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Background. The clinical diagnosis of recurrent caries is the most common reason for replaceA D A J ment of all types of resto✷ ✷  rations in general dental practice. Marked variations in the diagnosis of N C U the lesions have been A ING EDU 4 RT reported. The prevention ICLE of recurrent lesions by the use of fluoride-releasing restorative materials has not been successful. Types of Studies Reviewed. The author focused on practice-based studies in the literature. These studies are not scientifically rigorous, but they reflect “real-life” dental practice. Few experimental studies on recurrent carious lesions in vivo have been reported, but bacteriological studies indicate that the etiology is similar to that of primary caries. Results. Recurrent carious lesions are most often located on the gingival margins of Class II through V restorations. Recurrent caries is rarely diagnosed on Class I restorations. The diagnosis is difficult, and it is important to differentiate recurrent carious lesions from stained margins on resin-based composite restorations. Overhangs, even minute in size, are predisposed to plaque accumulation and the development of recurrent caries. The development of recurrent lesions is unrelated to microleakage. Clinical Implications. As recurrent carious lesions are localized and limited, alternative treatments to restoration replacement are suggested. Polishing may be sufficient. If not, exploratory preparations into the restorative material adjacent to the localized defect can reveal the extent of the lesion. Such explorations invariably show that the lesion does not progress along the tooth-restoration interface. The defect, therefore, may be repaired in lieu of being completely replaced. Repair and refurbishing of restorations save tooth structure. These simple procedures also increase the life span of the restoration. Key Words. Recurrent caries; case reports; microleakage; practice-based research.
IVAR A. MJÖR, B.D.S., M.S.D., M.S., Dr.Odont.
www.ada.org/goto/jada October 2005 Copyright ©2005 American Dental Association. All rights reserved.
including the age of the populaused from the occlusal aspect. Deficiencies in the adaptation of the restorative reported. to be the most common reason by far for LOCATION OF CLINICALLY DIAGNOSED replacement of all types of restorations in permaRECURRENT CARIES nent and primary teeth.28-30 These studies have part of the dental composite restorations. Furthermore. FREQUENCY OF DIAGNOSED RECURRENT CARIES Ever since the G. 136 www.32 Polymerization shrinkage of teeth. polymerization shrinkage will tend to pull tion. relatively high percentage of bulk through Class V restorations. the gingival aspect JADA. it is important to analyze the available knowledge on the nature of recurrent caries and to explore possible preventive and alternative treatments to replace restorations that have received this diagnosis. Black period.25 More recent studies indicate that this materials may cause voids that may lead to ratio is about 50:50 for restorations in permanent 14-18. and cementum. especially if a rubber dam is not used. The grams of teeth. Therefore. in adults and being lower in the primary dentiThus. in the dentin under a restoration. including the United States. including participation in caries cavity preparation.10. October 2005 1427 On the basis of the information presented. with outlines of the constitutes a major percentage was somewhat more for extent of the restorations amalgam than for resin-based examined. it obscures the gingival floor. Recurrent caries was composite restorations combined represent a seen more often on the occlusal part of resinhigher percentage of replacements than do recurbased composite restorations than on the rent caries for amalgam restorations alone.26.” which may be at the cavity margin or. reported to be as high as 80:20 for resin-based As soon as the first portion of the restorative composite restorations and 70:30 for amalgam material is inserted. This area is prone to contaminathe failures. more commonly. Caries left behind. while fractures of restorations in these it was rarely associated with Class I teeth and their short life spans. it may be concluded that the clinical diagnosis of recurrent caries constitutes a major part of the dental treatment provided to patients in a general dental practice. This ratio apparently moved toward the 50:50 level for replaced primary restorations resin-based materials also tends to cause crevices in Scandinavia in the 1980s. with carious lesions were located on diarecurrent caries a range of 45 to 55 percent. intentionally or unintentionally. These findings will not restorations replaced as a result of the diagnosis surprise experienced clinicians.2-23 The percentage of restorations in adults that were Studies have been conducted in replaced because of the clinical which general practitioners were diagnosis of recurrent caries was asked to indicate where recurrent Clinical diagnosis of consistently about 50 percent.9.V. The amalgam restorations.24 tion during the restoration by gingival fluid and The ratio of restoration replacement to primary saliva leaking between the matrix and the cavosurrestorations in general