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REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Pensamiento propio : 68., p. 32-36. - Managua, 1990.
REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Pensamiento propio : 67., p. 28-33. - Managua, 1990.
ABSTRACT: The United States gave Panama a new lecture: the one of the total war. The strategy of the low intensity conflict has been overthrown in Pentagon with the experience of this invasion. Within few hours and with only few casualties the US special command troups invaded Panama. The security forces of general Noriega showed little resistance, and the new president made his inauguration in the US military base Fort Clayton. The people of Panama don't call the operation an invasion but the liberation. Being masters of counterinsurgency, the United States calculated very well the moment of invasion, knowing that there would be enough national consensus to support it.
REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Humanitäres Völkerrecht : 6(3)., p. 128-131. - Bonn : Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, 1993.
The blue helmets : legal regulation of United Nations military operations / McCoubrey, Hilaire ; White, Nigel D., xi, 218 p.. - Aldershot : Dartmouth, 1996.
REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Helsinki charter : bulletin of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, p. 3-79. - Belgrade : Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, 1999.
Human rights in Somaliland : awareness and action : report of a workshop in Hargeisa, Somaliland, 17-19 October 1998 /, 50 p.. - London : International Cooperation for Development; Amnesty International, 1999.
ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 1. Background. 2. What are human rights? 3. Exploring human rights in Somaliland. 4. Taking action on human rights.
Human rights in Yugoslavia 1999 : legal provisions and practice inthe Federal Republic of Yugoslavia compared to international human rights standards / Dimitrijevic, Vojin (ed.) - (Series reports ; 3), 351 p.. - Belgrade : Belgrade Centre for Human Rights, 2000.
ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 1. Legal provisions inthe legal system of the FR Yugoslavia. 2. Individual rights. 3. Human rights in practice. 4. Main issues - 1999.
REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): The journal of humanitarian assistance 1998 : February., 16 p.. - Bradford : Bradford University. Department of Peace Studies, 1998.
The United States invasion of panama : unilateral military intervention to effectuate a change in government - a continuum of lawfulness / Alberts, David W.
REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Transnational law & contemporary problems : symposium : the United States commitment to international law : vol. 1; no. 1 (Spring 1991)., p. 259-312. - Iowa City : University of Iowa College of Law, 1991.
ABSTRACT: 7. Reflections on the Legality and Legitimacy of NATO's Intervention in Kosovo, by Nicholas ]. Wheeler. ABSTRACT:. Did NATO’s action in Kosovo represent a watershed in the development of a new rule of humanitarian intervention, and how far is this to be welcomed or feared in a society of states built on the principles of sovereignty, non-intervention and non-use of force? Does NATO’s attempt at promoting justice in Kosovo signal the arrival of a doctrine of humanitarian intervention that will protect civilians who are being terrorised by their governments, or has it set a dangerous precedent that places in jeopardy the foundations of international order? This contribution lends support to the claim that NATO’s intervention sets a new legal precedent for humanitarian intervention, but it qualifies this in three key respects: first, the legal right claimed by NATO relies on the prior existence of supporting Security Council resolutions; second, there was no attempt by Alliance governments to argue that their actions in Kosovo were required by a general duty of humanitarian intervention in international law; and finally, it is not sufficient to adduce the existence of a new custom on the basis of one case when past practice and opinio juris lends little support to this. All these limitations restrict the significance of Kosovo as a landmark case supporting the legality of humanitarian intervention in international law. 8. The Kosovo Refugee Crisis: NATO's Humanitarianism versus Human Rights, by Jim Whitman. ABSTRACT:. After a brief discussion of refugee rights, this contribution argues that the formidable humanitarian response to the Kosovo refugee crisis was undertaken essentially to facilitate NATO’s broader war aims; and that the recourse to war, the abandonment of the displaced during its conduct and the post-war human rights situation in Kosovo all point to a primary concern with a stabilisation of Kosovo in which human rights are at best only a secondary consideration. In particular, the overriding concern within Western Europe to control unwanted immigration into the region was the driving force behind the unusually well-resourced response to the refugee crisis. The essay concludes by considering the implications for the plight of refugees in the region and the prospects for protection based on law and driven by humanitarian ideals. 