Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/344/33/
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 08:18:33+00:00

Document:
Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 344 › United States v. L. A. Tucker Truck Lines, Inc.
A motor carrier applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission for a certificate of convenience and necessity under § 207(a) of the Interstate Commerce Act. Appellee intervened in opposition. The hearings were conducted by an examiner not appointed pursuant to § 11 of the Administrative Procedure Act, but appellee did not object at any stage of the administrative proceedings, although it had ample opportunity to do so. The Commission granted the certificate. Appellee petitioned a district court to set aside the Commission's action, and for the first time challenged its validity on the ground that the examiner was not appointed pursuant to § 11 of the Administrative Procedure Act. It offered no excuse for its failure to raise the question sooner, and made no claim of actual prejudice by the conduct of the examiner or the manner of his appointment.
Held: The district court should not entertain this objection when first made at that stage of the proceedings. Pp. 344 U. S. 34-38.
(a) The defect in the examiner's appointment was an irregularity which would invalidate a resulting order if the Commission had overruled an appropriate objection made during the hearings. P. 344 U. S. 38.
(b) But it is not one which deprives the Commission of power or jurisdiction, so that, even in the absence of timely objection, its order should be set aside as a nullity. P. 344 U. S. 38.
(c) Riss & Co. v. United States, 341 U.S. 907, and Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath, 339 U. S. 33, distinguished. Pp. 344 U. S. 36-38.
Procedure Act. 100 F.Supp. 432. On appeal to this Court, reversed and remanded, p. 344 U. S. 38.
One Cunningham applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission for a certificate of public convenience and necessity to authorize extension of his existing motor carrier route. [Footnote 1] A railroad and eleven motor carriers, including appellee, intervened to oppose. The issues were referred to an examiner, who, after hearing, recommended that, with exceptions not material here, a certificate be granted. Appellee excepted, whereupon Division 5 of the Commission, in substance, approved the recommendation. Appellee requested reconsideration by the full Commission, which was denied, and then petitioned for "extraordinary relief," which also was refused. The Commission thereupon issued a certificate to Cunningham. Appellee, upon the ground that the evidence did not show need for the additional transportation service, petitioned the District Court to set aside the certificate and order. The Commission and the United States answered, and a three-judge court was convened.
On the day appointed for hearing, appellee moved for leave to amend its petition to raise, for the first time, a contention that the Commission's action was invalid for want of jurisdiction because the examiner had not been appointed pursuant to § 11 of the Administrative Procedure Act. [Footnote 2] The District Court allowed amendment, and, upon proof that the appointment had not been in accordance with that Act, invalidated the order and certificate without going into the merits of the issue tendered in the original complaint. [Footnote 3] This appeal by the United States and the Interstate Commerce Commission raises but a single question -- whether such an objection, first made at that stage of the proceedings, was not erroneously entertained. We hold that it was.
Appellee did not. offer nor did the court require, any excuse for its failure to raise the objection upon at least one of its many opportunities during the administrative proceeding. Appellee does not claim to have been misled or in any way hampered in ascertaining the facts about the examiner's appointment. It did not bestir itself to learn the facts until long after the administrative proceeding was closed and months after the case was at issue in the District Court, at which time the Commission promptly supplied the facts upon which the contention was based and sustained.
interest to the proceeding. Neither it nor its examiner had any function except to decide justly between contestants in an adversary proceeding. The issue is clearly an afterthought, brought forward at the last possible moment to undo the administrative proceedings without consideration of the merits, and can prevail only from technical compulsion irrespective of considerations of practical justice.
In Riss & Co. v. United States, 341 U.S. 907, this Court held that officers hearing applications for certificates of convenience and necessity under § 207(a) of the Interstate Commerce Act are subject to the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act. [Footnote 4] But timeliness of the objection was not before us, because, in that case, the examiner's appointment had been twice challenged in the administrative proceedings, once, as it should have been, before the examiner at the hearings and again before the Commission on a petition for rehearing. That decision established only that a litigant in such a case as this who does make such demand at the time of hearing is entitled to an examiner chosen as the Act prescribes.
that orderly procedure and good administration require that objections to the proceedings of an administrative agency be made while it has opportunity for correction in order to raise issues reviewable by the courts. It is urged in this case that the Commission had a predetermined policy on this subject which would have required it to overrule the objection if made. While this may well be true, the Commission is obliged to deal with a large number of like cases. Repetition of the objection in them might lead to a change of policy, or, if it did not, the Commission would at least be put on notice of the accumulating risk of wholesale reversals being incurred by its persistence. [Footnote 7] Simple fairness to those who are engaged in the tasks of administration, and to litigants, requires as a general rule that courts should not topple over administrative decisions unless the administrative body not only has erred but has erred against objection made at the time appropriate under its practice.
