Source: https://www.elec.state.nj.us/aboutelec/timeline.htm
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 12:43:16+00:00

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November 13, 1971- A new lobbying law (Chapter 183) takes effect, repealing the 1964 act and transferring all jurisdiction to the Attorney General. It requires lobbyists to wear badges in the Statehouse for the first time and file quarterly reports that list the bills they are supporting or opposing.
June 17, 1972- Break-in occurs at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, DC. It becomes the focus of a national scandal and intensifies public debate about the need for campaign finance reform.
April 24, 1973- The New Jersey Campaign Contributions and Expenditures Reporting Act (The Act- Chapter 83) is signed into law by Governor William Cahill, creating the four-member Election Law Enforcement Commission. The initial members sworn into office on May 3, 1973 are Chairman Frank Reiche, former Congresswoman Florence Dwyer, former Administrative Judge Sidney Goldman, and Judge Bartholomew Sheehan.14 The Commission hires David Norcross as its first executive director and Edward Farrell as its first legal counsel.
February 6, 1974- The American Civil Liberties Union and its New Jersey affiliate files a lawsuit ACLU of New Jersey v. New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission challenging the constitutionality of The Act.
March 11, 1974- In New Jersey Chamber of Commerce v. New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission, the New Jersey Chamber of Commerce and other groups obtain temporary injunction preventing the Commission from implementing lobbying disclosure requirements.
May 6, 1974- The gubernatorial Public Financing program (Chapter 26) is enacted by Governor Brendan Byrne, who calls it a “first giant step toward removing the evil of large, private contributions from gubernatorial elections.” 17 The law, sponsored by future ELEC Commissioner Albert Burstein (D-37), applies only to general elections and imposes the first ever contribution limits ($600 per election in 1977) and spending limits on candidates in exchange for public funding.
January 13, 1976- Lewis Thurston III replaces David Norcross as executive director. Norcross becomes a U.S. Senate candidate, and later would hold several positions with the Republican National Committee, including general counsel.
January 30, 1976- Buckley v. Valeo- U.S. Supreme Court upholds contribution limits and disclosure requirements but ends restrictions on campaign spending.
November 8, 1977- New Jersey becomes the first state in the nation to conduct a gubernatorial general election with public funds. The initial grants to the first two candidates- Governor Brendan Byrne and his challenger State Senator Raymond Bateman- total $2.1 million.
May 16, 1979- ELEC chairman Frank Reiche attends final meeting after becoming the only ELEC commissioner nominated to serve on the Federal Election Commission. His FEC term lasts until April 1985. 21 He serves as FEC chairman in 1982.
May 8, 1980- In New Jersey Chamber of Commerce v. New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission, the State Supreme Court issues order upholding constitutionality of lobbyist disclosure requirements but narrowing focus of the law.
July 23, 1980- Governor Brendan Byrne signs new law (Chapter 74) extending Gubernatorial Public Financing Program to primary elections. The prime sponsor was state Senator Charles Yates (D-7).
March 16, 1981- In ACLU of New Jersey v. New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission, a three-judge District Court upholds constitutionality of lobbyist disclosure requirements.
May 22, 1981- Governor Brendan Byrne approves new laws (Chapters 150 and 513) that require lobbyists to file annual financial reports with ELEC while continuing to make lobbyists register with, and file quarterly reports with, the Attorney General’s office. The laws, both sponsored by State Senator Eugene Bedell (D-12), clarify that expenses of lobbyists would be reportable even if they were not “expressly for” lobbying.
July 22, 1981- Scott Weiner attends first meeting as ELEC’s newest Executive Director. Lewis Thurston III later becomes Chief of Staff to Governor Tom Kean.
June 2, 1981- A record 16 candidates from both parties qualify for public funding in the gubernatorial primary.
January 17, 1984- Under new law (Chapter 579) enacted by Governor Tom Kean, continuing political committees, commonly called political action committees or simply PACs, must begin reporting their campaign finance activities with the Commission.
July 16, 1984- Frederick Herrmann attends first meeting as ELEC’s newest Executive Director. Scott Weiner later becomes Counsel to Gov. Jim Florio, Commissioner of the Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, and Chief Executive of the New Jersey Schools Construction Corporation.
September 27, 1985- In Friends of Governor Tom Kean v. New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission, the State Supreme Court rules that ELEC lacked the power to charge a gubernatorial candidate with another candidate’s truly independent expenditures.
