Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca7/15-3452/15-3452-2017-08-15.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 03:54:20+00:00

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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Seventh Circuit › 2017 › Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
Plaintiffs, African-Americans, worked for Union Pacific as “Signal Helpers,” an entry‐level job. After a probationary period, both became eligible for promotion. Union Pacific did not respond to their requests to take a required test, then eliminated the Signal Helper position in their zones. Both were terminated. They filed charges with the EEOC. After receiving notification from the EEOC, Union Pacific provided some information but failed to respond to a request for company-wide information, despite issuance of a subpoena. The EEOC issued right‐to‐sue letters, 42 U.S.C. 2000e‐5(f)(1). Plaintiffs sued. The district court granted Union Pacific summary judgment. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. While that action was pending, the EEOC issued Union Pacific a second request for information, served a second subpoena, and brought an enforcement action. The district court denied Union Pacific’s motion to dismiss, rejecting its arguments that the EEOC lost its investigatory authority either after the issuance of a right to sue notice or when Union Pacific obtained a judgment. The Seventh Circuit affirmed, noting a split in the Circuits. Given the EEOC’s broad role in preventing employment discrimination, including its independent authority to investigate charges of discrimination, especially at a company‐wide level, neither the issuance of a right‐to‐sue letter nor the entry of judgment in a lawsuit brought by individuals bars the EEOC from continuing its own investigation.
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 15 3452 EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Petitioner Appellee, v. UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY, Respondent Appellant. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:14 mc 00052 LA — Lynn Adelman, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED FEBRUARY 6, 2017 — DECIDED AUGUST 15, 2017 ____________________ Before ROVNER and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges, and CONLEY, District Judge.* CONLEY, District Judge. Union Pacific Railroad challenges the legal authority of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to continue an enforcement action after issuing * Of the Western District of Wisconsin, sitting by designation. 2 No. 15 3452 a right to sue letter and subsequent resolution of the underly ing charges of discrimination in a private lawsuit. The EEOC petitioned the district court to enforce its subpoena for Union Pacific’s employment records related to these charges. After denying Union Pacific’s motion to dismiss for lack of author ity to maintain the investigation under Title VII and the EEOC’s own regulations, the district court granted the peti tion, prompting this appeal. While an issue of first impression in this circuit, similar challenges have created a split in au thority between the Fifth Circuit in EEOC v. Hearst, 103 F.3d 462 (5th Cir. 1997), and more recently the Ninth Circuit in EEOC v. Federal Express Corporation, 558 F.3d 842 (9th Cir. 2009). Both the United States Supreme Court and this court have repeatedly recognized the EEOC’s broad role in promot ing the public interest by preventing employment discrimina tion under Title VII, including its independent authority to in vestigate charges of discrimination, especially at a company wide level. Accordingly, we agree with the district court that neither the issuance of a right to sue letter nor the entry of judgment in a lawsuit brought by the individuals who origi nally filed the charges against Union Pacific bars the EEOC from continuing its own investigation. I. Background On January 3, 2011, Frank Burks and Cornelius L. Jones, Jr., began working at Union Pacific as “Signal Helpers,” an en try level job that involves laying wires and cables, digging trenches, changing signal lines, and climbing poles. Burks and Jones were the only African American employees in their ori entation group. After a 90 day probationary period, both be came eligible for possible promotion to an “Assistant Signal Person” position. In June 2011, Jones applied to take the No. 15 3452 3 Skilled Craft Battery Test (“SCBT” or “the test”), a require ment to seek the promotion. After receiving no response, Jones reapplied in September 2011. Burks also applied to take the test in October 2011. Neither, however, were ever pro vided the opportunity to do so. Instead, on October 10, 2011, Union Pacific eliminated the Signal Helper position in the zones where Burks and Jones worked, and both were terminated. That same month, Burks filed a charge with the EEOC, which states in pertinent part: “I have been denied the opportunity to take a test for the As sistant Signalman position. On or about October 10, 2011, I was discharged again.1 I believe that I have been discrimi nated because of my race, Black, and in retaliation for having engaged in protected activity.” Jones