Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1720954.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 07:19:50+00:00

Document:
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. Donald R. MILLER, Jr., in his capacity as the Independent Executor of the Will and Estate of Charles J. Wyly, Jr. also known as Charles J. Wyly, Jr., David Matthews, Lisa Wyly, Kelly Wyly O'Donovan, Andrew Wyly, Charles J. Wyly, III, Jennifer Wyly Lincoln, James W. Lincoln, Cheryl Wyly, Evan Acton Wyly, Laurie Wyly Matthews, Martha Wyly Miller, Donald R. Miller, Jr., Emily Wyly, Christiana Wyly, John Graham, Defendants–Appellants, Amuel E. Wyly, Louis J. Schaufele, III, Michael C. French, Caroline D. Wyly, Emily Wyly Lindsey, Defendants.
Before: CABRANES, POOLER, and DRONEY, Circuit Judges. Daniel Staroselsky (Anne K. Small, Michael A. Conley, John W. Avery, Randall W. Quinn, Hope Hall Augustini, on the brief), Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff–Appellee. David L. Kornblau (Eric Hellerman, Evie Spanos on the brief), Covington & Burling LLP, New York, NY, for Defendants–Appellants.
This appeal arises out of a civil enforcement action brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) against defendants Samuel Wyly and Charles Wyly, Jr. (the “Wyly Brothers”). After a jury found the Wyly Brothers liable for multiple claims of securities fraud, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Shira A. Scheindlin, Judge ) ordered payment of approximately $300 million in disgorgement. Fearing the dissipation of ill-gotten gains among the Wyly Brothers' family members, the SEC requested that the District Court enter a temporary asset freeze. While that request was pending before the District Court, Samuel Wyly and the widow of Charles Wyly filed petitions for Chapter 11 protection in Bankruptcy Court, triggering the automatic stay provision of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 362. Shortly thereafter, the District Court entered the requested order freezing the Wyly Brothers' ill-gotten gains, including assets transferred to multiple family members, who are named Relief Defendants in this action.
We hold that the entry of the asset freeze order did not violate the Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay. The order fell within the “governmental unit” exception to the automatic stay provision, did not constitute impermissible “enforcement of a money judgment,” and did not run afoul of Brennan. We also conclude that it was properly supported by a showing of ill-gotten gains as to nine of the sixteen Relief Defendants. Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part the District Court's November 3, 2014 asset freeze order insofar as it restrained the assets of these nine Relief Defendants. Because, however, we are unable to determine on the record before us whether sufficient evidence supports imposition of the order against the remaining seven Relief Defendants, the cause is REMANDED to the District Court, with instructions to conduct additional factual development on that limited issue and such further proceedings as may be appropriate and consistent with this opinion. In the interest of judicial economy, any future appeals taken from the District Court's decisions shall be referred to this panel.
Although the case against the Wyly Brothers was complex,2 the facts relevant to the instant appeal are relatively straightforward. Samuel Wyly and Charles Wyly were officers, directors, and shareholders of four publicly traded corporations. Beginning in the early 1990s, the Wyly Brothers transferred millions of stock options received from those corporations to an extensive system of offshore trusts and subsidiary entities in the Isle of Man (“IOM”), a self-governing British Crown dependency in the Irish Sea. For the next dozen years, the IOM trusts exercised those options and traded in the securities, while the Wyly Brothers failed to properly disclose their beneficial ownership. The undisclosed transactions numbered in the hundreds and returned profits of more than $550 million.
On July 29, 2010, the SEC initiated a civil enforcement action against the Wyly Brothers, asserting multiple claims of securities fraud. The District Court bifurcated the liability and remedies phases of the case. In May 2014, following a six-week trial, a jury returned a verdict finding the Wyly Brothers liable for nine claims of securities fraud, involving the violation of multiple antifraud, registration, and reporting provisions of federal law. Following a separate bench proceeding, the District Court dismissed a tenth claim of insider trading. According to trial evidence, the Wylys used the IOM trusts from 1992 to 2005 to trade in secret without making the requisite disclosures, to protect their assets from creditors, and to avoid taxes on trading profits earned. Evidence adduced at trial also indicated that some of the proceeds from the IOM trusts flowed to family members of the Wyly Brothers.
Following the jury's liability determination, the District Court entered a complex remedies phase to quantify the Wylys' ill-gotten gains and to determine whether and how much the Wylys should be required to disgorge. In the remedies phase, which was tried to the bench, the SEC proposed seven theories pursuant to which the Wyly Brothers should be required to pay disgorgement.
