Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/325/365/
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 12:25:23+00:00

Document:
1. The questions whether, on the facts found by the Tax Court, expenses incurred by trustees in contesting an income tax deficiency assessment and in winding up the trust after its expiration are deductible under § 23(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code as expenses for the "management . . . of property held for the production of income," are clear-cut questions of law, the decision of which by the Tax Court does not foreclose their decision by the Circuit Court of Appeals or this Court, although their decision by the Tax Court is entitled to great weight. P. 325 U. S. 371.
Revenue Code as expenses for the "management . . . of property held for the production of income," and reversal by the Circuit Court of Appeals on the ground that such expenses were not "for the production of income" and not for the management of "property held for the production of income" within the meaning of that section was unwarranted. Pp. 325 U. S. 373, 325 U. S. 376.
3. The trust properties did not cease to be "held for the production of income" even though, as the trust term reached its expiry date, the trustees were under a duty to distribute the property among the remaindermen. P. 325 U. S. 373.
4. Section 23(a)(2) is comparable and in pari materia with § 23(a)(1), authorizing the deduction of business or trade expenses. P. 325 U. S. 373.
5. The costs of distribution of the corpus of the trust were expenses of a function of "management" of the trust property quite as much as were expenses incurred in producing the trust income. P. 325 U. S. 375.
6. References in the House Committee Report accompanying the bill which became the Revenue Act of 1942, and in Treasury Regulations 103, § 19.23(a)-15, to the nondeductibility of administrators' and executors' expenses incurred in the administration of the estate of the decedent, including those of distributing assets to the beneficiaries, do not require by analogy that the trustees' distribution expenses here in question be deemed nondeductible. P. 325 U. S. 375.
7. Section 23(a)(2) does not restrict deductions to those litigation expenses which alone produce income; on the contrary, by its terms, and in analogy with the rule under § 23(a)(1), the trust may deduct litigation expenses when they are directly connected with or proximately result from the enterprise -- the management of property held for production of income. Kornhauser v. United States, 276 U. S. 145. P. 325 U. S. 376.
8. To the extent that Treasury Regulations 103, § 19.23(a)-15 purports to deny deduction of litigation expense unless it is to produce income, and to the extent that it departs from the rule of Kornhauser v. United States, it conflicts with the meaning and purpose of § 23(a)(2), and is unauthorized. P. 325 U. S. 377.
Certiorari, 324 U.S. 835, to review the reversal of a decision of the Tax Court, 2 T.C. 853, which set aside the Commissioner's determination of a deficiency in income tax.
Petitioners are the trustees of a testamentary trust created for a term of twenty-one years under the will of Mary Lily (Flagler) Bingham. The testatrix bequeathed to the trustees the residue of her estate, including a large number of securities. The trustees were empowered in their discretion to sell any of the property held in trust (except certain securities of two companies designated as the "principal properties"), to invest and reinvest the proceeds and the income from the trust fund, and to use the proceeds and the income for the benefit of the principal properties and for the "maintenance, administration, or development of the said principal or subsidiary properties." The trustees were to pay specified amounts annually to certain legatees. When the niece of the testatrix reached a certain age, she was to receive from the trust a specified amount in cash or securities. At the end of twenty-one years, the trustees were directed to pay other legacies, and to distribute the remainder of the fund in equal parts to a brother and two sisters of the testatrix.
with the payment of one of the cash legacies, and in connection with tax and other problems arising upon the expiration of the trust and relating to the final distribution of the trust fund among the three residuary legatees.
"all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year for the production or collection of income, or for the management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production of income."
Section 162 of the Code, so far as now relevant, makes § 23(a)(2) applicable to the income taxation of trusts.
Petitioners, in their income tax return for 1940, took deductions for the legal expenses. The Commissioner disallowed the deductions and assessed a tax deficiency, and petitioners filed the present suit in the Tax Court to set aside the assessment. That Court, after finding the facts as we have stated them, found that the trust property was held for the production of income; that all the items in question were ordinary and necessary expenses of the management of the trust property, and that the fees and expenses for contesting the income tax deficiency assessment were also for the conservation of the trust property. It therefore concluded that all were rightly deducted in calculating the taxable net income of the trust. 2 T.C. 853.
Court of Appeals departed from the principles laid down in Dobson v. Commissioner, 320 U. S. 489, governing review of decisions of the Tax Court, and that the decision conflicted in principle with Commissioner v. Heininger, 320 U. S. 467, and Kornhauser v. United States, 276 U. S. 145.
