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In this paper, an algorithm is described which enables efficient analysis of electromagnetic scattering by configurations consisting of arbitrarily shaped conducting bodies and conducting bodies of revolution (BoR). The well-known problem resulting from the loss of azimuthal mode decoupling, when in addition to BoR geometry there exists a body that does not belong to the rotational symmetry of the BoR, is circumvented by the use of characteristic basis function (CBF) method. This however requires careful implementation of the method in order to obtain stable and efficient procedure.
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Keywords: Method of moments, characteristic basis functions, body of revolution.
In this work, we propose a novel approach called as “Normalized Gain Function (NGF) method” to design low/medium power single stage ultra wide band microwave amplifiers based on linear S parameters of the active device. Normalized Gain Function TNGF is defined as the ratio of T and |S21|^2, desired shape or frequency response of the gain function of the amplifier to be designed and the shape of the transistor forward gain function, respectively. Synthesis of input/output matching networks (IMN/OMN) of the amplifier requires mathematically generated target gain functions to be tracked in two different nonlinear optimization processes. In this manner, NGF not only facilitates a mathematical base to share the amplifier gain function into such two distinct target gain functions, but also allows their precise computation in terms of TNGF=T/|S21|^2 at the very beginning of the design. The particular amplifier presented as the design example operates over 800-5200 MHz to target GSM, UMTS, Wi-Fi and WiMAX applications. An SRFT (Simplified Real Frequency Technique) based design example supported by simulations in MWO (MicroWave Office from AWR Corporation) is given using a 1400mW pHEMT transistor, TGF2021-01 from TriQuint Semiconductor.
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Film bulk acoustic wave resonators (FBARs) are of great interest for wireless applications due to its inherent advantages at microwave frequencies. However, the presence of spurious modes near the main resonance degrades the performance of resonators and requires development of new methods to suppress such unwanted modes. Different techniques are used to suppress these spurious modes. In this paper, we present design of a new step-like frame structure film bulk acoustic wave resonator operating near 1.5 GHz. The simulated results are compared with simple frame-like structure. The spurious resonances are eliminated effectively and smooth pass band is obtained with effective coupling coefficient of 5.68% and quality factor of 1800. The equivalent electrical mBVD model of the FBAR based on impedance response is also presented. These highly smooth phase response and passband skirt steepness resonators are most demanding for the design of low cost, small size and high performance filters, duplexers and oscillators for wireless systems.
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The printed microstrip-line-fed broadband rhombus slot antenna is investigated in this paper. With the use of the offset microstrip feed line and the corner-truncated protruded ground plane, the bandwidth enhancement and the slot size reduction for the proposed slot antenna can be obtained. The experimental results demonstrate that the impedance bandwidth for 10 dB return loss reaches 5210 MHz (108.2%, 2210-7420 MHz), which is about 2.67 times of a conventional microstrip-line-fed rhombus slot antenna. This bandwidth can provide with the wireless communication services operating in wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) bands. Under the use of the protruded ground plane, the slot size can be reduced by about 52%. Details of simulated and measured results are presented and discussed.
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Keywords: Rhombus slot antenna, protruded ground plane, WLAN/WiMAX.
A single high-directivity microstrip patch antenna (MPA) having a rectangular profile, which can substitute a linear array is proposed. It is designed by using genetic algorithms with the advantage of not requiring a feeding network. The patch fits inside an area of 2.54λ x 0.25λ, resulting in a broadside pattern with a directivity of 12 dBi and a fractional impedance bandwidth of 4%. The antenna is fabricated and the measurements are in good agreement with the simulated results. The genetic MPA provides a similar directivity as linear arrays using a corporate or series feeding, with the advantage that the genetic MPA results in more bandwidth.
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Keywords: Directive antennas, genetic algorithms, linear antenna arrays, microstrip patch antennas, optimization.
A novel wideband planar U-shaped antenna with meandering technique is proposed for TV White Space operation at 470 -798 MHz band. The antenna consists of a U-shaped antenna backed by a partial ground plane. The meandering technique is applied by inserting several slots at the bottom part of the U-shaped for bandwidth enhancement. An impedance bandwidth of 95.2% is achieved when the planar U-shaped antenna is added with 21 slots. The radiation pattern confirms that a good pattern stability are obtained. The antenna gain of 2.2dBi up to 4.6 dBi is achieved for the operational frequency from 470 MHz to 798 MHz.
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The design of modern radiofrequency integrated circuits on silicon operating at microwave and millimeter-waves requires the integration of several spiral inductors and transformers that are not commonly available in the process design-kits of the technologies. In this work we present an auxiliary CAD tool for Microwave Inductor (and transformer) Design Automation on Silicon (MIDAS) that exploits commercial simulators and allows the implementation of an automatic design flow, including three-dimensional layout editing and electromagnetic simulations. In detail, MIDAS allows the designer to derive a preliminary sizing of the inductor (transformer) on the bases of the design entries (specifications). It draws the inductor (transformer) layers for the specific process design kit, including vias and underpasses, with or without patterned ground shield, and launches the electromagnetic simulations, achieving effective design automation with respect to the traditional design flow for RFICs. With the present software suite the complete design time is reduced significantly (typically 1 hour on a PC based on Intel® Pentium® Dual 1.80GHz CPU with 2-GB RAM). Afterwards both the device equivalent circuit and the layout are ready to be imported in the Cadence environment.
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Keywords: Electromagnetic simulations, electronic design automation, inductors, integrated circuits, microwaves, silicon, transformers.
The electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube electrophoreses deposition on different types of gold-plated microstrip devices are investigated. Simple transmission lines, transmission line resonators and filters were subjected to deposition of functionalized tubes in an aqueous solution. It is found that the process lowers the resonant frequency of the resonators and filters compared to the untreated devices, at the cost of increased insertion loss and reduced resonator Q-factor.
