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Seed treatment with growth regulators, especially salicylic acid, is a promising alternative to the seed industry because it is an important inducer of resistance to diseases and pests, as well as acting significantly on quality and seed yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of rice seed treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid, as well as assess the crop yield and seed quality. The treatments consisted of increasing levels of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.L-1 salicylic acid. To this was prepared a stock solution of salicylic acid and the highest concentration by successive dilution in distilled water, the other concentrations were obtained. The physiological quality of seeds produced was treated and evaluated by tests of vigor and germination, and after harvest were evaluated seed yield. It follows that treatment of rice seeds with salicylic acid concentrations up to 130 mg.L-1 at a dose of 2 mL.kg-1 seed does not affect the germination and affects the strength, however provides substantial increases in the yield of seeds. The seed treatment with salicylic acid has no influence on seed quality produced.
increases in the yield of seeds. The seed treatment with salicylic acid has no influence on seed quality produced.
Index terms: Oryza sativa L., germination, vigor, growth regulator.
sementes com ácido salicílico não apresenta influencia na qualidade das sementes produzidas.
Termos para indexação: Oryza sativa L., germinação, vigor, regulador de crescimento.
(Yadav and Jindal, 2008; Luangmalawat et al., 2008).
Submitted on 05/15/ 2012. Accepted for publication on 12/04/2012.
Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-610 - Pelotas, RS, Brasil.
and barley. This effect was also observed by Guo et al. or act directly on metabolic pathways in response to unfavorable environments. Maia et al. should be encouraged. 2014 .12 g. The first one participates in the biosynthesis of most plant phenolics (Taiz and Zeiger. cell growth. thus relieving oxidative stress and increasing plant tolerance to cadmium. which through the elimination of a molecule of ammonia. which can. 50. and these substances are of great importance for the protection of plants (Sakhabutdinova et al. such as the biosynthesis of lignin and suberin that are involved in cell stress. the emergence and early seedling establishment in the field are considered the most critical phases of crops. It can affect seed germination. according to Carvalho et al. Salicylic acid has shown the ability to activate peroxidase having an important role in the biochemical process. The study of these substances. as well as assess seed yield and quality. 2004). be converted to ortho-coumaric acid or benzoic acid that can form salicylic acid (Arteca.consisted of determining Journal of Seed Science.10 meters. expression of genes associated with senescence. Treatments consisted of increasing levels of 0. forms cinnamic acid.200 kg of seeds within the bag. whereas levels of water stress and heat to 35 °C. Assessments were performed according to Rules for Seed Testing (Brasil. They were agitated for 3 minutes. due to sensitivity to adverse abiotic factors. There are two basic metabolic pathways that are involved in the synthesis of phenolic compounds: the shikimic acid pathway and the malonic acid pathway. soybean.3. 1995). such as rice. 2008). we placed 0. besides stimulating the length of roots and increasing green matter. Right after. increasing the resistance of plants treated with cadmium. (2009) who have revealed that pretreatment of rice seeds with salicylic acid has inhibited the activity of catalase and increased the levels of hydrogen peroxide. and for that. n. First count of germination (FCG) . and of possible cross-responses. mainly to inhibit germination and growth. Then. and the manual method was adopted using polyethylene bags. It is involved in a variety of physiological processes. and in plants attacked by pathogens (Castro and Vieira.L-1) and through successive dilutions in distilled water. Within this context. fungus has been assessed by Mandal et al. (2000) have found that salicylic acid promoted increased germination percentage in soybean seedlings. 2008). Such pathway generates aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine. reduce transpiration. Salicylic acid has many roles. p. Moreover. fourteen days after sowing. called elicitors. medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family.5 times the mass of dry paper proportion. in germination paper substrate (“germitest”) previously soaked in distilled water. by the action of phenylalanine amonialiase. allowing for adaptations to environmental changes.L-1 of salicylic acid. 1990). 138. The application of exogenous salicylic acid has also increased resistance in plants. the other concentrations were obtained. according to methodology described by Nunes (2005). Salicylic acid is a growth regulator synthesized from the phenylalanine amino acid. favor the efficiency of metabolic processes. The spray volume was 6 mL per kg of seed. in turn. especially in view of the future prospects of environmental changes such as the greenhouse effect. the application of salicylic acid in marigold seeds. and cause leaf abscission (Kerbauy. A detailed analysis on 34 species considered significant for agriculture.36. inflorescences of thermogenic plants.mol-1) in the greatest concentration (200 mg. The physiological quality of the treated seeds was assessed using the following tests: Germination (G) .. Material and Methods This work was conducted in the Laboratory of Seed Analysis and in greenhouse.conducted with four replicates of 50 seeds for each treatment. The effect of exogenous salicylic acid applied in infected tomato roots on damage resistance to the Fusarium oxysporum f. with the addition of 4 mL of distilled water. 2005). studies that seek this information.g-1 of fresh material such as in leaves and reproductive structures (Raskin et al. v. (2007). and kept at 25 °C.. has confirmed the distribution of salicylic acid at levels above 1μg. has positively contributed to germination and to the rate of germination speed. 2001). besides aiming to learn which products can be used to stimulate seed yield and physiological quality. is important for agriculture.353 Treatment of rice seeds in plants (Shi and Zhu. a biosynthesis intermediate of most phenolic compounds. seeds were left to dry at room temperature for 24 hours. Salicylic acid is the first plant derivative phenolic compound to induce systemic acquired resistance (Araujo et al.. This compound is found in leaves. The solution of salicylic acid with the different doses was directly placed at the bottom of the plastic bag to a height of approximately 0.. using the 2. The seeds were treated and applied to 2 mL per kg of seed in each respective concentration of salicylic acid. stomatal opening. to interfere in root absorbance. the aim of this present study was to assess the performance of rice seed treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid..352-356. at the Eliseu Maciel School of Agronomy from the University of Pelotas. BRS Querencia cultivar rice seeds were used. and is included in a new class of plant growth regulating substances. 150 and 200 mg. Thus. and fruit production (Klessig et al. (2009) who found positive effects. 2004). 2009). 2009). and one of these substances is the salicylic acid. we prepared a stock solution of salicylic acid (C7H6O3. However. Some growth regulators. 100.
