Source: http://cabadvantage.com/articles/category/cases-from-bits/volume-20-cases-2017/volume-20-edition-6-cases/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 00:41:02+00:00

Document:
ALBA CARDONA, Plaintiff, v. THE MASON AND DIXON LINES, INC., NATIONAL TRUCK LEASING a/k/a NATIONAL TRUCK FUNDING and TIMOTHY LEVERETTE, individually, Defendants.
COUNSEL: [*1] For Alba Cardona, Plaintiff: Alejandro Perez, Paula J. Phillips, LEAD ATTORNEYS, Zumpano Castro, Coral Gables, FL.
For The Mason and Dixon Lines, Inc., Timothy Leverette, Defendants: Michael S O’Neal, LEAD ATTORNEY, Fernandez Trial Lawyers, Jacksonville, FL; Ellis T Fernandez, III, Fernandez Trial Lawyers, PA, Jacksonville, FL.
For National Truck Leasing, also known as National Truck Funding, Defendant: Michael S O’Neal, LEAD ATTORNEY, Fernandez Trial Lawyers, Jacksonville, FL.
JUDGES: JOHN J. O’SULLIVAN, UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE.
THIS MATTER came before the Court on the Defendant, National Truck Leasing’s Second Amended Motion for Summary Judgment (DE# 60, 1/6/17).
On January 6, 2017, defendant National Truck Leasing (hereinafter “defendant”)1 filed the instant motion. See Defendant, National Truck Leasing’s Second Amended Motion for Summary Judgment (DE# 60, 1/6/17) (hereinafter “Motion”). The plaintiff filed her response in opposition on March 1, 2017. See Plaintiff’s Response to National Truck Leasing’s Second Amended Motion for Summary Judgment (DE# 76, 3/1/17) (hereinafter “Response”). The plaintiff also filed several deposition transcripts. See Plaintiff’s [*2] Notices of Filing (DE# 72-74, 3/1/17). The defendant filed its reply on March 8, 2017. See Defendant, National Truck Funding’s Reply to Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Second Amended Motion for Summary Judgment (DE# 79, 3/8/17) (hereinafter “Reply”).
1 There are three defendants in the instant case. In this Order, the term “defendant” will refer only to National Truck Leasing a/k/a National Truck Funding.
This matter is ripe for adjudication.
MAINTENANCE. [Mr. Leverette] is responsible for maintenance of the Truck and agrees to maintain it in the operating condition, as well as appearances, as when, it was first rented by [Mr. Leverette]. [Mr. Leverette] agrees that he[ ] has inspected the Truck and accepts that the Truck is in good operating condition and appearance. [Mr. Leverette] agrees to maintain the Truck in approved U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) condition at all times. Specifically[, Mr. Leverette] must (i) change oil in the motor every 10,000 miles, transmission and rear ends at least every 100,000 miles, and to replace any tire which shows tread wear in excess of 50%. [Mr. Leverette] must i) send [the defendant] the maintenance receipts; ii) inspect the wheel seals, transmission seals, motor seals, look for and locate oil leaks; iii) inspect all gauges on the dash; in particular looking for low oil pressure and high water temperature. [Mr. Leverette] also agrees to maintain the Truck body, glass, and all interior appointments in good condition and agrees to maintain the air pressure system, brake system, heat and air [*4] conditioning system, electrical system, fuel system, exhaust system, and all other systems, attachments, appointments and finishes in good working condition and free from any defects or malfunctions. [The defendant] is granted full access to inspect the entire interior and exterior of the Truck regardless of location. Any failure of [Mr. Leverette] to maintain the Truck in good working condition as set forth herein shall be considered negligence and a breach of this Rental Agreement and shall permit [the defendant] to terminate this Rental Agreement and take possession of the Truck.
REPAIRS & ALTERATIONS. [Mr. Leverette] must have prior written authorization from [the defendant] for any repairs in excess of $300.00 outside of the maintenance schedule listed above. [Mr. Leverette] also understands he[ ] may not alter or modify the appearance of the vehicle, exterior and interior, except as required by haul company, without prior written authorization from [the defendant].
Id. at 8 (emphasis added).
2 The plaintiff objects to the admissibility of the Rental Agreement on hearsay grounds. See Response (DE# 76 at 4). The defendant responds that the plaintiff also cites to the Rental Agreement. See Reply (DE# 79 at 4). Although not substantively addressed by the parties, the Court will consider the Rental Agreement at the summary judgment stage under the business record exception to the hearsay rule. See Bowe v. Pub. Storage, 106 F. Supp. 3d 1252, 1262 (S.D. Fla. 2015) (denying motion to strike copies of rental agreements at the summary judgment stage because documents “likely f[e]ll under the business records exception to the rule against hearsay under Rule 803(6), and could be admissible at trial so long as [the proponent of the evidence] provide[d] testimony or certification from a records custodian.”).
On July 19, 2013, Mr. Leverette was driving the truck he had rented from the defendant when he collided with the plaintiff’s vehicle. On “the same evening after the accident occurred, the [*5] [truck] passed a [United States Department of Transportation] inspection. . . .” Reply (DE# 79 at 2).
