Source: https://schulich.ucalgary.ca/contacts/colin-dalton
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 20:30:35+00:00

Document:
I create custom medical micro-devices to aid the investigation and treatment of neurological disorders. Electrical stimulation of injured nerves in vivo and in vitro aids their repair and recovery. Using uniform electric fields, rather than traditional point sources, significantly increases nerve regeneration. We developed microelectrodes for sensing action potentials of individual and groups of neurons in vitro, which are better than comparable devices. Another research stream is the creation of 3D microelectrodes to analyze and track electrical activity across animal brain slices. This research has been moved into live rats by developing a flexible electrode membrane. This work led to the creation of spin-out company Neuraura. This research has also been featured in two Canada wide CMC Microsystems Success stories, one in 2009 and one in 2018.
Hollow microneedles can be used for potentially painless blood extraction and infusion, with an array allowing for meaningful amounts of fluid to be obtained or drug delivered. This research into the design and fabrication of microneedle arrays involves both the experimental and theoretical simulation of the fluid flow properties of micro-needles for use in drug delivery. Miniaturized methods to pump fluid through the microneedle array needed to be investigated to aid the translation of the research towards a practical device. Electrokinetic micropumping methods include no moving parts, pulseless flow, and ease of integration and fabrication with the rest of the microneedle system. To date this research has resulted in new micropump designs that have 400% higher flow rates than comparable devices reported in the literature. Research involves the simulation, design and fabrication of devices, experimental implementation and data analysis.
Colin Dalton is a senior member of the IEEE and received his PhD, MSc and BSc degrees in Electronic Engineering from the University of Wales, UK.
Dr. Dalton specializes in micro/nano technology for biomedical applications and is currently an Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and the Biomedical Engineering Program and is Director of the University of Calgary’s Microsystems Hub cleanroom facility. He is also a co-founder and CTO of Neuraura Biotech Inc, a University of Calgary spin-off company developing brain machine interfaces. He previously worked for the UK Lab-On-A-Chip Consortium, a collaboration between industry, government and academia, which developed new microsystems from University research. He is the author of over 80 journal and conference proceedings and has three patents pending. His current research interests include electrokinetics, microneedles, lab-on-a-chip systems, nerve regeneration and brain machine interfaces. His research was featured recently as a Canada wide Success Story by the federal not-for-profit organization, CMC Microsystems, and he is the award recipient of the 2018 TENET Innovation to Health competition in May 2018.
1. P. Wijdenes, H. Ali, R. Armstrong, W. Zaidi, C. Dalton and N.I. Syed, ‘A novel bio-mimicking, planar nano-edge microelectrode enables enhanced long-term neural recording,’ Scientific Reports, 6, 2016.
2. B. Singh, A. Krishnan, I. Micu, K. Koshy, V. Singh, J.A. Martinez, D. Koshy, F. Xu, C. Dalton, N.I. Syed, P.K. Stys and D.W. Zochodne, ‘Peripheral neuron plasticity is enhanced by brief electrical stimulation and overrides attenuated regrowth in experimental diabetes,’ Neurobiology of Disease, 83, pp132-151, 2015.
3. A. Ghazavi, D. Westwick, F. Xu, P. Wijdenes, N. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘Effect of planar microelectrode geometry on neuron stimulation: finite element modeling and experimental validation,’ Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 248, pp. 51–58, 2015.
5. R. Zhang, G.A. Jullien, and C. Dalton, ‘Study on an AC Electrothermal Micropump for Microneedle-based Fluid Delivery Systems,’ Journal of Applied Physics, 114 (2), pp. 24701 (1-8), 2013.
6. B. Singh, Q-G. Xu, C. Franz, R. Zhang, C. Dalton, T. Gordon, V. Verge, R. Midha, and D. W. Zochodne, ‘Accelerated Axon Outgrowth, Guidance and Target Reinnervation Across Nerve Transection Gaps following a Brief Electrical Stimulation Paradigm,’ Journal of Neurosurgery, 116 (3), pp. 498-512, 2012.
