Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Art_of_the_First_Cities_The_Third_Millennium_BC_from_the_Mediterranean_to_the_Indus
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 11:18:40+00:00

Document:
Our civilization is rooted in the forms and innovations of societies that flourished in the distant lands of Western Asia more than six thousand years ago. These earliest societies, established millennia before the Greco-Roman period, extended from Egypt to India. The earliest among them was the region known to the ancients as Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers and occupying what is today Iraq, northeastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. In Mesopotamia arose the first cities, believed by their inhabitants to be the property of the gods, who granted kings the power to bring prosperity to the people. Here urban institutions were invented and evolved. The need to record and manage the distribution and receipt of goods led to the invention of writing, monumental architecture in the form of temples, and palaces were created, and the visual arts flowered in the service of religion and royalty. These extraordinary innovations profoundly affected surrounding areas in Anatolia, Syria-Levant, Iran, and the Gulf, and Mesopotamia was in turn influenced by its neighbors. As Mesopotamia turned to outlying lands for such rare and precious materials as lapis lazuli, carnelian, diorite, gold, silver, and ivory, these regions were linked by networks of trade that encouraged cultural exchange.
This volume, which accompanies a major exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, explores the artistic achievements of the era of the first cities in both the Mesopotamian heartland and across the expanse of western Asia. More than fifty experts in the field have contributed entries on individual works of art and essays on a wide range of subjects. The first book that encompasses a study of the entire region during a single period, this publication break new ground in particular in its examination of trade and interconnections. In texts that will be of interest to both specialists and the general public, the social and historical context of the art of the first cities is explored. Many objects presented display the pure style of Mesopotamia, others from outlying regions adapt from them a corpus of forms and images, and still others embody vital regional styles. Included are reliefs celebrating the accomplishments of kings and the pastimes of the elite; votive statues representing royal and other privileged persons; animal sculptures; and spectacular jewelry, musical instruments, and games found in tombs where kings, queens, and their servants were buried.
The volume opens with a focus on the cities of southern Mesopotamia, among them Uruk and Nippur; the cities of the north, Mari and Ebla; and the Akkadian Dynasty. Next follow sections devoted to art and interconnections from the Mediterranean to the Indus, in which Egypt, the Aegean and western Anatolia, the North Caucasus, the Gulf, Iran, and the Indus area are studied. Finally, a section on literature and legacy treats the invention of cuneiform writing and the heritage of Mesopotamian literature and ideas.
More than five hundred reproductions of the works in the exhibition as well as comparative materials are included in the lavish illustrations, and landscape photographs offer a sense of place. Maps, a chronology, a bibliography, and an index are provided.
Approaching the Divine: Mesopotamian Art at the End of the Third Millennium B.C.
Appendix: Problems of Third Millennium B.C.
"The catalogue successfully provides a broad view of art during the third millennium B.C. and makes a noteworthy contribution to academic studies of this subject. To have achieved this in an accessible and highly readable form is a compliment to the quality of contributing authors, editing and illustration."
"Exceptional in its breadth and the number of experts who contributed to it. . . . Far more ambitious than many similar catalogs, this is a must for anyone (layperson or scholar) interested in the period covered and for any library, be it a university, college, or public library. Essential."
"... beautiful and scholarly ..."
"... should serve as a fine summation for scholars and curious lovers of art and urbanism ..."
"... beautifully illustrated ... provides a solid introduction to the region and the art discovered from the first cities ... The contributors are all well-established specialists in their fields."
"This lavishly illustrated catalog showcases the artistic achievements of ancient Sumer, Akkad, and their neighbors in western Asia. . . . Experts offer a series of clear, concise essays that cover such topics as the formation of cities, production techniques, commercial and cultural links, and the legacies of these earliest urban civilizations."
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Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Early Dynastic Sculpture, 29002350 B.C." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Ebla in the Third Millennium B.C." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "List of Rulers of Mesopotamia." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Lydia and Phrygia." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Phrygia, Gordion, and King Midas in the Late Eighth Century B.C." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550330 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Akkadian Period (ca. 23502150 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Halaf Period (65005500 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Hittites." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Nahal Mishmar Treasure." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Phoenicians (1500300 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Rediscovery of Assyria." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Sasanian Empire (224651 A.D.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Seleucid Empire (32364 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Ubaid Period (55004000 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Ugarit." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Ur: The Royal Graves." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Ur: The Ziggurat." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Urartu." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "Uruk: The First City." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Greek and Roman Art. "Nabataean Kingdom and Petra." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Department of Greek and Roman Art. "Palmyra." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Fowlkes-Childs, Blair, expanded original text by Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. "The Parthian Empire (247 B.C.224 A.D.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Graff, Sarah B. "Bricks." 82nd & Fifth. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013.
Highcock, Nancy. "The Old Assyrian Period." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Kidd, Fiona. "Predator." 82nd & Fifth. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013.
Knott, Elizabeth "The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004–1595 B.C.)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Knott, Elizabeth. "Ancient Near Eastern Openwork Bronzes." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Knott, Elizabeth. "The Amarna Letters." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Rakic, Yelena. "Sealed." 82nd & Fifth. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2013.
