Source: https://insightsimaging.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s13244-015-0410-4
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 09:45:11+00:00

Document:
The aspects of the new European Directive 2013/59/Euratom most relevant to diagnostic imaging and intervention are summarised. The Directive, laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers from exposure to ionising radiation, emphasises the need for justification of medical exposure (including asymptomatic individuals), introduces requirements concerning patient information and strengthens those for recording and reporting doses from radiological procedures, the use of diagnostic reference levels, the availability of dose-indicating devices and the improved role and support of the Medical Physics Experts in imaging. Relevant changes include new definitions, a new dose limit for the eye lens, non-medical imaging exposures, procedures in asymptomatic individuals, the use and regular review of diagnostic reference levels (including interventional procedures), dosimetric information in imaging systems and its transfer to the examination report, new requirements on responsibilities, the registry and analysis of accidental or unintended exposure and population dose evaluation (based on age and gender distribution). These changes will require Member States, the radiology community and the industry to adapt regulations, practices and equipment for a high standard of radiation safety. By 6 February 2018, the Directive has to be transposed into the national legislation of the Member States of the European Union.
The new European Directive 2013/59/Euratom , laying down basic safety standards (BSS) for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation and repealing Directives 89/618/Euratom, 90/641/Euratom, 96/29/Euratom, 97/43/Euratom and 2003/122/Euratom, is expected to have a relevant and positive impact on European radiology.
The basic safety standards take into account the new recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) [2, 3] and are revised in the light of new scientific evidence and operational experience.
The Directive was unanimously adopted by the Council of the European Union (EU) on 5 December 2013 after 4 years of work by different European scientific and technical committees.1 The press release after the Council meeting held in Brussels on 5 December 2013 highlighted that the new Directive, under which the Member States will establish legal requirements and an appropriate regime of regulatory control, reflects a system of radiation protection based on the principles of justification, optimisation and dose limitation for all exposure situations. Dose limits shall not apply to medical exposures.
According to the new Directive, a high level of competence and a clear definition of responsibilities and tasks among all professionals involved in medical exposure are fundamental to ensure adequate protection of patients undergoing medical radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures. This applies to medical doctors, dentists and other health professionals entitled to take clinical responsibility for individual medical exposures, to medical physics experts and to other professionals carrying out practical aspects of medical radiological procedures, such as radiographers and technicians in radiodiagnostic medicine, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy.
Furthermore, the Directive provides radiation protection education, training and provision of information. The Member States will have 4 years to transpose this Directive into national legislation.
The most relevant changes in the new Directive in comparison to the existing ones—96/29/Euratom  on the protection of workers and the general public and 97/43/Euratom  on medical exposures—are summarised in Tables 1 and 2.
Chapter VII in the new Directive deals with medical exposures but other chapters contain articles relevant to radiology imaging (see Table 2).
The Directive distinguishes between existing, planned and emergency exposure situations. Taking into account this new framework, the Directive covers all exposure situations and all categories of exposure, namely occupational, public and medical.
The new Directive provides minimum rules, and Member States should be free to adopt or maintain more stringent measures in the subject matter covered by the Directive, without prejudice to the free movement of goods and services in the internal European Union market.
The definition of “medical exposure” in the new Directive is similar to the previous one, but excludes the “medico-legal”, now called “non-medical imaging exposure”. The relevant definitions (with some changes in comparison to the previous Directives) are included in the Annex.
New scientific information on tissue reactions calls for better protection of the eye lens and, following the ICRP guidance, the new Directive modifies the occupational dose limit for the eye lens to 20 mSv/year from the previous value of 150 mSv/year.
Dose limits for occupational exposure apply to the sum of annual occupational exposures of a worker from all authorised practices.
The limit on the effective dose shall be 20 mSv in any single year (in special circumstances 50 mSv if the average annual dose over any 5 consecutive years does not exceed 20 mSv).
The limit on the equivalent dose for the lens of the eye shall be 20 mSv in a single year or 100 mSv in any 5 consecutive years subject to a maximum dose of 50 mSv in a single year.
