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⭐OPEN-ENDED INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION THEMATIC COMPILATION OF RELEVANT INFORMATION SUBMITTED BY STATE PARTIES
Roberto López Pinto
1 OPEN-ENDED INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION THEMATIC COMPILATION OF RELEVANT INFORMATION SUBMITTED BY STATE PARTIES ARTICLE 12 UNCAC PRIVATE SECTOR AND PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ARGENTINA (THIRD MEETING) Aplicación del artículo 12 de la Convención, incluida la utilización de alianzas entre el sector público y el sector privado. Cooperación y asistencia técnica con el sector privado La Oficina Anticorrupción desarrolló, dentro del proyecto PNUD ARG/10/004 el componente E, Cooperación y asistencia técnica entre el sector público y el sector privado. Una de las metas propuestas es la construcción de una plataforma de diálogo con el sector privado sobre políticas anticorrupción (espacio para la reflexión y el intercambio de experiencias), identificando e incentivando la implementación de las mejores prácticas, estableciendo alianzas intersectoriales y relaciones de mutuo beneficio. En el marco de este componente se han realizado diversas actividades: Evaluación de la adecuación de la legislación argentina a las disposiciones, relativas al sector privado, de la Convención Internacional contra la Corrupción de Naciones Unidas. Se evaluó la adecuación de la legislación argentina a las disposiciones, relativas al sector privado (con énfasis en el artículo 12) de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción. Se relevó y analizó la normativa vigente, distinguiendo y destacando su alcance en función de las distintas formas jurídicas de organización de las entidades de carácter privado en nuestro país. Se identificaron y caracterizaron (atribuciones, deberes y facultades) de los distintos órganos de control interno y externo, entes de control estatal creados por la ley, para cada una de las formas jurídicas de organización. Identificación, sistematización y análisis de experiencias locales e internacionales (países de América Latina, Norteamérica, y Europa) destinadas a involucrar al sector privado en la lucha contra la corrupción, de acuerdo a la siguiente clasificación:2 Experiencias de articulación de esfuerzos entre el Estado y el Sector Privado en la lucha contra la corrupción; Experiencias de autorregulación del sector privado en la promoción de la lucha contra la corrupción; Experiencias a nivel global que impulsan acciones para la transparencia en el sector privado; Acciones impulsadas por Organismos Multilaterales de Crédito y Desarrollo; Accountability y acciones colaborativas de la sociedad civil - sector privado. Desarrollo de vínculos institucionales con el sector privado. En conmemoración del Día Internacional de Lucha contra la Corrupción, se remitió a más de mil representantes del sector privado y a los principales medios de comunicación masiva, un comunicado conjunto suscripto por la Oficina Anticorrupción, la Red Pacto Mundial Argentina, el Programa de Naciones Unidas (PNUD) Argentina y la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC). Funcionarios de la Oficina Anticorrupción participaron de diversos eventos en los que se debatió y se intercambiaron experiencias en torno al desarrollo e implementación de programas de integridad y lucha contra la corrupción: Realización de encuesta. A nivel local, en forma conjunta con la Asociación Argentina de Ética y Compliance, se realizó una encuesta sobre Cumplimiento, Ética y Rol del Compliance Officer ; sobre una muestra no probabilística de personal relacionado con la función de compliance en empresas de diversos sectores de actividad. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar algunas prácticas de compliance que aplican las empresas argentinas (códigos de conducta, líneas de denuncia, compliance officer). Actividades de difusión Boletín Electrónico de la Oficina Anticorrupción. Desde el mes de abril de 2011, la OA publica mensualmente de manera electrónica un boletín con la síntesis de todas las actividades realizadas. En cada uno de los números se incluyen actividades orientadas al sector privado. Lo reciben tanto funcionarios públicos como representantes del sector privado y medios de comunicación masiva. Elaboración de Gacetilla para la Difusión de la Convención de la OCDE a través del sitio web de la Fundación Exportar. Esta gacetilla tiene el propósito de dar a conocer los esfuerzos que se llevan adelante a nivel internacional y local para luchar contra la corrupción, tanto desde la promoción de medidas preventivas como del establecimiento y3 aplicación de medidas punitivas, destacando la responsabilidad y las herramientas con las que cuentan funcionarios públicos, empresarios y ciudadanos en general para contribuir a erradicar este fenómeno. Elaboración de publicación institucional en la materia. Se encuentra en elaboración de manera conjunta entre la Dirección de Planificación de Políticas de Transparencia y la Dirección de Investigaciones una publicación institucional sobre la responsabilidad de las empresas en la promoción de la transparencia y la lucha contra la corrupción. A través de sus capítulos, se presenta el contexto internacional, los compromisos de la República Argentina en esta materia, las competencias de la OA en la promoción del cumplimiento de dichos compromisos, el rol de las empresas en el contexto descripto y las razones por las cuales la OA promueve una mayor articulación entre el sector público y el sector privado. NOTA: Se adjunta al presente informe: A: Formularios de DDJJ público y privado B: Resoluciones OA Nro. 122/09, 141/10, 126/09 y 258/11 cómo ejemplos de