Source: http://www.eetn.gr/index.php/about-eetn/eetn-publications/ai-research-in-greece/natural-language-processing
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 02:28:22+00:00

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The following account attempts to present in a concise, yet informative, manner the achievements of Greek research and development work in the area of Natural Language Processing and neighboring scientific and application fields.
Apart from the intricacies of language as a communication medium in general, natural language processing for a less-widely spoken language like Greek poses its own challenges. Notably, while some of the research and development work reported has been based on English data sets, the majority of the research endeavour has focused on Greek, trying to model language phenomena on the one hand and develop useful applications on the other. This is reflected in the high number of research groups and researchers trying to attack language processing problems from the morphographemic and phonetic level to technological solutions for access to information and content.
In the sections to follow we append concise descriptions of the activities of individual groups. The data presented here have been sourced by way of structured questionnaires addressed to the members of the Hellenic Artificial Intelligence Association and the Hellenic Language Technologies List. This account is not considered to be exhaustive and is constantly updated.
The following NLP areas have received considerable attention by the Greek research community.
Speech synthesis: Prosody modeling and prediction for high quality text-to-speech (TtS) synthesis. Emotional speech synthesis. Document-to-Speech synthesis (DtS): DtS incorporates vocalization of: a) visual document elements, like typesetting (bold, italics, underlined) and font elements (size, type, color, and background color), b) non-visual document elements (chapter, section, subsection, title, subtitle, paragraph, header, footer, caption) and c) document structures like: mathematical equations, complex data tables and lists. Singing Voice synthesis (including chant synthesis). MBROLA Greek Voices. Greek prosodic corpora (ToBI enriched). Multilingual-polyglot TtS and DtS platform DEMOSTHeNES (http://demosthenes.di.uoa.gr). Voice-Output-Communication Aids and Augmentative and Alternative Communications Systems (AAC) for the speech disabled. Talking books.
Speech Recognition: Acoustic models and speech segmentation for the Greek language. Music and musical instrument recognition. Speech and text annotated corpora.
Spoken dialog technology: Spoken Dialog-based accessing of documents (e.g. newspapers, books, magazines). Location-based Voice Dialog services. User modeling and Design-for-all in Voice Interactive Systems. Speech-only User Interfaces for e-services (e.g. e-government, e-learning).
Language processing tools: Text Normalization of non-Standard words. Automatic semantic labeling of text formatting. Morphological analysis for Greek (powered by a 1,7G lexicon). Prosodic Feature Annotation of Text Corpora. Repairing ill-formed or telegraphic language to well-formed sentences. Translation from non-orthographic to natural language in AAC communication.
RHETOR (2006-2008): Spoken dialogue interface using acoustic rendering of visual document meta-information for a design-for-all access to documents.
GR-Prosody (2002-2005): Synthetic speech improvement using high-level prosodic feature annotation.
M-PIRO (2000-2003): Multilingual Personalised Information Objects.
AOIDOS (2005-2008): Digital analysis and Synthesis of Chant and Operatic Voices.
The members of the group have over 30 recent NLP publications mainly in the fields of Question Answering, Information and Knowledge Extraction, Multimedia Information Processing and Lexicons.
Kontos,J. (1992). ARISTA: Knowledge Engineering with Scientific Texts. Information and Software Technology, Vol. 34, No 9.
Kontos,J., Malagardi, I. (1998). Question Answering and Information Extraction from Texts. EURISCON ’98 Third European Robotics, Intelligent Systems & Control Conference. Athens. Published in Conference Procedings “Advances in Intelligent Systems: Concepts, Tools and Applications” (Kluwer). ch. 11.
Kontos,J., Malagardi, I. (1999). Information Extraction and Knowledge Acquisition from Texts using Bilingual Question-Answering. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kontos,J., Malagardi, I., Peros, J. (2005a). Question Answering and Rhetoric Analysis of Biomedical Texts in the AROMA System. Proc. 7th Hellenic European Research on Computer Mathematics & its Applications Conference. Athens.
Kontos,J., Malagardi, I., J. Lekakis and Peros, J. (2005b). Grammars for Question Answering Systems based on Intelligent Text Mining in Biomedicine.HERMIS International Journal of Computers Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 8.
Kontos,J.,Malagardi,I. (2006). “Question Answering from Procedural Semantics to Model Discovery”. Encyclopaedia of Human Computer Interaction Idea Group.
Kontos,J , and Armaos, J. (2007). Metacognitive Question Answering from Euclid’s Elements Text. HERCMA 2007 8th Hellenic European Research on Computer Mathematics & its Applications Conference. Athens.
Kontos,J.(1985). Natural Language Processing of Scientific and Technical Data, Knowledge and Text Bases. (Invited paper) Proceedings of the EEC ARTINT.
Kontos,J., Malagardi, I. (1998). Information and Knowledge Extraction from Medical Texts. Health Telematics Education Conference. Athens.
Malagardi,I., Kontos, J. (2001a). Information Extraction from Ancient Hellenic Texts using Automatic Knowledge Acquisition from Lexical Definitions. J. Neural, Parallel and Scientific Computations, Vol 9.
Kontos,J., Elmaoglou, A., Malagardi, I. (2002). ARISTA Causal Knowledge Discovery from Texts. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference DS 2002. Luebeck, Germany, November 2002, Springer Verlag.
Kontos,J., Malagardi, I., Peros, J. (2003). “The AROMA System for Intelligent Text Mining” HERMIS International Journal of Computers Mathematics and its Applications. Vol. 4.
