Source: http://www.ijrte.org/download/volume-1-issue-6/
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 10:02:41+00:00

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Abstract: There is a pressing need to explore circuit design ideas in new emerging technologies in deep-submicron in order to exploit their full potential during the early stages of their development. Carbon nanotube (CNT) based technology has significant potential to replace silicon technology sometimes in the future. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are investigated for applications in logic and sensing circuits due to their superior transport properties. CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology is better in switching speed specially for NMOS. In this work we take advantage of the high mobility transport in p-type CNTFETs and combine them with high-performance conventional n-type MOSFETs, thereby achieving the best overall performance in a hybrid configuration. This paper presents a detailed simulation based assessment of circuit performance of this technology and compares it with 32nm CMOS and 32nm CNFET technologies. It is shown that the performance of the hybrid PCNFET-NMOS configuration is better than that of the pure CMOS in terms of noise margin (32.8% higher) and power consumption (60% lower) and therefore (2.5% lower )in PDP. The performance of PCNFET-NMOS is the same of pure CNFET for noise margin, 65% lower in power consumption and 2% lower in PDP. Also this integration of a carbon nanotube on an underlying CMOS circuit achieves a large saving in area that is amenable to future nanoscale device integration.
Keywords: CNFET, CMOS technology, hybrid Design, noise margin, power delay product.
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Abstract: Network on Chip (NoC) is an approach to designing communication subsystem between intelligent property (IP) cores in a system on chip (SoC). Packet switched networks are being proposed as a global communication architecture for future system-on-chip (SoC) designs. In this project, we propose a design with low latency and low power consumption and implement a wormhole router supporting multicast for Network-on-chip. Wormhole routing is a network flow control mechanism which decomposes a packet into smaller flits and delivers the flits in a pipelined fashion. It has good performance and small buffering requirements. We proposed different power consumption with different frequency with different temperature.
2. Ye Lu, John McCanny, Sakir Sezer “Generic Low Latency Noc Router Architecture for FPGA Computing Systems “,,Journal of IEEE , Page no. 82 – 89, 978-1-4577-1484-9 , 2011 21st International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Application IEEEs.
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4. Khalid Latif, Tiberiu Seceleanu,, Hannu Tenhunen, “Power and Area Efficient Design of Network-on-Chip Router Through Utilization of Idle Buffer”, Journal of IEEE ,Page no. 131 - 138 , 978-1-4244-6537-8,2010 17th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems.
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7. Glenn Leary ,Krishna Mehta, Karam S. Chatha Journal of IEEE “ Performance And Resource Optimization Of NOC Router Architecture For Master And Slave IP Cores “,Journal of IEEE Page no. 155 - 160 ,978-1-5959-3824-4 , 2007 .
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Abstract: Maraging steels are ultra-high strength and high toughness steels used in the rocket motor casing, leaf springs, landing gears etc. They obtain their strength and toughness from precipitation hardening. The strength of AISI 4130 steels is obtained by austenizing followed by quenching and tempering. They obtain their strength from martensite phase transformation. As the heat treatment for the two steels are different due to different hardening mechanisms, an optimum heat treatment needs to be developed to obtain maximum strength for the dissimilar welding of this two materials. Weldments are often made from dissimilar metals in order to satisfy different requirements for performance. A successful weld between dissimilar metals is that it possesses sufficient tensile strength and ductility so that the joint will not fail. In the present work, 18%Ni (250) maraging steel was joined to AISI 4130 low alloy steel by TIG welding with W2 maraging steel filler wire. These dissimilar welds were realized with two different material conditions. The first condition is welding of solutionised maraging steel to hardened and tempered AISI 4130 steel. The second condition is welding of aged maraging steel to hardened and tempered AISI 4130 steel. The dissimilar welds we subjected to non-destructive testing i.e. X-ray radiography and subsequently subjected to different post weld heat treatment cycles depending on the initial material condition. The joints were offered for microstructure and mechanical property evaluations such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and % elongation. The model of the specimen was created using the CATIA software. The model was meshed using software ABAQUS. Boundary conditions were given on the finite element model through ABAQUS.
Keywords: Dissimilar Metal Welding, AISI 4130, MDN 250, 18% Ni Maraging Steel.
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Abstract: With the rapid development of various multimedia technologies, more and more multimedia data are generated and transmitted in the medical, commercial, and military fields, which may include some sensitive information which should not be accessed by or can only be partially exposed to the general users. Therefore, security and privacy has become an important. Over the last few years several encryption algorithms have applied to secure image transmission. This paper is a review on the aspects and approaches of design an image cryptosystem. First a general introduction given for cryptography and images encryption and followed by different techniques in image encryption and related works for each technique surveyed. Finally, general security analysis methods for encrypted images are mentioned.
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Abstract: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric block cipher that is intended to replace DES as the approved standard for a wide range of applications. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is the current standard for secret key encryption. NIST selected Rijndael as the proposed AES algorithm. The two researchers who developed and submitted Rijndael for the AES are both cryptographers from Belgium: Dr. Joan Daemen and Dr. Vincent Rijmen. Ultimately the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS PUB 197) used a standardized version of the algorithm called Rijndael for the Advanced Encryption Standard. The algorithm uses a combination of Exclusive-OR operations (XOR), octet substitution with an S-box, row and column rotations, and a MixColumn. It was successful because it was easy to implement and could run in a reasonable amount of time on a regular computer. In this paper we Investigate on Advanced Encryption Standard Techniques with some applications like Military, finance sector and maintain the research data for long time without fail. Finally these data could be store for long time with help of Self Monitoring Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART) Copyback technique.
Keywords: Advanced Encryption Standard, Key search space.
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Abstract: A low power CMOS op-amp rail to rail op-amp. We realizes in SCNO 180nm technology. Under 1.8 power supply voltage. A constant transcondutance is ensured for the whole common-mode input range. The class AB output stage also has a full voltage swing. The circuit provides a gain bandwidth of 17.3-MHz and a DC gain of 83.67 dB. The input transistors operate in weak inversion, which have big gm/Id value, so the power consumption is reduced.
Keywords: CMOS, SCNO, DC, 173-MHz..
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Abstract: In this research work, the modern soft computing technique of Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is considered to determine global optimal values of the operating parameters in a Reactor -Heat Exchanger (RHE) system. In addition, a penalty term is incorporated in the objective function and thereby computing annual cost of the RHE system in terms of operating and investment costs. A comparative study is also made with Genetic Algorithm (GA) in RHE system. Results clearly indicate the supremacy of DE for global optimization of operating parameters in RHE system. A convergence test is performed and reported here.
Keywords: Optimization, Differential Evolution Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, Reactor - Heat Exchanger System.
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Keywords: Microstrip antenna (MSA), Antennas, Patch cover, Directivity, Negative refractive Index (NRI), metamaterials.
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Abstract: Nowadays electrical energy is very essential for human beings to fulfill the requirements of day to day activities in various measures. The demand of the electrical energy increases day by day. It is most essential to promote renewable energies so that they definitely become a strong alternative to generate electrical power for small scale needs of society. This paper discusses the convergent horizontal axis wind mill which uses the bicycle wheel instead of using propeller blades for producing power. Design of the horizontal axis wind mill is discussed and presented in this paper considering the various design factors. The results observed through various experiments in the various time zones which validate the results obtained analytically.
Keywords: Convergent turbines, Renewable energy, Wind power ..
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Abstract: An accurate understanding of the hydrological behavior of a watershed is important for effective management. Runoff is the most basic and important data needed when planning water control strategies/ practices, such as, waterways, storage facilities or erosion control structures. The most popular method used for runoff estimation is SCS runoff curve number method. In the present study Darewadi watershed was taken as case study for highlighting the role of GIS and RS in estimation of runoff from the watershed by SCS curve number method using OVERLAY techniques. 20 years daily rainfall data was acquired from Indian Metrological Department (IMD), Pune. The study reveals that the SCS-CN model can be used to estimate surface runoff depth when adequate hydrological information is not available.
Keywords: SCS CN, Runoff estimation, AMC, GIS, RS.
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2. Dutta Subashisa, Mishra A., Kar S., Panigrahy Sushma, “Estimating Spatial Curve Number for Hydrologic Response Analysis of a Small Watershed.” Journal of Spatial Hydrology, 2006, vol. 6, No. 2, pp57-67.
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5. Jena S.K. and Tiwari K. N, “Runoff Estimation Using Distributed Curve Number Technique: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management, 2002 Dec 18 to 20, Vol-II, Editors B. Venketeshwara Rao, et. al, pp 456-465.
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7. Khan Subhan, Goel Deepak and Gulshan, “Micro- Watershed Management Using Geographic Information System (GIS) & Remote Sensing (RS) In Mewat Region of Haryana.” Proceedings of the International conference on Water and Environment (WE 2003) Dec 15 to 18,Bhopal (India), Edited by Vijay P. Singh & Ram Narayan Yadava, 2003, pp 190-196.