la aplicación de la normativa sobre conflictos de intereses e incompatibilidades. BELARUS (THIRD MEETING) In the chamber of representatives of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus on 21 December 2011 in its first reading was adopted the bill of the Republic of Belarus On accounting and reporting (henceforth the bill ) which takes into account the provisions of the Directive of the President of Belarus of 31 December 2010 No. 4 On the development of entrepreneurship and stimulating business activity in part, applying the accounting principles of international financial reporting standards. In the bill, it sets out the rules for the accounting of assets and liabilities, the main aspect of the accounting from which the greatest extent depends on the accuracy of statements. It introduces a new type of evaluation capitalized value. This is the current value of the future earnings and cash outflows from the use of the asset or the present value of the future use of cash for the repayment of liabilities. This type of assessment is needed mainly for the real evaluation of the reporting of long-term assets and liabilities. The draft law was changed to reflect exchange rate differences for the issued and advanced payments. At the transfer of advance payment in foreign currency to purchase goods, it will not be necessary to reappraise the amount of the advance. It will be necessary to take account of incoming goods according to the official exchange rate at the date of transfer of advance payment (and when you receive an advance payment from the buyer). The earnings will be determined at the official exchange rate at the date of receipt of advance payment.4 The bill complied with the provisions of the Order of the President of the Republic of Belarus of 15 March 2011 No. 114 On some issues of application of the primary accounting documents: - on the significant mandatory reduction in the use of forms of primary accounting documents (at the present time 9) - on the reduction to the minimum mandatory information which should be contained in any primary accounting document. The organization has the right to develop and approve its own forms of primary accounting documents with the exception of those for obligatory use. There is also the possibility of a primary reference document in the form of an electronic document. Application of standards of international accounting undoubtedly will require an increase in the number of highly qualified accountants, and for that reason the bill proposes to improve their requirements. BULGARIA (THIRD MEETING) Paragraph 1 of article Each State Party shall take measures, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to prevent corruption involving the private sector, enhance accounting and auditing standards in the private sector and, where appropriate, provide effective, proportionate and dissuasive civil, administrative or criminal penalties for failure to comply with such measures. Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Check one answer) (Y) Yes The Ministry of Justice has translated und uploaded to its web page (both in English and Bulgarian) all the documents related to different anti-coruption monitoring mechanisms - the phase 1-3 reports for Bulgaria by OECD, the Phase 1 executive summary under UNCAC (chapters 3 and 4), as well as the GRECO reports on Bulgaria. All the International treaties in this field are also published on the MoJ s web page. Different documents on the Prevention of corruption in the private sector, such as the Good practice Guidance on companies of the OECD, advising companies on the development of ethics programmes, have also been translated and uploaded. All these materials have been submitted to different NGO s and Business Associations, the Ministry of Economics, Energetic and Tourism (MEET), the Bulgarian Executive Agency for Small and Medium Enterprises and other stakeholders.5 The most of the approached Bussiness Assiciations have also make information on the anticorruption reports and activities on their web pages and have desiminated information trough brouchures or newsletters to their member companies. On the 9th March 2011 An Anti-Corruption Seminar has been held in Sofia, co-organised by the Bulgarian Nordic Chamber of Commerce and the Swedish Trade Council, aiming at making companies familiar with the International anti-corruption standards. Participants were more than 30 companies, 3 business associations and 2 NGO s. With regard to the sanctions - The Bulgarian legislation provides for a variety of sanctions for accounting and oditing misconduct - civil, administrative and criminal. The civil and administrative sanctions are prescribed under the Law on accounting, La on Indipendant Financial Audit, International audit standarts, the Law on administrative offences and sanctions. The Bulgarian legislation has been changed in the recent years in accordance with the European Directives in the following most important directions: - Obligatory application of the International Financial Reporting Standards by all the entities, effecting activities of public interest as well as entities which answer to certain criteria, specified by law; - Obligatory application of the International Standards on Auditing by the registered auditors; - The IFAC Code of Ethics for professional accountants is approved and applied by the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Bulgaria; - The Bulgarian legislation which regulates the measures against money-laundering, financing or terrorism and financing of political parties provides additional requirements towards the Bulgarian auditors; - A Commission of Public Oversight over the Registered Auditors was