7. R. Zhang, C. Dalton and G. A. Jullien, ‘Two-phase AC Electrothermal Fluidic Pumping in a Coplanar Asymmetric Electrode Array,’ Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 10 (3), pp. 521-529, 2011.
8. C.J. Hayden and C. Dalton, ‘Direct patterning of microelectrode arrays using femtosecond laser micromachining,’ Applied Surface Science, 256 (12), pp. 3761-3766, 2010.
9. R. Zhang, P. Zhang, C. Dalton and G.A. Jullien, ‘Modeling Of Drug Delivery Into Tissues With A Microneedle Array Using Mixture Theory,’ Biomechanics & Modeling in Mechanobiology, 9 (1): p77-86, 2010.
10. P. Zhang, C. Dalton and G.A. Jullien, ‘Design and Fabrication of MEMS-based Microneedle Arrays for Medical Applications,’ Microsystems Technologies, 15 (9), pp. 1073-1082, 2009.
11. C. Dalton and K.V.I.S. Kaler, ‘A cost effective, re-configurable electrokinetic microfludic chip platform,’ Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 123 (1) pp. 628-635, 2007.
12. Y. Li, C. Dalton, H.J. Crabtree, G. Nilsson and K.V.I.S. Kaler, ‘Continuous Dielectrophoretic Cell Separation Microfluidic Device,’ Lab on a Chip, 7 (2), pp. 239-248, 2007.
13. C. Dalton, A.D. Goater and H.V. Smith, ‘Fertilization state of Ascaris suum determined by electrorotation,’ Journal of Helminthology, 80 (1), pp. 25-31, 2006.
14. E.G. Cen, C. Dalton, Y. Li, S. Adamia, L.M. Pilarski and K.V.I.S. Kaler,’A combined dielectrophoresis, traveling wave dielectrophoresis and electrorotation microchip for the manipulation and characterization of human malignant cells,‘ Journal Of Microbiological Methods, 58 (3), pp.387-401, 2004.
15. C.J. Hayden, J.C.T. Eijkel and C. Dalton, ‘An alternative method of fabricating sub-micron resolution masks using excimer laser ablation.’ Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 14 (6), pp. 826-831, 2004.
16. C. Dalton, A.D. Goater, J.P. Burt and H.V. Smith, ‘Analysis of parasites by electrorotation’, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96 (1), pp. 24-32, 2004.
17. S. Debesset, C.J. Hayden, C. Dalton, J.C.T. Eijkel and A. Manz, ‘An AC electroosmotic micropump for circular chromatographic applications,’ Lab-on-a-Chip, 4 (4), pp.396-400, 2004.
18. J.C.T. Eijkel, C. Dalton, C.J. Hayden J.P. Burt and A. Manz, ‘A circular ac magneto-hydrodynamic micropump for chromatographic applications, ‘Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 92, pp. 215-221, 2003.
19. C. Dalton, A.D. Goater, J. Drysdale and R. Pethig, ‘Parasite viability by electrorotation,’ Colloids and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 195, pp. 263-268, 2001.
20. C. Dalton, A.D. Goater, R. Pethig and H.V. Smith, ‘Viability of Giardia intestinalis cysts and viability and sporulation state of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocysts determined by electrorotation, ‘Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, pp. 586-590, 2001.
22. P. Wijdenes, C. Dalton, Kazim Haider,‘ apparatus, system and method for acquiring a recording from within a subject.’ United States Provisional Patent Application No.62758302, filed November 9th, 2018.
23. P. Wijdenes, C. Dalton, N.I. Syed, ‘Novel planar micro-electrodes with unique morphological structure for enhanced neural recording.’ United States Provisional Patent Application 62/277.803, filed 2016, Converted to PCT status 10 April 2017. PCT/CA2017/050041.
