Source: https://www.legalcrystal.com/case/88744/connecticut-mut-life-ins-co-vs-spratley
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 08:39:56+00:00

Document:
Appellant Connecticut Mut. Life Ins. Co.
business within the state, and if so, the service of process must be upon some agent in the state so far representing it that he may properly be held in law its agent to receive such process in its behalf.
A foreign insurance company which has been doing business within a state through its agents does not cease to do business therein when it withdraws its agent and ceases to obtain or ask for new risks or obtain new policies, while at the same time its old policies continue in force, and the premiums thereon are paid by the policyholders to an agent residing in another state who was once the agent in the state where the policyholders reside.
On the facts stated in the opinion of the Court, it is held that the law implies, from the appointment and authority of the agent of the plaintiff in error, the power to receive in Tennessee service of process against the company.
If it appears that there is a law of the state in respect to the service of process upon foreign corporations, and that the character of an agency of a foreign corporation is such as to render it fair, reasonable and just to imply an authority on the part of the agent to receive service, the law will, and ought to, draw such an inference and imply such authority, and service under such circumstances and upon an agent of that character is sufficient.
When the Legislature of Tennessee, under the Act of March 22, 1876, permitted the plaintiff in error, a foreign corporation, to do business within the state on appointing an agent therein upon whom process might be served, and when, in pursuance of such provisions, the company entered the state and appointed the agent, no contract was thereby created which would prevent the state from thereafter passing another statute in regard to service of process, and making such statute applicable to all foreign corporations already doing business within the state.
decree pronouncing the judgment void and releasing the corporation therefrom.
The ground set forth in the bill, and upon which the complainant sought to have the judgment against it set aside, was that the complainant was a nonresident of the State of Tennessee, had no office or agent there at the time the process was served, and was doing no business in the state, and the person upon whom the process in the action had been served in behalf of the corporation was not its representative in the state, and no process served upon him was in any way effectual to give jurisdiction to the state court over the corporation. The bill also alleged that the judgment, if enforced, would result in taking complainant's property without due process of law, and would violate the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States.
The defendant in error herein appeared and answered the bill, and alleged that the judgment she had obtained was a valid and proper judgment, and she denied the allegation in the bill that complainant was doing no business in the state at the time of the service of process, and alleged, on the contrary, that it was then doing business therein. She asked that the preliminary injunction theretofore granted should be dissolved.
The court of chancery, upon the trial gave, judgment in favor of the complainant and decreed that the preliminary injunction granted in the cause should be made perpetual. The defendant appealed to the supreme court of the state, where the decree of the court of chancery was reversed, the injunction dissolved, and a judgment granted the defendant in error on the bond executed by the company in obtaining the injunction, for the amount of the original judgment, with interest from its date, together with the costs of the suit for the injunction. The complainant thereupon brought the case here by writ of error.
appointed an agent pursuant to its provisions, and that any act subsequently passed relating to the service of process upon any other than the person so appointed could not affect the company, because such act would impair the contract which it alleges was created between the state and the company when it appointed an agent, by its power of attorney, pursuant to the provisions of such act of 1875.
The material facts are as follows: the corporation is a life insurance company, incorporated under the laws of, and having is principal office in, the State of Connecticut. It did a life insurance business in the State of Tennessee from February 1, 1870, until July 1, 1894. On March 22, 1875, the State of Tennessee passed an act to regulate the business of life insurance in that state, and by section 12 of the act, it was enacted that a company desiring to transact business by any agent or agents in the state should file with the insurance commissioner a power of attorney authorizing the Secretary of State to acknowledge service of process for and in behalf of such company at any and all times after a company had first complied with the laws of Tennessee and been regularly admitted, even though such company may subsequently have retired from the state or been excluded, and it was made the duty of the Secretary of State, within five days after such service of process by any claimant, to forward by mail an exact copy of such notice to the company. Pursuant to that statute, the company duly filed a power of attorney as required, and appointed therein the Secretary of State to receive service of process, and that power of attorney the company never in terms altered or revoked.
In 1887, the Legislature of Tennessee passed an act, approved March 29, 1887, entitled "An act to subject foreign corporations to suit in this state." The first section of this act provided that any foreign corporation found doing business in the state should be subject to suit there to the same extent that said corporations were by the laws of the state liable to be sued so far as related to any transaction had in whole or in part within the state or to any cause of action arising therein, but not otherwise.