The Court of Appeals left undisturbed the Tax Court's findings that the questioned items were ordinary and necessary expenses for the management or conservation of the trust property, but it held that the fees for contesting the tax deficiency were nevertheless not deductible under § 23(a)(2). It thought that the expenses of contesting the income tax had nothing to do with the production of income, and hence were not deductible as expenses "for the production of income" within the meaning of the statute. The court also thought that these expenses were not deductible, because they were paid in connection with property held by the trustees "ready for distribution," and hence not "for the production of income." Similarly it held that the fees for professional services rendered in connection with the payment of legacies and the distribution of the trust fund, were not expenses relating to the management of property held for the production of income, since they were rendered after the trust term had expired and when the property was ready for distribution.
The Government makes like arguments here. In addition, it urges that the expenses in connection with the distribution of the trust fund were not expenses of management of the trust property held for the production of income, but only expenses relating to its devolution, and that the expenses are not deductible under § 23(a)(2) because there was no proximate relationship between the expenses when paid and the property then held in trust.
and the purpose of the section as disclosed by its statutory setting and legislative history, and that, notwithstanding the weight of the Tax Court's decision against them, they raise questions of law reviewable by the Circuit Court of Appeals and by this Court.
The requirement of § 23(a)(2) that deductible expenses be "ordinary and necessary" implies that they must be reasonable in amount and must bear a reasonable and proximate relation to the management of property held for the production of income. See H.Rep. No. 2333, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 75; Sen.Rep. No. 1631, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 88. Ordinarily questions of reasonableness and proximity are for the trier of fact, here the Tax Court. Commissioner v. Heininger, supra, 320 U. S. 475; McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U. S. 57, 323 U. S. 64-65; see Commissioner v. Scottish American Inv. Co., 323 U. S. 119. And even when they are hybrid questions of "mixed law and fact," their resolution, because of the fact element involved, will usually afford little concrete guidance for future cases, and reviewing courts will set aside the decisions of the Tax Court only when they announce a rule of general applicability, that the facts found fall short of meeting statutory requirements. Dobson v. Commissioner, supra, 320 U. S. 502; Commissioner v. Estate of Bedford, 325 U. S. 283; cf. Paul, "Dobson v. Commissioner," 57 Harv.Law Rev. 753 at 828-832, 836, 837. But whether the applicable statutes and regulations are such as to preclude the decision which the Tax Court has rendered is, as was recognized in Dobson v. Commissioner, supra, 320 U. S. 492-493, a question of law reviewable on appeal. See also Commissioner v. Heininger, supra, 320 U. S. 475.
terms of the trust, the nature of the property, and the duties of the trustees with respect to it were all found by the Tax Court, and are not challenged. The questions whether, on the facts found, the expenses in question are nondeductible either because they were not to produce income or because they were related to the management of property which was not held for the production of income turn in this case on the meaning of the words of § 23(a)(2), "property held for the production of income." They are therefore questions of law, decision of which is unembarrassed by any disputed question of fact or any necessity to draw an inference of fact from the basic findings. See Commissioner v. Scottish American Inv. Co., supra. They are "clear cut" questions of law, decision of which by the Tax Court does not foreclose their decision by appellate courts, as in other cases, Dobson v. Commissioner, supra, 320 U. S. 492, 320 U. S. 493, although their decision by the Tax Court is entitled to great weight. Dobson v. Commissioner, supra, 320 U. S. 501-502, and cases cited; cf. Medo Photo Supply Corp. v. Labor Board, 321 U. S. 678, 321 U. S. 681-682, n. 1, and cases cited.
of it is right, rather than wrong. Whether or not its decision is "in accordance with law" is a question which the statute, Int.Rev.Code, § 1141(c)(1), expressly makes subject to appellate review. Congress, when it thus authorized review of questions of law only, was not unaware of the difficulties of such a review of the decisions of a tribunal which decides questions both of law and of fact. But Congress did not dispense with such review.
Hence, the statute does not leave the Tax Court as the final arbiter of the issue whether its own decisions of questions of law are right or wrong. That can only be ascertained upon resort to the prescribed appellate process by a consideration of the merits of the point of law involved, and by its decision at the conclusion of the process, not before it begins. The fact that the Court of Appeals below, while accepting the Tax Court's findings of fact, has nevertheless reversed its decision, would seem not to leave the question of law decided so free from doubt that the mandate of the statute could rightly be disregarded on any theory. If review were to be denied in this case, it would be difficult to say that any construction of a taxing statute by the Tax Court would be subject to appellate review.