25. A. Salari, M. Navi and C. Dalton, ‘Optimized AC electrothermal micromixing design for biofluid systems,’ Paper 10061-30, Oral presentation at Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems XIII, San Francisco, USA, January 2017.
26. P. Wijdenes, R. Armstrong, C. Gavrilovici, J. M. Rho, N. I. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘Novel 3-dimensional gold micro-electrodes allow high resolution neural network recording,’ Paper 10061-41, Oral presentation at Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems XIII, San Francisco, USA, January, 2017.
27. A. Salari, M. Navi and C. Dalton, ‘AC electrothermal technique in microchannels,’ Paper 10061-10, Oral presentation at Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems XIII, San Francisco, USA, January 2017.
28. P. Wijdenes, C. Gavrilovici, R. Armstrong, C. Dalton, J. M. Rho and N. I. Syed, ‘High resolution recording of seizure-like network activity using novel 3-dimensional gold micro-electrodes,’ Oral presentation at American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting, Houston, USA, Dec 2-6, 2016.
29. P. Wijdenes, C. Dalton, R. Armstrong, W. Zaidi, N.I. Syed, ‘Long-term neuronal recording and analysis of patterned activity using multi-electrode arrays’, Proc. Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES) Annual Meeting, Tampa, Florida, Oct 7-10, 2015.
30. P. Wijdenes, C. Dalton, R. Armstrong, W. Zaid and N.I. Syed, ‘Development of a planar microelectrode array offering long-term high-resolution neuronal recordings,’ Proc. IFMBE, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (IFMBE) 51, pp1173–1176, Toronto, June 7-12, 2015.
31. M. T. Purdy, P. Wijdenes, W. Zaidi, N.I. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘Accelerating Neurite Outgrowth Through Electric Field Manipulation,’ Proc. IFMBE, World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, pp1169-1172, Toronto, June 7-12, 2015.
32. A. Salari and C. Dalton, ‘High Efficient Biofluid Micromixing using Ultra- Fast AC Electrothermal Flow,’ Proc. Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems XIII, pp. 93201C-1 to 8, San Francisco, USA, February 2015.
33. A. Salari and C. Dalton, ‘A Novel AC Electrothermal Micropump for Biofluid Transport Using Circular Interdigitated Microelectrode Array,’ Proc. Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems XIII, pp. 932016-1 to 8, San Francisco, USA, February 2015.
34. A. Salari and C. Dalton, ‘Fluid Flow Study of an AC Electrothermal Micropump Consisting Of Multiple Arrays Of Microelectrodes For Biofluid Applications,’ Proc. Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems XIII, pp. 93200G-1 to 9, San Francisco, USA, February 2015.
35. A. Salari and C. Dalton, ‘Vibration Effect on Cross-Flow and Co-Flow Focusing Mechanisms for Microbubble Generation,’ Proc. Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems XIII, pp. 93201B-1 to 6, San Francisco, USA, February 2015.
36. A. Salari and C. Dalton, ‘A Novel AC Electrothermal Micropump Consisting of Two Opposing Parallel Coplanar Asymmetric Microelectrode Arrays,’ Proc. 18th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, pp. 2502-2503, San Antonio, Texas, USA, October 2014.
37. A. Salari, M. Navi and C. Dalton, ‘AC Electrothermal Micropump for Biofluidic Applications Using Numerous Microelectrode Pairs,’ Proc. IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, pp. 626-629, Des Moines, Iowa, USA, October 2014.
38. A. Ghazavi, D. Westwick, C. Luk, N.I. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘ Improving Neuron Stimulation Efficiency by Altering Electrode Geometry,’ Proc. 6th International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices (BioDevices), pp. 51-56, ISBN: 978-989-8565-34-1, Barcelona, Spain, February, 2013.
39. C. Dalton, R. Zhang and G. A. Jullien, ‘Microneedles For Transdermal Drug Delivery: Simulation, Fabrication and Experimental Testing,’ INVITED PRESENTATION, Proc. 23rd CANCAM, pp. 272-275, Vancouver, BC, Canada, June, 2011.
