Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/148866641/EPA-530-K-02-025I-Used-Oil
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 08:54:01+00:00

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DISCLAIMER This document was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. under contract 68-W-01-020 to EPA. It is intended to be used as a training tool for Call Center specialists and does not represent a statement of EPA policy. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA s regulations or policies. This document is used only in the capacity of the Call Center training and is not used as a reference tool on Call Center calls. The Call Center revises and updates this document as regulatory program areas change. The information in this document may not necessarily reflect the current position of the Agency. This document is not intended and cannot be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States.
The Call Center is open from 9 am to 5 pm Eastern Time, Monday through Friday, except for federal holidays.
To fulfill the statutory requirement of RCRA §3014. A summary of the present used oil management program. The goal of this training module is to provide an overview of the used oil management program and to explain the different regulatory scenarios that can apply to used oil. In developing regulations for used oil. collection centers. As a result. remains in effect in many authorized states. EPA developed a used oil program that primarily regulated used oil recycled by being burned for energy recovery. although superseded on the federal level by Part 279.and off-specification used oil • Distinguish between the recycling presumption and the rebuttable presumption The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. and marketers in 40 CFR Part 279. EPA has endeavored to balance the RCRA mandate to protect human health and the environment with the RCRA mandate to conserve resources through used oil recycling. For this reason it is critical to be well-versed in both used oil programs. 1985. standards establishing requirements for generators.1 1. used oil emerged as a separate issue apart from hazardous waste.Used Oil . provides a basic comparison and introduction to both programs. however. as well as a brief summary of the former program. 1992. Subpart E. and summarize the requirements for the used oil handlers regulated under the former program • Explain the difference between on. . requiring EPA to address the hazards posed by used oil. The rule also included provisions for cleanup in the case of a spill or release of used oil. you should be able to: • Distinguish between the used oil management standards of Part 279 and the former used oil regulations under Part 266. On November 29. processors and rerefiners. Subpart E • Identify the different types of used oil handlers and their requirements under the used oil management standards. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. The old program in Part 266. These regulations were codified in Part 266. EPA finalized on September 10. transfer facilities. transporters. The module begins by briefly tracing the developmental history of the regulations concerning used oil. and develop a regulatory scheme to ensure proper management and disposal practices. some states are operating under the present program and others are operating under the former program. burners. Congress passed the Used Oil Recycling Act (UORA) in 1980. After you complete the training session. The provisions of the UORA were incorporated into §3014 by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). INTRODUCTION This training module reviews the various regulatory requirements associated with used oil management.
The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. .2 .Used Oil • Describe how the present regulations will become effective in both authorized and unauthorized states • Explain under what circumstances used oil filters may be disposed of as nonhazardous • Describe the four pathways of potential regulation of used oil under the former program and compare differences with the present used oil management standards. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes.
Consequently. and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities.3 2. rather than the effects listing might have on the competing goal of recycling. 1991. and only categorize used oil as RCRA hazardous waste when disposed. including petroleum-derived and synthetic oils (50 F R 49164). Although the former program is no longer in the CFR. and metal working oils. used oil is defined as any oil that has been refined from crude oil (or synthetic oil). offered three options for regulating used oil recycling (56 F R 48000). except that synthetic oils were not explicitly included in the definition. Under this program. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. primarily because of the possibility that characterizing used oil as a hazardous waste might discourage or hinder recycling practices (51 F R 41900). several concepts were retained through the transition of the programs and will be discussed in more detail later in the module. Alternatively. . EPA decided not to list used oil. The present program. The first option was to identify all used oils as listed hazardous waste under RCRA. Federal Register (57 F R 41566). REGULATORY SUMMARY This summary of the regulatory provisions affecting the management of used oil for the former and present used oil programs provides some basic references and definitions which will be encountered throughout the module. Federal Register (50 F R 49164). compressor oils from refrigeration units. that has been used. provides useful background and regulations that are still in effect in many states. 2. 1992. EPA issued a proposed rule to list all used oil as hazardous waste. EPA could have designated only certain used oils (primarily the nonindustrial ones) as hazardous. is codified in Parts 261 and 279. a supplemental proposed rule published in the Federal Register on September 23.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND RCRA §3014 required EPA to decide whether or not to list used oil as regulated hazardous waste under RCRA and to establish standards applicable to used oil recycling. promulgated in the September 10. Though the former program was significantly narrower in scope than the present program. The former used oil program defined used oil similarly. 1985. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. By November 19. The third option was to promulgate basic management standards for used oil. 1985. hydraulic fluids. On the same day. 1986. On November 29. Types of oils included in this definition are spent automotive lubricating oils. A 1988 court decision required EPA to reconsider listing used oil based on the technical criteria for listing waste specified in the statute. the preamble to the final rule promulgated in the November 29.Used Oil .1 addresses the history and background of the used oil regulations. management standards were proposed for recycled used oil and final regulations were issued prohibiting burning off-specification used oil in nonindustrial boilers and furnaces. The following discussion in Section 2.