On November 3, 2014, the District Court granted the SEC's requests for an asset freeze, expedited discovery, and an accounting of the Wyly Brothers' assets.17 The freeze order extended to assets of the family-member Relief Defendants “which were, at any time, the property of the IOM Trusts and Companies” and any other assets received from the Wyly Brothers after January 1, 2005.18 The asset freeze explicitly exempted any income or assets not derived or received from the IOM trusts or the Wylys.19 Additionally, the freeze carved out living expenses of $15,000 per month ($180,000 per annum) for each Relief Defendant except Caroline Wyly, in addition to all medical expenses, all tuition and education-related expenses, all taxes, reasonable legal fees and expenses, and certain bankruptcy-related expenses.20 The freeze order also indicated that the District Court would resolve on a case-by-case basis further requests for exemptions regarding the Relief Defendants' real estate holdings.21 Since the entry of the asset freeze order, the District Court has approved multiple further accommodations for the Relief Defendants without objection from the SEC.
On appeal, the fifteen family-member Relief Defendants challenge the freeze of their assets on three grounds.
First, they argue that the freeze order violates the Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay provision, because it constitutes an action by the SEC to collect an anticipated money judgment.
Third, they contend that the District Court erred or “abused its discretion” in applying the freeze order to seven of the Relief Defendants, because there is no record evidence that those individuals received any ill-gotten gains from the Wyly Brothers.
We review an asset freeze order for abuse of discretion.32 “A district court has abused its discretion if it based its ruling on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or rendered a decision that cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.”33 We review underlying questions of fact for clear error, and underlying questions of law—such as the application of the Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay provision to the freeze order—de novo.34 We consider in turn each of these claims on appeal.
The Relief Defendants' first (and principal) claim—that the Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay provision precluded the issuance of the asset freeze order—tests the scope of this Court's opinion in SEC v. Brennan. To evaluate it, we must first explore the meaning of the automatic stay provision, an exception to that provision, and an exception to the exception.
In the instant case, all parties agree that the SEC's regulatory enforcement action against the Wyly Brothers falls within the governmental unit exception.40 The Relief Defendants assert, however, that this case falls under an exception to the governmental unit exception. This “exception to the exception” provides that actions to enforce money judgments are subject to the automatic stay, even if they were otherwise pursued by a governmental unit in furtherance of the government's police or regulatory powers.41 Accordingly, the Relief Defendants argue that the asset freeze order is subject to the automatic stay. The SEC counters that the asset freeze order does not fall within the money judgment “exception to the exception” and hence does not trigger the automatic stay. Both parties invoke the case of SEC v. Brennan in aid of their positions.
We agree. On de novo review, we hold that the District Court correctly interpreted our controlling precedent in SEC v. Brennan and properly concluded that this asset freeze order is exempt from the Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay provision.
Factual, procedural, and policy considerations distinguish this case from Brennan and lead to our conclusion that this asset freeze order falls within the “governmental unit exception” but not within the “exception to the exception” for actions to enforce a money judgment. We explain each of these considerations below.
First, the order at issue here differs significantly from the order in Brennan. There, we vacated an order directing the debtor to repatriate assets held abroad and deposit them in a court registry. Here, the applicable order is merely an asset freeze, which, unlike the order in Brennan, neither transfers ownership, nor vests control over assets in the courts, nor—given its numerous exemptions for legal, medical, educational, and other uses, as well as generous living expenses—entirely deprives the Relief Defendants of their use. To be sure, the asset freeze order entered by the District Court does temporarily burden the use of certain assets. It does not, however, rise to the level of impermissible enforcement of a money judgment. Unlike the repatriation and deposit order in Brennan, the asset freeze seeks not to modify or transfer assets in any way, but rather, merely to “preserve the status quo in anticipation of a final judgment.”44 We regarded as “a close one” the question of whether Brennan's substantially more burdensome repatriation and deposit order constituted enforcement of a money judgment.45 The significantly less onerous asset freeze at issue here falls on the other side of the line.
Relief Defendants attempt to characterize the freeze as an impermissible “step [ ]preparatory to money collection” that is functionally equivalent to Brennan's repatriation and registry deposit order.46 The argument is strained and unpersuasive. By that logic, many or most aspects of statutorily unstayed governmental unit actions could be characterized as “steps preparatory to money collection,” so long as the initial complaint sought monetary relief. We decline to adopt the interpretation of the exception urged by Relief Defendants, which would effectively swallow the rule.