During this litigation, the defendant did not produced any maintenance records or photographs evidencing the condition of the truck before it was in Mr. Leverette’s custody or after it was in Mr. Leverette’s custody. Response (DE# 76 at 2-3). The defendant “has no knowledge as to the safety features that the truck [wa]s supposed to be equipped with” and “whether those safety features were in existence or not.” Id. at 2. The defendant “does not have any record of any safety violations observed on the truck when it [wa]s in the custody of its renters or lessors.” Id.
A party may move for summary judgment, identifying each claim or defense — or the part of each claim or defense — on which summary judgment is sought. The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
The moving party bears the burden of meeting this exacting standard. [*6] Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-323, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986); Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S. Ct. 1598, 26 L. Ed. 2d 142 (1970). That is, “[t]he moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the . . . court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” United States v. Four Parcels of Real Prop., 941 F.2d 1428, 1437 (11th Cir. 1991) (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In assessing whether the moving party has satisfied this burden, the Court is required to view the evidence and all factual inferences arising therefrom in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Batey v. Stone, 24 F.3d 1330, 1333 (11th Cir. 1994). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no dispute as to any material fact and only questions of law remain. Reich v. John Alden Life Ins. Co., 126 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 1997). If the record presents factual issues, the Court must deny the motion and proceed to trial. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986).
[T]he plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment . . . against the party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to the party’s case, and on which the party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation, there can be “no genuine issue as to any material fact,” since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the non-moving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.
Id. at 322-323. Thus, the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the non-moving party’s position is insufficient. There must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the non-movant. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251; Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S. Ct. 1348, 89 L. Ed. 2d 538 (1986).
The plaintiff does not dispute that the defendant is engaged in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles and does not argue any criminal wrongdoing by the defendant. Thus, in order to avoid summary judgment, the plaintiff must show a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant was negligent.
under the lease at issue in this litigation, [the defendant] reserved the right to continual supervision of the fitness of the driver, and reserved the right to unilaterally terminate the rental agreement should it deem it appropriate, and required that [Mr. Leverette] name it as an additional insured on a policy of insurance. This included requiring that the truck not be used in a negligent manner, and retaining the right to revoke the lease [*9] for same. While it required [Mr. Leverette] to assume liability for negligent operation of the vehicle, it did not require [Mr. Leverette] to assume liability for improper safety equipment. Moreover, [the defendant] retained the right to retake the truck at any time if the truck were not being maintained properly.
The agreement required [Mr. Leverette] to maintain the truck in the condition that it was rented, and did not require [Mr. Leverette] to make any improvements to bring the truck within common law or regulatory safety standards. Lease, Section V, paragraph 2. It identified certain types of maintenance expected, and did not include visual safety features of the vehicle. Finally, and most importantly, [the defendant] retained the right to inspect the truck on an ongoing basis and retake the truck if, in its opinion, the truck was not being maintained in a safe condition. In paragraph 3, [the defendant] required approval of any maintenance on the vehicle in excess of $300.
Response (DE# 76 at 4-5). The plaintiff argues that for these reasons “[the defendant] did not transfer custody and control to [Mr. Leverette], and maintained at all times the right to access, inspect, and repair [*10] the vehicle for safe use on the roadways. . . .” Id. at 5.3 The defendant asserts that, under the terms of the Rental Agreement, it did not have a duty to maintain the truck after it was transferred to Mr. Leverette. See Reply (DE# 79 at 6) (stating that it was “not responsible for ensuring the safety or fitness of a leased vehicle; rather the responsible party is the trucking company whose DOT number is on the leased vehicle.”).
3 The plaintiff is somewhat inconsistent in her position because, in some instances, she seems to argue that the relevant time period for liability purposes is when the defendant transferred the truck to Mr. Leverette. See, e.g., Response (DE# 76 at 1) (stating that “a reasonable jury could infer that the . . . truck was in defective condition at the time of its transfer to [Mr.] Leverette . . . .”); id. at 6 (stating that “it is [defendant]’s affirmative duty to prove that there were no defects on the [truck] when transferred”) (emphasis added). If, as the plaintiff argues, the defendant continued to have a duty to maintain the vehicle and ensure its safety even after Mr. Leverette took possession of it, the relevant time period should be at the time of the accident, not at the time the truck was transferred to Mr. Leverette. In any event, this apparent inconsistency does not affect the Court’s conclusion that the defendant is entitled to summary judgment.
Even assuming, arguendo, that the plaintiff’s interpretation of the Rental Agreement is correct — that the defendant still retained the duty to maintain the vehicle after its transfer to Mr. Leverette — the defendant would still be entitled to summary judgment. “The essential elements of negligence from which liability will flow are duty, breach of duty, legal cause and damage.” Florida Power & Light Co. v. Lively, 465 So. 2d 1270, 1273 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985). Here, the plaintiff must point to evidence which would create an issue of fact as to whether the truck was in a defective condition.
The plaintiff states that the “[t]ransfer of a faulty vehicle to a lessee in an unsafe condition is an act of negligence. . . .” Response (DE# 76 at 4). The plaintiff further argues that “a reasonable [*11] jury could infer that the . . . truck was in defective condition at the time of its transfer to [Mr.] Leverette, causing a blind spot for him at the time of the accident.” Response (DE# 70 at 1); id. at 6 (stating that “a jury is . . . entitled to infer that the safety mirrors on the truck were inadequate”). However, the plaintiff does not point to facts in the record which would allow a reasonable jury to reach that conclusion. The plaintiff does not cite to any transcript, record, report, affidavit, declaration or interrogatory response establishing the condition of the safety mirrors on the truck at the time of the accident or any evidence which would indicate their defectiveness.
