Source: http://lawlibrary.chanrobles.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81991:g-r-no-199082,-g-r-no-199085,-g-r-no-199118,-july-23,-2013-jose-miguel-t-arroyo,-petitioner,-v-department-of-justice-commission-on-elections-hon-leila-de-lima,-in-her-capacity-as-secretary-of-the-department-of-justice-hon-sixto-brillantes,-jr-,-in-his-cap&catid=1572&Itemid=566
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 08:19:08+00:00

Document:
G.R. No. 199082, G.R. NO. 199085, G.R. NO. 199118, July 23, 2013 - JOSE MIGUEL T. ARROYO, Petitioner, v. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE; COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS; HON. LEILA DE LIMA, IN HER CAPACITY AS SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE; HON. SIXTO BRILLANTES, JR., IN HIS CAPACITY AS CHAIRPERSON OF THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS; AND THE JOINT DOJ-COMELEC PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE AND FACT-FINDING TEAM, Respondents.; G.R. NO. 199085 - BENJAMIN S. ABALOS, SR., Petitioner, v. HON. LEILA DE LIMA, IN HER CAPACITY AS SECRETARY OF JUSTICE; HON. SIXTO S. BRILLANTES, JR., IN HIS CAPACITY AS COMELEC CHAIRPERSON; RENE V. SARMIENTO, LUCENITO N. TAGLE, ARMANDO V. VELASCO, ELIAS R. YUSOPH, CHRISTIAN ROBERT S. LIM AND AUGUSTO C. LAGMAN, IN THEIR CAPACITY AS COMELEC COMMISSIONERS; CLARO A. ARELLANO, GEORGE C. DEE, JACINTO G. ANG, ROMEO B. FORTES AND MICHAEL D. VILLARET, IN THEIR CAPACITY AS CHAIRPERSON AND MEMBERS, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE JOINT DOJ-COMELEC PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE ON THE 2004 AND 2007 ELECTION FRAUD RESPONDENTS.; G.R. NO. 199118 - GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, Petitioner, v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, REPRESENTED BY CHAIRPERSON SIXTO S. BRILLANTES, JR., DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, REPRESENTED BY SECRETARY LEILA M. DE LIMA, JOINT DOJ-COMELEC PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE, SENATOR AQUILINO M. PIMENTEL III, AND DOJ-COMELEC FACT-FINDING TEAM, Respondents.
JOSE MIGUEL T. ARROYO, Petitioner, v. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE; COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS; HON. LEILA DE LIMA, IN HER CAPACITY AS SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE; HON. SIXTO BRILLANTES, JR., IN HIS CAPACITY AS CHAIRPERSON OF THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS; AND THE JOINT DOJ-COMELEC PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE AND FACT-FINDING TEAM, Respondents.
BENJAMIN S. ABALOS, SR., Petitioner, v. HON. LEILA DE LIMA, IN HER CAPACITY AS SECRETARY OF JUSTICE; HON. SIXTO S. BRILLANTES, JR., IN HIS CAPACITY AS COMELEC CHAIRPERSON; RENE V. SARMIENTO, LUCENITO N. TAGLE, ARMANDO V. VELASCO, ELIAS R. YUSOPH, CHRISTIAN ROBERT S. LIM AND AUGUSTO C. LAGMAN, IN THEIR CAPACITY AS COMELEC COMMISSIONERS; CLARO A. ARELLANO, GEORGE C. DEE, JACINTO G. ANG, ROMEO B. FORTES AND MICHAEL D. VILLARET, IN THEIR CAPACITY AS CHAIRPERSON AND MEMBERS, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE JOINT DOJ-COMELEC PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE ON THE 2004 AND 2007 ELECTION FRAUD RESPONDENTS.
GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, Petitioner, v. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, REPRESENTED BY CHAIRPERSON SIXTO S. BRILLANTES, JR., DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, REPRESENTED BY SECRETARY LEILA M. DE LIMA, JOINT DOJ-COMELEC PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE, SENATOR AQUILINO M. PIMENTEL III, AND DOJ-COMELEC FACT-FINDING TEAM, Respondents.