The pre-judgment asset freeze at issue here thus does not implicate the same concerns as did the post-judgment repatriation and deposit order in Brennan. Moreover, the SEC persuasively argues that the relevant judgment is not the one entered in February 2015 against the Wyly Brothers, but rather, the judgment which has yet to be entered against the Relief Defendants, who only answered the complaint against them in April 2015.
Consistent with the statutory imperative, our focus remains whether a given order constitutes “enforcement of a judgment other than a money judgment.”52 Here, the asset freeze did not enforce a money judgment because, as of the date of issuance of the freeze order, no judgment had yet been entered.
In this case, the asset freeze order does not jeopardize either of these policy objectives; on the contrary, it complements both. In Brennan, the SEC had tried and failed to obtain from the Bankruptcy Court a repatriation order for the offshore trusts. Only after that failure did the SEC seek in the district court precisely the same relief that the Bankruptcy Court had previously rejected. Thus, the specter of forum-shopping and inefficient, uncoordinated proceedings loomed large in our analysis of the policy concerns presented in Brennan.
Under these circumstances, the entry of the asset freeze order here does not contravene the first policy of “centraliz[ing] all disputes concerning property of the debtor's estate so that reorganization can proceed efficiently, unimpeded by uncoordinated proceedings in other arenas.”59 Moreover, the asset freeze order is fully consistent with the second policy of “prevent [ing] a debtor from frustrating necessary governmental functions by seeking refuge in bankruptcy court.”60 The Wylys initiated bankruptcy proceedings and invoked the automatic stay mere days after the SEC filed its then-pending motion for an asset freeze. The timing speaks loudly for itself.
Finally, there is reason to doubt the Relief Defendants' representation that the District Court's involvement is unnecessary because “the frozen assets are property of the bankruptcy estates [of the Wyly Brothers] ․ [and therefore] are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Bankruptcy Court.”61 In their bankruptcy proceedings, Samuel and Caroline Wyly have refused to take a position on whether they own the IOM trust assets, leaving in doubt whether they fall within the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction.62 Further, the Bankruptcy Court may not be able to address dissipation of offshore assets by third parties, which some evidence suggests may be already underway.63 Notwithstanding the ongoing bankruptcy proceedings, there is a clear need for the independent asset freeze to preserve the status quo.
In light of the legal, factual, procedural, and policy concerns at issue here, we conclude that the asset freeze order is consistent with the Bankruptcy Code's automatic stay provision and our governing precedent in Brennan.
Since the tax avoidance sum merely served the purpose of quantifying the disgorgement remedy, rather than forming the basis for liability itself, it is irrelevant that—or whether—tax liability is non-transferable.73 What matters is that the gains received were ill-gotten in violation of securities laws, a determination that has already been made by the jury at trial. That conclusion is not disturbed by the particular measure used by the District Court to order equitable relief. Here, the District Court's adoption of two alternative measures of disgorgement in its September and December opinions makes the point even more salient.74 The Relief Defendants challenge only the tax measure set forth in the September opinion. In fact, the particular method of measurement used is immaterial.
Treating the Relief Defendants as being all similarly situated, the District Court stated, without further elaboration or individuation, that the IOM trusts “have made distributions to the Family Members[;][t]hus, the Family Members are likely in possession of ill-gotten funds.”76 Seven Relief Defendants challenge this finding as baseless, and the SEC has presented no evidence of the alleged distributions cited by the District Court as to these defendants. Three Relief Defendants—Andrew Wyly, Christiana Wyly, and Evan Wyly—are named beneficiaries of the IOM trusts, but the record on appeal does not reflect distributions to them from these trusts. Four other Relief Defendants—Charles J. Wyly, III, Donald Miller, John Graham, and David Matthews—appear to have possessed trust property, including jewelry, artwork, furnishings and residences, but the District Court did not rely on this evidence in fashioning its asset freeze order.
On this record, we cannot know, much less decide, whether the District Court clearly erred in determining that the IOM trusts “made distributions” to each of the Relief Defendants. We thus think it prudent to remand the cause to the District Court for further individualized findings regarding trust distributions to these seven Relief Defendants. Given its greater familiarity with the record evidence and the evidence adduced at trial, the District Court should rely on specific facts from the record showing receipt of ill-gotten gains by these individual defendants or, to the extent it deems necessary, undertake further fact-finding. If the requisite evidence does not exist with respect to any or all of the seven Relief Defendants, the asset freeze order should be vacated as to those individuals.