The second section provided that any corporation that had any transaction with persons or concerning any property situated in the state, through any agency whatever acting for it within the state, should be held to be doing business, within the meaning of the act.
of $5,000, for the benefit of his wife, the defendant in error, or, in case of her death before payment, to his children, etc. The company also insured the life of Mr. Spratley on the 25th day of February, 1893, in the sum of $3,000, in favor of his wife, and for her sole use and benefit, with other conditions not material here. These policies were issued through the solicitation and by the procurement of the agent of the company for the states of Tennessee and Kentucky, and who had headquarters at Louisville, Kentucky. He came to Memphis and solicited Mr. Spratley to take the policies, and the application for them was taken by such agent at Memphis. The defendant in error alleges in her answer that the premiums were paid thereon in Tennessee up to the death of Mr. Spratley, in February, 1896, but that fact does not otherwise appear. It does appear that all premiums had been paid at the time of the death of Mr. Spratley.
On July 1, 1894, the company ceased issuing any new policies in the State of Tennessee, and withdrew its agents from the state, and on July 21, 1894, notified the state insurance commissioner to that effect. It had, however, a number of policies, other than those issued on the life of Mr. Spratley, outstanding in the state at the time it withdrew (how many is not stated), and it continued to receive the premiums on these policies through its former agent for that state, and to settle, by payment or otherwise, the claims upon policies in that state as they fell due.
The former agent resided in Louisville when he received payment of the premiums, and it does not appear that, after July, 1894, he was in the State of Tennessee when any payment of premiums was made to him by Tennessee policyholders. He received these payments as agent of the company, and it recognized such payments as sufficient.
"for special service in any matters which may be referred to you, with instructions, during the pleasure of the directors of the company and under the direction of the executive officers; to have your entire time and services, except upon leave of absence; to pay the necessary traveling and hotel expenses incurred in the line of your duty, and to pay you for your time and services at the rate of $2,500 per annum -- this agreement terminable on the part of the company at the pleasure of the directors and on your part by thirty days' written notice."
The company sent Mr. Chaffee specially to the State of Tennessee for the purpose of investigating into the circumstances of the death of Mr. Spratley, and into the merits of the claim made by Mrs. Spratley, and while there, was authorized by the company to compromise the claim made by her upon terms stated in a telegram from the vice-President of the company. While Mr. Chaffee was engaged in negotiations with Mrs. Spratley and her brother in relation to her claims, and after she had refused to accept the compromise offered by him in behalf of the company, and on April 15, 1896, he was served, in Memphis, with process against the corporation in an action upon the policies above mentioned.
Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut, and an acknowledgment of the receipt of such registered letter, signed by William P. Green, on behalf of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company, was also filed with the judgment.
On July 2, 1896, judgment by default was entered against the defendant, and the judgment recited the above facts in relation to the service of process on Mr. Chaffee, the sending of the registered letter from the clerk of the court, and the notice and copy of process to the attorney, Mr. Dunham, and his service thereof upon the vice-President of the company at its office in Hartford, Connecticut. It recited also the fact that the defendant was doing business in Shelby County, Tennessee, but that it had no office or agency therein, and that it had wholly failed to make any appearance, and thereupon the default was entered, and judgment went against the defendant for the sum of $8,000, being the total amount due on the life insurance contracts or policies described in the declaration, and also for costs.
Upon these facts, the question arises as to the validity of the judgment to set aside which the company has filed this bill. Without considering, for the moment, the objection that there was a contract between the state and the company which could not be impaired, was the service of process upon Mr. Chaffee sufficient to give the court jurisdiction over the corporation?
When the process was served, the act of 1887, above mentioned, was in force.
"any agent," found within the county, as provided in the statute, would be sufficient in the case of a foreign corporation, the question for us to decide is whether, upon the facts of this case, the service of process upon the person named was a sufficient service to give jurisdiction to the court over this corporation. If it were, there was due process of law whatever we might think of the other provisions of the act in relation to the service upon any agent of a corporation, no matter what character of agent the person might be. If the person upon whom process was served in this case was a proper agent of the company, it is immaterial whether the statute of the state also permits a service to be made on some other character of agent which we might not think sufficiently representative to give the court jurisdiction over the corporation. If the service be sufficient in this instance, the corporation could not herein raise the question whether it would be sufficient in some other and different case coming under the provision of the state statute.
In a suit where no property of a corporation is within the state and the judgment sought is a personal one, it is a material inquiry to ascertain whether the foreign corporation is engaged in doing business within the state, Goldey v. Morning News, 156 U. S. 518 ; Merchants' Manufacturing Co. v. Grand Trunk Railway Co., 13 F. 358, and if so, the service of process must be upon some agent so far representing the corporation in the state that he may properly be held in law an agent to receive such process in behalf of the corporation. An express authority to receive process is not always necessary.
a refusal to take any new risks or to issue any new policies within the state. Its outstanding policies were not affected thereby, and it continued to collect the premiums upon them and to pay the losses arising thereunder, and it was doing so at the time of the service of process upon its agent.
