Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/352/407/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 14:11:38+00:00

Document:
In the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2312, which makes it a federal crime to transport in interstate or foreign commerce a motor vehicle "knowing the same to have been stolen," the word "stolon" is not limited to takings which amount to common law larceny, but it includes all takings of motor vehicles with a criminal intent to deprive the owner of the rights and benefits of ownership. Pp. 352 U. S. 408-417.
(a) In the absence of a plain indication of an intent to incorporate diverse state laws into a federal criminal statute, the meaning of the federal statute should not be dependent on state law. P. 352 U. S. 411.
(b) Where a federal criminal statute uses a common law term of established meaning without otherwise defining it, the general practice is to give that term its common law meaning; but "stolen" has no accepted common law meaning. Pp. 352 U. S. 411-412.
(c) In these circumstances, the word "stolen" should be given a meaning consistent with the context in which it appears and the purpose of the legislation. Pp. 352 U. S. 412-413.
(d) In the light of the purpose of the Act and its legislative history, the word "stolen" should not be interpreted eo as to limit it to situations which at common law would be considered larceny, but should be interpreted to include all takings with a criminal intent to deprive the owner of the rights and benefits of ownership. Pp. 352 U. S. 413-417.
(e) A different result is not required by the fact that, after 1948, the Department of Justice proposed various clarifying amendments to the Act, and several of these amendments have passed one House of Congress without coming to a vote in the other. P. 415, n 14.
141 F.Supp. 527 reversed and remanded.
"Whoever transports in interstate or foreign commerce a motor vehicle or aircraft, knowing the same to have been stolen, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. [Footnote 1]"
The issue before us is whether the meaning of the word "stolen," as used in this provision, is limited to a taking which amounts to common law larceny, or whether it includes an embezzlement or other felonious taking with intent to deprive the owner of the rights and benefits of ownership. For the reasons hereafter stated, we accept the broader interpretation.
converted it to his own use and unlawfully transported it in interstate commerce to Baltimore, Maryland, where he sold it without permission of the owner. [Footnote 2] The information thus charged Turley with transporting the automobile in interstate commerce knowing it to have been obtained by embezzlement, rather than by common law larceny.
to this Court under 18 U.S.C. § 3731 because the dismissal was based upon a construction of the statute upon which the information was founded. We noted probable jurisdiction. 352 U.S. 816.
the broader one. [Footnote 6] We agree that, in the absence of a plain indication of an intent to incorporate diverse state laws into a federal criminal statute, the meaning of the federal statute should not be dependent on state law. See Jerome v. United States, 318 U. S. 101, 318 U. S. 104 (1943); United States v. Handler, 142 F.2d 351, 354.
exclusively dedicated to larceny. 'Steal' (originally 'stale') at first denoted in general usage a taking through secrecy, as implied in 'stealth,' or through stratagem, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. Expanded through the years, it became the generic designation for dishonest acquisition, but it never lost its initial connotation. Nor, in law, is 'steal' or 'stolen' a word of art. Blackstone does not mention 'steal' in defining larceny -- 'the felonious taking and carrying away of the personal goods of another' -- or in expounding its several elements. IV Commentaries 229 et seq."
Boone v. United States, 235 F.2d 939, 940.
give "stolen" the meaning consistent with the context in which it appears.
"That criminal statutes are to be construed strictly is a proposition which calls for the citation of no authority. But this does not mean that every criminal statute must be given the narrowest possible meaning in complete disregard of the purpose of the legislature."
United States v. Bramblett, 348 U. S. 503, 348 U. S. 509-510 (1955); see also United States v. Sullivan, 332 U. S. 689, 332 U. S. 693-694 (1948).
It is, therefore, appropriate to consider the purpose of the Act and to gain what light we can from its legislative history.
met through use of the Federal Government's jurisdiction over interstate commerce. The need for federal action increased with the number, distribution, and speed of the motor vehicles until, by 1919, it became a necessity. [Footnote 11] The result was the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act.
We conclude that the Act requires an interpretation of "stolen" which does not limit it to situations which, at common law, would be considered larceny. The refinements of that crime are not related to the primary congressional purpose of eliminating the interstate traffic in unlawfully obtained motor vehicles. The Government's interpretation is neither unclear nor vague. "Stolen," as used in 18 U.S.C. § 2312, includes all felonious takings of motor vehicles with intent to deprive the owner of the rights and benefits of ownership, regardless of whether or not the theft constitutes common law larceny.
18 U.S.C. § 2312. The original Act, sponsored by Representative L. C. Dyer of Missouri, became law in 1919. 41 Stat. 324. It was amended, in 1945, to include aircraft, 59 Stat. 536, and was reenacted, in 1948, as part of the Criminal Code, 62 Stat. 806.
