Source: http://www.comprehensivephysiology.com/WileyCDA/CompPhysArticle/refId-cp010312.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 00:23:51+00:00

Document:
Development of visual acuity in human infants. Data gathered using the preferential‐looking (PL) procedure. Targets were high‐contrast square‐wave gratings matched with homogeneous gray fields of same space‐averaged luminance.
Contrast sensitivity functions of human infants at 1, ▴; 2, ▪; and 3, • mo of age. Data gathered by PL procedure for large sine‐wave gratings. Data for adults, ⋄, were obtained on same apparatus.
Development of visual acuity for square‐wave gratings for a single Macaca nemestrina monkey. Data obtained using PL procedure.
Contrast sensitivity functions measured on 3 infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) at ages shown, in weeks, beside each curve. Data obtained by PL procedure.
Development of visual acuity for square‐wave gratings in kittens obtained on jumping stand . Various symbols denote measurements made on different animals.
Development of stereopsis in human infants. Data gathered using PL procedure. Infants sat 60 cm from 2 rear projection screens onto which 2 sets of stimuli were presented. Both sets of stimuli comprised 3 vertical bars 2° wide and spaced 2° apart. By means of polarizing filters in projectors and in lightweight goggles worn by infants, 1 set of stimuli was imaged with zero disparity and so appeared as 3 bars coplanar with screen, whereas on other screen the 2 outside bars were imaged with a known binocular disparity to appear (to a normal adult) as lying either in front of or behind central bar. Eight disparities ranging from 1 to 58 min of arc were tested. Data show smallest divergent disparities for which infants showed a preference on at least 80% of trials for 3 representative subjects of 16 examined.
Adapted from Held et al.
Development of binocular depth perception in kittens measured using jumping stand . Data show threshold retinal disparity corresponding to smallest separation of target surfaces in depth that could be discriminated at various ages. Binocular disparity was calculated from knowledge of viewing distance and interocular separation. Each symbol represents data from different animal.
Optical quality of kitten eye compared with eye of adult cat. Calculated retinal contrasts [(Imax − Imin)/(Imax + Imin)] of 100% contrast square‐wave gratings imaged by eyes of 16‐ and 30‐day‐old kittens, and by eye of normal adult cat. Each data point represents contrast of retinal image computed from measurements of optical modulation transfer function at different ages. Latter functions derived from fundus photographs of retinal blood vessels.
Mean improvement in spatial resolution of foveal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells with age in normal and monocularly deprived monkeys. Each symbol depicts mean resolution of X‐cells with receptive fields located within 2° of central fovea. Recordings made in right LGN ipsilateral to deprived eye of monocularly occluded monkeys (stars). Filled circles depict resolution of cells driven by left eye; open circles plot comparable data from right eye. Data points from both eyes of individual animals joined by vertical line. Monocular deprivation was from day of birth until time of recording. Note that monocular deprivation does not hinder improvement in resolution with age, and that even in normal animals LGN cells driven by ipsilateral (right) eye possess slightly lower acuity than cells driven by contralateral eye.
A: proportion of types of orientation selectivity within a population of visually responsive cells recorded from normal kittens at ages shown. Or., orientation selective; O.B., orientation biased; N.O., nonoriented. Number of visually responsive cells recorded in each age group shown on top. B: orientation specificity of orientation‐selective cells as function of age for both normal (filled circles) and dark‐reared (open circles) kittens. Ordinate indicates half width of tuning curve at half of maximum response. Bar represents ± 1 SEM, and numbers beside each symbol indicate number of cells studied at each age.
Tuning of most selective binocular cortical cells to horizontal retinal disparity at various stages of development in kittens. Each circle indicates mean number of spikes (from 8–10 repetitions) elicited by movement of preferred stimulus over both receptive fields. Mean level of response elicited by monocular stimulation indicated by dotted horizontal lines. All cells were located within 5° of area centralis. Prior to 4th wk cells exhibited binocular facilitation that was relatively insensitive to changes in retinal disparity. Over course of next week zone of binocular facilitation became progressively narrower, and binocular response when receptive fields were not aligned fell below responses elicited monocularly.
Development of visual acuity for square‐wave gratings for 4 cats that had been reared in total darkness from time of natural eye opening until either 4, 6, 8, or 10 mo of age indicated at top of graphs. During period indicated by horizontal line, animals were unable to perform pattern discriminations on jumping stand. Arrows indicate 1st day on which animals were able to discriminate an open from a closed door on jumping stand using visual cues alone.
Comparison of effects of binocular deprivation with those of normal visual experience on development of various receptive‐field types in visual cortex of kittens. Open circles show percentages of each type of receptive field among sample of cells recorded from 7 normal kittens of different ages. Filled symbols show comparative data from 6 binocularly deprived kittens. In both cases curves originate from data from 9‐day‐old kitten recorded when eyelids were just beginning to part naturally. Data from animals deprived by bilateral lid suture are indicated by filled circles; those deprived by dark rearing are depicted by filled squares. Filled triangles show results from animals deprived by bilateral suture of nictitating membrane. Numbers beneath data points for top set of curves indicate total number of cells recorded in each animal.
Ocular dominance histograms for A: 223 cells recorded from visual cortex of a number of normal adult cats; B: 199 cells recorded from visual cortex of 5 kittens monocularly deprived by eyelid suture from time of natural eye opening until recording at between 8 and 14 wk of age; C: 26 cells recorded from single adult cat deprived by eyelid suture for 3 mo. In B and C, recordings were made from hemisphere contralateral to monocularly deprived eye. Cells are classified into 7 subjective ocular dominance groups according to relative influence of each of the 2 eyes. Cells classified as group 1 or 7 are excited exclusively by visual stimuli presented to eye contralateral or ipsilateral to recording electrode, respectively. Remaining groups are binocular; those classified as group 4 are influenced equally by the 2 eyes. Cells classified as belonging to groups 3 and 2 show progressively greater bias toward contralateral eye, whereas those classified as groups 5 and 6 exhibit increasing bias toward ipsilateral eye. Cells visually unresponsive denoted by letters VU (B). Letters C and I in A indicate groups dominated by contralateral and ipsilateral eye, respectively. Letters D and N in B and C beneath histograms denote ocular dominance group dominated by deprived and nondeprived eye, respectively.
Autoradiographic montages showing labeling pattern of ocular dominance columns of layer IVc of normal (A and B) and monocularly deprived (C) monkeys (Macaca mulatta). A: pattern of labeling in hemisphere contralateral to injected eye of normal adult monkey. B: labeling pattern from 6‐wk‐old normal monkey ipsilateral to injected eye. Labeled bands are as distinct as in adults. C: labeling pattern from monkey whose right eye was closed by eyelid suture at 2 wk of age. Left eye injected when animal was 18 mo old. Note expansion of labeled columns from open eye at expense of unlabeled columns for deprived eye. However, periodicity of columns, about 750 μm for a left‐right pair, was identical to that of normal monkey. Unlabeled horizontal bars are 1 mm long.
From Hubel and Weisel and LeVay et al.
Behavioral recovery of visual acuity (for square‐wave gratings) of deprived eye of 4 cats monocularly deprived by eyelid suture from time of natural opening until ages indicated. After termination of period of monocular occlusion, visual input was allowed to both eyes. Measurement of visual acuity of formerly deprived eye was made with large opaque contact lens occluder covering nondeprived eye. During period indicated by horizontal lines animals were unable to make pattern discriminations on jumping stand. Arrows indicate days on which animals showed ability to discriminate a closed versus an open door on jumping stand using visual cues alone.
A‐K: ocular dominance distribution of sample of visual cortical neurons recorded in each of 11 kittens subjected to 10 and 12 days of monocular deprivation at progressively later ages. L: distribution of cortical ocular dominance of 4 normal kittens recorded at 45, 48, 55, or 135 days of age, respectively, is shown for comparison. Periods over which kittens (A‐K) were monocularly deprived were: A, 8–19 days; B, 18–27 days; C, 28–37 days; D, 38–47 days; E, 48–57 days; F, 58–67 days; G, 69–79 days; H, 80–90 days; I, 91–100 days; J, 99–109 days; K, 109–120 days. Right eye was deprived by eyelid suture in every case, and recordings were made in left (contralateral) hemisphere. Ocular dominance groups are as defined in Fig. .
Profile of sensitive period for monocular deprivation in kittens. Filled circles depict degree of functional disconnection resulting from 10–12 days of monocular deprivation imposed on various kittens at ages indicated. Effect of deprivation period expressed by index based on proportion of cells dominated by ipsilateral (nondeprived) eye [(percentage of cells in groups 5–7) − N]/[100% − N.], where N was average percentage of cells in groups 5–7 (36%) in 4 normal kittens (see Fig. L). Open circles show data of Blakemore and Van Sluyters obtained from kittens reverse sutured for 9 wk at ages indicated. Again, effect of period of reverse suture is expressed by index equal to proportion of cells dominated by originally deprived eye (percentage of cells in groups 5–7).
Distribution of ocular dominance among samples of cells recorded from visual cortex of a number of cats monocularly deprived for 3 mo at ages indicated. In each case microelectrode was located in hemisphere contralateral to deprived eye.
Distribution of ocular dominance among sample of visual cortical cells recorded in each of 6 monkeys subjected to a period of monocular deprivation at progressively later ages. Periods of eyelid closure were from A, day 2 to day 24; B, day 21 to day 36; C, 5.5 wk to 16 mo; D, 10 wk to 16 mo; E, 1 yr to 2 yr; and F, 6 yr to 7.5 yr. Although effects of period of monocular deprivation were assessed only in right hemisphere of 3 monkeys (C, D, and F), results from these particular animals are depicted as if obtained from left hemisphere, contralateral to deprived eye. Ocular dominance groups are as defined for Fig. . Letter D indicates group completely dominated by the deprived eye.
Adapted from LeVay et al.
Profile of sensitive period of visual cortex of monkeys to anatomical and physiological effects of monocular deprivation. Filled circles show effects of periods of monocular deprivation on cortical ocular dominance in cortical layers other than IVc (left ordinate), whereas open and filled squares depict concurrent effects on ocular dominance column area within layer IVc (right ordinate). Each filled circle depicts results from individual monkeys monocularly deprived at various ages for a duration indicated by length of horizontal line to right of each symbol. Physiological effects of period of monocular occlusion are expressed in form of normalized deprivation index calculated as follows: mean ocular dominance was first calculated from distribution of ocular dominance for sample of cortical cells recorded from each animal (such as those shown in Fig. ). This was then normalized with respect to mean ocular dominance for normal animals of 4.3 by using the formula (4.3 − mean ocular dominance)/3.3 for animals in which recordings were made in right hemisphere ipsilateral to deprived eye and the formula (mean ocular dominance −4.3)/2.7 for animals in which recordings were made in left hemisphere. Filled and open squares show effects of monocular deprivation on ocular dominance column area in layer IVc expressed as ratio L − R/L + R, where L and R denote area in layer IVc devoted to left (nondeprived) and right (deprived) eye, respectively. Filled symbols indicate effects on column area in left hemisphere contralateral to deprived eye, and open symbols show effect in right hemisphere.
