Source: http://regulations.delaware.gov/register/july2013/proposed/17%20DE%20Reg%2034%2007-01-13.htm
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 02:29:29+00:00

Document:
The Secretary of Labor, in accordance with 19 Del.C. §§2322B,C,D,E, and F, has proposed revisions to the rules and regulations relating to the Delaware Workers' Compensation Health Care Payment System (HCPS). These proposals 1) update the fee schedule and fee schedule guidelines to significantly reduce the number of medical codes with fees designated as POC85 (85 percent of charge); 2) remove the anchor date for medical codes to allow annual coding updates; 3) add the methodology used for hospital and ambulatory surgery center annual rate change reports; 4) change the anesthesia, pathology, durable medical equipment, and radiology fee methodologies; 5) change the pharmacy reimbursement and formulary; 6) change the initial date providers use to determine the two year deadline for completing the mandatory continuing education course; 7) remove the UR appeal deadline that is now part of the statute; and 8) remove the "Employer's Modified Duty Availability Report" and "Physicians Report of Workers' Compensation Injury" previously embedded in the regulations.
A public meeting will be held before the Health Care Advisory Panel ("Panel") at 4:00 p.m. on July 29, 2013, in the Department of Labor Fox Valley Annex, 4425 N. Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19802, where members of the public can offer comments. Anyone wishing to receive a copy of the proposed rules may obtain a copy from Donna Forrest, Medical Component Manager, Office of Workers' Compensation, Division of Industrial Affairs, Department of Labor, 4425 N. Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware, 19802. Persons wishing to submit written comments may forward them to the Panel at the above address. The final date to receive written comments will be August 13, 2013, which is 15 days following the public meeting.
The Panel will consider making a recommendation to the Secretary at the regularly scheduled meeting following the public meeting.
1.1	Section 2322B, Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code authorizes and directs the Department within 180 days from the first meeting of the Health Care Advisory Panel to adopt a Health Care Payment System by regulation after promulgation by the Health Care Advisory Panel.
1.2	Section 2322B, Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code, authorizes and directs the Health Care Advisory Panel to adopt and recommend, a coordinated set of instructions and guidelines to accompany the health care payment system, to the Department for adoption by regulation.
1.3	Section 2322B(3), Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code establishes the formula based upon historical data required to determine the Fee Schedule Amounts for professional services.
1.4	Section 2322B(5), Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code establishes the amount of reimbursement for a procedure, treatment or service to be eighty-five (85%) of the actual charge as of November 1, 2008, if a specific fee is not set forth in the Fee Schedule Amounts.
1.5	Section 2322B(7), Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code establishes separate service categories.
1.6	Section 2322B(8), Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code establishes the Hospital fees developed for the Health Care Payment System.
1.7	Section 2322B(9), Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code establishes the Ambulatory Surgical Treatment Center fees developed for the Health Care Payment System.
1.8	The fees to be established in Sections 2322B(11)(12) and (13) shall be promulgated and recommended by the Health Care Advisory Panel to the Department before the effective date of the regulation.
1.9	Section 2322D, Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code authorizes and directs the Department to adopt by regulation complete rules and regulations relating to Health Care Provider Certification within one (1) year after the first meeting of the Health Care Advisory Panel.
1.10	Section 2322E, Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code, authorizes and directs the Health Care Advisory Panel to approve, propose and recommend to the Department the adoption by regulation of consistent forms for the health care providers ("HCAP Forms").
“Certification” means the certification pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322D, required for a Health Care Provider to provide treatment to an employee, pursuant to Delaware’s Workers’ Compensation Statute.
“Certification of Health Care Providers in an Inpatient Hospital Setting." With regard to health care provider certification as required by 19 Del.C. §2322D, such certification applies to physicians, chiropractors, and physical therapists providing treatment to an injured worker during his or her period of inpatient hospitalization; all other personnel employed by a hospital providing treatment to an injured worker during his or her period of inpatient hospitalization are excluded from certification.
"Fee Schedule Amounts" mean the fees as set forth by the Health Care Payment System.
"HCAP Forms" means the standard forms for the provision of health care services set forth in Section 2322E, Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code.
"Health Care Advisory Panel" or "HCAP" means the seventeen (17) members appointed by the Governor by and with the consent of the Senate to carry out the provisions of Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code.
"Health Care Payment System" means the comprehensive fee schedule promulgated by the Health Care Advisory Panel to establish medical payments for both professional and facility fees generated on workers' compensation claims.
“Health Care Provider Application for Certification” means the Department’s approved application form which Health Care Providers must submit to the Department so that pre-authorization of each health care procedure, office visit or health care service to be provided to the employee is not required.
“Utilization Review” means the utilization review program and associated procedures to guide utilization of health care treatments in workers’ compensation as set forth in Section 2322F(j), Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code.
3.1.1	With regard to the Certification of any hospital facility providing inpatient and/or outpatient services, the person completing and signing the Health Care Provider Application for Certification on behalf of the hospital shall have the authority to do so and must attest to and be responsible for the completion of all of the requirements set forth on the Health Care Provider Application for Certification.
3.1.2	Services provided by an emergency department of a hospital pursuant to §2322B(8)(c) of Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code shall not be subject to the requirement of Certification.
3.1.3	The provisions of this section shall apply to all treatment of employees provided after the effective date of these rules and regulations regardless of the date of injury.
3.1.4.6	Provide proof of adequate, current professional malpractice and liability insurance.
3.1.5.10	Agree to provide written notification to the Department of Labor, Office of Workers' Compensation, State of Delaware, of any relevant changes to the requirements set forth in the Certification Form within thirty (30) days of the health care provider's knowledge or receipt of notice of any and all such change(s).
3.1.6	Notwithstanding the provisions of §2322D of Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code, any health care provider may provide services during one office visit, or other single instance of treatment, without first having obtained prior authorization from the employer if self insured, or the employer’s insurance carrier, and receive reimbursement for reasonable and necessary services directly related to the employee’s injury or condition at the health care provider’s usual and customary fee, or the maximum allowable fee pursuant to fee schedule adopted pursuant to Section 2322B of Chapter 23, Title 19, Delaware Code whichever is less.
3.1.7	The allowance of reimbursement for the employee’s first contact with any health care provider for treatment of the injury as described in 3.1.4 is further limited to instances when the health care provider believes in good faith, that the injury or occupational disease was suffered in the course of the employee’s employment.
3.1.8	The provisions of this subsection, §2322(D), shall apply to all treatments to injured employees provided after the effective date of this subsection, and regardless of the date of injury.
3.3	Instructions and provisions for completing the Certification Form online will be published on the Office of Workers’ Compensation website when available.
The intent of the health care payment system developed pursuant to Delaware's Workers' Compensation Act ("Act") is not to establish a "pushdown" system, but is instead to establish a system that eliminates outlier charges and streamlines payments by creating a presumption of acceptability of charges implemented through a transparent process, involving relevant interested parties, that prospectively responds to the cost of maintaining a health care practice, eliminating cost shifting among health care service categories, and avoiding institutionalization of upward rate creep.
The maximum allowable payment for health care treatment and procedures covered under the Workers' Compensation Act shall be the lesser of the health care provider's actual charges or the fee set by the payment system. The payment system will set fees at ninety percent (90%) of the 75th percentile of actual charges within the geozip where the service or treatment is rendered, utilizing information contained in employers' and insurance carriers' national databases. For purposes of the Act, "geozip" means an area defined by reference to United States ZIP Codes; Delaware shall consist of one "197 geozip" (comprised of all areas within the State where the address has a ZIP Code beginning with the three digits 197 or 198), and one "199 geozip" (comprised of all areas within the State where the address has a ZIP Code beginning with the three digits 199). If a geozip does not have the necessary number of charges and fees to calculate a valid percentile for a specific procedure, treatment or service, the Health Care Advisory Panel created pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322(A), in its discretion may combine data from Delaware's two geozips for a specific procedure, treatment, or service. In the event that the Health Care Advisory Panel determines that there is insufficient data to calculate a valid percentile for a procedure, treatment or service, or that data from a commercial vendor is not sufficiently reliable to implement a payment system for professional services for a specific procedure, treatment or service, then the Health Care Advisory Panel may recommend an alternative method for a payment system for professional charges.
Three (3) years after the effective date of the Act, January 17, 2007, the Health Care Advisory panel shall review the geozip reporting system and make a recommendation concerning whether the State should operate its workers' compensation health care payment system on a geozip basis or on a single statewide basis.
If an employer or an insurance carrier contracts with a provider for the purpose of providing services under the Act, the rate negotiated in any such contract shall prevail.
This document is intended to assist with fee schedule application, and to ensure correct billing and reimbursement on workers' compensation medical claims. This document is NOT intended, and should not be construed, as a utilization review guide or practice manual.
The general payment system will be adjusted yearly based on percentage changes to the Consumer Price Index-Urban, U.S. City Average, All Items, as published by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Hospital and Ambulatory Surgery Treatment Center (ASTC) payment system will be adjusted yearly based on percentage changes to the Consumer Price Index-Urban, U.S. City Average, Medical Care, as published by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The physician portion of the fee schedule includes fee amounts for specific medical services and procedures as identified using CPT numeric identifying codes and modifiers for reporting medical services and procedures as established by the 2008 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), copyright American Medical Association (AMA). Any use or interpretation of CPT descriptions not specifically described herein shall be based on CPT 2008.
This fee schedule represents the maximum amount of reimbursement providers may receive for medical or surgical services for the treatment of work-related injuries and illnesses covered under the workers' compensation laws of the State of Delaware.
4.1.2	The total maximum allowable reimbursement includes the professional component for a procedure and the technical component. Under no circumstances shall the maximum allowable reimbursement be more than the value of the technical component and the professional component combined for a procedure.
4.1.3	For anesthesia fee amounts, anesthesia services provided to employees pursuant to this chapter shall be paid at eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charges for such services as of October 31, 2006, subject to adjustment as provided in 19 Del.C. §2322B, pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(7).
4.1.4.1	For anesthesia fee amounts, the table includes basic relative values. The Delaware workers' compensation health care payment system does not use relative values or conversion factors. Anesthesia is paid at eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charges for such services as of October 31, 2006, subject to adjustment as provided in 19 Del.C. §2322B.
4.1.4.21	Within each section, you will find definitions and medical terms that explain services provided. Also, in certain sections there is an index of procedures by CPT code identifiers. Use each specific section in addition to general ground rules for clarification of terms and services.
4.1.4.32	The fee schedule is designed to be an accurate and authoritative source of information about medical coding and reimbursement. Every reasonable effort has been made to verify its accuracy and all information is believed reliable at the time of publication. Absolute accuracy and completeness, however, is neither intended nor guaranteed. The rules and guidelines described herein cannot specifically refer to every payment contingency; 19 Del.C. §2322B(5) will govern treatment provided under unusual circumstances.
Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) classification system, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Federal Register, Vol. 70, No. 155, August 2005.
The follow up days for post-operative care that have been adopted by the Delaware Office of Workers’ Compensation for their Fee Schedule and Guidelines have been established by reference to CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services).
The health care payment system requires that services be reported with the Healthcare Common Procedural Coding System Level 2 ("HCPCS Level 2"), CPT (Current Procedural Terminology), or CDT (Current Dental Terminology) codes that most comprehensively describe the services performed. Proprietary bundling edits more restrictive than the National Correct Coding Policy Manual in Comprehensive Code Sequence for Part B Medicare Carriers, Version 12.0, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicare Services, 7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland, 21244, 2009, no later dates or editions, shall be prohibited. Bundling edits is the process of reporting codes so that they most comprehensively describe the services performed.
4.3.1	Unless otherwise specified herein, the payment system for professional services shall conform to the Current Procedural Terminology ("CPT"), American Medical Association, 515 North State Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60610, 2009, no later dates or editions.
4.3.2	The fee schedule defers to guides and descriptions in the CPT Code Set in establishing the correct classification for health care services.
