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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 300 › Thompson v. Consolidated Gas Utilities Corp.
Thompson v. Consolidated Gas Utilities Corp.
1. Under the common law of Texas (apart from statute), the owner of land has title to the natural gas in place, including that which migrates there from other lands of the gas field, and may produce all that will flow from his well, and may drill off-sets to get his full share from the common supply. P. 300 U. S. 68.
2. In support of administrative regulations purporting to be made under legal authority, there is a presumption of the existence of facts justifying the specific exercise. P. 300 U. S. 69.
3. Orders limiting and prorating the production of gas by the several owners of land in a gas field must be held invalid if shown to bear no reasonable relation either to the prevention of waste or to the protection of correlative rights, or if shown to be otherwise arbitrary. P. 300 U. S. 69.
4. Quaere whether c. 120, Texas Acts, 935, should be construed as attempting to authorize the State Railroad Commission to reduce the production of gas from wells owned by the owners of private pipelines, for the sole purpose of making them buy gas produced by others who lack pipeline connections. P. 300 U. S. 73.
although disposing of the particular case, cannot settle the proper construction of the statute. P. 300 U. S. 74.
6. In construing, on appeal, a state statute which has not been construed by the state courts, this Court is disposed to accept the construction given it by the lower federal court, particularly when that court is composed wholly of citizens of the State. P. 300 U. S. 74.
7. Where one party's case depends upon a construction of a state statute bringing it plainly in conflict with the Federal Constitution, and where the proper construction of the statute has not been settled by the state courts, but is gravely doubtful, this Court will rest its decision on the Constitution, and will not undertake to decide the question of construction, as to which it lacks the power to give a definitive answer. P. 300 U. S. 75.
8. One person's property may not be taken for the benefit of another private person, even though compensation be paid. Pp. 300 U. S. 77-79.
9. Some of the owners of wells in a Texas gas field had established contract light and fuel markets for their gas in distant places by means of their privately owned pipelines. The other owners of wells could not operate because there was no local light and fuel market for gas and they had no pipelines to transport it elsewhere, and because to employ it in the manufacture of natural gasoline and carbon black was forbidden by the State as wasteful. The Texas Railroad Commission, claiming authority under a statute (c. 120, Texas Acts, 1935), made an order purporting to limit the total daily production of the field and to prorate the allowed production among the several wells. Although the pipeline owners were operating their wells without waste and without injury to others, and although their supply was ample to supply their market needs, the order, if enforced, would have reduced their production so drastically that, to fulfill their contract obligations to their customers, they must purchase gas from the other well owners and must suffer other losses through curtailment of plant activity and through migration of gas underground away from their wells to other parts of the field where the pressure was lower. The purpose of the order, as plainly shown by evidence and court findings, was neither to prevent waste nor to prevent undue drainage from the reserves of other well owners, but was solely to compel the pipeline owners to furnish a market to those who had no pipeline connections. Held, the order is void under the Federal Constitution as a taking of private property for private benefit. Pp. 76-79.
10. A private party is not estopped to attack provisions of a statute that are harmful to his interests merely because he sought the enactment of other and separable provisions in it, beneficial to him in an incidental way, but neither relied on by him nor brought in question in the litigation. P. 300 U. S. 80.
Appeal from decrees of the District Court of three judges which permanently enjoined the Railroad Commission of the Texas and the Attorney General from enforcing an order of the Commission limiting production of gas in the Panhandle Fields. The two cases were consolidated for purpose of appeal. See also 12 F.Supp. 462, a decision on motion for a preliminary injunction.
under Chapter 120 of the Texas Acts 1935, Forty-Fourth Legislature, Regular Session, commonly known as House Bill 266. Under the orders, the production of sweet gas from the plaintiffs' wells is limited to an amount below their market requirements under existing contracts, below their present production, and below the capacity of their transportation and marketing facilities. It is charged that the purpose of so limiting the production is not to prevent waste, or to prevent invasion of the legal rights of co-owners in the common reservoir, but solely to compel the plaintiffs, and others similarly situated, to purchase gas from those well owners who have not provided themselves with a market and marketing facilities -- well owners who, under existing law, are obliged to stop production, for want of a market, unless some marketing outlet is found.