Visual acuity of 23 human subjects with unilateral cataract (usually traumatic) immediately following restoration of normal visual input on removal of crystalline lens. Each subject is represented by a horizontal bar, whose length spans period of monocular deprivation and whose position with respect to ordinate defines first visual acuity score measured on careful optical correction following surgical removal of lens. Ordinate shows decimal acuity score where score of 1.0 represents an acuity of 6/6, and score of 0.1 is equivalent to 6/60. Subjects able to perceive only absence or presence of light (light perception) are designated by LP.
Comparison of effects of 3‐mo monocular deprivation on distribution of ocular dominance in visual cortex of light‐reared or dark‐reared animals of same age. Ocular dominance groups are as defined for Fig. . Letter D indicates ocular dominance group completely dominated by deprived eye. In every case the recording electrode was located in hemisphere contralateral to monocularly deprived eye.
Comparison of effects of optically and surgically induced strabismus on distribution of ocular dominance of cells in visual cortex. A, B: ocular dominance histograms from 2 kittens subjected to surgical (divergent) strabismus at 4 wk of age, then kept in darkness except for a period of visual exposure of 1 h each day until recording at 6 wk of age. C, D: histograms obtained from 2 kittens fitted with goggles that contained a total of 10Δ of vertical prism (5Δ base‐up in front of right eye and 5Δ base‐down before left eye) at 4 wk of age. As with other pair of kittens, animals received 1 h of exposure each day; at all other times they were kept in total darkness until recording at 6 wk of age. E: control data from normal kitten allowed visual experience for only 1 h each day from 4 wk of age until date of recording at 6 wk of age.
Polar histograms of preferred orientations for samples of orientation‐specific cortical cells recorded from 2 kittens reared with monocular visual exposure to contours of a single orientation, analyzed by method described in text. Receptive fields were plotted with a Dove prism before the eye that was rotated a variable, but known, angle between each cell. Preferred orientations plotted here are corrected for setting of prism. Solid arrows indicate contour orientation to which kittens were exposed, horizontal for K330 and vertical for K370.
Effects of different degrees of astigmatism on appearance of a target, A, consisting of a radiating series of lines of different orientations. When axes of the astigmatism are horizontal and vertical, as shown, contours parallel to focal line imaged in film plane (vertical) are imaged clearly, whereas contours of other orientations become progressively more blurred toward horizontal.
Contrast sensitivity functions for gratings of various orientations measured A: on normal adult human; B: on optically corrected adult astigmat with meridional amblyopia, whose early visual input was similar to that depicted in Fig. ; and C: for left eye of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) with oblique axis astigmatism that was optically corrected for these measurements. In A, filled and open symbols indicate results obtained with vertical horizontal gratings, respectively. Similar symbols in B depict contrast sensitivities for gratings that were nearly vertical and horizontal (75° and 165°) close to axes of astigmatism. Filled and open triangles in C indicate contrast sensitivities for gratings oriented at 45° and 135°, respectively. In contrast to normal humans, A, astigmat in B resolved vertical gratings far better than horizontal gratings, even though optical astigmatism was fully corrected. Similarly, astigmatic monkey, C, exhibited equally large differences in resolution between gratings at 45° and 135°, again in marked contrast to results from normal monkeys , which resolve gratings of these two orientations equally well. Astigmatic errors were B: −0.25D spherical error; cylindrical error −4.50D axis 20°; C: L + 1.25D spherical error; cylindrical error −1.00D axis 45°.
Adapted from Mitchell and Wilkinson and Harwerth et al.
Tuning of 3 binocular cells recorded in visual Wulst of an adult barn owl (Tyto alba) for horizontal retinal disparity. Recordings were made simultaneously from both right and left visual Wulst. Unit B8, recorded from right visual Wulst, served as a reference cell that was held for some time while first unit A4 and then A10 were investigated in left visual Wulst. Connected symbols show response of each cell to a vertical slit swept across 2 receptive fields. Data points to right indicate response of each cell to monocular presentations of stimulus (R, right eye; L, left eye). Connected symbols show response of each cell to binocular stimulation as a function of changes in horizontal retinal disparity produced by alterations of setting of a variable‐power (Risley) prism mounted in front of left eye. Because visual axes are divergent under paralysis, each cell gives its best response with convergent setting of prism. Nevertheless each cell exhibits clear preference for a different retinal disparity.
Ocular dominance histograms for cells recorded from visual Wulst of A: normal barn owls (Tyto alba); and B: 2 owlets subjected to monocular deprivation by eyelid suture for 2–3 mo from postnatal day 11 or 29. In all cases microelectrode was located in left hemisphere, which for monocularly deprived owlets was contralateral to deprived eye. Ocular dominance groups are as for cats in Fig. . Group 4 cells in filled portion of histogram in A could be driven only by simultaneous presentation of stimuli to both eyes at a certain precise binocular disparity and could not be excited at all monocularly. Cells unresponsive to visual stimulation are indicated by U.
1. Abramov, I., J. Gordon, A. Hendrickson, L. Hainline, V. Dobson, and E. la Bossiere. The retina of the human newborn infant. Science 217: 265–267, 1982.
2. Ackroyd, C., N. K. Humphrey, and E. K. Warrington. Lasting effects of early blindness: a case study. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 26: 114–124, 1974.
3. Arden, G. B., R. M. Carter, C. R. Hogg, D. J. Powell, and Vaegan. Reduced pattern electroretinograms suggest a preganglionic basis for non‐treatable human amblyopia. J. Physiol. London 308: 82P–83P, 1980.
4. Arden, G. B., Vaegan, C. R. Hogg, D. J. Powell, and R. M. Carter. Pattern ERGs are abnormal in many amblyopes. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U. K. 100: 453–460, 1980.
5. Aslin, R. N. Experimental influences and sensitive periods in perceptual development: a unified model. In: The Development of Perception: Psychobiological Perspectives, The Visual System, edited by R. N. Aslin, J. R. Alberts, and M. R. Petersen. New York: Academic, 1981, vol. 2, p. 45–93.
6. Aslin, R. N., J. R. Alberts, and M. R. Petersen, (editors). Development of Perception: Psychobiological Perspectives, The Visual System, New York: Academic, 1981, vol. 2.
7. Atkinson, J., and O. Braddick. Stereoscopic discrimination in infants. Perception 5: 29–38, 1976.
8. Atkinson, J., O. Braddick, and F. Braddick. Acuity and contrast sensitivity of infant vision. Nature London 247: 403–404, 1974.
9. Atkinson, J., O. Braddick, and K. Moar. Development of contrast sensitivity over the first 3 months of life in the human infant. Vision Res. 17: 1037–1044, 1977.
10. Atkinson, J., O. Braddick, and K. Moar. Contrast sensitivity of the human infant for moving and static patterns. Vision Res. 17: 1045–1047, 1977.
11. Atkinson, J., J. French, and O. Braddick. Contrast sensitivity of preschool children. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 65: 525–529, 1981.
12. Awaya, S., Y. Miyake, Y. Imaizumi, Y. Shiose, T. Kandu, and K. Komuro. Amblyopia in man, suggestive of stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 17: 69–82, 1973.
13. Awaya, S., M. Sugawara, and S. Miyake. Observations in patients with occlusion amblyopia. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 99: 447–454, 1979.
14. Baker, F. H., P. Grigg, and G. K. Von Noorden. Effects of visual deprivation and strabismus on the responses of neurons in the visual cortex of the monkey, including studies on the striate and prestriate cortex in the normal animal. Brain Res. 66: 185–208, 1974.
15. Banks, M. S., R. N. Aslin, and R. D. Letson. Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision. Science 190: 675–677, 1975.
16. Banks, M. S., and P. Salapatek. Contrast sensitivity function of the infant visual system. Vision Res. 16: 867–869, 1976.
17. Banks, M. S., and P. Salapatek. Acuity and contrast sensitivity in one‐, two‐, and three‐month‐old human infants. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 17: 361–365, 1978.
18. Banks, M. S., and P. Salapatek. Infant pattern vision: a new approach based on the contrast sensitivity function. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 31: 1–45, 1981.
19. Barlow, H. B. Visual experience and cortical development. Nature London 258: 199–204, 1975.
20. Barlow, H. B., C. Blakemore, and J. D. Pettigrew. The neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination. J. Physiol. London 193: 327–342, 1967.
21. Barlow, H. B., and J. D. Pettigrew. Lack of specificity of neurons in the visual cortex of young kittens. J. Physiol. London 218: 98P–101P, 1971.
22. Beller, R., C. S. Hoyt, E. Marg, and J. V. Odom. Good visual function after neonatal surgery for congenital monocular cataracts. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 91: 559–565, 1981.
23. Bennett, M. J., E. L. Smith III, R. S. Harwerth, and M. L. J. Crawford. Ocular dominance, eye alignment and visual acuity in kittens reared with an optically induced squint. Brain Res. 193: 33–45, 1980.
24. Berman, N., and N. W. Daw. Comparison of the critical periods for monocular and directional deprivation in cats. J. Physiol. London 265: 249–259, 1977.
25. Berman, N., and H. Murphy. The critical period for alteration in cortical binocularity resulting from divergent and convergent strabismus. Dev. Brain Res. 2: 181–202, 1982.
26. Berman, N., B. R. Payne, R. Garcia‐Kennedy, and E. H. Murphy. Orientation anisotropy in cat visual cortex. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl. 20: 147, 1981.
27. Birch, E. E., J. Gwiazda, and R. Held. Stereoacuity development for crossed and uncrossed disparities in human infants. Vision Res. 22: 507–513, 1982.
28. Blake, R., and A. Digianfilippo. Spatial vision in cats with selective neural deficits. J. Neurophysiol. 43: 1197–1205, 1980.
29. Blake, R., and H. V. B. Hirsch. Deficits in binocular depth perception in cats after alternating monocular deprivation. Science 190: 1114–1116, 1975.
30. Blakemore, C. Developmental factors in the formation of feature extracting neurons. In: The Neurosciences Third Study Program, edited by F. O. Schmitt and F. G. Worden. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1974, p. 105–113.
31. Blakemore, C. The conditions required for the maintenance of binocularity in the kitten's visual cortex. J. Physiol. London 261: 423–444, 1976.
32. Blakemore, C. Genetic instructions and developmental plasticity in the kitten's visual cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 278: 425–434, 1977.
33. Blakemore, C. Maturation and modification in the developing visual system. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Perception, edited by R. Held, H. Leibowitz, and H.‐L. Teuber. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1978, vol. 8, p. 377–436.
34. Blakemore, C., and G. F. Cooper. Development of the brain depends on the visual environment. Nature London 228: 477–478, 1970.
35. Blakemore, C., and H. M. Eggers. Animal models for human visual development. In: Frontiers of Visual Science, edited by S. J. Cool and E. L. Smith. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1978, p. 651–659.
36. Blakemore, C., A. Fiorentini, and L. Maffei. A second neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination. J. Physiol. London 226: 725–749, 1972.
37. Blakemore, C., L. J. Garey, and F. Vital‐Durand. The physiological effects of monocular deprivation and their reversal in the monkey's visual cortex. J. Physiol. London 283: 223–262, 1978.
38. Blakemore, C., M. J. Hawken, and R. F. Mark. Brief monocular deprivation leaves subthreshold synaptic input on neurones of the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol. London 327: 489–505, 1982.