4.3.3	For codes that are deleted and bundled, the remaining/new code will be adjusted to reflect the value of the previously unbundled/deleted codes, so the charge is revenue neutral. For entire procedures that are bundled into a new code, the new code will include the value of the previously segregated codes.
4.4.1	The maximum allowable payment for health care treatment and procedures shall be the lesser of the health care provider's actual charges or ninety percent (90%) of the 75th percentile of actual charges within the geozip where the service or treatment is rendered, utilizing information contained in employers' and insurance carriers' national databases. If an employer or insurance carrier contracts with a provider for the purpose of providing services under the Act, the rate negotiated in such contract shall prevail.
4.4.2	Whenever the health care payment system does not set a specific fee for a procedure, treatment or service in the schedule, the amount of reimbursement shall be eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charge ("POC 85"), which actual charge will be fixed as of 11/1/08 and subsequent to such date will be subject to verification, audit and/or review by the Department of Insurance. Reasonable costs of such review or audit shall be reimbursed to the Department of Insurance by the health care provider whose billing is audited. From the effective date of this regulation through and including 10/31/08, the "POC 85" charges, if contested, will be subject to review pursuant to Hearing to be conducted before the Industrial Accident Board.
4.4.3	The payment system will be adjusted yearly pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(14).
Modifiers augment CPT codes to more accurately describe the circumstances of services provided. When applicable, the circumstances should be identified by a modifier code: a two-digit number placed after the usual procedure code. If more than one modifier is needed, place modifier 99 after the procedure code to indicate that two or more modifiers will follow. Some modifier descriptions in this fee schedule have been changed from the CPT language.
4.6.1	Ambulatory Surgery Centers shall be reimbursed pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(9).
4.7.1	Whenever the health care payment system does not set a specific fee for a dental treatment, procedure or service in the schedule, the amount of reimbursement shall be eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charge ("POC 85") for such service as of October 31, 2006, subject to verification, review and/or audit by the Department of Insurance. Reasonable costs of such review or audit shall be reimbursed to the Department of Insurance by the dental practitioner whose billing is audited.
4.7.2	The payment system will be adjusted pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(14) for a dental treatment procedure or service in effect in January of that year.
4.8.1	Emergency services in a hospital shall be reimbursed pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(8)(b).
4.9.1	Hospital fees shall be reimbursed pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(8).
An allied health care professional, such as a certified registered nurse anesthetist ("CRNA"), physician assistant ("PA") or nurse practitioner ("NP"), shall be reimbursed at the same rate as other health care professionals when the allied health care professional is performing, coding and billing for the same services as other health care professionals if a physician health care provider is physically present when the service or treatment is rendered, and shall be reimbursed at eight percent (80%) of the primary health care provider's rate if a physician health care provider is not physically present when the service or treatment is rendered.
4.11.1	Charges of an independently operated diagnostic testing facility shall be subject to the professional services and HCPCS Level II health care payment system where applicable. An independent diagnostic testing facility is an entity independent of a hospital or physician's office, whether a fixed location, a mobile entity, or an individual non-physician practitioner, in which diagnostic tests are performed by licensed or certified non-physician personnel under appropriate physician supervision.
4.11.2	In the event that the professional services and HCPCS Level II health care payment system is inapplicable, the fee for reimbursement of independent diagnostic testing facility services shall be eight-five percent (85%) of actual charge ("POC 85") for such service as of October 31, 2006, subject to verification, review and/or audit by the Department of Insurance. Reasonable costs of such review or audit shall be reimbursed to the Department of Insurance by the health care provider whose billing is audited.
4.11.3	The payment system will be adjusted yearly pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(14) for a procedure, treatment or service in effect in January of that year.
4.12.1	The maximum allowable payment for pathology services and procedures shall be the lesser of the health care provider's actual charges or eighty-five percent (85%) of ninety percent (90%) of the 75th percentile of actual charges within the geozip where the pathology service or procedure is rendered, utilizing information contained in employers' and insurance carriers' national databases. If an employer or insurance carrier contracts with a provider for the purpose of providing services under the Act, the rate negotiated in such contract shall prevail.
4.12.2	Whenever the health care payment system does not set forth a specific fee for a pathology service or procedure in the schedule, the amount of reimbursement shall be eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charge ("POC 85") for such service or procedure as of October 31, 2006, subject to verification, review and/or audit by the Department of Insurance. Reasonable costs of such review or audit shall be reimbursed to the Department of Insurance by the health care provider whose billing is audited.
4.12.3	The payment system will be adjusted yearly pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(14) for a procedure, treatment or service in effect in January of that year.
4.13.1	Reimbursement for pharmacy services, prescription drugs and other pharmaceuticals is 100% of the Average Wholesale Price (AWP) as of the date of service, or the actual charge, whichever is less. Verification that such billing is performed in compliance with the above and 19 Del.C. §2322B is subject to review or audit by the Department of Insurance. Reasonable costs of such review or audit for purposes of the above shall be reimbursed to the Department of Insurance by the provider whose billing is audited. Prescribed drugs are capped at the lesser of the provider's usual charge; a negotiated contract amount; or the Average Wholesale Price (AWP) for the National Drug Code (NDC) for the prescription drug or medicine on the day it was dispensed minus twelve percent (12%) plus a dispensing fee of four dollars ($4.00) for brand name drugs or medicines, or minus twenty percent (20%) plus a dispensing fee of five dollars ($5.00) for generic drugs or medicines. If the actual charge is less than this amount, then it is the maximum allowed. Physicians dispensing drugs from their office do not receive the dispensing fee referenced above.
4.13.2.1	"Average Wholesale Price" or "AWP" means the average wholesale price of a prescription drug as provided in the most current release of the Red Book by Thomson Media or Medi-Span Master Drug Database by Wolters Kluwar Health on the day a prescription drug is dispensed or other nationally recognized drug pricing index adopted by the Health Care Advisory Panel (HCAP).
4.13.2.2	"Brand name drug" means a drug for which an application is approved under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Section 505(c).
4.13.2.3	"Generic drug" means a drug for which an application is approved under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Section 505(j).
4.13.3	Notwithstanding any other provision, if a prescription drug or medicine has been repackaged, the Average Wholesale Price used to determine the maximum reimbursement in controverted and uncontroverted cases shall be the Average Wholesale Price for the underlying drug product, as identified by its national drug code, from the original labeler.
4.13.4	Compounding includes the preparation, mixing, assembling, packaging, or labeling of a drug or device as the result of a practitioner-patient-pharmacist relationship in the course of professional practice. Compound drugs shall be billed by listing each drug included in the compound and separately calculating the charge for each drug, using national drug codes (NDC). When compounding, a single compounding fee of ten dollars ($10.00) per prescription shall be added to the calculated total.
4.13.5	As of the effective date of this Regulation, Oxycontin as well as oxycodone extended release; and Actiq, as well as transmucosal fentanyl, are not on the Preferred or Non-Preferred Medication List and may only be used with prior written approval of the employer or its insurance carrier. However, an employee on a stable dose of Oxycontin prior to the effective date of this Regulation may continue the use of this medication after the effective date of this Regulation.
4.13.6	The Fee Schedule created by this Regulation shall not apply to prescription drugs or medicines provided as part of treatment subject to the inpatient Fee Schedule set forth in 19 Del.C. §2322B(8).
4.13.7	Pursuant to this Regulation, the "Preferred Agents" and "Non-Preferred Agents" categories, as set forth on the Department of Labor (DOL) web site is hereby adopted. The Health Care Advisory Panel (HCAP) shall review on an annual basis, beginning July 1, 2014, those portions of the Preferred Drug List (PDL) referenced above.
4.13.8	When a brand name drug is prescribed to treat an injury for which a carrier or self-insured employer is liable, the pharmacist or medical provider dispensing the drug or medication shall substitute a preferred/generic drug pursuant to this Regulation as set forth above. A physician may prescribe and a pharmacist must dispense a non-preferred/brand name drug or medication only upon the physician's or other authorized individual's completion of the "Justification For Use Of Non-Preferred Medication" form, approved by the Health Care Advisory Panel and set forth on the Department of Labor (DOL) web site. A provider may prescribe a medication from the Non-Preferred Agent list if the patient has trialled the use of two preferred agents and the trials have failed due to lack of efficacy or unacceptable side effects. Preferred agent trials should be documented in the medical record.
4.14.1	A total fee includes both the professional component and the technical component needed to accomplish the procedure. Explanations of the professional component and the technical component are listed below. The values listed in the Amount column represent the total reimbursement. Under no circumstance shall the combined amounts of the professional and technical components exceed the amount of the total component.
4.14.2	Professional Component: The professional component represents the reimbursement allowance of the professional services of the physician and is identified by the use of modifier 26. This includes examination of the patient when indicated, performance or supervision of the procedure, interpretation and written report of the examination, and consultation with the referring physician. Values in the PC Amount column are intended for the services of the professional for the professional component only and do not include any other charges. To identify a charge for a professional component only, use the five-digit code followed by modifier 26.
4.14.3	Technical Component: The technical component includes charges made by the institution or clinic to cover the services of the facilities. To identify a charge for a technical component only, use of the five-digit code followed by HCPCS Level II modifier TC.
4.15.1	Pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322F, charges for medical evaluation, treatment and therapy, including all drugs, supplies, tests and associated chargeable items and events, shall be submitted to the employer or insurance carrier along with a bill or invoice for such charges, accompanied by records or notes, concerning the treatment or services submitted for payment, documenting the employee's condition and the appropriateness of the evaluation, treatment or therapy, with reference to the health care practice guidelines adopted pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322C, or documenting the preauthorization of such evaluation, treatment or therapy. The initial copy of the supporting notes or records shall be produced without separate or additional charge to the employer, insurance carrier or employee.
4.15.2	Those healthcare providers who obtained certification pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322D are not required to first preauthorize each health care procedure, office visit or health care service to be provided to an injured employee with the employer or insurance carrier.
4.15.3	Charges for hospital services and items supplied by a hospital, including all drugs, supplies, tests and associated chargeable items and events, shall be submitted to the employer or insurance carrier along with a bill or invoice which shall be documented in a nationally recognized uniform billing code format and as reference above, in sufficient detail to document the services or items provided, and any preauthorization of the services and items shall also be documented. The initial copy of the supporting medical notes or records shall be produced without separate or additional charge to the employer, insurance carrier or employee.
4.15.4	Payment for hospital services, including payment for invoices rendered for emergency department services, shall be made within thirty (30) days of the submission of a "clean claim" accompanied by notes documenting the employee's condition and the appropriateness of the evaluation, treatment or therapy.
4.15.5	Preauthorized evaluations, treatments or therapy shall be paid at the agreed fee within thirty (30) days of the date of submission of the invoice, unless the compliance with the preauthorization is contested, in good faith, pursuant to the utilization review system set forth in 19 Del.C. §2322F(j) [see the rules and regulation regarding Utilization Review].
4.15.6	Treatments, evaluations and therapy provided by a certified health care provider shall be paid within thirty (30) days of receipt of the health care provider's bill or invoice together with records or notes as provided above and pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322F, unless compliance with the health care payment system or practice guidelines adopted pursuant to 19 Del.C. §§2322B or 2322C is contested, in good faith, pursuant to the utilization review system as referenced above.
4.15.7	Denial of payment of health care services provided pursuant to the Act, whether in whole or in part, shall be accompanied with written explanation for reason for denial.
4.15.8	In the event that a portion of a health care invoice is contested, the uncontested portion shall be paid without prejudice to the right to contest the remainder. The time limits set forth above and in §2322F shall apply to payment of all uncontested portions of health care payments.
4.15.9	An employer or insurance carrier shall be required to pay a health care invoice within thirty (30) days of receipt of the invoice as long as the claim contains substantially all the required data elements necessary to adjudicate the invoice, unless the invoice is contested in good faith. If the contested invoice pertains to an acknowledged compensable claim and the denial is based upon compliance with the health care payment system and/or health care practice guidelines, it shall be referred to utilization review. Unpaid invoices shall incur interest at a rate of one percent (1%) per month payable to the provider. A provider shall not hold an employee liable for costs related to non-disputed services for a compensable injury and shall not bill or attempt to recover from the employee the difference between the provider's charge and the amount paid by the employer or insurance carrier on a compensable injury.