(2) The order was properly supported by a showing of receipt of ill-gotten gains by nine of the sixteen Relief Defendants.
Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part the District Court's November 3, 2014 asset freeze order insofar as it restrained the assets of these nine Relief Defendants.
(3) We are unable to determine on this record whether seven of the sixteen Relief Defendants personally received ill-gotten gains.
Accordingly, we REMAND the cause to the District Court for additional factual development on the limited issue of whether these seven Relief Defendants received ill-gotten gains.
In the interest of judicial economy, any future appeals taken from the District Court's decisions shall be referred to this panel.
1. 230 F.3d 65 (2d Cir.2000).
2. See generally SEC v. Wyly, 33 F.Supp.3d 290 (S.D.N.Y.2014); SEC v. Wyly, 950 F.Supp.2d 547 (S.D.N.Y.2013); SEC v. Wyly, 788 F.Supp.2d 92 (S.D.N.Y.2011).
3. The District Court rejected outright several other theories of disgorgement as counterfactual or untimely, and the SEC voluntarily withdrew one disgorgement theory.
4. SEC v. Wyly, 56 F.Supp.3d 394, 431 (S.D.N.Y.2014).
5. Id. at 427, 431. The District Court explicitly indicated that “any amounts disgorged in this case should be credited towards any subsequent tax liability determined in an IRS civil proceeding as a matter of equity.” Id. at 427.
6. The September disgorgement opinion ordered disgorgement of $187,233,693 in ill-gotten gains, plus $112,123,550.80 in prejudgment interest, for a total of $299,357,243.80. Id. at 434; J.A. 1584.
7. SEC v. Wyly, 71 F.Supp.3d 399, 403–04 (S.D.N.Y.2014). The total amount of disgorgement under this alternative measure was calculated to be $174,967,561. SEC v. Wyly, No. 10 Civ. 5760(SAS), 2015 WL 427423, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.2, 2015).
8. Wyly, 71 F.Supp.3d at 404.
14. Id. at 1678–83, 2011–14.
17. Special App'x at 1–9.
23. Special App'x at 4.
24. Id. Ultimately, it will be the task of the Bankruptcy Court, not this one, to determine the scope of the bankruptcy estate. The asset freeze order thus provides that, when the Bankruptcy Court establishes control over all the assets contained within the estate, the order at issue will dissolve, and the Bankruptcy Court will continue its work without the involvement of the District Court. Id.
25. SEC v. Wyly, 73 F.Supp.3d 315 (S.D.N.Y.2014).
26. 230 F.3d 65 (2d Cir.2000).
27. Wyly, 73 F.Supp.3d at 320.
29. 155 F.3d 129 (2d Cir.1998).
30. In re Wyly, 526 B.R. 194 (Bankr.N.D.Tex.2015).
31. Id. at 201. In the bankruptcy proceeding, Samuel and Caroline Wyly have filed schedules of assets and liabilities containing disclaimers that assets from the IOM trusts are property of the debtors' bankruptcy estates.
32. Smith v. SEC, 653 F.3d 121, 127 (2d Cir.2011).
33. In re Sims, 534 F.3d 117, 132 (2d Cir.2008) (internal quotation marks, alteration, and citations omitted); see also In re The City of New York, 607 F.3d 923, 943 n. 21 (2d Cir.2010) (explaining that “abuse” is a nonpejorative “term of art”).
34. Picard v. Fairfield Greenwich Ltd., 762 F.3d 199, 206 (2d Cir.2014).
35. 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(3). We assume without deciding that the non-debtor Relief Defendants may invoke the automatic stay provision in aid of their claims on appeal.
36. In re U.S. Lines, Inc., 197 F.3d 631, 640 (2d Cir.1999) (quoting In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc., 922 F.2d 984, 989 (2d Cir .1990)).
37. 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(4) (emphasis added).
38. 230 F.3d at 71 (quoting City of New York v. Exxon Corp., 932 F.2d 1020, 1024 (2d Cir.1991)).
39. H.R. Rep. No. 95–595, at 343 (1977), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News at 6299 (emphasis added); accord S. Rep. No. 95–989, at 52 (1978), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin. News at 5838.