40. R. Midha, B. Singh, Q. G. Xu, C. Franz, C. Dalton, T. Gordon, and D. Zochodne, ‘Electrical Stimulation Enhances Axon and Nerve Regeneration,’ AANS/ Congress of Neurological Surgeons Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves Meeting, J. Neurosurgery online, Vol. 30 (3), 2011.
41. B. Singh, Q-G. Xu, C. Franz, J. Martinej, C. Dalton, R. Midha, D. W. Zochodne, T. Gordon and V. Verge, ‘ Electrical stimulation and enhanced axon regeneration: Novel in vivo and in vitro findings,’ Proc. 40th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Neuroscience, Vol. 40, 2010.
42. B. Singh, Q-G. Xu, C. Dalton, T. Gordon, R. Midha, and D.W. Zochodne, ‘Accelerated axon outgrowth and target reinnervation from transected sciatic peripheral nerves following brief electrical stimulation,’ Proc. 39th Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Neuroscience, Vol. 39, 2009.
43. K.V.I.S. Kaler, Y. Li, T.K. Thirukumaran, C. Dalton and R. Prakash, ‘ Fluidic Microsystems for Biological Cell Sample Handling and Analysis,’ Proc. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, pp. 484-493, Greece, October, 2006.
44. Y. Li, C. Dalton, H. Said and K.V.I.S. Kaler, ‘An integrated microfluidic dielectrophoretic (DEP) cell fractionation system,’ Proc. 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, ICMM2005-75063, pp. 411-418, 2005.
45. T.T. Kanagasabapathi, C. Dalton and K.V.I.S. Kaler, ‘An integrated PDMS microfluidic device for dielectrophoretic separation of malignant cells,’ Proc. 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, ICMM2005-75062, pp. 403-410, 2005.
46. C. Dalton, S. Adamia, L.M. Pilarski and K.V.I.S.Kaler, ‘Investigation of human malignant cells by electrorotation,’ Proc. IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, pp. 485-488, 2004.
47. S. Debesset, C.J. Hayden, C. Dalton, J.C.T. Eijkel and A. Manz, ‘ A circular AC electroosmotic micropump for chromatographic applications,’ In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2002 Vol 2, Y. Baba, S.Shoji and A. van den Berg (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp. 655-657, 2002.
48. J.C.T. Eijkel, C. Dalton, C.J. Hayden, J.A. Drysdale, Y.C. Kwok and A. Manx, ‘ Development of a Micro System for Circular Chromatography using Wavelet Transform Detection,’ In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2001, J. M. Ramsey and A. van den Berg (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp.541-542, 2001.
49. C. Dalton, R. Pethig and H.V. Smith, ‘Electrorotation of Ascaris suum,’ Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Meeting, 94, pp.461-463, 2000.
50. C. Dalton, R. Pethig, C.A. Paton and H.V. Smith, ‘Electrorotation of oocysts of Cyclospora cayetanensis,’ Proc. Electrostatics, 163, pp. 85-88, 1999.
52. S. Wong, P. Wijdenes, A. Getz, H. Mendoza, N. Syed, C. Dalton, ‘Extracellular recordings of rat cortical and hippocampal neurons with high signal resolution using novel multi electrode arrays,’ 18th Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, Banff, Alberta, November, 2017.
53. P. Wijdenes, H. Ali, N. I. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘Simulations of microelectrode and neuron interfaces enable long-term and high fidelity recordings,’ COMSOL Conference, Boston, USA, October, 2016.
54. T. Lijnse, P. Wijdenes, W. Zaidi, C. Dalton and N. Syed, ‘Using Micro-Electrode Arrays for Long Term Studies of Neural Activity,’ 17th Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, Banff, Alberta, October, 2016.
55. T. Lijnse, P. Wijdenes, C. Dalton and N.I. Syed, ‘Understanding neural network patterned activity using micro-electrode arrays,’ 10th Annual Biomedical Engineering Summer Research Symposium, Calgary, Alberta, August 16th, 2016.