were considered together. The court, three judges sitting, granted temporary injunctions, Texas Panhandle Gas Co. v. Thompson, 12 F.Supp. 462, [Footnote 2] and made them permanent, Consolidated Gas Utilities Corp. v. Thompson, 14 F.Supp. 318. The cases were consolidated for purposes of appeal. The jurisdiction, federal and equitable, was not questioned. The record is extensive, the findings of fact explicit, the briefs in this Court occupy over 500 pages.
proven productive of sweet gas had constructed six major pipelines from the West Panhandle field, [Footnote 5] and three from the East Panhandle field, extending to Chicago, Des Moines, Omaha, Sioux City, Kansas City, St. Paul, Indianapolis, Denver, Minneapolis, Fort Worth, Dallas, and other distant points. Six or seven of these major pipeline companies, including the plaintiffs', have produced and transported to the markets only gas produced from their own leases.
Texas, to the construction of additional pipelines to serve the owners of wells in the Panhandle fields now without such connections. It is said that there are communities in other States which would afford markets if pipelines were constructed to reach them. But the financial difficulties are obvious.
100, Acts 1933, Forty-Third Legislature, Regular Session, [Footnote 9] the use of natural gas was permitted for other purposes than light or fuel, including the manufacture of natural gasoline, where no reasonable market for light or fuel was available to the owner. Production under authority of this statute and the permits issued thereunder was found to involve intolerable waste. [Footnote 10] Such was the situation when on May 1, 1935, the Legislature enacted House Bill 266, under which the order here challenged was issued.
other things shall specifically include: [then follow specifications (a) to (m) inclusive]."
"(h) The production of natural gas in excess of transportation or market facilities, or reasonable market demand for the type of gas produced."
"Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the Commission to prorate and regulate the daily gas well production from each common reservoir in the manner and method herein set forth. The Commission shall prorate and regulate such production for the protection of public and private interests: (a) in the prevention of waste as 'waste' is defined herein; (b) in the adjustment of correlative rights and opportunities of each owner of gas in a common reservoir to produce and use or sell such gas as permitted in this Article."
"It is ordered, that, effective, 7 o'clock A.M., December 11, 1935, the daily allowable gas production, computed on the basis set forth in House Bill No. 266, is as follows:"
producing ability of these individual wells and the number of acres containing each of these wells, but in no case shall more than one hundred sixty (160) acres in the East Panhandle Field and not more than Six Hundred Forty (640) acres in the West Panhandle Field, in both sweet and sour zones, be allocated to any one well for the purpose of proration."
Fields shall be distributed and prorated among the individual wells on the following basis and in the following manner, to-wit: fifty (50%) percent of the reasonable market demand of the field shall be allocated on the ratio of the individual well acreage to the sum of the total well acreage in the field, and fifty (50%) percent of the reasonable market demand of the field shall be allocated on the ratio of the individual well potential to the sum of the total well potentials in the field."
their contracts unless they purchase gas from non-pipeline wells. Such purchases would at least involve the cost of the gas and the loss resulting from failure to make fuller use of their own property.
effect of the order are to prorate not production, but distant markets and the facilities for serving them, and that, thus, the order takes their property without warrant in law.
"The owners of wells connected to pipelines, including complainants have always produced their wells in a prudent and skilful manner and in accordance with the most approved methods of production, without committing or causing physical waste."
"most of this waste was due to the extravagant production of natural gas from oil wells and to the production of gas from gas wells and processing such gas for the extraction of a very small quantity of natural gasoline therefrom and popping or wasting to the air the residue gas, which constituted 97% of the fuel value of the gas in its original state. . . . No evidence was offered -- indeed, it was not even seriously claimed -- that anything complainant had done or contemplated doing has, in the slightest degree, contributed or will contribute to that waste."
their marketing contracts and requirements will cause no coning or channeling of water, no trapping off of recoverable oil or gas, no underground waste of oil, gas, or reservoir energy or reduction of the total quantity of recoverable gas from the field, even though the other wells in the sweet gas area of the West Panhandle field be produced at a much lower rate or be not produced."
"has resulted in the migration of tremendous quantities of natural gas from the southwestern side of the field to the northeastern side of the field. Many of these areas of low pressure are situated in the sour gas producing area, with the result that tremendous quantities of sweet gas have moved out from the sweet gas area into the sour gas area,"
"the leases on which the wells connected to pipelines are located have produced an average [of] 8,116,000 cubic feet of gas per acre, and those on which the wells connected to stripping plants are located have produced an average of 16,662,000 cubic feet per acre."