dental practice has been face margin.ada. Bonding to dentin tion studied and the replacement ratio being and cementum also is less effective at the gingival higher in the permanent teeth of adolescents than cavosurface margin than is bonding to enamel.org/goto/jada Copyright ©2005 American Dental Association. . All rights reserved.25 The status of patient’s oral health and the material away from the gingival part of the dental care. the clinical diagnosis of recurrent caries has been shown in studies from many countries. restorations. and it was treatment provided to shown that recurrent caries was somewhat less for restorations in seen predominantly on the gingival patients in a general primary teeth because of the margins of all types of Class II dental practice. restorations or on the occlusal part Recurrent caries and discoloration of resin-based of Class II restorations.10. Vol.27 Many factors at the gingival margins when the curing light is affect this ratio.20 recurrent caries. which often is located in dentin prevention programs. of recurrent caries is much higher in general Several factors may predispose a person to dental practice than in controlled clinical trials in recurrent caries that is seen primarily on the which recurrent caries represents 2 to 3 percent of gingival surface. also plays a role. during restorative treatment is referred to as “remaining caries.9.31.C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E surface. This diagnosis may result in billions of dollars in restorative treatment worldwide.7 and even higher ratios have been making visual inspection difficult or impossible.
indicating that plaque accumulation is an important predisposing factor in the development of recurrent caries. They found no significant differences in the microflora in samples from cavity walls involving primary and recurrent caries. of any restoration is more difficult for patients to keep plaque-free than any other part. recurrent caries does not develop as a result of microleakage along the tooth-restoration interface. the bulk of available evidence indicates that there is no relationship between the development of recurrent caries and the size of the crevice at the toothrestoration interface. BACTERIOLOGY OF RECURRENT CARIES Little attention has been paid to the microbiology of recurrent caries. One study indicated that crevices at the tooth-restoration interface of less than 35 to 50 micrometers do not predispose a patient to the development of recurrent caries.49 The presence of overhangs— even minute overhangs that are difficult to detect clinically—predispose a patient to the development of recurrent caries.42. Kidd and colleagues33 performed cultures on samples of dentin taken from the dentinoenamel junction at intervals during cavity preparation using a rubber dam.40 but this view has been challenged. which were known to prevent recurrent caries but dissolved in situ. Is it really caries that is diagnosed? 1428 JADA.41 However. and it is similar in composition to that of the pellicle that normally covers all teeth and restorations.34-38 These findings indicate that resinbased materials accumulate more plaque. The crack is stained but not carious. Practice-based studies have shown that there is no difference in the relative frequency of replacement of such restorations owing to a diagnosis of recurrent caries with the exception of silicate cement restorations.C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E Figure 1. not unlike those sometimes seen at the margin of tooth-colored restorations. 136 Microleakage also has been associated with the development of recurrent caries.39. The amount of plaque and its cariogenicity at restoration margins depends on the restorative material.42-47 except in cases of macroleakage in which the crevice exceeded 250 µm42 or 400 µm. while larger crevices do. but it is a surface lesion similar to primary carious lesions on smooth surfaces. the gingival margins of Class II through Class IV restorations are difficult to examine clinically because it is not possible to view them directly and the explorer tends to stick regardless of whether the cavosurface margin is carious. All rights reserved. especially if it is located interproximally. Vertical crack in the enamel of the right maxillary central incisor of an adult. The cracks are unstained and not carious. Figure 2.18 These findings raise legitimate questions regarding the diagnosis. The stained component is considered to be the proteinacious material in the crack or crevice. Finally. silicate cement and glass ionomer materials. Carious lesions never seem to develop in these cracks or the adjacent areas. Vol.17. Bacteria have been found at the restoration- www.ada. Vertical cracks in the left maxillary central incisor of a 22-year-old person. .48 Thus. and this plaque is more cariogenic than that seen on amalgam.42 The best clinical evidence that microleakage does not lead to the development of caries may be found by observing cracks in teeth (Figures 1 and 2). Thus.org/goto/jada October 2005 Copyright ©2005 American Dental Association. a number of factors predispose a patient to the diagnosis of recurrent caries at the gingival margin of restorations. but they clearly pick up stains over time.