September 20, 1988- ELEC approves first White Paper entitled “Contribution Limits and Prohibited Contributions” and authored by Deputy Director Jeff Brindle. The key recommendation for contribution limits becomes law in 1993.
May 16, 1990- ELEC unanimously approves White Paper 5 entitled “Lobbying Reform.” Authored by Deputy Director Jeff Brindle, it calls for elimination of the “expressly” loophole in the lobbying law, reporting of executive branch lobbying, disclosure of grassroots lobbying and other several other changes that become law in 1993.
August 5, 1991- Governor Jim Florio enacts a law (Chapter 243) sponsored by Assemblyman George Spadoro (D-18) that finally repeals the infamous “expressly” loophole and requires lobbyists to disclose all expenditures they make entertaining legislators and executive branch officials. Another law (Chapter 244) sponsored by Assemblyman John Villapiano (D-11) makes ELEC solely responsible for enforcing lobbyist disclosure laws.
March 8, 1993- Governor Jim Florio enacts a law (Chapter 65) that, for the first time in state history, imposes contribution limits on all state and local candidates in New Jersey. Sponsored by Senate President Donald DiFrancesco (R-22) and Assembly Speaker Garabed “Chuck” Haytaian (R-23), the law also allowed the four legislative leaders to establish their own political action committees, set new restrictions on how candidates could use campaign funds, and stiffer fines for violations.
November 16, 1993- Due to illness, Edward Farrell, who gained a national reputation as ELEC’s first Counsel, attends last meeting after 20 years of service.
January 7, 1994- Sponsored by Assembly Speaker Garabed “Chuck” Haytaian (R-23), a bill banning the use of cash for “street money” payments and requiring the use of checks is signed into law (Chapter 370) by Governor Jim Florio.
January 17, 1995- James Wyse is introduced as the successor to Edward Farrell as ELEC’s Counsel. He serves nearly as long as his predecessor until he resigns in 2012.
May 17, 1995- A law (Chapter 105) establishing procedures for holding recall elections in New Jersey is signed by Governor Christie Whitman. It was sponsored by Assembly Speaker Garabed “Chuck” Haytaian (R-23) and Assemblyman Frank LoBiondo (R-1).
May 23, 1995- Former U.S. Attorney Michael Chertoff attends his first meeting as an ELEC commissioner. While he serves just four months, he later becomes the nation’s Secretary of Homeland Security on February 15, 2005.
January 10, 1996- Governor Christie Whitman enacts a law (Chapter 391) that requires candidates and committees that report to ELEC include their name and address on any communications they distribute. Chief sponsor is Senator William Schluter (R-23).
January 24, 1997- First ELEC website goes live.
October 8, 1997- State Appellate Court concludes that Remington and Vernick circumvented state law by using multiple PACs to provide contributions to candidates and committees. ELEC December 16, 1998 approves $16,900 fine against the engineering firm.
November 18, 1997- Deputy Director Jeff Brindle presents White Paper 12 entitled “Repartyization: The Rebirth of County Organizations” to the Commission. The report accurately predicts that the 1989 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Eu v. San Francisco County Democratic Central Committee, which allowed party officials to make primary endorsements, coupled with 1993 reform law would lead to a resurgence of county parties in New Jersey.
February 10, 1998- Governor Christie Whitman unveils her proposed Fiscal Year 1998-1999 budget. It includes a special $1 million appropriation to help ELEC finish modernizing its computer system.
October 6, 1999- Upgrades to ELEC’s computer enable the public, for the first time, to search reports filed by candidates on the agency’s website.
June 8, 2000- A special investigative panel that includes future ELEC Commissioner Walter Timpone, a former Assistant US Attorney, is critical of a $500 million state motor vehicle inspection contract with Parsons Infrastructure and Technology Group. 37 Parsons and affiliated groups had provided more than $500,000 in contributions to New Jersey candidates and Committees, according to the State Commission of Investigation. 38 The Parsons project is cited by legislative sponsors as a key impetus behind efforts to enact “pay-to-play” restrictions on public contractors.
November 6, 2001- With five candidates participating in the Gubernatorial Public Finance program, ELEC distributes more than $22 million in public funds- the most ever in one year.