established; - A Commercial Register Law was approved, according to which all the entities registered under the Bulgarian commercial legislation have the obligation to publish information about all the important decisions of the owners, annual financial statements, detailed disclosure of material information included in the financial statements - annual report of management activity and auditor s report for those subject to independent financial audit. The Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Bulgaria has published a book which treats the issues of detecting errors and fraud in the audit of financial statements. The Bulgarian registered auditors are applying the International Standards on Auditing, including these dealing with the detection of errors and fraud. It is common practice6 while effecting an audit engagement to include procedures of testing the internal control systems and marking the risk parts of it. In case a fraud is detected the registered auditors are obliged to discuss the case with the management or a representative of the owner. If the fraud is substantial the registered auditors usually discuss the case with their legal advisors and decide how to inform the respective authorities. a/ these measures are included in the Anti-Money Laundering Law and also the International Standards on Auditing deal with the procedures the auditors have to apply to detect errors and fraud as well as suspicious deals; b/ these measures include an authorization and an obligation to report to the respective authorities; c/ in case of insufficient management action upon receipt by management of such report, the registered auditors discuss the problems with monitoring bodies independent of management such as audit committees, supervisory boards etc.; d/ the Anti-Money Laundering Law requires the registered auditors to pay a special attention to transactions which answer the criteria described in the law as well as to pay a special attention to transactions which seem suspicious. Besides that, following the requirements of the International Standards on Auditing the registered auditors specify a level of materiality for each audit engagement - of the financial statement as a whole and of the separate items of the financial statement; e/ the Bulgarian legislation pays attention to the anonymity of the reporting registered auditor. We consider the legislation requirements not sufficient in respect of auditor s protection. f/ the Anti-Money laundering Law requires the management as well as the responsible accountants to report about such information. A lot of non-government organizations of representatives of Bulgarian business were established in the recent years. The members of these organizations exchange their experience about the elements of internal control, ethics and the types of their internal regulations. For example the Bulgarian Business Leaders Forum, which has more than 200 members - all of them leading Bulgarian companies - made a proposal to the Bulgarian government all the payments over 5000 BGN to be effected only by bank transfers and the companies not to encourage cash payments. All the Bulgarian companies of public interest are obliged by the regulation authorities as well as by the specific Bulgarian legislation to disclose important information related to the owners decisions, the annual financial statements, detailed disclosure of the material information in the financial statements - annual report of management activity and audit report for those subject to an independent financial audit. According to the Commercial7 Register Law such information is published by all the companies in their websites as well as in the Commercial Register which is public; The relationships between the business organizations and the professional organizations are on high level. For example the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Bulgaria always invites representatives of business to participate in its conferences, roundtables and other events. The Institute has a body which gives methodological directions and professional opinions to interested parties. In addition, the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Bulgaria has a Professional Ethics Committee, a Disciplinary Committee and a Committee for Control over the Quality of Audit Services, which control the observance of professional and ethic norms. In our opinion this is a good example for the steps which have been taken to encourage companies to provide mechanisms for communication by and protection of persons not willing to violate professional standards or ethics and willing to report the breaches of law or professional standards or ethics. Furthermore, grave instances of such behaviour are criminalized under the following provisions of the Criminal code ( false accounting ) : Art , 255, 255a, 256, 258, 260 and 313. The Criminal Code takes into consideration that the main aim of false accounting is to present the results and affairs of an organisation in a better light than in real and it is geared to the different ways in which the false accounting can be accomplished. False accounting may be accomplished for example through fraud (Art ) or documentary fraud (Art. 212) when using a document of untrue content or an untrue or falsified document with the aim to obtain without legal grounds movable or immovable property. If a person destroys, conceals or fails to store accounting documents or registries within the statutory timelines, or carries out or allows accounting to be carried out in violation of accounting legislation requirements in order to avoid the assessment or payment of large scale tax obligations, then the provision of Art. 255 shall