4.15.10	If, following a hearing, the Industrial Accident Board determines that an employer, an insurance carrier, or health care provider failed in its responsibilities under 19 Del.C. §§2322B, 2322C, 2322D, 2322E or 2322F, it shall assess a fine of not less than $1,000.00 nor more than $5,000.00 for violations of said sections, such fines shall be payable to the Workers' Compensation Fund.
4.16.1.4	Completion and transmission of any Statutorily required report, form or document by a physician/health care provider: $30.00.
4.17.1	The health care payment system shall apply to all services provided after the effective date of the health care payment system regulations and regardless of date of injury.
4.17.2	The Department of Labor of the State of Delaware reserves the authority to determine applicability of all rules of the fee schedule. Any physician, other medical professional, or other entity having questions regarding applicability to their individual reimbursement as it applies to the fee schedule, should direct any such question to the Department of Labor or to such other authority as directed by the Department of Labor.
“Adjust” means that a payer or a payer's agent reduces or otherwise alters a health care provider's request for payment.
“Appropriate care” means health care that is suitable for a particular patient, condition, occasion, or place.
“Bill” means a claim submitted by a provider to a payer for payment of health care services provided in connection with a covered injury or illness.
“Bill adjustment” means a reduction of a fee on a provider's bill, or other alteration of a provider's bill.
“Carrier” means any stock company, mutual company, or reciprocal or inter-insurance exchange authorized to write or carry on the business of Workers' Compensation Insurance in this State, or self-insured group, or third-party payer, or self-insured employer, or uninsured employer.
“CMS-1500” means the CMS-1500 form and instructions that are used by non institutional providers and suppliers to bill for outpatient services. Use of the most current CMS-1500 form is required.
“Case” means a covered injury or illness occurring on a specific date and identified by the worker's name and date of injury or illness.
“Consultation” means a service provided by a physician whose opinion or advice regarding evaluation and/or management of a specific problem is requested by another physician or other appropriate source. If a consultant, subsequent to the first encounter, assumes responsibility for management of the patient's condition, that physician becomes a treating physician. The first encounter is a consultation and shall be billed and reimbursed as such. A consultant shall provide a written report of his/her findings. A second opinion is considered a consultation.
“Critical care” means care rendered in a variety of medical emergencies that requires the constant attention of the practitioner, such as cardiac arrest, shock, bleeding, respiratory failure, postoperative complications, and is usually provided in a critical care unit or an emergency department.
“Day” means a continuous 24-hour period.
“Diagnostic procedure” means a service that helps determine the nature and causes of a disease or injury.
“Durable medical equipment (DME)” means specialized equipment designed to stand repeated use, appropriate for home use, and used solely for medical purposes.
“Expendable medical supply” means a disposable article that is needed in quantity on a daily or monthly basis.
“Follow-up care” means the care which is related to the recovery from a specific procedure and which is considered part of the procedure's maximum reimbursement allowance, but does not include complications.
“Follow-up days” are the days of care following a surgical procedure which are included in the procedure's maximum reimbursement allowance amount, but which do not include complications. The follow-up day period begins on the day of the surgical procedure(s).
“Independent procedure” means a procedure that may be carried out by itself, completely separate and apart from the total service that usually accompanies it.
“Inpatient services” means services rendered to a person who is admitted as an inpatient to a hospital.
“Medical record” means a record in which the medical service provider records the subjective findings, objective findings, diagnosis, treatment rendered, treatment plan, and return to work status and/or goals and impairment rating as applicable.
“Medical supply” means either a piece of durable medical equipment or an expendable medical supply.
“Observation services” means services rendered to a person who is designated or admitted as observation status.
The condition of the patient upon leaving the operating room.
“Optometrist” means an individual licensed to practice optometry.
“Orthotic equipment” means an orthopedic apparatus designed to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities, or improve the function of a moveable body part.
“Orthotist” means a person skilled in the construction and application of orthotic equipment.
“Outpatient service” means services provided to patients at a time when they are not hospitalized as inpatients.
“Payer” means the employer or self-insured employed group, carrier, or third-party administrator (TPA) who pays the provider billings.
“Pharmacy” means the place where the science, art, and practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, dispensing, and giving appropriate instruction in the use of drugs is practiced.
“Physician Specialty”. The rules and reimbursement allowances in the Delaware Workers' Compensation Medical Fee Schedule do not address physician specialization within a specialty. Payment is not based on the fact that a physician has elected to treat patients with a particular/specific problem. Reimbursement to qualified physicians is the same amount regardless of specialty.
“Procedure code” means a five-digit numerical sequence or a sequence containing an alpha character and preceded or followed by four digits, which identifies the service performed and billed.
“Prosthesis” means an artificial substitute for a missing body part.
“Prosthetist” means a person skilled in the construction and application of prostheses.
“Provider” means a facility, health care organization, or a practitioner who provides medical care or services.
“Secondary procedure” means a surgical procedure performed during the same operative session as the primary surgery but considered an independent procedure that may not be performed as part of the primary surgery.
4.18.2.1	Reimbursement for injections includes charges for the administration of the drug and the cost of the supplies to administer the drug. Medications are charged separately.
4.18.2.2	The description must include the name of the medication, strength, and dose injected.
4.18.2.3	When multiple drugs are administered from the same syringe, reimbursement will be for a single injection.
4.18.2.4	Reimbursement for anesthetic agents such as Xylocaine and Carbocaine, when used for infiltration, is included in the reimbursement for the procedure performed and will not be separately reimbursed.
4.18.2.5	Anesthetic agents for local infiltration must not be billed separately; this is included in the reimbursement for the procedure.
4.18.2.6	Reimbursement for intra-articular and intra-bursal injections (steroids and anesthetic agents) may be separately billed. The description must include the name of the medication, strength, and volume given.
4.18.3.1	Multiple Procedures. It is appropriate to designate multiple procedures that are rendered on the same date by separate entries. For Example, if a level three established patient office visit (99213) and an ECG (93000) are performed during the visit, it is appropriate to designate both the established patient office visit and the ECG. In this instance both 99213 and 93000 would be reported.
4.18.3.2	Materials Supplied by Physician. Supplies and equipment used in conjunction with medication administration should be billed with the appropriate HCPCS codes and shall be reimbursed according to the Fee Schedule.
4.18.3.3.1	Some of the procedures or services listed in the CPT codebook that are commonly carried out as an integral component of a total service or procedure have been identified by the inclusion of the term "separate procedure." The codes designated as "separate procedure" should not be reported in addition to the code for the total procedure or service of which it is consider an integral component.
4.18.3.3.2	However, when a procedure or service that is designated as a "separate procedure" is carried out independently or considered to be unrelated or distinct from other procedure/services provided at that time, it may be reported by itself, or in addition to other procedures/services by appending modifier 59 to the specific "separate procedure" code to indicate that the procedure is not considered to be a component of another procedure, but is a distinct, independent procedure. This may represent a different session, different procedure or surgery, different site or organ system, separate incision/excision, separate lesion, or separate injury (or area of injury in extensive injuries).
4.18.3.4	Concurrent/Coordinating Care. Providing similar service (e.g., hospital visits by more than one physician) to the same injured employee on the same day for treatment of the same illness is concurrent care. When concurrent care is provided, no special reporting is required. Duplicate services, however, (e.g., visit by a physician of the same subspecialty for the same illness which is not a second opinion) will not be reimbursed. The authorized treating physician should coordinate care by all specialists.
4.18.3.5	Alternating Physicians. When physicians of similar skills alternate in the care of a patient (e.g., partners, groups, or same facility covering for another physician on weekends or vacation periods), each physician shall bill individually for the services each personally rendered and in accordance with the Medical Fee Schedule.
Direct personal supervision in the office setting does not mean that the physician must be present in the same room with a PA or NP. However, the physician must be present in the office suite and immediately available to provide assistance and direction throughout the time the PA or NP is performing the services. In this instance, reimbursement should be made at the normal physician payment level as if the physician had provided the service. If the PA or NP provides care to the injured worker and the supervising physician is not immediately available, the reimbursements will be at 80% of the fee schedule rate.
4.18.3.6.2	Billing for PA or NP Service. The physician must render the bill for care, with the ensuing payment for the PA or NP service made directly to the physician employer.
If the physician supervises the physician assistant's or nurse practitioner's evaluation, payment should be made at the physician's normal Workers' Compensation level for PA or NP services rendered in an outpatient setting.
Where on-site direct physician supervision is not available and the physician assistant or nurse practitioner providing patient care is only able to communicate with a physician supervisor by telephone or other effective means of communication, payment for this service should be made at 80% of the Physician Payment Schedule.
Physician assistants and nurse practitioners acting in the capacity of an assistant at surgery will receive 20% percent of the total allowance for the surgical procedures. Payment will be made to the physician assistant's or nurse practitioner's employer (the physician).
4.18.3.6.4	Follow-up Care of an Existing Patient with a Compensable Problem. If the physician supervises the physician assistant's or nurse practitioner's evaluation, payment should be made at the physician's normal reimbursement level for the PA or NP services rendered in the outpatient setting.
4.18.3.6.5	Modifiers for Physician Assistant and Nurse Practitioner Services. When a physician assistant (PA) or nurse practitioner (NP) bills for services other than assistant at surgery, modifiers "PA" or "NP" are used. Modifier 83, AS, is used to identify assistant at surgery services provided by a physician assistant or nurse practitioner.
4.18.3.8.1	The (*) symbol is used to identify CPT codes that are exempt from the use of modifier 51, but have NOT been designated as CPT add-on procedures/services. As the description implies, modifier 51 exempt procedures are not subject to multiple procedure rules and as such modifier 51 does not apply. Fee schedule amounts for modifier 51 exempt codes are not subject to reduction and should be reimbursed at the lesser of 100 percent of the listed value or the billed amount.
Note: Procedures on this list are often performed with another procedure or may be performed alone.
21 Prolonged Evaluation and Management Services: When the face-to-face or floor/unit service(s) provided is prolonged or otherwise greater than that usually required for the highest level of evaluation and management service within a given category, it may be identified by adding modifier 21 to the evaluation and management code number. A report may also be appropriate.
22 Unusual Procedural Services: When the service(s) provided is greater than that usually required for the listed procedure, it may be identified by adding modifier 22 to the usual procedure number. A report may also be appropriate. Add an additional 20% to the value of the code when billed with this modifier.
23 Unusual Anesthesia: Occasionally, a procedure, which usually requires either no anesthesia or local anesthesia, because of unusual circumstances must be done under general anesthesia. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 23 to the procedure code of the basic service.
24 Unrelated Evaluation and Management Services by the Same Physician During a Postoperative Period: The physician may need to indicate that an evaluation and management service was performed during a postoperative period for a reason(s) unrelated to the original procedure. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 24 to the appropriate level of E/M service.
25 Significant, Separately Identifiable Evaluation and Management Service by the Same Physician on the Same Day of the Procedure or Other Service: It may be necessary to indicate that on the day a procedure or service identified by a CPT code was performed, the patient's condition required a significant, separately identifiable E/M service provided above or beyond the usual preoperative and postoperative care associated with the procedure that was performed. A significant, separately E/M service is defined or substantiated by documentation that satisfies the relevant criteria for the respective E/M service to be reported (see Evaluation and Management Services Guidelines for I instructions on determining level of E/M service). The E/M service may be prompted by the symptom or condition for which the procedure and/or service was provided. As such, different diagnoses are not required for reporting of the E/M service on the same date. This circumstance may be reported adding modifier 25 to the appropriate level E/M code. Note: This modifier is not used to report and E/M service that resulted in a decision to perform surgery. See modifier 57. For significant, separately identifiable non-E/M services, see modifier 59.