56. M. Purdy, J. Kawasoe, W. Zaidi, N. I. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘Dissociated Sensory Neuron Culture of Adult Rats: A Protocol Comparison,’ Proc. 16th Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, p.65, Banff, Alberta, November, 2015.
57. A. Salari, M. Purdy and C. Dalton, ‘AC Electrothermal Biofluid Transport, Numerical Study on the Substrate Thermal Conductivity,’ Proc. 15th Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, p.65, Banff, Alberta, October, 2014.
58. M. Purdy, Y. Shapira, A. Salari, R. Midha, D.W. Zochodne and C. Dalton, ‘Electrical stimulation of a rat sciatic nerve using an addressable-electrode nerve conduit,’ Proc. 15th Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, p.93, Banff, Alberta, October 2014.
59. A. Salari and C. Dalton, ‘Fast Biofluid Transport of High Conductive Liquids Using AC Electrothermal Phenomenon, a Study on Substrate Characteristics,’ Proc. COMSOL Conference, 6 pages, Boston, USA, October, 2014.
60. A. Salari and C. Dalton, ‘Flow Focusing Droplet Generation Using Linear Vibration,’ Proc. COMSOL Conference, 5 pages, Boston, USA, October, 2014.
61. A. Salari, R. Zhang and C. Dalton, ‘Fabrication of a Novel Serpentine ACET Micropump for Use with Biological Fluids,’ Proc. 14th Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, p.69, Banff, Alberta, October, 2013.
62. M. Purdy, C. Luk, N. I. Syed, B. Singh, D. Zochodne, and C. Dalton, ‘Using electrical cues to induce regeneration: neuronal growth guidance using a novel MEA,’ Proc. 14th Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, p.65, Banff, Alberta, October, 2013.
63. P. Wijdenes, C. Luk, C. Dalton, R. Armstrong, A. Lee and N.I. Syed, ‘A novel microchip with high temporal resolution for detecting synaptic potentials,’ Proc. 14th Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, p.91, Banff, Alberta, October, 2013.
64. B. Singh, A. Krishnan, V. Singh, K Koshy, I. Micu, D. Koshy, C. Dalton and D.W. Zochodne, ‘ Electrical Stimulation and augmented peripheral nerve regeneration in diabetics: potential role of PI3-K Signalling pathway,’ Canadian Student Health Research Forum, Winnipeg, 2013.
65. B. Singh, A. Krishnan, K. Koshy, I. Micu, V. Singh, D. Koshy, J. Martinez, F. Xu, C. Dalton, D.W. Zochodne, ‘Electrical stimulation facilitates diabetic peripheral nerve regeneration through the PI3-K signalling pathway,’ 7th Annual Canadian Association for Neuroscience Meeting, May, Toronto, 2013.
66. A. Ghazavi, D. Westwick, C. Luk, N.I. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘Effect of Electrode Geometry on Neuron Stimulation,’ 13th Annual Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, October, Banff, Canada, 2012.
67. A. Ghazavi, D. Westwick, C. Luk, N.I. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘A Finite Element Model for Extracellular Microelectrode Array Stimulation of Neurons,’ 12th Annual Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, October, Banff, Canada, 2011.
68. M. Purdy, C. Luk, A. Lee, N. I. Syed and C. Dalton, ‘Stimulation of neurons using new microelectrode array design,’ 12th Annual Alberta Biomedical Engineering Conference, October, Banff, Canada, 2011.
69. R. Zhang, C. Dalton, and G. A. Jullien, ‘Mixture Theory approach to microneedle enhanced drug delivery into tissue,’ First International Microneedles Conference, Atlanta, USA, May 2010.
70. A Carrier Platform for Microfluidics Research and Prototyping, CMC User Manual, CMC Microsystems Document ID ICI-225, 2009.