39. Blakemore, C., and P. Hillman. An attempt to assess the effects of monocular deprivation an strabismus on synaptic efficiency in the kitten's visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 30: 187–202, 1977.
40. Blakemore, C., and D. E. Mitchell. Environmental modifications of the visual cortex and the neural basis of learning and memory. Nature London 228: 467–468, 1973.
41. Blakemore, C., J. A. Movshon, and R. C. Van Sluyters. Modification of the kitten's visual cortex by exposure to spatially periodic patterns. Exp. Brain Res. 31: 561–572, 1978.
42. Blakemore, C., and R. C. Van Sluyters. Reversal of the physiological effects of monocular deprivation in kittens: further evidence for a sensitive period. J. Physiol. London 237: 195–216, 1971.
43. Blakemore, C., and R. C. Van Sluyters. Innate and environmental factors in the development of the kitten's visual cortex. J. Physiol. London 248: 663–716, 1975.
44. Blakemore, C., R. C. Van Sluyters, C. K. Peck, and A. Hein. Development of the cat visual cortex following rotation of one eye. Nature London 257: 584–586, 1975.
45. Blakemore, C., and F. Vital‐Durand. Development of the neural basis of visual acuity in monkeys: speculations on the origin of deprivation amblyopia. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 99: 363–368, 1979.
46. Blakemore, C., F. Vital‐Durand, and L. J. Garey. Recovery from monocular deprivation in the monkey. I. Recovery of physiological effects in the visual cortex. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 213: 399–423, 1981.
47. Blasdel, G. G., D. E. Mitchell, D. W. Muir, and J. D. Pettigrew. A physiological and behavioural study in cats of the effect of early visual experience with contours of a single orientation. J. Physiol. London 265: 615–636, 1977.
48. Blasdel, G. G., and J. D. Pettigrew. Effect of prior visual experience on cortical recovery from the effects of unilateral eyelid suture in kittens. J. Physiol. London 274: 601–619, 1978.
49. Blasdel, G. G., and J. D. Pettigrew. Degree of interocular synchrony required for maintenance of binocularity in kitten's visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 42: 1692–1710, 1979.
50. Bonds, A. B. Development of orientation tuning in the visual cortex of kittens. In: Developmental Neurobiology of Vision, edited by R. D. Freeman. New York: Plenum, 1979, p. 31–41.
51. Bonds, A. B., and R. D. Freeman. Development of optical quality in the kitten eye. Vision Res. 18: 391–398, 1978.
52. Boothe, R. G. Development of spatial vision in infant macaque monkeys under conditions of normal and abnormal visual experience. In: Development of Perception: Psychobiological Perspectives, The Visual System, edited by R. N. Aslin, J. R. Alberts, and M. R. Petersen. New York: Academic, 1981, vol. II, p. 217–242.
53. Boothe, R. G., L. Kiorpes, and A. Hendrickson. Anisometropic amblyopia in Macaca nemestrina monkeys produced by atropinization of one eye during development. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 22: 228–233, 1982.
54. Boothe, R. G., and D. Y. Teller. Meridional variations in acuity and CSFs in monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) reared with externally applied astigmatism. Vision Res. 22: 801–810, 1982.
55. Boothe, R., D. Y. Teller, and G. P. Sackett. Trichromacy in normally‐reared and light‐deprived infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). Vision Res. 15: 1187–1191, 1975.
56. Boothe, R. G., R. A. Williams, L. Kiorpes, and D. Y. Teller. Development of contrast sensitivity in infant Macaca nemestrina monkeys. Science 208: 1290–1291, 1980.
57. Bornstein, M. H. Infants are trichromats. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 21: 424–445, 1976.
58. Bradley, A., and R. D. Freeman. Contrast sensitivity in children. Vision Res. 22: 953–959, 1982.
59. Braendstrup, P. Amblyopia ex anopsia in infantile cataract. Acta Ophthalmol. Kbh. 22: 52–71, 1944.
60. Bruce, C. J., M. R. Isley, and P. G. Shinkman. Visual experience and development of interocular orientation disparity in visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 46: 215–228, 1981.
61. Buisseret, D., E. Gary‐Bobo, and M. Imbert. Ocular motility and recovery of orientation properties of visual cortical neurones in dark‐reared kittens. Nature London 272: 816–817, 1978.
62. Buisseret, D., and M. Imbert. Visual cortical cells: their developmental properties in normal and dark‐reared kittens. J. Physiol. London 255: 511–525, 1976.
63. Burchfiel, J. L., and F. H. Duffy. Role of intracortical inhibition in deprivation amblyopia: reversal by microionotophoretic bicuculline. Brain Res. 206: 479–484, 1981.
64. Campbell, F. W., and D. G. Green. Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution. J. Physiol. London 181: 576–593, 1965.
65. Campbell, F. W., J. J. Kulikowski, and J. Levinson. The effect of orientation on the visual resolution of gratings. J. Physiol. London 187: 427–436, 1966.
66. Chow, K. L. Failure to demonstrate changes in the visual system of monkeys kept in darkness or in colored lights. J. Comp. Neurol. 102: 597–606, 1955.
67. Chow, K. L., A. H. Riesen, and F. W. Newell. Degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in infant chimpanzees reared in darkness. J. Comp. Neurol. 107: 27–42, 1957.
68. Chow, K. L., and D. L. Stewart. Reversal of structural and functional effects of long‐term visual deprivation in cats. Exp. Neurol. 34: 409–433, 1972.
69. Clarke, P. G. H., I. M. L. Donaldson, and D. Whitteridge. Binocular visual mechanisms in cortical areas I and II of the sheep. J. Physiol. London 256: 509–526, 1976.
70. Cleland, B., D. P. Crewther, S. Gillard‐Crewther, and D. E. Mitchell. Normality of spatial resolution of retinal ganglion cells in cats with strabismic amblyopia. J. Physiol. London 236: 235–249, 1982.
71. Cleland, B. G., D. E. Mitchell, S. G. Crewther, and D. P. Crewther. Visual resolution of retinal ganglion cells in monocularly‐deprived cats. Brain Res. 192: 261–266, 1980.
72. Cogan, A. I. The relationship between the apparent vertical and the vertical horopter. Vision Res. 19: 655–665, 1979.
73. Collewijn, H. Oculomotor areas in the rabbit's midbrain and pretectum. J. Neurobiol. 6: 3–22, 1975.
74. Cooper, M. L., and J. D. Pettigrew. A neurophysiological determination of the vertical horopter in the cat and owl. J. Comp. Neurol. 184: 1–26, 1979.
75. Cragg, B. The development of synapses in kitten visual cortex during visual deprivation. Exp. Neurol. 46: 445–451, 1975.
76. Cragg, B. The development of synapses in the visual system of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 160: 147–166, 1975.
77. Crawford, M. L. J., R. Blake, S. J. Cool, and G. K. von Noorden. Physiological consequences of unilateral and bilateral eye closure in macaque monkeys: some further observations. Brain Res. 84: 150–154, 1975.
78. Crawford, M. L. J., and R. E. Marc. Light transmission of cat and monkey eyelids. Vision Res. 16: 323–324, 1976.
79. Crawford, M. L. J., and G. K. von Noorden. The effects of short‐term experimental strabismus on the visual system in Macaca mulatta Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18: 496–505, 1979.
80. Crawford, M. L. J., and G. K. von Noorden. Opticallyinduced concomitant strabismus in monkeys. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19: 1105–1109, 1980.
81. Crewther, D. P., S. G. Crewther, and J. D. Pettigrew. A role for extraocular afferents in post‐critical period reversal of monocular deprivation. J. Physiol. London 282: 181–195, 1978.
82. Crewther, S. G., D. P. Crewther, C. K. Peck, and J. D. Pettigrew. Visual cortical effects of rearing cats with monocular or binocular cyclotorsion. J. Neurophysiol. 44: 97–118, 1980.
83. Cynader, M. Competitive interaction in postnatal development. In: Developmental Neurobiology of Vision, edited by R. D. Freeman. New York: Plenum, 1979, p. 109–120.
84. Cynader, M. Interocular alignment following visual deprivation in the cat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18: 726–741, 1979.
85. Cynader, M., N. Berman, and A. Hein. Cats reared in stroboscopic illumination: effects on receptive fields in visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 1353–1354, 1973.
86. Cynader, M., N. Berman, and A. Hein. Cats raised in a one‐directional world: effects on receptive fields in visual cortex and superior colliculus. Exp. Brain Res. 22: 267–280, 1975.
87. Cynader, M., N. Berman, and A. Hein. Recovery of function in cat visual cortex following prolonged deprivation. Exp. Brain Res. 25: 139–156, 1976.
88. Cynader, M., C. Blakemore, and R. C. Van Sluyters. Congruent binocular preferred directions in the superior colliculus of kittens reared with one eye rotated. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 4: 633, 1978.
89. Cynader, M., and G. Chernenko. Abolition of directional selectivity in the visual cortex of the cat. Science 193: 504–505, 1976.
90. Cynader, M., and K. P. Hoffman. Strabismus disrupts binocular convergence in cat nucleus of the optic tract. Dev. Brain Res. 1: 132–136, 1981.
91. Cynader, M., F. Leporé, and J. P. Guillemot. Interhemispheric competition during postnatal development. Nature London 290: 139–140, 1981.
92. Cynader, M., and D. E. Mitchell. Monocular astigmatism effects on kitten visual cortex development. Nature London 270: 177–178, 1977.
93. Cynader, M., and D. E. Mitchell. Prolonged sensitivity to monocular deprivation in dark‐reared cats. J. Neurophysiol. 43: 1026–1040, 1980.
94. Cynader, M., M. J. Mustari, and J. C. Gardner. Modification of cortical binocular connectivity. Soc. Neurosci. Symp. 4: 99–120, 1979.
95. Cynader, M., B. N. Timney, and D. E. Mitchell. Period of susceptibility of kitten visual cortex to the effects of monocular deprivation extends beyond six months of age. Brain Res. 191: 515–550, 1980.
96. Daniel, R. An evaluation of contact lenses in unilateral posttraumatic aphakic children. Contact Lens J. 4: (6): 16–24, 1974.
97. Daniels, J. D., and J. D. Pettigrew. Development of neuronal responses in the visual system of cats. In: Neural and Behavioral Specificity: Studies on the Development of Behavior and the Nervous System, edited by G. Gottlieb. New York: Academic, 1978, vol. 3, p. 195–232.
98. Daniels, J. D., J. D. Pettigrew, and J. L. Norman. Development of single neuron responses in kitten's lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 41: 1373–1393, 1978.
99. Daw, N. W., and M. Ariel. Properties of monocular and directional deprivation. J. Neurophysiol. 44: 280–294, 1980.
100. Daw, N. W., N. E. J. Berman, and M. Ariel. Interaction of critical periods in the visual cortex of kittens. Science 199: 565–567, 1978.
101. Daw, N. W., and H. J. Wyatt. Raising rabbits in a moving visual environment: an attempt to modify direction sensitivity in the retina. J. Physiol. London 240: 309–330, 1974.
102. Daw, N. W., and H. J. Wyatt. Kittens reared in an undirectional environment: evidence for a critical period. J. Physiol. London 257: 155–170, 1976.