8. Kumar P. S., Babu M. J. R. K., et. al, “Analysis of the Runoff for Watershed using SCS-CN Method and Geographic Information Systems.” International Journal of Engg. Sci. and Tech, 2010,Vol. 2(8), pp 3947-3954.
9. Mahboubeh Ebrahimian, Lai Food See. et. al, “Application of Natural Resources Conservation Service-Curve Number Method for Runoff Estimation with GIS in the Kardes Watershed, Iran.” European Journal of Scientific Research, 2009, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp 575-590.
10. Nagaraj M. K., C. Subhash. et. al, “Runoff Estimation Using GIS Technique.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management, 2002 Dec 18 to 20, Vol-II, Editors B. Venketeshwara Rao, et. al, pp 466-473.
11. Pandey A. and sahu A. K., “Estimation of Runoff Using and Geographic Information System.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management Dec 18 to 20, Vol-II, Editors B. Venketeshwara Rao, et. al, 2002, pp 503-509.
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14. Prasad M. A., A. Rama Murthy, and M. D. N. Kumar, “Selection of Suitable Sites for Rain Water Harvesting Structures And Runoff Potential Areas Using GIS And RS.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management, 2002 Dec 18 to 20, Vol-II, Editors B. Venketeshwara Rao, et. al, pp 514-521.
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Abstract: This paper focuses on the review of solar systems, converters and control techniques of MPPT with power generation. Photovoltaic cells provide an additional method of acquiring energy, converting sunlight directly into electricity through the use of semiconductors. Effective photovoltaic implementation is reviewed, focusing on semiconductor properties and overall photovoltaic system configuration. Solid-state switch-mode converters have reached a matured level for improving power quality reduced total harmonic distortion and precisely regulated dc output by Buck, Boost, Buck -Boost & Cuck regulators and also about the multilevel inverter topology. This paper deals with a comprehensive review of power converters and inverters unit. The photovoltaic generators have a nonlinear V-I characteristics and maximum power points which vary with the illumination level and temperature. Using maximum power point tracker (MPPT) with the intermediate converter can increase the system efficiency by matching the PV systems to the load. This paper presents a maximum power point tracker based on different control schemes for a single-phase or three-phase and multilevel inverter connected to the utility grid.
Keywords: Photovoltaic power systems; dc-dc converters MPPT controller, Multilevel inverters.
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Abstract: In spite of its many practical profit, mobile agent technology results in significant new security threats from both malicious agents and hosts. In this paper we explore the approaches and problems of mobile agent system, which shows that layered security and bi-directional model, may be a good initiative to resolve the security problems in mobile agent systems. Other topics about mobile agent security, such as virus detection and constrained execution are also discussed.
Keywords: Mobile agents, Security, Bi-directional Security mechanism, layered security mechanism .
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3. Conference, pages 591-597, Baltimore, Md., October 1996.
4. Dan S. Wallach. A new approach to mobile code security. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Princeton, Jan. 1999.
5. Jonathan Dale. A Mobile Agent Architecture for Distributed Information Management. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton, Sep. 1997.
6. Joseph Tardo and Luis Valenta. Mobile agent security and Telescript. In Proceedings of IEEE COMPCON '96, Feb. 1996.
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Abstract: A Coherent phase-shift-keyed (CPSK) wireless data communication circuit, based on differential signaling, is simulated for error-free data recovery. The simulated circuit is tested and the results are reported, indicating error-free data recovery. In these simulation tests, data with bit rates varying from 1Kb/s to 1Mb/s are transmitted through simulated AWGN channels with channel noise variance ranging from 1 to 10,000. All the test results indicate error-free data recovery.
Abstract: Web applications have become more crucial in many fields. This paper presents some of the basic testing techniques in the field of testing Web applications developed in current years. Some challenges related to performance testing are also outlined.
Keywords: Functional testing, Usability testing, Navigation testing, Security testing, Interoperability testing.
1. Roger S Pressman, Software Engineering A Practitioner’s Approach, 5th ed., McGraw Hill. International Edition.
2. William E. Perry. Effective Methods for Software Testing, 3rd ed., Wiley publishing, Inc, Indianapolis, IN46256.
3. Ron Paltson, Software testing, 2nd ed., Pearson Education, Inc and Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc.
4. Srinivasan Desikan, Gopalaswamy Ramesh. Software Testing Principles and Practices, 1st ed., Dorling Kindersley (INDIA) Pvt.Ltd.
5. Louise Tamers, Introducing Software Testing, Dorling Kindersley (INDIA) Pvt.Ltd.
6. Henry Bequet, Meeraj Maidoo Kunnumpurath, Sean Rhody, Andre Tost, Beginning Java Web Services, Wrox press Ltd, Arden House,1602 war wick road, Acocks Green, Birmineham.
Abstract: Fossil fuels are depleting rapidly because of incremental consumption rate due to population growth and necessary comforts on par with civilization. In this connection, the conventional fuels especially petrol and diesel for internal combustion engines, are getting exhausted at an alarming rate. In order to conserve the fossil fuels or to plan for survival of technology in future it is essential to plan for alternate fuels. Further, these fossil fuels cause serious environmental problems as they release toxic gases into the atmosphere at high temperatures and concentrations. Some of the pollutants released by the internal combustion engines are HC, CO, NOx, smoke and particulate matter. The predicted global energy consumptions are double by 2030 and quadruple by 2100. In view of this, an attempt is made to study a Low Heat Rejection (LHR) concept as one of the measures. The ignition delay will vary as the injection timing of the engine is varied. The variation in the injection timing will be effecting the performance and exhaust emissions of the engine strongly. The experimental results of the effects of variation in injection timings on the emission of LHR extended expansion engine is presented and analyzed.
Keywords: Injection Timing, Emission and LHR Extended Expansion Engine.
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2. Lavanya N., Tamilporai P., Chandrasekaran.S and Jancirani.J, Simulation of Expanded and Exhaust Cam in LHR DI Diesel Engine,Proceeding of the 19th National Conference on I.C.Engines and Combustion, Annamalai University, pp: 547-554, 2005.
3. Nazar.J, Gopala Krishnan K.V, and Nagesh S.Mavinahalli, Naturally Aspirated Low Heat Rejection Single Cylinder Extended Expansion (Miller Cycle) C.I Engine, SAE Paper No: 970202, 1997.
5. Hitomi .M, Sasaki.J, Hatamura.K and Yano Y., Mechanism of Improving Fuel Efficiency by Miller Cycle and Its Future Prospect, SAE Paper No: 950974, 1995.
6. Mavinahally. N., Kamo R., Bryzik, W. and Reid M., Insulated Miller Cycle Diesel Engine, SAE Paper No: 961050, 1996.
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Abstract: This paper describes the condition monitoring of Transformer winding. Condition Monitoring means capable to predict health condition of the electrical machine. A successful continuous condition monitoring scheme for electrical machines offers significant advantages, since it would be capable of providing adequate warning of failures of a variety of its components and would enable maintenance to be scheduled most effectively. In diagnosing faults in electrical machines, research has focused on parameters such as, insulation, capacitance, temperature, phase angle etc. In this paper a test procedure has been establish to determine the phase difference accurately. Based on this phase difference, the capacitance of the transformer winding has been calculated. The value of the capacitance basically indicates the insulation of the transformer winding. Accelerated life testing arrangement conducted to transformer winding, from this accelerated life test, approximate prediction of life of insulating material has been analysed. As the paper describes the continuous monitoring of transformer winding, so the ageing and the winding deterioration of transformer can be detected.
5. Garry E. Paulson, Ph. D., P. Eng.Mervin J. Savostianik, P. “Monitoring Neutral-Grounding Resistors—An Update”, Eng.Startco Engineering Ltd.406 Jessop Avenue Saskatoon, skatchewan.
6. Troy V. Nguyen Lockheed, “A System Approach to Machinery Condition Monitoring and iagnostic”, Martin Information Systems Ship Automation Systems Orlando, Florida.
through the use of Web-based technology”.
8. Peter Werle, Hossein Borsi,“Diagnosing the Insulation Condition of Dry Type Transformers using a Multiple Sensor Partial Discharge Localization Technique”, Ernst Gockenbach University of Hannover, Institute of Electric Power Systems Division of High Voltage Engineering, Schering – Institute Callinstrasse 25 A, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
9. Engr. Mohammed Hanif, “Principles & Applications of Insulation testing with DC”, ABB Electrical Industries Co. Ltd. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
10. Du, Yanqing, “Measurements and modeling of moisture diffusion processes in transformer insulation using interdigital dielectrometry sensors”, 1971- Advisor: Markus Zahn and Bernard C. Lesieutre.