a majority of used oil that enters the recycling system ends up being recycled either by being burned for energy recovery or by being re-refined. In this rule. 1992. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. The former program did not make this presumption and therefore imposed variable requirements for used oil management. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. Additionally. In the September 10. processors. In cases where used oil handlers cannot recycle their used oil.1 of this module for discussion). the Agency first introduced the idea of the recycling presumption (56 F R 48000). 1992. The Agency deferred the listing decision on used oil destined for recycling at this time and any decision on management standards for used oil. According to industry data collected by the Agency. and re-refiners of used oil. transporters. 1991. which is a regulatory provision that presumes used oil will be recycled.4(b)(13) stating that certain used oil filters that have been properly drained may be disposed of as nonhazardous (see Section 3. RECYCLING PRESUMPTION In the September 23. stated that used oil destined for disposal would not be listed as a hazardous waste (57 F R 21524). the Agency stated that there is a presumption that all used oil will be recycled until the used oil is disposed of or sent for disposal (57 F R 41578). supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking.2 CURRENT PROGRAM The present program hinges on the presumption that most used oil will be recycled instead of disposed. an exclusion was added under §261. This means that virtually all used oil will be subject to the same management standards under Part 279. . and that when destined for disposal. EPA said that most used oil has the potential to be recycled. EPA promulgated both a final listing decision for recycled used oil and management standards for used oil pursuant to RCRA §3014 (57 F R 42566).Used Oil Prior to making a final selection of one of the three approaches to recycled used oil regulation. the final rule of May 20. 2. The current used oil regulations also expanded the requirements that used oil handlers must fulfill. 1992.4 . the existing network of regulations provides adequate protection from plausible mismanagement scenarios. Used oil that is disposed of will need to be characterized like any other solid waste and need to be managed as hazardous if it exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste or if it is mixed with a listed hazardous waste. On September 10. These data led to the recycling presumption. The management standards were codified as Part 279. marketers. The Agency decided not to list recycled used oils because the management standards issued in this rulemaking would adequately protect human health and the environment. These standards affect generators. either through re-refining or burning for energy recovery. burners. the Agency proposed different criteria for rebutting the recycling presumption.
The recycling presumption simplifies the used oil management system by ensuring that handlers need only comply with one set of standards.Used Oil . but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. Waste oil or oily waste does not always meet the definition of used oil. The rebuttable presumption. Used oil that contains more than 1.e.1 because these materials have never been used. so EPA decided to use an objective test. however. A person may rebut this presumption by demonstrating. Since hazardous spent halogenated solvents were often found to be mixed with used oil. If the presumption is successfully rebutted. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. Bottom waste from an oil storage tank or virgin oil spill residue may be contaminated with impurities but still not meet the definition in §279. EPA established the "rebuttable presumption" addressing halogen levels. This section discusses mixtures of used oil with hazardous and solid waste. it is only when used oil is sent for disposal that it is no longer subject to the Part 279 standards. From an enforcement point of view. through analysis or other documentation. MIXTURES One confusing aspect of the present used oil management standards involves mixtures of used oil and other materials. as well as products. begins to address mixtures of used oil and hazardous wastes.000 parts per million (ppm) of total halogens is presumed to have been mixed with a regulated halogenated hazardous waste (i. the Agency cannot always determine if used oil has been mixed with a hazardous waste. that the used oil has not been mixed with halogenated hazardous waste. outlined below. and its basic premise is retained in the present program. November 29. EPA decided that establishing specific criteria was not feasible or necessary. and how these mixtures are regulated. then it will be subject to the used oil management standards instead of the hazardous waste regulations. One way of doing this is to show that the used oil does not contain significant concentrations of halogenated hazardous constituents (50 F R 49176. meaning the oil is not considered to have been mixed with a regulated hazardous waste.5 final rule. Because the Agency assumes all used oil will be recycled. spent halogenated solvents). and that is used and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities. 1985).. The concept of the rebuttable presumption was established in the former regulations. Used oil and waste oil are not interchangeable terms. Rebuttable Presumption Mixtures of hazardous waste and used oil ordinarily would be classified as hazardous waste. WHAT IS USED OIL? Used oil is defined as any oil that was refined from crude oil or any synthetic oil. however. . and is therefore subject to applicable hazardous waste regulations.
10(b)(2)(i) and (ii)). . that some oils can become contaminated with more than 1. In the present program. however. if the D008 used oil had been mixed with a reactive waste (D003). without actually mixing the used oil with a hazardous waste. Subpart B. Section 279. then the mixture can be managed as used oil. under applicability. that person does not have to prove that the oil has not been mixed with a hazardous waste. if a person generates one of these types of used oil. For example.3(a)(2)(v). like the former. In other words.6 . transporters. The present regulations lay out two scenarios for mixtures of used oil and characteristic waste. then the resultant mixture would need to be void of both characteristics in order to be managed as used oil. The first scenario involves used oil that is mixed with a waste that is hazardous solely because it exhibits the characteristic of ignitability. and in Part 279. even though it may contain more that 1. require that mixtures of used oil and listed hazardous waste continue to be regulated as hazardous waste and managed according to all applicable hazardous waste standards. as well as under the requirements for generators. under the definition of hazardous waste. Otherwise.000 ppm halogens just through the normal use of the oil. On the other hand. The second scenario involves used oil mixed with a waste that is hazardous because it exhibits one or more characteristic of hazardous waste (other than just ignitability). the Agency amended the former regulations to exempt two specific types of used oil from the rebuttable presumption. used oil that displays the toxicity characteristic for lead (D008) is mixed with an ignitable hazardous waste (D001). The difference in the two scenarios is critical because used oil will often inherently exhibit a characteristic from its normal use. as long as the mixture is no longer ignitable. Both metalworking oils containing chlorinated paraffins and used refrigeration compressor oils containing chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) are exempt from the rebuttable presumption.10(b)(2)(iii)). The resultant mixture must no longer exhibit any characteristics if it is going to be managed as used oil (§279. If the resultant mixture is no longer ignitable.10(b)(2)(iii) allows this mixture to remain under the umbrella of used oil regulation even if it fails the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) for lead (D008). but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. despite the inherent characteristics that the used oil may bring to the mixture (§279. processors. and burners. This straightforward principle for mixtures of used oil and listed waste does not apply to mixtures of used oil and characteristic hazardous waste. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies.000 ppm total halogens. the mixture would need to be managed as hazardous waste. Mixtures of Used Oil and Hazardous Waste The present regulations.Used Oil The Agency believes. The rebuttable presumption is codified in §261.
