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Experimental arrangements to record, identify, and stimulate fine afferent units of skeletal muscle and tendon.
Responses of gastrocnemius‐soleus fine afferent units to stretch. Peristimulus time histograms plotted from computer records with a dwell time of 1‐4s for each address. Filled bars, hindpaw held flexed (static stretch); open bars, paw moved rhythmically from extended to flexed position at a rate of 1 Hz (dynamic stretch). A and B: group IV units (conduction velocities 0.9 and 2.1 m/s, respectively). C, D, and E: group III units (conduction velocities 21.5, 16.1, and 15.9 m/s). F: stretch‐sensitive (excitation) units excited by static and/or dynamic stretch.
Responses of gastrocnemius‐soleus fine afferent units to isometric contractions induced by stimulating these muscle nerves every second with a 50‐Hz tetanus lasting 500 ms for 2 min. Muscle temperature changes thus induced are also displayed. Histograms give resulting discharges at an address advance rate of 1/4 s. A: group III unit (conduction velocity 14.2 m/s) probably activated mechanically (CSm unit). B: responses to stretch of this group III unit. C: group IV unit (conduction velocity 0.9 m/s), probably not activated mechanically (CSx unit). Unit was not sensitive to stretch. No appreciable change in response pattern occurred after occlusion of local blood supply. D: group IV unit (conduction velocity 0.7 m/s) responds preferentially during ischemic contractions (N unit).
Responses of gastrocnemius‐soleus group IV unit (conduction velocity 1.1 m/s) to temperature stimuli. Inset in C: peak discharge to a warm stimulus. Brad., bradykinin; 5‐HT, serotonin.
Activity in a single group IV afferent unit in response to intra‐arterial injection of various algesic agents. Recording from gastrocnemius part of sciatic nerve at upper part of thigh. Conduction velocity of fiber was 1.27 m/s. Arrows, intra‐arterial injections. Brad., bradykinin; Hist., histamine; 5‐HT, serotonin. Upper right‐hand inset shows receptor discharge after 5‐HT injection.
Response characteristics of a group III afferent unit having a receptive field in the calcaneal tendon. Inset: area from which unit could be activated by stroking and touching with a painter's brush is hatched. Mod. P., moderate, innocuous pressure; Nox. P., noxious pressure resulting in tissue damage; Stretch, muscle and tendon rapidly stretched and kept in stretched position for 15 s; Contraction, 1 tetanic contraction of 0.5 s duration every second, induced by electrical stimulation of the muscle nerve. Force of 2 kp was maximal here because muscle was not prestretched. Thermal stimulation was applied via water‐perfused thermodes in contact with receptive field. Conduction velocity of the afferent fiber was 8.8 m/s.
Organization of vasoconstrictor systems and sudomotor system in brain‐intact animals (supraspinal and spinal) and in spinal animals (spinal) with respect to various afferent input systems. Baro, stimulation of arterial baroreceptors; Chemo, stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors; Noci, stimulation of cutaneous nociceptors (i.l., ipsilateral; c.l., contralateral); Vibr., stimulation of Pacinian corpuscles by vibration; Warm, stimulation of warm receptors in the spinal canal; Air jet, stimulation of hair follicle receptors.
Specificity of sympathetic channels supplying peripheral target organs in skin and muscle of cat's hindlimb and tail. Deduced from reflex reaction patterns summarized in Fig. .
Blood pressure responses to stimulation of afferent fibers from muscle. Stimulation at 12 V for 0.5 ms at 6 Hz (A), at 20 Hz (B), and at 100 Hz (C).
Percent change from control of cardiovascular and respiratory responses to capsaicin infusion into skeletal muscles and to induced isometric exercise. HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; CO, cardiac output; MV, respiratory minute volume; TPR, total peripheral vascular resistance.
Effect of somatopressor reflex on coronary artery resistance. A: control; B: after propranolol and at constant heart rate. COR, mean perfusion pressure of a constantly perfused coronary artery; SAP, mean systemic arterial pressure; HR, heart rate. Black bars, stimulation.
Percent change from control of cardiac output and organ blood flow to capsaicin infusion into skeletal muscles and into induced isometric exercise.
Effect of somatopressor reflex on venous tone. Vein, mean perfusion pressure in the lateral saphenous vein perfused at constant flow; SAP, mean systemic arterial pressure; HR, heart rate. Black bar, stimulation of central end of sectioned tibial nerve.
Response to induced static exercise. LVP, left ventricular pressure; dP/dt, rate of left ventricular pressure development. Time mark, 1 s. Exercise between bars.
Effect of muscle paralysis on changes in mean aortic pressure and perfusion pressure in left paw and lateral saphenous vein during induced rhythmic contractions (upper panels) and during sustained contractions (lower panels) before and after muscle paralysis produced by gallamine.
Cardiovascular response to induced exercise. AP, arterial pressure; HPP, hindlimb perfusion pressure; HR, heart rate. A: dynamic exercise; B: static exercise induced by stimulation of femoral nerve.
Effect of arterial occlusion on arterial blood presure response during induced exercise. • Static exercise without occlusion; ○, static exercise with occlusion; ⋄, dynamic exercise without occlusion; ⋄, dynamic exercise with occlusion. Arrows, pairs of consecutive contractions with free and occluded arterial inflow.
Relation of rate of left ventricular pressure development to left ventricular pressure at rest and during induced static exercise before and after blockade of β‐adrenergic receptor.
Regional myocardial blood flow and resistance responses to induced static exercise after blockade of β‐adrenergic receptor with propranolol.
Response to induced static exercise during anodal block. Records of tidal volume (VT), arterial blood pressure (B.P.), and dorsal root compound action potentials are shown for 3 exercise responses. Upper panel, control exercise response before anodal block; middle panel, exercise response during anodal block just sufficient to abolish the A wave of compound action potential; lower panel, control exercise response after removal of anodal block.
Response to induced static exercise during anesthetic block. VT tidal volume; B.P., arterial blood pressure. Upper panel, control exercise response before anesthetic block; middle panel, exercise response during anesthetic block that had not affected the A wave of the compound action potential; lower panel, control exercise response after removal of the anesthetic block.
Blood pressure response to induced contractions of cat medial gastrocnemius muscle after partial neuromuscular blockade. ○, Systolic blood pressure; •, diastolic blood pressure recorded before, during, and after fatiguing contraction. Solid lines, after administration of curare; dashed lines, after administration of decamethonium.
Baroreflex activity in a dog. ○, Points for pulse interval at rest; •, pulse interval during induced isometric contractions (exercise) of hindlimb muscles. Points are plotted at a control level of blood pressure and at the peak of rise in blood pressure caused by inflating a balloon in the thoracic aorta. Slopes of lines joining pairs of points represent baroreceptor‐cardiodepressor reflex sensitivity.
Heart rate, mean blood pressure, smoothed, rectified electromyographic activity (SREMG), and force during 5 min of static contraction (mean values). ⋄, Force‐constant experiments; ×, SREMG‐constant experiments. • Significantly different values obtained for mean blood pressure and heart rate in 2 series of experiments (P < 0.01 after 1.5 and 2 min of contraction, respectively).
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