11. G W A McDowell, M L Lockwood,”Real Time Monitoring of Movement of Transformer Winding”, ERA Technology Ltd.
14. Marian Dumitru, Negrea,”Electromagnetic Flux Monitoring for Detecting Faults in ElectricalMachines”.
Abstract: The present economic crisis experienced by all the states of the world orients more and more the information technology industry towards efficiency. Organizations are striving to become intelligent and achieve competition advantages through the use of Business Intelligence (BI) solutions. One of the instruments that can bring about the technology requirements of evolving BI solutions is Cloud Computing. The present paper identifies the key factors responsible for evolution of New Business Intelligence on the Cloud, the various models available to port BI solution on Cloud, the primary drivers for Cloud BI, the impact of implementing Cloud BI as well as issues around it.
Keywords: Business Intelligence, Cloud, Cloud BI, BI in the Cloud.
Abstract: Tree species with shallow dormancy are used for reforestation by airplane sowing in order to establish forest in mountain areas. To enhance germination, the quality of young seedling, an electrostatic field is used to treat pine seeds. Experiments found that treatment effect depended on the dosage, process and vigor index of seeds, and the optimal dosage was 500 kV/m 10 minutes for dry or wet seeds to improve germination, seedling height and root length during initial germination and middle and later stages of seedling development.
Keywords: Dosage, Electrostatic Field, Germination, Tree Seed Pretreatment.
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and Wireless Symposium, Jan. 2012, Santa Clara, CA.
11. Z. X. Luo and T. C. Jannett, “Energy-Based Target Localization in Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks”, in Proc. of the 2012 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, Jan. 2012, Santa Clara, CA.
12. R. Szewczyk, E. Osterweil, J. Polastre et al., “Habitat monitoring with sensor networks,” Communications of the ACM, 2004, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 34-40.
13. Z. X. Luo and T. C. Jannett, “A Multi-Objective Method to Balance Energy Consumption and Performance for Energy-Based Target Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks”, in Proc. of the 2012 IEEE Southeastcon, Orlando, FL. Mar. 2012.
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Abstract: In the modern world class manufacturing it is of prime importance for modern management to make crucial decisions quickly and accurately to stand at the global competitive cutting edge. In many real life situations the main interest concern the prediction of how a system will perform under various conditions of change in the environment as well as with in the system. Experimenting on real system is not always feasible, so it is carried on some representative unit of the system. This unit is called a model and the process modeling. Simulation is a technique of systems modeling and analysis that involves mathematical models of a dynamic nature which are solved numerically. Simulation is a powerful and scientific method, which is widely, applied methodology for studying the behaviour of a variety of systems in order to develop solutions to problems in their design and operation. An overview of simulation modeling and analysis is recent advancements in this field, recommendations for selecting right simulation software, related technologies like artificial intelligence techniques, how they are integrated with computer simulation modeling and benefits due to development of these hybrid technologies.Computer simulation is one of the popular experimental investigation techniques as it involved reduced costs, time and risks compared to experimenting decision alternatives with real world system in real time. In the computer simulation, developing the models of the real systems on the computer has carried out experimentation. The use of simulation mathematical models has been proposed to reduce the computer costs of simulation while making use of its potential of predicting the performance of complex system..
1. Muller, D., Jackman, J., and, Fitzwater, C., “A simulation-based work order release mechanism for a flexible manufacturing System” Proceedings of the 1990 Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 599-602.
2. Naylor, T. H., J. L. Balintfy, D. S. Burdick, and K. Chu. “Computer simulation techniques” John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, 1996.
3. Yücesan, E. And Fowler, J. ,“Simulation analysis of manufacturing and logistics systems” Encylclopedia of Production and Manufacturing Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, P. Swamidass ed. , pp. 687-697., 2000.
4. Schruben, L., and T. Roeder, “Fast simulations of large-scale highly congested systems”, Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2003, pp. 115-125.
5. Jankauskas, L. and S. McLafferty, “BESTFIT, “Distribution fitting software by palisade corporation” Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference, 1996, pp. 551-555.
6. Law, A.M. and M.G. McComas, “Pitfalls to avoid in the simulation of manufacturing systems” Industrial Engineering, Vol. 31, 1989, pp. 28-31,69.
7. Law, A.M. and D.W. Kelton “Simulation modeling and analysis” (3rd Ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.
manufacturing scheduling” Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 1849-1856.
9. Jackson, M., and Johansson, C. (1997) “Real Time Discrete Event Simulation of a PCB Production System for Operational Support”. Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 832-837.
10. Katz, D., and Manivannan, S. (1993) “Exception Management on a Shop Floor Using Online Simulation”. Proceedings of the 1993 Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 888-896.
11. Chance, F., Robinson, J., and J. Fowler, “Supporting manufacturing with simulation: model design, development, and deployment”, Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference, San Diego, CA, 1996, pp. 1-8.
12. Barker, R.C., “Value chain development: an account of some implementation problems”, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 16, No. 10, 1996, pp. 23-36.
13. Rogers, P., and Gordon, R. (1993) “Simulation for real-time decision making in manufacturing systems” Proceedings of the 1993 Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 866-874. 14. Schumann, M., E. Blümel, T. Schulze, S. Straßburger, K.-C. Ritter. “Using HLA for Factory Simulation” Proceedings of the 1998 Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop. September 1998. Orlando, Florida, USA.
European Simulation Interoperability Workshop. June 2002. London, UK.
16. M. Myjak, S. Sharp, T. Lake, K. Briggs “Object Transfer in HLA” 1999 Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Mar. 14-19, 1999. Paper Number 99S-SIW-140.
17. Lendermann, P., Julka, N., Gan, B. P., Chen, D., McGinnis, L.F., and J.P. McGinnis, “Distributed supply chain simulation as a decision support tool for the semiconductor industry”, Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2003, pp. 126-138.
18. Peters, B., Smith, J., Curry, J., LaJimodiere, C., and, Drake, G. (1996) “Advanced Tutorial – simulation-based scheduling and control” Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 194-198.
19. Umeda, S., and A. Jones, “An integration test-bed system for supply chain management” Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference, 1998, pp. 1377-1385.
20. Heita, S., “Supply chain simulation with LOGSIM - Simulator” Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference, 1998, pp. 323-326. 21. Jain, S., Lim, C., Gan, B., and Y. Low, “Criticality of detailed modeling in semiconductor supply chain simulation” Proceedings of the 1999 Winter Simulation Conference, 1999, pp. 888-896.
22. Duarte, B.M., Fowler, J.W., Knutson, K., Gel, E., and D. Shunk, “Parameterization of fast and accurate simulations for complex supply networks” Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference, 2002, pp. 1327-1336.
23. Nance, R.E., “A history of discrete event simulation programming languages” Proceedings of the Second ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages Conference, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1993, pp. 149-175.
24. Shikalgar, S.T., Fronckowiak, D., and E.A. MacNair, “300mm wafer fabrication line simulation model” Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference, 2002, pp. 1365-1368.
25. Mercier D., Bonnin, O., and P. Vialletelle, “Achieving optimal cycle time improvement in a 300mm semiconductor fab using dynamic simulation and design of experiements” Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2003, pp. 171-179.
26. Jain R.S., Integrated Manufacturing Technology Initiative, Integrated Manufacturing Technology Road mapping Project: Modeling & Simulation, 2000.
28. Ozdemirel, N.E., Mackulak, G.T., and J.K. Cochran, “A group technology classification and coding scheme for discrete manufacturing simulation models” International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1993, pp. 579-601.
29. Lendermann, P., Julka, N., Gan, B. P., Chen, D., McGinnis, L.F., and J.P. McGinnis, “Distributed supply chain simulation as a decision support tool for the semiconductor industry” Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2003, pp. 126-138.
30. Ozdemirel, N.E., Mackulak, G.T., and J.K. Cochran, “A group technology classification and coding scheme for discrete manufacturing simulation models” International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1993, pp. 579-601.
31. Lendermann, P., Julka, N., Gan, B. P., Chen, D., McGinnis, L.F., and J.P. McGinnis, “Distributed supply chain simulation as a decision support tool for the semiconductor industry”, Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2003, pp. 126-138.
Abstract: Power dissipation is one of the most important design objectives in integrated circuit, after speed. Digital signal processing (DSP) circuits whose main building block is a Multiplier-Accumulator (MAC) unit. High speed and low power MAC unit is desirable for any DSP processor. This is because speed and throughput rate are always the concerns of DSP system. This paper explores the design of low power MAC unit with block enable technique to reduce power dissipation. The MAC unit is implemented using 130-nm CMOS process technology. The whole MAC chip is operated at 200 MHz with1.5V supply voltage. The result analysis shows that the power consumption is reduced by using block enable technique.