We turn to the first ground for reversal relied on by the Court of Appeals -- that the property was held for distribution, and no longer for the production of income. The fact that the trustees, in the administration of the trust, were required to invest its corpus for the production of income and to devote the income to the purposes of the trust establishes, as the Tax Court held, that the trust property was held for the production of income during the stated term of the trust. The decisive question is whether the property ceased to be held for the production of income because, as the trust term reached its expiry date, the trustees were under a duty to distribute the property among the remaindermen.
It is true that expiration of the trust operated to change the beneficiaries entitled to receive the income of the trust property, from those entitled to the income during the term of the trust to the remaindermen. But the duty of the trustees to hold and conserve the trust property, and, until distribution, to receive income from it, continued. The property did not cease to be held for the production of income because, upon the expiration of the trust and until distribution, the trustees were under an additional duty to distribute the trust fund, or because the trustees, upon distribution, were then accountable to new and different beneficiaries, the residuary legatees, both for the principal of the fund and any income accumulating after the expiry date. To exclude from the deduction privilege expenses which the Tax Court has held to be expenses of management of the trust, on the ground that the trust fund, upon the expiration of the trust, ceased to be "held for the production of income" would be to disregard the Tax Court's findings of fact and the words of the statute, and would defeat its obvious purpose.
Nor is there merit in the court's conclusion that the expenses were not deductible because they were not for the production of income. Section 23(a)(2) provides for two classes of deductions -- expenses "for the production . . . of income" and expenses of "management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production of income." To read this section as requiring that expenses be paid for the production of income in order to be deductible is to make unnecessary, and to read out of the section, the provision for the deduction of expenses of management of property held for the production of income.
the expense, if "ordinary and necessary," is directly connected with or proximately results from the conduct of the business. Kornhauser v. United States, supra, 276 U. S. 152-153; Commissioner v. Heininger, supra, 320 U. S. 470-471. The effect of § 23(a)(2) was to provide for a class of nonbusiness deductions coextensive with the business deductions allowed by § 23(a)(1), except for the fact that, since they were not incurred in connection with a business, the section made it necessary that they be incurred for the production of income or in the management or conservation of property held for the production of income. McDonald v. Commissioner, supra, 323 U. S. 61-62, 323 U. S. 66, and see H.Rep. No. 2333, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 46, 74-76; S.Rep. No. 1631, 77th Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 87-88.
Since there is no requirement that business expenses be for the production of income, there is no reason for that requirement in the case of like expenses of managing a trust, so long as they are in connection with the management of property which is held for the production of income. Section 23(a)(2) thus treats the trust as an entity for producing income comparable to a business enterprise, and, like § 23(a)(1), permits deductions of management expenses of the trust even though the particular expense was not an expense directly producing income. It follows that all of the items of expense here in question are deductible if, as the Tax Court has held, they are expenses of management or conservation of the trust fund, whether their expenditure did or did not result in the production of income.
to the income beneficiaries are likewise not deductible, since the distribution of income is also a devolution of trust property. But the duties of the trustees were not only to hold the property for the production of income and to collect the income, but also, in administering the trust, to distribute the income and the principal so held from time to time, and the remainder of the principal at the expiration of the trust. Performance of each of these duties is an integral part of carrying out the trust enterprise. Accordingly, as the Tax Court held, the costs of distribution here were quite as much expenses of a function of "management" of the trust property as were expenses incurred in producing the trust income, and, if "ordinary and necessary," they were deductible.
the Report recommended an amendment, which became § 161(a) of the Revenue Act of 1942, adding § 162(e) to the Internal Revenue Code. Section 162(e) provides, with immaterial exceptions, that "amounts allowable under section 812(b) as a deduction in computing the net estate of a decedent shall not be allowed as a deduction under section 23." Here, as the Tax Court found, there is no possibility of such a double deduction, since the expenses were not deductible under the decedent's estate tax return.
What we have said applies with equal force to the expenses of contesting the tax deficiency. Section 23(a)(2) does not restrict deductions to those litigation expenses which alone produce income. On the contrary, by its terms, and in analogy with the rule under § 23(a)(1), the business expenses section, the trust, a taxable entity like a business, may deduct litigation expenses when they are directly connected with or proximately result from the enterprise -- the management of property held for production of income. Kornhauser v. United States, supra, 276 U. S. 152-153; Commissioner v. Heininger, supra, 320 U. S. 470-471. The Tax Court could find as a matter of fact, as it did, that the expenses of contesting the income taxes were a proximate result of the holding of the property for income. And we cannot say as a matter of law that such expenses are any less deductible than expenses of suits to recover income. Cf. Commissioner v. Heininger, supra.
taxpayer clearly shows to be properly allocable to the recovery of interest required to be included in income."
