Source: https://tntalk.wordpress.com/america-what-are-civil-rights/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 20:11:49+00:00

Document:
America: What are Civil Rights? | TNTalk! America.
and the right to equality in public places.
The most important expansion of civil rights in the United States was the enactment of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States. In response to the 13th Amendment, various states enacted “black codes” which were intended to limit the civil rights of the newly free slaves. In 1868 the 14th Amendment was passed to counter the “black codes” and ensure that no state or federal authority “shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizens of the United States…deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law…deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Congress was also given the power by section five of the Fourteenth Amendment to pass any laws needed for its enforcement.
During the era that followed, Congress enacted numerous civil rights statutes. Many of these statutes are still in force today and protect individuals from discrimination and from the deprivation of their civil rights. Section 1981 of Title 42 (Equal Rights Under the Law) protects individuals from discrimination based on race in making and enforcing contracts, participating in lawsuits, and giving evidence. See 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Other statutes that protect against discrimination include: Civil Action For Deprivation of Rights (See 42 U.S.C. § 1983) Conspiracies to Interfere With Civil Rights (See 42 U.S.C. § 1985); Conspiracy Against Rights of Citizens (See 18 U.S.C. § 241); Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law, (See 18 U.S.C. § 242); The Jurisdictional Statue for Civil Rights Cases (See 28 U.S.C. § 1443); Peonage Abolished (See 42 U.S.C. § 1994).
The most prominent civil rights legislation since reconstruction is the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Decisions of the Supreme Court at the time limited Congressional enforcement of the 14th Amendment to state action. (Since 1964 the Supreme Court has expanded the reach of the 14th Amendment in some situations to individuals discriminating on their own). Therefore, in order to reach the actions of individuals, Congress, using its power to regulate interstate commerce, enacted the Civil Rights Act of 1964 under Title 42, Public Health and Welfare, Chapter 21, Civil Rights, of the United States Code. Discrimination based on “race, color, religion, or national origin” in public establishments that had a connection to interstate commerce or that was supported by the state is prohibited. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000a. Public establishments include places of public accommodation (e.g., hotels, motels, trailer parks), restaurants, gas stations, bars, taverns, and places of entertainment in general. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and subsequent legislation also declared a strong legislative policy against discrimination in public schools and colleges which aided in desegregation. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination in federally funded programs. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits employment discrimination where the employer is engaged in interstate commerce.
The judiciary, most notably the Supreme Court, plays a crucial role in interpreting the extent of the civil rights. A single Supreme Court ruling can because of the principle of legal precedence can change the very nature of a right throughout the entire country. Supreme Court decisions can also affect the manner in which Congress enacts civil rights legislation, as occurred with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The federal courts have been increasingly critical in mandating and supervising school desegregation programs and other programs established to rectify state or local discrimination.
State constitutions, statutes and municipal ordinances provide further protection of civil rights. The existence of civil rights and liberties are recognized by numerous international agreements and declarations. These rights are typically included in agreements in which nations pledge themselves to the general protection of Human Rights. The United States has recently adhered to the most notable international agreement on civil rights: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Over the last two decades, the United States has been working quietly to remove the precedence for many legal and civil rights in the face of the Constitution and its amendments through legal precedence and gradual government actions, having quietly moved to exempt the federal government from choice laws and requirements generally mandated for States, while heralding other laws and rights as it sees fit. This is often attributed to the living nature of American Law as well as to the questionable auspices of legal precedence which are commonly interpreted by judges on multiple levels of government. Over recent time, this has turned the Constitution and the fabric of the nation on its ear.

References: § 1981
 § 1983
 § 1985
 § 241
 § 242
 § 1443
 § 1994
 § 2000