March 27, 2002- President George W. Bush enacts the so-called McCain-Feingold law that seeks to eliminate “soft money” contributions to national parties and prohibits use of corporate or union funds for issue-oriented radio and television ads before federal elections.
November 4, 2003- The battle over the fourth legislative district race costs the two state parties more than $6.1 million, making it the most expensive legislative showdown ever. The campaign cost more than the 1985 gubernatorial general election.
December 10, 2003- In McConnell v. FEC, the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 5-4 vote, upholds key aspects of the McCain-Feingold law.
June 16, 2004- Governor Jim McGreevey enacts 20-bill package of ethics and campaign finance bills, including state’s first pay-to-play restrictions for public contractors (Chapter 19), sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Bernard Kenny (D-33) and Assemblywoman Loretta Weinberg (D-37); public disclosure of grassroots lobbying (Chapter 20), sponsored by Senator John Adler (D-6) and Assemblywoman Linda Greenstein (D-14); a reduction from $400 to $300 in the threshold for disclosing information about contributors (Chapter 28), sponsored by Assemblywoman Joan Voss (D-38); registration of professional fundraisers (Chapter 29), sponsored by Assemblyman Reed Gusciora (D-15); and expansion of reportable lobbying activities to include efforts to influence the executive branch (Chapter 27), sponsored by Assemblyman David Mayer (D-4).
June 22, 2004- Ralph Martin chairs his final meeting for ELEC, making him the longest serving chairman at eight years and four months. (Added 10/2/17). Former Assemblyman Albert Burstein (D-37), co-sponsor of the law that created the Gubernatorial Public Finance program, attends his first meeting as an ELEC commissioner.
August 8, 2004- In an effort to test public financing for legislative campaigns, Governor Jim McGreevey enacts “New Jersey Fair and Clean Elections Pilot Project” (Chapter 121), sponsored by Assembly Majority Leader Joseph Roberts (D-5) and Assemblywoman Linda Greenstein (D-14). About $4.2 million is spent, mostly for grants to candidates, in five legislative districts in 2005 and 2007 but ultimately the program is phased out.
September 22, 2004- Governor Jim McGreevey issues Executive Order 134 closing “fair and open” loophole that let contractors receive state contracts larger than $17,500 even if the contractors made large contributions to gubernatorial candidates, or state or county parties.
December 15, 2004- Governor Richard Codey enacts legislation (S-27) that freezes contribution limits that apply to state and county parties and legislative leadership committees.
January 23, 2005- Jerry Fitzgerald English, former commissioner of the state Department of Environmental Protection and one-time chairwoman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, attends her first meeting as ELEC chairwoman. (Revised 10/2/17).
January 26, 2005- Governor Richard Codey issues Executive Order 18 clarifying that state pay-to-play laws do not apply to contracts financed through the Federal Highway Administration.
March 22, 2005- Governor Richard Codey enacts a law (Chapter 51) that puts statutory force behind Executive Order 134, which eliminated “fair and open” loophole for state contracts. Sponsored by Assemblywoman Linda Greenstein (D-14) and Assemblyman Michael Panter (D-12), the law also makes clear that federally financed contracts are exempt from state pay-to-play reforms.
November 8, 2005- With the two major party nominees, Democrat Jon Corzine and Republican Doug Forrester, bankrolling their own campaigns and not participating in the Gubernatorial Public Finance program, the campaign for governor costs nearly $88 million. It is the most expensive state election in history.
January 5, 2006- Governor Richard Codey enacts a law (Chapter 271) that enables local government entities to develop their own pay-to-play laws. Prime sponsors include Assemblywoman Linda Greenstein (D-14) and Assemblyman Michael Panter (D-12).
February 21, 2006- ELEC approves $255,000 fine against the Democratic State Committee- its largest fine ever, and the largest ever against a Democratic committee. On August 15, 2006, ELEC approves a $45,750 fine against the Republican State Committee- the agency’s seventh largest fine, and the largest ever against a Republican committee.
February 23, 2006- Former ELEC Vice Chairwoman Paula Franzese becomes chairwoman of the State Ethics Commission following an appointment by Governor Jon Corzine.
January 13, 2008- Governor Jon Corzine enacts law (Chapter 304) clarifying that pay-to-play disclosure laws do not apply to non-profit groups. It was sponsored by Senators Joseph Kyrillos (R-13) and Raymond Lesniak (D-20).