filed a similar charge the following month. After receiving notification from the EEOC that charges had been filed, Union Pacific responded with a position state ment, attaching tables that listed Signal Helpers working in the same district as Burks and Jones and the results of those employees’ applications for promotion. In particular, a table provided by Union Pacific showed that of the eighteen Signal Helper applicants, eleven were white, six were black, and one was Hispanic. Of the eleven white applicants, ten passed the test and were promoted, while one failed and was denied the promotion. The one Hispanic applicant passed the test and was promoted. Of the six black applicants, Burks and Jones 1 Burks’ charge states that he was terminated again because he was also fired after 20 days on the job. After filing an EEOC complaint that alleged racial discrimination, however, Union Pacific opted to reinstate Burks, acknowledging that he had been inadequately coached before ter mination. Burks returned to work in May 2011. 4 No. 15 3452 are the only applicants who applied but were not adminis tered the tests. Of the other four applicants, none were pro moted, although the table does not state the reason. In March 2012, the EEOC sent Union Pacific its first re quest for information seeking, among other items, a copy of the test used by Union Pacific to promote Signal Helpers to the Assistant Signalman position and company wide infor mation about persons who sought the Assistant Signalman position during the relevant period. After Union Pacific re fused that request, the EEOC issued its first subpoena in May 2012 and brought suit to enforce it in March 2013. EEOC v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., Misc. No. 13 mc 22 (E.D. Wis.). The par ties then reached a settlement in which: (1) Union Pacific agreed to provide identification information, including test results, for all individuals who took the test for the Assistant Signalman position during the relevant period of time; and (2) the EEOC dismissed its enforcement action. However, the EEOC contends that Union Pacific never provided this prom ised company wide information. In July 2012, the EEOC issued a right to sue letter to both Jones and Burks on their charges. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e 5(f)(1) (requiring the EEOC to provide a notice of right to sue to the charging individual within 180 days of the filing of the charge). Jones and Burks then filed a joint complaint, assert ing discrimination claims in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Burks v. Union Pacific R.R. Co., No. 2012 C 8164 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 11, 2012). In July 2014, the district court granted Union Pacific’s mo tion for summary judgment in the Jones and Burks’ lawsuit, finding insufficient evidence to support their claims of hostile No. 15 3452 5 work environment, retaliation for filing prior EEOC com plaints, and racial harassment. Burks v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., No. 12 C 8164, 2014 WL 3056529 (N.D. Ill. July 7, 2014); see also App. 017 034. Consistent with that finding, the district court dismissed Jones and Burks’ claims with prejudice, and this court later affirmed. Burks v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 793 F.3d 694 (7th Cir. 2015). While Jones and Burks’ action was still proceeding in dis trict court, the EEOC issued Union Pacific a second request for information in January 2014, seeking information about Union Pacific’s electronic storage systems, additional testing and computer information, and details about Signal Helpers across the company who were similarly situated to Burks and Jones. Union Pacific again refused, and the EEOC served a second subpoena in May 2014, which is the focus of this ap peal. After Union Pacific administratively petitioned to revoke or modify the subpoena, the EEOC brought an enforcement action in September 2014. The district court denied Union Pa cific’s motion to dismiss, rejecting its arguments that the EEOC lost its investigatory authority either (1) after the issu ance of a right to sue notice to Jones and Burks or (2) when the district court granted judgment in favor of Union Pacific. The district court also rejected Union Pacific’s challenge to the rel evance of the material requested and granted the EEOC’s mo tion to enforce its subpoena. This appeal followed. II. Discussion The appeal actually presents two issues. The first is a ques tion of law—whether the EEOC is authorized by statute to continue investigating an employer by seeking enforcement 6 No. 15 3452 of its subpoena after issuing a notice of right to sue to the charging individuals and the dismissal of the individuals’ sub sequent civil lawsuit on the merits—which we review de novo. See EEOC v. United Air Lines, 287 F.3d 643, 649 (7th Cir. 2002). The second—whether the information sought in the subpoena was relevant to the EEOC’s investigation—we review under an abuse of discretion standard. See McLane Co. v. EEOC, 581 U.S. ____, 137 S. Ct. 1159, 1170 (2017); United Air Lines, 287 F.3d at 649. 