40. See Defs.' Br. at 15; Pl. Br. at 23.
41. See Brennan, 230 F.3d at 71 (quoting Penn Terra Ltd. v. Dep't of Envtl. Res., 733 F.2d 267, 272 (3d Cir.1984)).
42. Id. at 71–72 (internal quotation marks omitted).
43. Wyly, 73 F.Supp.3d at 320.
45. Brennan, 230 F.3d at 71.
46. Defs.' Br. at 15–16.
47. The repatriation and deposit order was issued after the SEC moved for an ex parte order to show cause as to why Brennan should not be held in civil contempt for failing to comply with the disgorgement order.
48. On July 7, 2015, the District Court denied the Wylys' motion for judgment as a matter of law pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b), or, in the alternative, for a new trial pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59. On September 4, 2015, the Wylys filed a notice of appeal as to the February 26, 2015 final judgment and the July 7, 2015 order denying their Rule 50(b) and Rule 59 motions.
49. 230 F.3d at 72 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted).
51. We note that the timing here neatly exemplifies the distinction between the asset freeze order in this case and the repatriation and deposit order that violated the automatic stay in Brennan. Asset freeze orders like the one entered here are routinely issued pre-judgment in actions for equitable remedies, well before damages have been fixed or a money judgment entered. See, e.g., Gucci Am., Inc. v. Weixing Li, 768 F.3d 122, 131 (2d Cir.2014) (noting that district courts have equitable power to issue a pre-judgment asset freeze where such relief was traditionally available). By contrast, repatriation and deposit orders, like the one vacated in Brennan, are typically reserved for post-judgment collection proceedings.
52. 11 U.S.C. § 362(b)(4).
53. 230 F.3d at 75.
54. Id. (quoting In re United States Lines, Inc., 197 F.3d at 640).
55. Id. (quoting Exxon Corp., 932 F.2d at 1024).
56. In re Wyly, 526 B.R. at 196 n. 4.
59. Brennan, 230 F.3d at 75 (quoting In re United States Lines, Inc., 197 F.3d at 640).
60. Id. (quoting Exxon Corp., 932 F.2d at 1024).
61. Defs.' Br. at 13–14.
62. Wyly, 73 F.Supp.3d at 321 & n. 20. Similarly, in their briefing here, Relief Defendants carefully avoid claiming (or disclaiming) the IOM trust assets on behalf of the Wyly Brothers. See Defs.' Br. at 13 (“The SEC takes the position that assets transferred to the relief defendants by the Wyly Brothers or the offshore entities are either owned or controlled by the Wyly Brothers․ Thus, according to the SEC, the frozen assets are property of the bankruptcy estates of Sam Wyly and Charles Wyly's widow ․“ (emphasis added)).
63. Wyly, 73 F.Supp.3d at 320 & n. 19.
64. Cavanagh, 155 F.3d at 136.
66. Id. As noted above, see notes 32–34 ante, we review an asset freeze order for abuse of discretion, see Smith, 653 F.3d at 127; we review the underlying legal conclusions de novo and factual determinations for clear error, see Cayuga Indian Nation v. Seneca Cty., 761 F.3d 218, 220 (2d Cir.2014).
67. Defs.' Br. at 19–20.
69. Wyly, 56 F.Supp.3d at 431 n. 223 (quoting SEC v. Banner Fund Int'l, 211 F.3d 602, 617 (D.C.Cir.2000)). As the D.C. Circuit has explained, to hold otherwise “would lead to absurd results,” including, for example, enabling “a defendant who was careful to spend all the proceeds of his fraudulent scheme, while husbanding his other assets, [to be] immune from an order of disgorgement.” Banner Fund Int'l, 211 F.3d at 617.
70. Wyly, 56 F.Supp.3d at 430 (emphasis in original).
71. Id. at 425 (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting its own earlier summary judgment decision in SEC v. Wyly, No. 10 Civ. 5760(SAS), 2013 WL 2951960, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 13, 2013)).
73. Though we need not reach the issue, we note that the SEC presents countervailing arguments and precedent indicating that unlawful tax savings are transferable. See Pl. Br. at 43–45.
74. As previously noted, the alternative calculation set forth in the December disgorgement opinion was only to be used if the September disgorgement method failed on appeal.
75. Defs.' Br. at 21–22; Defs.' Reply Br. at 11–15.
76. Wyly, 73 F.Supp.3d at 322.
77. See Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Kimberlynn Creek Ranch, Inc., 276 F.3d 187, 192 (4th Cir.2002) (noting that a nominal defendant with no ownership interest in the funds at issue “is part of a suit only as the holder of assets that must be recovered in order to afford complete relief”).

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