Materials derived from used oil that are disposed of or used in a manner constituting disposal are not considered used oil. no visible signs of free-flowing oil). Once the used oil has been properly drained or removed from the mixture to the extent possible (i. materials that are reclaimed from used oil and are used beneficially without being burned for energy recovery are not considered used oil and are not subject to the Part 279 standards.10(e) dictates when a material is no longer subject to regulation as used oil. In addition. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. not be subject to regulation under any part of RCRA. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. not as a hazardous waste. . Other Mixtures Used oil that is considered to be a hazardous waste solely because it exhibits one or more characteristic of hazardous waste (§§261.Used Oil .5 for conditionally exempt small quantity generators (CESQGs). and the Agency has found that the resultant fuel is low in toxic contaminants. Mixtures of Used Oil with Products The blending of used oil generated in diesel-powered vehicles with diesel fuel is excluded from the processing and re-refining standards when the mixture is used in the generator's own vehicles as a fuel. but rather is classified as a solid waste. Specifically. These materials are also not considered solid waste and would. any mixture of used oil with solid waste or any material contaminated with or containing used oil is regulated under the Part 279 standards as used oil. The exception to this is that a solid waste from which free-flowing used oil has been removed is still subject to regulation as used oil if it is burned for energy recovery. because it has been mixed with hazardous waste subject to the special provisions of §261..e. or because it has been mixed with household hazardous waste is subject to regulation as a used oil.7 Mixtures of Used Oil with Solid Waste Unlike mixtures with hazardous waste. the solid waste is no longer subject to regulation as used oil. diesel and marine engines are not covered by the standards for used oil burners.24). Materials produced from used oil that are burned for energy recovery are regulated as used oil and are subject to Part 279.21-261. Diesel engine manufacturers recommend this practice. but instead are considered solid wastes and subject to all applicable solid and hazardous waste standards. therefore. The mixture itself is also specifically excluded when used in this manner. as stated earlier. Any used oil separated from this type of mixture remains subject to all applicable Part 279 standards. MATERIALS DERIVED FROM USED OIL Section 279.
Because data indicate that these distillation bottoms do not exhibit the toxicity characteristic and the practice is common in the industry. Federal Register (59 F R 10550). owners and operators of natural gas and crude oil processing plants can introduce used oil into their pipelines or stock tanks that are connected to the pipeline without meeting Part 279 standards. Used oil that is inserted into the refining process after distillation or catalytic cracking would only be exempt if the used oil meets the specifications in §279. For instance. 1994. . the pipeline exemption was expanded to include certain activities at petroleum refining facilities. This provision is similar to the exemption for crude oil or natural gas pipelines. the Agency has decided not to regulate them when used in this manner. At a petroleum refinery. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. however. A mixture of used oil and crude oil or natural gas liquids where the amount of used oil is less than one percent the total volume of the mixture is not subject to regulation during storage and transportation prior to insertion into the pipeline. prior to insertion the used oil is subject to any applicable Part 279 requirements. as crude oil is piped in. the oil is subject to all applicable used oil management standards. used oil does not pose a greater threat of a release than either crude oil or natural gas liquids. Another situation where used oil may be exempt from Part 279 at a petroleum refining facility is when used oil is incidentally captured by a hydrocarbon recovery system or wastewater treatment system as part of routine The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. a mixture of crude oil or natural gas and less than one percent used oil is not subject to Part 279 if the mixture is inserted into the refining process prior to crude distillation or catalytic cracking (these are the first steps in petroleum refining where crude oil is separated and impurities are removed). as long as the used oil constitutes less than one percent of the crude oil feed at any given time.8 . Distillation and Tank Bottoms from Exempt Mixtures Distillation bottoms from re-refining used oil are excluded from Part 279 regulation and hazardous waste regulation when the bottoms are used as ingredients in asphalt paving and roofing materials. used oil may be inserted into a petroleum refinery process unit before distillation or catalytic cracking without being subject to Part 279. some types of used oil are conditionally exempt from the Part 279 standards when managed in accordance with §279. Crude Oil Pipelines Used oil that is inserted into a crude oil pipeline is not subject to Part 279 standards once the used oil enters the pipeline or when it is placed in a stock tank connected to the pipeline. there are always some exceptions. In both of the situations noted above. Petroleum Refineries In the May 4. Therefore.11. Along these lines.10. Prior to placement in the pipeline. The Agency believes that once introduced into a pipeline.Used Oil CONDITIONAL EXEMPTIONS As with any rule or set of regulations.
De minimis quantities of used oil are small spills. . Any used oil that is recovered from wastewater. it will not be exempt. The first person to document that the used oil being burned for energy recovery meets the specification criteria is considered the marketer of the used oil and is responsible for meeting the recordkeeping requirements of §§279. or drippings from pumps.10). valves. falls under full regulation as used oil. industrial furnaces. Subpart O. or when small amounts of oil are lost to the wastewater treatment system during washing or draining. pipes. however. and 279. leaks. EPA believes that the current requirements in TSCA for PCB-contaminated wastes adequately control the management and disposal of used oils containing PCBs. machinery. Off-specification used oil can only be burned for energy recovery in industrial and utility boilers. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. Once used oil has been shown not to exceed specification levels. it is not subject to the restrictions on burning in Part 279. used oil-fired space heaters. and hazardous waste incinerators regulated under Part 264/265. Used oil that is tested and is not within these set parameters is termed off-specification. used oil that contains 50 ppm or more of PCBs is not subject to the requirements of Part 279. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. On the other hand. if the used oil is intentionally introduced to a hydrogen recovery system. the Agency made a distinction between specification and off-specification used oil.74(b). and other similar equipment during normal operations. Wastewater Wastewaters contaminated with de minimis quantities of used oil are also excluded from the present requirements because these wastewaters are regulated by the Clean Water Act. and pumps.73. Therefore. 279. Specifications are a set of criteria intended to be protective of human health and the environment in all circumstances. Incidental occurrences may include drips.Used Oil . leaks. Subpart G.9 process operations.72. Used oil that meets the specification levels is comparable to a product fuel oil in terms of regulation. and spills from compressors. SPECIFICATION For purposes of regulating used oil burned for energy recovery. PCBs Used oils that are contaminated with PCBs in concentration of 50 ppm or greater are subject to regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (§279.