L.RS / SC.82 FC FE 50 0 = -0. We added 40 mL of distilled water to the bottom of each gerbox and seeds were distributed over the screen for each treatment. The physiological quality of seed was assessed with the following tests: first count of germination (FCG). Rice seed treatment with salicylic acid did not affect the physiological quality of seed produced. (2000) who have assessed the effects of salicylic acid on soybean germination and vigor. Substrate used was towell paper roll “germitest”.5 mM . Seed yield (Y): was determined by weighting harvested seed. 2004. Thus. the experimental units were manually watered daily. 2008). After the analysis of the physiological quality of treated seeds. where seeding was performed manually at a depth of 2-3 cm. with increasing concentration in the solution of up to 200 mg. applied 14 days before sowing. shoot and root of normal seedlings were measured and then the mean length of shoot and root was determined. the seeds were subjected to germination test as described above. distributed in germination paper substrate “germitest”. Fertilizers were applied according to soil test results and recommendations of the Commission of Soil Chemistry and Fertility .0006x2 . After this period. On the seventh day after sowing.0. characterizing the physiological maturity of seeds.0009x2 . Analyses were performed using the statistical program Winstat 2. v. Results and Discussion Figure 1 data show variations in rice treated seeds in different concentrations of salicylic acid via rice seed treatment. The establishment of water blade occurred in early tillering.614 R² = 0. using 2.0415x + 92. phosphorus and potassium were used. L-1. and results were expressed as a percentage of normal seedlings. Length of shoot and root (LS and LR): was performed with four replicates of 20 seeds for each treatment. collected from the A1 horizon of a solodic eutrophic Haplic Planossolo (Streck et al. 1999).3. Accelerated aging (AA) horizontal gerbox with wire mesh fixed to middle position was used. After this period.15 R² = 0. The variable first count of germination (FCG) adjusted to a linear model.5 times dry paper weight. Field Emergence (FE) and cold test (CT) of rice seed treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid. Assessment took place after seven days. 95 90 85 80 % 354 75 70 65 FCG 60 CT 55 = 0. at completion of the germination test.95 = 0. Field emergence (FE): held in beds containing soil. while cold test (CT) and field emergence (FE) showed quadratic behavior. Journal of Seed Science. Only nitrogen. with four replications of 50 seeds for each treatment. pertaining to the Pelotas mapping unit. Regarding the vigor of rice seeds treated with salicylic acid. n.86 50 100 150 Concentration of salicylic acid (mg. After sowing. Assessment took place after 7 days and results were expressed as a percentage of normal seedlings.1751x + 79. When using 0. L-1) 200 Figure 1. Results found disagree with Maia et al. concluding that it had a negative effect on germination. also with manual irrigation. C. and at 5 days after seedling emergence (emergence considered with over 51% of emerged seedlings). the germination test was performed as described above. constituting a single layer. where moisture was corrected to 13% and results expressed in gram. 2003).1261x + 84. we conducted the thinning of smaller seedlings. Seedling emergence count was made 21 days after sowing.0. the total length of seedling. 10 seeds were sown per pot with capacity of 15 dm3 of soil. p.36.352-356.. in order to cover the screen surface. Then the boxes containing seeds were capped and placed in the BOD incubator at 41 °C for 96 hours. in which the seeds were distributed in two longitudinal straight lines and staggered in the upper third of the paper. described above. accelerated aging (AA). germination (G).0 (Machado and Conceição.plant-1. although it stimulates the activity of α-amylase. it was found decreased FCG and CT. Cold test (CT): we used four replicates of 50 seeds. previously moistened with distilled water. data have not been discussed nor analyzed. keeping soil near field capacity until water entry. The experimental design was randomized for both locations. The rolls were placed inside plastic bags and kept in a refrigerator at 10 °C for seven days.364 R² = 0. they were placed in a germination chamber set at a constant temperature of 25 ºC (Nakagawa. and liming was performed thirty days before sowing.	First count of germination (FCG). 2014 where a height of 10 cm was maintained in the bucket until the final stage of the experiment. Manual harvesting was conducted when plants were at stages R8 and R9. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial regression. After making the rolls. with 4 plants remaining per pot (larger) filled with sieved soil. greenhouse and laboratory tests. cold test (CT). the percentage of normal seedlings seven days after sowing. TAVARES et al.