In the West Panhandle field, production at the time of trial of this case had aggregated 4,427,642,131,000 cubic feet.
"Of this total, the pipelines, with an ownership of 56% of the total reserves, have produced only 529,545,454,000 cubic feet, while the owners of the other 44% have produced 3,898,096,776,000 cubic feet. Complainant, with an ownership of approximately 20% of the total reserves, had produced only 98,808,409,000 cubic feet, or 2.25% of the total withdrawals from the West Panhandle field. "
"by reason of these differentials in pressure between the wells connected to pipelines and those not connected, the migration or drainage as a whole is from the wells connected to pipelines, including those connected to complainant's pipelines, to the wells not connected to pipelines."
"all along the northeast slope of the structure in the East Panhandle field, there is an extremely low pressure area where tremendous quantities of gas have been produced in connection with the operation of oil wells and wells connected to stripping plants. The general drainage in the East Panhandle field is from the areas of high pressure toward and to these low pressure areas. The majority of the wells not connected to pipelines are situated in these low pressure areas, or between these low pressure areas and the high pressure areas to the south and west thereof, in which areas of higher pressure the wells connected to the pipelines are situated. . . . Very large quantities of gas have migrated from the reserves of the pipelines, including the reserves of complainants, to the low pressure areas in and around the oil fields on the northeast slope of the reservoir and to the areas on which most of the 391 wells belonging to others than the pipelines in the West Panhandle field are situated."
Further, past losses do not complete the story.
"Without regard to the rate of withdrawal in the existing areas of low pressure, the migration of gas from the reserves of the pipelines to those areas of low pressure will continue over a long period of time."
purpose of averting unjust drainage from the reserves of those wells lacking pipeline connections. On the other hand, the court concluded that the proration ordered, with its drastic limitation of output from wells now connected to pipelines, will obviously not protect those wells against undue drainage to other parts of the field, but will deprive their owners of the protection which fuller production would offer. These findings are adequately supported by the evidence.
On the other hand, the assertion of the defendants that the order will, by requiring a uniform and rateable system of production by all the wells, result in the ultimate recovery of a larger amount of gas than would otherwise be produced, and likewise the assertion that the plaintiffs, by their present production, are depriving, or threaten to deprive, non-pipeline owners of their opportunity to share ratably in the gas in the common reservoir, are not sustained. By the assignment of errors in this Court, defendants challenged the correctness of many of the findings. But we are of opinion that, so far as here material, all their contentions, and also the findings of the Railroad Commission in its order of December 10, prophesying "waste" if the proration ordered is not carried out, are unfounded.
construction of the statute under which the act is clearly constitutional. Compare Bratton v. Chandler, 260 U. S. 110, 260 U. S. 114; South Utah Mines & Smelters v. Beaver County, 262 U. S. 325, 262 U. S. 331; Hopkins v. Southern California Telephone Co., 275 U. S. 393, 275 U. S. 403. But, where one party's case depends upon a construction of a state statute under which it plainly must be held to violate the Federal Constitution, and where the proper construction of the statute is a matter of grave doubt, this Court will rest its decision on the Constitution, and will not undertake to decide the question of construction as to which it lacks the power to give a definitive answer. Compare Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Kuykendall, 265 U. S. 196, 265 U. S. 204; Michigan Public Utilities Commission v. Duke, 266 U. S. 570, 266 U. S. 578; Sterling v. Constantin, 287 U. S. 378, 287 U. S. 396. We therefore accept, for the purposes of our decision, the defendants' construction, and pass to the discussion of constitutional questions.
prevent undue drainage of gas from the reserves of well owners lacking pipeline connections. [Footnote 27] If proration were lawfully applied for any such purposes, the fact that thereby other private persons would incidentally and gratuitously obtain important benefits would present no constitutional obstacle. And the fact that plaintiffs' gas is to be sold in interstate commerce would not preclude such exercise of the State's power. Compare Champlin Refining Co. v. Corporation Commission, 286 U. S. 210, 286 U. S. 235.