The research activity in the area of natural language processing of AI lab. of the Dept. of Information and Communication Systems Eng., University of the Aegean, focuses on text categorization problems. In particular, a significant part of their research deals with authorship attribution. A number of studies examine the significance of different kinds of features for this task including word-based features , character n-gram features , and syntax-based features . Moreover, methods specifically designed for authorship attribution have been proposed including an ensemble classification model  and a n-gram feature selection method  while special attention has been paid in dealing with limited and imbalanced training corpora [5,6], a very common condition in this problem.
Another text categorization task, in which this group is active, is text genre detection. The reported research focused mainly on the examination of the significance of specific textual features, namely, common word features  and character n-gram features  for the recognition of genre of both raw text and web pages. Finally, this group deals with the spam filtering problem. A character n-gram model has been proposed for this task and a detailed comparison with a similar word-based model revealed the potential of the character n-gram features under high cost scenarios .
Houvardas, J. and E. Stamatatos (2006). N-gram Feature Selection for Authorship Identification, In J. Euzenat, and J. Domingue (Eds.) Proc. of the 12th Int. Conf. on Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, Applications (AIMSA'06), LNCS 4183, pp. 77-86.
Kanaris, I., K. Kanaris, I. Houvardas, and E. Stamatatos (2007). Words vs. Character N-grams for Anti-spam Filtering, Int. Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 16(6), pp. 1047-1067, World Scientific.
Kanaris, I. and E. Stamatatos (2007). Webpage Genre Identification Using Variable-length Character n-grams, In Proc. of the 19th IEEE Int. Conf. on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, v.2, pp. 3-10.
Stamatatos, E. (2006). Authorship Attribution Based on Feature Set Subspacing Ensembles, Int. Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 15(5), pp. 823-838, World Scientific.
Stamatatos, E. (2007). Author Identification Using Imbalanced and Limited Training Texts, In Proc. of the 4th International Workshop on Text-based Information Retrieval, DEXA 2007 Workshops, pp. 237-241.
Stamatatos, E. (2008). Author Identification: Using Text Sampling to Handle the Class Imbalance Problem, Information Processing and Management, 44(2), pp. 790-799, Elsevier.
Stamatatos, E., N. Fakotakis, and G. Kokkinakis (2000). Automatic Text Categorization in Terms of Genre and Author. Computational Linguistics, 26(4), pp. 461-485, MIT Press.
Stamatatos, E., N. Fakotakis, and G. Kokkinakis (2000). Text Genre Detection Using Common Word Frequencies. In Proc. of the 18th Int. Conf. on Computational Linguistics (COLING2000), pp. 808-814.
The research activity in natural language processing (NLP), at NCSR, starts at late ‘70s, with two pioneering researchers in the area, namely J. Kontos and M. Katzouraki. The work of Kontos and his colleagues in knowledge acquisition from text [33, 34], as well as the work of Katzouraki and her colleagues in natural language interfaces [35, 36] need to be noted. These works created the necessary background upon which SKEL work was built and evolved since its establishment, by C.D. Spyropoulos, nearly 20 years ago.
Research in NLP was and still is a focus research area for SKEL which aims, since its establishment, at the development of technologies that enable the efficient, cost-effective and user-adaptive management and presentation of information. The processing of textual content to extract useful information, to acquire domain knowledge, and on the other hand, the presentation of extracted content and acquired knowledge with user-adaptive natural language descriptions, are among the key research areas for SKEL. More specifically, the research activity of SKEL in NLP is presented below with indicative references. Although emphasis is given to recent work, there are also a few indicative references to work performed in SKEL during the ‘90s.
The multi-lingual, cross-platform, general-purpose text engineering environment, Ellogon (http://www.ellogon.org/) which is provided as open source S/W under LGPL license since 2004.
Annotation tools  to facilitate the semantic annotation of textual content.
Morphological analysis tools and resources . The Greek morphological lexicon of SKEL is used, under license, by research groups in Europe.
Techniques for syntactic parsing , and language identification .
a tool, named Eleon for authoring natural language generation applications [5, 6]. Eleon enables the creation of domain ontologies or the import of existing ones, their maintenance and their enrichment with language (lexicon, grammar) and user related features, and the preview of the generated texts. Eleon provides an interface that can be used by different generation engines and is currently distributed as open source S/W.
Document summarization:  investigates the problem of summarizing evolving events described in corpora from multiple sources;  presents a novel automatic method for the evaluation of summarization systems.
filtering of multimedia web content:  presents a method for detecting automatically pornographic content on the Web, that combines techniques from language engineering and image analysis within a machine learning framework.
natural language interfaces:  presents a methodology for the creation of a language-independent knowledge base (KB), which can be used for the development of multilingual and user-tailored interfaces.
The Institute for Language and Speech Processing (ILSP) was founded in 1991, under the auspices of the General Secretariat of Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development, aiming to be a centre of excellence in basic and applied R&D in the areas of human language technologies (Natural Language Processing, Speech and Sound Processing) and their application in a wide range of areas including inter alia e-learning, cultural heritage, media processing and cognitive systems. ILSP capitalised on R&D work performed since 1984 in the framework of the European Commission Eurotra project and the Digital Signal Processing Lab of the National Technical University of Athens. Since 2003, ILSP has been one of the founding institutes of the “Athena” Research and Innovation Centre in Information, Communication and Knowledge Technologies.
In the following account of ILSP activity, we focus explicitly on those areas that have been by tradition thought of as instances of Artificial Intelligence research, while for the rest, e.g. language resources proper, e-learning, assistive technologies for disabled persons, cultural informatics, we refer the reader to the institute’s website.
Recognising the need for the creation of a solid infrastructure in terms of language resources and processing tools for the Greek language, ILSP initiated in 1991 the development of the Hellenic National Corpus (http://hnc.ilsp.gr/) , . As large NLP applications usually build on pipelines of modules analyzing textual content at different linguistic levels, ILSP researchers have developed and integrated a number of such analysers for Greek, including a transformation-based POS tagger  and an FST shallow syntactic parser . Manually annotated corpora at the level of syntax  and event semantics  are being used for training and testing of dependency parsers and event recognizers.
