic production. Non-glazed red clay ceramics is a key material for Golden Horde monuments. The Golden Horde is also noted for abundant production of kashin and red-clay glazed ceramics. It could also boast well developed glass production, bone carving, the handling of semi-precious stones and gems, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, and blacksmith’s work. It is thanks to the Golden Horde that iron-making appeared in in Europe. Town centers took to the countryside high-technology craft products such as glazed and non-glazed pottery, glassware, iron and ironware, non-ferrous products. Nothing is known about the crafts of the kind in small towns and settlements. There was no place for such crafts as pottery, glassware, iron-making, etc. in a nomadic environment. Consequently, all the products of the kind found in nomad burials are brought from towns and settlements. Nomads exchanged stock-breeding products for a variety of craft-ware especially made with regard to artistic taste and traditions of nomads.
This is an attempt to show the links between anti-Americanism and anti-feminism in the Canada of the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The author comes to the conclusion that both these theories disclaimed more than mere ideological and political views of certain social groups, and more often than not they expressed wide-spread conservative ideas.
В статье предпринимается попытка проанализировать религиозный вакуум в украинской диаспоре Канады конца XIX в. Автор приходит к выводу, что отсутствие религиозного института активизировало духовную и культурную жизнь в среде украинских иммигрантов, что в свою очередь привело к формированию Украинской греко-православной церкви Канады.
The article presents the analysis of socialist industrialization issues through the context of regional discourse with the focus on general and specific properties of socially political and socially economic processes during 1920-s — 1940-s on the territory of Komi Republic, regional subject of the USSR. It was inferred that here was a confl ict of interests federal and local authorities concerning region modernization.
The paper deals with a curious literary and cultural phenomenon, namely, that of A. P. Sumarokov’s fortune-telling distich. A book of love couplets that was published for genteel pastime of Catherine I court has a number of peculiarities important for the understanding of the poet’s creative work and the culture of the 18th century. Sumarokov, a classic of Russian literature, uses verses from his earlier tragedies for the book, which raises the issue of baroque treatment of word. Sumarokov’s “Love Fortune-Telling Book”, complying with the requirements of courtly culture, reflects principal nuances of the feeling of love, which is the primary concern of the study.
The paper presents the analysis of A. P. Chekhov’s stories written in 1886–1887 from the viewpoint of activity and inactivity of characters. His stories “On the Way”, “Verochka”, “Mrs. NN’s Narration” illustrate the fact that at that time Chekhov did not see people who could display the strength of character, which is why he created images of inert or restless people unable to achieve happiness. He depicted their suffering and belated enlighenment. But by then Chekhov tried to seek causes of his characters unhappiness and bring to light both moral and social prerequisites for his contemporaries’ failures and misfortunes.
The paper deals with a series of G. I. Uspensky’s essays “Morals of Rasteryayeva Street” within the framework of axiological methodology with particular emphasis on the system of family values. The pattern of his characters’ interrelations reveals possibilities for axiological approach in literary criticism.
The paper covers A. P. Svitin’s poetry, registers the overlapping of analytical worldview and lyrical perception of reality. Traditional for the poet features are revealed through their comparison with European poetic traditions (E. Cummings, G. Apollinaire). Poetic originality is connected with the ideas of life behind a mask and carnival atmosphere.
The article presents the analysis of “Die Judenbuche” by a German writer Anette von Droste-Hulshoff (1797–1848) in the context of biedermeier literature. The writer’s artistic heritage that is little-studied by Russian literary criticism gets quite diverse appraisal n Russia. Given different viewpoints on esthetic orientation of the writer, the author of the article puts forward her own opinion of the issue, which is based on A. von Droste-Hulshoff’s letters and diaries, and literature text. Particular emphasis has been placed on the characters and techniques employed by the writer in “Die Judenbuche” that make it possible to speak about biedermeier sources of von Droste’s works.
The paper considers peculiar perception of A. Ch. Swinburne works by Russian writers and literary critics of the last quarter of the XIX century who were under the infl uence of West European critics. I. S. Turgenev, the fi rst Russian writer to turn attention to A. Ch. Swinburne’s works, rated the poet unknown in Russia very highly. N. G. Chernyshevsky rated A. Ch. Swinburne’s creative potential much higher than that of Victor Hugo whom the English writer imitated and admired. N. V. Gerbel called A. Ch.Swinburne the founder of the “satanic school” and recognized steady growth of the young poet’s popularity. Russian perception of Swinburne was many-sided with regard for the amount of infl uence the poet was exposed to. It was also characterized by an attempt to fi t Swinburne’s works into the context of Russian literature development.
The article deals with K. D. Balmont’s interest in “The Tragical Story of Doctor Faustus” by Christopher Marlowe. The former translated the work (1899), wrote the pamphlet “A Few Words about Faustus”, and became an admirer of Marlowe for many years, which is supported by his favorable comments about the English writer in his collection of articles “Mountain Peaks” (1904), in his letters, and the sonnet “Marlowe” (1916). The epoch of revolutions and civil war in Russia saw a new wave of interest in Elizabethan theatre that was followed by sweeping statements (Voloshin) and a number of literary research (M. A. Voloshin, S. S. Rozanov, B. P. Silverswan, S. K. Boyanus, A. A. Smirnov, V. K. Muller), which characterized some aspects of Christopher Marlowe’s life and creative work in the context of English theatre tendencies.