The limit on the equivalent dose for the skin and extremities shall be 500 mSv in a year.
Apprentices and students (aged 16–18 years) have more restrictive dose limits: an effective dose of 6 mSv in a year and equivalent doses of 15 mSv in a year to the lens of the eye as well as of 150 mSv in a year to the skin and the extremities.
In addition, Art. 40 establishes the categorisation of exposed workers. Workers are required to be classified as ‘category A’ (i.e., subject to individual monitoring and medical surveillance) if (a) an effective dose greater than 6 mSv per year or (b) an equivalent dose greater than 15 mSv per year for the lens of the eye or (c) greater than 150 mSv per year for the skin and extremities might be expected.
As soon as a pregnant worker informs the employer of the pregnancy the employment conditions shall assure that the equivalent dose to the unborn child is as low as reasonably achievable and unlikely to exceed 1 mSv during at least the remainder of the pregnancy.
As soon as workers inform the employer that they are breastfeeding an infant, they shall not be employed in work involving a significant risk of intake of radionuclides or of bodily contamination.
Articles 55 and 56 in Chap. VII on Medical Exposures maintain most of the requirements of the previous 97/43/Euratom Directive, but the explicit consideration of occupational doses in justification and optimisation (as made by ICRP) in some previous articles should be noted.
Article 19.4. Practices involving medical exposure shall be justified both as a class or type of practice, taking into account medical and, where relevant, associated occupational and public exposures, and at the level of each individual medical exposure.
Article 32.b. Member States shall ensure that the operational protection of exposed workers is based on optimisation of radiation protection in all working conditions, including occupational exposures as a consequence of practices involving medical exposures.
A new article (55.2.h) on justification has been added, concerning medical radiological procedures on asymptomatic individuals, to be performed for early disease detection. Such procedures should either be part of a health screening programme or require specific documented justification for that individual by the practitioner, in consultation with the referrer, following guidelines from relevant medical scientific societies and the competent authority. Special attention shall be given to the provision of information to the individual subject to medical exposure.
The new Directive strengthens and expands the previous requirements regarding diagnostic reference levels.
Article 56.2. Member States shall ensure the establishment, regular review and use of diagnostic reference levels for radiodiagnostic examinations, having regard to the recommended European diagnostic reference levels where available, and where appropriate, for interventional radiology procedures and the availability of guidance for this purpose.
Article 58.f. underlines the need for appropriate local reviews whenever diagnostic reference levels are consistently exceeded and requires that the corresponding corrective action is taken without undue delay.
Article 18 of the new Directive deals with education, information and training in the field of medical exposure. This article is now part of Chap. VII (Medical Exposures) and its content is the same as in the previous 97/43/Euratom Directive. Article 59 on “training and recognition” in the new Directive refers to this Art. 18.
Member States shall ensure that practitioners and the individuals involved in the practical aspects of medical radiological procedures have adequate education, information and theoretical and practical training for the purpose of medical radiological practices, as well as relevant competence in radiation protection.
For this purpose Member States shall ensure that appropriate curricula are established and shall recognise the corresponding diplomas, certificates or formal qualifications.
Individuals undergoing relevant training programmes may participate in practical aspects of medical radiological procedures.
Member States shall ensure that continuing education and training after qualification are provided and, in the special case of the clinical use of new techniques, training is provided on these techniques and the relevant radiation protection requirements.
Member States shall encourage the introduction of a course on radiation protection in the basic curriculum of medical and dental schools.
Article 57 deals with responsibilities and contains new requirements regarding the optimisation process and the provision of information to patients.
Wherever practicable, prior to the exposure taking place, the practitioner or the referrer, as specified by Member States, ensures that the patient or his/her representative is provided with adequate information relating to the benefits and risks associated with the radiation dose from the medical exposure. Similar information as well as relevant guidance shall be given to carers and comforters, in accordance with point (b) of Art. 56(5).
Practical aspects of medical radiological procedures may be delegated by the undertaking or the practitioner, as appropriate, to one or more individuals entitled to act in this respect in a recognised field of specialisation.