“At the summary judgment stage, Plaintiff must come forward with facts and evidence to support his [or her] argument . . . .” Sierra v. Port Consol. Jacksonville, L.L.C., No. 3:14-CV-1496-HES-JBT, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 28085, 2016 WL 927189, at *5 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 4, 2016) (emphasis added). The plaintiff has failed to carry her burden. The plaintiff does not cite to any record evidence which would support a finding by the jury that the truck was faulty or unsafe.4 Notably, the truck was able to pass an inspection by the United States Department of Transportation on the same evening of the accident. [*12] 5 At this juncture, the plaintiff cannot rely on mere allegations or argument of counsel. The plaintiff must be able to “cit[e] to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations . . ., admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials” from which a reasonable jury could find that the defendant engaged in negligence. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). The plaintiff has not done so.
4 While the plaintiff has filed four deposition transcripts (DE# 72-75), the plaintiff only provides page number citations to the deposition of Apryl Hill, the defendant’s 30(b)(6) corporate representative. The pages of Ms. Hill’s testimony cited by the plaintiff do not establish a defect with the truck. The Court is under no obligation to comb through the record in search of evidence which would support the plaintiff’s position. See PK Studios, Inc. v. R.L.R. Investments, LLC, No. 2:15-CV-389-FTM-99CM, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 162462, 2016 WL 6893935, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Nov. 23, 2016) (stating that “[i]t is not the Court’s job to search the [pleadings] for facts that might support a particular claim for relief.”) (citation omitted; second bracket in original).
5 The plaintiff summarily states that “[t]he safety report produced is inadmissible hearsay,” but does not brief this issue. Response (DE# 76 at 6). Even excluding this report, the defendant would still be entitled to summary judgment because the plaintiff has not presented any evidence that the truck was defective. The plaintiff argues that it is the defendant’s “affirmative duty to prove that there were no defects on the vehicle when transferred . . . .” Id. However, it is the plaintiff who has asserted a negligence claim against the defendant in Count III of her Complaint. It is the plaintiff, not the defendant, who has the burden of proof.
The plaintiff also argues that “[a]t the very least, the complete maintenance records related to the vehicle should be produced prior to any ruling on the motion.” Response (DE# 76 at 6). At the time the plaintiff filed her response to the instant motion, the discovery period had not yet ended. To date, the plaintiff has not supplemented the record with these missing maintenance records or sought to compel the records by setting the matter on the Court’s discovery calendar. The discovery period has since expired. The parties were given ample time to engage in discovery and the plaintiff has not established “excusable neglect to justify [a] motion to reopen discovery under Rule 6(b).” Ashmore v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Transp., 503 F. App’x 683, 686 (11th Cir. 2013) (concluding that [*13] “the district court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to reopen the discovery period” after the summary judgment motion had been filed).
In sum, the plaintiff has not shown that the negligence exception to the Graves Amendment applies in the instant case.
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the Defendant, National Truck Leasing’s Second Amended Motion for Summary Judgment (DE# 60, 1/6/17) is GRANTED.
DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida this 31st day of May, 2017.
BEDIVERE INSURANCE COMPANY f/k/a General Accident Insurance of America, Plaintiff, v. PACIFIC VAN & STORAGE OF TEXAS, INC., d/b/a Joyce Moving & Storage Company, Inc.
PACIFIC VAN & STORAGE OF TEXAS, INC., d/b/a Joyce Moving & Storage Company, Inc., et al., Defendants.
Russell J. Bowman, Bowman & Stella, Irving, TX, for Plaintiff.
Curt M. Covington, Michele Addington Ratcliffe, Lamberth Ratcliffe Covington, Rockwall, TX, Justin L. Jeter, Michael Melder, Jeter Melder, LLP, Dallas, TX, for Defendants.
*1 In this action by plaintiff Bedivere Insurance Company f/k/a General Accident Insurance of America (“Bedivere”) seeking a declaratory judgment that it has no duty to defend or indemnify defendant Pacific Van & Storage of Texas, Inc., d/b/a Joyce Moving & Storage Company, Inc. (“Pacific”) concerning a lawsuit filed in state court by Barbara Assouad (“Assouad”), Bedivere moves for summary judgment, Pacific moves for partial summary judgment, and Pacific moves to stay the determination of whether Bedivere has a duty to indemnify Pacific until after a final judgment is rendered in the underlying lawsuit. For the reasons that follow, the court grants Pacific’s motion for partial summary judgment, denies in part and declines to reach in part Bedivere’s motion for summary judgment, and grants Pacific’s motion to stay. The court directs the clerk of court to close this case for statistical purposes during the pendency of the stay.