Keywords: Adders, block enable, CAD tools, low power, MAC, multipliers.
2. West and Harris, CMOS VLSI Design: a circuits and systems perspective, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,3rd ed.
3. Design and VLSI Implementation of Pipelined Multiply Accumulate Unit: Shanthala S, Cyril Prasanna Raj, Dr. S.Y.Kulkarni.
4. T.H.Harun, “High Speed 8-bits X 8-bits Wallace Tree Multiplier”, Chapter 3, May 2007.
5. F. Lu and H. Samulei,“ A 200-MHZ CMOS pipeline MAC using a quasi-domino dynamic full adder cell design”, IEEE J. Solid state circuits, vol.28, pp. 123-132, Feb 1993.
6. Haikun Zhu, Chung-Ruan Cheng Renald Graham,“ Constructing Zero Deficiency parallel prefix adder of minimum depth”, Proceeding of 2005 Asp-DAC, Shanghai, Vol.2,pp. 883-888.
7. P. Ramanathan, P. T. Vanathi, “A Novel Power Delay Optimized 32-bit Parrel Prefix Adder for High Speed Computing”, IJRTE, Vol. 2, No. 6, November 2009.
8. S. Knowles, “ A Family of Adders”, Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Symposium of Computer Arithmetic, pp. 271-281, June 2001.
9. Cadence, “Encounter user guide”, Version6.2.4, March 2008.
Abstract: A fractional order Proportional-Integral controller ( PIλ ) for Air Flow Temperature System (AFTS) is designed and implemented in real time . Controller parameters KP & KI are derived from the Fractional Order Characteristic Polynomial (FOCP) in terms of frequency ω and fractional order λ .The global stability region in KP - KI plane is constructed for each λ . By optimization techniques, K P average, KIaverage and corresponding λ are identified. The real time implementation of PIλ controller in AFTS is done. The PIλ controller performances such as ISE and IAE are analyzed. A comparison with other conventional based control technique is made and the results reveal the effectiveness and validity of the proposed methodology. PIλ controller outperforms the conventional PI controllers. The load disturbance studies is also carried out and justifies the supremacy of PIλ controller.
Keywords: Fractional order Proportional-Integral controller (PIλ), AFTS, Global stability region.
1. Aidan O’Dwyer , “ Handbook of PI and PID controller tuning rules ”, 3 rd edition , Imperial college Press , London . ( Chapter 3 ).
2. Bhaba . P.K , Vaithiyanathan . K , Hamamci .S.E, ,“Design and implementation of PI λ controller in a liquid level system”, International Conference on Modeling and Simulation , CIT , (CITICOMS 2007) , Coimbatore , India , 27-29 August 2007 , Vol 1, PP 183-188.
7. Ivo Petras , “ Fractional-order feedback control of a DC motor”, Journal of Electrical Engineering , 2009, Vol . 60, No. 3, pp117-128.
8. Manabe . S , “ The non-integer integral and its application to control systems ”., J. of IEE of Japan ,1960,80(860), pp 589-597.
11. Sunderasan. . K .R and Krishnaswamy . P. R , “ Estimation of time delay , time constant parameters in time , frequency and laplace domains” , Can J. Chem.
12. Vaithiyanathan.K,, P.K.Bhaba, “Design and Real time implementation of fractional order Proportional-Integral controller( Iλ) in a Liquid level system” , Modern Applied Science , vol 5, No., 6, December 2011. DOI: 10.5539/mas.v5n6 pp188.
13. Valerio. D, Toolbox ninteger for Matlab,v.2.3 . 2005.
Abstract: As we know image segmentation is field which is uses in automated recognition of objects in medical fields, traffic analysis, face recognition and many more. In past few year as image processing goes on hike researches continuously exploring the field of image segmentation with various algorithm. Main problem of this field is overcome from over segmentation and the merging criteria for various clusters to segment an object. Medical images are difficult to segment due to low contrast and speckle noise. We are going to overcome over segmentation and will use closest element approach to merge various objects for segmentation. Also compare it with other technique of segmentation.
Keywords: closest neighbour approach, segmentation, US images.
1. Anita Khanna, Dr. Manish Shrivastva (2012), “Unsupervised Techniques of Segmentation on Texture Images: A comparison”IEEE.
2. Haryalli Dhillon, Gagandeep jindal, Akshay Girdhar(2011), “ A Novel Threshold Technique for Eliminating Speckle Noise In US images”IPCSIT Vol. 10.
3. Khaled Hammouda, Prof. Ed Jernigan, “Texture Segmentation Using Gabor Filters”, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2001.
4. K. Jain, F. Farrokhnia, “Unsupervised texture segmentation using Gabor filters”, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 24, No. 12,pp.1167-1186, 1991.
5. Jappreet kaur, Jaspreet kaur, Manpreet Kaur, “Survey of Despeckling Techniques for Medical US Images”IJCTA 2011.
6. Juan Shan, “A Fully Automatic Segmentation Method For Breast Ultrasound Images”, Ph.D. Thesis(Utah State University)2011.
7. Mei wang, Hsiung-Cheng Lin, Xiao-Wei Wu, Jian-ping Wang (2012) “Image segmentation Using Proportion of Foreground to Background Algorithm”IEEE.
9. Ashish Thakur, Radhey Shyam Anand, “Local statistics based Region Growing segmentation method for US medical images”, world academy of Science,Engineering and Technology 10 , 2007.
10. P.R Tamilselvi, P.Thangaraj, “Improved Gabor filter for extracting texture edge features in US kidney images” Modern applied science vol. 4, 2010.
Abstract: Color Transformation of image is modify the color of image in the another one. Till yet many researchers did work in this field to enhance images for the people suffering from color blindness and to enhance image contrast. Many methods are used to transfer the color of image and color blind viewers are enhancing the image contrast and differentiate those colors. These methods Linear Color Transformation PSO, daltonization are used and make a optimize color table that are taking more time .Here we are going to propose the BFO technique and optimize color table with BFO for the given number of generations. Using BFO makes color transform table more accurately rather than the normal morphological and mathematical based approaches and reduce the processing time.
Keywords: BFO, Color Transformation CVD, Daltonization.
5. Yang Yang, Xiuqin Wang, Di Zhang, “Preprocessing of Color Images Based on the Principal Components Analysis” 2012 IEEE.
7. Hyun-Ji Kim, Jae-Yun Jeong, Yeo-Jin Yoon, Young-Hyun Kim, and Sung-Jea Ko “Color Modification for Color-blind Viewers Using the Dynamic Color Transformation” 2012 IEEE.
9. Apurba Gorai, Ashish Ghosh, “Hue Preserving Color Image Enhancement Using Particle Swarm Optimization”2011 IEEE.
10. Nikhil Kushwaha, Vimal Singh Bisht and Gautam Shah, “Genetic Algorithm based Bacterial Foraging Approach for Optimization”2012.
11. Paul Doliotis, George Tsekouras , Christos-Nikolaos Anagnostopoulos , andVassilis Athitsos,“Intelligent Modification of colors in Digitized Paintings for Enhancing the Visual Perception of Color Blind Viewers”.
12. Jeng-Shyang Pan. Bin-Yih Liao, "Control Systems Magazine"2002 IEEE.
13. Surbhi Gupta, Vaishali Sharma, Neeraj Mohan and Parvinder Singh Sandhu, “Color Reduction in RGB based on Bacteria Foraging Optimization” 2012 ICCCT.
Abstract: This paper discusses the characteristics of Transmission Opportunity Hybrid Coordination Function Controlled Channel Access (TXOP-HCCA) for real-time application. This works presents the evaluation of TXOP duration limits based on IEEE 802.11e standard, and IEEE 802.11g for physical layer of ERP-OFDM and DSSS-OFDM technologies. HCCA 802.11e stated that superframe consists of Contention Free Period (CFP) and Contention Period (CP). In this work we utilized the CFP to transmit TXOP with different traffic rates for real time packet transmission. This TXOP consists of the packets with different payload and packet numbers. We optimize the payload to achieve maximum local TXOP. We present the detailed analysis of characteristics of TXOP-HCCA which is based on detailed logical explanation of tracing the superframe values. The evaluation stage is conducted in uniform traffic rate. Subsequently we evaluate the combined traffic rates by varying the packet’s payload and TXOP. Knapsack optimization method has been used to achieve the optimum TXOP in combined traffic rate. The simulation result shows that the optimum CFP utilization value is 88.12 %.
1. Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, IEEE Standard 802.11, 2007.
2. Webtorials, WLAN Deployment Trends, 2008. Available at www.webtorials.com.
3. B. Walke, S. Mangold, L Berlemann, IEEE 802 Wireless Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
Modern Telecommunication (ICUMT), pp. 1017-1021, Moscow-Russia, October 2010.