January 16, 2008- The state Supreme Court unanimously upholds as constitutional the state’s pay-to-play restrictions on public contractors, rebuffing a challenge filed by Earle Asphalt Company.
September 24, 2008- Governor Jon Corzine issues Executive Orders 117, which prohibits large contractor contributions to candidates for Governor or Lieutenant Governor, State Political Party Committees, County Political Party Committees, Legislative Leadership Committees, and Municipal Political Party Committees, and 118, which extends pay-to-play restrictions to redevelopment contracts.
June 16, 2009- The Commission announces the appointment of long-time Deputy Director Jeff Brindle as its newest Executive Director. Frederick Herrmann retires after 25 years of service. During his tenure, he served as President of the Council on Governmental Ethics Laws (COGEL) and President of the Northeastern Regional Conference on Lobbying (NORCOL) and received numerous awards for his efforts to promote ethical government.
June 26, 2009- Governor Jon Corzine enacts a new law (Chapter 66) sponsored by Assemblywoman Joan Quigley (D-32) and Assemblyman Joseph Cryan (D-20) that establishes electoral and campaign finance requirements for the new office of Lieutenant Governor. Kim Guadagno is elected the state’s first Lieutenant Governor on November 3, 2009.
November 3, 2009- Independent special interest groups spend $14 million in the New Jersey’s governor’s race, reflecting a trend of outside groups playing a bigger role in state, national and even local campaigns.
November 16, 2009- Executive Director Jeff Brindle announces that, for the first time, contributions made to local officials can be searched on ELEC’s website.
January 19, 2010- ELEC Vice Chairman Peter Tober attends his last meeting after accepting an appointment as Assistant Counsel to Governor Chris Christie. On February 1, 2011, he becomes Executive Director of the State Ethics Commission after an appointment by the Governor.
January 21, 2010- The U.S. Supreme Court in Citizens United v. FEC, in a 5-4 ruling, strikes down a ban on unlimited independent campaign spending by corporations and unions while upholding contribution limits for candidates. 42 It also declares that lawmakers have broad authority to require independent groups to disclose their campaign finance activities.
March 8, 2010- In In re Election Law Enforcement Commission Advisory Opinion No. 01-2008, the New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously upholds ELEC’s authority to prohibit candidates from using campaign funds for their defense against criminal charges.
November 10, 2010- ELEC announces that it has received the “Best Official New Jersey Web Site” award by the Documents Association of New Jersey.
November 15, 2010- Senate State Government, Wagering, Tourism and Historic Preservation Committee approves a bill (S-2379) sponsored by Senators Barbara Buono (D-18) and Loretta Weinberg (D-37) that requires political non-profit groups to disclose their contributions and expenditures if they take part in New Jersey elections.
May 26, 2011- ELEC, in conjunction with the state Attorney General’s office, files a civil lawsuit seeking repayment of $94,004 in campaign funds used to fund criminal defense costs on behalf of Sharpe James, a former Newark Mayor and State Senator.
September 15, 2011- State Comptroller Matthew Boxer and ELEC Executive Director Jeff Brindle hold joint press conference calling for the elimination of the so-called “fair and open” loophole in state pay-to-play laws.
January 17, 2012- Governor Chris Christie enacts a law (Chapter 204) sponsored by Senator Raymond Lesniak (D-20) that prohibits candidates or office-holders from raising campaign funds on public property and allows ELEC to impose fines of at least $5,000 for violations.
February 7, 2012- In Margaret Nordstrom v. William “Hank” Lyon, the state Appellate Division upholds the authority of ELEC to enforce the state’s campaign finance rules.
May 3, 2012- Senator Minority Leader Tom Kean (R-21) and Senator Michael Doherty (R-23) introduce legislation (S-1917) that imposes the same contribution limits, disclosure requirements and contract conditions on labor unions that most other public contractors face under state pay-to-play laws.
June 2012- Senator Samuel Thompson (R-12) introduces budget resolution 4357 seeking $2 million to enable ELEC to upgrade its computer system.
October 18, 2012- State Assembly, in a 49-23-6 vote, approves resolution (AR86) opposing Citizens United v. FEC ruling and calls on Congress to amend the U.S. Constitution to reverse it.
March 14, 2013- Assembly State Government Committee approves a bill (A-3863) co-sponsored by Assemblyman Reed Gusciora (D-15) and Assemblywoman Linda Stender (D-22) that adopts ELEC’s proposal to require political non-profit groups and Super PACs to disclose contributions and expenditures if they take part in a New Jersey election.