103. Dayton, G. O., M. H. Jones, D. Aiu, R. A. Raeson, B. Steele, and M. Rose. Developmental study of coordinated eye movements in the human infant. I. Visual acuity in the newborn human: a study based on induced optokinetic nystagmus recorded by electro‐oculograph. Arch. Ophthalmol. 71: 865–870, 1964.
104. Derrington, A. M. Direct measurements of image quality in the kitten's eye. J. Physiol. London 300: 16P–17P, 1980.
105. Derrington, A. M. Effect of visual deprivation on the development of spatial frequency selectivity in kitten striate cortex. J. Physiol. London 300: 62P, 1980.
106. Derrington, A. M., and A. F. Fuchs. The development of spatial‐frequency selectivity in kitten striate cortex. J. Physiol. London 316: 1–10, 1981.
107. Derrington, A. M., and M. J. Hawken. Spatial and temporal properties of cat geniculate neurones after prolonged deprivation. J. Physiol. London 314: 107–120, 1981.
108. Dews, P. B., and T. N. Wiesel. Consequences of monocular deprivation on visual behaviour in kittens. J. Physiol. London 206: 437–455, 1970.
109. Dobson, V. Spectral sensitivity of the 2‐month‐old infant as measured by the visually evoked cortical potential. Vision Res. 16: 367–374, 1976.
110. Dobson, V., D. L. Mayer, and C. P. Lee. Visual acuity screening of preterm infants. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19: 1498–1505, 1979.
111. Dobson, V., and D. Y. Teller. Visual acuity in human infants: a review and comparison of behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Vision Res. 18: 1469–1483, 1978.
112. Dobson, V., D. Y. Teller, and J. Belgum. Visual acuity in human infants assessed with stationary stripes and phasealternated checkerboards. Vision Res. 18: 1233–1238, 1978.
113. Donovan, A. The postnatal development of the cat's retina. Exp. Eye Res. 5: 249–254, 1966.
114. Dräger, U. C. Observations on monocular deprivation in mice. J. Neurophysiol. 41: 28–42, 1978.
115. Dreher, B., Y. Fukada, and R. W. Rodieck. Identification, classification and anatomical segregation of cells with X‐like and Y‐like properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of old‐world primates. J. Physiol. London 258: 433–452, 1976.
116. Duffy, F. H., S. R. Snodgrass, J. L. Burchfield, and J. L. Conway. Bicuculline reversal of deprivation amblyopia in the cat. Nature London 260: 256–257, 1976.
117. Duke‐Elder, S. S., and C. Cook. System of Ophthalmology, Normal and Abnormal Development. Embryology. London: Kimpton, 1963, vol. III, pt. 1.
118. Duke‐Elder, S. S., and K. Wybar. System of Ophthalmology, Ocular Motility and Strabismus. London: Kimpton, 1973, vol. VI.
119. Eggers, H. M., and C. Blakemore. Physiological basis of anisometropic amblyopia. Science 201: 264–267, 1978.
120. Emerson, V. F., L. M. Chalupa, I. D. Thompson, and R. J. Talbot. Behavioural, physiological, and anatomical consequences of monocular deprivation in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Exp. Brain Res. 45: 168–178, 1982.
121. Enoch, J. M., and I. M. Rabinowicz. Early surgery and visual correction of an infant born with unilateral lens opacity. Doc Ophthalmol. 41: 371–382, 1976.
122. Enroth‐Cugell, C., and J. G. Robson. Direct measurement of image quality in the cat eye. J. Physiol. London 249: 30P–31P, 1974.
123. Fantz, R. L. Pattern vision in young infants. Psychol. Rec. 8: 43–47, 1958.
124. Fantz, R. L., J. F. Fagan, and S. R. Miranda. Early visual selectivity as a function of pattern variables, previous exposure, age from birth and conception, and expected cognitive deficit. In: Infant Perception: From Sensation to Cognition. Basic Visual Processes, edited by L. B. Cohen and P. Salapatek. New York: Academic, 1975, vol. 1, p. 249–345.
125. Fantz, R. L., J. M. Ordy, and M. S. Udelf. Maturation of pattern vision in infants during the first six months. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 55: 907–917, 1962.
126. Fiorentini, A., and L. Maffei. Change of binocular properties of the simple cells of the cortex in adult cats following immobilization of one eye. Vision Res. 14: 217–218, 1974.
127. Fiorentini, A., and L. Maffei. Selective impairment of contrast sensitivity in kittens exposed to periodic gratings. J. Physiol. London 277: 455–466, 1978.
128. Fiorentini, A., and L. Maffei. Responses of cortical neurones of monocularly deprived kittens: a re‐examination. J. Physiol. London 291: 35P, 1979.
129. Flood, D. G., and P. D. Coleman. Demonstration of orientation columns with 14C2‐deoxyglucose in a cat reared in a striped environment. Brain Res. 173: 538–542, 1979.
130. Fox, R., R. N. Aslin, S. L. Shea, and S. T. Dumais. Stereopsis in human infants. Science 207: 323–324, 1980.
131. Freeman, R. D. Contrast sensitivity in meridional amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 14: 78–81, 1975.
132. Freeman, R. D. Some neural and non‐neural factors in visual development of the kitten. Arch. Ital. Biol. 116: 338–351, 1978.
133. Freeman, R. D. Visuomotor restriction of one eye in kitten reared with alternate monocular deprivation. Exp. Brain Res. 33: 51–63, 1978.
134. Freeman, R. D. The consequences of a “consolidation” period following brief monocular deprivation in kittens. In: Developmental Neurobiology of Vision, edited by R. D. Freeman. New York: Plenum, 1979, p. 99–107.
135. Freeman, R. D., and A. B. Bonds. Cortical plasticity in monocularly deprived immobilized kittens depends on eye movement. Science 206: 1093–1095, 1979.
136. Freeman, R. D., and A. Bradley. Monocularly deprived humans: nondeprived eye has supernormal vernier acuity. J. Neurophysiol. 43: 1645–1653, 1980.
137. Freeman, R. D., R. Mallach, and S. Hartley. Responsivity of normal kitten visual cortex deteriorates after brief binocular deprivation. J. Neurophysiol. 45: 1074–1084, 1981.
138. Freeman, R. D., D. E. Mitchell, and M. Millodot. A neural effect of partial visual deprivation in humans. Science 175: 1384–1386, 1972.
139. Freeman, R. D., and C. R. Olson. Is there a “consolidation” effect for monocular deprivation? Nature London 282: 104–106, 1979.
140. Freeman, R. D., and C. R. Olson. Cortical effects of daily sequential stimulation of right and left eyes in the kitten. Exp. Brain Res. 39: 117–119, 1980.
141. Freeman, R. D., and J. D. Pettigrew. Alteration of visual cortex from environmental asymmetries. Nature London 246: 359–360, 1973.
142. Freeman, R. D., and L. N. Thibos. Visual evoked responses in humans with abnormal visual experience. J. Physiol. London 247: 711–724, 1975.
143. Frégnac, Y., and M. Imbert. Early development of visual cortical cells in normal and dark‐reared kittens: relationship between orientation selectivity and ocular dominance. J. Physiol. London 278: 27–44, 1978.
144. Frégnac, Y., Y. Trotter, E. Bionenstock, P. Buisseret, E. Gary‐Bobo, and M. Imbert. Effect of neonatal unilateral enucleation on the development of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex of normally and dark‐reared kittens. Exp. Brain Res. 42: 453–466, 1981.
145. Ganz, L. Sensory deprivation and visual discrimination. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Perception, edited by R. Held, H. W. Leibowitz, and H. L. Teuber. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 1978, vol. 8, p. 437–488.
146. Ganz, L., and M. Fitch. The effect of visual deprivation on perceptual behavior. Exp. Neurol. 22: 638–660, 1968.
147. Giffin, F., and D. E. Mitchell. The rate of recovery of vision after early monocular deprivation in kittens. J. Physiol. London 274: 511–537, 1978.
148. Gollender, M., F. Thorn, and P. Erickson. Development of axial ocular dimensions following eyelid suture in the cat. Vision Res. 19: 221–223, 1979.
149. Gordon, B., and J. Presson. Orientation deprivation in cat: what produces the abnormal cells. Exp. Brain Res. 46: 144–146, 1982.
150. Gordon, B., J. Presson, J. Packwood, and R. Scheer. Alteration of cortical orientation selectivity: importance of asymmetric input. Science 204: 1109–1111, 1979.
151. Gottlieb, G. The roles of experience in the development of behavior and the nervous system. In: Neural and Behavioral Specificity, edited by G. Gottlieb. New York: Academic, 1976, p. 25–54.
152. Green, D. G. Regional variations in the visual acuity for interference fringes on the retina. J. Physiol. London 207: 351–356, 1970.
153. Gregory, R. L., and J. G. Wallace. Recovery from early blindness: a case study. Experimental Psychology Society Monograph. Cambridge, England: Heffer, 1963, no. 2.
154. Grinnell, A. D. Specificity of neurons and their interconnections. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Cellular Biology of Neurons, edited by E. R. Kandel. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1977, sect. 1, vol. I, pt. 2, chapt. 22, p. 803–853.
155. Guillery, R. W. Binocular competition in the control of geniculate cell growth. J. Comp. Neurol. 144: 117–130, 1972.
156. Guillery, R. W. The effect of lid suture upon the growth of cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of kittens. J. Comp. Neurol. 148: 417–422, 1973.
157. Guillery, R. W., and D. J. Stelzner. The differential effects of unilateral lid closure upon the monocular and binocular segments of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 139: 413–422, 1970.
158. Gwiazda, J., S. Brill, I. Mohindra, and R. Held. Infant visual acuity and its meridional variation. Vision Res. 18: 1557–1564, 1978.
159. Gwiazda, J., S. Brill, I. Mohindra, and R. Held. Preferential looking acuity in infants from two to fifty‐eight weeks of age. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 57: 428–432, 1980.
160. Hamasaki, D. I., and V. G. Sutija. Development of X‐ and Y‐cells in kittens. Exp. Brain Res. 35: 9–23, 1979.
161. Hamer, R. D., K. R. Alexander, and D. Y. Teller. Rayleigh discriminations in young human infants. Vision Res. 22: 575–587, 1982.
162. Härry, P., and R. Von der Heydt. The effect of horizontalplane environment on the development of binocular receptive fields of cells in cat visual cortex. J. Physiol. London 329: 75–92, 1982.
163. Harris, L., J. Atkinson, and O. Braddick. Visual contrast sensitivity of a 6‐month‐old infant measured by the evoked potential. Nature London 264: 570–571, 1976.
164. Harris, W. A., and M. P. Stryker. Attempts to reverse the effects of monocular deprivation in the adult cat's visual cortex. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 3: 562, 1977.
165. Harwerth, R. S., E. L. Smith, and R. L. Boltz. Meridional amblyopia in monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 39: 351–356, 1980.
166. Hawken, M., R. Mark, and C. Blakemore. The effects of pressure blinding in monocularly deprived cats. Arch. Ital. Biol. 116: 448–451, 1978.