So far as this regulation purports to deny deduction of litigation expense unless it is to produce income, it is not in conformity to the statute, for the reasons already stated, or with the Regulation already mentioned, which provides that, in addition to expenses for the production or collection of trust income, expenses of management or conservation of trust property held for the production of income are also deductible. To that extent and to the extent that it departs from the rule of Kornhauser v. United States, supra, it conflicts with the meaning and purpose of § 23(a)(2), and so is unauthorized. Helvering v. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 306 U. S. 110.
We find no error of law in the judgment of the Tax Court. Its judgment will be affirmed, and that of the Court of Appeals reversed.
* See e.g., Security Mills Co. v. Commissioner, 321 U. S. 281, 321 U. S. 286; Douglas v. Commissioner, 322 U. S. 275; Commissioner v. Harmon, 323 U. S. 44; McDonald v. Commissioner, 323 U. S. 57; Claridge Apartments Co. v. Commissioner, 323 U. S. 141, 323 U. S. 145; Fondren v. Commissioner, 324 U. S. 18; Choate v. Commissioner, 324 U. S. 1; Commissioner v. Estate of Field, 324 U. S. 113; Webre Steib Co. v. Commissioner, 324 U. S. 164; Commissioner v. Smith, 324 U. S. 177; Commissioner v. Wemyss, 324 U. S. 303; Commissioner v. Wheeler, 324 U. S. 542; Estate of Putnam v. Commissioner, 324 U. S. 393; Angelus Milling Co. v. Commissioner, ante, p. 325 U. S. 293; Commissioner v. Estate of Bedford, ante, p. 325 U. S. 283; Commissioner v. Disstex, post, p. 325 U. S. 442.
This is one of those cases in which the ground of the decision is more important than the decision itself, except to the parties. And so, while I concur in the result, I feel bound to say that I think the manner in which it is reached is calculated to increase the already ample difficulties in judicial review of Tax Court determinations. The course of our decisions since Dobson v. Commissioner, 320 U. S. 489, calls for clarification and avoidance of further confusion.
Courts of Appeals, and even more so of this Court, are bound to be more or less episodic and dependent upon contingencies that cannot give these appellate courts that feel of the expert which is so important for wise construction of such interrelated and complicated enactments as those which constitute our revenue laws. These factors, so decisive in the stream of tax litigation, weigh heavily in apportioning functions between the Tax Court and the courts reviewing the Tax Court. Accordingly, the vital guidance of the Dobson opinion was that a decision of the Tax Court should stand unless it involves "a clear-cut mistake of law," 320 U. S. 320 U.S. 489, 320 U. S. 502. Considerations that may properly govern what are to be deemed questions of fact and questions of law as between judge and jury, or considerations relevant to the drawing of a line between questions of fact and questions of law on appeal from a court of first instance sitting without a jury, or in determining what is a foreclosed question of fact in cases coming to this Court from State courts on claims of unconstitutionality, may be quite misleading when a decision of the Tax Court is challenged in the various Circuit Courts of Appeals or here as "not in accordance with law."
near to what abstractly are usually characterized as questions of law, whether the question of division of labor in a litigation is between judges and lay juries, or between judges of first instance and of appellate courts when there is no difference of specialized experience between the two classes of judges. Thus, the construction of documents has, for historic reasons, been deemed to be a question of law in the sense that the meaning is to be given by judges, and not by laymen. But this crude division between what is "law" and what is "fact" is not relevant to the proper demarcation of functions as between the Tax Court and the reviewing courts. To hold that the Circuit Courts of Appeals, and eventually this Court, must make an independent examination of the meaning of every word of tax legislation, no matter whether the words express accounting, business, or other conceptions peculiarly within the special competence of the Tax Court, is to sacrifice the effectiveness of the judicial scheme designed by Congress especially for tax litigation to an abstract notion of "law" derived from the merely historic function of courts generally to construe documents, including legislation. More than that. If the appellate courts must make an independent examination of the meaning of every word in tax legislation, on the assumption that the construction of legislative language is necessarily for the appellate courts, how can they reasonably refuse to consider claims that the words have been misapplied in the circumstances of a particular case? Meaning derives vitality from application. Meaning is easily thwarted or distorted by misapplication. If the appellate courts are charged with the duty of giving meaning to words because they are contained in tax legislation, they equally cannot escape the duty of examining independently whether a proper application has been given by the Tax Court.
leave with the Tax Court the final say also as to matters which involve construction of legal documents and the application of legislation even though the process may be expressed in general propositions, so long as the Tax Court has not committed what was characterized in the Dobson case as a "clear-cut mistake of law."