Article 58 (procedures), part d, indicates that a medical physics expert shall be involved in radiodiagnostic and interventional radiology practices involving high doses as referred to in point (c) of Art. 61(1) (i.e. interventional radiology and computed tomography). For other medical radiological practices, a medical physics expert shall be involved as appropriate, depending on the radiological risk posed by the practice, for consultation and advice.
Member States shall require the medical physics expert to act or give specialist advice as appropriate on matters relating to radiation physics for implementing the requirements set out in Chap. VII and in point (c) of Art. 22(4) of the Directive (i.e. “Practices involving the deliberate exposure of humans for non-medical imaging purposes”).
It is also required that the medical physics expert shall, where appropriate, liaise with the radiation protection expert.
The use of fluoroscopy equipment without a device to automatically control the dose rate, or without an image intensifier or equivalent device, is prohibited.
Any equipment used for interventional radiology has a device or a feature informing the practitioner and those carrying out practical aspects of the medical procedures of the quantity of radiation produced by the equipment during the procedure. Equipment installed prior to 6 February 2018 may be exempted from this requirement.
Any equipment used for interventional radiology and computed tomography and any new equipment used for planning, guiding and verification purposes have a device or a feature informing the practitioner, at the end of the procedure, of relevant parameters for assessing the patient dose.
Equipment used for interventional radiology and computed tomography has the capacity to transfer the information required under 3(d) to the record of the examination. Equipment installed prior to 6 February 2018 may be exempted from this requirement.
Without prejudice to points (c), (d) and (e) of paragraph 3, new medical radiodiagnostic equipment producing ionising radiation has a device, or an equivalent means, informing the practitioner of relevant parameters for assessing the patient dose. Where appropriate, the equipment shall have the capacity to transfer this information to the record of the examination.
Article 58.a now requires the establishment of written protocols for every type of standard medical radiological procedure and for each piece of equipment, but also “for relevant categories of patients”.
Article 58.b (procedures) indicates that Member States shall ensure that “Information relating to patient exposure forms part of the report of the medical radiological procedure”.
In Art. 58.c the previous term “recommendations concerning referral criteria” has been replaced with “referral guidelines for medical imaging” to better reflect the European practice.
Article 58.e maintains the requirements on clinical audits as in the previous Directive 97/43/Euratom , stating that “clinical audits are carried out in accordance with national procedures”.
Article 63 introduces a new set of requirements for registration and analysis of accidental and unintended medical exposures.
Mechanisms are in place for the timely dissemination of information relevant to radiation protection in medical exposure regarding lessons learned from significant events.
Article 64 states that Member States shall ensure that the distribution of individual dose estimates from medical exposure for radiodiagnostic and interventional radiology purposes are determined, taking into consideration where appropriate the distribution by age and gender of the exposed.
The “medico-legal” exposures introduced in Directive 97/43/Euratom have been replaced in the new Directive by the “non-medical imaging exposures” defined as deliberate exposure of humans for imaging purposes where the primary intention of the exposure is not to bring a health benefit to the individual being exposed. The Directive adopts a different approach for procedures using medical radiological equipment and for procedures not using such equipment.
Radiological evaluation of the physical development of children and adolescents with a view to a career in sports, dancing, etc.
Use of ionising radiation for the identification of objects concealed within the human body.
The Directive requires practices using medical radiological equipment to be placed under appropriate regulatory control and to be justified at three levels: before being generally adopted, for each particular application and for the particular exposed individual. The Directive also requires reviews of the general and particular justification of such practices.
Article 22.3 indicates that Member States may exempt justified practices involving non-medical imaging exposure using medical radiological equipment from the requirement for dose constraints according to point (b) of Art. 6(1) (i.e. dose constraint shall be set for the individual dose that members of the public receive from the planned operation of a radiation source) and from the dose limits set out in Art. 12 (i.e. dose limits for public exposure).