The Electronic Lexicography and Language Resources Department of ILSP has focussed i.a. on intelligent authoring aids by developing a number of advanced spelling and grammar checkers, optimised for the Greek language . Symphonia (http://www.ilsp.gr/correct_eng.html) , ILSP’s commercial language checker, incorporates special logic (contextual rules at the syntax level and other non-language specific algorithms) as well as language resources (morphological lexicon, etc.) that exploit the Greek language characteristics, thus, managing to exhibit higher performance and ergonomics than the conventional checkers for Greek. In parallel, the Machine Translation Department has worked on developing a controlled language environment for certain sublanguages of Modern Greek  and produced the necessary lexica and grammar specifications.
Multilinguality has been catered for by ILSP from its very early stages by elaborating a number of techniques for automatic elicitation of structured multilingual resources out of multilingual, parallel or comparable data at various levels [9, 10, 11, 12], tackling also issues of lexical polysemy in a translation context . The translation technology proper has been initially addressed by developing an intelligent translation memory environment [14, 15], integrating efficient text matching techniques for translation example retrieval , and analogical modeling in an attempt to further automate translation synthesis [17,18]. Turning to fully automatic machine translation in the recent years, and capitalizing on researchers’ know-how, a spin-off private company has been set up Cognitron Knowledge Technologies Ltd (www.cognitron.gr) aiming to offer translation and multilinguality-oriented services. In parallel, alternative corpus-based machine translation approaches relying on monolingual corpora of the target language only , deploying pattern-matching, statistics and rule-based techniques [20,21] are investigated.
Research and development work conducted by the Voice and Sound Technology Department of ILSP involves speech recognition and synthesis as well as a wide range of applications integrating these processing engines. Speech recognition work involves : emotional recognition with application to human computer interaction , incorporation of speech recognition in Intelligent Assistive Reading Systems for school-aged dyslectic readers , use of speech recognition interfaces in smart home applications , speech recognition interfaces to improve communication for hard hearing and deaf people  and finally speech recognition in adverse noise environments . In addition, commercial services for speech recognition are offered by the spin-off private company Voice-In (www.voice-in.gr).
Speech Synthesis work involves elaboration of methods and techniques to optimize the speed and quality of speech synthesis systems in order to meet the computational constraints of low-capacity embedded devices . These efforts have lead to a scaled-down engine that fits the processing power of mobile phone devices while preserving most of the voice’s quality and naturalness. This engine is now integrated into a commercial service offered by the leading mobile operator in Greece . In addition, research interests include alternative TtS methods such as synthesis based on Hidden Markov Models and formant synthesis. Recently, ILSP reserachers have presented the first HMM-based speech synthesizer for Greek , while they are also involved in research on corpus-based expressive/emotional TtS, aiming at the development of synthetic voices that employ richer and more vivid prosodic patterns. A parallel activity has been the exploitation of TtS in the context of multimodal interfaces and assistive tools  aiming to make the human-information interaction more natural, intuitive and accessible. R&D efforts have recently lead to the creation of a spin-off private company, Innoetics (www.innoetics.gr ) offering premium quality near-natural speech synthesis for Greek based on unit selection concatenative speech synthesis techniques.
The Voice and Sound Technology Department has also been active in the area of speech-based dialog processing by using directed dialogs and yes-no questions aiming at the highest possible recognition rate of a very broad and varied user group .
Building on its solid language technology infrastructure, the Natural Language and Knowledge Extraction Department has developed a range of tools and systems for language-aware information retrieval. In this realm, a term extraction module has been developed to allow for more efficient term based document indexing. Term extraction is implemented as a hybrid process comprising a term pattern grammar based on finite-state technology, and a statistical filter, used for the removal of grammar-extracted terms lacking statistical evidence [31, 32, 33]. A version of an IR system is currently being used at the National Publishing Office of Greece (www.et.gr).
Going one step further in the direction of extracting structured information from unstructured textual data, ILSP has been engaged in the development of Named Entity Recogntion tools and LRs since 2000 by initially implementing a rule-based approach to NERC for the Greek language , . In a recent implementation, we have adopted a single-level maximum entropy approach that is language and domain-independent . The system incorporates a more sophisticated classification schema, which is compliant with the ACE (Automatic Content Extraction) schema, and was developed in the framework of MUSE and Reveal-This (http://www.reveal-this.org) projects.
Moving to content technologies, the Natural Language and Knowledge Extraction Department addressed the problem of text classification in high dimensionality spaces by applying linear weight updating classifiers, highly studied in the domain of machine learning. Results are based on the Winnow family of algorithms that are simple to implement and efficient in terms of computation time and storage requirements .
Turning to content summarization, the department’s textual summarization component provides extract-based, single and/or multi document summaries. For each sentence in the text(s) a score, indicative of the sentence’s salience, is calculated as a weighted sum of several features . The top-ranked sentences are presented in their original order in order to form the final extract. Currently selected features [38, 40, 41] involve the location of the sentence inside the text, the sentence length as well as linguistic properties (inclusion and importance of centroids , terms , named entities , facts ).
Recently, the Natural Language and Knowledge Extraction Department has been engaged with the related fields of textual entailment and paraphrasing with a view to building tools for recognizing when two text segments – even distinct in form - overlap semantically. To this end, we maintain a manually compiled resource of unidirectional and bidirectional lexical paraphrases that we use in text simplification and text condensation applications . Moreover, reported work involves the creation and annotation of the Greek Textual Entailment Corpus (GTEC), and a methodology proposed for the automatic recognition of textual entailment in Greek texts .