Court unmistakably has to pass allows the Tax Court's application of the law to the situation before it as a reasonable one -- if the situation could, without violence to language, be brought within the terms under which the Tax Court placed it or be kept out of the terms from which that Court kept it -- the Tax Court cannot in reason be said to have acted "not in accordance with law." In short, there was no "clear-cut mistake of law," but a fair administration of it.
If these considerations are to prevail, the sole question before a Circuit Court of Appeals is whether the decision by the Tax Court presents a "clear-cut mistake of law." There should be an end of the matter once it is admitted that the application made by the Tax Court was an allowable one. If a question becomes a reviewable question in tax cases because, abstractly considered, it may be cast into a "pure question of law," it would require no great dialectical skill to throw most questions which are appealed from the Tax Court into questions of law independently reviewable by the Circuit Courts of Appeals. The road would be open to a new insistence for increased tax reviews by this Court on certiorari. The intention of the Dobson case was precisely otherwise. It was to centralize responsibility in the Tax Court, to minimize isolated intrusions by the Circuit Courts of Appeals into the technical complexities of tax determinations except when the Tax Court has clearly transcended its specialized competence, and to discourage resort to this Court in tax cases except where conflict among the circuits or constitutional questions or a "clear-cut mistake of law" of real importance may call for our intervention.
services concerned (1) litigation in which the trustees unsuccessfully contested a deficiency claim based on taxable gain to the estate, (2) payment of a legacy, and (3) problems arising from the expiration of the trust and the disposition of its assets. The sole question before the Tax Court was whether these fees and charges were deductible as expenses incurred "for the management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production of income" under § 121(a) of the Revenue Act of 1942, 56 Stat. 798, 819.
Whether these payments constituted expenses "for the management . . . of property held for the production of income" may as fairly be said to be a question of fact -- namely, the purpose which these payments served with relation to property held for the production of income -- as it could said that they involve a proper construction of what the statute means by "management" of such property. The truth of the matter is that the problem involves a judgment regarding the interplay of both questions -- namely, what relation do these payments have to what may properly be deemed the managerial duties of trustees. It is possible to transform every so-called question of fact concerning the propriety of expenses incurred by trustees into a generalized inquiry as to what the duties of a trustee are, and therefore whether a particular activity satisfied the conception of management which trusteeship devolves upon a trustee. Such a way of dealing with these problems inevitably leads to casuistries which are to be avoided by a fair distribution of functions between the Tax Court and the reviewing courts. The fact that this problem may be cast in the form of intellectually disinterested abstractions goes a long way to prove that its solution should be left with the Tax Court.
that the "issues are broader than the particular facts presented" by this case, the Tax Court's decision is not deprived of finality. Yet an assumption to the contrary is at the core of the Government's argument. Simply because the correctness of "certain general propositions" is involved does not make the position taken by the Tax Court a question of law. The real question is: what is the nature of the issue upon which the Tax Court has pronounced? If the issue presents a difficulty which it is peculiarly within the competence of the Tax Court to resolve and that court has given a fair answer, every consideration which led to the pronouncement in the Dobson case should preclude independent reexamination of the Tax Court's disposition. Regardless of what the question may be termed for purposes of review, the Tax Court's determination should be accorded finality. That the Tax Court has expressed an allowable opinion as to the meaning and application of a tax provision, here § 121(a) of the 1942 Revenue Act, should suffice to reinstate its decision, without opening the sluices to independent review by the Circuit Courts of Appeals and this Court of multitudinous tax questions. Such is the principle or rule of judicial administration which should guide review of Tax Court determinations.
MR. JUSTICE ROBERTS and MR. JUSTICE JACKSON join in this concurring opinion.
* As a matter of historic survival, some tax litigation still reaches district courts throughout the country. To that extent, there is a qualification upon the centralization of review in the Tax Court of Treasury determinations. But the overwhelming volume of tax litigation goes to the Tax Court. The ratio is about 6 to 1. The fact that the district courts continue to have vestigial jurisdiction may call for a scientific revamping of jurisdiction in tax cases. It does not counsel against giving the fullest efficacy to Tax Court decisions consonant with its special responsibility. See Griswold, The Need for a Court of Tax Appeals, 1944, 57 Harv.L.Rev. 1153; Miller, Can Tax Appeals Be Centralized § 1945, 23 Taxes 303.

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