For resolution are the separate motions for reconsideration filed by movants Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (GMA)1 in G.R. No. 199118 and Jose Miguel T. Arroyo (Mike Arroyo)2 in G.R. No. 199082 praying that the Court take a second look at our September 18, 2012 Decision3 dismissing their petitions and supplemental petitions against respondents Commission on Elections (Comelec), the Department of Justice (DOJ), Senator Aquilino M. Pimentel III (Senator Pimentel), Joint DOJ-Comelec Preliminary Investigation Committee (Joint Committee) and DOJ-Comelec Fact-Finding Team (Fact-Finding Team), et al.
On August 15, 2011, the Comelec and the DOJ issued Joint Order No. 001-2011 creating and constituting a Joint Committee and Fact-Finding Team (referred to as Joint Panel) on the 2004 and 2007 National Elections electoral fraud and manipulation cases. The Joint Committee was mandated to conduct the necessary preliminary investigation on the basis of the evidence gathered and the charges recommended by the Fact-Finding Team. The Fact-Finding Team, on the other hand, was created for the purpose of gathering real, documentary, and testimonial evidence which can be utilized in the preliminary investigation to be conducted by the Joint Committee. Pursuant to Section 74 of the Joint Order, on August 23, 2011, the Joint Committee promulgated its Rules of Procedure.
In its Initial Report5 dated October 20, 2011, the Fact-Finding Team concluded that manipulation of the results in the May 14, 2007 senatorial elections in the provinces of North and South Cotabato, and Maguindanao was indeed perpetrated.6 The Fact-Finding Team recommended, among others, that petitioner Benjamin S. Abalos, Sr. (Abalos) be subjected to preliminary investigation for electoral sabotage for conspiring to manipulate the election results in North and South Cotabato; that GMA and Abalos be subjected to another preliminary investigation for manipulating the election results in Maguindanao;7 and, that Mike Arroyo be subjected to further investigation.8 The case was docketed as DOJ-Comelec Case No. 001-2011.
Meanwhile, on October 17, 2011, Senator Pimentel filed a Complaint-Affidavit9 for Electoral Sabotage against petitioners and twelve others, and several John Does and Jane Does. The case was docketed as DOJ-Comelec Case No. 002-2011.
Thereafter, petitioners filed before the Court separate Petitions for Certiorari and Prohibition with Prayer for the Issuance of a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) and/or Writ of Preliminary Injunction assailing the creation of the Joint Panel.13 The petitions were eventually consolidated.
On November 14, 2011, Mike Arroyo filed a Motion to Defer Proceedings14 before the Joint Committee, in view of the pendency of his petition before the Court. On the same day, GMA filed before the Joint Committee an Omnibus Motion Ad Cautelam15 to require Senator Pimentel to furnish her with documents referred to in his complaint-affidavit and for the production of election documents as basis for the charge of electoral sabotage. GMA prayed that she be allowed to file her counter-affidavit within ten (10) days from receipt of the requested documents.16 Petitioner Abalos, for his part, filed a Motion to Suspend Proceedings (Ex Abundante Ad Cautelam),17 in view of the pendency of his petition brought before the Court.
On November 16, 2011, the Joint Committee promulgated a Joint Resolution which was later indorsed to the Comelec.20 On November 18, 2011, the Comelec en banc issued a Resolution21 approving and adopting the Joint Resolution subject to modifications. The Comelec resolved, among others, that an information for electoral sabotage be filed against GMA and Abalos, while the charges against Mike Arroyo be dismissed for insufficiency of evidence.
On November 18, 2011, GMA filed with the RTC an Urgent Omnibus Motion Ad Cautelam24 with leave to allow the Joint Committee to resolve the motion for reconsideration filed by GMA, to defer issuance of a warrant of arrest and a hold departure order, and to proceed to judicial determination of probable cause. She, likewise, filed with the Comelec a Motion to Vacate Ad Cautelam25 praying that its Resolution be vacated for being null and void. The RTC, nonetheless, issued a Warrant for her arrest which was duly served. GMA was later arraigned and she entered a plea of “not guilty.” She was, for some time, on hospital arrest but was able to obtain temporary liberty when her motion for bail was granted. At present, she is again on hospital arrest by virtue of a warrant issued in another criminal case.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petitions and supplemental petitions are DISMISSED. Comelec Resolution No. 9266 dated August 2, 2011, Joint Order No. 001-2011 dated August 15, 2011, and the Fact- Finding Team’s Initial Report dated October 20, 2011, are declared VALID. However, the Rules of Procedure on the Conduct of Preliminary Investigation on the Alleged Election Fraud in the 2004 and 2007 National Elections is declared INEFFECTIVE for lack of publication.