The corporation alleged in its bill filed in this suit that the defendant herein was taking garnishee proceedings against its policyholders in the state for the purpose of collecting, as far as possible, the amount of the judgment she had obtained against the corporation, and it gave in its bill the names of some thirteen of such policyholders against whom proceedings had been taken by this defendant. It cannot be said with truth, as we think, that an insurance company does no business within a state unless it have agents therein who are continuously seeking new risks and it is continuing to issue new policies upon such risks. Having succeeded in taking risks in the state through a number or years, it cannot be said to cease doing business therein when it ceases to obtain or ask for new risks or to issue new policies, while at the same time its old policies continue in force, and the premiums thereon are continuously paid by the policyholders to an agent residing in another state, and who was once the agent in the state where the policyholders resided. This action on the part of the company constitutes doing business within the state so far as is necessary within the meaning of the law upon this subject. And this business was continuing continuing at the time of the service of process on Mr. Chaffee in Memphis.
seeking a compromise of the claim by the authority of the company, and therein representing it. Why was he not such an agent as it would be proper to serve process upon? He had been appointed an agent by the company; his whole time and services were given to the company under an appointment made years previously; he received a salary from the company not dependent upon any particular service at any particular time. The company having issued policies upon the life of an individual who had died, and a claim having been made for payment in accordance with the terms of those policies, the company clothed him with authority to go into the state, and in its behalf investigate the facts surrounding the claim, and authority was given him to compromise it upon terms which left to him discretion to some extent as to the amount of payment. He was not a mere agent appointed for each particular case. He was employed generally by the company to act in its behalf in all cases of this kind, and as directed by the company in each case. Entering the state with this authority and acting in this capacity, the company itself doing business within he state, it seems to us that he sufficiently represented the company within the principle which calls for the service of process upon a person who is in reality sufficient of a representative to give the court jurisdiction over the company he represents. In view of all the facts, we think it a proper case in which the law would imply, from his appointment and authority, the power to receive service of process in the case which he was attending to.
on the agent in the state where suit was commenced, but we refer to it as a part of the facts in the case.
could be there transacted by them -- that condition being that an agent, to make contracts, should also be the agent of the corporation to receive service of process in suits on such contracts, and, in legal contemplation, the appointment of such an agent clothed him with power to receive notice for and on behalf of the corporation as effectually as if he were designated in the charter as the officer on whom process was to be served or as if he had received from the president and directors a power of attorney to that effect. The process was served within the limits and jurisdiction of Ohio, upon a person qualified by law to represent the corporation there in respect to such service, and notice to him was notice to the corporation which he there represented, and for whom he was empowered to take notice."
The act did not provide for an express consent to receive such service on the part of the company. The consent was implied because of the company entering the state and doing business therein subject to the provisions of the act.
of agent employed. And while the Court held that an agent with power to contract was, in legal contemplation, clothed with power to receive notice for and on behalf of the corporation as effectually as if he were designated in the charter as the officer upon whom process was to be served, we think it is not an unnatural or an improper inference, from the facts in the case at bar, to infer a power on the part of this agent, thus sent into the state by the company, to receive notice on its behalf in the same manner and to the same extent that the agent in the case cited was assumed to have. In such case, it is not material that the officers of the corporation deny that the agent was expressly given such power, or assert that it was withheld from him. The question turns upon the character of the agent -- whether he is such that the law will imply the power and impute the authority to him, and if he be that kind of an agent, the implication will be made notwithstanding a denial of authority on the part of the other officers of the corporation.
on a person who is its agent, there would in our opinion be sufficient prima facie evidence that the agent represented the company in the business. It would then be open, when the record is offered as evidence in another state, to show that the agent stood in no representative character to the company, that his duties were limited to those of a subordinate employee, or to a particular transaction, or that his agency had ceased when the matter in suit arose."
Here, we have the essentials named in the above extract from the opinion of the Court in St. Clair v. Cox. We have a foreign corporation doing business in the State of Tennessee. We have its agent present within the state, representing it by its authority in regard to the very claim in dispute, and with authority to compromise it within certain limits, and his general authority not limited to a particular transaction. On the contrary, as seen from his written appointment, his agency for the company was a continuous one, and had been such since 1887, although, of course, his agency was limited to a certain department of the business of the corporation.