The question not being foreclosed by precedent, we hold that the defect in the examiner's appointment was an irregularity which would invalidate a resulting order if the Commission had overruled an appropriate objection made during the hearings. But it is not one which deprives the Commission of power or jurisdiction, so that, even in the absence of timely objection, its order should be set aside as a nullity.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded to the District Court for determination on the merits.
Our decision in the Riss case was announced after the administrative proceeding herein, but before the District Court's hearing. Riss apparently prompted appellee to raise the point about the examiner's qualifications in the District Court.
Spiller v. Atchison, T. & S.F. R. Co., 253 U. S. 117, 253 U. S. 130; United States ex rel. Vajtauer v. Commissioner, 273 U. S. 103, 273 U. S. 113; United States v. Northern Pacific R. Co., 288 U. S. 490, 288 U. S. 494; Unemployment Compensation Commission of Alaska v. Aragon, 329 U. S. 143, 329 U. S. 155.
Section 9(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 77i; § 25(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78y; § 24 of the Public Utility Holding Company Act, 15 U.S.C. § 79x; § 10 of the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 210; § 10(e) of the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 160(e).
The Government informs us that, in about five thousand cases commenced after the effective date of the Administrative Procedure Act, orders are for an indefinite period vulnerable to attack if no timely objection during the administrative process is required. The policy of the Commission is to grant application for rehearing in cases where applicant made the objection before the examiner. Since its established practice is not to consider issues not raised before the examiner, it will refuse rehearings in other cases.
Webster v. Fall, 266 U. S. 507.
Procedure Act did not prejudice the appellee. Nor do I deny that some rights personal to a party may be waived, either explicitly or by failure to assert them.
I do not use the term "jurisdiction," because it is a verbal coat of too many colors. But we are dealing with legislation which sought to remedy what were believed to be evils in the way in which administrative agencies exercised their authority prior to the enactment of the Administrative Procedure Act of June 11, 1946. That Act accordingly prohibited the commingling of the conflicting functions exercised by these agencies. I do say, therefore, that it created unwaivable limitations upon the power of these agencies, as much so as do the definitions in judiciary acts of the different categories of cases which different courts are empowered to hear and decide. The limitations upon the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission to act, imposed by the command that it must do so only in accordance with the requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act, are thus not within the dispensing power of any litigant. They bind and confine the Commission itself.
Yang Sung case. What I am resting on is the significance we attached to the requirement of independent hearing examiners as inherent in the process of administrative adjudication.
After we decided Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath, supra, Congress was promptly asked to relieve the deportation process of this requirement, and it did so. See Chapter III of The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1951, Act of September 27, 1950, Pub.L. No. 843. After we made the same ruling as to the Interstate Commerce Commission, Congress was promptly asked to validate proceedings previously conducted by the Commission in disregard of the requirements for independent hearing examiners. Congress has chosen not to enact such remedial legislation. * I do not construe this want of action as controlling upon the issue before us. I refer to this subsequent legislative history merely as an indication of the path by which undesirable consequences flowing from our decision in Riss & Co., Inc. v. United States, supra, may be corrected without injustice. Situations like this arise from time to time when decisions of this Court in the observance of law suggest corrective legislation. See, e.g., United States v. Heinszen & Co., 206 U. S. 370.
* A remedial bill was successful in the House, but failed in the Senate. The bill was H.R. 5045. See H.R.Rep.No.1637, 82d Cong., 2d Sess.
to separate the judicial functions of examiners from the investigative and prosecuting functions. It required the separation in cases involving property interests, as well as those involving personal liberty. It condemned as unfair a practice which had grown up of allowing one man to be the police officer, the prosecutor, and the judge.
The objection raised in the present case likewise was not made at the hearing, but it was made before review of the order had been completed. It would seem, therefore, that reversal of this administrative order would follow a fortiori from Wong Yang Sung's case.
No one knows how the commingling of police, prosecutor, and judicial functions in one person may affect a particular decision. In some situations, it might make no difference; in others, it might subtly corrupt the administrative process. The only important consideration for us is that Congress has condemned the practice, and we, as supervisors of the federal system, should see to it that the law is enforced not selectively, but in all cases coming before us.
Of course, an agency that flouts the mandate for fair examiners does not lose jurisdiction of the case. Even habeas corpus is no longer restricted to the testing of "jurisdiction" in the historic sense. See Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U. S. 458, 304 U. S. 467; Bowen v. Johnston, 306 U.S.
19, 306 U. S. 24. But the action of the Commission in the present case created an error that permeates the entire proceeding. It is error that goes to the very vitals of the case. I would therefore set aside the order and send the case back for a hearing that meets the statutory standards of fairness. I would make the rule of Wong Yang Sung's case good for more than the day and the occasion.
* And the alien in that case, like the respondent here, was represented by counsel in the administrative proceedings.

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