6. M. Mjeku, NJ. Gomes, “Use of Different Acknowledgement Policies for Burst Transmission in Fiber-fed Wireless LAN”, IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 601 – 603, July 2007.
7. Y. Higuchi, A. Foronda, C. Ohta, M. Yoshimoto, Y. Okada, “Delay Guarantee and Service Interval Optimization for HCCA in IEEE 802.11e WLANs”, Proceedings WCNC 2007, pp. 2082-2087, 2007.
8. R. Ghazizadeh, P. Fan, Y. Pan, “A Priority Queuing Model for HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) in Wireless LANs”, International Journal Communications, Network and System Sciences, 1, 1-89, Scientific Research Publishing, pp. 30 – 43, 2009.
9. M. M. Rashid, E. Hossain, V. K. Bhargava, “Queuing Analysis of 802.11e HCCA with Variable Bit Rate Traffic”, IEEE ICC 2006, pp. 4792-4798, Istanbul-Turkey, 2006.
10. S. Hantrakoon, A. Phonphoem, “Priority based HCCA for IEEE 802.11e”, IEEE Computer Society, International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing (CMC), pp. 85 – 489, 2010.
11. Arora, S. G. Yoon, Y. J. Choi, S. Bahk, “Adaptive TXOP Allocation Based on Channel Conditions and Traffic Requirements in IEEE 802.11e Networks”, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 59, No. 3, March 2010.
12. E. K Kim, Y. J. Suh, “ATXOP: An Adaptive TXOP Based on the Data Rate to Guarantee Fairness for IEEE 802.11e Wireless LANs”, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), pp. 2678 - 2682, Vol. 4, 2004.
13. Q. Zhao, D. H. K. Tsang, “Enhancing QoS Support in IEEE 802.11 HCCA”, Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM’07, 2007.
14. K. Medepalli, P. Gopalakrishnan, D. Famolari, T. Kodama, “Voice Capacity of IEEE 802.11b, 802.11a and 802.11g Wireless LANs”, IEEE Communications Society, GLOBECOM, pp 1549 – 1553, 2004.
15. H. A. Taha, Operation Research: An Introduction, 8th ed., Pearson Education Inc, 2007, USA.
16. H. Zen, D. Habibi, A Rassau, I. Ahmad, “Optimized WLAN MAC Protocol for Multimedia Applications”, Proceedings of Wireless and Optical Communication Networks (WOCN), pp. 1-5, Surabaya Indonesia, 2008.
Abstract: The performance of a state-of-art speech recognition system degrades considerably when the recognizers are used to recognize the tonal words. This is due to the fact that at the time of developing those recognizers, the tonal property has not been considered.Bodo is a tonal language like other Sino-Tibetan languages. In this paper we consider how current models can be modified to recognize the tonal words. Two approaches have been investigated in this paper. In the first approach attempt has been made to develop a feature level solution to the problem of tonal word recognition. In the second approach, a model level solution has been suggested. Experiments were carried out to find the relative merits and demerits of both the methods.
Keywords: Experiments were carried out to find the relative merits and demerits of both the methods.
4. Baro, M.R.; “The Boro Structure – A Phonological and Grammatical Analysis”, Priyadini Printing Press, 2001.
5. Williams, R.J., Zipser, D: A learning algorithm for continually running fully recurrent neural networks. Neural Computation 1, 270--280 (1989).
6. Stevens, S., Volkmann, J., and Newman, E., “A Scale for the Measurement of the Psychological Magnitude Pitch.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 8: 185–190, 1937.
7. Ng, Raymond WM, et al, “Analysis and Selection of Prosodic Features for Asian Language Recognition”, International Journal of Asian Language Processing, 19(4):139-152, 2009.
8. Adami, A., Mihaescu, R., Reynolds, D., and Godfrey, J., “Modeling prosodic dynamics for speaker recognition”, In Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2003), pp. 788–791, 2003.
9. Bartkova, K., D.L.Gac, Charlet, D., and Jouvet, D, “Prosodic parameter for speaker identification”, In Proc. Int. Conf. on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 2002), pp. 1197–1200, 2002.
10. Reynolds, D. et al, “The SuperSID project: exploiting high-level information for high-accuracy speaker recognition”, In Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2003), pp. 784–787, 2003.
11. Li Tan and MontriKarnjanadecha, "Pitch Detection Algorithm: Autocorrelation Method and AMDF", Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, vol. 2, pp. 541-546, September 2003.
12. Wong, P.F. and Siu, M.H.; “Integration of Tone Related Features for Chinese Speech Recognition”, Proceedings of ICSP’ 02, PP 476-479, 2002.
13. Bhattacharjee, U.; “Environment and Sensor Robustness in Automatic Speech Recognition”, International Journal of Innovation Science and Modern Engineering, Vol.1. No.2, pp 31-37, 2013.
Abstract: Permeability is the most crucial internal factor in concrete durability. The durability of a concrete is closely related to its permeability. The permeability dictates the rate at which aggressive agents can penetrate to attack the concrete and the steel reinforcement. Water penetrability is defined as the degree to which a material permits the transport gases, liquids or ionic species through it. Water can be harmful for concrete, because of its ability to leach calcium hydroxide from the cement paste, to carry harmful dissolved species such as chlorides or acids into the concrete, to form ice in large pores in the paste, and to cause leaching of compounds from the concrete. Water absorption, sorptivity and water permeability measurement are some methods to determine the water penetrability of concrete. A triaxial cell permeability apparatus and method for determining water permeability of concrete are presented in this paper. This method utilizes Darcy’s Law for steady flow so as to relate water permeability to the rate of water flow under a pressure head. The major drawbacks commonly encountered in triaxial cell permeability apparatus are addressed by evaluating the water permeability as per as per German standard DIN 1048(Part 5):1991 specifications and MORT&H (Ministry of Road Transport & Highways) 4th Revision specifications. Test results indicated that bacterial concrete is highly impermeable than normal concrete. Permeability measurement techniques and durability modeling are based on the Darcy equation for permeability based on measurement of flow rate, and the Valetta equation for permeability based on measurement of penetration depth and time. Bacteria built-in concrete works on the phenomenon of microbiologically induced calcite precipitation. Calcite crystals formed, due to microbial activities of bacteria Bacillus subtilus JC3, seals the cracks and pores in concrete and enhances the strength and durability of concrete by making concrete impermeable to transport different fluids or gases, like water, chlorides, sulfates or oxygen.
1. Bamforth P.B , “ The Water Permeability of Concrete and its Relationship with Strength” , Magazine of Concrete Research, 1991, 43,233- 241.
2. Khatri R.P, Sirivivantnanon V., “Methods for the Determination of Water Permeability of Concrete”, ACI Materials Jl.,1997, 94, 257-261.
3. IS: 3085-1965, “Method for Determination of Permeability of Concrete”. Bureau of IndianStandards, 1965, New Delhi.
5. Concrete Society. “Permeability of Concrete and its control”, Papers for a one-day Conference,130 p. 12th December 1985.
6. “Permeability of Concrete”, ACI SP-108, D. Whiting and A. Walitt, ed., Detroit, Michigan, pp.145-158. 1988.
Cementitious Materials”. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 137, ed by L.R. Roberts and J.P. Skalny, Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, pp.157–164. 1989.
8. Janssen, D.J. “Laboratory Permeability Measurement, in Permeability of Concrete”, ACI SP-108, D. Whiting and A. Walitt, ed., Detroit, Michigan, pp.145-158. 1988.
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11. Bisiallon, A. and Malhotra, V.M. “Permeability of concrete using a uniaxial water flow method, Permeability of Concrete”, ACI SP-108, D. Whiting and A. Walitt, ed., Detroit, Michigan, pp.175-193. 1988.
12. El-Dieb, A.S. and Hooton, R.D. “A High Pressure Triaxial Cell with Improved Measurement Sensitivity for Saturated Water Permeability of High Performance Concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research, 24, No. 5, pp.854-862. 1994.
13. Mehta, P.K. and Manmohan, D. “Pore Size Distribution and Permeability of Hardened Cement Pastes,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Chemistry of Cements, Paris, v. 3, 1980.
14. Hughes, D.C. “Pore Structure and Permeability of Hardened Cement Paste,” Magazine of Concrete Research, v. 37, n. 133, 1985, pp. 227-233.
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16. Li, Zong Yin and Chau, Chung-Kong. “New Water Permeability Test Scheme for Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, v. 97, n. 1, January-February 2000, pp. 84-90.
17. Mater, B., Callan, E.J., McCoy, E.E., Carson, R.W., Permeability and triaxial test on lean mass concretes, Vicksburg US Army Waterways Exp. St., Tech. Mem. G-380.