In parallel to these activities, the Machine Translation Department has been active in ontology development [44,45,46]. Work has been reported on the documentation of artifacts . In addition, the group is developing a lexicon that is organized in terms of taxonomies that are both concept and grammar based  and follows the track of lexicographic works such as Roget’s thesaurus and of modern electronic lexica such as WordNet and VerbNet.
Extending automated information processing from text to multimedia, ILSP has initiated pioneering research in multimedia information extraction with a special focus on automatic metadata extraction and fusion as well as on automatic monolingual and multilingual subtitling. The IST-CIMWOS project aimed at content-based indexing, archiving, retrieval, and on-demand delivery of audiovisual content, deploying state-of-the-art algorithms for text, speech and image processing [47,48, 49]. Taking a step further, the IST-Reveal-This project (www.reveal-this.org) focused on cross-media fusion of unimedia indexical data and deployed them in developing cross-media categorisation, cross-media summarisation and cross-lingual translation functionalities in a search and retrieval setting [50,51,52]. Research and development work results in the area of automatic metadata extraction from multimedai content have been taken up to launch a spin-off private company, Qualia (www.qualia.gr) offering media monitoring services.
In the applicative field of automatic subtitling, ILSP has designed and implemented systems for monolingual and multilingual subtitling of TV programmes, by integrating speech recogntion, text condensation and machine translation technologies .
Extending know-how in multimedia information processing further and taking a turn from content to human-human and human-machine communication processing, researchers of the Natural Language and Knowledge Extraction Department have initiated the Poeticon project ( www.poeticon.eu ) aiming to combine symbolic meaning representations with sensorimotor representations in an attempt to explore the integration mechanics of human cognition and ways to reproduce it in intelligent agents.
D. Vogiatzis, D. Galanis, V. Karkaletsis, I. Androutsopoulos and C.D. Spyropoulos, "A Conversant Robotic Guide to Art Collections". Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data, Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2008), Marrakech, Morocco, 2008.
J. Oberlander, G. Karakatsiotis, A. Isard and I. Androutsopoulos, "Building an Adaptive Museum Gallery in Second Life". Proceedings of Museums and the Web, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2008.
P. Malakasiotis and I. Androutsopoulos, "Learning Textual Entailment using SVMs and String Similarity Measures." Proceedings of the ACL-PASCAL Workshop on Textual Entailment and Paraphrasing, 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2007), Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 42-47, 2007.
D. Galanis and I. Androutsopoulos, "Generating Multilingual Descriptions from Linguistically Annotated OWL Ontologies: the NaturalOWL System". Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (ENLG 2007), Schloss Dagstuhl, Germany, pp. 143-146, 2007.
D.K. Vassilakis, I. Androutsopoulos and E.F. Mageirou, "A Game-Theoretic Investigation of the Effect of Human Interactive Proofs on Spam E-mail". Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (CEAS 2007), Mountain View, CA, USA, 2007.
G. Tsatsaronis, M. Vazirgiannis and I. Androutsopoulos, "Word Sense Disambiguation with Spreading Activation Networks Generated from Thesauri". Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2007), Hyderabad, India, pp. 1725-1730, 2007.
G. Lucarelli, X. Vasilakos and I. Androutsopoulos, "Named Entity Recognition in Greek Texts with an Ensemble of SVMs and Active Learning". International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 16(6):1015-1045, World Scientific, 2007.
I. Androutsopoulos, J. Oberlander and V. Karkaletsis, "Source Authoring for Multilingual Generation of Personalised Object Descriptions". Natural Language Engineering, 13(3):191-233, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
V. Metsis, I. Androutsopoulos and G. Paliouras, "Spam Filtering with Naive Bayes -- Which Naive Bayes?". Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (CEAS 2006), Mountain View, CA, USA, 2006.
G. Lucarelli and I. Androutsopoulos, "A Greek Named-Entity Recognizer that Uses Support Vector Machines and Active Learning". Proceedings of the 4th Hellenic Conference on Artificial Intelligence (SETN 2006), Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 2006.
J. Calder, A.C. Melengoglou, C. Callaway, E. Not, F. Pianesi, I. Androutsopoulos, C.D. Spyropoulos, G. Xydas, G. Kouroupetroglou and M. Roussou, "Multilingual Personalized Information Objects". In O. Stock and M. Zancanaro (Eds.), Multimodal Intelligent Information Presentation, pp. 177-201, Springer, 2005.
I. Androutsopoulos, E.F. Magirou and D.K. Vassilakis, "A Game Theoretic Model of Spam E-Mailing". Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (CEAS 2005), Stanford University, CA, USA, 2005.
I. Androutsopoulos and D. Galanis, "A Practically Unsupervised Learning Method to Identify Single-Snippet Answers to Definition Questions on the Web". Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (HLT/EMNLP 2005), Vancouver, Canada, pp. 323-330, 2005.
I. Androutsopoulos, S. Kallonis and V. Karkaletsis, "Exploiting OWL Ontologies in the Multilingual Generation of Object Descriptions". Proceedings of the 10th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation (ENLG 2005), Aberdeen, U.K., pp. 150-155, 2005.
E. Michelakis, I. Androutsopoulos, G. Paliouras, G. Sakkis and P. Stamatopoulos, "Filtron: A Learning-Based Anti-Spam Filter". Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Email and Anti-Spam (CEAS 2004), Mountain View, CA, USA, 2004.
S. Miliaraki and I. Androutsopoulos, "Learning to Identify Single-Snippet Answers to Definition Questions". Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2004), Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1360-1366, 2004.
A. Isard, J. Oberlander, I. Androutsopoulos and C. Matheson, "Speaking the Users' Languages". IEEE Intelligent Systems, 18(1):40-45, 2003.