March 26, 2013- Attorney General Jeffrey Chiesa announces indictment against Birdsall Services Group and several executives for allegedly circumventing the state’s pay-to-play laws.
April 5, 2013- Fund for Jobs, Growth and Security, a Washington-based 527 committee, files a lawsuit against ELEC. Fund organizers want to file as a political committee and disclose both their contributors and expenditures. But they insist that in the wake of Citizens United v. FEC, the committee should not have to abide by contribution limits. On April 26, 2013, the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey issues temporary injunction against enforcement of the contribution limits for the Fund.
April 24, 2013- Senator Minority Leader Tom Kean (R-21) appoints former ELEC Executive Director Frederick Herrmann to the Joint Legislative Committee on Ethical Standards.
April 30, 2013- A bill (S-2748) is introduced by Senators James Beach (D-6) and Linda Greenstein (D-14) proposing a sweeping overall of campaign finance laws. It would establish a single statewide pay-to-play law; scale back the use of the “fair and open” loophole while still allowing it for state, county and municipal political party committees; expand disclosure requirements for independent groups; require disclosure of all contributions, not just those above $300; raise contribution limits in accordance with ELEC’s Cost Index Report recommendations; and require disclosure of contributions for all vendors with public contracts over $17,500.
June 30, 2014- Governor Chris Christie signs a new state budget that contains a $2 million special appropriation to enable ELEC to upgrade its computer system. The proposal had bipartisan support, with Senate Majority Leader Loretta Weinberg (D-37), Senator Samuel Thompson (R-12), and Assemblyman John McKeon (D-27) submitting resolutions seeking the appropriation.
February 19, 2015- Former State Sen. Joseph Coniglio agrees to settle a lawsuit filed by ELEC and the Attorney General’s Office over alleged illegal use of campaign funds to pay legal bills. Coniglio admitted no wrongdoing but agreed to a $100,000 payment, including a $30,000 payment to ELEC.
August 16, 2015- After serving valiantly despite a long illness, Commission member Amos Saunders dies at the age of 81. His death leaves just two members- Walter Timpone and Ronald DeFilippis. (added 10/2/17).
February 16, 2016- ELEC announces that lobbyists in April will be able for the first time to file their quarterly reports electronically. 48 It is one of the enhancements to the computer system enabled by the special appropriation.
April 14, 2016- Assembly Republican Leader Jon Bramnick (R-21) introduces legislation (A-3639) incorporating ELEC recommendations that require more disclosure by independent special interest groups, streamline the state’s pay-to-play laws and strengthen party committees in part by boosting contribution limits. A two-bill package (A-3902 and A-3903) introduced June 9, 2016 by Assemblyman Troy Singleton (D-7) contains many of the same provisions and increases the chances of bipartisan reform.
May 2, 2016- ELEC Commissioner Walter Timpone is sworn in as New Jersey’s newest Supreme Court justice after being nominated by Governor Chris Christie. One other previous commissioner, Hayden Proctor, served on the Supreme Court before joining the commission. When Timpone resigns from the commission, it is the first time in agency history that it has just one member (Chairman Ronald DeFilippis).
July 21, 2017- Ronald DeFilippis resigns from the Commission. Governor Chris Christie names Eric Jaso as chairman on July 28. (added 10/2/17).
“First Agent to Register as Lobbyist,” Trenton Evening Times, October 27, 1964.
“NJEA Now Registered to Lobby,” Trenton Evening Times, December 15, 1964.
“The Federal Election Commission- The First 10 Years,” Page 1, April 14, 1985.
Joseph Sullivan, “So Far, Drive in Jersey has Indicted 131,” New York Times, June 29, 1972 and Ronald Sullivan, “Sherwin Sentenced to One to Two Years,” New York Times, November 23, 1972.
New Jersey Legislative Index, Legislative history on S-1124.
“GOP Chairman in Bergen to Quit,” New York Times, February 5, 1973.
David Hladick, “Cahill OK Due on Bill,” The Evening Times, April 17, 1973.
Time Magazine, “Corruption: Busting Public Servants,” April 23, 1973.
Ray Warner, “An Expert Looks at State Politics,” New York Times, June 10, 1973.
Daniel Hays, “State Campaign Fund Law Called a National Model,” Star-Ledger, August 8, 1973.