In view of the constitutionality of the Joint Panel and the proceedings having been conducted in accordance with Rule 112 of the Rules on Criminal Procedure and Rule 34 of the Comelec Rules of Procedure, the conduct of the preliminary investigation is hereby declared VALID.
Let the proceedings in the Regional Trial Court of Pasay City, Branch 112, where the criminal cases for electoral sabotage against petitioners GMA and Abalos are pending, proceed with dispatch.
Hence, these motions for reconsideration.
Clearly from the above discussion, movants raise issues that have been thoroughly explained by the Court in the assailed decision. The issues were all addressed and the explanation was exhaustive, thus, we find no reason to disturb the Court’s conclusions.
At any rate, if only to address the motions of the movants herein and to put an end to the questions attached to the creation of the Joint Panel and, consequently, to the performance of their assigned tasks, we hereby reiterate our findings and conclusions made in the assailed decision.
This is not the first time that the Court is confronted with the issue of whether the Comelec has the exclusive power to investigate and prosecute cases of violations of election laws. In Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) Party-List v. Commission on Elections,38 the constitutionality of Section 4339 of RA 936940 had already been raised by petitioners therein and addressed by the Court. While recognizing the Comelec’s exclusive power to investigate and prosecute cases under Batas Pambansa Bilang 881 or the Omnibus Election Code, the Court pointed out that the framers of the 1987 Constitution did not have such intention. This exclusivity is thus a legislative enactment that can very well be amended by Section 43 of RA 9369. Therefore, under the present law, the Comelec and other prosecuting arms of the government, such as the DOJ, now exercise concurrent jurisdiction in the investigation and prosecution of election offenses.
Indeed, as aptly pointed out by GMA, there is a discrepancy between Comelec Resolution No. 346741 dated January 12, 2001 and Joint Order No. 001-2011, dated August 15, 2011, creating and constituting a Joint Committee and Fact-Finding Team on the 2004 and 2007 National Elections electoral fraud and manipulation cases. However, GMA seemed to miss the date when these two resolutions were promulgated by the Comelec. It is noteworthy that Comelec Resolution No. 3467 was issued when Section 265 of the Omnibus Election Code was still effective, while Joint Order No. 001-2011 as well as Comelec Resolution Nos. 873342 and 905743 mentioned in the assailed decision but missed out by GMA in her motion, were issued during the effectivity of Section 43 of RA 9369, giving the Comelec and other prosecuting arms of the government the concurrent jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute election offenses. This amendment paved the way for the discrepancy. In Comelec Resolution No. 3467, the Comelec maintained the continuing deputation of prosecutors and the Comelec Law Department was tasked to supervise the investigatory and prosecutory functions of the task force pursuant to the mandate of the Omnibus Election Code. However, with the amendment, the Comelec likewise changed the tenor of the later resolutions to reflect the new mandate of the Comelec and other prosecuting arms of the government now exercising concurrent jurisdiction. Thus, the Comelec Law Department and the Office of the Chief State Prosecutor of the DOJ were tasked to jointly supervise the investigatory and prosecutory functions of the Comelec-DOJ Task Force. Considering, therefore, that the later resolutions, including Joint Order No. 001-2011, were issued pursuant to Section 43 of RA 9369 amending Section 265 of BP 881 which was declared “constitutional” in Banat, there is no reason for us to declare otherwise. To maintain the previous role of other prosecuting arms of the government as mere deputies despite the amendment would mean challenging Section 43 of RA 9369 anew which has already been settled in Banat.
x x x The doctrine of concurrent jurisdiction means equal jurisdiction to deal with the same subject matter. Contrary to the contention of the petitioners, there is no prohibition on simultaneous exercise of power between two coordinate bodies. What is prohibited is the situation where one files a complaint against a respondent initially with one office (such as the Comelec) for preliminary investigation which was immediately acted upon by said office and the re-filing of substantially the same complaint with another office (such as the DOJ). The subsequent assumption of jurisdiction by the second office over the cases filed will not be allowed. Indeed, it is a settled rule that the body or agency that first takes cognizance of the complaint shall exercise jurisdiction to the exclusion of the others.