"On or about January 20, 1956 at Columbia, South Carolina,"
"did lawfully obtain a certain 1955 Ford automobile from its owner, Charles T. Shaver, with permission of said owner to use the automobile briefly on that day to transport certain of their friends to the homes of the latter in Columbia, South Carolina, and to return with them, but, after so obtaining the automobile and transporting said persons to their homes, and before returning with them or delivering back the automobile to its owner, James Vernon Turley, without permission of the owner, and with intent in South Carolina to steal the 1955 Ford automobile, did convert the same to his own use and did unlawfully transport it in interstate commerce from Columbia, South Carolina, to Baltimore in the State and District of Maryland, knowing it to have been stolen, where he did, on January 21, 1956, sell said 1955 Ford automobile without permission of the owner."
Carpenter v. United States, 113 F.2d 692; Abraham v. United States, 15 F.2d 911. The Abraham case arose in Oklahoma, where larceny was defined by statute in the narrow common law sense, and the conviction was reversed because the taking did not meet that test. The Carpenter case arose in Minnesota, where the statutory definition of larceny included embezzlement and other types of fraudulent taking, and the conviction was affirmed.
In this opinion, "felonious" is used in the sense of having criminal intent, rather than with reference to any distinction between felonies and misdemeanors.
Murphy v. United States, 206 F.2d 571 (false pretenses); Ackerson v. United States, 185 F.2d 485 (false pretenses); Hite v. United States, 10 Cir., 1948, 168 F.2d 973 (false pretenses). Cf. Hand v. United States, 227 F.2d 794 (larceny by bailee); and Stewart v. United States, 151 F.2d 386 (larceny by bailee). See also United States v. Kratz, 97 F.Supp. 999 (embezzlement); United States v. O'Carter, 91 F.Supp. 544 (false pretenses); Ex parte Atkinson, 84 F.Supp. 300 (false pretenses).
Boone v. United States, 235 F.2d 939 (false pretenses); Smith v. United States, 233 F.2d 744 (embezzlement); Breece v. United States, 218 F.2d 819 (embezzlement); Wilson v. United States, (embezzlement); Collier v. United States, 190 F.2d 473 (embezzlement); Davilman v. United States, 180 F.2d 284 (embezzlement). And see United States v. Sicurella, 187 F.2d 533, 534, where the court said that "a narrow common law definition (of "stolen") is not required under the Dyer Act."
". . . the word 'stolen' is used in the statute not in the technical sense of what constitutes larceny, but in its well known and accepted meaning of taking the personal property of another for one's own use without right or law, and that such a taking can exist whenever the intent to do so comes into existence and is deliberately carried out regardless of how the party so taking the car may have originally come into possession of it."
United States v. Carll, 105 U. S. 611 (1882); United States v. Smith, 5 Wheat. 153 (1820); United States v. Brandenburg, 144 F.2d 656.
"Stealing and theft, esp. in popular use, are broader terms than larceny, and may include swindling as well as embezzlement."
"The term 'theft,' sometimes used as a synonym of larceny, is in reality a broader term, applying to all cases of depriving another of his property whether by removing or withholding it, and includes larceny, robbery, cheating, embezzlement, breach of trust, etc."
13 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Larceny (1953), 720. And see 2 Bouvier's Law Dictionary (3d rev. ed. 1914) 3267.
See, e.g., United States v. O'Connell, 165 F.2d 697, 698 ("steal" or "unlawfully take by any fraudulent device, scheme, or game" from dining car moving in interstate commerce); United States v. De Normand, 149 F.2d 622, 624 (interstate transportation of goods "stolen, feloniously converted or taken feloniously by fraud or with intent to steal or purloin," 53 Stat. 1178); United States v. Handler, 142 F.2d 351, 353 (same); Crabb v. Zerbst, 99 F.2d 562, 565 ("embezzle, steal, or purloin" property of the United States, 35 Stat. 1097, § 47); United States v. Trosper, 127 F. 476, 477 ("steal" from the mails); United States v. Jolly, 37 F. 108 ("steal" from the mails); United States v. Stone, 8 F. 232 ("plunders, steals, or destroys" goods belonging to a vessel in distress).
Hall, Theft, Law and Society (2d ed. 1952), 235, and see 233-240; 58 Cong.Rec. 5470-5478.
In 1895, there were four automobiles in the United States, and, in 1910, about 500,000. Hall, op. cit. 234 et seq. In 1919, there were nearly 6,500,000. H.R.Rep. No. 312, 66th Cong., 1st Sess. 2-3. Today, there are over 65,000,000 motor vehicle registrations. World Almanac (1957) 699.