G. Sakkis, I. Androutsopoulos, G. Paliouras, V. Karkaletsis, C.D. Spyropoulos and P. Stamatopoulos, "A Memory-Based Approach to Anti-Spam Filtering for Mailing Lists". Information Retrieval, 6(1):49-73, Kluwer, 2003.
A. Dimitromanolaki and I. Androutsopoulos, "Learning to Order Facts for Discourse Planning in Natural Language Generation". Proceedings of the 9th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 10th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2003), Budapest, Hungary, pp. 23-30, 2003.
INDIGO: Interaction with mobile robots that have personalities and support multimodal dialogues (2007-09). European FP6-IST project. http://www.ics.forth.gr/indigo/ (areas 5.6 and 7).
XENIOS (2006-07): Human-robot interaction using speech processing, natural language generation, and computer vision. National project. http://www.ics.forth.gr/xenios/ (area 7).
"Combined research in the areas of information retrieval, natural language processing, and user modeling aiming at the development of advanced search engines for document collections" (2006-08). National project (area 1.5).
Abstract: AIG (Artificial Intelligence Group) is one of the seven research groups of the Wire Communications Laboratory (WCL - established in 1967) in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, Greece. The unit has more than 30 years of continuous research activity in the areas of Speech & Language Technology and Artificial Intelligence. During this period, it has published over 300 scientific publications, contributed over 20 PhD dissertations, developed various resources (databases, research tools, technology-prove prototypes, etc) and participated (or is currently participating) as a partner or coordinator in more than 30 RTD projects.
Some indicative recent references involve: morphological - syntactic - semantic - discourse analyzers [1-4]; keyword(s) and term extraction ; automatic linguistic knowledge elicitation techniques [6-7]; intelligent authoring aids ; speech recognition [9-10]; speaker recognition ; speech synthesis ; speech-based dialog processing [13-14]; information extraction [15-17] etc.
 K. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis, "A PC-KIMMO-Based Morphological Description of Modern Greek", Literary and Linguistic Computing, Oxford University Press, Vol.10, No.3, pp.189-201, September 1995.
 K. Kermanidis, K. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis, "A PC-PATR-Based Syntactic Description of Modern Greek", Literary and Linguistic Computing, Oxford University Press, Vol.15, No.3, pp.291-312, 2000.
 K. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis and G. Kokkinakis, "TEMPO: A Temporal Sub-parser for Modern Greek", International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, World Scientific, Vol.7, No.1, pp.103-120, 1998.
 K. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis, "A Straightforward Approach to Morphological Analysis and Synthesis", Proc. COMLEX 2000, Workshop on Computational Lexicography and Multimedia Dictionaries, pp.31-34, Kato Achaia, Greece, 22-23 September, 2000.
 D.P. Lyras, K.N. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis, "Using the Levenshtein Edit Distance for Automatic Lemmatization: A Case Study for Modern Greek and English", Proc. ICTAI 2007, 19th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, pp.428-435, Patras, Greece, 29-31 October, 2007.
 D.P. Lyras, K.N. Sgarbas, N.D. Fakotakis, “Learning Greek Phonetic Rules using Decision-Tree Based Models”, Proc. ICEIS 2007, 9th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems: Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support Systems, pp.424-427, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, 12-16 June 2007.
 K. Sgarbas, G. Londos, N. Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis, "The WATCHER Project: Building An Agent for Automatic Extraction of Language Resources from the Internet", Literary and Linguistic Computing, Vol.18, No.4, pp.449-464, 2003.
 K. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis, "A PC-KIMMO-Based Bi-directional Graphemic/Phonetic Converter for Modern Greek", Literary and Linguistic Computing, Oxford University Press, Vol.13, No.2, pp.65-75, 1998.
 K. Georgila, K. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis, "Fast Very Large Vocabulary Recognition Based on Compact DAWG-Structured Language Models", Proc. ICSLP 2000, 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, pp.987-990, Beijing, China,16-20 October, 2000.
 I. Mporas, T. Ganchev, M. Siafarikas, N.Fakotakis: Comparison of Speech Features on the Speech Recognition Task, Journal of Computer Science, ISSN 1549-3636, Science Publications New York, USA, Vol.3, No.8, 2007, pp.608-616.
 T. Ganchev, I. Potamitis, N. Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis: Text-Independent Speaker Verification for Real Fast-Varying Noisy Environments, International Journal of Speech Technology, ISSN 1381-2416, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vol.7, No. 4, October 2004, pp. 281-292.
 A. Lazaridis, P. Zervas, G. Kokkinakis, "Segmental duration modeling for Greek Speech Synthesis", In Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), Patras, Greece, 2007, pp. 518-521.
 K. Georgila, K. Sgarbas, A. Tsopanoglou, N. Fakotakis, G. Kokkinakis, "A Speech-based Human-Computer Interaction System for Automating Directory Assistance Services", International Journal of Speech Technology, Special Issue on Speech and Human Computer Interaction,, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vol. 6, pp. 145-159, 2003.
 T. Giannakopoulos, N.-A. Tatlas, T. Ganchev, I. Potamitis: A Practical, Real-Time Speech-Driven Home Automation Front-end, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, IEEE, May 2005, Vol.51, No.2, pp. 514-523, 2005.
 I. Mporas, D. P. Lyras, K. N. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis “Detection of Dialogue Acts using Perplexity-based Word Clustering”, in V. Matousek and P. Mautner (eds.), "Text, Speech and Dialogue", Proc. TSD 2007, 10th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue, LNAI n.4629, pp.638-643, Springer, Pilsen, Czech Republic, 3-7 September 2007.
 M. Maragoudakis, A. Thanopoulos, K. Sgarbas, N. Fakotakis, "Domain Knowledge Acquisition and Plan Recognition by Probabilistic Reasoning", International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, Special Issue on AI Techniques in Web-Based Educational Systems, Vol.13, No.2, pp.333-365, 2004.