Abstract: Polarization reconfigurability in a microstrip patch antenna system is one of the desired characteristics that have been the focus of research in recent years. Reconfigurable antenna with ability to radiate in more than one polarization state offers several degrees of freedom to antenna designer. The researches on polarization reconfigurable antennas are categorized into simple and complex feed structures. In this paper, several polarization reconfigurable antenna designs with and without loading which have been reported in the literature are discussed.
Keywords: Loading, Microstrip patch antenna, Polarization, Reconfigurable antenna.
1. W. B. Wei, Q.Z. Liu, Y. Z. Yin, and H. J. Zhou, “Reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna with switchable polarization,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 28, No.11, 2010.
2. Chia Luan Tang, Jui Han Lu, and Kin-Lu Wong, “Circularly polarized equilateral-triangular microstrip antenna with truncated tip.”Electronics Letters Vol. 34, No. 13, 25th June 1998.
3. Aly E Fathy, Louis S Napoli, Ed Denlinger, Fran McGinty, David McGee, Gary Ayers, and Charlie E Rodeffer, “Novel planar polarizer feed for dual circular polarization,” Electronics Letters Vol. 38, No. 25, 2005.
6. Kin Fai Tong, G. Lacotte, “Novel Single feed proximity coupled wideband circularly polarized slot antenna,” Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, APMC 2008.
8. Kin-Fai Tong, Jingjing Huang, “New Proximity Coupled Feeding Method for Reconfigurable Circularly Polarized Microstrip Ring Antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2006, Vol.56, Issue: 7.
9. E. Nishiyama, S. Egashira, A. Sakitani, “Stacked circular polarized Microstrip antenna with wide band and high gain,” Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1992.
10. S. Assailly, C Terret,. J.P Daniel, K. Mahdjoubi, “Low cost stacked circular polarized microstrip antenna,” Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1989.
11. O.P. Falade, M.U. Rehman, Yue Gao, Xiaodong Chen, C.G. Parini, “Single Feed Stacked Patch Circular PolarizedAntenna for Triple Band GPS Receivers,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1998, Vol. 60 , Issue: 10.
12. S. Shekhawat, P. Sekra, D. Bhatnagar, V.K. Saxena, J.S. Saini, “Stacked Arrangement of Rectangular Microstrip Patches for Circularly Polarized Broadband Performance,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2001, Vol.9.
13. S. Kaffash, M. Kamyab, “A sequentially rotated RHCP stacked patch antenna array for INMARSAT-M land applications,” 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 2012 .
14. Hu Da-cheng, Wang Jian, Gao Jin-rui , “Design a wide-scan angle phased-array antenna with circular polarization using a new cross-dipole,” Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and System Technology (MMWCST), 2012 International Workshop.
15. Soliman, S.Brebels, E. Beyne, G.A.E. Vandenbosch, R. Mertens, “Sequential-rotation arrays of circularly polarized CPW-fed aperture antennas in the MCM-D technology,” Microelectronics, ICM, 1999.
16. Shih-Kai Lin,Yi-Cheng Lin, “A Compact Sequential-Phase Feed Using Uniform Transmission Lines for Circularly Polarized Sequential-Rotation Arrays,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.59 , Issue: 7.
17. Aixin Chen, Yanjun Zhang, Zhizhang Chen, Chuo Yang, “Development of a -Band Wideband Circularly Polarized 64-Element Microstrip Antenna Array with Double Application of the Sequential Rotation Feeding Technique,”IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2001, Vol.10.18. M. Thiel, A. Dreher, “Sequential rotation in a smart antenna terminal for broadband communication,”IEEE, Vol.1.
19. Kin-FaiTong,JieDu,JingjingHuang,“Novel sequential rotation technique for broadband circularly polarized microstrip ring antennas,” Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference, 2008.
21. U.R. Kraft, Main-beam polarization properties of four-element sequential-rotation arrays with arbitrary radiators,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2006, Vol. 44, Issue: 4.
22. A.B. Smolders, U. Johannsen, “Axial Ratio Enhancement for Circularly-Polarized Millimeter-Wave Phased-Arrays Using a Sequential Rotation Technique,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation ,2005, Vol.59 , Issue: 9.
23. Hing Kiu Kan, R.B. Waterhouse, “A small CP-printed antenna using 120° sequential rotation,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.50, Issue: 3.
24. A.B. Smolders, U.Johannsen, “The effect of phase and amplitude quantization on the axial ratio quality of mm-wave phased-arrays with sequential rotation,”IEEE Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), 2011.
25. Yu Ushijima, Eisuke Nishiyama, and Masayoshi Aikawa, “Linear polarization switchable patch array antenna,”IEEE 978-1-4244-3647-7/09/ ©2009.
26. Eisuke Nishiyama and Masayoshi Aikawa, “Circular polarization controllable microstrip antenna,” IEEE 1-4244-0878-4/07/ ©2007.
27. Xue-Xia Yang, Bing Chang Shao, Fan Yang Elsherbeni, and Bo Gong, “A polarization reconfigurable patch antenna with loop slots on the ground plane,” IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters, VOL. 11, 2012.
a Slotted Ground Plane,”IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, VOL. 9, 2010.
29. Won-Sang Yoon1, Sang-Min Han2, Jung-Woo Baik3, Seongmin Pyo3, and Young-Sik Kim, “A Compact Microstrip Antenna on a Cross-Shape Slotted Ground with Switchable Circular Polarization,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 30, No. 7, 2009.
30. Won-Sang Yoon, Dong-Hyo Lee, Kyoung-Joo Lee, Sun-Hyung Kim, Sang-Min Han, and Young-Sik Kim, “Circular Patch Antenna for a Switchable Circular Polarization Sense with a Slotted Ground Structure,” Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, 2009.
31. Ali Khaleghi and M. Kamyab, “Reconfigurable single port antennas with circular polarization diversity,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 2, February 2009.
32. Ally Y. Simba, Manabu Yamamoto, Soichi Watanabe, Toshio Nojima, and Kiyohiko Itoh, “Improving the input characteristics of a circularly polarized proximity-fed microstrip antenna with polarization switching ability,”IEEE 1-4244-0123-2/06/ ©2006.
33. Fabien Ferrero, Cyril Luxey, Robert Staraj, Gilles Jacquemod, Matthew Yedlin, and Vincent Fusco, “A novel quad-polarization agile patch antenna,”IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation”, Vol. 57, No. 5, May 2009.
34. T. Teshirogi, M. Tanaka, W. Chujo, "Wideband circularly polarized array antenna with sequential rotations and phase shift of elements," Proceedings ISAP, pp. 117-120, August 1985.
35. Kin-Fai Tong, Jie Du, and Jingjing Huang, “Novel sequential rotation technique for broadband circularly polarized microstrip ring antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 26, No. 13, 2010.
36. Kin-Fai Tong, “A new single-feed proximity coupled circularly polarized square ring antenna,” Proceeding of APMC Yokohama, Japan. pp 69-72, 12-15 December 2006.
Abstract: In this paper, an FPGA based area and power efficient FIR filter for wireless communication systems is presented. The implementation is based on Factored Canonic signed digit (FCSD) which eliminates the use of embedded multipliers. The proposed FIR filter has been implemented using Equiripple Symmetric structure on an FPGA. The developed FIR filter has been optimized in terms of MAC operation using symmetric structure. The symmetric structure requires less hardware for implementation as compared to transposed structure and also reduces hardware complexity. The performance of both symmetric and transposed structure is almost same but implementation cost varies significantly. A 20 tap FIR filter has been designed and simulated using 16 bit input and output precision with the help of Matlab. Factored Canonic signed digit (FCSD) approach is used to implement an FIR Filter taking optimal advantage of the look up table structure of FPGA. The behavioural simulation of proposed VHDL model has been performed using Modelsim simulator. The simulated model has been synthesized using Xilinx synthesis tool (XST) on Virtex 2 based xc2v3000-4ff1152 target FPGA device. The results show that symmetric FIR filter require 52.3 % less hardware as compare to transposed FIR structure. The developed symmetric FIR structure can operated at a maximum frequency of 45 MHz by consuming 6% slices, 2% flip flops and 5% Look up tables (LUTs) to provide cost effective solution for Digital Signal Processing Applications.
2. Charles D. Howard, “Minimizing FIR FILTER designs implemented in FPGA’S utilizing minimized adder graph techniques”, Spring Semester, 2009.
3. Vijender Saini, Balwinder Singh ,Rekha Devi “Area Optimization of FIR Filter and its Implementation on FPGA", International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 1, No. 4, May 2009.
4. K.N. Macpherson and R.W. Stewart “Area efficient FIR filters for high speed FPGA Implementation”, IEEE Proceeding -Visual Image Signal Process., Vol. 153, No. 6, December 2006.