10. The 5 2 10 100 4. .Used Oil Criteria Section 279. The state must demonstrate in the petition how the state's program will minimize the environmental impacts of such activity.11 outlines the specification levels and prescribes the amount of regulation that applies to specification and off-specification used oil under Part 279 when the used oil is to be burned for energy recovery. Both types of used oil may be burned for energy recovery. since EPA believes blended oil poses no greater hazard than dirty virgin fuel oil. Also. unless a state petitions EPA to allow this activity provided it meets the specified conditions in §279. but off-specification used oil is subject to certain prohibitions. or contains more than the allowable levels of any of certain constituents.12 codifies specific prohibitions on the management of used oil. Used oil with over 1. or in a used oil-fired space heater.000 ppm total halogens. Used oil cannot be stored in a surface impoundment or waste pile. Constituent Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Lead Total Halogens Blending Blending used oil to meet specification is permitted. Subpart F. Another general prohibition addresses burning off-specification fuel in certain units. A used oil handler blending used oil for purposes of meeting specification would be subject to the processor and re-refiner regulations in Part 279.000 ppm in order to apply the rebuttable presumption and call it nonhazardous. the use of used oil for road oiling or as a dust suppressant is prohibited. Used oil exceeding any of these levels is considered off-specification. however. the owner or operator must either generate the oil he burns himself or receive it from do-it-yourself oil changers. When burning in a space heater unit. may not be blended to lower the halogen level below 1.000 Allowable Level ppm maximum ppm maximum ppm maximum ppm maximum ppm maximum The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. the rebuttable presumption must be applied to the used oil before it is blended with other materials. Burners may only burn used oil in an industrial boiler or furnace as defined in §260. in a hazardous waste incinerator subject to regulation under Part 264/265. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. Subpart O. unless the unit is subject to regulation under Parts 264 and 265. The following table lists the allowable levels of constituents in used oil. GENERAL PROHIBITIONS Section 279.82. Used oil is considered to be off-specification if it has a flash point below 100 degrees Fahrenheit.10 .
Storage The primary requirements placed on generators involve good housekeeping practices for storing used oil on site. USED OIL GENERATORS A used oil generator is any person. there is an incentive for the generator to send used oil off-site for recycling. Used oil can only be stored in containers and tanks that are in good condition. In the event of a release from one of these units to the environment. and (4) farmers who. and repairing or replacing the leaking container or tank. the generator must comply with the response measures set forth in §279. not under Part 279. by site.22(b)). (2) vessels at port or at sea. Because the generation of used oil is so widespread. . Exceptions Certain used oil generators are not subject to the regulations in Subpart C of Part 279.12(c)(2)(iii)). whose act or process produces used oil or whose act first causes used oil to become subject to regulation. Subpart C. The recycled used oil standards place basic requirements on storage and require compliance with the rebuttable presumption for all generators of used oil. Generators of used oil have no time or quantity limitations on storing used oil because the Agency feels that used oil is a marketable commodity. such as lined surface impoundments. aboveground tanks. with generators ranging from multinational corporations to local service stations. or deterioration (§279. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. used oil generators are subject to limited standards under Part 279. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies.Used Oil . Containers.20(a)). and fill pipes used to transfer used oil into underground storage tanks need to be clearly marked with the words "Used Oil" to prevent incidental mixing of used oil with hazardous waste or other materials. Releases from underground storage tanks that are subject to UST corrective action are regulated under Part 280 standards for USTs.e. free of any visible spills.22(d). which include stopping and containing the release. i. and in underground storage tanks (USTs) subject to regulation under Part 280. leaks. in a month. properly managing any used oil or contaminated materials. generate no more than 25 gallons of used oil from farm vehicles or machinery (§279.. therefore.11 maximum capacity of the device may not exceed 0. Used oil can also be stored in units already subject to regulation under Parts 264 and 265. These include the following: (1) household do-it-yourselfers (DIYs) — individuals who generate used oil from the maintenance of their personal vehicles or other household sources. (3) generators after mixing diesel fuel and used oil to be used in their own vehicles as a fuel. structural damage.5 million Btu per hour and combustion gases must be vented to the ambient air (§279.
A generator may: (1) filter. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. (2) separate used oil generated on-site from wastewater to meet Clean Water Act regulations prior to discharge of the wastewater. (4) drain or remove used oil from materials containing or contaminated with used oil. 1994. USED OIL COLLECTION CENTERS AND AGGREGATION POINTS To encourage and facilitate the recycling of used oil from small sources. . The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. amended the generator requirements to clarify that these activities would not subject a generator to the processing regulations in Subpart F (59 F R 10550).12 . the Agency created reduced requirements for used oil collection centers and aggregation points in Part 279. The generator can also have his used oil transported by a transporter without an EPA identification number if a tolling arrangement is made in accordance with the regulations in §279. generators must ensure that their used oil is transported by a transporter who has obtained an EPA ID number. The heaters must have a maximum capacity of 0. There are some activities. The March 4. or recondition used oil to be reused by the generator. Processing Used oil generators that process or re-refine used oil are also subject to regulation under Part 279. Subpart F. however. In all other situations. Subpart D.24(c). or recondition used oil before burning it in a space heater on-site. separate. and (5) filter. (2) the used oil must be delivered in shipments of 55 gallons or less. and thus not subject to Subpart F.Used Oil Burning Generators can burn their own used oil and DIY-generated used oil in used oil-fired space heaters without complying with regulations for used oil burners in Part 279. Off-Site Shipments A generator is allowed to transport some of his/her own used oil and used oil collected from DIY generators provided the following conditions are met: (1) the generator must bring the used oil to either an approved collection center or selfowned or -operated aggregation point.5 million Btu per hour and the combustion gases must be vented into the ambient air. Subpart G. and (3) the used oil must be transported in a vehicle owned by the generator or an employee of the generator. (3) capture used oil droplets in the air by a mist collector to make in-plant air amenable for recirculation. clean. Federal Register. that a generator may engage in that would not be considered processing. There are five activities that a generator may perform and not be considered a processor as long as the used oil was generated on-site and it is not being sent directly off-site to a burner.