167. Hecht, S., S. Shlaer, and M. H. Pirenne. Energy, quanta and vision. J. Gen. Physiol. 25: 819–840, 1942.
168. Held, R., E. E. Birch, and J. Gwiazda. Stereoacuity of human infants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 5572–5576, 1980.
169. Held, R., J. Gwiazda, S. Brill, I. Mohindra, and J. Wolfe. Infant visual acuity is underestimated because near threshold gratings are not preferentially fixated. Vision Res. 19: 1377–1379, 1979.
170. Hendrickson, A., and R. Boothe. Morphology of the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus in dark‐reared monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). Vision Res. 16: 517–521, 1976.
171. Hendrickson, A., and C. Kupfer. The histogenesis of the fovea in the macaque monkey. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 15: 746–756, 1976.
172. Henry, G. H., B. Dreher, and P. O. Bishop. Orientation specificity of cells in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 37: 1394–1409, 1974.
173. Hess, R. F., F. W. Campbell, and R. Zimmern. Differences in the neural basis of human amblyopias: the effect of mean luminance. Vision Res. 20: 295–305, 1980.
174. Hess, R. F., T. France, and U. Tulunay‐Keesey. Residual vision in humans who have been monocularly deprived of pattern stimulation in early life. Exp. Brain Res. 44: 295–311, 1981.
175. Hickey, T. L. Development of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in normal and visually deprived cats. J. Comp. Neurol. 189: 467–481, 1980.
176. Hickey, T. L., P. D. Spear, and K. E. Kratz. Quantitative studies of cell size in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following visual deprivation. J. Comp. Neurol. 172: 265–282, 1977.
177. Hirsch, H. V. B. Visual perception in cats after environmental surgery. Exp. Brain Res. 15: 405–423, 1972.
178. Hirsch, H. V. B., and D. N. Spinelli. Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive fields in cats. Science 168: 869–871, 1970.
179. Hirsch, H. V. B., and D. N. Spinelli. Modification of the distribution of receptive field orientation in cats by selective visual exposure during development. Exp. Brain Res. 13: 509–527, 1971.
180. Hochberg, J. Nativism and empiricism in perception. In: Psychology in the Making, edited by L. Postman. New York: Knopf, 1962, p. 255–330.
181. Hoffmann, K.‐P. Optokinetic nystagmus and single cell responses in the nucleus tractus opticus after early monocular deprivation in the cat. In: Developmental Neurobiology of Vision, edited by R. D. Freeman. New York: Plenum, 1979, p. 63–72.
182. Hoffmann, K.‐P., and M. Cynader. Functional aspects of plasticity in the visual system of adult cats after early monocular deprivation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 278: 411–424, 1977.
183. Hohmann, A., and O. D. Creutzfeldt. Squint and the development of binocularity in humans. Nature London 254: 613–614, 1975.
184. Howell, E. R., and R. F. Hess. The functional area for summation to threshold for sinusoidal gratings. Vision Res. 18: 369–374, 1978.
185. Howland, H., R. G. Boothe, and L. Kiorpes. Accommodative defocus does not limit development of acuity in infant Macaca nemestrina monkeys. Science 215: 1409–1411, 1981.
186. Hoyt, C. S., R. D. Stone, and C. Fromer. Monocular axial myopia associated with neonatal eyelid closure in human infants. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 91: 197–200, 1981.
187. Hubel, D. H., and T. N. Wiesel. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex. J. Physiol. London 160: 106–154, 1962.
188. Hubel, D. H., and T. N. Wiesel. Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very young, visually inexperienced kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 26: 994–1002, 1963.
189. Hubel, D. H., and T. N. Wiesel. Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. J. Neurophysiol. 28: 1041–1059, 1965.
190. Hubel, D. H., and T. N. Wiesel. Receptive fields and functional architecture of monkey striate cortex. J. Physiol. London 195: 215–243, 1968.
191. Hubel, D. H., and T. N. Wiesel. The period of susceptibility to the physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. J. Physiol. London 206: 419–436, 1970.
192. Hubel, D. H., and T. N. Wiesel. Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 198: 1–59, 1977.
193. Hubel, D. H., T. N. Wiesel, and S. Levay. Plasticity of ocular dominance columns in monkey striate cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 278: 377–409, 1977.
194. Hughes, A. Cat retina and the sampling theorem: the relation of transient and sustained brisk‐unit cut‐off frequency to α and ã‐mode cell density. Exp. Brain Res. 42: 196–202, 1981.
195. Ikeda, H., and K. E. Tremain. Amblyopia resulting from penalisation: neurophysiological studies of kittens reared with atropinisation of one or both eyes. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 62: 21–28, 1978.
196. Ikeda, H., and K. E. Tremain. The development of spatial resolving power of lateral geniculate neurones in kittens. Exp. Brain Res. 31: 193–206, 1978.
197. Ikeda, H., and K. E. Tremain. Amblyopia occurs in retinal ganglion cells in cats reared with convergent squint without alternating fixation. Exp. Brain Res. 35: 559–582, 1979.
198. Ikeda, H., K. E. Tremain, and G. Einon. Loss of spatial resolution of lateral geniculate nucleus neurones in kittens raised with convergent squint produced at different stages in development. Exp. Brain Res. 31: 207–220, 1978.
199. Imbert, M., and P. Buisseret. Receptive field characteristics and plastic properties of visual cortical cells in kittens reared with or without visual experience. Exp. Brain Res. 22: 25–36, 1975.
200. Isley, M. R., D. C. Rogers, M. Podell, and P. G. Shinkman. Disruption of cortical binocularity due to early experience with 32à of rotational disparity between the left and right eyes' visual fields. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 6: 492, 1980.
201. Jacobson, S. G., and H. Ikeda. Behavioural studies of spatial vision in cats reared with convergent squint: is amblyopia due to arrest of development? Exp. Brain Res. 34: 11–26, 1979.
202. Jacobson, S. G., I. Mohindra, and R. Held. Visual acuity in infants with ocular diseases. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 93: 198–209, 1982.
203. Jampolsky, A. Unequal visual inputs and strabismus management: a comparison of human and animal strabismus. In: Symposium on Strabismus. Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 1978, p. 358–492.
204. Jeannerod, M. Déficit visuel persistant chez les aveugles‐nés opérés donnees cliniques et experimentales. Année Psychol. 75: 169–196, 1975.
205. Johns, P. R., A. C. Rusoff, and M. W. Dubin. Postnatal neurogenesis in the kitten retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 187: 545–556, 1979.
206. Jones, K. R., M. Berkley, P. Spear, and L. Tong. Visual capacities of monocularly deprived cats after reverse lid suture and enucleation of the non‐deprived eye. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 4: 1516, 1978.
207. Juler, F. Amblyopia from disuse. Visual acuity after traumatic cataract in children. Trans. Ophthalmol Soc. UK 41: 129–139, 1921.
208. Julesz, B. Foundations of Cyclopean Perception. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971.
209. Kalil, R. A quantitative study of the effects of monocular enucleation and deprivation in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 189: 483–524, 1980.
210. Kandel, E. R. Neuronal plasticity and the modification of behavior. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Cellular Biology of Neurons, edited by E. R. Kandel. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1977, sect. 1, vol. I, pt. 2, chapt. 29, p. 1137–1182.
211. Kasamatsu, T., and J. D. Pettigrew. Depletion of brain catecholamines: failure of ocular dominance shift after monocular occlusion in kittens. Science 194: 206–209, 1976.
212. Kasamatsu, T., and J. D. Pettigrew. Preservation of binocularity after monocular deprivation in the striate cortex of kittens treated with 6‐hydroxydopamine. J. Comp Neurol. 185: 139–162, 1979.
213. Kasamatsu, T., J. D. Pettigrew, and M. Ary. Restoration of visual cortical plasticity by local microperfusion of norepinephrine. J. Comp. Neurol. 185: 163–182, 1979.
214. Kaye, M., D. E. Mitchell, and M. Cynader. Depth perception, eye alignment and cortical ocular dominance of darkreared cats. Dev. Brain Res. 2: 37–53, 1982.
215. Kennedy, C., M. H. Des Rosiers, O. Sakurda, M. Shinohara, M. Reivich, H. W. Jeble, and L. Sokoloff. Metabolic mapping of the primary visual system of the monkey by means of the autoradiographic 14C‐deoxyglucose technique. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 4230–4234, 1976.
216. Kiorpes, L., and R. G. Boothe. The time course for the development of strabismic amblyopia in infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19: 841–845, 1980.
217. Kiorpes, L., and R. G. Boothe. Naturally occurring strabismus in monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 20: 257–263, 1981.
218. Kiorpes, L., L. Thorell, and R. G. Boothe. Response properties of cortical cells in monkeys with experimentally produced meridional amblyopia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18:, Suppl.: 184, 1979.
219. Kirby, A. W., L. Sutton, and H. Weiss. Elongation of cat eyes following neonatal lid suture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 22: 274–277, 1982.
220. Kratz, K. E., S. C. Mangel, S. Lehmkuhle, and S. M. Sherman. Retinal X‐ and Y‐cells in monocularly lid‐sutured cats: normality of spatial and temporal properties. Brain Res. 172: 545–551, 1979.
221. Kratz, K. E., S. M. Sherman, and R. Kalil. Lateral geniculate nucleus in dark‐reared cats: loss of Y‐cells without changes in cell size. Science 203: 1353–1355, 1979.
222. Kratz, K. E., and P. D. Spear. Effects of visual deprivation and alterations in binocular competition on responses of striate cortex neurons in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 170: 141–152, 1976.
223. Kratz, K. E., P. D. Spear, and D. C. Smith. Postcritical‐period reversal of effects of monocular deprivation on striate cortex cells in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 39: 501–511, 1976.
224. Lee, C. P., and R. G. Boothe. Visual acuity development in infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) having known gestational ages. Vision Res. 21: 805–809, 1981.
225. Leehey, S. C, A. Moskowitz‐Cook, S. Brill, and R. Held. Orientational anisotropy in infant vision. Science 190: 900–902, 1975.
226. Lehmkuhle, S. W., K. E. Kratz, S. C. Mangel, and S. M. Sherman. An effect of early monocular lid suture upon the development of X‐cells in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Res. 157: 346–350, 1978.
227. Lehmkule, S., K. E. Kratz, S. C. Mangel, and S. M. Sherman. Spatial and temporal sensitivity of X‐ and Y‐cells in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 43: 520–541, 1980.
228. Lennie, P. Parallel visual pathways: a review. Vision Res. 20: 561–594, 1980.
229. Levay, S., and D. Ferster. Relay cell classes in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat and the effects of visual deprivation. J. Comp. Neurol. 172: 563–584, 1977.
230. Levay, S., and M. P. Stryker. The development of ocular dominance columns in the cat. Soc. Neurosci. Symp. 4: 83–98, 1979.
231. Levay, S., M. P. Stryker, and C. J. Shatz. Ocular dominance columns and their development in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex: a quantitative study. J. Comp. Neurol. 179: 223–244, 1978.
232. Levay, S., T. N. Wiesel, and D. H. Hubel. The development of ocular dominance columns in normal and visually deprived monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 191: 1–51, 1980.
233. Leventhal, A. G., and H. V. B. Hirsch. Cortical effect of early selective exposure to diagonal lines. Science 190: 902–904, 1975.