9. International Humanitarian Law and the Kosovo Crisis, by Hilaire McCoubrey. ABSTRACT:. The application of international humanitarian law during the 1999 Kosovo crisis prior to the deployment of the KFOR Force raises issues of serious concern. The initial confrontations between the KLA and the Federal Yugoslav (Serbian) forces in Kosovo focused renewed attention upon the serious impediments to the application of humanitarian norms in non-international armed conflicts. These included both the increased tendency to the perpetration of atrocities found in intra-state conflicts and the long-standing problem of criteria for the application of humanitarian legal norms in such situations. The subsequent NATO air strikes perhaps raise more serious questions for the jus ad bellum than for the jus in bello. However the choice of high-level aerial bombardment as the sole method of combat raises questions both of the practice and even the possibility of adequately discriminate target selection. These include the reasons for reliance upon this method of combat as well as the continuing ambiguity of the circumstances in which the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade was bombed. Finally, potentially alarming questions for the future of international humanitarian law arise from the revival of forms of ‘just war’ rhetoric during the crisis and especially in relation to claims of ‘humanitarian intervention’. 10. The Kosovo indictment of the international criminal tribunal for Yugoslavia, by Marc Weller. This essay assesses the Indictment issued by the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia against the top political and military leadership of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/Serbia in the context of the Kosovo conflict. It notes the unique role of the Yugoslav Tribunal, in terms of its establishment through a Chapter VII UN Security Council resolution, its objective powers opposable to all members of the United Nations, and its genuinely supranational authority. The character of the Kosovo indictment is then considered, against the background of other recent developments in the administration of international criminal jurisdiction. The essay concludes that the ad hoc Yugoslav Tribunal constitutes in many ways a more important contribution to the emerging international constitutional order than its intended permanent successor, the International Criminal Court. This argument is borne out with special force by the Kosovo Indictment.
ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 11. From Rambouillet to the Kosovo Accords: NATO's War against Serbia and Its Aftermath, by Eric Herring. The Rambouillet peace proposal for Kosovo was unworkable and probably intended by the United States to be rejected. NATO should have explored the potential for compromise, however improbable, instead of going to war, and should not have gone to war even if a compromise was not achieved. NATO’s threats and use of force made things much worse for the human rights of Albanian Kosovars by triggering an escalation of violence by Serbia. NATO used force to bolster its credibility even though it expected this to jeopardise human rights in Kosovo. NATO’s approach to human rights is a deeply flawed and dangerous one which has contributed to a bad peace in Kosovo and a further destabilised region. A better peace requires political intervention within NATO as well as the Balkans to produce a non-ethnic, non-state-centric notion of humanitarianism. 12. The Ambiguities of Elections in Kosovo: Democratisation versus Human Rights? by Ian R. Mitchell. The holding of elections in Kosovo is a key step in the realisation of a rule of law regime in the province. Elections have been assessed by means of a range of critical analyses that can be grouped into broad schools: liberal, conservative and autonomist. Each of them has a different understanding of the purpose of the democratisation project, the role of elections within it and their validity as indicators of the sovereignty of the polity in question. In Bosnia, the political stalemate arising from the electoral victories of nationalist parties has led to increasing international intervention at a policy level, the value of which is contested by the liberal and autonomist schools. Learning the lessons of Bosnia, the schools have achieved a consensus on the importance of local political involvement in the pre-electoral period in Kosovo, but are divided on the importance of autonomy for the process of democratisation. Given the conditions in Kosovo, the contribution of holding elections to the establishment of a human-rights based regime is ambiguous. Nonetheless, the safe conduct of elections can serve as an indicator of the extent to which key democratic and human rights have been realised. 13. Post-Conflict’ Kosovo: An Anatomy Lesson in the Ethics/Politics of Human Rights, by Jasmina Husanovic. This assessment of the current security situation in Kosovo, six months after the NATO intervention, examines some of the key reasons behind the failure of the ‘new’ ethics and politics of human rights in the international arena. The claim is made that the ethico-political promise implied in the political actions dealing with crisis areas such as Kosovo has to be rearticulated. It should be conceived on more effective and emancipatory grounds, while not being based on the ideology of victimisation or in an ethnonationalist matrix. The analysis of the grass-roots problematic of Kosovo enables us to appreciate how the only way forward is towards creating communities of security (trust, confidence and interest) out of the communities of fear which are caught in the ethnonationalist paradigm.