apply. The CC goes even further and foresees criminal liability for auditor who certifies an untrue annual accounting report (which in substance is an accounting document) of a merchant, being aware of that fact (Art. 260). The corruption in private sector is also criminalized under art. 225 c of the Criminal Code. Note by the Secretariat The full provisions of the Bulgarian Criminal Code referred to above can be found in their individual country file in this thematic area. Subparagraph 2 (a) of article Measures to achieve these ends may include, inter alia:8 (a) Promoting cooperation between law enforcement agencies and relevant private entities; Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Check one answer) (Y) Yes The Bulgarian registered auditors are applying the International Standards on Auditing, including these dealing with the detection of errors and fraud (ISA 240). It is common practice while effecting an audit engagement to include procedures of testing the internal control systems and marking the risk parts of it. In case a fraud is detected the registered auditors are obliged to discuss the case with the management or a representative of the owner. If the fraud is substantial the registered auditors usually discuss the case with their legal advisors and decide how to inform the respective authorities. In case of insufficient management action upon receipt by management of such report, the registered auditors discuss the problems with monitoring bodies independent of management such as audit committees, supervisory boards etc. Furthermore, similare measures are included in the Law on the Measures against Money Laundering (LMML), which deal with the procedures the auditors have to apply to detect errors and fraud as well as suspicious deals. The LMML requires the registered auditors to pay a special attention to transactions which answer the criteria described in the law as well as to pay a special attention to transactions which seem suspicious. Besides that, following the requirements of the International Standards on Auditing the registered auditors specify a level of materiality for each audit engagement - of the financial statement as a whole and of the separate items of the financial statement. With regard to the Tax authorities the following rules apply: Ethical standards providing concrete explanations of the acts of revenue authorities in the counteraction and fight against corruption apply in the National Revenue Agency (NRA) in accordance with the Code of Ethics of public officials. Under Art. 34, para.2 of the Tax Insurance Procedure Code (TIPC) where in the course of the tax proceedings a criminal offence relevant to the outcome of the proceedings is found, the proceedings shall be suspended and the case records shall be transmitted to the competent prosecutor. After termination of the criminal proceedings, the case records thereon shall be transmitted to the revenue authorities for a resumption of the suspended proceeding. At the same time if in the course of a criminal proceedings further information is needed, it may be requested and the tax authorities are obliged to cooperate. (Art. 215 LJ) Under Article 26 of the National Revenue Agency Act (NRAA) the NRA, Ministry of Interior bodies and the Public Prosecution Office, Ministry of Finance control bodies, as well as other state and municipal bodies, shall take joint actions in relation to the9 discharge of their given functions. The procedure and modalities of cooperation shall be specified in a joint instruction of the Heads of the respective bodies. LAW ON JUDICIARY Art When exercising their functions, the judges, prosecutors and investigators may request assistance from all state authorities, officials, legal persons and citizens, which shall be obliged to render such assistance. TAX-INSURANCE PROCEDURE CODE Stay of the proceedings Art. 34. (1) The proceedings shall be stayed at: 1. illness of a person which participation shall be imperative - after certification by an appropriate medical document; 2. opened administrative, penal or other judicial proceedings, which is significant for the decision after presenting a certificate issued by the body before which have been opened the proceedings; 3. death of a legal representative of the person - to the establishing of guardianship or trusteeship; 4. filed petition of the subject - one-time, for a definite period, but not more than three months; 5. other circumstances provided by the law. (2) When in the course of the proceedings are established data for a committed crime which is significant for the decision of the proceedings, they shall be stayed, and the materials shall be sent to the respective prosecutor. After finishing the penal proceedings the materials from them shall be sent to the bodies of receivables for continuing the stopped proceedings. Subparagraph 2 (b) of article Measures to achieve these ends may include, inter alia:... (b) Promoting the development of standards and procedures designed to safeguard the integrity of relevant private entities, including codes of conduct for the correct, honourable and proper performance of the activities of business and all relevant professions and the prevention of conflicts of interest, and for the promotion of the use of10 good commercial practices among businesses and in the contractual relations of businesses with the State; Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Y) Yes See the answer under point 39, regarging art.12, para.1 Subparagraph 2 (c) of article Measures to achieve these ends may include, inter alia:... (c) Promoting transparency among private entities, including, where appropriate, measures regarding the identity of legal and natural