Notwithstanding the grant of concurrent jurisdiction, the Comelec and the DOJ nevertheless included a provision in the assailed Joint Order whereby the resolutions of the Joint Committee finding probable cause for election offenses shall still be approved by the Comelec in accordance with the Comelec Rules of Procedure.45 With more reason, therefore, that we cannot consider the creation of the Joint Committee as an abdication of the Comelec’s independence enshrined in the 1987 Constitution.
Finally, we focus on the validity of the preliminary investigation conducted by the Joint Committee.
In this case, GMA claimed that she could not submit her counter-affidavit within the prescribed period because she needed to examine documents mentioned in Senator Pimentel’s complaint-affidavit. It appeared, however, that said documents were not submitted to the Joint Committee and the only supporting documents available were those attached to the Initial Report of the Fact-Finding Team. Admittedly, GMA was furnished those documents. Thus, at the time she asked for the extension of time within which to file her counter-affidavit, she very well knew that the documents she was asking were not in the record of the case. Obviously, she was not furnished those documents because they were not submitted to the Joint Committee. Logically, she has no right to examine said documents. We cannot, therefore, fault the Joint Committee in consequently denying her motion for extension to file counter-affidavit as there was no compelling justification for the non-observance of the period she was earlier required to follow.
Finally, in our assailed decision, we already took judicial notice that not only did GMA enter a plea of “not guilty,” she also filed a Motion for Bail and after due hearing, it was granted. Apparently, she benefited from the RTC Order giving her temporary liberty. In filing the motion before the RTC and actively participating therein, she has chosen to seek judicial remedy before the RTC where the electoral sabotage case is pending instead of the executive remedy of going back to the Joint Committee for the submission of her counter-affidavit and countervailing evidence. Besides, as thoroughly discussed in the assailed decision, the irregularity or even the absence of preliminary investigation does not impair the validity of the information filed against her.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Motions for Reconsideration are DENIED for lack of merit.
Velasco, Jr., Bersamin, Del Castillo, Villarama, Jr., Perez, Reyes, and Perlas-Bernabe, JJ., concur.
Sereno, C.J., I reiterate my qualified concuring vote joining J. Carpio's opinion of Sept. 2012.
Carpio, J., I reiterate my separate concurring & disenting opininon of Sept. 18, 2012.
Leonardo-De Castro, J., I concur in the result but join the dissenting opinion of J. Brion on the violation of the constitutionally guaranteed independence of COMELEC.
Brion, J., see dissenting opinion.
Abad, J., join the dissent of J.A.D. Brion.
Mendoza, J., I maintain my previous separate opinion.
Leonen, J., I concur in the result and join J. Carpio's separate concurring and dissenting opinion of Sept 18, 2012.
52Rollo (G.R. No. 199118), pp. 750-751. (Citations omitted).
I dissent from the majority’s conclusion and vote to grant the petitioners’ motions for reconsideration. The reasons for this position are explained below.
I submit this Dissent to point out and stress that the fundamental constitutional transgression the ponencia glossed over is a grave, deep and lasting one that can unsettle our elections and undo the constitutional balance that those who have come before us have worked assiduously to maintain for almost eight decades of constitutional history. The resulting prejudice to our electoral system is the effect of the ponencia’s confirmation of the validity of COMELEC Resolution No. 9266 and Joint Order No. 001-2011 — the instruments that called for the creation of a Fact-Finding Team and a Joint DOJ-COMELEC Preliminary Investigation Committee to investigate and conduct preliminary investigation on the 2004 and 2007 National Elections Electoral Fraud and Manipulation case. I maintain that these instruments should be struck down as they violate the constitutionally guaranteed decisional independence of the COMELEC and allow the intrusion of the Executive Department into the administration of our elections.
The COMELEC’s history undeniably shows that its independence was the principal justification for its creation. The people’s dissatisfaction with the manner by which the elections were administered by the Executive Department under the then Department of Interior prompted the constitutional amendment of the 1935 Constitution in 1940. This constitutional amendment was deliberately undertaken to place the COMELEC outside the influence of political parties and the control of the other departments of government. This constitutional policy towards protection of the COMELEC’s independence has never wavered and in fact, has prevailed even after two amendments of our Constitution in 1973 and 1987. The current 1987 Constitution now provides that the COMELEC, like all other Constitutional Commissions, shall be independent.
