Source: http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/426/426mass39.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 16:29:14+00:00

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KENNAMETAL, INC. vs. COMMISSIONER OF REVENUE.
William E. Halmkin (Donald W. Parker with him) for the plaintiff.
Thomas A. Barnico, Assistant Attorney General, for the defendant.
IRELAND, J. We granted an application from the Commissioner of Revenue (commissioner) for direct appellate review on this appeal by Kennametal, Inc. (Kennametal), from a decision of the Appellate Tax Board (board). The board ruled that Kennametal, a Pennsylvania corporation, conducted activities within the Commonwealth between 1979 and 1989 that exceeded those protected by Pub. L. 86-272, codified at 15 U.S.C. s. 381 (1994), thus subjecting Kennametal for those years to the Massachusetts excise on foreign corporations provided in G. L. c. 63, s. 39. We affirm the board's decision.
manufacture, and sale of cutting bits [Note 1] and related products for the machining of metals, alloys, and plastics. The total product line consists of approximately 20,000 types of cutting bits and accessories.
Kennametal has been registered to do business in Massachusetts since 1943. During the ten-year period in question, from 1979 to 1989, Kennametal conducted business in Massachusetts through the use of a direct field sales force. The sales force consisted primarily of tooling systems engineers (TSEs) and service engineers (SEs). TSEs were experienced personnel responsible for maintaining customer accounts. TSEs regularly visited current and prospective customers to solicit orders, conduct presentations, and give technical advice. SEs were less experienced personnel who did not have responsibility for customer accounts and whose primary function was to assist the TSEs. During the period in question, Kennametal held no property in Massachusetts other than its sales catalogs, automobiles that it leased for use by its sales force, and samples of cutting bits which the sales force used in connection with customer visits.
Kennametal paid the Massachusetts corporate excise for the tax years 1943 through 1963. In 1963, the commissioner ruled that Kennametal's activities in the Commonwealth at that time did not subject it to the corporate excise. Accordingly, Kennametal ceased filing corporate excise returns in Massachusetts.
commissioner commenced an audit of Kennametal that resulted in the assessment of additional taxes and penalties for the tax years 1976 through 1984. Kennametal timely filed requests for abatement for all relevant tax years. The commissioner abated penalties for the tax years 1976 through 1985, but denied the remainder of the abatement requests. Kennametal appealed to the board, which affirmed the commissioner's determination.
General Laws c. 63, s. 39, imposes an excise on "every foreign corporation . . . actually doing business in the commonwealth . . . in a corporate form." The Commonwealth's broad taxing authority over foreign corporations, however, is limited by the Federal government's plenary power to regulate interstate commerce pursuant to the commerce clause of the United States Constitution. Acting under its constitutional powers, Congress in 1959 enacted Pub. L. 86-272, which expressly restricts the authority of a State to impose an income tax on foreign corporations whose business within the State consists solely of "the solicitation of orders. . . for sales of tangible personal property, which orders are [then] sent outside the State for approval or rejection, and, if approved, are filled by shipment or delivery from a point outside the State."
"employing salesmen to repair or service the company's products is not part of the 'solicitation of orders,' since there is good reason to get that done whether or not the company has a sales force. Repair and servicing may help to increase purchases; but it is not ancillary to requesting purchases, and cannot be converted into 'solicitation' by merely being assigned to salesmen" (emphasis in original). Id.
The Wrigley Court expressly rejected as overly broad the taxpayer's argument that "solicitation of orders" included any activities "routinely-associated-with" or "customarily-performed-by salesmen." Id. at 227.
ties within the Commonwealth during the tax years in question consisted solely of the solicitation of orders as described in Pub. L. 86-272, and that it is therefore not subject to the Massachusetts corporate excise at all.
A decision of the board will not be reversed or modified if it is based on a correct application of the law and if it is based on substantial evidence. See Koch v. Commissioner of Revenue, 416 Mass. 540 , 555 (1993); Commissioner of Revenue v. Wells Yachts South, Inc., 406 Mass. 661 , 663 (1990); Tenneco Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue, 401 Mass. 380 , 383 (1987). The board's decision is final as to findings of fact. [Note 6] G. L. c. 58A, s. 13. But the court may consider whether the evidence in the case is sufficient to support the board's conclusion of law. Assessors of Weymouth v. Curtis, 375 Mass. 493 , 499 (1978); Boston Edison Co. v. Selectmen of Concord, 355 Mass. 79 , 92 (1968). Our review of the sufficiency of evidence, however, is limited to "whether a contrary conclusion is not merely a possible but a necessary inference from the findings." Commissioner of Revenue v. Houghton Mifflin Co., 423 Mass. 42 , 43 (1996), quoting First Data Corp. v. State Tax Comm'n, 371 Mass. 444 , 446 (1976).