5. Bjarne Petersen,”FPGA Signal Preprocessing for Digital Wireless Receivers”, Kongens Lyngby , pp -IMM-102, 2012.
6. Fabio Fabian Daitx, Vagnor S Rosa, Eduardo Coasta, Poulo Flores, Sargio Bampi. “VHDL Generation of Optimized FIR Filters”, International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems IEEE, 2008.
7. Mathworks, “Users Guide Filter Design Toolbox-4”, March-2007.
8. R. Maheh and A. P. Vinod, “New Reconfigurable Architectures for Implementing FIR Filters with Low Complexity” IEEE Transaction Computer Aided Design Integrated Circuits System, Vol. 29, Feb. 2010.
Abstract: In this work, computer simulation framework for compression ignition engine cycle simulation is developed and engine performance is predicted. Double wiebe’s function is used to model the rate of heat release due to combustion to predict heat released during premixed as well as diffusive phase of combustion. Effect of convective heat transfer and variation in specific heat of test fuels are also considered during development of model. Suitable correlations are established between adjustable parameters of wiebe’s function, relative air-fuel ratio and engine operating conditions, such that the simulated heat release profile matches closely with experimental results. The simulation model is used to analyze the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of single cylinder 3.5 kW rated power diesel engine fuelled with Diesel (D0), Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) and POME-diesel blends. The model validation is done by comparing the predicted parameters like brake thermal efficiency and in-cylinder pressure with experimental results and are found in closer approximation. The model is also used to predict net heat release rate, exhaust gas temperature, NOx and soot.
Keywords: biodiesel, C. I. engine, POME, simulation.
1. B.K. Venkanna and C. Venkataramana Reddy. “Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of direct injection diesel engine running on calophyllum inophllum linn oil (honne oil)” .International journal of Agric and Biol. Eng. Vol. 4, No 1 March 2011, page no 1-7.
2. K. Purushothaman a, G. Nagarajan. “Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine operating on neat orange oil”. Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 242–245.
3. Silvio C.A. de Almeidaa, Carlos Rodrigues Belchiora, Marcos V.G. Nascimento, Leonardo dos S.R. Vieira, Guilherme Fleury. “Performance of a diesel generator fuelled with palm oil”. Fuel. Volume 81, Issue 16, 1 November 2002, Pages 2097–2102.
4. N.R.Banapurmath, P.G.Tewari, R.S. Hosmath. “Performance and emission characteristics of a DI compression ignition engine operated on Honge, Jatropha and sesame oil methyl esters”. Renewable Energy 33 (2008) 1982–1988.
5. Ahmet Necati Ozsezen, Mustafa Canakci, and Cenk Sayin “Effects of Biodiesel from Used Frying Palm Oil on the Performance, Injection, and Combustion Characteristics of an Indirect Injection Diesel Engine” Energy & Fuels 2008, 22, 1297–1305.
6. Dr. J.G. Suryawanshi. “Palm Oil Methyl Ester: A New Fuel for CI Engines” ISESCO Science and Technology Vision, volume 5- Number 7- May 2009 (36-40).
8. M. Venkatraman and G. Devaradjane. “Computer Modeling of a CI Engine for Optimization of Operating Parameters Such as Compression Ratio, Injection Timing and Injection Pressure for Better Performance and Emission Using Diesel-Diesel Biodiesel Blends”. American Journal of Applied Sciences 8 (9): 2011, 897-902.
9. Ganesan, V., Computer simulation of Compression-Ignition engine processes, University Press(India) Ltd., Hyderabad, India, 2000.
10. Hohenberg GF. Advanced approaches for heat transfer calculations,1979,SAE 790825.
11. J.B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals, Mc Graw Hill, 1988, ISBN 0-07-100499-8.
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13. S.R.Turns, “An introduction to combustion-concepts and applications”, McGraw Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering, 2000.
14. Patterson, M. A., Kong, S. C., Hampson, G. J., Reitz, R. D., “Modeling the Effects of Fuel Injection Characteristics on Diesel Engine Soot and NOX Emissions”, SAE Paper 940523.
Abstract: The power consumption of a system is a crucial parameter in modern VLSI circuits especially for low power applications. This paper proposed a new Double Edge Triggered D-Flip Flop (DETFF) which is suitable for low power applications. The proposed DETFF is having less number of clocked transistors than existing designs. The proposed DETFF is simulated with different clock frequencies ranging from 1MHz to 2GHz. Simulation results show lowest average power and least delay than existing designs. Further, the average power and the PDP are improved by 77.23% and 89.11% when compared with existing design respectively, which claims that proposed design is suitable for low power and high performance applications.
1. Imran Ahmed Khan, Danish Shaikh and Mirza Tariq Beg,, “2 GHz Low Power Double Edge Triggered flip- flop in 65nm CMOS Technology,” IEEE Conference, 2012.
2. Xiaowen Wang and William H. Robinson, “A Low-Power Double Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Transmission Gates and Clock Gating,” IEEE Conference, pp 205-208, 2010.
3. Yu Chien-Cheng,, “Low-Power Double Edge- Triggered Flip-Flop Circuit Design,” Third International Conference on Innovative Computing Information and Control (ICICIC’08), IEEE Conference, 2008.
4. G. M. Blair, "Low-power double-edge triggered flip-flop", Electron. Lett., Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 845-847, 8 May 1997.
5. Peiyi Zhao, Jason McNeely, Pradeep Golconda and Jianping Hu, ”Low Power Design of Double-Edge Triggered Flip-Flop by Reducing the Number of Clocked Transistors,” IEEE Conference, 2008.
6. Sandeep Sriram, Arun Ramnath, Haiqing, Hojoon Lee and Ken Choi “A Novel Dual Edge Triggered Near-Threshold State Retentive Latch Design,” IEEE Conference, 2011.
7. M. W. Phyu, W. L. Goh and K. S. Yeo, “A Low-Power Static Dual Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop using an Output-Controlled Discharge Configuration” IEEE Conference, 2005.
8. M. Pedram, Q. Wu, and X. Wu, “A New Design of Double Edge Triggered Flip-Flops,” Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC), pp. 417–421, 1998.
9. Troy A. JohnsonP and Ivan S. Kourtev , “A Single Latch, High Speed Double-Edge-triggered flip-flop (DETFF)” IEEE, 2001, in press.
10. Yu Chien-Cheng, “Design of Low-Power Double Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop Circuit", Second IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, pp 2054-2057, 2007.
11. S.H.Rasouli, A.Amirabadi, A.Seyedi and A.Afazali-kusha, “Double Edge Triggered Feedback Flip-Flop in Sub 100nm Technology,” IEEE Conference, 2006.
12. Wing-Shan Tam, Sik-Lam Siu, Chi-Wah Kok, and Hei Wong. “Double Edge-Triggered Half-Static Clock-Gated D-Type Flip-Flop”. IEEE International Conference of Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC), 2010.
13. Keisuke Inoue and Mineo Kaneko,” Variable-Duty -Cycle Scheduling in Double-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop-Based High-Level Synthesis,” IEEE Conference, 2011.
14. Fatemeh Aezinia, Sara Najafzadeh, and Ali Afzali-Kusha, “Novel High Speed and Low Power Single and Double Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops,” IEEE Conference 2006.
15. Hossein Karimiyan Alidash, Sayed Masoud Sayedi and Hossein Saidi, “Low-Power State-Retention Dual Edge-Triggered Pulsed Latch,” Proceedings of ICEE 2010, May 11-13, IEEE 2010.
16. M. Pedram, “Power minimization in IC Design: Principles and applications,” ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems, vol. 1, pp.3-56, Jan. 1996.
17. G. E. Tellez, A. Farrahi, and M. Sarafzadeh, “Activity-Driven Clock Design for Low Power Circuits,” Proceedings of the IEEWACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), pp. 62-65, 1995.
Abstract: Hevea brasiliensis rubber seeds were collected and were extracted by using n-hexane as the solvent in the Soxhlet Extractor. The extracted semi drying oil was characterized by various physio-chemical and thermal properties. Fatty acid composition of the lipid was investigated using gas chromatography techniques. Vibrational studies of the oil show that the characteristic strong absorption at 1741 and 1644cm-1 for –C=O and –C=C– groups respectively. Both the 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral studies indicate that the presences of triacylglycerol groups were saturated as well as unsaturated in nature. Photo pyroelectric technique (PPE) was used for thermal characterization of the extracted oil. The effect of the fuels on engine components and exhaust gas emissions such as total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke and brake specific fuel consumption were also investigated. Antimicrobial activity was compared with the standard control drug of chloramphenicol at a concentration of 10 μg/ml at 30, 37 and 42 oC.
Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis rubber seeds, Photo pyroelectric technique, Spectral Studies, Thermal emissions, Microbial screening.