0 4.0 3.kg-1 did not affect germination. However. and has positively affected seed yield up to a concentration of 130 mg. R. POLIDORO..P. with about 60% higher yield than concentration zero.br/publicacoes/regras%20analise%20sementes.N. in general. Regras para análise de sementes. The results of this study agree with those found by Kerbauy (2008).355 Treatment of rice seeds 5..93 5 0 0 50 100 150 200 Concentration of salicylic acid (mg. there was a significant increase in the number of seedlings and in the number of normal seedlings in CT.L-1. where the values that ​​ best represent the application of salicylic acid to seeds were chosen. The most effective concentration (129 mg.kg-1..352-356. v. J.5 3. GONÇALVES. There is a reduction in the SL of seedling. however it provides substantial increases in seed yield. and up to 105 mg. and it did affect seed vigor. 20 15 g.013x + 4. Figure 3 shows the positive effect of salicylic acid concentrations via seed treatment up to a concentration of 129 mg. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. J. Pecuária e Abastecimento. it is important to note the need for more studies to examine the vigor of seeds treated with salicylic acid. Figure 2 shows the trend line of shoot length (SL) of rice seedlings from treatment with different concentrations of salicylic acid. (2000). Pennsylvania State University: Chapman e Hall. Rice seed yield from their treatment with different concentrations of salicylic acid. where salicylic acid tended to inhibit plant growth. 10 yield = -0. 332p.1.0 LS = 0.1289x + 11. we found that up to a concentration of 97 mg.bs.cca. The following results were indicated by the equations of each variable. and the most relevant contrasts were in relation to the zero dose (69%) and the 50 mg/kg dose (78%). References ARAUJO. OLIVEIRA. With respect to seedling field emergence (FE) and in the cold test.C. BRASIL. adjusted to a quadratic equation.C. Seed treatment with salicylic acid has no influence on seed quality. RIBEIRO. and the concentration of 130 mg. just as in the cold test. salicylic acid applied to seeds of cv.ufsc.L-1 is the most significant one.L-1 on yield.0 0 50 100 Concentration of salicylic acid 150 200 (mg.288 R² = 0.br/pdf/hb/v23n1/a01v23n1.5 cm 4. Efeito do acibenzolar-S-methyl sobre murcha-bacteriana do tomateiro.L-1) Figure 3. 1995. K. nor produced seeds.65 2.L-1.6176 R² = 0.L-1at seed dose of 2 mL.0. DF: MAPA/ACS. Horticultura Brasileira. Regarding seed germination. These results corroborate those of Kerbauy (2008) who considers salicylic acid a phenolic compound with different functions. Szepesi et al. EMBRAPA 7 TAIM showed inhibitory effect on germination. and the initial growth of seedlings. however according to Silveira et al. 2005. However.00005 x2 . n. p.5-8. mainly the inhibition of germination. R.L.S.pdf ARTECA. 2009.5 2.D. 2014 . Ministério da Agricultura. n. scielo. p. http://www. (2000) have observed an increase in the number of emerged seedlings in seeds treated with salicylic acid.L-1) Figure 2. Conclusion Rice seed treatment with salicylic acid in concentration of 130 mg.plant-1.	Length of shoot (LS) of rice seedlings from seed treatment with different concentrations of salicylic acid. when concentration of salicylic acid was increased to 200 mg. Data disagree with those found by Maia et al. Brasília.. we may note that rice seed treatment with different salicylic acid concentrations has affected seedling emergence.pdf Journal of Seed Science.0005x2 + 0.S. we did not find significant influence. Maia et al. Plant growth substances: principles and applications. Given that. and between the 50 and 100 mg/kg doses (67%). plant-1 salicylic acid.L-1 there was significant reduction in FE. v. Pecuária e Abastecimento. (2000). who have found in soybean that salicylic acid used alone has increased the lengths of shoots and roots and fresh weight at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg. did not impair the germination of treated seeds.36. but these results were lower than zero.L-1 there was decreased CT.L-1) produced approximately 18 g.3. http://www. 395p.23. (2005) found increased percentage of germination in tomato seeds. Ministério da Agricultura. B. Treatment of rice seeds with salicylic acid.
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