 M. Maragoudakis, A. Thanopoulos, N. Fakotakis, “Meteobayes: Effective Plan Recognition in a Weather Dialogue System”, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vol. 22, No 1, pp. 66-78, 2007.
1. Galiotou E. and A. Ralli Morpho-phonological Modelling in Natural Language Processing”, International Journal of Computational Intelligence, vol. 1, no. 3, 2004, pp. 179-182.
2. Grigoriadou, M., Kornilakis, H., Galiotou E., Stamou S. and Papakitsos, E. “The Software Infrastructure for the Development and Validation of the Greek WordNet”, Romanian Journal of Information, Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 1-2, 2004, pp. 89-105.
4. Galiotou E. and Ligozat G. “A Representational Scheme for Temporal and Causal Information Processing”, Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on Annotation Standards for Temporal Information in Natural Language, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, 2002, pp. 22-26.
P. Fragkou, G. Petasis, A. Theodorakos, V. Karkaletsis, C.D. Spyropoulos, BOEMIE Ontology-Based Text Annotation Tool, 6th international conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2008), Marrakech, Morocco, 2008.
G. Petasis, V. Karkaletsis, D. Farmakiotou, I. Androutsopoulos, and C.D. Spyropoulos. "A Greek Morphological Lexicon and its Exploitation by Natural Language Processing Applications". Lecture Notes on Computer Science (LNCS), vol.2563, Advances in Informatics - Post-proceedings of the 8th Panhellenic Conference in Informatics. Vol. editors: Yannis Manolopoulos, Skevos Evripidou, Antonis Kakas, pp. 401-419, 2003.
V. Rentoumi and S. Konstantopoulos, “Heuristic Disambiguation of Deverbal Nominals in Greek”. In: Zygmunt Vetulani (ed.) Human Language Technologies as a Challenge for Computer Science and Linguistics: Proceedings of 3rd Language and Technology Conference, 5-7 October 2007, Poznań, Poland.
S. Konstantopoulos, What's in a Name? In: Petya Osenova et al (eds.) Proceedings of Computational Phonology Workshop, 6th Intl. Conf. on Recent Advances in NLP (RANLP 07), Borovets, Bulgaria, 2007.
D. Bilidas, M. Theologou, V. Karkaletsis, “Enriching OWL Ontologies with Linguistic and User-related Annotations: the ELEON system”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI-2007), Patras, Greece, October 29-31, 2007.
M. Vassiliou, S. Markantonatou, Y. Maistros, and V. Karkaletsis. «Evaluating Specifications for Controlled Greek», In Proceedings of the EAMT/CLAW 2003 Conference on “Controlled Language Translation”, pp. 185-193, Dublin, Ireland, May 15-17, 2003.
G. Sakkis, I. Androutsopoulos, G. Paliouras, V. Karkaletsis, C.D. Spyropoulos and P. Stamatopoulos, “A Memory-Based Approach to Anti-Spam Filtering for Mailing Lists,” Information Retrieval Journal, 6(1): 49-73, 2003.
G. Sakkis, I. Androutsopoulos, G. Paliouras, V. Karkaletsis, C.D. Spyropoulos and P. Stamatopoulos, “Stacking classifiers for anti-spam filtering of e-mail.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), pp. 44-50, Carnegie Mellon University, 2001.
G . Petasis, V . Karkaletsis, C . Grover, B . Hachey, M . T . Pazienza, M . Vindigni, J . Coch, "Adaptive, Multilingual Named Entity Recognition in Web Pages" In Proceedings of the European Conference in Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), pp. 1073 - 1074, Valencia, Spain, 2004.
G. Petasis, F. Vichot, F. Wolinski, G. Paliouras, V. Karkaletsis, and C.D. Spyropoulos, "Using Machine Learning to Maintain Rule-based Named-Entity Recognition and Classification Systems,". Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), pp. 426-433, Toulouse, 2001.
G. Petasis, A. Cucchiarelli, P. Velardi, G. Paliouras, V. Karkaletsis, and C.D. Spyropoulos, “Automatic adaptation of proper noun dictionaries through co-operation of machine learning and probabilistic methods”. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGIR Conference on R&D in IR (SIGIR), pp. 128-135, Athens, Greece, 2000.
G. Petasis, V. Karkaletsis, G. Paliouras and C.D. Spyropoulos, Learning context-free grammars to extract relations from text, Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI08), Patras, Greece, July 2008.
G. Sigletos, G. Paliouras, V. Karkaletsis, “Role Identification From Free Text Using Hidden Markov Models,” Proceedings of the Panhellenic Conference in Artificial Intelligence (SETN), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Springer Verlag, n. 2308, pp. 167-178, 2002.
E. Zavitsanos, G. Paliouras, G. Vouros and S. Petridis, “Discovering Subsumption Hierarchies of Ontology Concepts from Text Corpora,” In Proceedings of the IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI), Silicon Valley, USA, November 2-5, 2007.
A. Valarakos, V. Karkaletsis, D. Alexopoulou, E. Papadimitriou, C.D. Spyropoulos, and G. Vouros. "Building an Allergens Ontology and Maintaining it using Machine Learning Techniques". Computers in Biology and Medicine Journal (CBM), 36 (10): 1155-1184, 2006.
G. Sigletos, G. Paliouras, C.D. Spyropoulos and M. Hatzopoulos, "Combining Information Extraction Systems Using Voting and Stacked Generalization," Journal of Machine Learning Research, v.6, pp. 1751-1782, 2005.