But the sole purpose of the limitation which the order imposes upon the plaintiffs' production is to compel those who may legally produce, because they have market outlets for permitted uses, to purchase gas from potential producers whom the statute prohibits from producing because they lack such a market for their possible product. Plaintiff's operations are neither causing nor threatening any overground or underground waste. Every well owner in the field is free to produce the gas, provided he does not do so wastefully. He is legally and, so far as appears, physically free to provide himself with a market and with transportation and marketing facilities. There is no basis for a claim that his right, or opportunity, will be interfered with by a disproportionate taking by any one of those who may legally produce.
for transmitting their gas to market with, the owners of wells not now connected to pipelines, who have not contributed in money, services, negotiations, skill, forethought or otherwise to the development of such markets and the construction of such pipelines and other facilities. In short, to compel complainants to afford markets to those having none."
"The necessary operation and effect of such orders is to take from complainant and others similarly situated substantial and valuable interests in their private marketing contracts and commitments and in the use of their pipelines and other facilities for transmitting their gas to their markets, without compensation, and to confer same upon the owners of the approximately 180 sweet gas wells in the field not connected to pipelines."
The purpose of this order is the same as that which the Legislature sought to achieve by the "Common Purchaser Act," of August 12, 1931, held unconstitutional in Texoma Natural Gas Co. v. Railroad Commission, 59 F. 2d 750. The effect upon the property of the pipeline owners of the two statutes and the orders issued thereunder is, likewise, the same. There is a difference in the means employed, but the difference is not of legal significance. The 1931 act attempted to compel the purchase by frankly commanding it under sanctions criminal and civil. The 1935 act operates by indirection. Its command is no less compelling. its penalties not significantly different. The order disables the plaintiffs from performing their contracts except by means of purchases. Resort to those means necessarily results in depriving the plaintiffs of property. Under each statute, if obeyed, the State takes from the pipeline owner the money with which the purchase is made, the money lost through curtailed use of properties developed at large expense, the money lost because of the drainage away from his land of the gas which he is forbidden to produce for himself, but must buy from those towards whose lands it migrates.
Our law reports present no more glaring instance of the taking of one man's property and giving it to another.
In Missouri Pacific Ry. Co. v. Nebraska, 164 U. S. 403; Missouri Pacific Ry. Co. v. Nebraska, 217 U. S. 196; [Footnote 30] Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Minnesota, 238 U. S. 340; Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Cahill, 253 U. S. 71; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. Co. v. Morristown, 276 U. S. 182, and Chicago, St.P., M. & O. Ry. Co. v. Holmberg, 282 U. S. 162, expenditures directed to be made for the benefit of a private person were held invalid although the party ordered to pay was a common carrier. In Loan Association v. Topeka, 20 Wall. 655, and Cole v. La Grange, 113 U. S. 1, the payments ordered for the benefit of a private person were declared invalid although the money was to be raised by general taxation. In Myles Salt Co., Ltd. v. Board of Commissioners, 239 U. S. 478, the exaction was held unlawful, though imposed under the guise of an assessment for alleged betterments. Compare Georgia Railway & Electric Co. v. Decatur, 295 U. S. 165. And this Court has many times warned that one person's property may not be taken for the benefit of another private person without a justifying public purpose, even though compensation be paid. See Hairston v. Danville & Western Ry. Co., 208 U. S. 598, 208 U. S. 605-606; Rindge Co. v. County of Los Angeles, 262 U. S. 700, 262 U. S. 705. Compare Cincinnati v. Vester, 281 U. S. 439, 281 U. S. 446, 281 U. S. 449.
The complaints' original bills challenged earlier orders issued by the Railroad Commission under the Act here in question, notably the orders of August 28, and September 25, 1935. These orders were the subjects of temporary injunctions granted in Texas Panhandle Gas Co. v. Thompson, 12 F.Supp. 462. Upon the issuance of the order of December 10, 1935, complainants amended their bills to make that order and its supplements the object of their attack.
Only sweet gas is fit for lighting and heating. Sour gas is that contaminated by sulphur compounds. It is now used in this field principally in the manufacture of carbon black. When the act was passed, plants supplying 70% of the carbon black manufactured in the United States were operating in this field.
The small market for sweet gas within the field is limited to fuel for the drilling of wells and the operation of industries incident to the oil and gas business, to small pipelines supplying gas to communities near the field, and to purchases by two companies with pipelines to distant cities. These have made 30 new connections with wells of others, and are taking ratably from these wells.