Bedivere, an insurer, sues its insured, Pacific, the operator of a storage facility located in Lancaster, Texas, seeking a declaratory judgment that it has no duty to defend or indemnify Pacific in a Texas court lawsuit brought by Assouad individually and as the legal representative of the estate of her late husband Karim.1 See Assouad v. Pacific Van & Storage, Inc., No. DC-15-10466 (162nd Dist. Ct., Dallas County, Tex.) (the “Underlying Lawsuit”). In the Underlying Lawsuit, Assouad alleges that she and Karim entered into a bailment contract with Pacific under which Pacific agreed to store the Assouads’ personal property for a monthly fee; that the Assouads stored their property with Pacific and paid the monthly fee from September 1991 until January 2015; that in May 1999 storms partially destroyed Pacific’s facility, allowing water to penetrate into the Assouads’ vaults and possessions; that immediately after the storms, Pacific unpacked the Assouads’ property, attempted to remediate the water damage, and repacked the Assouads’ property into new boxes; that during the attempted remediation, Pacific misplaced some of the Assouads’ property; that Pacific either never or inappropriately disclosed the water damage, subsequent remediation and repacking efforts, and loss of the Assouads’ property, yet continued to accept the Assouads’ monthly payment; and that when Karim died in 2014 and the family decided to remove their goods from storage, they discovered that their property had been destroyed by water and toxic black mold. In her second amended original petition (“Petition”) in the Underlying Lawsuit, Assouad alleges claims against Pacific for common law fraud, negligent misrepresentation, negligence, unconscionable conduct, and violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act (“DTPA”), Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 17.41 et seq. (West 2015).
*2 At the time of the alleged storm damage in 1999, Bedivere insured Pacific under an insurance policy (“Policy”) that covered Pacific for accidental loss to personal property stored at Pacific’s facility. When Pacific requested that Bedivere provide a defense in the Underlying Lawsuit, Bedivere filed the instant declaratory judgment action against Pacific and Assouad, seeking a declaratory judgment that is has no duty to defend or indemnify Pacific.
Bedivere now moves for summary judgment, seeking a declaration that it has no duty to defend or indemnify Pacific because the Policy contains an exclusion for damage caused by “dishonest … act(s).” P. 11/7/16 Br. 13. Pacific opposes Bedivere’s motion and also moves for partial summary judgment, seeking a declaration that Bedivere has a duty to defend Pacific for claims arising out of negligent acts that occurred during the Policy period. It separately moves for a stay, requesting that the court stay the determination of whether Bedivere has a duty to indemnify Pacific under the Policy until there is a final judgment in the Underlying Lawsuit.
The court first considers the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment regarding Bedivere’s duty to defend. Because the parties’ motions present the same issues, the court will consider them together.
[i]f the four corners of a petition allege facts stating a cause of action which potentially falls within the four corners of the policy’s scope of coverage, the insurer has a duty to defend. If all the facts alleged in the underlying petition fall outside the scope of coverage, then there is no duty to defend, but we resolve all doubts regarding duty to defend in favor of the duty.
Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Graham, 473 F.3d 596, 600 (5th Cir. 2006) (footnotes omitted). “If an insurer has a duty to defend any portion of a suit, the insurer must defend the entire suit.” St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Tex., 249 F.3d 389, 395 (5th Cir. 2001).
*3 The insured has the initial burden of showing that a claim is potentially within the scope of policy coverage, and, once the insured’s burden is met, “the insurer bears the burden of showing that the plain language of a policy exclusion or limitation allows the insurer to avoid coverage of all claims, also within the confines of the eight corners rule.” Northfield Ins. Co. v. Loving Home Care, Inc., 363 F.3d 523, 528 (5th Cir. 2004) (citing Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.58(b) (Vernon Supp. 1997)) (citing Texas cases). “If the insurer proves that an exclusion applies, the burden shifts back to the insured to show that an exception to the exclusion brings the claim back within coverage.” Gilbert Tex. Constr., L.P. v. Underwriters at Lloyd’s London, 327 S.W.3d 118, 124 (Tex. 2010) (citations omitted).
Each party’s summary judgment burden depends on whether it is addressing a claim or defense for which it will have the burden of proof at trial. To be entitled to summary judgment on a matter for which it will have the burden of proof, a party “must establish ‘beyond peradventure all of the essential elements of the claim or defense.’ ” Bank One, Tex., N.A. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 878 F.Supp. 943, 962 (N.D. Tex. 1995) (Fitzwater, J.) (quoting Fontenot v. Upjohn Co., 780 F.2d 1190, 1194 (5th Cir. 1986)). When the summary judgment movant will not have the burden of proof at trial, it need only point the court to the absence of evidence of any essential element of the opposing party’s claim or defense. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Once it does so, the nonmovant must go beyond its pleadings and designate specific facts demonstrating that there is a genuine issue for trial. See id. at 324; Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994) (en banc) (per curiam). An issue is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the party with the burden of proof. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The nonmovant’s failure to produce proof as to any essential element renders all other facts immaterial. TruGreen Landcare, L.L.C. v. Scott, 512 F.Supp.2d 613, 623 (N.D. Tex. 2007) (Fitzwater, J.). Summary judgment is mandatory where the nonmoving party fails to meet this burden. Little, 37 F.3d at 1076.
Pacific maintains that the Petition states a claim that falls within the Policy’s coverage for negligent acts that occurred during the Policy period. It contends that Assouad’s allegations of negligence are claims of accidental occurrences resulting in a loss of property that clearly trigger the duty to defend Pacific in the Underlying Lawsuit: Assouad has alleged that Pacific was negligent in failing to allow the stored items to dry thoroughly before repacking them, and that Pacific was negligent in the method and manner that it communicated or attempted to communicate the storm damage to Assouad. Pacific also contends that the Policy’s exclusion for dishonest or criminal acts does not apply to Pacific’s alleged negligent acts, and that because the Petition alleges both intentional conduct and negligence, there is a duty to defend.
