Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/nrclinonc.2016.25?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a6f8e354-6e85-455f-ab22-0bf56212efc8
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 16:25:50+00:00

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Danny N. Khalil is a medical oncology fellow at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC; New York, USA). He received his undergraduate degree from Stanford University (California, USA) and went on to obtain an MD and PhD through a joint program between Stony Brook University (New York, USA) and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (New York, USA). Dr Khalil completed a research-track residency at Weill Cornell Medical Center (New York, USA) before joining MSKCC. He currently cares for patients with cancer receiving new immunotherapies on early-phase clinical trials at the immunotherapeutics clinic at MSKCC. His research is focused on overcoming resistance to checkpoint blockade (such as PD-1 and PD-L1); and on the localized use of novel agents to trigger a systemic anticancer immune response capable of inducing the regression of metastatic cancer.
Eric L. Smith obtained an MD/PhD from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine (New York, USA), completed a research track residency in internal medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, and a medical oncology fellowship at MSKCC. He is now an assistant faculty member on the Myeloma Service at MSKCC. Dr Smith's research focuses on developing CAR-T-cell therapies for multiple myeloma and other plasma cell malignancies, as well as novel strategies to enhance the overall efficacy and safety of CAR-T-cell therapy.
Renier J. Brentjens obtained an MD/PhD from SUNY Buffalo (New York, USA), completed residency in internal medicine at Yale New Haven Hospital (Connecticut, USA), and a medical oncology fellowship at MSKCC. Currently, Dr Brentjens is an associate faculty member, an attending physician on the Leukemia Service, and the director of MSKCC Cellular Therapy Center. Ongoing preclinical and clinical research is focused on the advancement of the field of CAR-T-cell therapy, including extensive work on armoured CAR T cells.
Jedd D. Wolchok is the Lloyd J. Old and Daniel K. Ludwig Chair in Clinical Investigation, chief of the Melanoma and Immunotherapeutics Service, attending physician at MSKCC with an expertise in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. He received his undergraduate degree from Princeton University (New Jersey, USA) and both MD and PhD from New York University (New York, USA), where he also fulfilled his residency program. He completed his fellowship at MSKCC and remained on faculty with an appointment in the Melanoma and Immunotherapeutics Service, which he now leads. Dr Wolchok has helped establish MSKCC as a leader in the discovery and treatment of cancers with novel immunotherapies. Dr Wolchok was instrumental in the clinical development leading to the approval of ipilimumab for advanced-stage melanoma and recently designed and led a global phase III trial of combined checkpoint blockade for melanoma. He has been at the forefront of cancer immunotherapy, as an active clinician scientist exploring innovative immunotherapeutic strategies in laboratory models and as a principal investigator in numerous pivotal clinical trials. In 2011, he established the Immunotherapeutics Clinical Core, a specialized phase I outpatient unit at MSKCC that is focused on the conduct of novel immunotherapy trials, with a specific emphasis on pharmacodynamic biomarker identification. This group treats patients with a broad spectrum of malignancies and has become a model for similar efforts by other major cancer centres around the world.
In the past decade, advances in the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and adoptive cellular therapy to treat cancer by modulating the immune response have led to unprecedented responses in patients with advanced-stage tumours that would otherwise have been fatal. To date, three immune-checkpoint-blocking mAbs have been approved in the USA for the treatment of patients with several types of cancer, and more patients will benefit from immunomodulatory mAb therapy in the months and years ahead. Concurrently, the adoptive transfer of genetically modified lymphocytes to treat patients with haematological malignancies has yielded dramatic results, and we anticipate that this approach will rapidly become the standard of care for an increasing number of patients. In this Review, we highlight the latest advances in immunotherapy and discuss the role that it will have in the future of cancer treatment, including settings for which testing combination strategies and 'armoured' CAR T cells are recommended.
In the sentence "Results of a phase I trial113 demonstrated that an agonist mAb targeting CD40 given as monotherapy has antitumour activity in patients with melanoma or RCC", CD40 should have read OX40. This error has been corrected in the online HTML and PDF versions of the article.
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The authors would like to thank their funders. D.N.K. receives support through the American Association for Cancer Research Amgen fellowship in Clinical/Translational Cancer Research and the American Philosophical Society Daland Fellowship in Clinical Investigation. E.L.S. receives support from the Conquer Cancer Foundation of ASCO, Lymphoma Research Foundation, MSKCC Technology Development Fund, and the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation. R.B.J. receives support from the Annual Terry Fox Run for Cancer Research (New York, NY) organized by the Canada Club of New York, Carson Family Charitable Trust, Emerald Foundation, the Experimental Therapeutics Center of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Innovations in the structures, functions and targets of monoclonal antibody-based drugs for cancer), Kate's Team, National Institutes of Health Grants (R01CA138738-05, PO1CA059350, PO1CA190174-01), and the William Lawrence and Blanche Hughes Foundation. J.D.W. receives funding support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Emerald Foundation, Genentech, the Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Medimmune, Merck Pharmaceuticals, Polynoma Pharmaceuticals and Swim Across America.
Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
All authors researched data for article, contributed to discussion of the content, wrote the manuscript and reviewed/edited the article before submission.
D.N.K. and E.L.S. and declare no competing interests. R.J.B. is a co.founder, stockholder, and consultant for Juno Therapeutics Inc. J.D.W. is a consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Medimmune, Merck Pharmaceuticals and Polynoma Pharmaceuticals.
Correspondence to Jedd D. Wolchok.

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