Jeffrey Brindle, “The ‘Guardian Angel’ of Campaigns,” New Jersey Municipalities, April 1986.
“The Federal Election Commission- The First 10 Years,” Page 2, April 14, 1985.
Analysis by Deputy Director Joseph Donohue of information from 1976 ELEC Annual Report.
Analysis by Deputy Director Joseph Donohue of original campaign finance reports.
“The Federal Election Commission- The First 10 Years,” Page 13, April 14, 1985.
Dan Weissman, “Just One Little Word in Lobbyist Law Makes Big Difference on Disclosure,” Star-Ledger, March 24, 1987.
“The New Jersey Legislative Activities Disclosure Act- Analysis and Recommendations for Amendment,” December 1982 and “Lobbying Law Changes Aired,” Trenton Times, December 22, 1982.
“Broker Guilty of Perjury on Donation,” The Times, July 18, 1986.
“Presentment of the State Grand Jury Concerning the New Jersey Campaign Contributions and Expenditures Reporting Act,’’ October 6, 1988.
Wendy Diller, “Trouble on Many Fronts- First Jersey is Under Scrutiny Once Again,” The Record, November 9, 1986.
Chris Mondics and Patrick McGeehan, “Lobbyist Says She was Shaken Down, Accuses Top NJ Democrats,’’ The Record, January 7, 1990.
Patrick McGeehan and Chris Mondics, “Democrats Escape Lobbyist’s Charges,” The Record, April 5, 1990.
, Chris Mondics and Patrick McGeehan, “Trenton Ethics Scrutinized, Study Panel Named,” The Record, March 28, 1990.
“Findings and Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Commission on Legislative Ethics and Campaign Finance,” October 22, 1990.
Joseph Donohue, “Larry Lobbyist+Lou Lawmaker = Large Loophole in Disclosure Law,” The Press of Atlantic City, February 25, 1990.
Thomas Edsall, “Rollins: GOP Cash Suppressed Black Vote,” Washington Post, November 10, 1993.
Robert Rudolph, “Rollins Probe Finds No GOP Payoffs,” Star-Ledger, January 13, 1994; Joe Donohue, “ELEC Finds No ‘Street Money’ Abuse,’’ Star-Ledger, February 16, 1994.
Joe Donohue, “Dems Pay Top Penalty for Campaign Violations,’’ Star-Ledger, August 26, 1995.
Ted Sherman, “Ex-Florio Aide Gets 6 Months for Bond Kickback Scheme,” Star-Ledger, August 15, 1995.
Robert Cohen, “SEC Limits Political Giving by Municipal Bond Dealers,” Star-Ledger, April 7, 1994.
Dunston McNichol, “AG:Officials Covered Up DMV Mess- Report States Supervisors Ignored, Distorted Signs of Inspection Fiasco,” Star-Ledger, June 9, 2000.
Dunston McNichol, “Probe Calls Auto-Testing Deal a Waste- SCI Review Traces Overpayments and Undone Work to Bidding Process,” Star-Ledger, March 14, 2002.
Josh Margolin, “Kushner to Pay Hefty Election Law Fine-$508,900 to Feds for Improper Donations is Record for State Donors,’’ Star-Ledger, July 1, 2004 citing Conciliation Agreement in the matter of Charles Kushner and 40 Associated Partnerships, MUR 5279, Federal Election Commission, June 22, 2004.
“White Paper No. 24- Independents’ Day: Seeking Disclosure in a New Era of Unlimited Special Interest Spending, Pages 39 and 40.
Dunstan McNichol, “New Jersey Appeals Court Rejects Christie Ban on Union Campaign Support,’’ Bloomberg News, May 7, 2010.
Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. (2010).
“Former Election Officials File Amicus Brief in Supreme Court Challening Citizens United Decision and Calling on Court to Reconsider its Position,’’ Democracy 21, May 21, 2012.
Peter Aseltine, “Birdsall Services Group Pleads Guilty to Charges that it Made Illegal Corporate Political Contributions Through Executives to Evade Pay-to-Play Law and Obtain Lucrative Public Contracts,’’ Attorney General Office press release, June 13, 2013.
ELEC press release dated February 16, 2016.
Kathleen Hopkins “Ex-Birdsall Chief Gets 4 Years for Pay-to-Play Scheme,” Asbury Park Press, April 23, 2016.

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