The paper analyzing a landmark novel “V Okopakh Stalingrada” (“In Stalingrad Trenches”) considers trench space that shapes ethical norms. Semantic set of the notion correlates with the world and people (home, initiation, Motherland) thus forming a binary opposition peace::war both in spatio-temporal and psychospiritual aspects.
The paper analyzes hyperbole ability to build syncretism relations with other stylistic means. The study is based on Russian information texts describing natural catastrophes. It covers productive interrelation of hyperbole with epithet, simile, metaphor, periphrasis, and personifi cation. It also reveals their specifi c functions in mass media texts.
The author within the limit of cognitive and cultural studies in linguistics investigates the concept “bayonet” in Russian conceptosphere, focusing upon its cognitive structure.
The article deals with such an important issue of new Latin literature as ways of rendering foreign proper names in Latin. It covers historical stages of Latin enrichment by foreign proper names, formulates principles of their Latinization. The paper supplement provides a table of Latin forms of most frequently used proper names in Russian ethnosocium.
The article focuses on the category of a national style of communication, its dimensions as well as the analysis of the Mexican style of communication in four Mexican novels.
The article deals with linguistic and cultural aspect of phraseological units in Spanish. They are analyzed as ethnically specifi c linguistic signs, a quantum of ethnic world-view based on metaphors, images, archetypes of ethnic mentality. Particular emphasis has been placed on extralinguistic factors of idiomatic derivation.
The paper reveals the content of the notion lacuna that becomes widespread in philology and linguistic culture with particular emphasis on methods for revealing lacunae in the Selkup language.
The article raises an issue concerning the early period of Russian-Bashkir interaction (before the 16th century). The analysis of archeological, ethnographic, linguistic, and historical records data makes it possible to say that Russian and Bashkir ethno-cultural, military and political contacts started long before Bashkiria became a part of Russia.
The paper based on archive and statistics materials deals with the history of Chuvash settlement on the territory of contemporary Chelyabinsk oblast from the second half of the 19th century to the present day. Sources and published data analysis made it possible to tally up Chuvash population, and to determine resettlement chronology. Toponym study helped to obtain primary evidence of Chuvash presence in South Urals.
The paper presents six main characteristics of socio-cultural make-up of an Orenburg Cossack troops economic government servicemen in the second half of the 19th century. These comprise marital status, age, confession of faith, education, social origin, and military service. The study is based on the records of Orenburg Cossack troops economic government servicemen, which are kept in Russian military historical archives.
The article deals with the analysis of the data on early-spring rites recorded at various times in the Don Cossacks residence territory. The research shows that the days of honoring St. Eudocia, Sts. Forty Martyrs at Sebaste, St. Alexius are important components of the structure of the Don calendar to mark the beginning of spring, nature revival (thawing of snow, earth awakening, birds arrival, activization of animals, the beginning of a new cycle of agricultural works). Given the holiday complex under study on the whole agrees with Slavic symbolical understanding of the early-spring cycle, it possesses specifi c features in the territory of the former Don Cossacks Host. The author infers that variation of early-spring holiday rituals and celebrations depended on micro-region specific landscape and weather features, types of economic management and combinations of various ethno-confessional groups in each historical and cultural territory within the scope of the Don Cossacks Host Area.
The paper deals with tradition monitoring within the framework of a concrete historical and cultural territory by the example of stanitsa Rasdorskaya in Ust-Donetsk district of Rostov oblast. The object of the study is a fragment of traditional rites (weddings and Trinity Sunday) covering several periods. The material of the study is derived from fi eld work data acquired during several years in the historical and cultural territory under study.
Cossacks as a cultural phenomenon are of great interest primarily because of their spirit of competition and contention that initially was meant to keep up the morale of the military class. Orenburg Cossack Army was formed by the government. It involved representatives of different social and ethnic groups. However, they also happen to display competitiveness that is typical of all Cossack Armies. The author of the article makes an attempt to supply answers to the following questions: What forms did competiveness take? What areas of life did it permeate? And how deeply is it ingrained in the minds of the Cossacks and their modern descendants?
The paper presents results of the investigation into one of the most expressive types of traditional clothes, namely, female dressy clothes of Russian villages in Beloretsk district of Bashkortostan. The author considers the attire as age- and gender-related code refl ecting female social status transformation within the frame of time and space reference.
The notes of Cossack N. V. Agapov examined within the framework of government reforms in Orenburg area make it possible to develop the idea of V. I. Dal’s activity as the governor’s ad hoc offi cer. The notes supply conclusive evidence that V. I. Dal’ book was approved by the Cossacks and fostered Cossack military culture.
Cossack revival that started in the late 1980s was meant to restore Cossack cultural environment. But reminiscences of the Cossack golden age that united partisans of Cossack revival differed from history. Attempts to adjust cultural forms and traditions to modern conditions at the turn of the century brought forth distorted socio-cultural system. Cossack descendants’ social memory became an important factor of Cossack revival, but it also created history distortion. The paper covers the impact created by contradictions between social memory and historical facts on Cossack revival in the late 20th century.
The article deals with principles of ritual bread nomination at the Eastern Slavic wedding. The author studies the relationship between mental representations associated with the wedding and the names of the ritual bread by the eastern Slavs, and identifi es elements of the ritual ‘plane of content’ that determine the choice of a feature in the nomination of bread forms.

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