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Timestamp: 2019-04-25 13:04:12+00:00

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We perform a numerical simulation study of hollow-core anti-resonant reflection optical waveguides (ARROWs) fabricated using lithography and material deposition in the context of their suitability as a platform for on-chip photonic quantum information processing. We explore the effects of the core size, the number of pairs of anti-resonant layers surrounding the hollow core, and the refractive index contrast between the anti-resonant layer materials on propagation losses in the waveguide. Additionally, we investigate the feasibility of integrating these waveguides with Bragg gratings and dielectric metasurfaces to form on-chip cavities that could act as nonlinear optical elements controllable with single photons when loaded with atomic ensembles.
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Fig. 1 Schematic drawing of the cross sections of an ARROW: (a) lengthwise; transverse cross section of (b) a conventional hollow-core self-aligned pedestal ARROW that has a high index layer beneath the core (n1 > n2) and (c) a hollow-core self-aligned pedestal ARROW that has a low index layer beneath the core; (d) conceptual vision of an integrated opto-electronic system combining an ARROW loaded with atomic or molecular vapor with a Bragg grating and micro-wires that could be used to, e.g., generate magnetic field.
Fig. 2 Numerical simulation (a) of the transverse profile of the fundamental waveguide mode and (b) of the propagation loss spectrum of a hollow-core ARROW with a 5.8µm × 12µm core surrounded by 3 pairs of Si3N4(1.74)/SiO2 cladding layers arranged as shown in Fig. 1(b), designed and optimized for a wavelength of 852 nm. (c) Numerical simulation of propagation losses in waveguides optimized for 852 nm light with assorted hollow core sizes and three pairs of of Si3N4(1.74)/SiO2 cladding layers as shown in Fig. 1(b). (d) Effects of the number of cladding layer pairs and of the refractive index contrast between the two materials forming each pair on the simulated propagation losses for waveguides with 5.8µm × 12µm hollow cores. The square data points correspond to the cladding layers arranged as shown in Fig. 1(b), while the triangular data points represent cladding layers arranged as shown in Fig. 1(c). The value in brackets denotes the refractive index of the cladding layer material.
Fig. 3 (a) Etched gratings in the various anti-resonant layers: first layer above the core (left), first layer beneath the core (middle), and the top layer (right). (b) Change in the effective index of propagation Δneff for a hollow-core ARROW with 5.8µm × 12µm core surrounded by three pairs of Si3N4(1.74)/SiO2 cladding layers. The x-axis refers to the etch depth δt relative to the original thickness t of that particular layer. When etching the very top layer, at etch depths shown to induce uncharacteristically large effective propagation index contrasts and losses, the mode is no longer quasi-Gaussian within the core. (c) Estimated best mirror reflectivities of the Bragg gratings formed by etching the three different cladding layers obtained using MSE with plane wave incidence. The dash-dot horizontal lines mark the maximum reflectivity for grating in a particular layer. (d) Estimated reflectivity spectrum of a 10000 period Bragg mirror created by periodically etching the anti-resonant layer beneath the core. The etch depth is 70% of this layer, which creates an effective propagation index contrast of 5 × 10−4 with a 8% increase in loss.
Fig. 4 (a) Schematic showing how the dielectric metasurface mirror would be integrated with the hollow-core ARROW waveguide. (b) Cooperativity of hollow-core ARROW (Amode = 18µm2) cavity formed with two dielectric metasurface mirrors for various waveguide lengths and mirror reflectivities.
(8) g = μ ℏ ℏ ω 2 ϵ M V m o d e .

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