Bedivere contends that all of Assouad’s damages stem from the allegedly fraudulent conduct of Pacific, which is expressly excluded as a cause of loss under the Policy; that in determining whether there is a duty to defend, the court must focus on the factual allegations that show the origin of damages, and that, in the Underlying Lawsuit, all of the damages claimed by Assouad arose from the fact that Pacific did not reveal and/or concealed the storm damage to Assouad’s property; and that Assouad’s negligence claims are related to, interdependent to, and inseparable from the fraud and fraudulent concealment engaged in by Pacific, and, under Fifth Circuit authority, there is no duty to defend if the covered cause is related to, and interdependent to, the excluded cause of injury.
*4 The Policy provides coverage for “ ‘loss’ to personal property of others accepted for storage … arising out of an ‘occurrence’ while such property is located at” Pacific’s premises. P. 11/7/16 App. 9. “Occurrence” is defined to include “an accident that takes place during the policy period.” Id. at 16. Pacific has shown that at least one of Assouad’s claims in the Underlying Lawsuit is potentially within the Policy. For example, Pacific has demonstrated that Assouad’s negligence claim based on Pacific’s failure to appropriately remediate the water damage caused by the 1999 storm and failure to take appropriate steps to notify the Assouads that their possessions had been infiltrated with water from the storm is potentially covered under the Policy. Because Pacific has met this burden, for Bedivere to establish that it has no duty to defend, it must show that the plain language of one or more policy exclusions bars coverage of all claims. See Northfield, 363 F.3d at 528.
This insurance does not apply to any loss, damage or expense for loss or damage: … caused by any dishonest or criminal act(s) by you, any of your partners, employees, or any other person in your service whether or not such an act or acts occur during the regular hours of employment or service.
11/7/16 App. 10. Bedivere contends that the court must focus on the factual allegations that show the origin of damages in determining the duty to defend, and that “[h]ere, the origin of Assouad’s damages is clearly the dishonest acts of Pacific,” as demonstrated by the Petition, in which Assouad “alleges that her damages were caused by the fraudulent concealment of Pacific.” P. 12/27/16 Br. 7.
The court disagrees that all of Assouad’s claims fall within the Policy’s “dishonest acts” exclusion. Although the Petition clearly alleges damages arising from Pacific’s intentional conduct, see, e.g., P. 11/7/16 App. 48-49,3 she also alleges that she has incurred damages as a result of Pacific’s negligence, see id. at 50.4 The Supreme Court of Texas has held that when a complaint alleges both intentional conduct and negligence, the insurer has a duty to defend. See Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 268 S.W.3d at 495 (“[T]he factual allegations here support a duty [to defend] ). The pleadings allege both intentional conduct (Nokia knew of RFR’s harmful effects and nonetheless intentionally sold its products to consumers) and negligence (Nokia should have known of RFR’s harmful effects.”). This is true even when the plaintiff pleads her negligence claim in the alternative. See, e.g., Harken Expl. Co. v. Sphere Drake Ins. PLC, 261 F.3d 466, 474 (5th Cir. 2001) (“[T]he [insurer] must defend [the insured] against the entire suit including causes of action that would not alone trigger the duty to defend, regardless whether the complaint is pled in the alternative or not because the Rices’s factual allegations of negligence are sufficient to trigger the duty to defend.”) (citing St. Paul Ins. Co. v. Tex. Dep’t of Transp., 999 S.W.2d 881, 884 (Tex. App. 1999, pet. denied));Rhodes v. Chicago Ins. Co., 719 F.2d 116, 119 (5th Cir. 1983) (“Whether a complaint pleads in the alternative or alleges more than one cause of action, the insurer is obligated to defend, as long as the complaint alleges at least one cause of action within the coverage of the policy.”); Gehan Homes, Ltd. v. Emp’rs Mut. Cas. Co., 146 S.W.3d 833, 843 (Tex. App. 2004, pet. denied) (“Alternative allegations of intentional or malicious conduct will not defeat the duty to defend if combined with allegations that would trigger coverage.”).
Defendant unpacked the Assouads’ possession[s] and undertook steps to dry and remediate the water infiltration caused by the storm. Defendant only briefly allowed the Assouads’ possession[s] to air dry. Defendant did not take any steps to determine whether the Assouads’ possessions were appropriately and thorougly dry before repacking them. Along with other customers, Defendant then immediately repacked the unpacked wet belongings in new boxes.
11/7/16 App. 44-45. These are allegations of negligent conduct (i.e., that Pacific “breached its duty when it failed to appropriately remediate the water damage[ ] caused by the 1999 storm to the Assouad family’s possessions”). Id. at 50. The Petition does not allege that Pacific intended to improperly remediate the water damage caused by storm. Nor does it assert that Pacific’s conduct was merely an attempt to cover up the water damage. Instead, the Petition alleges that Pacific “undertook steps to dry and remediate” the water infiltration caused by the storm, but that because of Pacific’s negligence, its efforts were unsuccessful.
To the extent Defendant alleges that it notified the Assouads of the water infiltration, it acted negligently. Either Defendant never notified the Assouads and/or it failed to take steps to ensure that the Assouads received notice of the storm water infiltration. Defendant failed to have any process to ensure that the Assouads[ ] received notice and/or adequate notice. Defendant did not follow up with the Assouads after not receiving any communications from the Assouads. Defendant failed to insert notices of the storm damage into the Assouads’ invoice mailing, which it knew the Assouads received and paid each month.