persons involved in the establishment and management of corporate Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Y) Yes In accordance with the Law on Commercial Register, the information contained in the Commercial register is public and anyone has the right to request a check-up as regards the existence or lack of an entered circumstance or disclosed act in the Commercial Register (Article 32). According to the Commercial Law amongst the circumstances, subject to entry are also natural and/or legal persons - partners in the company, founders, as well as data on the management and manner of representation. Law on the Commercial Register Circumstances Subject to Entry Article 4. Traders, branches of foreign traders and circumstances related thereto, for which there are provisions of a law that they are subject to entry, shall be entered in the Commercial Register. Publicity Article 11. (Amended, SG No. 50/2008, SG No. 34/2011, effective amended No. 105/2011, effective ) (1) The Commercial Register shall be public. Any person shall have the right to access the data base constituting the Commercial Register without restrictions and free of charge. (2) The Agency shall ensure registered access to any trader's file.11 (3) The access referred to in Paragraph (2) may be provided at the Agency's territorial units after an application and an identity document are produced. A person requesting access electronically shall prove his/her identity through an electronic signature or a digital certificate issued by the Agency, or, in the cases of ex officio access, in accordance with the procedure provided for by the ordinance referred to in Article 12, Paragraph (4). Check-ups Article 32. (1) Anyone shall be entitled to request a check-up as regards the existence or lack of an entered circumstance or disclosed act in the Commercial Register. (2) Check-ups in the Commercial Register may be made by: 1. (amended, SG No. 50/2008) the business name, or SIC of the trader or branch of a foreign trader; 2. (supplemented, SG No. 50/2008) the name or the Personal Identification Number (PIN), respectively business name, or SIC of the partner or sole owner of capital; 3. (supplemented, SG No. 50/2008) the name or PIN, respectively business name, or SIC of a member of the organs of the legal person - trader. (3) Check-ups on any circumstance entered or disclosed act may be made in the file of the separate trader, respectively branch of foreign trader, and of the authorizing parties and legal successors thereof. Commercial Law Article 115 The Articles of Association shall state: 1. (amended and supplemented, SG No. 124/1997) the company's trade name, seat, and head-office address; 2. the purposes and the time period for which the company is being set up; 3. (supplemented, SG No. 38/2006, effective amended, in relation to becoming effective, SG No. 80/2006) the name or, respectively, the trade name, the seat and standard identification code, as well as the address of each partner; 4. (supplemented, SG No. 84/2000, amended, SG No. 82/2009, supplemented, SG No. 34/2011, effective ) the amount of the capital; in the event that the whole amount of the capital has not been paid in at the time of incorporation, the Memorandum shall determine the deadlines and conditions for paying it in; the the time of12 incorporation, the Memorandum shall determine the deadlines and conditions for paying it in; the deadline for additional paying in of the whole amount of the capital may not be longer than two years of the registration of the company, respectively the capital increase. 5. the interests of the partners; 6. the management and manner of representation; 7. the privileges of the partners, where agreed upon; 8. other rights and obligations of the partners, etc. Subparagraph 2 (d) of article Measures to achieve these ends may include, inter alia:... (d) Preventing the misuse of procedures regulating private entities, including procedures regarding subsidies and licences granted by public authorities for commercial activities; Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Y) Yes In order to ensure stricter reporting and easier planning of public expenditure, the Public Procurement Law (PPL) obliges the contracting authorities to adopt their internal rules on the award of public contracts, which should contain the step-by-step rules and order for planning and organizing procurement procedures and controlling the implementation of the awarded contracts (Article 8 (7) PPL). The internal rules could foresee the existence of internal controls, ethics and compliances systems or measures as an additional condition for granting public procurement. Subparagraph 2 (e) of article Measures to achieve these ends may include, inter alia:... (e) Preventing conflicts of interest by imposing restrictions, as appropriate and for a reasonable period of time, on the professional activities of former public officials or on the employment of public officials by the private sector after their resignation or retirement, where such activities or employment relate directly to the functions held or supervised by those public officials during their tenure; Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Check one answer) (Y) Yes13 Chapter V of LPACI provides different limitations for public office holders after vacationing of public office. A former public office holder, who has been released from office on the basis of an effective act whereby a conflict of interest has been ascertained, shall not have the right to occupy public office within one year after the release. This prohibition shall not apply to any office occupied on the basis of the exercise of direct suffrage. Within one year after