"In the state where a corporation is formed, it is not difficult to ascertain who are authorized to represent and act for it. Its charter or the statutes of the state will indicate in whose hands the control and management of its affairs are placed. Directors are readily found, as also the officers appointed by them to manage its business. But the moment the boundary of the state is passed, difficulties arise. It is not so easy to determine who represents the corporation there, and under what circumstances service on them will bind it."
authorized, he would not be its agent in that matter. In the absence of any express authority, the question depends upon a review of the surrounding facts and upon the inferences which the court might properly draw from them. If it appear that there is a law of the state in respect to the service of process on foreign corporations, and that the character of the agency is such as to render it fair, reasonable, and just to imply an authority on the part of the agent to receive service, the law will and ought to draw such an inference and to imply such authority, and service under such circumstances, and upon an agent of that character, would be sufficient.
It was held in Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714 , that a service by publication in an action in personam against an individual, where the defendant was a nonresident and had no property within the state, and the suit was brought simply to determine his personal rights and obligations, was ineffectual for any purpose. The case has no bearing upon the question here presented.
In Mexican Central Railway v. Pinkney, 149 U. S. 194 , it was held that the person upon whom process was served in the State of Texas was not a "local agent" within the meaning of that term as contained in the Texas statute. It was also held that the special appearance of the company for the purpose of objecting that the service of process was not good did not, in the federal courts, confer jurisdiction as in case of a general appearance. There is nothing in the case affecting this question.
he even a ticket agent of the company; that he was a mere runner, and that service of process upon him for a cause of action arising in Kansas gave no jurisdiction to the court.
In United States v. American Bell Telephone Co., 29 F. 17, Judge Jackson stated the three conditions necessary to give a court jurisdiction in personam over a foreign corporation: first, it must appear that the corporation was carrying on its business in the state where process was served on its agent; second, that the business was transacted or managed by some agent or officer appointed by or representing the corporation in such state; third, the existence of some local law making such corporation amenable to suit there as a condition, express or implied, of doing business in the state.
In this case, the company was doing business in the state. The agent was in the state under the authority and by the appointment of the company. He was authorized to inquire into and compromise the particular matters in dispute between the corporation and the policyholder, and he was no mere special employee engaged by the company for this particular purpose. And there was a local law -- that of 1887 -- providing for service. It has been recently held in this Court that as to a circuit court of the United States, where a corporation is doing business in a state other than the one of its incorporation, service may sometimes be made upon its regularly appointed agents there even in the absence of a state statute conferring such authority. Barrow Steamship Co. v. Kane, 170 U. S. 100 .
agent so far representative in character that the law would imply authority on his part to receive such service within the state. Merchants' Manufacturing Co. v. Grand Trunk Railway, 13 F. 358, 359. When the service of which plaintiff in error complains was made, the act of 1875 had been repealed by chapter 160 of the Laws of 1895, and the company had never appointed an agent under chapter 166 of the Laws of that year. There was therefore no one upon whom process could be served in behalf of the company, excepting under the act of 1887, unless the plaintiff in error be right in the claim that, by appointing the Secretary of State its agent to receive process under the act of 1875, a contract was created, and the Secretary of State remained such agent, notwithstanding subsequent statutes regulating the subject, or even repealing the act. We will refer to that claim hereafter. If by the statute of the state provision were made for the appointment of an agent by the company upon whom process might be served, and the company had appointed such an agent, and there was no other statute authorizing service of process upon an agent of the company other than the one so appointed, we do not say that service upon any other agent of the company would be good. This is not such a case, and the question is not here open for discussion.
A vast mass of business is now done throughout the country by corporations which are chartered by states other than those in which they are transacting part of their business, and justice requires that some fair and reasonable means should exist for bringing such corporations within the jurisdiction of the courts of the state where he business was done out of which the dispute arises.
cost of the remedy would have largely exceeded the value of its fruits. In suits local in their character, both at law and in equity, there could be no relief. The result would be, to a large extent, immunity from all legal responsibility."
The Court, in view of these facts, was of opinion that Congress intended no such result.
In holding the service of process upon this particular agent sufficient in this instance and so far as the character of the agent is concerned, we do not, as we have already intimated, hold that service upon any agent mentioned in the act of 1887 would be good. That question is not before us.
Upon the question relative to the alleged creation of a contract between the state and the company by the appointment of the Secretary of State as it agent under the act of 1875 to receive process for it, we have no doubt.