Article 22.4.c requires that for procedures using medical radiological equipment, the relevant requirements identified for medical exposure as set out in Chap. VII (Medical Exposures) are applied, including those for equipment, optimisation, responsibilities, training and special protection during pregnancy and the appropriate involvement of the medical physics expert.
The changes introduced with Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom will require Member States, the radiology community (including medical physics experts) and the industry to adapt their regulations, procedures and equipment to the new high standards of radiation safety.
Member States will have 4 years for the transposition of the Directive into national legislation (by 6 February 2018).
The Council of the EU is the institution representing the member states’ governments. Also informally known as the EU Council, it is where national ministers from each EU country meet to adopt laws and coordinate policies.
This paper was prepared by Eliseo Vano (Madrid/ES), Reinhard Loose (Nuernberg/DE) and Peter Vock (Berne/CH) on behalf of the ESR Radiation Protection Subcommittee (chairperson: P. Vock; members: D. Akata, E.J. Adam, J. Damilakis, H. Ducou le Pointe, R. Loose, C. Owens, G. Frija, F. Kainberger, L. Oleaga, M. Prokop; advisers: E. Vano, A. Meghzifene, G. Paulo, observers: D. Koff, W. Stiller, D. Sheppard). It was approved by the ESR Executive Council on 14 April 2015.
The authors thank Georgi Simeonov, Policy Officer, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy, Unit D.3 Radiation Protection, for proof-reading and completing the final draft.
An exposure of individuals, other than emergency workers, as a result of an accident.
Individuals knowingly and willingly incurring an exposure to ionising radiation by helping, other than as part of their occupation, in the support and comfort of individuals undergoing or having undergone medical exposure.
A systematic examination or review of medical radiological procedures that seeks to improve the quality and outcome of patient care through structured review, whereby medical radiological practices, procedures and results are examined against agreed standards for good medical radiological procedures, with modification of practices, where appropriate, and the application of new standards if necessary.
Responsibility of a practitioner for individual medical exposures, in particular, justification; optimisation; clinical evaluation of the outcome; cooperation with other specialists and staff, as appropriate, regarding practical aspects of medical radiological procedures; obtaining information, if appropriate, on previous examinations; providing existing medical radiological information and/or records to other practitioners and/or the referrer, as required; and giving information on the risk of ionising radiation to patients and other individuals involved, as appropriate.
Dose levels in medical radiodiagnostic or interventional radiology practices, or, in the case of radio-pharmaceuticals, levels of activity, for typical examinations for groups of standard-sized patients or standard phantoms for broadly defined types of equipment.
A constraint set as a prospective upper bound of individual doses, used to define the range of options considered in the process of optimisation for a given radiation source in a planned exposure situation.
The use of X-ray imaging techniques to facilitate the introduction and guidance of devices in the body for diagnostic or treatment purposes.
Exposure incurred by patients or asymptomatic individuals as part of their own medical or dental diagnosis or treatment, and intended to benefit their health, as well as exposure incurred by carers and comforters and by volunteers in medical or biomedical research.
An individual or, if provided for in national legislation, a group of individuals, having the knowledge, training and experience to act or give advice on matters relating to radiation physics applied to medical exposure, whose competence in this respect is recognised by the competent authority.
Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures and interventional radiology or other medical uses of ionising radiation for planning, guiding and verification purposes.
A facility where medical radiological procedures are performed.
Any procedure giving rise to medical exposure.
Any deliberate exposure of humans for imaging purposes where the primary intention of the exposure is not to bring a health benefit to the individual being exposed.
A medical doctor, dentist or other health professional who is entitled to take clinical responsibility for an individual medical exposure in accordance with national requirements.
Pertaining to in-vivo diagnostic nuclear medicine, medical diagnostic radiology using ionising radiation and dental radiology.
Pertaining to radiotherapy, including nuclear medicine for therapeutic purposes.
Medical exposure that is significantly different from the medical exposure intended for a given purpose.

References: Art. 40
 Art. 18
 Art. 56
 Art. 61
 Art. 22
 Art. 58
 Art. 6
 Art. 12