Seymour, Michael. "Nineveh." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Seymour, Michael. “Nimrud.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Seymour, Michael. “The Assyrian Sculpture Court.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Spar, Ira. "Epic of Creation (Mesopotamia)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Spar, Ira. "Flood Stories." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Spar, Ira. "Gilgamesh." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Spar, Ira. "Mesopotamian Deities." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Spar, Ira. "The Gods and Goddesses of Canaan." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Spar, Ira. "The Origins of Writing." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Szostak, Daira. "Ernst Emil Herzfeld (1879–1948) in Persepolis." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Tedesco, Laura Anne. "Hasanlu in the Iron Age." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.
Yates, Caitlin Chaves. "The Metropolitan Museum’s Excavations at Ctesiphon." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Yates, Caitlin Chaves. “The Metropolitan Museum’s Excavations at Qasr-i Abu Nasr.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Allen, James P. The Heqanakht Papyri. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004.
Allen, James P., Susan Allen, Julie Anderson, Dieter Arnold, Dorothea Arnold, Nadine Cherpion, Élisabeth David, Nicolas Grimal, Krzysztof Grzymski, Zahi Hawass, Marsha Hill, Peter Jánosi, Sophie Labée-Toutée, Audran Labrousse, Jean-Philippe Lauer, Jean Leclant, Peter Der Manuelian, N. B. Millet, Adela Oppenheim, Diana Craig Patch, Elena Pischikova, Patricia Rigault, Catharine H. Roehrig, Dietrich Wildung, and Christiane Ziegler. Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.
Allen, James P., with an essay by David T. Mininberg, M.D. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005.
Allen, Susan, with an introduction by James P. Allen. Tutankhamun's Tomb: The Thrill of Discovery. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.
Arnold, Dieter, with an appendix by James P. Allen. Middle Kingdom Tomb Architecture at Lisht: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008.
Arnold, Dorothea, Lyn Green, and James Allen. The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.
Houghton, James R., Katherine Baetjer, Dorothea Arnold, Joan Aruz, Carlos A. Picon, Peter Barnet, Everett Fahy, Keith Christiansen, Walter Liedtke, Colta Ives, George R. Goldner, Ian Wardropper, Thomas P. Campbell, Dita Amory, Laurence B. Kanter, Morrison H. Heckscher, J. Kenneth Moore, Hilde Limondjian, Stuart W. Pyhrr, Donald J. La Rocca, Maxwell K. Hearn, James C. Y. Watt, Stefano Carboni, Julie Jones, Alisa LaGamma, Eric Kjellgren, Virginia-Lee Webb, Gary Tinterow, Malcolm Daniel, Harold Koda, and John P. O'Neill. Philippe de Montebello and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1977–2008. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.
Angelicoussis, Elizabeth, Kevin J. Avery, Elizabeth E. Barker, Dirk H. Breiding, Paul Collins, Jean-Claude Ghislain, Daniëlle O. Kisluk-Grosheide, Elfreide R. Knauer, Raymond Lifchez, Constance McPhee, Paul F. Miller, Marjorie Shelley, and Perrin Stein. Metropolitan Museum of Art Journal, Vol. 44 (2009). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.
Appleby, John H., Jennifer L. Ball, Brigit Blass-Simmen, Kathrin Colburn, Paul Collins, Josephine C. Dobkin, Mary B. Moore, Helmut Nickel, Olga Raggio, Thayer Tolles, and Ian Wardropper. Metropolitan Museum of Art Journal, Vol. 41 (2006). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006.
Carrara, Elena, Paul Collins, Sylvain Cordier, William Hauptman, C. Richard Johnson Jr., Don H. Johnson, Walter Liedtke, Christine Lilyquist, François Marandet, Stuart W. Pyhrr, and Robert Schindler. Metropolitan Museum of Art Journal, Vol. 47 (2012). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012.
Diba, Layla S., with contributions by Stefano Carboni and Jean-François de Lapérouse. Turkmen Jewelry: Silver Ornaments from the Marshall and Marilyn Wolf Collection. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011.
Mertens, Joan R. "Ancient Art: Gifts from the Norbert Schimmel Collection." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 49, no. 4 (Spring, 1992). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992.
Art of the First Cities surveys the evolution of art and culture in the land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates and their impact on the emerging cities of the ancient world—from the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean across Central Asia and along the Gulf to the Indus Valley—during one of the most seminal and creative periods in history. Some fifty museums from more than a dozen countries in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East have participated in this ambitious exhibition, lending national treasures that had rarely, if ever, been sent outside the walls of their art institutions.
The exhibition features about four hundred rare and outstanding works of art—including sculpture, jewelry, vessels, weapons, inlays, cylinder seals, and tablets—selected to demonstrate the quality of the art of Mesopotamia, its distinctive iconography and style, and the breadth of its influence during the thousand years in which the world's earliest cities were transformed into the world's first states and empires.

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