234. Leventhal, A. G., and H. V. B. Hirsch. Effects of early experience upon the orientation sensitivity and the binocularity of neurons in the cat's visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 1272–1276, 1977.
235. Levi, D. M., and R. S. Harwerth. Spatio‐temporal interactions in anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 16: 90–95, 1977.
236. Levick, W. R., and L. N. Thibos. Orientation bias of cat retinal ganglion cells. Nature London 286: 389–390, 1980.
237. Levitt, F. B., and R. C. Van Sluyters. The sensitive period for strabismus in the kitten. Dev. Brain Res. 3: 323–327, 1982.
238. Loop, M. S., and S. M. Sherman. Visual discriminations during eyelid closure in the cat. Brain Res. 128: 329–339, 1977.
239. Lund, J. S., R. G. Boothe, and R. D. Lund. Development of neurons in the visual cortex (area 17) of the monkey (Macaca nemestrina): a Golgi study from fetal day 127 to postnatal maturity. J. Comp. Neurol. 176: 149–188, 1977.
240. Lund, R. Development and Plasticity of the Brain. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978, p. 253–284.
241. Maffei, L., and S. Bisti. Binocular interaction in strabismic kittens deprived of vision. Science 191: 579–580, 1976.
242. Mann, I. The Development of the Human Eye. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1964, p. 110–117.
243. Marg, E., D. N. Freeman, D. Peltzman, and P. J. Goldstein. Visual acuity development in human infants: evoked potential measurements. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 15: 150–153, 1976.
244. Martin, K. A. C., V. S. Ramachandran, V. M. Rao, and D. Whitteridge. Changes in ocular dominance induced in monocularly deprived lambs by stimulation with rotating gratings. Nature London 277: 391–393, 1979.
245. Mayer, L., and V. Dobson. Assessment of vision in young children: a new operant approach yields estimates of acuity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19: 566–570, 1980.
246. Mayer, D. L., and V. Dobson. Visual acuity development in infants and young children, as assessed by operant preferential looking. Vision Res. 22: 1141–1151, 1982.
247. Mitchell, D. E. Effect of early visual experience on the development of certain visual capacities in animals and man. In: Perception and Experience, edited by R. D. Walk and H. L. Pick, Jr. New York: Plenum, 1978, p. 37–75.
248. Mitchell, D. E. Sensitive periods in visual development. In: The Development of Perception: Psychobiological Perspectives, edited by R. N. Aslin, J. R. Alberts, and M. R. Petersen. New York: Academic, 1981, vol. 2, p. 3–43.
249. Mitchell, D. E., M. Cynader, and J. A. Movshon. Recovery from the effects of monocular deprivation in kittens. J. Comp. Neurol. 176: 53–64, 1977.
250. Mitchell, D. E., R. D. Freeman, M. Millodot, and G. Haegerstrom. Meridional amblyopia: evidence for modification of the human visual system by early visual experience. Vision Res. 13: 535–558, 1973.
251. Mitchell, D. E., F. Giffin, D. Muir, C. Blakemore, and R. C. Van Sluyters. Behavioural compensation of cats after early rotation of one eye. Exp. Brain Res. 25: 109–113, 1976.
252. Mitchell, D. E., F. Giffin, and B. Timney. A behavioural technique for the rapid assessment of the visual capabilities of kittens. Perception 6: 181–193, 1977.
253. Mitchell, D. E., F. Giffin, F. Wilkinson, P. Anderson, and M. L. Smith. Visual resolution in young kittens. Vision Res. 16: 363–366, 1976.
254. Mitchell, D. E., M. Kaye, and B. Timney. Assessment of depth perception in cats. Perception 8: 389–396, 1979.
255. Mitchell, D. E., and B. Timney. Behavioral measurement of normal and abnormal development of vision in kittens. In: Analysis of Visual Behavior, edited by D. J. Ingle, M. A. Goodale, and R. J. Mansfield. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981, p. 483–523.
256. Mitchell, D. E., and C. Ware. Interocular transfer of a visual aftereffect in normal and stereoblind humans. J. Physiol. London 236: 707–721, 1974.
257. Mitchell, D. E., and F. E. Wilkinson. The effect of early astigmatism on the visual resolution of gratings. J. Physiol. London 243: 739–756, 1974.
258. Mitzdorf, U., and G. Neumann. Effects of monocular deprivation in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: an analysis of evoked potentials. J. Physiol. London 304: 221–230, 1980.
259. Mitzdorf, U., and W. Singer. Monocular activation of visual cortex in normal and monocularly deprived cats: an analysis of evoked potentials. J. Physiol. London 304: 203–220, 1980.
260. Mohindra, I., S. G. Jacobson, J. Thomas, and R. Held. Development of amblyopia in infants. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 99: 344–346, 1980.
261. Moran, J., and B. Gordon. Long term visual deprivation in a human. Vision Res. 22: 27–36, 1982.
262. Morgan, M. J. Molyneux's Question. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977.
263. Moskowitz‐Cook, A. The development of photopic spectral sensitivity in human infants. Vision Res. 19: 1133–1142, 1979.
264. Movshon, J. A. Reversal of the physiological effects of monocular deprivation in the kitten's visual cortex. J. Physiol. London 261: 125–174, 1976.
265. Movshon, J. A., B. E. I. Chambers, and C. Blakemore. Interocular transfer of normal humans and those who lack stereopsis. Perception 1: 483–490, 1972.
266. Movshon, J. A., and M. R. Dürsteler. Effects of brief periods of unilateral eye closure on the kitten's visual system. J. Neurophysiol. 40: 1255–1265, 1977.
267. Movshon, J. A., and R. C. Van Sluyters. Visual neuronal development. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 32: 477–522, 1981.
268. Mower, G. D., D. Berry, J. L. Burchfiel, and F. H. Duffy. Comparison of the effects of dark‐rearing and binocular suture on development and plasticity of cat visual cortex. Brain Res. 220: 255–267, 1981.
269. Mower, G. D., J. L. Burchfiel, and F. H. Duffy. The effects of dark‐rearing on the development and plasticity of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Dev. Brain Res. 1: 418–424, 1981.
270. Mower, G. D., C. J. Caplan, and G. Letsou. Behavioral recovery from binocular deprivation in the cat. Behav. Brain Res. 4: 209–215, 1982.
271. Muir, D. W., and D. E. Mitchell. Behavioral deficits in cats following early selected visual exposure to contours of a single orientation. Brain Res. 85: 459–477, 1975.
272. Mustari, M. J., and M. Cynader. Rapid recovery from visual deprivation in neurons of cat parastriate cortex. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 4: 638, 1978.
273. Mustari, M. J., and M. Cynader. Prior strabismus protects kitten cortical neurons from the effects of monocular deprivation. Brain Res. 211: 165–170, 1981.
274. Nelson, J. I., H. Kato, and P. O. Bishop. Discrimination of orientation and position disparities by binocularly activated neurons in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 40: 260–283, 1977.
275. Nikara, T., P. O. Bishop, and J. D. Pettigrew. Analysis of retinal correspondence by studying receptive fields of binocular single units in cat striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 6: 353–372, 1968.
276. Ogle, K. N. Researches in Binocular Vision. New York: Hafner, 1964, p. 10–49.
277. O'Leary, D. J., and M. Millodot. Eyelid closure causes myopia in humans. Experientia 35: 1478–1479, 1979.
278. Olson, C. R., and R. D. Freeman. Progressive changes in kitten striate cortex during monocular vision. J. Neurophysiol. 38: 26–32, 1975.
279. Olson, C. R., and R. D. Freeman. Monocular deprivation and recovery during sensitive period in kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 41: 65–74, 1978.
280. Olson, C. R., and R. D. Freeman. Cumulative effect of brief daily periods of monocular vision on kittens striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 38: 53–56, 1980.
281. Olson, C. R., and R. D. Freeman. Profile of the sensitive period for monocular deprivation in kittens. Exp. Brain Res. 39: 17–21, 1980.
282. Olson, C. R., and R. D. Freeman. Rescaling of the retinal map of visual space during growth of the kitten's eye. Brain Res. 186: 55–65, 1980.
283. Olson, C. R., and J. D. Pettigrew. Single units in visual cortex of kittens reared in stroboscopic illumination. Brain Res. 70: 189–204, 1974.
284. Ordy, J. M., A. Latanick, T. Samorajski, and L. C. Massopust, Jr. Visual acuity in newborn primate infants. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 115: 677–680, 1964.
285. Ordy, J. M., L. C. Massopust, Jr., and L. R. Wolin. Postnatal development of the retina, electroretinogram and acuity in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Neurol. 5: 364–382, 1962.
286. Ordy, J. M., T. Samorajski, R. L. Collins, and M. S. Nagy. Postnatal development of vision in a subhuman primate (Macaca mulatta) Arch. Ophthalmol. 73: 674–686, 1965.
287. Over, R., and D. Moore. Spatial acuity of the chicken. Brain Res. 211: 424–426, 1981.
288. Owen, W. C., and W. F. Hughes. Results of surgical treatment of congenital cataract. A.M.A. Arch. Ophthalmol. 39: 339–350, 1948.
289. Packwood, J., and B. Gordon. Stereopsis in normal domestic cat, Siamese cat, and cat raised with alternating monocular occlusion. J. Neurophysiol. 38: 1485–1499, 1975.
290. Palmer, L. A., and A. C. Rosenquist. Visual receptive fields of single striate cortical units projecting to superior colliculus in cat. Brain Res. 67: 27–42, 1974.
291. Pasik, P., and T. Pasik. Oculomotor function in monkeys with lesions of the cerebrum and the superior colliculi. In: The Oculomotor System, edited by M. B. Bender. New York: Hoever, 1964, p. 40–80.
292. Pastore, N. Selective History of Theories of Visual Perception: 1650–1950. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1971.
293. Peck, C. K., and S. Crewther. Perceptual effects of surgical rotation of the eye in kittens. Brain Res. 99: 213–219, 1975.
294. Peck, C. K., S. G. Crewther, G. Barber, and C. J. Johannsen. Pattern discrimination and visuomotor behavior following rotation of one or both eyes in kittens and in adult cats. Exp. Brain Res. 34: 401–418, 1979.
295. Peeples, D. R., and D. Y. Teller. White‐adapted photopic spectral sensitivity in human infants. Vision Res. 18: 49–53, 1978.
296. Peeples, D. R., and D. Y. Teller. Color vision and brightness discrimination in two‐month‐old infants. Science 189: 1102–1103, 1975.
297. Petrig, B., B. Julesz, W. Kropfl, G. Baumgartner, and M. Anliker. Development of stereopsis and cortical binocularity in human infants: electrophysiological evidence. Science 213: 1402–1405, 1981.
298. Pettigrew, J. D. The effect of visual experience on the development of stimulus specificity by kitten cortical neurones. J. Physiol. London 237: 49–74, 1974.
299. Pettigrew, J. D. The paradox of the critical period for striate cortex. In: Neuronal Plasticity, edited by C. W. Cotman. New York: Raven, 1978, p. 311–330.
300. Pettigrew, J. D. Comparative physiology of binocular vision. Aust. J. Optom. 63: 204–210, 1980.
301. Pettigrew, J. D., and R. D. Freeman. Visual experience without lines: effect on developing cortical neurons. Science 182: 599–601, 1973.