vacating office, any public office holder, with the exception of a person referred to in Items 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12 and 12 of Article 3 herein, shall not have the right to conclude employment contracts or other contracts for the fulfilment of management or control functions with any commercial corporations or co-operatives in respect of which the said office holder has performed any actions involving disposition, regulation or control or has concluded any contracts there with during the last year of execution of the official powers or duties thereof, nor to be a partner, to hold interests or shares, to be a managing director or member of a management or supervisory body of any such commercial corporations or co-operatives. The above limitations shall further more apply to any commercial corporations having close links with the corporations referred to above. Public office holder who, in the last year of execution of the official powers or duties thereof, has participated in the conduct of any public procurement procedures or in any procedure related to the provision of resources from any funds belonging to the European Union or made available by the European Union to the Bulgarian State, shall not have the right to participate or to represent any natural or legal person in any such procedures before the institution wherein the said office holder held office within one year after vacating office. The prohibition of participation in public procurement procedures or in procedures related to the provision of resources from any funds belonging to the European Union or made available by the European Union to the Bulgarian State shall further more apply to any legal person wherein the person referred to above has become a partner, holds interests, or is a managing director or member of a management or supervisory body after vacating office. Subparagraph 2 (f) of article Measures to achieve these ends may include, inter alia:... (f) Ensuring that private enterprises, taking into account their structure and size, have sufficient internal auditing controls to assist in preventing and directing acts of corruption and that the accounts and required financial statements of such private enterprises are subject to appropriate auditing and certification procedures. Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Y) Yes14 See the information under art.9, para. 2, letters "b", c and e, as well as the information under art.9, para.3 UNCAC. Subparagraph 3 (a) of article In order to prevent corruption, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations regarding the maintenance of books and records, financial statement disclosures and accounting and auditing standards, to prohibit the following acts carried out for the purpose of committing any of the offences established in accordance with this Convention: (a) The establishment of off-the-books accounts; Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Y) Yes See the information under art.9, para. 2, letters c and e, as well as the information under art.9, para.3 UNCAC. Subparagraph 3 (b) of article In order to prevent corruption, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations regarding the maintenance of books and records, financial statement disclosures and accounting and auditing standards, to prohibit the following acts carried out for the purpose of committing any of the offences established in accordance with this Convention:... (b) The making of off-the-books or inadequately identified transactions; Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Check one (Y) Yes See the information under art.9, para. 2, letters c and e, as well as the information under art.9, para.3 UNCAC. Subparagraph 3 (c) of article In order to prevent corruption, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations regarding the maintenance of books and records, financial statement disclosures and accounting and auditing standards, to prohibit the following acts carried out for the purpose of committing any of the offences established in accordance with this Convention:... (c) The recording of non-existent expenditure;15 Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Check one answer (Y) Yes See the information under art.9, para. 2, letters c and e, as well as the information under art.9, para.3 UNCAC. Subparagraph 3 (d) of article In order to prevent corruption, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations regarding the maintenance of books and records, financial statement disclosures and accounting and auditing standards, to prohibit the following acts carried out for the purpose of committing any of the offences established in accordance with this Convention: (d) The entry of liabilities with incorrect identification of their objects; Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Y) Yes See the information under art.9, para. 2, letters c and e, as well as the information under art.9, para.3 UNCAC. Subparagraph 3 (e) of article In order to prevent corruption, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations regarding the maintenance of books and records, financial statement disclosures and accounting and auditing standards, to prohibit the following acts carried out for the purpose of committing any of the offences established in accordance with this Convention:... (e) The use of false documents; Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Check one answer) (Y) Yes See the information under art.9, para. 2, letters c and e, as well as the information under art.9, para.3 UNCAC. Subparagraph 3 (f) of article 1216 3. In order to prevent corruption, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations regarding the maintenance of books and records, financial statement disclosures and accounting and auditing standards, to prohibit the following acts carried out for the purpose of committing any of the offences established in accordance with this Convention:... (f) The intentional destruction of bookkeeping documents earlier than foreseen by the law. Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Check one answer) (Y) Yes See the information under art.9, para. 2, letters c and e, as well as the information under art.9, para.3 UNCAC. Paragraph 4 of article Each State Party shall disallow the tax deductibility of expenses that constitute bribes, the latter being one of the constituent elements of the offences established in accordance with articles 15 and 16 of this Convention and, where appropriate, other expenses incurred in furtherance of corrupt conduct. Has your country adopted and implemented the measures described above? (Check one answer) (Y) Yes Bribes are not recognized for tax purposes in Bulgaria, they are not tax deductible. Under the existing legislation there is no possibility whatsoever for those to be tax deductible. The disallowance of tax deductability of bribes originates from the provisions of art.10 and art. 26 of the Law on corporate income taxation (LCIT), which intoduce a general prohibition for definite types of expences to be recognised for tax purpouses by the tax authorities. Expences, which could not be interconnected with the activity of the tax obliged persons, can not be recognized for tax purposes. Furthermore, art. 16, para.3 of tha law is regulating another hypothesis, whereby a fictisious agrrement is masking the actual one and in such cases, according to the law, the rules should apply to the covered agreement. The law is also regulating the situations where a bribe or other corruption related crime could be masked as a donation. In this regard art.31, para.6 prescribes that: : the entire expense on a donation shall not be recognized for tax purposes where the donation benefits, whether directly or indirectly, the managers who make it or those who dispose17 of the said donation, or where there is evidence that the gift has not been received. The non tax deductibility of bribes is further regulated by the provision of art. 16, para.2, point 4, according to which a tax evasion is considered when there is charging of any remunerations or compensations for any services which have not been actually performed. It is important to mention also that a new tax law legislation is planed for the year 2012, according to which there will be an express denial for tax purposes of bribe/corruption expenses. LAW ON CORPORATE INCOME TAXATION effective since Documentary grounds Article 10. (1) The accounting expenses shall be recognized for tax purposes where they are grounded on a primary accounting document within the meaning of the Accounting Law, this document presenting fairly the business operation. (2) The accounting expenses shall also be recognized for tax purposes where a part of the primary document s information required under the Accounting Law is missing, provided that there are documents available which certify the missing information. (3) Apart from the cases under para. 2, the accounting expenses shall also be recognized where the primary document is issued by a person that is not an establishment within the meaning of Art. 1, para. 2 of the Accounting Law and a part of the primary document s information required under the Accounting Law is missing, provided that the document presents fairly the business operation documented. (4) The taxable persons shall be obligated to get registered and to report the sales they have made, as well as the services they have provided, by way of issuing a fiscal cashregister slip from a fiscal device in accordance with the procedure set forth in an Ordinance of the Minister of Finance, except where the payment is made through the bank or by way of a set-off. Where the issue of a fiscal cash-register slip from a fiscal device is obligatory, the absence thereof forms grounds for the non-recognition of the accounting expenses for tax purposes. (5) As for the international air transport, the accounting expense shall be documentarily grounded where it is documented by way of a primary accounting document and the boarding pass for the respective flight. Where the primary accounting document (record) is issued by a person who has performed the sale on behalf of and at the account of the carrier, the said person is assumed to be the issuer of the document. (6) (new - SG 110/07, in force from ) Documentary proof for the expenses under Art. 204, Items 1 and 3, which have been levied an expenses tax, shall be deemed available also where they have been documented only in a fiscal receipt from a fiscal device. The expenses under Art. 204, Item 3, levied an expenses tax, shall be recognized for taxation purposes also in case of lack of a travel list.18 Article 16. (1) (Amended, SG No. 95/2009, effective ) Where one or more transactions, inter alia between unrelated parties, has been concluded under terms whereof the fulfilment leads to tax evasion, the taxable amount shall be determined ignoring the said transactions, certain terms thereof or the legal form thereof and taking into consideration the taxable amount that would be obtained upon the effecting of a customary transaction of the relevant type at market prices and intended to achieve the same economic result but which does not lead to tax evasion. (2) The following shall furthermore be treated as tax evasion: 1. any substantial excess of the quantities of raw and prime materials used as production inputs and other production costs over the