This ruling and its tenor have been reiterated in all the subsequent cases involving COMELEC independence, except in the present case where the Court looked the other way and allowed the COMELEC to share its decisional independence with the DOJ, an agency under the supervision, control and influence of the President.
I submit that by doing this, the majority wrote away 78 years of history of COMELEC independence in favor of the Executive’s intrusion into its authority and functions.
A fundamental point of disagreement with the ponencia relates to the nature of the independence that the Constitution guarantees the COMELEC in the exercise of its power to investigate and prosecute election offenses.
In the present case, the “independence” that the Constitution guarantees the COMELEC should be understood in the context of its “decisional independence” or the COMELEC’s “capacity to perform its investigative and prosecutory functions according to its own discretion and independent consideration of the facts, the evidence and the applicable law free from attempts by the legislative or executive branches or even the public to influence the outcome of the case.”8 This simply means that the COMELEC, in the exercise of its power to investigate and prosecute election offenses, must be protected from unwarranted encroachment or intrusion by the other branches of government – in this case, the Executive Branch.
To point out the obvious, the Fact-Finding Team, on the one hand, is composed of five members from the DOJ and two members from the COMELEC. This team is, in fact, chaired by a DOJ Assistant Secretary. Worse, the Fact-Finding Team is under the supervision of the Secretary of DOJ and the Chairman of the COMELEC or, in the latter’s absence, a Senior Commissioner of the COMELEC.
On the other hand, the Joint DOJ-COMELEC Preliminary Investigation Committee is composed of three (3) officials coming from the DOJ and two (2) officials from the COMELEC. Prosecutor General Claro A. Arellano from the DOJ is also designated as Chairperson of the Committee. Not to be forgotten also is that budget and financial support for the operation of the Committee and the Fact-Finding Team shall be sourced from funds of the DOJ and the COMELEC, as may be requested from the Office of the President. This, again, is a perfect example of an incremental change that the Executive can exploit.
I reiterate, if only for emphasis, that what exists under Joint Order No. 001-2011 is not a scheme whereby the COMELEC exercises its power to conduct preliminary investigation and prosecute election offenses independently of other branches of government; what it provides is a shared responsibility between the COMELEC and the Executive Branch through the DOJ. The result cannot but be an arrangement that the Constitution and the law cannot allow, however practical from the standpoint of efficiency it might be. To stress the obvious, the joint or shared arrangement directly goes against the rationale that justifies the grant of independence to the COMELEC — to insulate it, particularly its role in the country’s electoral exercise, from political pressures and partisan politics.
As I previously noted in my previous Opinion, this shared arrangement between the COMELEC and the DOJ amounts to an incremental change whose adoption weakens the independence of the COMELEC. By allowing shared responsibility, the independence of the COMELEC ends up like the proverbial boiled frog10 - slowly killed because it was lulled into complacency by the slow application of heat – in this case, apparently brought about by the political identities of those who stood charged. Unfortunately, the majority’s ruling today will now be the latest case law on COMELEC independence. Unless a new occasion arises, we are – in the meanwhile – now effectively back to the country’s situation before 1940 with elections subject to intrusion by the Executive.
In other words, the only arrangement constitutionally possible, given the independence of the COMELEC and despite Section 42 of RA 9369, is for the DOJ to be a mere deputy or delegate of the COMELEC and not a co-equal partner in the investigation and prosecution of election offenses WHENEVER THE COMELEC ITSELF DIRECTLY ACTS. While the COMELEC and the DOJ have equal jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute election offenses (subject to the rule that the body or agency that first takes cognizance of the complaint shall exercise jurisdiction to the exclusion of the others), the COMELEC — whenever it directly acts in the fact-finding and preliminary investigation of elections offences — can still work with the DOJ and seek its assistance without violating its constitutionally guaranteed independence, but it can only do so as the principal in a principal-delegate relationship with the DOJ where the latter acts as the delegate.