71. De la Rosa, Y Li, L. F. Hartley, C. Dalton and K.V.I.S.Kaler, ‘Integrated Electrokinetic Microfluidic Systems for Cell Detection and Separation,’ GRC - MEMS Technology and Biomedical Applications, Connecticut College, New London, CT, USA, June, 2006.
72. L. M. Pilarski, S. Adamia, C. Dalton, P. M. Pilarski, R. Prakesh, K.V.I.S. Kaler and C. J. Backhouse, ‘Microfluidics Devices For Genetic Analysis Of Cancer,’ 8th International Conference on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens and 34th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Australasian Society for Immunology, Adelaide Convention Centre, December, 2004.
73. K.V.I.S Kaler, C. Dalton, L.F. Hartley, J. Lafrenz, H. Said, Y. Li, T. Kanagasabapathi, B. Prasad, G. Gattiker and D. Spiller, ‘Electromanipulation of micro and nano scale particles,’ NanoForum Canada, Edmonton, Canada, June, 2004.
74. C. Dalton, A.D. Goater, J.P.H. Burt and H.V. Smith, ‘Detection of micro-organisms in water by electrotation chip technology,’ Invited presentation at ‘Lab on a chip – diagnosis and onsite testing’ organised by the Society for Applied Microbiology, Birmingham, UK, January, 2003.
75. A.D. Goater, J.P.H. Burt, C. Dalton and J.A. Tame, ‘AC Electrokinetics of Bioparticles in Water,’ 15th Meeting of the Microbiological Methods Innovation Forum, Chipping Campden, UK, May, 2002.
76. C. Dalton, J.P.H. Burt, H.V. Smith and R. Pethig, ‘Fertilisation state of ova of the nematode Ascaris suum determined by electrokinetic techniques,’ European Workshop on Electrokinetics & Electrohydrodynamics in Microsystems. Glasgow, UK, September, 2001.
77. J.C.T. Eijkel, C. Dalton, C.J. Hayden, J.A. Drysdale and A. Manz, ‘Development of a Magnetohydrodynamic Micropump,’ European Workshop on Electrokinetics & Electrohydrodynamics in Microsystems. Glasgow, UK, September, 2001.
78. C. Dalton, J.P.H. Burt, S.L. Cotterill, A.D. Goater, X-F. Zhou and R. Pethig, ‘Electrokinetic Laboratory-on-a-chip Technology,’ Workshop on Micro-Chemical Systems, Hull, UK, July, 2001.
79. C. Dalton, J.P.H.Burt, S.L. Cotterill, A.D. Goater, X-F. Zhou & R. Pethig. ‘Electrokinetic Particulate Laboratory-on-a-chip (Biofactory) Technology,’ Molecular Analysis : Analytical challenges for the life sciences’, Warwick, UK, March, 2001.
80. C. Dalton, A.D. Goater, J.A. Drysdale and R. Pethig, ‘Parasite viability by Electrorotation,’ International Symposium on Elecrtokinetic Phenomena (ELKIN), Dresden, Germany, October, 2000.
81. C. Dalton, A. Goater, R. Pethig, and C.A. Paton, ‘Oocyst Viability by Electrorotation,’ ‘Microbiology ‘on a chip: Applications of dielectrophoresis for rapid microbiological analysis’, Leatherhead, UK, November, 1999.
82. C.A. Mills, D.M. Taylor, P.J. Murphy, C. Dalton, G.W. Jones, L.M. Hall and A.V. Hughes, ‘Investigations into a low band gap, semiconducting polymer,’ International Conference on Semiconducting Materials (ICSM), Montpellier, France, July, 1998.
83. D.M. Taylor, C.A. Mills, C. Dalton, G.W. Jones, M. Kalaji and P.J. Murphy, ‘Investigation of the optical and electrical properties of a new, low band gap polymer,’ European Conference on Molecular Electronics, Cambridge, UK, 1997.

References: V. 
 V. 
 Application No.62758302
 V. 
 V. 
 V.