2 A. Enforcement Authority Title VII was amended in 1972 to provide the EEOC with the authority to sue employers as a means “to implement the public interest as well as to bring about more effective en forcement of private rights. Gen. Tel. Co. of Nw. v. EEOC, 446 U.S. 318, 326 (1980) (discussing 42 U.S.C. § 2000 5(f)(1)). In deed, this amendment expressly recognized that the EEOC’s critical role in preventing employment discrimination ex tends beyond the private charge filed by an individual. As the Supreme Court explained in General Telephone, “When the EEOC acts, albeit at the behest of and for the benefit of specific individuals, it acts also to vindicate the public interest in pre venting employment discrimination.” Id. at 326; see also EEOC 2 Jurisdiction over the EEOC’s petition for enforcement of the sub poena below is found both in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e 5(f) and § 2000e 8(c), which authorize a district court to adjudicate subpoena enforcement actions filed by the EEOC, and 28 U.S.C § 1345, which provides district courts with subject matter jurisdiction over suits filed by the United States or its agen cies. See EEOC v. Watkins, 553 F.3d 593, 595 (7th Cir. 2009). Because the district court’s October 15, 2015, order enforcing the subpoena is a final order, and Union Pacific filed a timely appeal, we exercise jurisdiction over this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. No. 15 3452 7 v. Harris Chernin, Inc., 10 F.3d 1286, 1291 (7th Cir. 1993) (EEOC’s “interests are broader than those of the individuals injured by discrimination.”). Certainly, as Union Pacific stressed in its appeal, “the EEOC’s investigative authority is tied to charges filed with the Commission; unlike other federal agencies that possess plenary authority to demand to see records relevant to mat ters within their jurisdiction, the EEOC is entitled to access only to evidence ‘relevant to the charge under investigation.’” EEOC v. Shell Oil Co., 466 U.S. 54, 64 (1984) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e 8(a)); see also United Air Lines, 287 F.3d at 650 (citing Shell Oil for proposition that “the authority of the EEOC to investigate is grounded in the charge of discrimination”). Un ion Pacific’s appeal is premised on a theory, however, that the EEOC’s investigatory authority also ends when the charging individual commences a lawsuit on his or her claim of em ployment discrimination. As a result, Union Pacific argues that the district court erred in allowing the EEOC to pursue an investigation, including its issuance and enforcement of a subpoena, after issuing Jones and Burks a right to sue letter, and even if the EEOC’s authority extended beyond the issu ance of the right to sue letter, any investigatory authority surely ended when the district court granted judgment in Un ion Pacific’s favor on the individuals’ claims themselves. As mentioned, whether the issuance of a right to sue letter to the charging individual terminates the EEOC’s authority to investigate is an issue of first impression for this circuit and has produced a split in the circuits that have considered the issue. In EEOC v. Hearst, 103 F.3d 462 (5th Cir. 1997), the Fifth Circuit held that the EEOC’s authority to investigate a charge ends when it issues a right to sue letter; in contrast, in EEOC 8 No. 15 3452 v. Federal Express Corporation, 558 F.3d 842 (9th Cir. 2009), the Ninth Circuit held that the issuance of a right to sue letter does not strip the EEOC of authority to continue to process the charge, including independent investigation of allega tions of discrimination on a company wide basis. Not surprisingly, Union Pacific primarily relies on the Fifth Circuit’s decision in support of its appeal.3 The Hearst court found relevant that the “‘integrated, multistep enforce ment procedure’ established by Title VII is divided into four distinct stages: filing and notice of charge, investigation, con ference and conciliation, and, finally enforcement.” Hearst, 103 F.3d at 468 (citing Occidental Life Ins. Co. v. EEOC, 432 U.S. 355, 359 (1977)). The court further found that these steps must always proceed as separate stages, rather than overlapping each other. Id. While acknowledging the EEOC’s ability to con tinue an investigatory role by either intervening in an individ ual’s lawsuit, by pursuing discovery or by filing a Commis sioner’s charge, 29 C.F.R. § 1601.11, the Fifth Circuit did not explain why the EEOC’s authority to investigate necessarily must be limited to the pre enforcement phase. On the con trary, if you read the entire Hearst opinion, particularly “Sec tion A,” which deals with whether the subpoena was un timely, the Fifth Circuit appeared most concerned about speeding up the EEOC process as a whole. See Hearst, 103 F.3d at 468 (“Notwithstanding that the 180 day period appears to be an important part of the statutory design, it has been ren dered practically meaningless.”); see also Federal Express, 558 3 The amicus brief submitted by the Equal Employment Advisory Council also relies heavily on the Hearst opinion. While we have reviewed the submission, the amicus brief does not add materially to the arguments presented by the appellant. No. 15 3452 9 F.3d at 853 n.4 (similarly observing that Fifth Circuit appears primarily motived by speed). Policy concerns about delays in resolving charges, while worthwhile, would seem an insuffi cient (if not irrelevant) basis to assess the statutory authority vested in the EEOC to investigate in parallel or inde pendently, especially in light of the EEOC’s broad obligation to the public interest. Cf. Shell Oil, 466 U.S. at 69 (cautioning that the EEOC’s ability “to investigate charges of systemic dis crimination not be impaired”). Twelve years after the Hearst opinion, the Ninth Circuit in Federal Express rejected the Fifth Circuit’s concept of distinct, linear stages of enforcement by the EEOC, holding that “the beginning of another stage does not necessarily terminate the preceding stage.” 