26 Professional Component: Certain procedures are a combination of a physician component and a technical component. When the physician component is reported separately, the service may be identified by adding modifier 26 to the usual procedure number.
TC Technical Component: Certain procedures are a combination of a physician component and a technical component. When the technical component is reported separately, the service may be identified by adding modifier TC to the usual procedure number.
27 Multiple Outpatient Hospital E/M Encounters on the Same Date: (This CPT modifier is for use by Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) and Hospital Outpatient Settings Only.) For hospital outpatient reporting purposes, utilization of hospital resources related to separate and distinct E/M encounters performed in multiple outpatient hospital settings on the same date may be reported by adding modifier 27 to each appropriate level outpatient and/or emergency department E/M code(s). This modifier provides a means of reporting circumstances involving evaluation and management services provided by physician(s) in more than one (multiple) outpatient hospital setting(s) (e.g., hospital emergency department, clinic). Note: This modifier is not to be used for physician reporting of multiple E/M services performed by the same physician on the same date. For physician reporting of all outpatient evaluation and management services provided by the same physician on the same date and performed in multiple outpatient setting(s) (e.g., hospital emergency department, clinic), see Evaluation and Management, Emergency Department, or Preventive Medicine Services codes.
32 Mandated Services: Services related to mandated consultation and/or related services (e.g., PRO, third-party payer, governmental, legislative, or regulatory requirement) may be identified by adding modifier 32 to the basic procedure.
47 Anesthesia by Surgeon: Regional or general anesthesia provided by the surgeon may be reported by adding modifier 47 to the basic service. (This does not include local anesthesia.) Note: Modifier 47 would not be used as a modifier for the anesthesia procedures 00100-01999.
50 Bilateral Procedure: Unless otherwise identified in the listings, bilateral procedures that are performed at the same operative session should be identified by adding modifier 50 to the appropriate five-digit code.
52 Reduced Services: Under certain circumstances a service or procedure is partially reduced or eliminated at the physician's discretion. Under these circumstances the service provided can be identified by its usual procedure number and the addition of modifier 52, signifying that the service is reduced. This provides a means of reporting reduced services without disturbing the identification of the basic service. Note: For hospital outpatient reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or cancelled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifiers 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use).
53 Discontinued Procedure: Under certain circumstances the physician may elect to terminate a surgical or diagnostic procedure. Due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient, it may be necessary to indicate that a surgical or diagnostic procedure was started but discontinued. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 53 to the code reported by the physician for the discontinued procedure. Note: This modifier is not used to report the elective cancellation of a procedure prior to the patient's anesthesia induction and/or surgical preparation in the operating suite. For outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center (ASC) reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or cancelled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifiers 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use).
54 Surgical Care Only: When one physician performs a surgical procedure and another provides preoperative and/or postoperative management, surgical services may be identified by adding modifier 54 to the usual procedure number.
55 Postoperative Management Only: When one physician performs the postoperative management and another physician has performed the surgical procedure, the postoperative component may be identified by adding modifier 55 to the usual procedure number.
56 Preoperative Management Only: When one physician performs the preoperative care and evaluation and another physician performs the surgical procedure, the preoperative component may be identified by adding modifier 56 to the usual procedure number.
58 Staged or Related Procedure or Service by the Same Physician During the Postoperative Period: The physician may need to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was: a) planned prospectively at the time of the original procedure (staged); b) more extensive than the original procedure; or c) for therapy following a diagnostic surgical procedure. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 58 to the staged or related procedure. Note: This modifier is not used to report the treatment of a problem that requires a return to the operating room. See modifier 78.
59 Distinct Procedural Service: Under certain circumstances, the physician may need to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other services performed on the same day. Modifier 59 is used to identify procedures/services that are not normally reported together, but are appropriate under the circumstances. This may represent a different session or patient encounter, different procedure or surgery, different site or organ system, separate incision/excision, separate lesion, or separate injury (or area of injury in extensive injuries) not ordinarily encountered or performed on the same day by the same physician. However, when another already established modifier is appropriate, it should be used rather than modifier 59. Only if no more descriptive modifier is available, and the use of modifier 59 best explains the circumstances, should modifier 59 be used.
62 Two Surgeons: When two surgeons work together as primary surgeons performing distinct part(s) of a procedure, each surgeon should report his/her distinct operative work by adding modifier 62 to the procedure code and any associated add-on code(s) for that procedure as long as both surgeons continue to work together as primary surgeons. Each surgeon should report the co-surgery once using the same procedure code. If additional procedure(s) (including add-on procedure(s)) are performed during the same surgical session, separate code(s) may be reported with modifier 62 added. Note: If a co-surgeon acts as an assistant in the performance of an additional procedure(s) during the same surgical session, that service(s) may be reported using separate procedure code(s) with modifier 80 or modifier 81 added, as appropriate.
66 Surgical Team: Under some circumstances, highly complex procedures (requiring the concomitant services of several physicians, often of different specialties, plus other highly skilled, specially trained personnel, various types of complex equipment) are carried out under the "surgical team" concept. Such circumstances may be identified by each participating physician with the addition of modifier 66 to the basic procedure number used for reporting services.
76 Repeat Procedure by the Same Physician: The physician may need to indicate that a procedure or service was repeated subsequent to the original procedure or service. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 76 to the repeated procedure/service.
77 Repeat Procedure by Another Physician: The physician may need to indicate that a basic procedure or service performed by another physician had to be repeated. This situation may be reported by adding modifier 77 to the repeated procedure/service.
80 Assistant Surgeon: Surgical assistant services may be identified by adding modifier 80 to the usual procedure number(s).
81 Minimum Assistant Surgeon: Minimum surgical assistant services are identified by adding modifier 81 to the usual procedure number.
82 Assistant Surgeon (when qualified resident surgeon not available): The unavailability of a qualified resident surgeon is a prerequisite for use of modifier 82 appended to the usual procedure code number(s).
83 Physician Assistant or Nurse Practitioner as Assistant Surgeon: When a physician assistant or nurse practitioner performs services for assistants at surgery, identify the services by adding modifier 83 to the usual procedure code. Services of a physician assistant or nurse practitioner are reimbursed at 20 percent of the listed value of the surgical code and payable to the employing physician. This modifier is valid for surgery only.
90 Reference (Outside) Laboratory: When laboratory procedures are performed by a party other than the treating or reporting physician, the procedure may be identified by adding modifier 90 to the usual procedure number.
91 Repeat Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Test: In the course of treatment of the patient, it may be necessary to repeat the same laboratory test on the same day to obtain subsequent (multiple) test results. Under these circumstances, the laboratory test performed can be identified by its usual procedure number with the addition of modifier 91. Note: This modifier may not be used when tests are rerun to confirm initial results due to testing problems with specimens or equipment, or for any other reason when a normal, one-time, reportable result is all that is required. This modifier may not be used when other code(s) describe a series of test results (e.g., glucose tolerance tests). This modifier may only be used for laboratory test(s) performed more than once on the same day on the same patient.
92 Alternative Laboratory Platform Testing: When laboratory testing is being performed using a kit or transportable instrument that wholly or in part consists of a single use, disposable analytical chamber, the service may be identified by adding modifier 92 to the usual laboratory procedure code (HIV testing 86701-86703). The test does not require permanent dedicated space, hence by its design may be hand carried or transported to the vicinity of the patient for immediate testing at that site, although location of the testing is not in itself determinative of the use of this modifier.
99 Multiple Modifiers: Under certain circumstances two or more modifiers may be necessary to completely delineate a service. In such situations modifier 99 should be added to the basic procedure, and other applicable modifiers may be listed as part of the description of the service.
PA Services Performed by a Physician Assistant: When services of a physician assistant are performed, identify the services by adding modifier PA to the usual procedure code.
NP Services Performed by a Nurse Practitioner: When services of a nurse practitioner are performed, identify the services by adding modifier NP to the usual procedure code.
The E/M section is divided into broad categories such as office visits, hospital visits, and consultations. Most of the categories are further divided into two or more subcategories of E/M services. For example, there are two subcategories of office visits (new patient and established patient) and there are two subcategories of hospital visits (initial and subsequent). The subcategories of E/M services are further classified into levels of E/M services that are identified by specific codes. This classification is important because the nature of a physician's work varies by type of service, place of service, and the injured employee's status.
Physicians should include CPT codes for specific performance of diagnostic tests/studies for which specific CPT codes are available. These CPT codes should be reported separately, in addition to the appropriate E/M code.
Certain key words and phrases are used throughout the E/M section. The following definitions are intended to reduce the potential for differing interpretations and to increase the consistency of reporting by physicians in differing specialties.
Solely for the purposes of distinguishing between a new and established patients, professional services are those face-to-face services rendered by a physician and reported by a specific CPT code(s). A new patient is one who has not received any professional services from the physician or another physician of the same specialty who belongs to the same group practice, with in the past three years.
An established patient is one who has received professional services from a physician or another physician of the same specialty who belongs to the same group practice, with the past three years.
In the instance where a physician is on call for or is covering for the authorized treating physician, the injured employee's encounter will be classified as it would have been by the physician who is not available.
No distinction is made between new and established patients in the emergency room. Emergency room services should be reported for any patient (new or established) who presents for treatment in the emergency department.
Concurrent care is the provision of similar service (e.g., hospital visits) to the same patient by more than one physician on the same day. When concurrent care is provided, no special reporting is required.
Injured employee and family education.
As defined in the CPT book, consultation is a type of service provided by a physician whose opinion or advice regarding evaluation and/or management of a specific problem is requested by another physician or appropriate source. Consultations are reimbursable only to physicians with the appropriate specialty for the services provided. A consulting physician shall only initiate diagnostic and/or therapeutic services with approval from the authorized treating physician. Following a consultation, if the consulting physician assumes responsibility for management of all or any part of the injured employee's condition(s), the injured employee becomes an "established patient" (rather than follow-up consultation) under the care of the consulting physician.
The amount of time spent with a patient is a factor to be taken into consideration when selecting the appropriate E&M code. CPT guidelines are to be followed.
A modifier indicates that a service or procedure performed has been altered by some specific circumstance but has not changed its definition or code. The modifying circumstance shall be identified by the appropriate modifier following the procedure code. The two-digit modifier should be placed after the usual procedure number. If more than one modifier is used, place the "Multiple Modifiers" code 99 immediately after the procedure code. This indicates that one or more additional modifier codes will follow. Only certain modifiers in each of the categories (Evaluation and Management, Anesthesia, Surgery, Pathology/Laboratory, Radiology, General Medicine, and Physical Medicine) will be recognized for reimbursement purposes. It is understood that modifiers not only clarify the services performed, but that the fee may be adjusted accordingly based on the increase or decrease in service.
24 Unrelated Evaluation and Management Service by the Same Physician during a Postoperative Period: The physician may need to indicate that an E/M service was performed during a postoperative period for a reason(s) unrelated to the original procedure. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 24 to the appropriate level of E/M service.
25 Significant, Separately Identifiable Evaluation and Management Service by the Same Physician on the Same Day of the Procedure or Other Service: It may be necessary to indicate that on the day a procedure or service identified by a CPT code was performed, the patient's condition required a significant, separately identifiable E/M service provided or beyond the usual preoperative and postoperative care associated with the procedure that was performed. A significant, separately E/M service is defined or substantiated by documentation that satisfies the relevant criteria for the respective E/M service to be reported (see Evaluation and Management Services Guidelines for instructions on determining level of E/M service). The E/M service may be prompted by the symptom or condition for which the procedure and/or service was provided. As such, different diagnoses are not required for reporting of the E/M service. Note: This modifier is not used to report and E/M service that resulted in a decision to perform surgery. See modifier 57. For significant, separately identifiable non-E/M services, see modifier 59.