59 If clinically diagnosed recurrent caries often is a marginal defect rather than a carious lesion. Because restorative materials are radiopaque. they may hide the lesion completely or partially (Figures 3 and 4). In fact. fissures and pits. they rarely develop carious lesions. Thus. 2004). But this clinical approach to the problem has been challenged. cavity interface and have been shown to cause pulpal reactions in short-term experiments in newly erupted teeth. practice-based cross-sectional studies of October 2005 1429 JADA.57. DIAGNOSIS OF RECURRENT CARIES Recurrent caries at proximal or gingival locations in restorations can be diagnosed by radiography provided the X-rays are at an optimal angle in relation to the lesion. ditched and stained margins. unpublished data.ada.52-56 and the diagnostic variations among clinicians are astounding. and this flawed process points to the need for a change. Radiograph of the premolar shown in Figure 3 with recurrent carious lesion (arrow) partially hidden by the radiopaque amalgam restoration. because recurrent carious lesions seldom are diagnosed on the occlusal surface. in fact. Figure 3. stain is not a reliable predictor of the presence of recurrent caries.M. Stains at the margins of tooth-colored restora- tions are difficult to differentiate from recurrent caries. The burnout that frequently occurs at the cervical margin also may make interpretation difficult. as well as true recurrent caries.C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E Figure 4. In general.51 This finding. regardless of whether it is carious. the diagnosis of recurrent caries lacks consistency. In fact. should not be confused with the development of recurrent caries. a study of ditched and nonditched margins of amalgam restorations has shown that there is no difference in the presence of carious lesions in the two situations.18 However. it is noteworthy that commonly observed ditched margins on restorations are characteristic features of the occlusal surface of amalgam restorations and resin-based composite restorations. In this context. All rights reserved.58 Based on the available evidence and confirmed clinical experience.56 Similar illdefined and subjective criteria were described by almost 300 general practitioners in the diagnosis of recurrent caries (I. 136 www.58 As in cracks (Figure 1). it is unlikely that fluoride or other materials releasing known caries-preventing agents will reduce the frequency with which recurrent caries is diagnosed.org/goto/jada Copyright ©2005 American Dental Association. only frankly cavitated carious lesions at restoration margins constitute a reliable diagnosis of recurrent caries. Vol.A..44 These differences reflect the subjective disparities that characterize teaching in this area. and the bacteria demonstrated by histobacteriological techniques may not be cariogenic. clinical practice reflects the state of education.47 It is important in this situation to keep in mind that an explorer will stick in any crevice. are localized defects that may be repaired or refurbished. THE TREATMENT OF RECURRENT CARIES The clinical diagnosis of recurrent caries invariably has resulted in the replacement of the restoration affected. In this context.50. one also should note that most oral bacteria are nonpathogenic. Photograph showing a recurrent carious lesion (arrow) in a maxillary premolar at the gingivolingual aspect of a Class II amalgam restoration. however. .