G. Sigletos, G. Paliouras, C. D. Spyropoulos, P. Stamatopoulos. “Meta-learning beyond classification: A framework for information extraction from the Web,” In Berendt et al. (Eds.), “Web Mining: From Web to Semantic Web”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, n. 3209, pp. 97 – 112, Springer Verlag, 2004.
V. Karkaletsis, P. Karampiperis, K. Stamatakis, M. Labský, M. Růžička, V. Svátek, E. Amigó Cabrera, M. Pöllä, M.A. Mayer, A. Leis, D.V. Gonzales, Automating Accreditation of Medical Web Content, Proceedings of the 5th Prestigious Applications of Intelligent Systems (PAIS08), in the context of ECAI08, Patras, Greece, July 2008.
V. Karkaletsis, C.D. Spyropoulos, C. Grover, M.T. Pazienza, J. Coch, D. Souflis, “A Platform for Cross-lingual, Domain and User Adaptive Web Information Extraction” In Proceedings of the European Conference in Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), pp. 725 - 729, Valencia, Spain, 2004.
V. Rentoumi, V. Karkaletsis, G. A. Vouros, and A. Mozer, “Sentiment analysis exploring metaphorical and idiomatic senses: a word sense disambiguation approach”, Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Aspects of Affectual and Emotional Interaction (CAFFEi-2008), in the context of ECAI-2008, July 2008, Patras, Greece.
G. Paliouras, V. Karkaletsis and C.D. Spyropoulos, "Learning Rules for Large Vocabulary Word Sense Disambiguation", Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '99), v. 2, pp. 674-679, August, 1999.
S. Afantenos, V. Karkaletsis, P. Stamatopoulos, C. Halatsis, "Using Synchronic and Diachronic Relations for Summarizing Multiple Documents describing Evolving Events", Journal of Intelligent Information Systems (JIIS), 30(3): 183-226, Springer, 2008.
G. Giannakopoulos, V. Karkaletsis, G. Vouros, P. Stamatopoulos, “The AutoSummENG Method”, NCSR Technical Report, April 2008.
S. Castano, S. Espinosa, A. Ferrara, V. Karkaletsis, A. Kaya, S. Melzer, R. Möller, S. Montanelli, G. Petasis, "Ontology Dynamics with Multimedia Information: The BOEMIE Evolution Methodology", Proceedings of the International Workshop on Ontology Dynamics (IWOD-07), in the context of the 4th European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC-07), Innsbruck, Austria, June 7, 2007, pp. 41-54.
G. Petasis, P. Fragkou, A. Theodorakos, V. Karkaletsis, C.D. Spyropoulos, Segmenting HTML pages using visual and semantic information, The 4th Web as Corpus Workshop: Can we do better than Google?, in the context of LREC-2008.
B. Gatos, S. J. Perantonis, V. Maragos, V. Karkaletsis and G. Petasis, "Text Area Identification in Web Images", In Proceedings of the Panhellenic Conference in Artificial Intelligence (SETN), Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, n. 3025, pp. 82- 92, Springer Verlag, 2004.
K.V. Chandrinos, I. Androutsopoulos, G. Paliouras and C.D. Spyropoulos, "Automatic Web Rating: Filtering Obscene Content on the Web". Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL), Lisbon, Portugal, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, n. 1923, pp. 403-406, Springer-Verlag, 2000.
S. Konstantopoulos, V. Karkaletsis, and C. Matheson, “Robot Personality: Representation and Externalization”, Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Aspects of Affectual and Emotional Interaction (CAFFEi-08), in the context of ECAI-08, Patras, July 2008.
D. Spiliotopoulos, I. Androutsopoulos and C.D. Spyropoulos, "Human-Robot Interaction Based on Spoken Natural Language Dialogue". European Workshop on Service and Humanoid Robots (Servicerob 2001), pp. 123-128, Santorini, Greece, 2001.
V. Karkaletsis, C.D. Spyropoulos, and G. Vouros, “A Knowledge-Based Methodology for Supporting Multilingual and User-tailored Interfaces”. Interacting with Computers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Computer Interaction, 9: 311-333, 1998.
Kontos, J. and Cavouras, J.C. Knowledge Acquisition from Technical Texts Using Attribute Grammars. The Computer Journal, Vol. 31, No 6, pp. 525-530, 1988.
Kontos, J. Syntax-Directed Processing of Texts with Action Semantics. Cybernetica, 23(2), pp. 157-175, 1980.
P. Stamatopoulos, A. Arvillias, M. Katzouraki, G. Philokyprou. "Querying Databases in Natural Greek". Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Information Technology for Organisational Systems EURINFO '88, pp. 730-737, Athens, 1988.
P. Stamatopoulos, M. Katzouraki, G. Philokyprou. "A Natural Language System for Database Queries". Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Informatics JAHORINA '85, Jahorina, 1985.
Gavrilidou, M. (2002), The Hellenic National Corpus on-line, Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire.
Papageorgiou, P., P. Prokopidis, V. Giouli, and S. Piperidis (2000). A Unified POS Tagging Architecture and its Application to Greek. In Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp. 1455-1462, Athens.
Boutsis, S., Prokopis Prokopidis, Voula Giouli, and Stelios Piperidis (2000). A Robust Parser for Unrestricted Greek Text. In Proceedings of the 2nd Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 467-474, Athens.
Prokopidis, P., E. Desypri, M. Koutsombogera, H. Papageorgiou, and S. Piperidis (2005). Theoretical and Practical Issues in the Construction of a Greek Dependency Treebank. In Proc. of The Fourth Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories, pp. 149-160, Barcelona.
Papageorgiou, H., E. Desipri, M. Koutsombogera, K. Pouli, and P. Prokopidis (2006). Adding multi-layer Semantics to the Greek Dependency Treebank. In Proc. of The 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Genoa.