The act of 1875 stated the terms upon compliance with which a foreign corporation should be permitted to do business within the State of Tennessee. There was, however, no contract that those conditions should never be altered, and when, pursuant to the provisions of the act of 1875, this power of attorney was given by the corporation, the state did not thereby contract that, during all of the period within which the company might do business within that state, no alteration or modification should be made regarding the conditions as to the service of process upon the company. When, therefore, in 1887, the legislature passed another act, and therein provided for the service of process, no contract between the state and the corporation was violated thereby, or any of its obligations in any wise impaired, for the reason that no contract had ever existed. Instead of a contract, it was a mere license given by the state to a foreign corporation to do business within its limits upon complying with the rules and regulations provided for by law. That law the state was entirely competent to change at any time by a subsequent statute, without being amenable to the charge that such subsequent statute impaired the obligation of a contract between the state and the foreign corporation doing business within its borders under the former act.
Statutes of this kind reflect and execute the general policy of the state upon matters of public interest, and each subsequent legislature has equal power to legislate upon the same subject. The legislature has power at any time to repeal or modify the act granting such permission, making proper provision, when necessary, in regard to the rights of property of the company already acquired and protecting such rights from any illegal interference or injury. Douglas v. Kentucky, 168 U. S. 488 . The cases showing the right of a state to grant or refuse permission to a foreign corporation of this kind to do business within its limits are collected in Hooper v. California, 155 U. S. 648 , 155 U. S. 652 .
Having the right to impose such terms as it may see fit upon a corporation of this kind as a condition upon which it will permit the corporation to do business within its borders, the state is not thereafter and perpetually confined to those conditions which it made at the time that a foreign corporation may have availed itself of the right given by the state, but it may alter them at its pleasure. In all such cases, there can be no contract springing from a compliance with the terms of the act, and no irrepealable law, because they are what it termed "governmental subjects," and hence within the category which permits the legislature of a state to legislate upon those subjects from time to time, as the public interests may seem to it to require.
"Every succeeding legislature possesses the same jurisdiction and power with respect to them as its predecessors. The latter have the same power of repeal and modification which the former had of enactment, neither more nor less. All occupy in this respect a footing of perfect equality. This must necessarily be so in the nature of things. It is vital to the public welfare that each one should be able at all times to do whatever the varying circumstances and present exigencies touching the subject involved may require. A different result would be fraught with evil. "
The same principle is found in the following cases: Fertilizing Company v. Hyde Park, 97 U. S. 659 ; Butchers' Union Company v. Crescent City, 111 U. S. 746 ; Boyd v. Alabama, 94 U. S. 645 ; Douglas v. Kentucky, 168 U. S. 488 .
When the Legislature of Tennessee therefore permitted the company to do business within its state on appointing an agent therein upon whom process might be served, and when, in pursuance of such provisions, the company entered the state and appointed the agent, no contract was thereby created which would prevent the state from thereafter passing another statute in regard to service of process, and making such statute applicable to a company already doing business in the state. In other words, no contract was created by the fact that the company availed itself of the permission to do business within the state under the provisions of the act of 1875.
MR. JUSTICE HARLAN did not sit in, and took no part in the decision of, this case.
"SEC. 3. Be it further enacted that process may be served upon any agent of said corporation found within the county where the suit is brought, no matter what character of agent such person may be, and in the absence of such an agent, it shall be sufficient to serve the process upon any person, if found within the county where the suit is brought, who represented the corporation at the time the transaction out of which the suit arises took place, or if the agency through which the transaction was had be itself a corporation, then upon any agent of that corporation upon whom process might have been served if it were the defendant. The officer serving the process shall state the facts, upon whom issued, etc., in his return, and service of process so made shall be as effectual as if a corporation of this state were sued, and the process had been served as required by law; but in order that defendant corporation may also have effectual notice, it shall be the duty of the clerk to immediately mail a copy of the process to the home office of the corporation by registered letter, the postage and fees for which shall be taxed as other costs. The clerk shall file with the papers in the cause a certificate of the fact of such mailing, and make a minute thereof upon the docket, and no judgment shall be taken in the case until thirty (30) days after the date of such mailing."
"SEC. 4. Be it further enacted that it shall be the duty of the plaintiff to lodge at the home office of the company, with any person found there, a written notice from him or his attorney, stating that such suit has been brought, accompanied by a copy of the process and the return of the officer thereon, of which fact affidavit shall be made by the person lodging the same, stating the facts and with whom the notice was lodged, or else the plaintiff or his attorney shall make an affidavit that he has been prevented from serving such notice by circumstances which should reasonably excuse giving it, which circumstances the affidavit of the plaintiff or his attorney shall particularly state, and no judgment shall be taken until one or the other of these affidavits shall be filed and the court be satisfied that the notice has been given the defendant, or that the excuse for not doing so be sufficient."

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