For administrative purposes, the territory is divided into the East Panhandle and the West Panhandle zones. The West zone alone contains any sour gas area. The sweet gas area of the West Panhandle field embraces 723,000 acres. In it there are 517 wells, 180 of which do not have an outlet for light and fuel purposes. The sweet gas area of the East Panhandle field embraces 181,000 acres. In it there are 322 wells, of which 121 do not have an outlet for light and fuel purposes. Gas from the Panhandle field is supplied for domestic and industrial light and fuel purposes to approximately 10,000,000 persons in the United States.
The only exception to this is in the case of the few independent wells with which two of the pipeline companies have made connections. See note 4 supra.
Thus, at the time of the hearing below, Texoma Natural Gas Company was producing its wells at the rate of about 10 percent of their daily potential capacity, and the average throughout the year, it was found, had been and would be substantially less than this figure. The highest percentage of the daily potential ever taken over a period of one month for all of the wells of Consolidated Gas Utilities Corporation has been 6.53 percent. The wells of other pipeline owners in these fields have likewise been produced at low percentages of capacity.
(a) Chapter 28, Acts 1931, Forty-Second Legislature, First Called Session (Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.Tex. art. 6049a), known as the Common Purchaser Act, was construed and applied by the Railroad Commission as requiring private pipeline companies engaged theretofore only in producing and transporting gas from their own leases to purchase without discrimination, under regulations of the commission, quantities of gas offered them by producers in the field lacking their own pipelines. The act was held unconstitutional as in violation of the due process and commerce clauses of the Federal Constitution, and enforcement of the orders was enjoined, in Texoma Natural Gas Co. v. Railroad Commission, 59 F.2d 750.
(b) Purporting to act under the general conservation laws of the State, as amended by chapter 26, Acts 1931, Forty-Second Legislature, First Called Session, the Railroad Commission subsequently issued orders completely closing down some portions of the Panhandle field and limiting production from pipeline companies' wells in other portions. Enforcement of these orders was enjoined, on the ground that the commission's action was ultra vires, in Texoma Natural Gas Co. v. Terrell, 2 F.Supp. 168.
(c) By Chapter 2, Acts 1932, Forty-Second Legislature, Fourth Called Session, the Railroad Commission was meantime authorized, whenever the full production from wells producing gas from a common reservoir should exceed reasonable market demand, to limit production to such demand and allocate the allowable production. Orders purporting to be issued under the authority of this Act were enjoined in Canadian River Gas Co. v. Terrell, 4 F.Supp. 222, on the ground that they were ultra vires because the statute authorized regulation only to prevent waste, and the court concluded that the orders did not bear any reasonable relation to that end.
(d) Then followed the enactment of the statute now under consideration.
As amended by chapter 88, Acts 1933, Forty-Third Legislature, First Called Session. Compare F. C. Henderson, Inc. v. Railroad Commission, 56 F. 2d 218; Sneed v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 76 F.2d 785.
According to evidence presented by the State, in July, 1935, before the prohibitions of House Bill 266 became effective against uses therein declared wasteful, there were in the West Panhandle field 41 stripping plants producing natural gasoline, consuming daily 1,847,339 M.C.F. sweet gas, from which the gasoline production saved only 3 percent of the fuel value of the gas in its original state. Between February 1, 1933, and August 1, 1935, 709 billion cubic feet of gas were said to have been blown into the air after the natural gasoline content had been extracted.
"SECTION 1. Declaration of policy: In recognition of past, present, and imminent evils occurring in the production and use of natual [natural] gas, as a result of waste in the production and use thereof in the absence of correlative opportunities of owners of gas in a common reservoir to produce and use the same, this law is enacted for the protection of public and private interests against such evils by prohibiting waste and compelling ratable production."
"SEC. 11. The Commission shall exercise the authority to accomplish the purpose designated under item (a) of Section 10 when the presence or imminence of waste is supported by a finding based upon the evidence introduced at a hearing to be held as herein provided."
"The Commission shall exercise the authority to accomplish the purpose designated under item (b) of Section 10 when evidence introduced at a hearing to be held as herein provided will support a finding made by the Commission that the aggregate lawful volume of the open flow or daily potential capacity to produce of all gas wells located in a common reservoir is in excess of the daily reasonable market demand for gas from gas wells that may be produced from such common reservoir, to be utilized as permitted in this Article."