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In this paper a new compact microstrip Bessel low pass filter (LPF) is experimentally validated using complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) which has sharper cut-off and improved spurious band suppression characteristics. The Richard’s transformation and Kuroda’s identities are used for realizing distributed Bessel LPF from the lumped element Bessel LPF. Traditionally Butterworth and Chebyshev LPFs are used in communication systems. Those LPFs exhibits high reflection in the pass-band and it is also very difficult to achieve sharper cut-off. Because of its poor cut-off and non linear phase characteristics, it will create cross talk between microwave systems. In order to overcome the above issues our proposed LPF which has linear phase and sharper cut-off behavior is on ideal subsystem in future microwave systems. Furthermore, to prove its practical viability of the proposed design, a compact microstrip Bessel LPF was designed, simulated, fabricated and measured. It was observed from the experimentally compared results of the proposed Bessel LPF with CSRR has better sharper cut-off characteristic than the without CSRR structure.
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Keywords: Low-pass filter, spurious rejection, linear phase, complementary split ring resonators, resonators, microstrip filters, Bessel filter, microwave filters.
A novel structure of dual-composite right/left-handed transmission line (D-CRLH TL) is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The simulated reaults show that there is a stopband between the first right-handed passband and the left-handed passband of the proposed D-CRLH TL. This stopband characteristic is applied to improve the electromagnetic performances of low-pass filter (LPF). A planar compact microstrip LPF with ultra-wide stopband (UWSB) and high selectivity is designed, fabricated and measured. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement with each other, indicating that this design method is effective and successful. The measured results show that the cut-off frequency of the LPF in this paper is 3.68 GHz, the stopband with insertion loss of more than 20 dB is from 3.84GHz to 20.21GHz (136.1%), and the sharpness is 106.25dB/GHz. Compared with the previous works of references, the LPF in this paper has less insertion loss, greater stop-bandwidth and better sharpness. Besides, this LPF also realizes a 73% size reduction in comparison with the same work in reference .
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Keywords: Dual-composite right/left-handed transmission line (D-CRLH-TL), low-pass filter (LPF), ultra-wide stopband (UWSB), high selectivity, miniaturization.
Compact dual-band bandpass filters with stepped-impedance conductor-backed asymmetric coplanar waveguide resonators are proposed, and synthesis formulas are derived to facilitate the design. By using an asymmetric topology, two additional transmission zeros are obtained. To further improve the selectivity, an embedded coplanar waveguide resonator is proposed to achieve two independently controllable transmission zeros. Two dual-band bandpass filters are designed and fabricated. The measured results validate the proposed design.
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We report about new approach to design and fabricate multimode 1 x 2 and 1 x 4 Y optical planar power splitter suitable for low-cost short distance optical network. The splitters were designed by beam propagation method using BeamPROP™ software. The dimensions of the splitters were optimized for connecting standard plastic optical fibre with 1 mm diameter. New Norland Optical Adhesives 1625 glues were used as optical waveguide layers and the design structures were completed by CNC engraving on poly(methyl methacrylate) substrate. The best parameters that were achieved with 1x2 splitter were insertion loss around 4.1dB at 650 nm and the coupling ratio 52:48; the best one of the 1x4 splitters had at 650 nm insertion loss around 17.6 dB.
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The results of reduced- size cascaded Butler matrices developed for dual-band and dual-beam applications are presented in this paper. The meander-line technique, an acceptable approach for reducing the size of the radio frequency element, was proposed for reducing the size of coupler design. The proposed system is capable of covering wireless local area network (WLAN) frequencies operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Compared to the conventional size, the proposed couplers were reduced in size by 63 % and 56 % at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The proposed, cascaded Butler matrices have the ability to exhibit two types of beams, i.e., narrow and broad, by feeding the signal into the respective input port of the Butler matrix. The proposed design was etched from an inexpensive FR4 substrate. The methodology enabled the reduction of the area of the Butler matrix. A meander line with an area of 96 mm × 125 mm was used to replace the conventional, straight transmission line. This reduced the area of the Butler matrix by 36% compared to the conventional matrix. The actual measurements showed very good agreement with the results obtained from simulations.
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Gateway link is essential to connect HAPS platform to terrestrial based networks. This crucial link is incorporated in HAPS fixed service spectrum allocation in considerably high frequencies, renders the link for more attenuations by atmospheric gases, and rain effects, especially when the regional climate is not favorable. However, under the agenda item 1.20 of World Radio Conference-2012 (WRC-12) new HAPS allocation in the 5850-7075 MHz band is proposed. Although, spectrum features are incomparably reliable, on the contrary, Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) uplink transmissions will have signal levels much higher than those in HAPS systems and have the potential for causing interference at the HAPS gateway receiver. In this article a key aspect of co-channel interference phenomena is investigated to facilitate optimum frequency sharing in the band in question. By proposing mitigation techniques and statistical method this generic prediction model enhances the capability of the HAPS spectrum sharing and provides flexibility in spectrum planning for different fixed services.
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This paper presents a new optimization tool for analog circuit design. Proposed tool is based on the robust version of the differential evolution optimization method. Corners of technology, temperature, voltage and current supplies are taken into account during the optimization. That ensures robust resulting circuits. Those circuits usually do not need any schematic change and are ready for the layout.. The newly developed tool is implemented directly to the Cadence design environment to achieve very short setup time of the optimization task. The design automation procedure was enhanced by optimization watchdog feature. It was created to control optimization progress and moreover to reduce the search space to produce better design in shorter time. The optimization algorithm presented in this paper was successfully tested on several design examples.
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