Transporters who otherwise produce used oil-derived products or make these products more amenable for production are considered used oil processors. Owners and operators of DIY used oil collection centers need only comply with the generator standards in Part 279.e. or stores used oil collected only from other used oil generation sites owned or operated by the owner or operator of the aggregation point. aggregate. Used oil transporters may consolidate or aggregate used oil for the purposes of transporting and may conduct incidental processing operations that occur during the normal course of transportation (e. Used oil collection centers may also accept used oil from household do-it-yourselfers.. or recognized by a state.. Subpart C. The used oil generator must deliver the used oil in shipments of 55 gallons or less. or owns or operates a used oil transfer facility. . Subpart C. or municipal government to manage used oil and accept.13 Do-It-Yourselfer Used Oil Collection Centers Under Part 279. Like generators. The used oil must be transported to the aggregation point in shipments of no more than 55 gallons. permitted. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. aggregates. Subpart D are similar to regulations for hazardous waste transporters in many respects. Before the present used oil management standards. Used Oil Aggregation Points A used oil aggregation point means any site or facility that accepts. Subpart D. A DIY used oil collection center is any site or facility that stores or accepts or aggregates used oil collected only from people who generate used oil in their homes (i. Used oil aggregation points may also accept used oil from household do-it-yourselfers. collects used oil from more than one generator and transports the collected used oil. licensed. a The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. DIY used oil collection centers and used oil collection centers. separating water from used oil that has settled during the aggregation or transportation process). used oil transporters who engage in other used oil management practices must follow the applicable standards in Part 279. Used Oil Collection Centers The present regulations define a used oil collection center to mean any site or facility that is registered. transporters of used oil were not regulated under RCRA. including a provision for used oil transfer facilities. USED OIL TRANSPORTERS AND TRANSFER FACILITIES A used oil transporter is any person who transports used oil.Used Oil . or store used oil collected from used oil generators regulated under Part 279. there are two types of used oil collection centers.g. but must also track their shipments and maintain compliance with the rebuttable presumption. Now used oil transporters must not only notify EPA of their activities. For example. household DIY used oil generators). county. The management standards of Part 279.
14 . but must supply secondary containment for the storage units in accordance with §279. may conduct incidental processing operations and consolidation for the purposes of transportation in compliance with §279. They must determine the total halogen content of used oil prior to accepting a shipment for transport. Off-specification used oil fuel can only be burned in the following three types of devices: The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. BURNERS OF USED OIL FUEL The used oil program only regulates the burning of off-specification used oil. If the total halogen content exceeds 1. Otherwise. used oil transporters may store used oil at transfer facilities for a limited time during the normal course of transportation. standards for used oil processors and re-refiners.000 ppm. parking areas. the transporter is required to take "appropriate and immediate action to protect human health and the environment" (§279.11 is not regulated by the burner standards in Subpart G.43(c)). Transfer facilities that store used oil for more than 35 days are subject to Part 279.41 without being considered a processor or re-refiner.45. If a release occurs during the course of transportation. . Transporters. Storage As with the hazardous waste regulations. then the used oil can be managed as used oil. the used oil contaminated with halogens is regulated as hazardous waste under applicable solid and hazardous waste requirements. however. Facilities that store used oil for less than 24 hours do not meet the definition of used oil transfer facility and would not be subject to these requirements.Used Oil transporter who processes used oil must also comply with the requirements for used oil processors and re-refiners in Part 279. the used oil is presumed to have been mixed with a halogenated hazardous waste. Subpart F. Subpart F. Transfer facilities and transporters can store used oil in the same units as generators. Rebuttable Presumption The used oil management standards require transporters to apply the rebuttable presumption to all shipments of used oil. and other areas where shipments of used oil are held for more than 24 hours and less than 35 days during the normal course of transportation. including transporters who blend used oil with virgin oils to meet specification. EPA defines transfer facility as any transportation-related facility including loading docks. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. The burning of used oil that meets the specification criteria in §279. If the presumption of mixing can be rebutted by documenting the source of the halogens.
processor. commercial establishments such as hotels. The storage requirements for burners are essentially the same as those for generators discussed earlier. Subpart O. The used oil fuel marketer requirements are applicable to anyone. or (2) first claims that the used oil going to be burned for energy recovery meets the specification requirements. including boilers located at single or multifamily residences. Off-Specification Used Oil Marketers Used oil marketers handling off-specification oil are subject to the prohibitions found in §279.10) • Hazardous waste incinerators subject to regulation under Part 264/265.64. Subparts C and H. however. it is impossible for someone to only be a marketer without engaging in any other used oil management practices. For example. Under the present definition of marketer.10) • Boilers — enclosed devices that use controlled flame combustion to burn used oil or hazardous waste for energy recovery (must meet the four criteria listed in §260. colleges. a used oil generator who first directs a shipment of off-specification used oil to a burner is a marketer as well as a generator and must comply with the applicable requirements of Part 279. Used oil marketers can be divided into two categories: those that market offspecification used oil and those that market oil that meets specification. prisons. The other major provision applicable to burners under Part 279 involves storage. For each category different regulations apply under Part 279. office buildings.15 • Industrial furnaces — enclosed devices that use controlled flame combustion to burn used oil or hazardous waste (limited to the 12 specific devices listed in §260. as well as analysis of used oil fuel and notification to EPA of location and description of used oil management activities. or burner of used oil. the present program prohibits the burning of used oil in nonindustrial boilers. or laundries.Used Oil .71. transporter. storage areas at burner facilities must be equipped with secondary containment in accordance with §279. who engages in marketing activities or who first claims that the used oil meets the specification criteria. or churches. In addition. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. including a generator. they must The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. Subpart H. By limiting the burning of off-specification used oil to these three types of devices. USED OIL FUEL MARKETERS The current regulations define a used oil fuel marketer as any person who either (1) directs a shipment of off-specification used oil from that facility to a used oil burner. and institutional establishments such as hospitals. .