rather than performing a total replacement.18 This finding by itself. a reassessment of the treatment approach is recommended. The small. This exploratory preparation provided information about the extent of the lesion and removed the stain. Discolored area at the occlusal aspect of the Class V restoration in the mandibular first premolar. discoloration and wetness of the lesions—are essential for differentiating active from arrested carious lesions. Practitioners should consider repairing and refurbishing any localized defects at restoration 1430 JADA. All of the restorations were diagnosed as having recurrent caries and were scheduled for replacement. the stain cannot be removed by grinding. surprisingly. Vol. Figure 6. Under my supervision. and it has treatment implications. Discolored areas adjacent to restorations may be misdiagnosed as recurrent carious lesions (Figure 5). The student confirmed the localized nature of the defects (Figure 8) and prepared them for repair by removing small parts of the resin-based composite material adjacent to the stained margins.ada. including clinically diagnosed recurrent caries.17. As the lesion reaches dentin. coupled with the relatively short life span of glass ionomer cement restorations. This defect and the slight gingival defect were diagnosed as recurrent carious lesions. In vitro studies have shown that glass ionomer cements reduce the incidence and severity of recurrent caries. However. including disintegration and eventually cavity formation. another is softening of the tissues. Occasionally. the wetness of the lesion also is a relevant clinical criterion.C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E Figure 5. indicates that the caries-preventive properties of restorative materials will not affect the restoration replacement rate. reasons for restoration replacement show that glass ionomer restorative materials most often are replaced under the diagnosis of recurrent caries. discolored gingival defect was hard and was left untreated for monitoring of future progression. I have successfully employed this approach in the last three to four years to the extent that they have become routine procedures.org/goto/jada October 2005 Copyright ©2005 American Dental Association. and a small exploratory preparation should be made. 136 margins. and the lateral incisor also had stained discrepancies on the incisal part of the restoration (Figure 7). Grinding with a fine finishing bur to remove the stain under the resin flash can alleviate the problem (Figure 6).62 Based on the evidence available. The student then carefully approached all the stained margins from the restoration side. As the defects www. This differentiation is made routinely in primary caries. Other times. a dental student subjected the stained margin on the lateral incisor to grinding but could not remove the stain. the canine and premolar had stained discrepancies on the gingival margin. not made relative to recurrent caries.33 These three characteristics of carious lesions—softening of the tissues.61 but this finding has not been verified clinically and care should be exercised when applying the results of in vitro studies to the clinical situation. All rights reserved. Figures 7 through 9 illustrate the clinical procedures I adopted in a case in which the Class V restorations in the lateral incisor. which shows that clinically diagnosed recurrent caries is a localized surface defect adjacent to restorations. . except in extreme situations such as when the patient has xerostomia. It must be recognized that discoloration is but one sign of carious lesions. such differentiations are. the localized discolorations are caused by stain under resin flash beyond the extent of the cavosurface margin.60 Again the clinical diagnosis must be questioned. A brief grinding of the stained part of the restoration shown in Figure 5 with a fine finishing bur removed the stain under the resin flash.
ada. All rights reserved. the cavities were considered suitable for repair using a conventional restorative technique. bond strengths. Preparation of undercuts in the old material does not necessarily improve the repair Figure 9. The student treated ditched margins on amalgam restorations similarly by opening up the ditch from the amalgam side and then restoring the exploratory preparation whenever it was confirmed that the lesion was limited and localized. of the restoration is adopted frequently as an alternative to total replacement.68 Reviews of literature and additional in vitro studies on the bonding between old and new materials used for repair of resin-based composite restorations69 and amalgam restorations70 indicate that the bond strength between new and old materials is less than that of intact specimens.63-67 In North America. including recurrent caries.C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E Figure 7. and the lateral incisor also had stained discrepancies on the incisal aspect of the restoration. the canine and the premolar had stained discrepancies on the gingival aspect. Teeth with stained margins of tooth-colored restorations and ditched margins in which the explorer tends to stick often October 2005 1431 JADA. Figure 8. A review of the literature demonstrates marked deviations in this diagnosis among clinicians. the minimal intervention approach to restorative dentistry calls for repair rather than total replacement of restorations with localized defects. All of the restorations were diagnosed as having recurrent carious lesions. because of the difficulties in adequately filling the undercuts. The student then repaired the defects (Figure 9). rather than replacement. . did not extend deep into the tooth-restoration interface. indicate that repair.71 Resin-based composite restorations also may be repaired and refurbished successfully. but it generally is considered clinically acceptable. CONCLUSIONS Uncertainty exists with regard to the clinical diagnosis of recurrent caries. 136 www. The majority of dental schools consider repair to be a definitive measure and reported that an acceptable life span of repaired restorations was four years. Vol. about 71 percent of dental schools teach how to repair resin-based composite restorations.org/goto/jada Copyright ©2005 American Dental Association. The Class V restorations in the lateral incisor.63 Dental teaching programs related to localized defects on restorations. My clinical experience with repair of amalgam restorations confirms the results of Smales and Hawthorne. The three Class V restorations with localized defects shown in Figure 7 were prepared for repair by removing a small part of the composite material adjacent to the stained margins. Surveys have shown great variations in or lack of defined criteria to characterize these lesions. The localized defects at the cavosurface margins of the three Class V restorations immediately after the defects had been repaired and the gingival cord has been removed.67 Furthermore. Diligent use of clinical techniques is required. and longevity studies of such restorations are in progress.
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