P. Bouros, A. Fotopoulou and N. Glaros (2005), “An interactive environment for creating and validating syntactic rules”, Proceedings of RANLP2005, 15th International Conference on Recent Advances on Natural Language Processing, Borovets, Bulgaria , 21-23 September, pp.129-133.
Piperidis, S., Dimitrakis, P. Balta, E. (2007) Lexical transfer selection using annotated parallel corpora. In Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing IV, Nicolov, Nicolas, Kalina Bontcheva, Galia Angelova and Ruslan Mitkov (eds.), 227–236.
Georgantopoulos B. and Piperidis S. (2000). A Hybrid Technique for Automatic Term Extraction. Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial and Computational Intelligence for Decision, Control and Automation in Engineering and Industrial Applications (ACIDCA'2000), pp. 124-128.
Georgantopoulos B. and Piperidis S. (1998). Eliciting Terminological Knowledge for Information Extraction Applications. EURISCON/AMIE Workshop, June 1998, Athens.
Georgantopoulos B., Piperidis S. (2000). Term–based identification of sentences for text summarization. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2000). Athens, Greece.
Boutsis, S., Demiros, S., Giouli, V., Liakata, M., Papageorgiou, H., Piperidis, S. (2000). A system for Recognition of Named Entities in Greek. In: Proceedings of Natural Language Processing 2000, Patras, Greece.
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Giouli,V., Konstandinidis, A., Desypri, E., Papageorgiou, H., Piperidis, S. (2006). Multi-domain Multi-lingual Named Entity Recognition: Revisiting & Grounding the resources issue. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Geneva, Italy.
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Demiros I., Antonopoulos V., Georgantopoulos B., Triantafyllou Y., Piperidis S. (2001). Connectionist Models for sentence-based text extracts. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Conference. USA.
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natural language processing tools, such as named-entity recognizers (area 1.3) and part-of-speech taggers (area 1.1).
Speech Processing: Speech Enhancement, Speaker Localization and Tracking, Robust Automatic Speech Recognition, Speaker Recognition, Spoken Language Recognition, Emotion Recognition, Sound Recognition, Text-to-Speech Synthesis, Voice Conversion.
Natural Language Processing: Natural Language Understanding, Spoken Dialogue Processing and Management, Spoken Interaction Strategies, Natural Language Generation, Lexicography, Text Engineering, Information Extraction, Development of Natural Language Interfaces.
Artificial Intelligence: Search Methods, Problem Solving, Rule Based Systems, Knowledge Representation, Logic Programming, Machine Learning, Intelligent Human-Machine Interaction, User Modeling, Automata Theory, Game Playing, Quantum Artificial Intelligence.
Skourlas C., Alevizos T., Belsis P., Fragos K., Kaburlasos V.G., Papadakis S., “Fuzzy Interval Numbers (FINs) techniques and its applications in Natural Language Queries Processing and documents classification”, Proceedings of BCI 2007, (Boyanov K. et al., eds.), pp. 17-28.
Lampropoulos, E. Galiotou, I. Manolessou, A. Ralli, “A Finite-State Approach to the Computational Morphology of Early Modern Greek”, Proceedings of the 7th wseas International Conference on Applied Computer Science (ACS'07), Venice, 2007, pp. 242-245.
D. Sotiropoulos, E. Galiotou, C. Skourlas, “Application of α Word-Alignment Algorithm to Bilingual Greek-Latin Documents”, Proceedings of the 7th wseas International Conference on Applied Computer Science (ACS'07), Venice, 2007, pp. 238-241.
A Greek morphological lexicon, which contains over 90.000 lemmas, i.e. 1.200.000 word forms (available on line: http://www.neurolingo.gr/en/online_tools/lexiscope.htm).
A Greek thesaurus of synonyms and antonyms, which contains 22.000 lemmas (paper edition by Patakis Publications, 2005).
An electronic dictionary of geographic names and toponyms (available on line: http://www.neurolingo.gr/en/online_tools/toponyms.htm).
An ontology-based electronic dictionary of biomedical terms.
Greek proofing tools (speller, hyphenator & thesaurus) for word processors and desktop publishing systems: MS Office (Win and Mac), Open/Star/Neo Office (Win, Mac and Linux) and QuarkXpress (Win and Mac).
Greek Hyphenator and Speller incorporated in ADOBE Creative Suite (Acrobat, Illustrator, InDesign, Flash, Photoshop and Dreamweaver) (Win and Mac).
Proofing Tools for Open Office bundled together with MAGENTA's Office Suite.
Greek Lemmatizer, implementing the Word Breaking and Stemming functionality for the Encyclopedia of Hellenic World (http://www.ehw.gr), used via Microsoft Indexing Services.
Tools for text mining, storing and management of Greek texts (Project of Industrial Research Development, No 99ΒΕ19, Ministry of Development, General Secretariat for Research and Technology).
Lexicographic database and tools for the creation of the “Dictionary of Modern Greek as Second Language for Secondary School students” (Program for the Education of Muslim Children, Phases 1 and 2, EPEAK ΙΙ, in collaboration with the University of Athens, http://www.museduc.gr/index.php?page=2&sub=223).
Information extraction by using pattern-based syntactic and semantic analysis, named entities extraction, and event recognition for ICAP S.A.
Text mining by using ontologies and language processing tools (PARMENIDES, European project IST-2001-39023).
Text data cleansing by using language processing technologies (Greek National Census 2001).
Language tools and an ontology in the domain of history and culture (Project Meta-On, Ministry of Development, General Secretariat for Research and Technology).
Language resources and software systems for processing of biomedical texts: a search engine, a web speller, a web concordancer, a morphosyntactic tagger, a semantic annotator, and an ontology browser (available on the IATROLEXI project site: http://www.iatrolexi.gr).

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