Records of all waste analysis documentation and operating logs must be kept for three years. the quantity delivered. they would not be subject to processing standards. the name and address of both the marketer and the receiving facility. they were required to make a hazardous waste determination regarding any residues that were disposed. Prior to initiating the first shipment to a burner or other marketer. copies of all off-specification certifications from other burners or marketers must be kept for three years from the date of the last transaction with that person or facility. like all other solid waste generators. A marketer must keep copies of all invoices for three years from the date received or prepared. and the date of shipment. lubricants. however. USED OIL PROCESSORS AND RE-REFINERS Before the present used oil management standards were promulgated. blending used oils to meet fuel specification. Processing. quantity. if a burner. used oil processors and re-refiners were virtually unregulated. The present regulations greatly increased the requirements for processors and re-refiners by mirroring standards for hazardous waste treatment. . and re-refining. simple distillation. These operations include but are not limited to blending used oil with virgin petroleum products. chemical or physical separation. a marketer must acquire a one-time written and signed certification that the burner or marketer has notified EPA of all used oil management activities and. delivery date. that the used oil will only be burned in one of the allowable devices listed in §279. If transporters or transfer facilities filter oil from oil-bearing transformers before returning it to its original use. The only requirement placed on them was that. Processing Processing means any chemical or physical operation designed to produce or facilitate the production of fuel oils. does not include generators processing used oil generated onsite for use on-site. including the name and address of the receiving facility. filtration.12(c). Specification Used Oil Marketers Used oil marketers handling specification used oil must analyze the used oil fuel to show that it meets specification. Also. storage. and disposal facilities (TSDFs).Used Oil comply with the tracking requirements. or other used oil-derived products from used oil. These requirements include obtaining an EPA identification number and complying with a used oil version of general facility standards. An operating log must be kept for each shipment.16 . but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. including their EPA ID number. as well as notify EPA if the marketer is the first one to claim the oil meets specification. and cross-reference to the record of analysis to show it meets specification. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies.
Both aboveground tanks and containers need to have all used oil residues removed and any units still containing used oil or residues must be taken off-site.54(h)(1)(ii)).17 Storage Processors and re-refiners are subject to the same storage standards. Processors must determine the total halogen content of the used oil prior to accepting the used oil shipment in accordance with §279. emergency communication systems.53. however. Because the contaminated equipment will ultimately be disposed of. structures. Processing facilities must comply with stringent closure requirements (§279. Every processing facility must have a contingency plan to minimize the hazards to human health and the environment in the event of a fire. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. . The owner and operator must decontaminate or remove used oil residues from all buildings. hazardous waste regulations would apply if the equipment exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste. and (3) the owner and operator must submit a biennial report to the Regional Administrator containing information about the quantity of used oil processed and the specific processes employed.Used Oil . (2) the owner and operator must prepare an analysis plan that describes the procedures that will be used in rebutting the presumption and determining if the used oil meets specification requirements. then the facility must be closed in accordance with hazardous waste landfill standards (§279.54). planning. including secondary containment. Processors and rerefiners. and soils at the site. These requirements include general facility maintenance. as transporters or burners (§279. or release of used oil. Processors of used oil are also subject to tracking. If the presumption cannot be rebutted then the shipment is considered to be hazardous waste and must to be managed by a hazardous waste TSDF. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. and release response plans. If the owner and operator cannot demonstrate the absence of contaminated soils at the time of closure. similar to interim status TSDFs (§279. General Facility Standards and Recordkeeping Facilities that conduct processing are subject to general facility standards.56. and recordkeeping requirements: (1) the owner and operator must make a record of each shipment of used oil that the facility accepts for processing in accordance with §279. Rebuttable Presumption The rebuttable presumption requirements for processors and re-refiners are similar to the transporter requirements.54(h)). There is one major difference in the storage requirements for processors and rerefiners. have no time or quantity limitations on storing used oil. fire and explosion prevention. explosion.52).
the former used oil program does not have a recycling presumption. thus the regulation of used oil hinges upon the ultimate destination of the used oil.6(a)(3)(iii). There are four possible routes or pathways for the management of used oil. The following section discusses these four routes or pathways. 270. All applicable requirements under Parts 262 through 265 and 268 would need to be met. transporters. Subpart E. so the used oil handlers subject to regulation under this program were marketers and burners of off-specification fuel.18 . as well as any applicable state or local environmental regulations. or pathways. is exempt from Parts 262 through 266. If the used oil displays a characteristic of hazardous waste. on. and 124. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. An example would be used oil that is being re-refined. Unlike the present used oil program. is narrower in scope than the present used oil management standards. Subparts G and H. . and RCRA §3010 notification per §261.and off-specification used oil. and the regulations for marketers and burners are carried over from the former used oil management program. but for the sake of clarity. Used Oil Sent for Disposal Used oil sent for disposal can either be incinerated or land disposed. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. are used throughout this section of the module. used oil that is recycled in a manner other than being burned for energy recovery. Used Oil That Is Recycled According to the former regulations. for final disposition of used oil. prohibitions on burning off-specification used oil. the regulations for marketers and burners are recodified in Part 279. and is only hazardous due to characteristics. the rebuttable presumption. The standards to which a used oil handler is subject depend on the method of handling and the final destination of the oil. Essentially. There were no requirements for generators. citations for Part 266. Many of the basic concepts from the former program have been retained in the current program. The program regulates used oil being burned for energy recovery.Used Oil 2. or processors/rerefiners. 268. THE FOUR PATHWAYS The former used oil regulations provide four options. collection centers. its disposal is regulated under RCRA. For example. Subpart E.3 FORMER PROGRAM The former used oil program in Part 266.