52 Reduced Services: Under certain circumstances, a service or procedure is partially reduced or eliminated at the physician's election. Under these circumstances, the service provided can be identified by its usual procedure number and the addition of modifier 52, signifying that the service is reduced. This provides a means of reporting reduced services without disturbing the identification of the basic service. Note: For hospital outpatient reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or canceled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifiers 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use). When reporting a reduced service, it is expected that the billed amount will be reduced by the provider. The amount of the reduction is at the discretion of the provider, but should reflect a level of reimbursement commensurate with the actual work done.
53 Discontinued Procedure: Under certain circumstances, the physician may elect to terminate a surgical or diagnostic procedure. Due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well being of the patient, it may be necessary to indicate that a surgical or diagnostic procedure was started but discontinued. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 53 to the code reported by the physician for the discontinued procedure. Note: This modifier is not used to report the elective cancellation of a procedure prior to the patient's anesthesia induction and/or surgical preparation in the operating suite. For outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center (ASC) reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or canceled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifiers 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use).
59 Distinct Procedural Service: Under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other non-E/M services, that are not normally reported together but are appropriate under the circumstances. Documentation must support a different session, different procedure or surgery, different site or organ system, separate incision or excision, separate lesion, organ system, separate incision or excision, separate lesion, or separate injury (or area of injury in extensive injuries) not ordinarily encountered or performed on the same day by the same individual. However, when another already established modifier is appropriate it should be used rather than modifier 59. Only if no more descriptive modifier available and use of modifier 59 best explains the circumstances should modifier 59 be used. Note: Modifier 59 should not be appended to an E/M service. To report a separate and distinct E/M service with a non-E/M service performed on the same date, see modifier 25.
4.20.1.1	Anesthesia services provided to employees pursuant to this chapter shall be paid at eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charges for such services as of October 31, 2006, subject to adjustment as provided in 19 Del.C. §2322B. Anesthesia services provided to employees pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(7) shall be paid at a unit charge of one hundred dollars ($100.00) per unit in geozip 197-198 and seventy-six dollars ($76.00) per unit in geozip 199, with an annual CPI-U adjustment as referenced in 19 Del.C. §2322B(14).
4.20.1.2	The health care payment system as to Anesthesia will be adjusted yearly pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B for anesthesia treatment, procedures and/or services in effect in January of that year.
The above six levels are consistent with the American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) ranking of patient physical status. Physical status is included in the CPT book to distinguish between various levels of complexity of the anesthesia service provided.
4.20.2.2.1	More than one qualifying circumstance may be selected.
Many anesthesia services are provided under particularly difficult circumstances, depending on factors such as extraordinary condition of patient, notable operative conditions, and/or unusual risk factors. This section includes a list of important qualifying circumstances that significantly affect the character of the anesthesia service provided. These procedures would not be reported alone but would be reported as additional procedure numbers qualifying an anesthesia procedure or service.
4.20.2.2.2	Payers must utilize their medical consultants when there is a question regarding modifiers and/or special circumstances for anesthesia charges.
Monitored anesthesia care occurs when the attending physician requests that an anesthesiologist be present during a procedure. This may be to insure compliance with accepted procedures of the facility. Monitored anesthesia care includes pre-anesthesia exam and evaluation of the patient. The anesthesiologist must participate or provide medical direction for the plan of care. The anesthesiologist, resident, or nurse anesthetist must be in continuous physical presence and provide diagnosis and treatment of emergencies. This will also include noninvasive monitoring of cardiocirculatory and respiratory systems with administration of oxygen and/or intravenous administration of medications. Reimbursement will be the same as if general anesthesia had been administered.
4.20.4.1.1	An anesthesiologist provides total and individual anesthesia service.
4.20.4.1.2	An anesthesiologist directs a CRNA or AA.
The service falls within the CRNA's or AA's scope of practice and scope of license as defined by law.
The service is supervised by a licensed health care provider who has prescriptive authority in accordance with the clinical privileges individually granted by the hospital or other health care organization.
4.20.4.2.1	Reimbursement includes the usual pre- and postoperative visits, the care by the anesthesiologist during surgery, the administration of fluids and/or blood, and the usual monitoring services. Unusual forms of monitoring, such as central venous, intra-arterial, and Swan-Ganz monitoring, may be reimbursed separately.
4.20.4.2.2	When an unlisted service or procedure is provided, the value should be substantiated with a report. Unlisted services are identified in this Fee Schedule as by report.
4.20.4.2.3	When it is necessary to have a second anesthesiologist, the necessity should be substantiated.
When the anesthesiologist provides an anesthesia service directly, payment will be made in accordance with the billing reimbursement rules of this Fee Schedule.
When an anesthesiologist provides medical direction to the CRNA or AA providing the anesthesia service, then the reimbursement will be divided between the two of them at fifty percent (50%).
When the CRNA or AA provides the anesthesia service directly, then payment will be the lesser of the billed actual charge or eighty percent (85%) of the maximum allowable the amount listed in the Fee Schedule for that procedure.
All anesthesia services are reported by using the anesthesia five-digit procedure codes. The fee for most procedures may be modified under certain circumstances as listed below. When applicable, the modifying circumstances should be identified by the addition of the appropriate modifier (including the hyphen) after the usual anesthesia code. Certain modifiers require a special report for clarification of services provided.
22 Unusual Procedural Services: When the service(s) provided is greater than that usually required for the listed procedure, it may be identified by adding modifier 22 to the usual procedure number. A report may also be appropriate.
32 Mandated Services: Services related to mandated consultation and/or related services (eg, third-party payer, governmental, legislative, or regulatory requirement) may be identified by adding modifier 32 to the basic procedure.
53 Discontinued Procedure: Under certain circumstances the physician may elect to terminate a surgical or diagnostic procedure. Due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient, it may be necessary to indicate that a surgical or diagnostic procedure was started but discontinued. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 53 to the code reported by the physician for the discontinued procedure. Note: This modifier is not used to report the elective cancellation of a procedure prior to the patient's anesthesia induction and/or surgical preparation in the operating suite.
59 Distinct Procedural Service: Under certain circumstances, it may be necessary to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other non-E/M services that are not normally reported together but are appropriate under the circumstances. Documentation must support a different session, different procedure or surgery, different site or organ system, separate incision or excision, separate lesion, organ system, separate incision or excision, separate lesion, or separate injury (or area of injury in extensive injuries) not ordinarily encountered or performed on the same day by the same individual. However, when another already established modifier is appropriate it should be used rather than modifier 59. Only if no more descriptive modifier available and use of modifier 59 best explains the circumstances should modifier 59 be used. Note: Modifier 59 should not be appended to an E/M service with a non-E/M service with a non-E/M service performed on the same date, see modifier 25.
AA Anesthesia Services Performed Personally by the Anesthesiologist: Report modifier AA when the anesthesia services are personally performed by an anesthesiologist.
AD Medical Supervision by a Physician: More Than Four Concurrent Anesthesia Procedures: Report modifier AD when the anesthesiologist supervises more than four concurrent anesthesia procedures.
QK Medical Direction of Two, Three, or Four Concurrent Anesthesia Procedures Involving Qualified Individuals: Report modifier QK when the anesthesiologist supervises two, three, or four concurrent anesthesia procedures.
QX CRNA or AA Service with Medical Direction by a Physician: Regional or general anesthesia provided by the CRNA or AA with medical direction by a physician may be reported by adding modifier QX.
QY Medical Supervision by Physician of One CRNA or AA: Report modifier QY when the anesthesiologist supervises one CRNA or AA.
QZ CRNA or AA Service without Medical Direction by a Physician: Regional or general anesthesia provided by the CRNA or AA without medical direction by a physician may be reported by adding modifier QZ.
4.20.6.1	CPT Codes that Include Moderate (Conscious) Sedation - Moderate (conscious) sedation is a drug induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway, and spontaneous ventilation is adequate. Cardiovascular function is usually maintained.
4.20.6.2	Moderate sedation does not include minimal sedation (anxiolysis), deep sedation or monitored anesthesia care (00100-01999).
4.20.6.3.6	Recovery (not included in intraservice time).
4.20.6.4	Intraservice time starts with the administration of the sedation agent(s), require continuous face-to-face attendance, and ends at the conclusion of personal contact by the physician providing the sedation.
4.20.6.5	Do not report 99143-99150 in conjunction with 94760-94762.
4.20.6.6	Do not report 99143-99145 in conjunction with codes listed in Appendix G. Do not report 99148-99150 in conjunction with codes listed in Appendix G when performed in the non-facility setting.
Note: Because these codes include moderate sedation, it is not appropriate for the same physician to report both the service and the sedation codes 99143-99145.
If a physician other than the treating physician provides moderate sedation in a facility for one of the procedures on this list, the other physician should report codes 99148-99150. If this arrangement occurs in the provider's office, these codes would not be reported.
CPT codes 00100-01999 can be used to report associated anesthesia services regardless of whether the procedure is on this list.
4.20.6.7	When a second physician other than the healthcare professional performing the diagnostic or therapeutic services provides moderate sedation in the facility setting (e.g., hospital, outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center, skilled nursing facility) for the procedures listed in G, the second physician reports 99148-99150. However, for the circumstance in which these services are performed by the second physician in the non-facility setting (e.g., physician office, freestanding imaging center), codes 99148-99150 are not reported.
4.20.6.8	Some CPT codes include moderate (conscious) sedation as an inherent component of the procedure. These are identified in the CPT book with a K symbol. Because these services include moderate (conscious) sedation, special rules apply when reporting the moderate (conscious) sedation CPT codes 99143–99150. Moderate (conscious) sedation services provided by the same physician performing the diagnostic or therapeutic service that the sedation supports and requiring the presence of a second independent trained observer for monitoring purposes (CPT codes 99143–99145) may not be reported in conjunction with CPT codes identified with a K symbol and listed in Appendix G.
4.20.6.9	In rare instances a second physician other than the physician performing the diagnostic or therapeutic service may be required to provide the moderate (conscious) sedation service (CPT codes 99148–99150). When these sedation services are performed in a facility setting (e.g., hospital, outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center, skilled nursing facility), the second physician may report the moderate (conscious) sedation service with CPT code(s) 99148–99150 in conjunction with CPT codes identified with a K symbol and listed in Appendix G. However, when the second physician performs the moderate (conscious) sedation services in a non facility setting (e.g., physician office, freestanding imaging center) CPT code(s) 99148–99150 should not be reported separately and are not in Delaware Workers’ Compensation Medical Fee Schedule. CPT code(s) 99148–99150 should not be reported separately and are not reimbursable when performed in conjunction with CPT codes identified with a K symbol and listed in Appendix G. See Appendix G in CPT 2008 for a list of CPT codes that includes moderate (conscious) sedation.
The reimbursement allowances for surgical procedures are based on a global reimbursement concept that covers performing the basic service and the normal range of care required after surgery.
Normal, uncomplicated follow-up care for the time periods indicated in the follow- up days (FUD) column to the right of each procedure code. The number in that column establishes the days during which no additional reimbursement is allowed for the usual care provided following surgery, absent complications or unusual circumstances.
The maximum reimbursement allowances cover all normal postoperative care, including the removal of sutures by the surgeon or associate. Follow-up days are specified by procedure.
4.21.1.1.2	Follow-up days listed are for 0, 10, or 90 days and are listed in the Fee Schedule as 000, 010, or 090.
Follow-up care for diagnostic procedures (e.g., endoscopy, arthroscopy, injection procedures for radiography) includes only the care related to recovery from the diagnostic procedure itself. Care of the condition for which the diagnostic procedure was performed or of other concomitant conditions is not included and may be listed separately.
Follow-up care for therapeutic surgical procedures includes only care that is usually part of the surgical procedure. Complications, exacerbations, recurrence, or the presence of other diseases or injuries requiring additional services should be reported separately.
Some of the procedures or services listed in the CPT codebook that are commonly carried out as an integral component of a total service or procedure have been identified by the inclusion of the term “separate procedure”. The codes designated as “separate procedure” should not be reported in addition to the code for the total procedure or service of which it is considered an integral component.
A biopsy of the skin and another surgical procedure performed on the same lesion on the same day must be billed as one procedure.