558 F.3d at 852. Today, we join in that hold ing, concluding that the text of Title VII, and more recent Su preme Court and Seventh Circuit opinions, do not support such a restrictive interpretation of the EEOC’s enforcement authority. To begin, Title VII sets forth the requirements and general process for: (1) the filing of a charge by an aggrieved individ ual or by an EEOC Commissioner, § 2000e 5(b), (e); (2) initiat ing an investigation of the charge by the EEOC, § 2000e 8(a); (3) exploring conciliation efforts if appropriate, § 2000e 5(b); and (4) engaging in enforcement efforts through its own civil action or by issuing a right to sue letter to the private party, §§ 2000e 5(f)(1), 2000e 5(b). As previously noted, the Supreme Court explained in Shell Oil that a charge must meet the re quirements of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e 5(b) to serve as a “prerequi site to judicial enforcement of a subpoena issued by the 10 No. 15 3452 EEOC.” Shell Oil, 466 U.S. at 65.4 The requirements of the statute itself are minimal: the charge “shall be in writing, under oath or affirmation and shall contain such information and be in such form as the Commission requires.” Id. at 67 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e 5(b)). The applicable regulations further provide that a charge must contain “[a] clear and concise statement of the facts, in cluding the pertinent dates, constituting the alleged unlawful employment practices.” Id. (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(a)(3)(1983)). As also previously explained, “[w]hether a specific charge is valid is determined from the face of the charge, not from extrinsic evidence.” United Airlines, 287 F.3d at 650 (internal citation omitted); see also Watkins Motor Lines, Inc., 553 F.3d 593, 597 (7th Cir. 2009) (requiring only the filing of a valid charge to authorize the EEOC to investigate). Since there seems no dispute that the charges filed in 2011 met these basic requirements, there is no reasonable dispute that the EEOC was expressly authorized to conduct an investigation. In contrast, once begun, the statute does not expressly (nor from the court’s perspective, implicitly) limit the EEOC’s in vestigatory authority to the 180 day window it has to issue a notice of right to sue letter if requested by the charging indi vidual. Moreover, while a valid charge is a requirement for 4 In EEOC v. Watkins Motor Lines, Inc., 553 F.3d 593 (7th Cir. 2009), this court observed that, although the Supreme Court refers to a “jurisdictional prerequisite,” the statutory requirement of a valid charge is not that, at least in the broadest sense, but rather it is a “mandatory case processing rule.” Id. at 595 96. As such, the lack of a valid charge does not deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction over a subpoena enforcement ac tion, though it would doom any enforcement action. Id. No. 15 3452 11 beginning an EEOC investigation, nothing in Title VII sup ports a ruling that the EEOC’s authority is then limited by the actions of the charging individual. Between the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Hearst and the Ninth Circuit’s more recent opinion in Federal Express, the Su preme Court also considered whether an arbitration agree ment with the charging individual would bar the EEOC from pursuing victim specific judicial relief on behalf of that em ployee. See EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279 (2002). In holding that the charging individual’s agreement to arbitrate did not bar further action on the part of the EEOC, the Su preme Court addressed the interplay between an individual charge and the EEOC’s continuing authority to investigate and pursue enforcement actions: “The statute clearly makes the EEOC the master of its case and confers on the agency the authority to evaluate the strength of the public interest at stake.” Id. at 291. As such, the Court necessarily rejected the notion—endorsed by the Fifth Circuit in Hearst and again proffered by the appellant here—that the EEOC’s role is “merely derivative” of the charging individual. Id. at 297. Following Waffle House, this court similarly held in Watkins Motor Lines, Inc., 553 F.3d 593 (7th Cir. 2009), that the with drawing of a charge of discrimination by an employee does not strip the EEOC of its authority to pursue its investigation. “All Shell Oil requires is a valid charge. Once one has been filed, the EEOC rather than the employee determines how the investigation proceeds.” Id. at 