*6 Bedivere maintains that, under the authority of Columbia Mutual Insurance Co. v. Fiesta Mart, Inc., 987 F.2d 1124 (5th Cir. 1993), there is no duty to defend in this case because “Assouad’s negligence claims are related to, interdependent to, and inseparable from the non-covered claim (the dishonest acts) committed by Pacific.” P. 12/27/16 Br. 7. Bedivere contends that all of Assouad’s damages were caused by Pacific’s decision to conceal the storm damage from the Assouads in order to continue receiving its monthly rental payments for storage space.
The court holds that Columbia Mutual is distinguishable. In Columbia Mutual the Fifth Circuit considered whether an insurance company was obligated to indemnify6 its insured for negligently exposing the plaintiff class members to the fraudulent activities of its lessee. The court held that although the insured attempted to characterize the occurrence as exposure to its own negligent and unknowing acts, its liability was clearly “related [to] and interdependent” on its lessee’s fraud because, “[w]ithout that fraud, there would have been no basis for suit against [the insured].” Id. at 1128 (first alteration in original). In the present case, however, the Petition does not, as Bedivere argues, allege that all of Assouad’s damages were caused by Pacific’s “decision to conceal the storm damage.” P. 12/27/16 Br. 8. Instead, as explained above, Assouad clearly pleads damages as a result of Pacific’s negligence when attempting to dry the Assouads’ possessions and remediate the water infiltration caused by the storm, and its negligence in informing Assouad of the water damage. In other words, this is not a case like Columbia Mutual where, “[w]ithout [the allegation of] fraud, there would [be] no basis for suit against [Pacific].” Columbia Mutual, 987 F.2d at 1128.
In sum, the court concludes that because at least one of Assouad’s causes of action in the Underlying Lawsuit potentially falls within the four corners of the Policy’s scope of coverage and is not excluded under the “dishonest acts” exclusion, Bedivere has a duty to defend Pacific in the Underlying Lawsuit. Accordingly, the court grants Pacific’s motion for summary judgment regarding Bedivere’s duty to defend and denies Bedivere’s cross-motion.
Bedivere moves for summary judgment regarding its duty to indemnify Pacific. Pacific opposes the motion and separately moves to stay the determination of whether Bedivere has a duty to indemnify Pacific under the Policy until after a final judgment is rendered in the Underlying Lawsuit.
Under Texas law, “the duty to defend and the duty to indemnify are distinct and separate duties.” D.R. Horton-Tex., Ltd. v. Markel Int’l Ins. Co., 300 S.W.3d 740, 743 (Tex. 2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). One duty may exist without the other, and although the duty to defend is “strictly circumscribed by the eight-corners doctrine, it is well settled that the facts actually established in the underlying suit control the duty to indemnify.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Emp’rs Mut. Cas. Co., 592 F.3d 687, 691 (5th Cir. 2010). Therefore, it is usually “necessary to defer resolution of indemnity issues until after the underlying third-party litigation is resolved because coverage may turn on facts actually proven in the underlying lawsuit.” D.R. Horton-Tex., 300 S.W.3d at 745. A narrow exception exists where “the same reasons that negate the duty to defend likewise negate any possibility the insurer will ever have a duty to indemnify.” Farmers Tex. Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Griffin, 955 S.W.2d 81, 84 (Tex. 1997) (emphasis omitted). The Supreme Court of Texas has since clarified that this exception from Griffin “was grounded on the impossibility that the … case could be transformed by proof of any conceivable set of facts into [an occurrence] covered by the insurance policy.” D.R. Horton-Tex., 300 S.W.3d at 745. Bedivere moves for summary judgment regarding its duty to indemnify, contending that, as in Griffin, the pleadings in the Underlying Lawsuit show that there is no possibility that Bedivere will have a duty to indemnify Pacific. The court disagrees. Facts developed in the underlying litigation may establish that Pacific’s conduct was negligent and does not fall within the “dishonest acts” Policy exclusion. Accordingly, the court denies Bedivere’s motion for summary judgment to the extent Bedivere relies on Griffin to argue that it does not owe Pacific a duty to indemnify.
*7 Bedivere also moves for summary judgment on the ground that the ultimate question of coverage can be determined as a matter of law based on undisputed facts. Bedivere contends that each of Assouad’s claims is governed by a two- or four-year statute of limitations that began to run in 1999 when the damage occurred; that the discovery rule does not toll the applicable statutes of limitations because the damage to the Assouads’ property was not inherently undiscoverable (the Assouads could have discovered the water damage at any time prior to January 2015 by simply inspecting their property), and, moreover, Assouad does not allege that she made any effort to discover the damage at issue; that the fraudulent concealment doctrine is inapplicable because the Petition does not allege active concealment, an injury that could not have been discovered through reasonable diligence, or a fiduciary or other special relationship between the parties that would create a duty of disclosure on the part of Pacific; and that because there is no legal doctrine that will prevent Assouad’s claims from being barred by limitations, Pacific will not be legally liable to Assouad, and, accordingly, no duty to indemnify will be triggered.