The repair of nerves, blood vessels, and tendons is usually reported under the appropriate system. The repair of associated wounds is included in the primary procedure unless it qualifies as a complex wound, in which case modifier 51 may be applied. Simple exploration of nerves, blood vessels, and tendons exposed in an open wound is also considered part of the essential treatment of the wound closure and is not a separate procedure unless appreciable dissection is required.
Billing for suture removal by the operating surgeon is not appropriate as this is considered part of the global fee.
Supplies and materials provided by the physician (e.g., sterile trays/drugs) over and above those usually included with the office visit may be listed separately using CPT code 99070 or specific HCPCS Level II codes.
Implants of any type are to be billed as part of the hospital or ASC billing. Bone morphogenetic protein is an FDA approved biologic fusion and fracture healing aid. Its use in spine and fracture surgery represents the standard of care in our community, and in both on-label and off-label applications is accepted and to be reimbursed to the facility providing the implant, at rates consistent with implant payment rates determined under the respective ASC and hospital reimbursement guidelines.
Puncture of a cavity or joint for aspiration followed by injection of a therapeutic agent is one procedure and should be billed as such.
4.21.1.11.1	Physician surgical assistant — For the purpose of reimbursement, a physician who assists at surgery is reimbursed as a surgical assistant. Assistant surgeons should use modifier 80 and are allowed twenty percent (20%) of the maximum reimbursement allowance (MRA) for the procedure(s).
A physician assistant (PA), or registered nurses (NP) who have completed an approved first assistant training course, may be allowed a fee when assisting a surgeon in the operating room (O.R.).
The maximum reimbursement allowance for the physician assistant or the registered nurse first assistant (RNFA) is twenty percent (20%) of the surgeon’s fee for the procedure(s) performed.
Under no circumstances will a fee be allowed for an assistant surgeon and a physician assistant or RNFA at the same surgical encounter.
Registered nurses on staff in the O.R. of a hospital, clinic, or outpatient surgery center do not qualify for reimbursement as an RNFA.
An operative report must be submitted to the payer before reimbursement can be made for the surgeon’s or assistant surgeon’s services.
Needle procedures (lumbar puncture, thoracentesis, jugular or femoral taps, etc.) should be billed in addition to the medical care on the same day.
Therapeutic procedures (injecting into cavities, nerve blocks, etc.) (CPT codes 20526–20610, 64400, and 64450) may be billed in addition to the medical care for a new patient. (Use appropriate level of service plus injection.) In follow-up cases for additional therapeutic injections and/or aspirations, an office visit is only indicated if it is necessary to re-evaluate the patient. In this case, a minimal visit may be listed in addition to the injection. Documentation supporting the office visit charge must be submitted with the bill to the payer. This is clarified in the treatment guidelines in a more specific manner. Trigger point injection is considered one procedure and reimbursed as such regardless of the number of injection sites. Two codes are available for reporting trigger point injections. Use 20552 for injection(s) of single or multiple trigger point(s) in one or two muscles or 20553 when three or more muscles are involved.
In certain circumstances it may be appropriate for the attending surgeon to provide regional or general anesthesia. Anesthesia by the surgeon is considered to be more than local or digital anesthesia. Identify this service by adding modifier 47 to the surgical procedure code.
Injections are considered incidental to the procedure when performed with a related invasive procedure.
Certain spinal and cranial procedures require the services of an additional surgeon of a different specialty to gain exposure to the spine and brain. These typically are vascular, thoracic and ENT. The surgical exposure portion of these procedures will be billed, dictated and followed separately by the exposure surgeon for their portion of the procedure. Since the exposure surgeon is required based upon the type of surgery recommended by the treating surgeon, it is intended that an approval for the primary procedure includes the approach, and no separate pre-approval or pre-authorization is required. The exposure surgeon is bound by the fee schedule regarding reimbursement and all other rules delineated above.
For purposes of this section of the Fee Schedule, "ambulatory surgery center" means an establishment with an organized medical staff of physicians; with permanent facilities that are equipped and operated primarily for the purpose of performing surgical procedures; with continuous physicians and registered nurses on site when the facility is open. An ambulatory surgery center may be a freestanding facility or may be attached to a hospital facility. For purposes of Workers' Compensation reimbursement to ASCs, the facility must be an approved Medicare ASC, or certified by AAA.
4.22.2.1	Facility fees for ambulatory surgery must be billed on the UB-04 form.
4.22.2.2	The CPT/HCPCS code(s) of the procedure(s) performed determines the reimbursement for the facility fee. Report all procedures performed.
Administration, record keeping and housekeeping items and services.
4.22.2.4	Disposable injection supplies under $75 are included in the facility fee. Those over $75 are reimbursed at 85% of the ASC fee for the item.
4.22.2.6	Facility fees do not include physician services, x-rays, diagnostic procedures, laboratory procedures, CRNA or anesthesia physician services, prosthetic devices, ambulance services, braces, artificial limbs or DME for use in the patient's home. These items will be reimbursed according to Fee Schedule.
25 Significant, Separately Identifiable Evaluation and Management Service by the Same Physician on the Same Day of the Procedure or Other Service: It may be necessary to indicate that on the day a procedure or service identified by a CPT code was performed, the patient’s condition required a significant, separately identifiable E/M service provided above or beyond the usual preoperative and postoperative care associated with the procedure that was performed. A significant, separately E/M service is defined or substantiated by documentation that satisfies the relevant criteria for the respective E/M service to be reported (see Evaluation and Management Services Guidelines for I instructions on determining level of E/M service). The E/M service may be prompted by the symptom or condition for which the procedure and/or service was provided. As such, different diagnoses are not required for reporting of the E/M service on the same date. This circumstance may be reported adding modifier 25 to the appropriate level E/M code. Note: This modifier is not used to report and E/M service that resulted in a decision to perform surgery. See modifier 57. For significant, separately identifiable non-E/M services, see modifier 59.
27 Multiple Outpatient Hospital E/M Encounters on the Same Date: For hospital outpatient reporting purposes, utilization of hospital resources related to separate and distinct E/M encounters performed in multiple outpatient hospital settings on the same date may be reported by adding modifier 27 to each appropriate level outpatient and/or emergency department E/M code(s). This modifier provides a means of reporting circumstances involving evaluation and management services provided by physician(s) in more than one (multiple) outpatient hospital setting(s) (e.g., hospital emergency department, clinic). Note: This modifier is not to be used for physician reporting of multiple E/M services performed by the same physician on the same date. For physician reporting of all outpatient evaluation and management services provided by the same physician on the same date and performed in multiple outpatient setting(s) (e.g., hospital emergency department, clinic), see Evaluation and Management, Emergency Department, or Preventive Medicine Services codes.
50 Bilateral Procedure: Unless otherwise identified in the listings, bilateral procedures that are performed at the same operative session should be identified by adding modifier 50 to the appropriate five digit code.
52 Reduced Services: Under certain circumstances a service or procedure is partially reduced or eliminated at the physician’s discretion. Under these circumstances the service provided can be identified by its usual procedure number and the addition of modifier 52, signifying that the service is reduced. This provides a means of reporting reduced services without disturbing the identification of the basic service. Note: For hospital outpatient reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or cancelled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifiers 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use).
58 Staged or Related Procedure or Service by the Same Physician During the Postoperative Period: It may be necessary to indicate that the performance of a procedure or service during the postoperative period was (a) planned or anticipated (staged); (b) more extensive than the original procedure; or (c) for therapy following a surgical procedure. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 58 to the staged or related procedure. Note: For treatment of a problem that requires a return to the operating or procedure room (e.g., unanticipated clinical condition), see modifier 78.
73 Discontinued Out-Patient Hospital/ Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) Procedure Prior to the Administration of Anesthesia: Due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient, the physician may cancel a surgical or diagnostic procedure subsequent to the patient’s surgical preparation (including sedation when provided, and being taken to the room where the procedure is to be performed), but prior to the administration of anesthesia (local, regional block(s) or general). Under these circumstances, the intended service that is prepared for but cancelled can be reported by its usual procedure number and the addition of modifier 73. Note: The elective cancellation of a service prior to the administration of anesthesia and/or surgical preparation of the patient should not be reported. For physician reporting of a discontinued procedure, see modifier 53.
74 Discontinued Out-Patient Hospital/ Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) Procedure After Administration of Anesthesia: Due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient, the physician may terminate a surgical or diagnostic procedure after the administration of anesthesia (local, regional block(s), general) or after the procedure was started (incision made, intubation started, scope inserted, etc). Under these circumstances, the procedure started but terminated can be reported by its usual procedure number and the addition of modifier 74. Note: The elective cancellation of a service prior to the administration of anesthesia and/or surgical preparation of the patient should not be reported. For physician reporting of a discontinued procedure, see modifier 53.
76 Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician: It may be necessary to indicate that a procedure or service was repeated subsequent to the original procedure or service. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 76 to the repeated procedure/service.
91 Repeat Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Test: In the course of treatment of the patient, it may be necessary to repeat the same laboratory test on the same day to obtain subsequent (multiple) test results. Under these circumstances, the laboratory test performed can be identified by its usual procedure number and the addition of modifier 91. Note: This modifier may not be used when tests are rerun to confirm initial results; due to testing problems with specimens or equipment; or for any other reason when a normal, one-time, reportable result is all that is required. This modifier may not be used when other code(s) describe a series of test results (e.g., glucose tolerance tests, evocative/suppression testing). This modifier may only be used for laboratory test(s) performed more than once on the same day on the same patient.
Physicians and staff are sometimes confused by the definition of bilateral. Bilateral procedures are identical procedures (i.e., use the same CPT code) performed on the same anatomic site but on opposite sides of the body.
The primary procedure, which is defined as the procedure with the highest RVU, must be billed with the applicable CPT code.
The second or lesser or additional procedure(s) may be billed by adding modifier 51 to the codes unless the procedure(s) is exempt from modifier 51 or qualifies as an add-on code.
Wound repairs are classified as simple, intermediate, or complex.
4.24.1.1	Simple repair. Simple repair is repair of superficial wounds involving primarily epidermis and dermis or subcutaneous tissues without significant involvement of deeper structures and simple one layer closure/suturing. This includes local anesthesia and chemical or electro cauterization of wounds not closed.
4.24.1.2	Intermediate repair. Intermediate repair is repair of wounds that requires layered closure of one or more of the subcutaneous tissues and superficial (non-muscle) fascia, in addition to the skin (epidermal and dermal) closure. Single-layer closure of heavily contaminated wounds that require extensive cleaning or removal of particulate matter also constitutes intermediate repair.
4.24.1.3	Complex repair. Complex repair is repair of wounds requiring more than layered closure, scar revision, debridement (e.g., traumatic lacerations or avulsions), extensive undermining, stents or retention sutures. It may include creation of the defect and necessary preparation for repairs or the debridement and repair of complicated lacerations or avulsions.
4.24.2.1	The repaired wound(s) should be measured and recorded in centimeters, whether curved, angular, or stellate.
4.24.2.2	When multiple wounds are repaired, add together the lengths of those in the same classification (see above) and anatomical grouping and report as a single item. When more than one classification of wound is repaired, list the more complicated as the primary procedure and the less complicated as the secondary procedure using modifier 51.
4.24.2.3	Debridement is considered a separate procedure only when gross contamination requires prolonged cleansing, when appreciable amounts of devitalized or contaminated tissue are removed, or when debridement is carried out separately without immediate primary closure (extensive debridement of soft tissue and/or bone).
4.24.2.4	Report involvement of nerves, blood vessels, and tendons under the appropriate system (nervous, musculoskeletal, etc.) for repair. The repair of these wounds is included in the fee for the primary procedure unless it qualifies as a complex wound, in which case modifier 51 applies.
4.24.2.5	Simple ligation of vessels in an open wound is considered part of any wound closure, as is simple exploration of nerves, blood vessels, or tendons.
