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Most of the infectious disease organisms are classified as pathogens because they are unequivocally associated with human disease and do not occur as part of the commensal flora of the human host. Molecular biology methods play an important role in the classification of such organisms and the characterization of the epidemiology of these types of infections. This chapter focuses on Escherichia coli, with an emphasis on the methodology and significance of differentiating pathovars from nonpathogenic strains in this species. While most of the techniques described in this chapter focus on differentiating pathovars from nonpathovars, which may be referred to as pathotype identification or “pathotyping,” the importance of molecular strain-typing systems to the epidemiologic characterization of a variety of diseases caused by E. coli is also discussed.
HeLa cell association of different groups of E. coli associated with diarrhea. (A) EPEC strains attach to the surface of HeLa cells in discrete clusters called LA. (B) DAEC strains attach in a diffuse pattern on the surface of HeLa cells, but not on the glass surface. (C) A laboratory strain of E. coli (K-12) attaches in a diffuse pattern to the cells and the glass surface. (D) EAEC strains attach in a characteristic “stacked brick” pattern to the cells and the glass surface. With typical EPEC, the characteristic LA pattern of attachment led to the discovery of a specific set of genes necessary for this pattern and thus led to specific molecular virulence strain-typing methods to differentiate EPEC from other groups of E. coli.
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