Source: https://www.bayareaemploymentlawyerblog.com/category/arbitration/
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 22:25:48+00:00

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Reading arbitration cases is like walking through a muddy field on a dark and rainy night. What is okay in the context of one case, is not in the context of another case. It just depends on how much you slip and slide through the mud and where exactly you fall.
Take the recent case of Peng v. First Republic (2013) 219 Ca.4th 1462. The Court held that failure to attach the arbitration rules didn’t make the arbitration agreement procedurally unconscionable. On the other hand, if the arbitration rules had changed any important substantive rights, the agreement might have been procedurally unconscionable. So, we are left guessing whether in any other situation, an employer has to provide the arbitration rules to an employee or not.
Second, Peng held that the right of the employer to change the employment contract terms at any time, whereas the employee cannot, did not make this agreement substantively unconscionable. Why? Because the employer is supposed to act with “good faith . . . and fair dealing.” So, if the employer doesn’t act in good faith and fair dealing, well, then, is the agreement invalid? Again, slip and slide. We’re left guessing.
Pulli v. Pony International (June 19, 2012) ___ Cal.4th____ is another interpretation of an arbitration agreement in a long line of cases interpreting whether or not an arbitration agreement is enforceable. The fact that this case even exists underscores the fact that the law on the enforceability of arbitration agreements is unnecessarily murky and that employees continue to balk at the inherent unfairness of arbitration agreements, which take away an employee’s right to a jury trial.
In this case, the California Court of Appeals held that, as a procedural matter, a defendant waives its right to have an arbitrator determine the issue of arbitrability where the defendant acted in a manner inconsistent with the right to arbitrate and substantially invoked “the litigation machinery” per Saint Agnes Medical Center v. PacifiCare of California (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1187, 1196 by addressing the employee’s claim on its merit, rather than by simply asking that the matter be sent to arbitration. This ruling makes sense – as the employer was asking the court to rule for two bites of the apple: let the court rule, and if it didn’t like the court’s opinion, then take it to an arbitrator.
Second, the Court of Appeals held that on the merits, an arbitration agreement is not invalidated by Labor Code §206.5‘s prohibition against requiring that an employee sign a release for the payment of wages without paying the wages in question. The Court noted that, as a matter of statuatory interpretation, the goal of Labor Code §206.5 is to prohibit the coercion of settlement of wage claims without the actual payment of the wages, but that Labor Code §206.5 did not bar an employer from requiring (or coercing, really!) the waiver of a jury trial.
CantorCO2e’s mandatory employment agreement was riddled with unconscionable provisions, errors, and bias. No wonder the California Court of Appeals decided that the court should determine the validity of the agreement and then determined that the agreement was not valid. Ajamian v. CantorCO2e, LLP, ___Cal.App.4th ___ (Feb. 16, 2012).
As part of employers’ end run around employees’ right to a jury trial, not only are employers making employees sign mandatory arbitration agreements, but they are trying to make the courts forfeit their right to even examine these agreements to see if they are illegal. Here CantorCO2e argued that its agreement does just that, but its agreement is so vague and unclear, and its arguments so tenuous, that the court rejected this proposition.
In order for an employer to take away the employee’s right to have a court determine whether an arbitration agreement is valid, it must do so in a way that is “clear and unmistakable.” Here, there are multiple reasons that the alleged attempt to take away these rights is not clear and unmistakable. It is important to note – for the future – that the court here limited its holding to the facts of this case, leaving employers multiple avenues by which they can strip a court of its right to judge the employer’s arbitration agreement and give this right to the employer’s hand pick and paid arbitrator. How this plays out in the future remains to be seen, but taking away a court’s right to review this important matter is dangerous and should be remedied by legislation if necessary.
I know I’ve said this before, but if employers so relish their precious right to force employees to arbitrate all their claims, why can’t they get it right and draft a simple arbitration agreement so that it is enforceable? Mayers v. Volt Management Corp.,__ C.A.4th___ (Feb. 2, 2012) is another example of an employer getting it wrong. For reasons any reasonable employer could have predicted, the California Court of Appeals struck down Volt’s mandatory arbitration agreement.
Here Volt started out by providing its arbitration agreement to Mr. Mayers on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Second, Volt failed to shed light upon the arbitration rules it required Mr. Mayers to follow should any case wind up in arbitration. Instead, it simply told Mr. Mayers that any arbitration would be governed by “the applicable rules of the AAA [American Arbitration Association]”. Volt neither provided a copy of these rules to Mayers, nor did it tell him how or where to obtain such a copy himself. The court characterized these errors are procedurally unconscionable.
To top it off, Volt’s arbitration agreement mandated that the arbitrator may award costs and attorney’s fees to the prevailing party. If Volt had a lawyer, Volt would have known that this was an absolute no-no. The Fair Employment & Housing Act (FEHA) prohibits a court from awarding fees to an employer (for claims governed under the act such as covered employment discrimination or retaliation claims) unless the claims were frivolous, unreasonable and without foundation. Here Volt changed this standard of the law to favor the employer.

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