"SEC. 12. On or before the twentieth (20th) day of each calendar month, the Commission shall hold a hearing . . . for the purpose of determining the aggregate daily capacity to produce of all gas wells in a common reservoir, and, as nearly as possible, the daily volume of gas from each common reservoir that will be produced from gas wells during the following month to be utilized as permitted in this Article. Upon such determination, the Commission, based upon evidence introduced at such hearing, shall allocate to each gas well producing gas from such common reservoir a percentage of the daily productive capacity of each well which may be produced daily during the following month from each gas well producing gas from such common reservoir. Such percentage of the daily producing capacity of each well shall be regarded as its daily allowable production of such daily volume required for utilization from such common reservoir. . . ."
"SEC. 14. It shall be the duty of the Commission, after notice and hearing, to ascertain and determine the reasonable market demand for gas from gas wells to be used for light and fuel purposes and for all other lawful purposes to which sweet gas may be put under the terms of this Article and, by proper order, to restrict the production of gas from all gas wells in said field producing such gas to an amount equal to market demand or to an amount which may be produced without waste as otherwise defined; provided, however, the production of such gas shall, in any event, be restricted to the amount of the reasonable market demand therefor. In such order, the Commission shall allocate, distribute or apportion the total allowable production from such field among the various gas wells affected by the order on a reasonable basis, and as provided in Section 13. . . ."
"SEC. 16. It shall be unlawful for any person to produce gas from a gas well as herein defined in excess of the daily allowable production in such schedule of allowable production. . . ."
"SEC. 20. In the event the Commission finds that the owner of any gas well has failed or refused to utilize or sell the allowable production from his well when such owner has been offered a connection or market for such gas at a reasonable price, such well shall be excluded from consideration in allocating the daily allowable production from the reservoir or zone in which same is located until the owner thereof signifies to the Commission his desire to utilize or sell such gas. In all other cases, all gas wells shall be taken into account in allocating the allowable production among wells producing the same type of gas."
The Texoma Natural Gas Company (with an affiliate) has, at a cost of about $72,000,000, acquired 200,000 acres of leases in the West Panhandle field known to be capable of producing sweet gas; drilled about 90 wells; erected a compressor plant; constructed a pipeline to its Chicago market, and secured marketing contracts for distribution in other States. Similarly, the Consolidated Gas Utilities Company (with affiliates) has expended a smaller sum in acquiring and developing gas reserves in the East Panhandle field and in constructing pipelines to, and securing contracts for marketing its gas in Kansas.
"The conservation and development of all of the natural resources of this State . . . and the preservation and conservation of all such natural resources of the State are each and all hereby declared public rights and duties, and the Legislature shall pass all such laws as may be appropriate thereto."
House Bill 266 amends Article 6008 of the Revised Civil Statutes, which is the statute particularly dealing with the production and use of natural gas. That article was amended by Chapter 26 of Acts of 1931, Forty-Second Legislature, First Called Session, p. 46, § 2. It was again amended by Chapter 100 of the Acts of 1933, called the "Sour Gas Law," Forty-Third Legislature, Regular Session, p. 222; also by Chapter 88 of the Acts of 1933, Forty-Third Legislature, First Called Session, p. 229, which remained in force until August 1, 1935, when House Bill 266 became effective.
See Texas Co. v. Daugherty, 107 Tex. 226, 176 S.W. 717; Stephens County v. Mid-Kansas Oil & Gas Co., 113 Tex. 160, 254 S.W. 290; Grayburg Oil Co. v. State, 50 S.W.2d 355.
Prairie Oil & Gas Co. v. State, 231 S.W. 1088; compare Houston & Texas Central R. Co. v. East, 98 Tex. 146, 81 S.W. 279.
Compare, e.g., Hermann v. Thomas, 143 S.W.195; United North & South Oil Co., Inc. v. Meredith, 258 S.W. 550, aff'd, 272 S.W. 124; Hunt v. State, 48 S.W.2d 466; Malone v. Barnett, 87 S.W.2d 523. See Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co., 83 S.W.2d 935.
See Comanche Duke Oil Co. v. Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Co., 298 S.W. 554.