302. Pettigrew, J. D., and L. J. Garey. Selective modification of single neuron properties in the visual cortex of kittens. Brain Res. 66: 160–164, 1974.
303. Pettigrew, J. D., and T. Kasamatsu. Local perfusion of noradrenaline maintains visual cortical plasticity. Nature London 271: 761–763, 1978.
304. Pettigrew, J. D., and M. Konishi. Effects of monocular deprivation on binocular neurons in the owl's visual Wulst. Nature London 264: 753–754, 1976.
305. Pettigrew, J. D., and M. Konishi. Neurons selective for orientation and binocular disparity in the visual Wulst of the barn owl ( Tyto alba). Science 193: 675–678, 1976.
306. Pettigrew, J. D., C. Olson, and H. B. Barlow. Kitten visual cortex: short‐term, stimulus‐induced changes in connectivity. Science 180: 1202–1203, 1973.
307. Pettigrew, J. D., C. Olson, and H. V. R. Hirsch. Cortical effect of selective visual experience degeneration or reorganization? Brain Res. 51: 345–351, 1973.
308. Pirchio, M., D. Spinelli, A. Fiorentini, and L. Maffei. Infant contrast sensitivity evaluated by evoked potentials. Brain Res. 141: 179–184, 1978.
309. Powers, M. K., M. Schneck, and D. Y. Teller. Spectral sensitivity of human infants at absolute threshold. Vision Res. 21: 1005–1016, 1981.
310. Presson, J., and B. Gordon. Critical period and minimum exposure required for the effects of alternating monocular occlusion in cat visual cortex. Vision Res. 19: 807–811, 1979.
311. Rakic, P. Prenatal development of the visual system in rhesus monkey. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 278: 245–260, 1977.
312. Rakic, P. Development of visual centers in the primate brain depends on binocular competition before birth. Science 214: 928–931, 1981.
313. Ramachandran, V. S., P. G. H. Clarke, and D. Whiteridge. Cells selective to binocular disparity in the cortex of newborn lambs. Nature London 268: 333–335, 1977.
314. Rauschecker, J. P., and W. Singer. Changes in the circuitry of the kitten visual cortex are gated by postsynaptic activity. Nature London 280: 58–60, 1979.
315. Rauschecker, J. P., and W. Singer. The effects of early visual experience on the cat's visual cortex and their possible explanation by Hebb synapses. J. Physiol. London 310: 215–239, 1981.
316. Raviola, E., and T. N. Wiesel. Effects of dark‐rearing on experimental myopia in monkeys. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 17: 485–489, 1978.
317. Regal, D. M., R. Boothe, D. Y. Teller, and G. B. Sackett. Visual acuity and visual responsiveness in dark‐reared monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) Vision Res. 16: 523–530, 1976.
318. Regan, D. Assessment of visual acuity by evoked potential recording: ambiguity caused by temporal dependence of spatial frequency selectivity. Vision Res. 18: 439–443, 1978.
319. Regan, D., K. I. Beverley, and M. Cynader. Stereoscopic subsystems for position in depth and for motion in depth. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 204: 485–501, 1979.
320. Riesen, A. H., K. L. Chow, J. Semmes, and H. Nissen. Chimpanzee vision after four conditions of light deprivation. Am. Psychol. 6: 282, 1951.
321. Riesen, A. H., R. Ramsey, and P. D. Wilson. Development of visual acuity in rhesus monkeys deprived of patterned light during early infancy. Psychon. Sci. 1: 33–34, 1964.
322. Rodieck, R. W. Visual pathways. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 2: 193–225, 1979.
323. Rose, D., and C. Blakemore. An analysis of orientation selectivity in the cat's visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 20: 1–17, 1974.
324. Rusoff, A. C. Development of ganglion cells in the retina of the cat. In: Developmental Neurobiology of Vision, edited by R. D. Freeman. New York: Plenum, 1979, p. 19–30.
325. Rusoff, A. C., and M. W. Dubin. Development of receptive‐field properties of retinal ganglion cells in kittens. J. Neurophyisol. 40: 1188–1198, 1977.
326. Samorajski, T., J. R. Keefe, and J. M. Ordy. Morphogenesis of photoreceptor and retinal ultrastructure in a sub‐human primate. Vision Res. 5: 639–648, 1965.
327. Shapley, R. M., and Y. T. So. Is there an effect of monocular deprivation on the proportion of X and Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus? Exp. Brain Res. 39: 41–48, 1980.
328. Shatz, C. J., and M. P. Stryker. Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation. J. Physiol. London 281: 267–283, 1978.
329. Shea, S. L., R. Fox, R. N. Aslin, and S. T. Dumais. Assessment of stereopsis in human infants. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 19: 1400–1404, 1980.
330. Sherk, H., and M. P. Stryker. Quantitative study of cortical orientation selectivity in visually inexperienced kitten. J. Neurophysiol. 39: 63–70, 1976.
331. Sherman, S. M. Visual field defects in monocularly and binocularly deprived cats. Brain Res. 49: 25–45, 1973.
332. Sherman, S. M., R. W. Guillery, J. H. Kaas, and K. J. Sanderson. Behavioral, electrophysiological and morphological studies of binocular competition in the development of the geniculo‐cortical pathways of cats. J. Comp. Neurol. 158: 1–18, 1974.
333. Sherman, S. M., K. P. Hoffman, and J. Stone. Loss of specific cell type from dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in visually deprived cats. J. Neurophysiol. 35: 532–541, 1972.
334. Sherman, S. M., T. T. Norton, and V. A. Casagrande. Myopia in the lid‐sutured tree shrew (Tupaia glis) Brain Res. 124: 154–157, 1977.
335. Sherman, S. M., and J. Stone. Physiological normality of the retina in visually deprived cats. Brain Res. 60: 224–230, 1973.
336. Shinkman, P. G., and C. J. Bruce. Binocular differences in cortical receptive fields of kittens after rotationally disparate binocular experience. Science 197: 285–287, 1977.
337. Sillito, A. M., J. A. Kemp, and C. Blakemore. The role of GABAergic inhibition in the cortical effects of monocular deprivation. Nature London 291: 318–320, 1981.
338. Sillito, A. M., J. A. Kemp, and H. Patel. Inhibitor interactions contributing to the ocular dominance of monocularly dominated cells in the normal cat striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 41: 1–10, 1980.
339. Singer, W. Effects of monocular deprivation on excitatory and inhibitory pathways in cat striate cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 30: 25–41, 1977.
340. Singer, W., B. Freeman, and J. Rauschecker. Development and organization of orientation columns in cat visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 41: A 15, 1981.
341. Singer, W., and J. P. Rauschecker. Central core control of developmental plasticity in the kitten visual cortex. II. Electrical activation of mesencephalic and diencephalic projections. Exp. Brain Res. 47: 223–233, 1982.
342. Singer, W., and F. Tretter. Receptive‐field properties and neuronal connectivity in striate and parastriate cortex of contour‐deprived cats. J. Neurophysiol. 39: 613–630, 1976.
343. Singer, W., and F. Tretter. Unusually large receptive fields in cats with restricted visual experience. Exp. Brain Res. 26: 171–184, 1976.
344. Sireteanu, R., and K. P. Hoffman. Relative frequency and visual resolution of X‐ and Y‐cells in the LGN of normal and monocularly deprived cats: interlaminar differences. Exp. Brain Res. 34: 591–603, 1979.
345. Sluckin, W. Early Learning in Man and Animals (2nd ed.). London: Allen & Unwin, 1972.
346. Smith, D. C. Developmental alterations in binocular competitive interactions and visual acuity in visually deprived cats. J. Comp. Neurol. 198: 667–676, 1981.
347. Smith, D. C. Functional restoration of vision in the cat after long‐term visual deprivation. Science 213: 1137–1139, 1981.
348. Smith, D. C., R. Lorber, L. R. Stanford, and M. S. Loop. Visual acuity following binocular deprivation in the cat. Brain Res. 183: 1–11, 1980.
349. Smith, D. C., P. D. Spear, and K. E. Kratz. Role of visual experience in postcritical‐period reversal of effects of monocular deprivation in cat striate cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 178: 313–328, 1978.
350. Smith, E. L., M. J. Bennet, R. S. Harwerth, and M. L. J. Crawford. Binocularity in kittens reared with optically‐induced squint. Science 204: 875–877, 1979.
351. Smith, E. L., G. W. Maguire, and R. S. Harwerth. Some effects of anisometropia on the kitten's visual system. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl. 19: 209–210, 1980.
352. Smith, E. L. III, G. W. Maguire, and J. T. Watson. Axial lengths and refractive errors in kittens reared with an optically‐induced anisometropia. Invest. Opthalmol Vis. Sci. 19: 1250–1255, 1980.
353. Sokol, S. Measurement of infant visual acuity from pattern reversal evoked potentials. Vision Res. 18: 33–39, 1978.
354. Sorsby, A., B. Benjamin, M. Sheridan, J. Stone, and G. A. Leary. Refraction and its components during the growth of the eye from the age of three. Med. Res. Coun. G. B. Spec. Rep. Ser. 301. London: HMSO, 1961.
355. Spear, P. D., L. Tong, and A. Langsetmo. Striate cortex neurons of binocularly deprived kittens respond to visual stimuli through the closed eyelids. Brain Res. 155: 141–146, 1978.
356. Spekreijse, H. Maturation of contrast EPs and development of visual resolution. Arch. Ital. Biol. 116: 358–369, 1978.
357. Spinelli, D. N. Neural correlates of visual experience in single units of cat's visual and somatosensory cortex. In: Frontiers of Visual Science, edited by S. J. Cool and E. L. Smith III. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1978, p. 674–688.
358. Spinelli, D. N., H. V. B. Hirsch, J. Phelps, and J. Metzler. Visual experience as a determinant of the response characteristics of cortical receptive fields in cats. Exp. Brain Res. 15: 289–304, 1972.
359. Stirnimann, F. Ueber das farbenempfinden neugeborener. Annal. Paediatr. 163: 1–44, 1944.
360. Stone, J., B. Dreher, and A. Leventhal. Hierarchical and parallel mechanisms in the organization of the visual cortex. Brain Res. 1: 345–394, 1979.
361. Stone, J., D. H. Rapaport, R. W. Williams, and L. Chalupa. Uniformity of cell distribution in the ganglion cell layer of prenatal cat retina: implications for mechanisms of retinal development. Dev. Brain Res. 2: 231–242, 1982.
362. Stryker, M. P. Late segregation of geniculate afferents to the cat's visual cortex after recovery from binocular impulse blockade. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 7: 842, 1981.
363. Stryker, M. P., and H. Sherk. Modification of cortical orientation selectivity in the cat by restricted visual experience: a reexamination. Science 190: 904–906, 1975.
364. Stryker, M. P., H. Sherk, A. G. Leventhal, and H. V. B. Hirsch. Physiological consequences for the cat's visual cortex of effectively restricting early visual experience with oriented contours. J. Neurophysiol. 41: 896–909, 1978.