596; see also EEOC v. Sidley Aus tin LLP, 437 F.3d 695, 696 (7th Cir. 2006) (“The reason there was no bar [in Waffle House] was not that the arbitration clause was unenforceable but that the Commission was not bound by it because its enforcement authority is not derivative of the 12 No. 15 3452 legal rights of individuals even when it is seeking to make them whole.” (emphasis added)). This understanding of the EEOC’s independent authority is further confirmed by the amendments to Title VII, which granted the EEOC broader authority to investigate and initi ate enforcement actions to address employment discrimina tion, expressly beyond the specific complaints of the private charging individual. As this court explained in Watkins, to limit the EEOC’s investigation to the decisions made by the charging individuals would needlessly inhibit its ability to conduct “a pattern or practice investigation that might lead to relief for many persons in addition to [the charging indi vidual].” 553 F.3d at 597. Accordingly, the EEOC has subse quently adopted a regulation that expressly contemplates the continuation of an investigation after the issuance of a notice of right to sue. Issuance of a notice of right to sue shall termi nate further proceeding of any charge that is not a Commissioner charge unless the District Di rector; Field Director; Area Director; Local Di rector; Director of the Office of Field Programs or upon delegation, the Director of Field Man agement Programs; or the General Counsel, de termines at that time or at a later time that it would effectuate the purpose of title VII, the ADA, or GINA to further process the charge. 29 C.F.R. § 1601.28(a)(3); see also Federal Express, 558 F.3d at 850 & n.2.5 5 While Union Pacific challenges whether this regulation is entitled to Chevron deference based on its contrary construction of Title VII, “[t]he No. 15 3452 13 Perhaps Union Pacific’s stronger argument is that the EEOC has other avenues available to pursue an investigation once a notice of right to sue letter has been issued—namely, the EEOC could (1) serve a Commissioner’s charge or (2) in tervene in the charging individual’s lawsuit.6 However, the availability of alternate investigatory avenues hardly sup ports limiting the EEOC’s use of its most effective avenue, es pecially given that both alternatives could undermine the full investigatory authority of the EEOC. For example, a Commis sioner’s charge filed after issuance of a notice of right to sue may be deemed untimely, see Watkins, 553 F.3d at 598, or lim itations on discovery may be imposed in the charging indi vidual’s lawsuit, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). In light of the ab sence of any textual support in Title VII for appellant’s posi tion, the EEOC’s adoption of a regulation that expressly con templates the continuation of an investigation after the notice of right to sue letter has been issued, and the Supreme Court’s express guidance that the EEOC is the master of the charge in order to serve a public interest extending beyond that of a charging individual, therefore, we hold that the issu ance of a right to sue letter does not bar further investigation EEOC’s interpretation of its own rules is entitled to deference.” Shell Oil, 466 U.S. at 74 n.28. Regardless, since the court has already rejected Union Pacific’s construction, this challenge completely fails to get off the ground. 6 “A Commissioner charge is a discrimination claim issued by an EEOC Commissioner; there is no private charging party.” EEOC v. Quad/Graphics, Inc., 63 F.3d 642, 644 (7th Cir. 1995); see also EEOC v. A.E. Staley Mfg. Co., 711 F.2d 780, 785 (7th Cir. 1983) (explaining that one pur pose of a Commissioner’s charge is “to initiate an investigation where an individual is unwilling to file the charge for fear of retaliation by the em ployer” (internal citation omitted)). 14 No. 15 3452 on the part of the EEOC. This leaves Union Pacific’s alternative contention, that any authority the EEOC had to enforce a subpoena after the right to sue letter was issued ended when the charging individuals’ lawsuit was dismissed on the merits. While this issue extends beyond that posed to the Fifth and Ninth Circuits, the answer—and the reasoning underlying the answer—would appear the same: the entry of judgment in the charging individual’s civil action has no more bearing on the EEOC’s authority to continue its investigation than does its issuance of a right to sue letter to that individual. In its opening brief, Union Pacific asserts flatly without offering any textual or legal support that “if a court rules that a charge is invalid, then an investigation of that charge is over.” Appellant’s Br. 10. To the contrary, the validity of the charge is judged on the face of the charge itself. See United Airlines, 287 F.3d at 650; Watkins, 553 F.3d at 597. Assuming the charge meets the requirements of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e 5(b), and the EEOC has not resolved or dismissed the charge, see 29 C.F.R. §§ 1601.21, 1601.19, the language of Title VII grants the EEOC control over its own investigation and enforcement efforts. Accordingly, the disposition of a civil action brought by charging individuals does not necessarily prevent the EEOC from continuing that investigation.7 To hold otherwise would not only undercut the EEOC’s role as the master of its case under Title VII, it would render the EEOC’s authority as “merely derivative” of that of the charging individual contrary to the Supreme Court’s holding in Waffle House. 