customary quantities and costs for the activity carried out by the person, where any such excess is not due to reasons beyond the control of the person; 2. any contracts of loan for use or other gratuitous provision for use of tangible and intangible benefits; 3. any borrowing or lending at interest diverging from the market rate of interest as applicable at the time of conclusion of the transaction, including in the cases of interestfree loans or other temporary gratuitous financial assistance, as well as the write-off of debts or repayment of non-business debts for own account; 4. (amended, SG No. 94/2010, effective ) the charging of any remunerations or compensations for any services which have not been actually performed. (3) Where a transaction is concealed by another, colourable transaction, the tax liability shall be assessed under the terms of the concealed transaction. Chapter seven. TAX PERMANENT DIFFERENCES Expenses unrecognized for tax purposes Article 26. The following accounting expenses shall not be recognized for tax purposes: 1. expenses that are not connected with the activity; 2. expenses that are not documentarily grounded within the meaning of this Law; 3. expenses of the tax charged or the tax input used in accordance with the Law on Value Added Tax in those cases where the expenses of the business operation relating to the value added tax have not been recognized for tax purposes;19 4. (amend. - SG 110/07, in force from ) expenses accounted by a supplier under the Law on Value Added Tax in respect of a value added tax levied by him or by the revenue authority for a completed delivery, except the tax levied in case of gratuitous deliveries and deliveries in connection with deregistration under the Law on Value Added Tax; this Item shall not apply to expenses accounted in result of a taxation credit correction under the Law on Value Added Tax; 5. (amend. - SG 110/07, in force from ) subsequent expenses accounted for in connection with a receivable that has occurred as a result of the tax charged or the tax input used under items 3, 4, 8 and 10; 6. expenses of fines, confiscations and other sanctions imposed in connection with violation of statutory instruments, and interest on delayed payments for public liabilities or municipal ones; 7. expenses of donations except for those specified in Art. 31; 8. expenses of a tax which is subject to being withheld at the source and is at the account of the payer of the income; 9. those expenses of salary in the commercial companies having over 50 percent of State or municipal participation which exceed the expenses fixed in the statutory instruments; 10. (new - SG 110/07, in force from ) expenses accounted during realization of responsibility for due and not deposited value added tax in the cases of Art. 177 of the Law on Value Added Tax; 11. (new - SG 110/07, in force from ) expenses, representing hidden distribution of revenue. Article 31. (1) The accounting expenses on donations to a total amount of up to 10 per cent of the positive accounting financial result (accounting profit) shall be recognized for tax purposes where the expenses on donations are incurred in favour of: (6) The entire expense on a donation shall not be recognized for tax purposes where the donation benefits, whether directly or indirectly, the managers who make it or those who dispose of the said donation, or where there is evidence that the gift has not been received. Please provide examples of the successful implementation of domestic measures adopted to comply with the provision under review: On the ground of the Instruction for cooperation between the Prosecution office and the National Revenue Agency in the year notifications have been filled by the revenue officials when they have established in the course of the administrative proceedings the existence of doubts for a crime commited under the Criminla code.20 For the period untill meetings of the regional coordination centers have been held, where 245 concrete cases of commited offences have been discussed. On those meeting the basic kinds and mechanisms for commiting tax fraud have been discussed. Have you ever assessed the effectiveness of the measures that disallow the tax deductibility of expenses that constitute bribes, or other expenses incurred in furtherance of corrupt conduct? (Y) Yes Please outline (or, if available, attach) the results of such an assessment including methods, tools and resources utilized: The effectiveness of existing tax legislation is being analyzed on an annual basis, tax evasion provisions inclusive. Where the analysis of the administrative and legal practices shows tax evasion, the results of the analysis are made available to all persons that participate in the audit proceedings in order to ensure uniform implementation of the tax legislation. Where necessary, changes to the tax legislation are initiated. The National Revenue Agency (NRA) has prepared and every year updates manuals on the implementation of material tax laws - VAT Act, LCIT and Personal Income Taxes Act. These manuals are published on the NRA Internet and the Intranet sites and are used both by the NRA employees and all taxpayers. The manuals draw attention to the expenses not recognized for tax purposes, including bribes to public officials. In the event of reported expenses that are not justified by documents, the tax authority investigates in depth the nature of the economic operation, including whether it might constitute bribery, money laundering or other crime. BURKINA FASO (THIRD MEETING) Mostrar más
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References: artículo 12
 artículo 12
 Artículo 62
 Resolución 
 Resolución 
 Resolución 
in Fine