"The Congress of the United States can scarcely enact any law at this session that is more needed than the bill herein recommended, and that has for its purpose the providing of severe punishment of those guilty of the stealing of automobiles in interstate or foreign commerce. . . . State laws upon the subject have been inadequate to meet the evil. Thieves steal automobiles and take them from one State to another, and oft-times have associates in this crime who receive and sell the stolen machines. . . ."
"The purpose of the proposed law is to suppress crime in interstate commerce. Automobiles admittedly are tangible property, capable of being transmitted in interstate commerce. The larceny of automobiles is made a crime under the laws of all the States in the Union. No good reason exists why Congress, invested with the power to regulate commerce among the several States, should not provide that such commerce should not be polluted by the carrying of stolen property from one State to another. Congress is the only power competent to legislate upon this evil, and the purpose of this bill is to crush it, with the penalties attached."
Id. at 1, 4. See also 58 Cong.Rec. 5470-5478, 6433-6435.
In 1948, following the decision in Hite v. United States, 168 F.2d 973, holding that the word "stolen" was restricted to common law larceny, the Department of Justice proposed various clarifying amendments to 18 U.S.C. § 2312. These amendments sought to clarify the application of the Act by adding the words "embezzled, feloniously converted, or taken feloniously by fraud," or similar language. Such an amendment was adopted by one House of Congress in each of the 81st, 83d, and 84th Congresses, but, in each case, it failed to come to a vote in the other House. Appellee seeks support for his interpretation of "stolen" in the failure of Congress to enact these proposals, but we think this failure is entitled to no significance. The proposed amendments are shown by their respective Committee Reports to be clarifying amendments. They included other proposed changes, and were never voted down. See S. 1483, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. (S.Rep. No. 358); S. 675, 83d Cong., 2d Sess. (S.Rep. No. 2364); and H.R. 3702, 84th Cong., 1st Sess. (H.R.Rep. No. 919).
"The quick passage of the machines into another state helps to conceal the trail of the thieves, gets the stolen property into another police jurisdiction, and facilitates the finding of a safer place in which to dispose of the booty at a good price. This is a gross misuse of interstate commerce. Congress may properly punish such interstate transportation by anyone with knowledge of the theft because of its harmful result and its defeat of the property rights of those whose machines, against their will, are taken into other jurisdictions."
Id. at 267 U. S. 438-439.
See Smith v. United States, 233 F.2d 744; Hand v. United States, 227 F.2d 794; Stewart v. United States, 151 F.2d 386; Clark and Marshall, Crimes (5th ed. 1952), 428-451, 482-503; Annotation, Distinction between larceny and embezzlement, 146 A.L.R. 532.
A car rental situation was involved in Davilman v. United States, 180 F.2d 284. Kindred situations were involved in Breece v. United States, 218 F.2d 819; Wilson v. United States, 214 F.2d 313; and Collier v. United States, 190 F.2d 473. Another embezzlement situation, the use of an employee to obtain automobiles feloniously, was involved in United States v. Bucur, 194 F.2d 297.
See Boone v. United States, 235 F.2d 939; Murphy v. United States, 206 F.2d 571; Ackerson v. United States, 185 F.2d 485; Hite v. United States, 168 F.2d 973. In each of these cases, the defendant obtained possession of a car by passing a bad check, falsely representing that it would be paid.
For examples of other automobile theft devices, see Hall, Theft, Law, and Society (2d ed. 1952), 252-253. For a history of common law larceny and the development of other theft crimes, see id. at 1-109, and Hall and Glueck, Criminal Law and Enforcement (1951) 165-171.
legislation. But to sweep into the jurisdiction of the federal courts the transportation of cars obtained not only by theft but also by trickery does not present a problem so complicated that the Court should search for hints to find a command. When Congress has wanted to deal with many different ways of despoiling another of his property and not merely with larceny, it has found it easy enough to do so, as a number of federal enactments attest. See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 641, 655, 659, 1707. No doubt penal legislation should not be artificially restricted so as to allow escape for those for whom it was with fair intendment designed. But the principle of lenity which should guide construction of criminal statutes, Bell v. United States, 349 U. S. 81, 349 U. S. 83-84, precludes extending the term "stolen" to include every form of dishonest acquisition. This conclusion is encouraged not only by the general consideration governing the construction of penal laws; it also has regard for not bringing to the federal courts a mass of minor offenses that are local in origin until Congress expresses, if not an explicit, at least an unequivocal, desire to do so.

References: § 2312
 § 3731
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 2312
 § 2312
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 47
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 2312
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.