4.24.2.6	Adjacent tissue transfers, flaps and grafts include such procedures as Z-plasty, W- plasty, V-4-plasty or rotation flaps. Reimbursement is based on the size of the defect. Closing the donor site with a skin graft is considered an additional procedure and will be reimbursed in addition to the primary procedure. Excision of a lesion prior to repair by adjacent tissue transfer is considered “bundled” into the tissue transfer procedure and is not reimbursed separately.
4.24.2.7	Wound exploration codes should not be billed with codes that specifically describe a repair to major structure or major vessel. The specific repair code supersedes the use of a wound exploration code.
This applies to severe muscle sprains or strains that require casting or strapping.
4.25.1.1	Initial (new patient) treatment for soft tissue injuries must be billed under the appropriate office visit code.
4.25.1.2	When a cast or strapping is applied during an initial visit, supplies and materials (e.g., stockinet, plaster, fiberglass, ace bandages) may be itemized and billed separately using the appropriate HCPCS Level II code.
4.25.1.3	When initial casting and/or strapping is applied for the first time during an established patient visit, reimbursement may be made for the itemized supplies and materials in addition to the appropriate established patient visit.
4.25.1.4	Replacement casts or strapping provided during a follow-up visit (established patient) includes reimbursement for the replacement service as well as the removal of casts, splints, or strapping. If a cast is damaged or destroyed and must be replaced, the supplies and the office visit are reimbursed. Office notes should substantiate medical necessity of the visit. Cast supplies may be billed using the appropriate HCPCS Level II code and reimbursed separately.
4.25.2.1	Fracture care is a global service. It includes the examination, restoration or stabilization of the fracture, application of the first cast, and cast removal. Casting material is not considered part of the global package and may be reimbursed separately. It is inappropriate to bill an office visit since the reason for the encounter is for fracture care. However, if the patient requires surgical intervention, additional reimbursement can be made for the appropriate E/M code to properly evaluate the patient for surgery. Use modifier 57 with the E/M code.
4.25.2.2	Reimbursement for fracture care includes the application and removal of the first cast or traction device only. Replacement casting during the period of follow-up care is reimbursed separately.
4.25.2.3	The phrase “with manipulation” describes reduction of a fracture.
4.25.2.4	Re-reduction of a fracture performed by the primary physician may be identified by the addition of modifier 76 to the usual procedure code to indicate “repeat procedure” by the same physician.
4.25.2.5	The term “complicated” appears in some musculoskeletal code descriptions. It implies an infection occurred or the surgery took longer than usual. Be sure the medical record documentation supports the “complicated” descriptor to justify reimbursement.
Note: Surgical arthroscopy always includes a diagnostic arthroscopy. Only in the most unusual case is an increased fee justified because of increased complexity of the intra-articular surgery performed.
4.25.3.1	Diagnostic arthroscopy should be billed at fifty percent (50%) when followed by open surgery.
4.25.3.2	Diagnostic arthroscopy is not billed when followed by arthroscopic surgery.
4.25.3.3	If there are only minor findings that do not confirm a significant preoperative diagnosis, the procedure should be billed as a diagnostic arthroscopy.
Many revisions have occurred in CPT coding for arthrodesis procedures. References to bone grafting and fixation are now procedures which are listed and reimbursed separately from the arthrodesis codes. To help alleviate any misunderstanding about when to code a discectomy in addition to an arthrodesis, the statement “including minimal discectomy” to prepare interspace has been added to the anterior interbody technique. If the disk is removed for decompression of the spinal cord, the decompression should be coded and reimbursed separately.
The following criteria is established for the medically accepted standard of care when determining applicability for the use of an external spinal stimulator.
4.25.5.4	The patient is metabolically in poor health, with other medical comorbidities such as diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or other illnesses requiring oral steroids or cytotoxic medications.
4.25.5.5	Pre certification is required for use of the external spinal stimulator if the planned use falls outside the above indications.
4.26.1.1.1	The maximum allowable payment for health care treatment and procedures shall be the lesser of the health care provider's actual charges or eighty-five percent (85%) of ninety percent (90%) of the 75th percentile of actual charges within the geozip where the service or treatment is rendered, utilizing information contained in employers' and insurance carriers' national databases. If an employer or insurance carrier contracts with a provider for the purpose of providing services under the Act, the rate negotiated in such contract shall prevail.
4.26.1.1.2	Whenever the health care payment system does not set a specific fee for a procedure, treatment or service in the schedule, the amount of reimbursement shall be eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charge ("POC 85"), which actual charge will be fixed as of 10/31/06 and subsequent to such date will be subject to verification, audit and/or review by the Department of Insurance. Reasonable costs of such review or audit shall be reimbursed to the Department of Insurance by the health care provider whose billing is audited.
4.26.1.1.3	The payment system will be adjusted yearly pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(14).
4.26.1.1.4	The maximum allowed rate column for a radiological procedure includes the professional component (PC) and the technical component (TC). Under no circumstances shall the maximum allowed rate for a procedure be more than the combined value of the TC and the PC. This value is applicable in any situation in which a single charge is made to include both professional services and the technical cost of providing that service. Identification of a procedure without modifier 26 indicates that the charge includes both the “professional” and the “technical” components.
4.26.1.1.5	The PC fee amount represents the value of the professional radiological services of the physician. This component is applicable in any situation in which the physician submits a bill for these professional services only. It does not include the cost of personnel, materials, space, equipment, or other facilities.
4.26.1.1.6	A written report, signed by the interpreting physician, is considered an integral part of a radiological procedure or interpretation and shall not be reimbursed separately. To identify a charge for the PC, use the five-digit CPT procedure code followed by modifier 26. If a “0” fee amount appears in the PC column, the procedure is assumed to be purely technical in nature and no PC charge will be allowed.
4.26.1.1.7	The TC includes the charges for personnel, materials, including ionic contrast media and drugs, film or xerography, space, equipment, and other facility resources. The technical component maximum allowable reimbursement excludes radioisotope cost. To identify a charge for the TC only, use the procedure code followed by modifier TC.
4.26.1.1.8	A complete examination includes all of the necessary views for optimal examination of the body part for the suspected condition. If the reimbursement of multiple single views exceeds the cost of a complete examination, reimbursement shall be based on the complete examination value.
4.26.1.2.1	Noninvasive/interventional diagnostic imaging includes standard radiographs, single or multiple views, contrast studies, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In the event that radiographs have to be repeated in the course of a radiographic encounter due to substandard quality, only one unit of service for the code can be billed.
4.26.1.2.2	Interventional/invasive diagnostic imaging—When a contrast can be administered orally (upper GI) or rectally (barium enema), the administration is included as part of the procedure and no administration service is billed. When contrast material is parenterally administered, whether the timing of the injection has to correlate with the procedure or not (e.g., IVP, CT scans, gadolinium), the administration and the injection (e.g., CPT codes 36000, 36406, 36410, and 90772–90774) are included in the contrast studies.
Subject listings apply when radiological services are performed by or under the responsible supervision of a physician.
When two physicians perform a procedure, the radiological portion of the procedure is designated as “radiological supervision and interpretation.” When a physician performs both the procedure and provides imaging supervision and interpretation, a combination of CPT procedure codes outside the 70000 series and imaging supervision and interpretation codes are to be used. Note: The Radiological Supervision and Interpretation codes are not applicable to the radiation oncology subsection.
No separate charge is warranted for prior studies reviewed in conjunction with a visit, consultation, record review, or other evaluation by the medical practitioner or other medical personnel; neither the professional component value modifier 26 nor the radiological consultation CPT code 76140 is reimbursable. The review of diagnostic tests is included in the evaluation and management codes.
A written report, signed by the interpreting physician, should be considered an integral part of a radiological procedure or interpretation.
Unbundling of fees to free standing diagnostic radiology centers will not be allowed. Any entrance fees billed in addition to the global or testing procedure code will not be reimbursed.
Fees include all usual pre- and post-injection care specifically related to the injection procedure, necessary local anesthesia, placement of needle or catheter, and injection of contrast media with or without auto power injection. The phrase “with contrast” used in the codes for procedures performed using contrast for imaging enhancement represents contrast material administered intravascularly, intra-articularly, or intrathecally.
For intra-articular injection, use the appropriate joint injection code. If radiographic arthrography is performed, also use the arthrography supervision and interpretation code for the appropriate joint (which includes fluoroscopy). If CT or MR arthrography is performed without radiographic arthrography, use the appropriate joint injection code, the appropriate CT or MR code (“with contrast” or “without followed by contrast”), and the appropriate imaging guidance code for needle placement for contrast injection.
4.26.2.1	A modifier indicates a service or procedure performed has been altered by some specific circumstance but has not changed its definition or code. The modifying circumstance shall be identified by the appropriate modifier following the procedure code. When two modifiers are applicable to a single code, indicate each modifier on the bill. If more than one modifier is used, place the “Multiple Modifiers” modifier 99 immediately after the procedure code. This indicates that one or more additional modifier codes will follow.
4.26.2.2	Only certain modifiers in each of the categories (Evaluation and Management Services, Anesthesia, Surgery, Pathology/Laboratory, Radiology, General Medicine, and Physical Medicine) will be recognized for reimbursement purposes. The modifiers listed below may differ from those published by the American Medical Association. Medical providers submitting workers’ compensation billing shall use only the modifiers set out in the fee schedule.
22 Increased Procedural Services: When the work required to provide a service is substantially greater than typically required, it may be identified by adding modifier 22 to the usual procedure code. Documentation must support the substantial additional work and the reason for the additional work (i.e., increased intensity, time, technical difficulty of procedure, and severity of patient’s condition, physical and mental effort required). Note: This modifier should not be appended to an E/M. Add an additional 20% to the value of the procedure code when billed with this modifier.
26 Professional Component Only: Certain procedures are a combination of a physician component and a technical component. When the physician component is reported separately, the service may be identified by adding modifier 26 to the usual procedure number.
52 Reduced Services: Under certain circumstances, a service or procedure is partially reduced or eliminated at the physician’s discretion. Under these circumstances, the service provided can be identified by its usual procedure number and the addition of modifier 52 signifying that the service is reduced. This provides a means of reporting reduced services without disturbing the identification of the basic service. Note: For hospital outpatient reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or cancelled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifiers 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use).
53 Discontinued Procedure: Under certain circumstances, the physician may elect to terminate a surgical or diagnostic procedure. Due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient, it may be necessary to indicate that a surgical or diagnostic procedure was started but discontinued. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 53 to the code for the discontinued procedure. Note: This modifier is not used to report the elective cancellation of a procedure before the patient’s anesthesia induction and/or surgical preparation in the operating suite. For outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center (ASC) reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or cancelled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifier 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use).
99 Multiple Modifiers: Under certain circumstances, two or more modifiers may be necessary to completely delineate a service. In such situations, modifier 99 should be added to the basic procedure and other applicable modifiers may be listed as part of the description of the service.
LT Left Side: Used to identify procedures performed on the left side of the body.
RT Right Side: Used to identify procedures performed on the right side of the body.
TC Technical Component Only: Certain procedures are a combination of a physician component and a technical component. When the technical component is reported separately, the service may be identified by adding modifier TC to the usual procedure number.
4.27.1.1.1	The maximum allowable payment for health care treatment and procedures shall be the lesser of the health care provider's actual charges or eighty-five percent (85%) of ninety percent (90%) of the 75th percentile of actual charges within the geozip where the service or treatment is rendered, utilizing information contained in employers' and insurance carriers' national databases. If an employer or insurance carrier contracts with a provider for the purpose of providing services under the Act, the rate negotiated in such contract shall prevail.
4.27.1.1.2	Whenever the health care payment system does not set a specific fee for a procedure, treatment or service in the schedule, the amount of reimbursement shall be eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charge ("POC 85"), which actual charge will be fixed as of 10/31/06 and subsequent to such date will be subject to verification, audit and/or review by the Department of Insurance. Reasonable costs of such review or audit shall be reimbursed to the Department of Insurance by the health care provider whose billing is audited.