If this court determines there is no duty to indemnify [Pacific] because Assouad’s claims are barred by the statute of limitations, that could leave [Pacific] without insurance coverage for a potential verdict or judgment wherein the fact finder in the Underlying Litigation finds the claims are not barred by the statute of limitations.
11/22/16 Br. 19. In its motion to stay, Pacific also posits that a district court may opt not to exercise jurisdiction under the federal Declaratory Judgment Act and may abstain from, or stay, a declaratory judgment action to avoid interference with pending state proceedings. Pacific also contends that the question whether Bedivere owes a duty to indemnify will not be ripe until the Underlying Lawsuit concludes.
This Court’s granting summary judgment that Bedivere has no duty to indemnify because all of Assouad’s claims against Pacific are barred by limitations would prevent an unnecessary trial in the state court proceeding. This is because a finding in this case that Assouad’s claims against Pacific are barred by limitations would have collateral estoppel and/or res judicata effect in the state court lawsuit. That would provide the basis for Assouad’s claims in state court to be dismissed.
Federal courts have broad discretion over whether to issue a declaratory judgment. See, e.g., Evanston Ins. Co. v. Tonmar, L.P., 669 F.Supp.2d 725, 732 (N.D. Tex. 2009) (Fitzwater, C.J.) (citing Torch, Inc. v. LeBlanc, 947 F.2d 193, 194 (5th Cir. 1991)). “Since its inception, the Declaratory Judgment Act has been understood to confer on federal courts unique and substantial discretion in deciding whether to declare the rights of litigants.” Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 286 (1995). The Act “gives federal courts the competence to declare rights, but it does not impose a duty to do so.” Evanston Ins. Co., 669 F.Supp.2d at 732 (citing Pub. Affairs Assocs., Inc. v. Rickover, 369 U.S. 111, 112 (1962)). Although “the district court’s discretion is broad, it is not unfettered.” Travelers Ins. Co. v. La. Farm Bureau Fed’n, Inc., 996 F.2d 774, 778 (5th Cir. 1993). The court cannot dismiss a declaratory judgment action “ ‘on the basis of whim or personal disinclination.’ ” Id. (quoting Rowan Cos. v. Griffin, 876 F.2d 26, 28-29 (5th Cir. 1989)).
Id. at 388 (quoting Trejo, 39 F.3d at 590-91).
The court begins with the first factor—whether there is a pending state action in which all of the matters in controversy may be fully litigated. The Court in Brillhart cautioned that “[o]rdinarily it would be uneconomical as well as vexatious for a federal court to proceed in a declaratory judgment suit where another suit is pending in a state court presenting the same issues, not governed by federal law, between the same parties.” Brillhart, 316 U.S. at 495. Under the first Trejo factor, the court considers “whether there is a pending state action in which all of the matters in controversy may be fully litigated.” Sherwin-Williams, 343 F.3d at 388 (quoting Trejo, 39 F.3d at 590). The degree of similarity between the federal and state proceedings implicates the considerations of federalism and efficiency. Respect for federalism counsels a federal court to abstain “if the federal declaratory judgment action raises only issues of state law and a state case involving the same state law issues is pending.” Id. at 390-91. As for efficiency, the degree of similarity between the parties to each proceeding determines whether the litigation is duplicative. “A federal court should be less inclined to hear a case if necessary parties are missing from the federal forum, because that leads to piecemeal litigation and duplication of effort in state and federal courts.” Id. at 391 (also noting that piecemeal litigation may raise federalism concerns because of potential for inconsistent state court and federal court judgments).
Brillhart abstention does not require that the state and federal proceedings be exactly parallel—meaning “involving the same parties and the same issues.” E.g., Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. v. Costa Lines Cargo Servs., Inc., 903 F.2d 352, 360 (5th Cir. 1990). Although a district court can abstain when a pending state court proceeding presents the same issues and same parties, see Wilton, 515 U.S. at 283 (citing Brillhart, 316 U.S. at 495), Brillhart abstention is not confined to occasions where the proceedings are exactly parallel. When a pending state proceeding “is not ‘parallel’ because it does not involve all the same parties or issues,” the court should consider “the extent of similarity.” Sherwin-Williams, 343 F.3d at 394 n.5. Sherwin-Williams cited the example of Continental Casualty Co. v. Robsac Industries, 947 F.2d 1367 (9th Cir. 1991), in which the Ninth Circuit concluded that abstention was proper despite the fact that non-diverse parties were not included in the federal court action. See Sherwin-Williams, 343 F.3d at 394 n.5 (citing Robsac Indus., 947 F.2d at 1372-73). Similarly, this court has abstained despite the fact that additional parties had been joined in the federal proceeding. See Leslie v. Tex. Collegiate Baseball League, Ltd., 2008 WL 898935, at *2-3 (N.D. Tex. Apr. 3, 2008) (Fitzwater, C.J.). Following Sherwin-Williams, this court in Leslie held that it was “not controlling” that the federal declaratory plaintiffs had joined additional parties. Id. at *3. This court reasoned that both lawsuits had derived from the same dispute and contained largely identical issues and parties. Id. at *2.
Moreover, there are no federal-law issues in the present suit. Bedivere seeks a declaration that it owes no duty to indemnify Pacific because Assouad’s state-law claims are time-barred. All of the material issues necessary to decide this question can be resolved in the Underlying Lawsuit. And because the issues are all matters of state law, principles of comity and federalism favor their resolution by a Texas court. Therefore, there is a pending state action in which the pertinent matter in controversy—the question whether limitations bars Assouad’s claims and, consequently, absolves Bedivere of any duty to indemnify Pacific—may be fully litigated.