used oil that is considered to be a hazardous waste solely because it exhibits one or more characteristic of hazardous waste (§§261.19 Used Oil Used in a Manner Constituting Disposal Used oil used in a manner constituting disposal is addressed under §266. Subpart E. If the resultant mixture is void of characteristics. either by burning for energy recovery or re-refining. On the other hand. Approximately 80 million gallons are disposed of annually. then it must be burned as hazardous waste in accordance with the BIF standards in Part 266. If the mixture exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste. market.3(a)(2)(iv)). any used oil that exhibits one or more characteristic of hazardous waste. MIXTURE RULE As with the present program. or because it has been mixed with household hazardous waste. is banned from use as a dust suppressant. . Mixtures of used oil and characteristic hazardous waste can be managed in one of two ways.5 for conditionally exempt small quantity generators. Subpart E.24) is regulated as used oil. Consequently.Used Oil . Used Oil Burned for Energy Recovery According to the former regulations.23(b). Subpart O (§261. are focused on those who generate. then it can be burned as used oil under Part 266. used oil that is burned for energy recovery is subject to regulation under Part 266. Subpart H. depending on whether or not the mixture exhibits a characteristic. other than ignitability. Mixtures of used oil and characteristic waste that still exhibit a characteristic and are not burned for energy recovery are subject to all applicable hazardous waste regulations. USED OIL BURNED FOR ENERGY RECOVERY EPA estimates that over 800 million gallons of used oil are recycled each year. The use of waste or used oil or other material that has been contaminated with dioxin or any other hazardous waste (other than a waste identified as hazardous solely due to ignitability) for dust suppression or road treatment is prohibited. particularly in this program. the majority of used oil regulations. used oil that has been mixed with a listed hazardous waste is subject to regulation as hazardous waste and if burned must be handled in accordance with the requirements of Part 266. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. or Part 264/265. or burn used oil for energy recovery purposes. Subpart H. The first question in considering regulatory requirements for burning used oil under Part 266 is applicability: is the used oil regulated under Subpart E or is it considered hazardous waste and subsequently The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies.21-261. In other words. These requirements are briefly discussed later in this section. The used oil regulations also apply to used oil that exhibits a characteristic because it has been mixed with hazardous waste subject to the special provisions of §261.
If a generator produces a used oil that meets the definition of a hazardous waste and the material is destined for disposal. it recodified the requirements for marketers of used oil. Specification used oil is. it is possible for a person to be a marketer without engaging in any other regulated used oil management practices. as Part 279. MARKETERS OF USED OIL When EPA promulgated Part 279.20 . subject to requirements for notification. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. SPECIFICATION Section 266. Subpart E. Subpart E. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. originally found in §266. Generators who market used oil directly to a burner are subject to the standards applicable to marketers (§266. The present program only amended it slightly by adding an exemption for refrigerator compressor oils and some metalworking oils that become contaminated with halogens through normal use. Used oil that meets specification under the former program is not covered by the burning regulations in Part 266. and recordkeeping.43. GENERATORS OF USED OIL Generators of used oil destined for energy recovery are not subject to regulation under Part 266 unless they are also marketing or burning the used oil.43). not just used oil being burned for energy recovery. analysis. however. the present regulations extend the applicability of the rebuttable presumption to all used oil.Used Oil regulated under Subpart H? Figure 1 provides a flowchart to assist you in making this determination. Subpart H.40(e) outlines the specification levels and prescribes the amount of regulation that applies to specification and off-specification used oil under Part 266. the generator must comply with all applicable hazardous waste regulations. REBUTTABLE PRESUMPTION Originally.40(c). If the generator burns the used oil he or she is subject to the standards applicable to burners (§266. and may be burned in nonindustrial boilers and furnaces. The only difference between EPA's regulations for marketers under the present and former programs is that under the former program. . Also.44). the rebuttable presumption was codified at §266.
21 . Subpart H. Subject only to analysis and recordkeeping of §266.000 ppm halogens? Does it meet specification? no Burning is regulated under 40 CFR Part 266.yes no Burning is regulated under 40 CFR Part 266. Used Oil .43. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. Does it still exhibit characteristic? Rebut successfully? yes yes yes yes no USED OIL Mixed with listed waste? no no no Mixed with characteristic waste? Greater than 1. Subpart E. Figure 1 BURNING FOR ENERGY RECOVERY FORMER PROGRAM yes The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies.
Used crankcase oil from diesel engines is frequently blended with virgin diesel fuel and burned in diesel engines or ship engines. certifying that EPA was notified of the used oil management activities.22 . copies of all waste analysis information. Neither owners and operators of used oilfired space heaters nor burners that receive used oil that meets specification from a marketer who has previously notified EPA need to notify. the burner must provide the marketer with a one-time written and signed notice. . Used oil fuel analysis is required for generators who are also burners unless they have other data or documentation stating that the used oil meets specification under §266.41(b).44(b). 1985). and retain them for three years. Burners must keep copies of all invoices received.Used Oil BURNERS OF USED OIL According to the former regulations. November 29. Notification. For marketers of offspecification used oil. or other treatment in order to meet specification under §266. and copies of all certification notices sent to marketers. Burners who treat off-specification used oil fuel by processing. diesel and marine engines are not covered by these regulations (50 F R 49193. blending. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. is required for all burners with only two exceptions. burners of used oil are subject to the general requirements and prohibitions under §266. and that the used oil will only be burned in a unit identified in §266.40(e) also must obtain analysis or other documentation that the used oil meets the specification.40(e). The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. Since they do not meet the definition of either a boiler or an industrial furnace. however. including the location and a general description of used oil management activities.
12. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. EPA does not require the filter be drained for a certain length of time. 3.Used Oil . EPA discussed exempting used oil filters that had been properly drained and crushed from the definition of hazardous waste (56 F R 48000). The term "hot-drained" means that the used oil filter is drained near engine operating temperature. Under the former used oil program. The Agency codified this exclusion in §261. or hot-drained and dismantled. Instead. under the definitions in §280. and the generator of a used oil filter may have to contact the filter's manufacturer to obtain this information. it is difficult to differentiate between terne and non-terne plated filters. based on previous research.2 TANK STORAGE OF USED OIL Used oil is considered a "regulated substance" for the purposes of the underground storage tank (UST) program. 3. May 20. the filter may be disposed of as nonhazardous. The present regulations specifically refer handlers to the requirements for tank storage in these programs. in addition. Under the present program. there are some closely related issues that callers often ask about. If one of these four methods is followed. Federal Register. The following is a summary of these corollary issues. if a generator is storing used oil for disposal. 12 hours is recommended as adequate to remove the majority of the oil. In practice. The exclusion is limited to non-terne plated filters. any underground storage tank holding used oil that is destined for recycling. 1992). 1991. hot-drained and crushed. or burning for energy recovery would be regulated under Part 280 standards. The filter may be punctured and hot-drained. the Part 279 tank standards and any relevant portions of the UST and Clean Water Act programs apply. Therefore. Subpart J. any other equivalent hot-draining method may be used as long as it removes the oil. however. since it is presumed used oil will be recycled. Terne is described as an alloy of tin and lead and may be used on filters found in heavy trucks or equipment.23 3.34 and the applicable portions of Part 264/265. SPECIAL ISSUES Used oil management is itself a hot topic.4(b)(13) (57 F R 21531. the tank is regulated under §262. .1 USED OIL FILTERS In the September 23. the hazardous waste tank standards are not applicable. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. re-refining. To meet the exemption the filters must have the used oil removed from them in one of four ways. Finally. Any aboveground tank holding used oil under the same circumstances would be regulated under 40 CFR Part 112 (Clean Water Act regulations) or state regulations.
but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. and Wyoming at the time) on March 8. and the rest of Part 279 is not effective until the state adopts them. In states that are already authorized for Part 266. Subpart E. states with EPA-approved Part 279 programs may enforce all of the Part 279 regulations. remain federally enforceable. 1995. consist of former requirements that were recodified from Part 266. Puerto Rico. the regulations became automatically effective only in unauthorized states. Subpart E.24 . Northern Mariana Islands. Part 279. this date is set at July 1. so the SSD would be responsible for conducting any corrective action measures if a release of used oil occurs from any container. . requirements. First. The first condition requires SSDs to be in compliance with management standards promulgated pursuant to §3014 of RCRA. In states that are authorized for the base program but not the Part 266. the exemption had been previously unusable. Subparts A through F and I are not enforceable until the state is granted authorization. the Part 279. Under §271. all of the Part 279 regulations became effective on March 8. For the present used oil regulations. the Agency can set a deadline by which these authorized states must incorporate the present used oil regulations into their state code. Compensation. 1994.21(e)(2). The third condition requires the SSDs to accept DIYgenerated used oil for recycling. In states that are authorized to run their own hazardous waste programs in lieu of the federal program. In other words. if a statutory change is not necessary. no person could be eligible for the exemption until the present recycled used oil management standards in Part 279 were created. Iowa. 1993. Subparts G and H standards remain state-enforceable. the present regulations replaced the former ones in unauthorized states and territories (Alaska. Because of three conditions set forth in the statute. §114(c) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response. aboveground tank. American Samoa. As such. 3. Some of the Part 279 provisions. these requirements for marketers and burners remain federally enforceable in states not authorized for them and stateenforceable in those states that have already adopted them. Hawaii.Used Oil 3. in a state that is not authorized for any portion of RCRA. This means four situations are possible. as defined in CERCLA §101(37). however. 1993. Since no standards had been promulgated until September 10. 1992. the Part 279 standards will not become effective until a state revises its program to adopt equivalent requirements under state law. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. if one is required.3 CERCLA LIABILITY EXEMPTION FOR SERVICE STATIONS Since 1986.4 EFFECTIVE DATE AND STATE AUTHORIZATION Because the present used oil requirements were promulgated pursuant to RCRA. or July 1. the Virgin Islands. or underground storage tank on-site. Finally. The exemption is limited to generator and transporter liability under CERCLA §§107(a)(3) and (4). Subpart E. and Liability Act (CERCLA) has offered a recycled used oil exemption from CERCLA liability to service station dealers (SSD). Subparts G and H. but Part 279. The second condition does not allow SSDs to mix used oil with any hazardous substance.
Used Oil . state regulations may be more stringent and therefore take precedence.25 The federal regulations provide requirements for used oil management. These provisions are applicable to mixtures of used oil destined for recycling with either characteristic hazardous waste. v. For example.5 USED OIL MIXTURE RULE On September 15.S. The court ruled that the mixture rule standards are less stringent that the RCRA Subtitle C regulations for other mixtures of hazardous waste. EPA). The used oil mixture rule sets special standards for mixtures of used oil and hazardous waste.10(b)(2)." 3. EPA announced an administrative stay of the used oil mixture rule provisions (§279. 1996. This action reinstated §279. Under the stay. but is an introduction to the topic used for Call Center training purposes. or waste listed as hazardous because it exhibits a hazardous waste characteristic. 1995. to withdraw it. and if so. Other states handle it as a "special waste. 1994. . however. however.10(b)(2).10(b)(2)). including the land disposal restrictions. According to the ruling. the U. the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated the administrative stay of the used oil mixture rule provisions (Safety-Kleen Corp. The information in this document is not by any means a complete representation of EPA’s regulations or policies. until the Agency completed a new rulemaking addressing §279. On January 19. these mixtures would have been subject to the regulatory requirements for other mixtures of hazardous and solid wastes. or waste listed as hazardous because it exhibits a hazardous waste characteristic. On October 30. EPA must determine if the mixture rule is inconsistent with RCRA. applicable to mixtures of used oil destined for recycling with either characteristic hazardous waste. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit remanded the 1992 used oil mixture rule to EPA. New York and Minnesota regulate used oil as a hazardous waste.
Notice: Complaints filed: Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp.

References: §3014
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 §3010
 §261
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 §261
 §280
 §262
 §3014
 §271
 §114
 §101
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