I also cannot accept the ponencia’s strained reasoning that the creation of the Joint Committee does not undermine the independence of the COMELEC because the determination of probable cause ultimately pertains to the COMELEC under Section 2 of Joint Order No. 001-2011. In my view, the constitutionally objectionable arrangement of a shared responsibility between the COMELEC and the DOJ is not saved by the existence of Section 2 of Joint Order No. 001-2011. In order for the COMELEC’s action in the present case to be constitutionally valid, it must still be shown that the COMELEC’s determination of probable cause was free from any attendant participation by the Executive.
In the present case, the COMELEC’s determination of probable cause can hardly be considered to be free from executive intrusion as its independent consideration of the facts, evidence and the applicable law with respect to the complaints for electoral sabotage filed against the petitioners was severely compromised by the tainted proceedings before the Joint DOJ-COMELEC Committee discussed elsewhere in this Opinion. I stress that the COMELEC’s decisional independence should be observed or required at every stage of the preliminary investigation. Any standard less than this is tantamount to the emasculation of the independence that the framers so painstakingly incorporated in our Constitution to ensure that the COMELEC is insulated from any intrusion of outside influences, political pressures and partisan politics.
JUSTICE VELASCO: Section 6 of the Joint Order states… wait a minute. No, Section 2 rather of the Joint Order states that “the resolutions of the preliminary investigation committee shall be approved by COMELEC,” correct?
ATTY. DULAY: Yes, Your Honor.
JUSTICE VELASCO: However, I noticed that in the COMELEC En Banc resolution dated November 18, 2011, the Comelec En Banc resolved the complaint only upon the recommendation of the COMELEC’s own representatives in the committee, what can you say about this?
ATTY. DULAY: Well, Your Honor, this is precisely the point we would like to point out also that even the COMELEC itself is unsure of its legal footing in this case because instead of affirming the authority of the same body which they jointly created, they would now make it appear, Your Honor, that the resolution of the COMELEC En Banc was only based on the recommendation of the two members, of the two of the five members of the Preliminary Investigation Committee. And if I may point out, Your Honor, this was issued after there was already publicity regarding this case, Your Honor, and I supposed after they’ve already received our petition, Your Honor.
JUSTICE VELASCO: So COMELEC En Banc issued that resolution dated November 18, 2011, only on the basis of the recommendations of two members of the five men Preliminary Investigation Committee which is not even the majority in the Committee?
ATTY. DULAY: Well yes, Your Honor, precisely that is why we would, we are quite surprised that the COMELEC would seem to disown its own creation now when in fact the decision of the Preliminary Investigation Committee is not a decision made by two people alone. Under their own rules this was a decision made by five people, three from the DOJ, and two from the COMELEC. So I do not see, Your Honor, how they can divorce the findings of their own representatives on the same committee with only one report, Your Honor.
JUSTICE VELASCO: Under the Constitution, which body or agency has the exclusive charge of the enforcement and administration of all laws relative to the conduct of election?
ATTY. DULAY: It would be the COMELEC, Your Honor, under the Constitution.
JUSTICE VELASCO: It’s only the COMELEC, right.
To summarize, the COMELEC, not the Joint DOJ-COMELEC Committee, has the primary, if not exclusive, authority to conduct preliminary investigation of election cases, and the creation of the Joint DOJ-COMELEC Committee constitutes an unconstitutional abdication by the COMELEC of its constitutionally-granted independence. In arriving at this Dissent, I take into account, together with my above conclusion, the extent of injury that can be caused to our electoral system by opening the COMELEC to Executive intrusion, as well as the haste the petitioners pointed out.
I conclude, as a consequence of the defective determination of probable cause, that no basis exists to support the charge of electoral sabotage against the petitioners. I thus vote for the grant of the motions for reconsideration.
10 See Euegene Volokh, The Mechanisms of the Slippery Slope, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 116, February 2003, available online at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract 343640 or http://dx.doi.org/102139/ssrn.343640 (last visited September 17, 2012) Volokh notes: "Libertarians often tell of the parable of the frog. If a frog is dropped into hot water, it supposedly jumps out. If a frog is put into cold water that is then heated, the frog doesn't notice the gradual temperature; change, and dies. Likewise, the theory goes, with liberty: People resists to take rights away outright, but if the rights are eroded slowly."
14 TSN, November 29, 2011, pp. 84-86.

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