ABSTRACT: 1. Humanitarian intervention and state sovereignty, by Mohammed Ayoob. REPLIES:1. A new Humanitarian Council for Humanitarian Interventions?. by B.S. Chimni. 2. The global covenant as an evolving institution, by Samuel M. Makinda. 3. Decision-making rules as procedures for humanitarian intervention, by Nicholas J. Wheeler.
United States' practice in international law : volume 1:1999-2001 / Murphy, Sean D., xxiv, 512 p.. - Cambridge : Cambridge U. P., 2002.
ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. Preface Judge Thomas Buergenthal. Table of treaties; 1. General international and US foreign relations law. 2. State diplomatic and consular relations. 3. State jurisdiction and immunities. 4. State responsibility and liability. 5. International organizations. 6. International law and nonstate actors. 7. International oceans, environment, health, and aviation law. 8. International economic law. 9. International human rights. 10. International criminal law. 11. Use of force and arms control. 12. Settlement of disputes. 13. Private international law.
Humanitarian intervention and international relations / Welsh, Jennifer M. (ed.), viii, 229 p.. - Oxford : Oxford U. P., 2003.
ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. Jennifer M. Welsh: Introduction. PART ONE : INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION : 2. Henry Shue: Limiting Sovereignty. 3. Nicholas J. Wheeler: The Humanitarian Responsibilities of Sovereignty: Explaining the Development of a New Norm of Military Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. 4. Jennifer M. Welsh: Taking Consequences Seriously: Objections to Humanitarian Intervention. PART TWO : THE POLITICS AND PRACTICE OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: 5. Sir Adam Roberts: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention. 6. Nicholas Morris: Humanitarian Intervention in the Balkans. 7. James Mayall: Humanitarian Intervention and International Society: Lessons from Africa. 8. Ian Martin: International Intervention in East Timor. 9. Simon Chesterman: Humanitarian Intervention and Afghanistan. 10. Jennifer M. Welsh: Conclusion.
Krisensicherung und humanitärer Schutz = Crisies management and humanitarian protection : Festschrift für Dieter Fleck / Fischer, Horst ... [et al.] - ( Bochumer Schriften zur Friedenssicherung und zum humanitären Völkerrecht ; Bd. 46), 734 p.. - Berlin : Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2004.
ABSTRACT: ARTICLES a.o.:. 1. Michael Bothe : The historical evolution of international law, international human rights law, refugee law and international criminal law. 2. Ulrike Froissart : legal and other factors innation-building in post war situations : example Iraq. 3. Charles H. B. Garraway : Accountability and reconciliation - squaring the circle in situations of internal violence. 4. Hans-Peter Gasser: From military intervention to occupation ofterritory : new relevance of international law of occupation. 5. Leslie C. Green : Human rights in peace and war : an historical overview. 6. Lauri Hannikainen : Human rights of national minorities in today's Austria, in particular in Jörg Haider's Carinthia. 7. Max S. Johnosn : NATO SOFA : Enunciating customary international law or just a model and what does the future portend?. 8. Ben Kessler : Acting under chapter VII of the charter of the United Nations. 9. Vladimir Krska : Compliment to Dieter Fleck. 10. Mary Ellen O'Connell : Ad hoc war. 11. Michael N. Schmitt : Direct participation in hostilities and 21st century armed conflict. 12. Christian Tomuschat : The applicability of human rights law to insurgent movements. 13. Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov : Maintaining the ABM treaty regime by multiple actors : options for the Post-USSR space. 14. Michel Veuthey : Public conscience in international humanitarian law today. 15. Seerp B. Weber : Between conscience and obedience : the role of the legal adviser in the political decision-making process with regard to military operations.
Constructing the stable state : goals for intervention and peacebuilding / Hawk, Kathleen Hill, xii, 162 p.. - Westport, CT : Praeger, 2002.
ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 1. The State of the State. 2. Introduction to the Case Studies. 3. Somalia. 4. Bosnia and Herzegovina. 5. Kosovo. 6. Drawing Lessons from Past Experiences. 7. Conclusions and Recommendations.
A bed for the night : humanitarianism in crisis / Rieff, David, 367 p.. - London : Vintage, 2002.