See Danciger Oil & Refining Co. v. Railroad Commission, 49 S.W.2d 837, 840, reversed and dismissed as moot, 122 Tex. 243, 56 S.W.2d 1075; Brown v. Humble Oil & Refining Co., 83 S.W.2d 935, 940, 941.
Harriman v. Interstate Commerce Comm'n, 211 U. S. 407, 211 U. S. 422; United States v. Delaware & Hudson Co., 213 U. S. 366, 213 U. S. 408.
Compare Pullman Co. v. Knott, 235 U. S. 23, 235 U. S. 27; Lee v. Bickell, 292 U. S. 415, 292 U. S. 425; Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, 294 U. S. 87, 294 U. S. 97.
Act of March 4, 1913, c. 160, 37 Stat. p. 1013. Compare Welch Pogue, "State Determination of State Law and the Judicial Code," 41 Harv.L.Rev. 623, 626 et seq.
Compare Wilson Cypress Co. v. Del Pozo y Marcos, 236 U. S. 635, 236 U. S. 657; Hammond v. Schappi Bus Line, Inc., 275 U. S. 164, 275 U. S. 169. See Bowman v. Continental Oil Co., 256 U. S. 642, 256 U. S. 647; Louisiana Public Service Comm'n v. Morgan's Louisiana & Texas Railroad & Steamship Co., 264 U. S. 393, 264 U. S. 397; Wabash Valley Electric Co. v. Young, 287 U. S. 488, 287 U. S. 497; Marion v. Sneeden, 291 U. S. 262, 291 U. S. 271. This Court has consistently accorded great deference to the construction of territorial legislation adopted by the local courts, whether the prevailing system was the common or the civil law, and this though, in such cases, this Court possesses authority to make a definitive construction which it lacks in the case of the legislation of a State. See Fox v. Haarstick, 156 U. S. 674, 156 U. S. 679; Kealoha v. Castle, 210 U. S. 149, 210 U. S. 153; Phoenix Ry. Co. v. Landis, 231 U. S. 578, 231 U. S. 579; Diaz v. Gonzalez, 261 U. S. 102, 261 U. S. 105-106; compare Reynolds v. Fewell, 236 U. S. 58, 236 U. S. 67.
See St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Middlekamp, 256 U. S. 226, 256 U. S. 230; Bratton v. Chandler, 260 U. S. 110, 260 U. S. 114; South Utah Mines & Smelters v. Beaver County, 262 U. S. 325, 262 U. S. 331; Corporation Commission v. Lowe, 281 U. S. 431, 281 U. S. 438; Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, 294 U. S. 87, 294 U. S. 95-96. Compare Philippine Sugar Estates Development Co., Ltd. v. Philippine Islands, 247 U. S. 385, 247 U. S. 390; Yu Cong Eng v. Trinidad, 271 U. S. 500, 271 U. S. 522-523.
Compare Van Dyke v. Geary, 244 U. S. 39, 244 U. S. 46; Palmetto Fire Insurance Co. v. Conn, 272 U. S. 295, 272 U. S. 305; Lee v. Bickell, 292 U. S. 415, 292 U. S. 424; Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, 294 U. S. 87, 294 U. S. 96.
Ohio Oil Co. v. Indiana (No. 1), 177 U. S. 190; Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U. S. 61; West v. Kansas Natural Gas Co., 221 U. S. 229; Walls v. Midland Carbon Co., 254 U. S. 300; Bandini Petroleum Co. v. Superior Court, 284 U. S. 8; Champlin Refining Co. v. Corporation Commission, 286 U. S. 210; Sterling v. Constantin, 287 U. S. 378.
Compare cases cited in note 26 supra.
Plaintiffs claim that they will be obliged to incur further expense in the construction of gathering lines to connect their pipelines with the wells of others. There is no finding of willingness on the part of non-pipeline well owners to assume or share such expense.
Compare Producers Transportation Co. v. Railroad Commission, 251 U. S. 228, 251 U. S. 230-231; Michigan Public Utilities Commission v. Duke, 266 U. S. 570, 266 U. S. 577-578; Smith v. Cahoon, 283 U. S. 553, 283 U. S. 563.
See Chicago & Northwestern Ry. Co. v. Ochs, 249 U. S. 416, 249 U. S. 421-422.
Cases are collected in notes, 34 Col.L.Rev. 1495; 48 Harv.L.Rev. 988.

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