As to the second and third factors, the Fifth Circuit has clarified that they address “improper and abusive” litigation practices, and that “[m]erely filing a declaratory judgment action in a federal court with jurisdiction to hear it, in anticipation of state court litigation, is not in itself improper.” Sherwin-Williams, 343 F.3d at 391. Here, Bedivere filed the instant lawsuit after the Underlying Lawsuit was filed. These factors weigh against dismissal.
The fourth and fifth factors consider possible inequities in allowing Bedivere to gain precedence in time or to change forums, and whether this court is a convenient forum for the parties and the witnesses. These weigh against dismissal. Bedivere will not gain precedence if this case continues, and this court is a convenient forum.
Considering judicial economy under the sixth factor, the court finds this federal litigation unduly burdensome on top of the Underlying Lawsuit. Proceedings are already underway in the Underlying Lawsuit, which was filed first, and additional proceedings in this court would be duplicative. The question of limitations is a state-law issue that is best resolved by the state court that is already considering the dispute between Assouad and Pacific. Moreover, if it is determined in the Underlying Lawsuit that Assouad’s claims are not time-barred, there are other significant issues, all of which relate to Assouad’s state-law claims, that the state court will have to resolve before this court can decide the issue of indemnity. In sum, it would waste judicial resources for this court to issue a declaratory judgment regarding an issue of state law (limitations) that is already being litigated in the Underlying Lawsuit.
The seventh factor weighs against dismissal. The court is not being asked to construe a state judicial decree involving the same parties and entered by the court before whom the parallel state suit between the same parties is pending.
*10 Having considered the issues of federalism, fairness, and efficiency, and guided by the Trejo factors, the court concludes that the Underlying Lawsuit presents the better forum for deciding the questions in controversy here—including the potentially case-dispositive statute-of-limitations issue. The court therefore grants Pacific’s motion to stay. See Wilton, 515 U.S. at 288 n.2 (noting that staying instead of dismissing federal action is often preferable “where the basis for declining to proceed is the pendency of a state proceeding … because it assures that the federal action can proceed without risk of a time bar if the state case, for any reason, fails to resolve the matter in controversy”). The court does not reach Bedivere’s motion for summary judgment to the extent that Bedivere contends that it owes no duty to indemnify Pacific because Assouad’s claims in the Underlying Lawsuit are time-barred. The clerk of court is directed to close this case for statistical purposes. A party may move the court to reopen the case statistically for cause or after a final judgment is rendered in the Underlying Lawsuit.
Accordingly, for the reasons explained, the court grants Pacific’s motion for summary judgment. The court denies in part and declines to reach in part Bedivere’s motion for summary judgment. The court grants Pacific’s motion to stay the determination of whether Bedivere has a duty to indemnify Pacific under the Policy until after a final judgment is rendered in the Underlying Lawsuit. The court directs the clerk of court to close this case for statistical purposes during the pendency of the stay.
Because both sides move for summary judgment, the court will recount the evidence that is undisputed, and, when it is necessary to set out evidence that is contested, will do so favorably to the side who is the summary judgment nonmovant in the context of that evidence. See, e.g., GoForIt Entm’t, LLC v. DigiMedia.com L.P., 750 F.Supp.2d 712, 718 n.4 (N.D. Tex. 2010) (Fitzwater, C.J.) (quoting AMX Corp. v. Pilote Films, 2007 WL 1695120, at *1 n.2 (N.D. Tex. June 5, 2007) (Fitzwater, J.)).
Because both parties cite Texas law to interpret the Policy, the court will assume that the Policy is governed by Texas law.
[b]ecause of the Assouad family’s justifiable reliance on Defendant’s representations and fraudulent concealment of material facts, Defendant has damaged the Assouads in an amount within the jurisdictional limits of the Court. These damages include, but are not limited to, over two decades of monthly payments, destruction of the Assouad family’s possessions, and mental anguish.
The Petition also asserts that “[b]ecause of Defendants [’] failure to act reasonably, Defendant directly and proximately caused Plaintiffs’ damages.” Id. at 50.
Moreover, at the very least, “the complaint does not state facts sufficiently to clearly bring the case within or without the coverage,” and by virtue of the Petition’s alternative reference to negligent conduct, the court concludes that there is, “potentially, a cause under the complaint within the coverage of the policy.” Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Merchants Fast Motor Lines, Inc., 939 S.W.2d 139, 141 (Tex. 1997) (quoting Heyden Newport Chem. Corp. v. S. Gen. Ins. Co., 387 S.W.2d 22, 26 (Tex. 1965)).
Columbia Mutual did not address the insurer’s duty to defend.
Brillhart v. Excess Ins. Co. of Am., 316 U.S. 491 (1942).
If the fact-finder in the Underlying Lawsuit determines that Assouad’s claims are not time-barred, the question whether Pacific has a duty to indemnify will turn on other issues. But as explained above, it is often necessary to “defer resolution of indemnity issues until after the underlying third-party litigation is resolved because coverage may turn on facts actually proven in the underlying lawsuit.” D.R. Horton-Tex., 300 S.W.3d at 745.

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