ABSTRACT: Contents:. SECTION ONE: Designated Consciences. 1. The Humanitarian Paradox. 2. The Hazards of Charity. 3. A Saving Idea. SECTION TWO: Dreams and Realities. 4. Bosnia. 5. Rwanda. SECTION THREE: The Death of a Good Idea. 6. Kosovo. 7. Afghanistan. 8. Endgame or Rebirth?.
Humanitarian military intervention : the conditions for success and failure / Seybolt, Taylor B., xvii, 294 p.. - Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007.
ABSTRACT: Contents:. 1. Controversies about humanitarian military intervention. Humanitarian intervention debates. The structure of this book. 2. Judging success and failure. What is success?. Counting people who do not die. A typology of humanitarian military intervention. Summary. 3. Humanitarian Military interventions in the 1990s. State oppression of the Kurds in northern Iraq, 1991-96. State failure and famine in Somalia, 1991-95. Secession and ethnic expulsion in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992-95. Genocide and civil war in Rwanda, 1994. Secessionist violence and ethnic expulsion in Kosovo, 1999. Independence and fear in East Timor, 1999-2000. Summary. 4. Helping to deliver emergency aid. Strategies for delivering aid. Direct aid and logistics provision in the 1990s. Advantages and disadvantages of military intervention to protect aid operations. Summary. 5. Protecting Humanitarian aid operations. Strategies for protecting aid operations. Protecting aid operations in the 1990s. Advantages and disadvantages of military intervention to protect aid operations. Summary. 6. Saving the victims of violence. Strategies for protecting civilians. Saving the victims of violence in the 1990s. Advantages and disadvantages of military intervention to defeat the perpetrators of violence. Summary. 7. Defeating the perpetrators of violence. Strategies for defeating the perpetrators of violence. Defeating the perpetrators of violence in the 1990s. Advantages and disadvantages of military intervention to defeat the perpetrators of violence. Summary. 8. The prospects for success and the limitations of humanitarian intervention. Taking stock. Choosing among types and strategies. The limits of humanitarian military intervention. Concluding Comments.
The humanitarian face of the International Court of Justice : its contribution to interpreting and developing international human rights and humanitarian law rules and principles / Zyberi, Gentian - (School of human rights research series ; 26), xxiii, 523 p.. - Antwerpen : Intersentia, 2008.
ABSTRACT: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2 : The International Court of Justice: Possibilities and Limitations in the Fields of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law:. PART I BACKGROUND: 2.1 The International Court of Justice in Brief 2.2 The International Court of Justice in the Framework of International Dispute Settlement Mechanisms. PART II ICJ’S POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS: 2.3 Applicable Sources of Law and Some Aspects of ICJ’s Practice 2.4 ICJ’s Approach in Interpreting International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Instruments 2.5 The Court’s Position within the United Nations 2.5.1 The General Relationship between the Court and the Political Organs of the United Nations A) The Court and the General Assembly B) The Court and the Security Council 2.6 Locus Standi 2.7 Actio Popularis before the World Court? 2.8 The Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice 2.9 Preliminary Objections 2.10 Provisional Measures 2.11 Advisory Opinions. PART III APPRAISAL OF THE COURT’S POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS IN THE FIELDS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW: Chapter 3: ICJ’s Contribution to the Interpretation and Development of International Human Rights Law Rules and Principles. PART I BACKGROUND: 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Development of International Human Rights Law 3.3 International Protection and Promotion of Human Rights A) Standard-Setting B) Enforcement 3.4 The World Court and International Human Rights Law. PART II CASE LAW ANALYSIS: 3.5 Internationalization of Protection of Individual Human Rights 3.5.1 Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania Advisory Opinion of 30 March 1950 (First Phase); Advisory Opinion of 18 July 1950 (Second Phase) A) Background B) Human Rights Issues at the Court’s Doorstep C) Concluding Remarks 3.6 Fundamental Principles of International Human Rights Law A) Background B) Elementary Considerations of Humanity C) Erga Omnes Obligations D) Concluding Remarks. 3.7 The Right of Peoples to Self-Determination 3.7.1 The South-West Africa Cases 2. Voting Procedure on Questions Relating to Reports and Petitions Concerning the Territory of South-West Africa (Advisory Opinion of 7 June 1955) 3. Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners by the Committee on South-West Africa (Advisory Opinion of 1 June 1956) 4. South-West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 21 December 1962) 5. South-West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa Liberia v. South Africa) (Second Phase, Judgment of 18 July 1966) 6. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South-West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) (Advisory Opinion of 21 June 1971) 7. Concluding Remarks 3.8 Prohibition of Genocide 3.9 Right to Asylum 3.10 Diplomatic Protection 3.11 Consular Relations Disputes PART III APPRAISAL OF THE COURT’S CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: Chapter 4: ICJ’s Contribution to the Interpretation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Rules and Principles PART I BACKGROUND 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Applicability of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols to International and Internal Armed Conflicts 4.3 Customary International Humanitarian Law 4.4 New Developments in International Humanitarian Law 4.5 Relationship Between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law 4.6 Military Intervention for Humanitarian Purposes. PART II CASE LAW ANALYSIS: 4.7 Corfu Channel case (United Kingdom v. Albania, Judgment of 9 April 1949, Merits) A) Elementary Considerations of Humanity B) Concluding Remarks 4.8 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States, Judgment of 27 June 1986, Merits) 283 A) Applicability of the Geneva Conventions B) Fundamental Principles of Customary International Humanitarian Law C) The Principle of Humanitarian Assistance D) State Responsibility for the Actions of Thirds E) Encouragement of Acts Contrary to General Principles of International Humanitarian Law F) Concluding Remarks 4.9 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996) A) Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to the Use of Nuclear Weapons B) Fundamental Principles of International Humanitarian Law 295 C) Restrictions Imposed by IHL Provisions on the Protection of the Environment D) Restrictions Imposed by the Principle of Distinction between Combatants and Non-Combatants E) Restrictions Imposed by the Neutrality Principle F) Restrictions Imposed by the General Principle of Humanity (Martens Clause) G) Concluding Remarks 4.10 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004) 308 A) Applicability of the Hague Regulations of 1907 and of GC IV of 1949 to the OPT B) Applicable Provisions of GC IV C) Balancing Issues of Military Necessity, National Security and Public Order and Respect for Human Rights Obligations D) Legal Consequences of the Construction of the Wall for Israel, other States, and the UN E) Concluding Remarks 4.11 Armed Activities in the Territory of the Congo Cases 4.11.1 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda, 23 June 1999-19 December 2005) A) Order on Provisional Measures B) Merits (1) The Issue of Belligerent Occupation (2) Violations of International Humanitarian Law (a) Loss of Life to the Civilian Population, Acts of Torture and other Forms of Inhumane Treatment, and Destroyed Villages and Dwellings of Civilians (b) Deliberate Policy of Terror against the Civilian Population (c) Uganda’s Responsibility for Acts or Omissions of Its Armed Forces (d) Illiegal Exploitation of Natural Resources (e) Concluding Remarks. PART III APPRAISAL OF THE COURT’S CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: Chapter 5: The ICJ, other International Courts and Tribunals, and Quasi-Judicial Bodies: Understanding the Pieces of a Puzzle PART I BACKGROUND 5.1 General Introduction. PART II RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ICJ AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS (ICTS): 5.2 A Brief Synopsis of International Courts and Tribunals in the Fields of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 5.3 Introduction to the Relationship between the ICJ and other International Courts and Tribunals (ICTs) 5.4 ICJ and the ad hoc Tribunals (ICTY/ICTR) 5.5 The ICJ and the ICC 5.5.1 The ICC in Brief 5.5.2 Relationship Between the ICC and the ICJ 5.5.3 The Thomas Lubanga Dyilo case and the ICC’s Reliance on a Previous Decision of the ICJ 5.5.4 Concluding Remarks 5.6 The ICJ and the ECtHR 5.7 The ICJ and the I-ACtHR 5.8 General Remarks. PART III RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICJ AND THE INTERNATIONAL QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES (IQJBS): 5.9 The ICJ and the International Quasi-Judicial Bodies (IQJB). PART IV RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ICJ AND INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS, AS WELL AS QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES IN THE FIELDS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW: 5.10 Appraisal and Recommendations A) The Complementarity of ICTs and the Domestic Judicial System B) Complementarity of ICTs and IQJBs within the International System of Human Rights Protection C) Concluding Remarks Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations. 6.1 Decades of Involvement and Evolvement of the International Court of Justice 6.2 Some Final Remarks. Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch).

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