4.27.1.1.3	The payment system will be adjusted yearly pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(14).
4.27.1.1.4	Physicians should include CPT codes for specific performance of diagnostic tests/studies for which specific CPT codes are available. Items used by all physicians in reporting their services are presented in the introduction. Definitions and explanations unique to pathology and laboratory are included below.
4.27.1.1.5	The maximum number of times that drug screening, testing, or the like, may occur is four (4) samples per year absent written pre-authorization by the employer or its insurance carrier. If the point of care testing is not consistent with that which the prescriber expected based on the drug or medicine prescribed, then, and only then, will confirmatory testing be permitted and subject to payment. A maximum charge of one hundred dollars ($100.00) for point of care testing, or the provider's actual charge, whichever is less, shall be permitted, regardless of the number of drugs being screened for and/or the number of dip sticks, testing instruments, materials, or the like, used.
Services are those provided by the pathologist or by the technologists under responsible supervision of a physician. The fees listed in this section include recording of the specimen, performance of the test, and reporting of the result. The fees do not include specimen collection, specimen transfer, or individual patient administrative services.
The medical practitioner or other medical personnel warrant no separate charge for the review of prior studies in conjunction with a visit, consultation, record review, or other evaluation. Neither the professional component modifier 26 nor the pathology consultation CPT codes 80500 and 80502 are reimbursable under this circumstance. The review of diagnostic tests is included in the evaluation and management (E/M) codes.
The laboratory tests and services listed in this section when performed by other than the billing physician shall be billed at the value charged by the referral (outside) laboratory under the applicable procedure number with the appropriate modifier 90; the name of the referral laboratory and the charge made by that laboratory should also be identified.
Fees assigned to each test represent only the cost of performing the individual test, whether it is manual or automated (mechanized). The collection, handling, and patient administrative services have been assigned separate fees and separate code numbers.
4.27.1.5.1	Report a collection, handling, and patient administrative service separately, where applicable. For venipuncture, see CPT code 36415. For collection of capillary blood specimen, see CPT code 36416. For collection of blood specimen from a completely implantable venous access device, see CPT code 36540. For handling, see CPT codes 99000 and 99001.
4.27.1.5.2	Only the physician or laboratory drawing the blood or obtaining the specimen is entitled to a collection and handling fee.
4.27.1.5.3	Relative value units for specimen collection, handling, and patient administrative service are assigned in relation to the complexity of the process.
4.27.1.5.4	Although there is no billing for the test itself, the physician or laboratory performing the service can report a collection and handling charge. The test ordered and the name of the testing facility should be indicated.
4.27.1.5.5	When collection and handling are performed at the testing facility (laboratory), the laboratory may include separate charges for these services.
The maximum allowable reimbursement includes the professional component (PC) plus the technical component (TC). This value is applicable in any situation in which a single charge is made to include both professional services and the technical cost of providing that service.
4.27.1.6.1	Identification of a procedure by the five-digit CPT code without modifier 26 indicates that the charge includes both the professional and technical components. The professional component percentage represents the value of the professional pathology services of the physician. This includes: examination of the injured employee, when indicated performance and/or supervision of the procedure, interpretation, and written report of the laboratory procedure, and consultation with he authorized treating physician. This component is applicable in any situation in which the physician submits a bill for these professional services only. It does not include the cost of personnel, materials, space, equipment, or other facilities. To identify the charge for the professional component, use the five-digit CPT code followed by modifier 26.
4.27.1.6.2	The technical component includes the charges for personnel, materials, space, equipment, and other facilities, and should be reported using modifier TC. In no instance will the sum of the charges for the professional and technical components of a service be greater than the value of the total service listed.
It is appropriate to designate multiple procedures that are rendered at the same session by separate entries.
Services that may necessitate skills and time of the physician over and above that usually required should be substantiated by special report (detailed below).
When an unlisted service or procedure is provided, the values used should be substantiated by special report (detailed below). Identify by name or description.
4.27.2.1	A modifier indicates a service or procedure performed has been altered by some specific circumstance but has not changed its definition or code. The modifying circumstance shall be identified by use of the appropriate modifier following the procedure code. When two modifiers are applicable to a single code, indicate each modifier on the bill. If more than one modifier is used, place the “Multiple Modifiers” code 99 immediately after the procedure code. This indicates that one or more additional modifier codes will follow. Only certain modifiers in each of the categories (Evaluation and Management Services, Anesthesia, Surgery, Pathology/Laboratory, Radiology, General Medicine, and Physical Medicine) will be recognized for reimbursement purposes.
4.27.2.2	The modifiers listed below may differ from those published by the American Medical Association. Providers submitting workers’ compensation billing shall use only the modifiers set out in the fee schedule.
53 Discontinued Procedure: Under certain circumstances, the physician may elect to end a surgical or diagnostic procedure. Due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient, it may be necessary to indicate that a surgical or diagnostic procedure was started but discontinued. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 53 to the code for the discontinued procedure. Note: This modifier is not used to report the elective cancellation of a procedure before the patient’s anesthesia induction and/or surgical preparation in the operating suite. For outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center (ASC) reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or cancelled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifier 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use).
92 Alternative Laboratory Platform Testing: When laboratory testing is being performed using a kit or transportable instrument that wholly or in part consists of a single use, disposable analytical chamber, the service may be identified by adding modifier 92 to the usual laboratory procedure code (HIV testing 86701-86703). The test does not require permanent dedicated space; hence by its design it may be hand carried or transported to the vicinity of the patient for immediate testing at that site, although location of the testing is not itself determinative of the use of this modifier.
99 Multiple Modifiers: Under certain circumstances, two or more modifiers may be necessary to completely delineate a service. In such situations modifier 99 should be added to the basic procedure, and other applicable modifiers may be listed as part of the description of the service.
4.28.1.1.1	Protocols used by physicians in reporting their services are generally described below. Some of the commonalties with other subsections may be repeated here. If no appropriate code is found for medical services performed by a medical provider, use the appropriate unlisted code (e.g., CPT code 99199), and adequately describe the service provided. Chiropractic and physical therapy service reimbursements are explained in this section.
4.28.1.1.2	Supplies and materials provided by the medical provider (e.g., sterile trays), over and above that usually provided during an office visit, or other services rendered, may be charged for separately and coded separately. A physician office visit code may be charged in addition to the code for modalities/procedures only if the accompanying documentation clearly indicates that the physician or medical provider actually examined the worker during the office visit.
4.28.1.2.1	CPT code 97001, Physical therapy evaluation, is a one-time-only charge per episode of care. CPT code 97002, Physical therapy re-evaluation, may be charged at the discretion of the clinician based on patient presentation at a particular visit. The use of the 97002 code shall not exceed once per month unless unusual and/or unforeseen circumstances exist.
4.28.1.2.2	CPT code 97003, Occupational therapy evaluation, is a one-time-only charge per episode of care. CPT code 97004, Occupational therapy re-evaluation, may be charged at the discretion of the treating clinician based on patient presentation at a particular visit. The use of the 97004 code shall not exceed once per month unless unusual and/or unforeseen circumstances exist.
Services performed by a physical therapist and/or occupational therapist shall be performed in conjunction with the authorized treating physician detailing the type, frequency, and duration of therapy to be provided. Only physical therapists and/or occupational therapists procedures and services are billable.
Manipulation performed by physical therapists are billed under the 97140 (manual therapy) CPT code and there is no special modifier necessitated with the use of the 97140 code.
Special codes are designated for use by chiropractors and osteopaths to bill for manipulation services. When billing for manipulation services, licensed chiropractors may bill using CPT codes 98940–98943. Licensed osteopaths may bill using CPT codes 98925–98929. The chiropractic manipulative treatment codes include a pre manipulation patient assessment. Additional evaluation and management (E/M) services may be reported separately using modifier 25, if the injured employee’s condition requires a significant, separately identifiable E/M service, which is above and beyond the usual pre service and post service work associated with the procedure.
Orthotics must be billed separately for professional fitting and supplies. CPT code 97760 must be used for a medical provider or therapist to fabricate orthotics. Custom-made orthotics and prosthetics are exempt from the medical supplies reimbursement formula; however, usual, customary, and reasonable charges will apply or by agreement of the parties. Additional medical supplies may not exceed medical supplies reimbursement formula.
TENS units (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) must be prescribed by the authorized treating physician. Rental equipment is subject to usual, customary, and reasonable charges or by agreement. Rental equipment is exempt from the reimbursement formula. The purchase of such units will be subject to durable/medical supplies reimbursement formula utilizing the appropriate.
4.28.2.1	A modifier indicates a service or procedure performed has been altered by some specific circumstance but has not changed its definition or code. The modifying circumstance shall be identified by the appropriate modifier following the procedure code. When two modifiers are applicable to a single code, indicate each modifier on the bill. If more than one modifier is used, place the “Multiple Modifiers” modifier 99 immediately after the procedure code. This indicates that one or more additional modifier codes will follow. Only certain modifiers in each of the categories (Evaluation and Management, Anesthesia, Surgery, Pathology/Laboratory, Radiology, General Medicine, and Physical Medicine) will be recognized for reimbursement purposes.
4.28.2.2	The modifiers listed below may differ from those published by the American Medical Association. Medical providers submitting workers’ compensation billing shall use only the modifiers set out in the fee schedule.
24 Unrelated Evaluation and Management Service by the Same Physician during a Postoperative Period: The physician may need to indicate that an evaluation and management service was performed during a postoperative period for a reason(s) unrelated to the original procedure. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 24 to the appropriate level of E/M service.
53 Discontinued Procedure: Under certain circumstances, the physician may elect to end a surgical or diagnostic procedure. Due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient, it may be necessary to indicate that a surgical or diagnostic procedure was started but discontinued. This circumstance may be reported by adding modifier 53 to the code for the discontinued procedure. Note: This modifier is not used to report the elective cancellation of a procedure before the patient’s anesthesia induction and/or surgical preparation in the operating suite. For outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center (ASC) reporting of a previously scheduled procedure/service that is partially reduced or cancelled as a result of extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient prior to or after administration of anesthesia, see modifiers 73 and 74 (see modifiers approved for ASC hospital outpatient use).
4.29.1	The maximum allowable payment for health care treatment and procedures shall be the lesser of the health care provider's actual charges or ninety percent (90%) of the 75th percentile of actual charges within the geozip where the service or treatment is rendered, utilizing information contained in employers' and insurance carriers' national databases. If an employer or insurance carrier contracts with a provider for the purpose of providing services under the Act, the rate negotiated in such contract shall prevail.
4.29.21	Whenever the health care payment system does not set a specific fee for a procedure, treatment or service in the schedule, the amount of reimbursement shall be eighty-five percent (85%) of actual charge ("POC 85"), which actual charge will be fixed as of 10/31/06 and subsequent to such date will be subject to verification, audit and/or review by the Department of Insurance. Reasonable costs of such review or audit shall be reimbursed to the Department of Insurance by the health care provider whose billing is audited.
4.29.32	The payment system will be adjusted yearly pursuant to 19 Del.C. §2322B(14).
4.29.43	Certain supplies and materials are to be provided by the physician that are usually included with the visit or other services performed. Fees covering ordinary dressings, materials or drugs used in diagnosis and treatment shall not be charged for separately, but shall be included in the amount for the office or hospital treatment. If the record of the case shows that it was necessary to use an extraordinary amount of dressing material or drugs, these will be paid for using – HCPCS Level II Codes.
Use the formulary below only for NSAID analgesics, opiod analagesics, skeletal muscle relaxants. Physicians are encouraged to prescribe generic drugs. If the physician feels it is medically necessary to prescribe a non-preferred drug and there is no generic equivalent then it can be done without prior authorization. Please note that the Reference Trade Name listed below is used only as an example of the generic drug.
The use of sustained release/controlled release medication may be used when a continuous around-the-clock analgesic is needed for moderate to severe pain requiring treatment for an extended period of time.

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