365. Swindale, N. V. Absence of ocular dominance patches in dark‐reared cats. Nature London 290: 332–333, 1981.
366. Swindale, N. V., F. Vital‐Durand, and C. Blakemore. Recovery from monocular deprivation in the monkey. III. Reversal of anatomical effects in the visual cortex. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 213: 435–450, 1981.
367. Tees, R. C. Perceptual development in mammals. In: Neural and Behavioral Specificity, edited by G. Gottlieb. New York: Academic, 1976, p. 281–326.
368. Teller, D. Y. The forced choice preferential looking procedure: a psychophysical technique for use with human infants. Infant Behav. Dev. 2: 135–153, 1979.
369. Teller, D. Y. Color vision in infants. In: Development of Perception. Psychobiological Perspectives. The Visual System, edited by R. N. Aslin, J. R. Alberts, and M. R. Petersen. New York: Academic, 1981, vol. 2, p. 297–311.
370. Teller, D. Y., J. L. Allen, D. M. Regal, and D. L. Mayer. Astigmatism and acuity in two primate infants. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 17: 344–349, 1978.
371. Teller, D. Y., R. Morse, R. Borton, and D. Regal. Visual acuity for vertical and diagonal gratings in human infants. Vision Res. 14: 1433–1439, 1974.
372. Teller, D. Y., D. R. Peeples, and M. Sekel. Discrimination of chromatic from white light by 2‐month‐old human infants. Vision Res. 18: 41–48, 1978.
373. Teller, D. Y., D. M. Regal, T. O. Videen, and E. Pulos. Development of visual acuity in infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) during the early postnatal weeks. Vision Res. 18: 561–566, 1978.
374. Thibos, L. N., and W. R. Levick. Astigmatic visual deprivation in cat: behavioral, optical and retinophysiological consequences. Vision Res. 22: 43–53, 1982.
375. Thorn, F., M. Gollender, and P. Erickson. The development of the kitten's visual optics. Vision Res. 16: 1145–1149, 1976.
376. Tieman, D. G., M. A. McCall, and H. V. B. Hirsch. Physiological effect of unequal alternating monocular deprivation. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 5: 810, 1979.
377. Timney, B. The development of binocular depth perception in kittens. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 21: 493–496, 1981.
378. Timney, B., and D. E. Mitchell. Behavioural recovery from visual deprivation: comments on the critical period. In: Developmental Neurobiology of Vision, edited by R. D. Freeman. New York: Plenum, 1979, p. 149–160.
379. Timney, B., D. E. Mitchell, and M. Cynader. Behavioral evidence for prolonged sensitivity to effects of monocular deprivation in dark‐reared cats. J. Neurophysiol. 43: 1041–1054, 1980.
380. Timney, B., D. E. Mitchell, and F. Giffin. The development of vision in cats after extended periods of dark‐rearing. Exp. Brain Res. 31: 547–560, 1978.
381. Timney, B., and C. K. Peck. Visual acuity in cats following surgically induced cyclotropia. Behav. Brain Res. 3: 289–302, 1981.
382. Tretter, F., M. Cynader, and W. Singer. Modification of direction selectivity of neurons in the visual cortex of kittens. Brain Res. 84: 143–149, 1975.
383. Tsumoto, T., and R. D. Freeman. Ocular dominance in kitten cortex: induced changes of single cells while they are recorded. Exp. Brain Res. 44: 347–351, 1981.
384. Tucker, G. S. Light microscopic analysis of the kitten retina: postnatal development in the area centralis. J. Comp. Neurol. 180: 489–500, 1978.
385. Tumosa, N., S. B. Tieman, and H. V. B. Hirsch. Anatomical effect of unequal alternate monocular deprivation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl. 19: 59, 1980.
386. Tumosa, N., S. B. Tieman, and H. V. B. Hirsch. Unequal alternating monocular deprivation causes asymmetric visual fields in cats. Science 208: 421–423, 1980.
387. Vaegan and D. Taylor. Critical period for deprivation amblyopia in children. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 99: 432–439, 1980.
388. Valvo, A. Behavior patterns and visual rehabilitation after early and long‐lasting blindness. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 65: 19–24, 1968.
389. Van Hof‐Van Duin, J. Development of visuomotor behavior in normal and dark‐reared cats. Brain Res. 104: 233–241, 1976.
390. Van Hof‐Van Duin, J. Early and permanent effects of monocular pattern discrimination and visuomotor behavior in cats. Brain Res. 111: 261–276, 1976.
391. Van Sluyters, R. C. Reversal of the physiological effects of brief periods of monocular deprivation in the kitten. J. Physiol. London 284: 1–17, 1978.
392. Van Sluyters, R. C., and C. Blakemore. Experimental creation of unusual properties in visual cortex of kittens. Nature London 246: 506–508, 1973.
393. Van Sluyters, R. C., and F. Levitt. Experimental strabismus in the kitten. J. Neurophysiol. 43: 686–699, 1980.
394. Van Sluyters, R. C., and D. L. Stewart. Binocular neurons of the rabbit's visual cortex: effects of monocular sensory deprivation. Exp. Brain Res. 19: 196–204, 1974.
395. Vital‐Durand, F., L. J. Garey, and C. Blakemore. Monocular and binocular deprivation in the monkey: morphological effects and reversibility. Brain Res. 158: 45–64, 1978.
396. Von Grunau, M. W., and W. Singer. Functional amblyopia in kittens with unilateral exotropia. II. Correspondence between behavioral and electrophysiological assessment. Exp. Brain Res. 40: 305–310, 1980.
397. Von Helmholtz, H. Treatise on Physiological Optics Vol. III, (transl. of the 3rd German ed.), edited by J. P. C. Southall. New York: Opt. Soc. Am., 1925.
398. Von Noorden, G. K. Classification of amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 63: 238–244, 1967.
399. Von Noorden, G. K. Experimental amblyopia in monkeys. Further behavioral observations and clinical correlations. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 12: 721–726, 1973.
400. Von Noorden, G. K. New clinical aspects of stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 92: 416–421, 1981.
401. Von Noorden, G. K., and M. L. J. Crawford. Form deprivation without light deprivation produces the visual deprivation syndrome in Macaca mulatta Brain Res. 129: 37–44, 1977.
402. Von Noorden, G. K., and M. L. J. Crawford. Lid closure and refractive error in macaque monkeys. Nature London 272: 53–54, 1978.
403. Von Noorden, G. K., and M. L. J. Crawford. Morphological and physiological changes in the monkey visual system after short‐term lid suture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 17: 762–768, 1978.
404. Von Noorden, G. K., and M. L. J. Crawford. The sensitive period. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK 99: 442–446, 1979.
405. Von Noorden, G. K., and M. L. J. Crawford. The effects of total unilateral occlusion vs. lid suture on the visual system of infant monkeys. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 20: 142–146, 1981.
406. Von Noorden, G. K., and M. L. J. Crawford. Failure to preserve cortical binocularity in strabismic monkeys raised in a unidirectional visual environment. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 20: 665–670, 1981.
407. Von Noorden, G. K., M. L. J. Crawford, and P. R. Middleditch. The effects of monocular visual deprivation: disuse or binocular interaction. Brain Res. 111: 277–285, 1976.
408. Von Noorden, G. K., and J. E. Dowling. Experimental amblyopia in monkeys. II. Behavioral studies in strabismic amblyopia. Arch. Ophthalmol. 84: 215–220, 1970.
409. Von Noorden, G. K., J. E. Dowling, and D. C. Ferguson. Experimental amblyopia in monkeys. I. Behavioral studies of stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Arch. Ophthalmol. 84: 206–214, 1970.
410. Von Noorden, G. K., and P. R. Middleditch. Histology of the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus after unilateral lid closure and experimental strabismus: further observations. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 14: 674–683, 1975.
411. Von Senden, M. Space and Sight (transl. by P. Heath). London: Methuen, 1960.
412. Walk, R. D. The development of depth perception in animals and human infants. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 31: 82–108, 1966.
413. Walk, R. D., and E. J. Gibson. A comparative and analytical study of visual depth perception. Psychol. Monogr. Gen. Appl. 75: 1–44, 1961.
414. Walls, G. L. The problem of visual direction. I. The history to 1900. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 28: 55–83, 1951.
415. Watkins, D. W., J. R. Wilson, and S. M. Sherman. Receptive‐field properties of neurons in binocular and monocular segments of striate cortex in cats raised with binocular lid suture. J. Neurophysiol. 41: 322–337, 1978.
416. Werner, J. S., and B. R. Wooten. Human infant color vision and color perception. Infant Behav. Dev. 2: 241–274, 1979.
417. Westheimer, G. Visual acuity and hyperacuity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 14: 570–572, 1975.
418. Westheimer, G. The spatial sense of the eye. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18: 813–912, 1979.
419. Westheimer, G., and S. P. McKee. Integration regions for visual hyperacuity. Vision Res. 17: 89–93, 1977.
420. Wheatstone, C. Contributions to the physiology of vision. I. On some remarkable and hitherto unobserved phenomena of binocular vision. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 1838, p. 371–394.
421. Wiesel, T. N., and D. H. Hubel. Effects of visual deprivation on morphology and physiology of cells in the cat's lateral geniculate body. J. Neurophysiol. 26: 978–993, 1963.
422. Wiesel, T. N., and D. H. Hubel. Single‐cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J. Neurophysiol. 26: 1003–1017, 1963.
423. Wiesel, T. N., and D. H. Hubel. Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 28: 1029–1040, 1965.
424. Wiesel, T. N., and D. H. Hubel. Extent of recovery from the effects of visual deprivation in the kitten. J. Neurophysiol. 28: 1060–1072, 1965.
425. Wiesel, T. N., and D. H. Hubel. Ordered arrangement of orientation columns in monkeys lacking visual experience. J. Comp. Neurol. 158: 307–318, 1974.
426. Wiesel, T. N., and E. Raviola. Myopia and eye enlargement after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature London 266: 66–68, 1977.
427. Wiesel, T. N., and E. Raviola. Increase in axial length of the macaque monkey eye after corneal opacification. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 18: 1232–1236, 1979.
428. Wilkinson, F. E. Reversal of the behavioral effects of monocular deprivation as a function of age in the kitten. Behav. Brain Res. 1: 101–123, 1980.
429. Wilkinson, F. E., and P. C. Dodwell. Young kittens can learn complex pattern discriminations. Nature London 284: 258–259, 1980.
430. Williams, R. A., and R. G. Boothe. Development of optical quality in the infant monkey (Macaca nemestrina) eye Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 20: 728–736, 1981.
431. Wilson, J. R., and S. M. Sherman. Differential effects of early monocular deprivation on binocular and monocular segments of cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 40: 891–903, 1977.
432. Wilson, J. R., S. V. Webb, and S. M. Sherman. Conditions for dominance of one eye during competitive development of central connections in visually deprived cats. Brain Res. 136: 277–287, 1977.
433. Wilson, P. D., and A. H. Riesen. Visual development in rhesus monkeys neonatally deprived of patterned light. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 61: 87–95, 1966.
434. Winfield, D. A. The postnatal development of synapses in the visual cortex of the cat and the effects of eyelid closure. Brain Res. 206: 166–171, 1981.
435. Yinon, U. Age dependence of the effect of squint on cells in kitten's visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 26: 151–157, 1976.

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.