1. M. M. Gui, K. T. Lee, and S. Bhatia, “Feasibility of edible oil versus non-edible oil versus waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock”, Energy, vol. 33, Nov. 2008, pp. 1646–1653.
2. F. A. L. Machado, E. B. Zanelato, A. O. Guimaraes, E. C. da Silva, and A. M. Mansanares, ‘Thermal Properties of Biodiesel and Their corresponding Precursor Vegetable oils”, Int J Thermophys., vol. 33, Nov. 2012, pp.1848–1855.
3. G. Knothe, J.V. Gerpen, J. Krahl, and L.P. Ramos, The Biodiesel Handbook, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL (USA), 2005.
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Abstract: In this paper a cost effective Interpolator has been designed and simulated. An area efficient method has been presented to implement cost effective interpolator for wireless communication systems. Interpolator is particularly useful for smoothing signals such as sinusoids or baseband I/Q waveforms. For these signals, interpolation filter is used to accurately produce new samples of the waveform without reducing signal quality. In this paper three structures for interpolator has been used namely Direct Form FIR Polyphase, Nyquist Filter and Half-Band Low pass Filter. The developed interpolator has been compared for performance and implementation cost using Mat Lab. The results show that the performance of all the designs is almost similar, but cost variation is very high. The Half-Band structure shows 52% of reduction in multipliers as compared to Direct Form FIR Polyphase structure. The Half-Band structure is further implemented in Transposed Structure and Symmetric Structure. The Half-Band symmetric structure shows 27% reduction in multipliers as compared to Direct Form FIR Polyphase, Nyquist Filter and Half-Band Low pass Filter structure to provide cost effective solution for wireless applications.
1. Rajesh Mehra and Ravinder Kaur, “Reconfigureurable Area and Speed Efficient Interpolator Using DALUT Algorithm”, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 , Conference in Computer Science and Information Technology 2011, CCIS 132, Page(s):117-125 .
2. Rajesh Mehra, “FPGA Design of optimised CIC Interpolator for DSP based Wireless Communication System”. IMS MANTHAN Journal , Vol. 5 , December 2010, Page(s):43-46.
3. Mukhtar, A.; Jamal, H.; Farooq, U,“An Area Efficient Interpolation Filter for Digital Audio Applications”. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 2, MAY 2009, Page(s): 768 – 772.
4. Xiaowei HUANG, Yan HAN, Lei CHEN, “The Design and FPGA Verification of a General Structure, Area-optimised Interpolation Filter Used in delta Sigma DAC”, IEEE Conference on Solid State and Integrated circuit Technology (ICSICT) , October 2006, Page(s):2111-2113 .
6. M.D. Lutovac, and L.D. Milic, “Approximate linear phase Multiplier less IIR half-band filter,” IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol.7, Page(s): 52-53, March 2000.
8. Zhao De-An; Lian Xian-Guo; Yang Ping,” Multi-rate Signal Processing For Software Defined Radio(SDR) and realize on FPGA”, IEEE conference on Computer Science Technology and Applications , Vol. 1,Decmber 2009, Page(s):251-254.
9. Allred, D.J, Heejong Yoo, Krishnan, V, Huang, W, Anderson, D.V, “A novel high performance distributed arithmetic adaptive filter implementation on an FPGA”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics speech and signals , Vol. 5, August 2004, Page(s): V - 161-4.
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Abstract: One of the most important task of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is data collection . In sensor network the sensors are sensing the information and will be collected by the sink node with multi hoping. In such a scenario the energy is consumed by the node is more. In recent years the researchers are focusing on how to minimize the energy of the node and how it will help to improve the life of the node. One of the idea to do this is minimize the hop. The proposed framework is maximizing the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by using a mobile sink. Proposed work is having the cluster with cluster head. The mobile sink moves towards the cluster head only upon the occurrence of an event .The cluster head is collecting the data from the sensor node and storing the same. Once the data is available to the cluster head, head will inform to the Mobile Sink. The Mobile Sink will move to respective position of the cluster head and data will be collected by Mobile sink.
5. T. T. Truong, K. N. Brown,C. J. Sreenan Using Mobile Sinksin Wireless Sensor Networks to Improve Building Emergency.
7. Baggio, K. Langendoen, “Monte Carlo localization for mobile wireless sensor networks”, Elsevier Science Pub., pp. 718-733, 2008.
8. S. Jain, R. C. Shah, W. Brunette, G. Borriello, and S. Roy, “Exploiting mobility for energy efficient data collection in wireless sensor networks,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 327–339, 2006.
12. M. Marta and M. Cardei, “Using Sink Mobility to Increase Wireless Sensor Networks Lifetime,” Proc. Ninth IEEE Int’l Symp.World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), pp. 1-10, 2008.
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14. S. Jain, R.C. Shah, W. Brunette, G. Borriello, and S. Roy, “Exploiting Mobility for Energy Efficient Data Collection in Sensor Networks,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 11,no. 3, pp. 327-339, 2006.
15. L. Song and D. Hatzinakos, “Architecture of Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Sinks: Sparsely Deployed Sensors,” IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1826-1836, July 2007.
Abstract: Owing to its unique technique of One-to-One Mapping between the inputs and the corresponding outputs, the ReversibleLogicGates are now finding profound as well as promising applications in emerging growing paradigms such as Quantum Computing, Quantum Dot Cellular Automata, Optical Computing, Digital Signal Processing, Low Power CMOS Design, Nanotechnology etc. The ReversibleLogic has received great attention in the past recent years due to its ability in reducing the power dissipation, the major concern in digital designing. To generate a useful gate function the ReversibleGates require constant inputs, called Ancillary Inputs, and some additional unused outputs, called Garbage Outputs, in order to maintain the reversibility of the digital circuits. The paper presents a novel design of different Arithmetic and Logic Units such as Half Adder, Half Subtracter and 1-Bit Comparator, using the existing ReversibleGates and the proposed new ReversibleCNOT, BJN, and PeresGates.
Keywords: CNOT Gate, Peres Gate, BJN Gate.
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Abstract: The first worldwide application of cognitive radio (CR) networks in unlicensed television broadcast bands is IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network (WRAN). This paper introduces the implementation of IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) for broadband Internet access in sub-urban areas. We have investigated how CR through dynamic spectrum access facilitates the efficient use of underutilized spectrum (white spaces). To do this, we have analyzed a coverage planning for WRAN and compared it with a traditional wireless communication standard, IEEE standard 802.16e. We have also observed the comparison for different modulation schemes and shown the results in graphical form.
Keywords: CR, TVWS, WiMAX, WRAN..
1. Thomas,Charles.(2011).CognitiveRadioforBroadbandAccessinRuralAfrica.Available: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2280/1/MSc_Thesis_Charles_Thomas.pdf. Last accessed 20th November 2012.
2. Link Budget Analysis for Broadband Services in IEEE 802.22b. Bingxuan Zhao, Shigenobu Sasaki, Hiromu Niwano. s.l. : IEEE 802.22-12/0071r0, July 17, 2012.
3. IEEE 802.22 WRAN Overview. Kim, Yun Hee. Keyung Hee University, KOREA : School of Electronics and Information. IEEE 802.22: The First Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area Network. Carl R. Stevenson,WK3C Wireless,Gerald Chouinard, Communications Research Centre, Canada,Zhongding Lei, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore,Wendong Hu, STMicroelectronics, Inc.Stephen J. Shellhammer, Qualcomm Inc.Winston Caldwell, Fox Technology G. s.l. : IEEE Communications Magazine, January ,2009.
Canada,Zhongding Lei, Institute for Infocomm Research.
Abstract: Due to increased bandwidth and strong infrastructure available for accessing internet, internet users are growing rapidly. Internet users frequently use e-mail for fast data communication of audio, vedio and textual data but at the same time they are facing problem due to unwanted e-mail known as spam e-mail. In order to filter this unwanted e-mail, a classifier must be placed in the network or in computer. In this paper three different types of technique: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision tree and statistical technique are explored for designing and developing e-mail classifier. Experimental work has been performed on e-mail data set obtained from UCI repository site and is partitioned into three different partitions to find out best suitable partition to be applied for various model. A suitable ensemble model is chosen based on various error measures calculated after training and testing the models. A final ensemble model is measured in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F-measure and Gain Chart. Highest accuracy of 94.35% is obtained in case of ensemble of C5.0 and SVM with 60%-40% (training – testing) partition.
Keywords: Terms:C5.0, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Ensemble model.
1. Elsayad, A. M., 2010, “Predicting the severity of breast masses with ensemble of Bayesian classifiers”, Journal of Computer Science, 6(5), pp.576-584.
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5. Omar Saad, Ashraf Darwish and Ramadan Faraj,2012,” A survey of machine learning techniques for Spam filtering”, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol.12 No.2.
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