534 U.S. at 291, 297. The 7 For example, the charge of a larger pattern or practice of discrimina tion obviously extends beyond the interests of the two charging individu als. No. 15 3452 15 policy implications of such a ruling are also disturbing, since it would give unhealthy leverage to an individual litigant and an undue incentive to employers to purchase a stipulated dismissal with prejudice in order to prevent the EEOC from pursuing a larger public interest where the circumstances warrant. Even an adjudication on the merits of the individuals’ charges, as here, would leave the outcome to the narrower, private interests and resources of those individuals, rather than to the judgment that the EEOC is required to exercise in pursuing leads uncovered as part of its own, independent investigation in the public interest. Of course, in determining whether to enforce a subpoena, there is also the requirement of relevance, as discussed imme diately below. And, although of little solace to Union Pacific here, the EEOC itself describes the continuation of its own in vestigation after the issuance of a right to sue notice as unu sual or atypical. Appellee’s Br. 29; see also 29 C.F.R. § 1601.28(a)(3) (describing exception to usual proceeding of terminating investigation upon issuance of notice of right to sue). Finally, in determining whether to enforce a subpoena, a district court could still consider the date of filing of the charge, the course of the investigation, the timing of the sub poena, and any civil actions brought by the charging individ uals in determining whether the subpoena poses an undue burden. See McLane, 137 S. Ct. at 1170. 16 No. 15 3452 B. Relevance Under Title VII, the EEOC is authorized to examine and copy “any evidence … relevant to the charge under investiga tion,” and it may “petition the district courts to enforce the subpoenas it issues pursuant to this authority.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e 8(a); EEOC v. Quad/Graphics, Inc., 63 F.3d 642, 645 (7th Cir. 1995) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e 9)). As the Supreme Court explained in Shell Oil, the requirement under § 2000e 8 that the EEOC is only entitled to “relevant” evidence is not in tended to be “especially constraining.” 466 U.S. at 68; see also United Air Lines, 287 F.3d at 652 (describing the burden as “not particularly onerous”). Rather, “courts have generously con strued the term ‘relevant’ and have afforded the Commission access to virtually any material that might cast light on the allegations against the employer.” Shell Oil, 466 U.S. at 68 69. Still, “[t]he requirement of relevance, like the charge require ment itself, is designed to cabin the EEOC’s authority and pre vent ‘fishing expeditions.’” United Air Lines, 287 F.3d at 653. Here, the EEOC received information from Union Pacific itself that all other African American Signal Helpers, not just the original claimants Burks and Jones, applying for a promo tion to Assistant Signalman were turned down for a promo tion. Based on this, the EEOC sought additional information about the test being administered to become eligible for pro motion and the successful and unsuccessful applicants, in cluding computerized personnel information. While Union Pacific contends that the information sought extends beyond the allegations in the underlying charges, this argument is premised on the same overly narrow view of the role of the EEOC already rejected in this opinion above. Moreover, the information sought in the subpoena might well “cast light on No. 15 3452 17 the allegations against the employer,” thus satisfying the rel evance requirement, or at least the district court did not abuse its discretion in so finding.8 Accordingly, the district court’s order enforcing the subpoena is AFFIRMED. 8 As the Supreme Court reiterated recently in McLane Co. v. EEOC, 581 U.S. ____, 137 S. Ct. 1159 (2017), “[i]f the charge is proper and the material requested is relevant, the district court should enforce the subpoena un less the employer establishes that the subpoena is ‘too indefinite,’ has been issued for an ‘illegitimate purpose,’ or is unduly burdensome.” Id. at 1170 (quoting Shell Oil, 466 U.S. at 72 n.26). While Union Pacific argued to the district court that the petition should be dismissed because the EEOC un reasonably delayed in serving its subpoena, Union Pacific did not press this argument on appeal. Even if it had, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Union Pacific contributed to the delay by refus ing to provide information requested in the EEOC’s first and second sub poena.
Neither the issuance of a right‐to‐sue letter nor the entry of judgment in a lawsuit brought by individuals bars the EEOC from continuing its own investigation.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.

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