"the activities of Kennametal employees served an independent business function and were not entirely ancillary to the solicitation of orders. Although such [activities] may help to increase purchases, they are not ancillary to requesting purchases since there is an independent business reason to provide advice on the proper use of its product regardless of whether Kennametal had a sales force. The fact that such activities were assigned to the sales force does not convert the activities into those entirely ancillary to solicitation."
The board's exposition of the legal standard it used in reaching its decision comes directly from Wrigley, supra at 228-229, almost to the extent of direct quotation.
tool standardization program, [Note 8] and (3) making frequent in-plant presentations (up to six hours in length and involving as many as 200 employees of current and prospective customers) on the use of Kennametal's products.
There exists no bright line to distinguish those activities that are entirely ancillary to the solicitation of orders from those that also serve an independent business function. See Wrigley, supra at 228-29. Activities such as those cited by the board occur along a continuum. Wrigley guides our analysis merely with examples at each end of that continuum. In the end, business activities conducted within a State must be considered on an individual basis.
The activities here in question were designed not only to solicit orders, but to ingratiate customers and to assist buyers in knowing what to order. Those activities fall outside of the protection afforded by Pub. L. 86-272. Under Wrigley, the activities must facilitate the actual solicitation of orders; they may not merely serve to increase general sales. Id. at 233.
Kennametal had reasons independent of soliciting orders that motivated it to provide the activities in question, even if no sales force operated in the Commonwealth. For example, the proper use of Kennametal's products improves performance and enhances the company's reputation among buyers. This can be especially important for companies such as Kennametal that attempt to promote their products as being of higher quality than those of competitors. Similarly, such activities on the part of Kennametal's sales force could relieve Kennametal from having to produce lengthy and detailed product manuals for customers. In short, the activities in question cannot be viewed as entirely ancillary to requests for purchase, but rather as serving an independent business function as well. [Note 9] As such, Kennametal is not protected under Pub. L. 86-272.
Kennametal's own interpretation of its activities as merely part of an order solicitation process stretches Pub. L. 86-272 too far. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine where Kennametal's interpretation draws the line on impermissible activities. The Wrigley Court, supra at 226, explicitly noted that broad, open-ended interpretations of Pub. L. 86-272 would reduce that law to a nullity.
The board reasonably could conclude as it did that presentations in front of 200 employees were primarily intended, generally, to increase sales rather than directly to facilitate the solicitation of orders. Similarly, the board could reasonably conclude that lengthy surveys of all the machines in a particular customer's plant were intended primarily to increase over-all sales rather than merely to solicit orders. The board might have reached contrary conclusions, but such conclusions are not necessarily inferred from the facts. See Commissioner of Revenue v. Houghton Mifflin Co., 423 Mass. 42 , 43 (1996).
standard merely prevents tax-generating activities from ceasing to be tax-generating simply because they are performed by an in-State sales force.
The board's decision is affirmed.
[Note 1] Cutting bits are small pieces of tungsten carbide. The bit is inserted into a tool holder which is then inserted into a larger machine tool. In most machining operations, the piece to be cut or shaped is rotated at different angles and at high speeds against the stationary cutting bit. The life of the cutting bit depends on such factors as the type of material and speed of rotation of the piece being machined, the angle of the cut, the shape of the cutting bit, and the age and condition of the machine tool itself The cutting bit's life typically ranges from a few minutes to no more than a day.
[Note 2] See LR 84-1, revoked by LR 88-7, 3 Mass Tax Guide at 567, 615 (West 1997).
[Note 3] See, e.g., Hervey v. AMMMF Beaird, Inc., 250 Ark. 147 (1971); Coors Porcelain Co. v. State, 183 Colo. 325 (1973), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 874 (1974); Indiana Dep't of Revenue v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 275 Ind. 378 (1981); Indiana Dep't of State Revenue v. Continental Steel Corp., 399 N.E.2d 754 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980); Clairol, Inc. v. Kingsley, 109 N.J. Super. 22, aff'd, 57 N.J. 199 (1970), appeal dismissed, 402 U.S. 902 (1971); Gillette Co. v. State Tax Comm'n, 56 A.D.2d 475 (N.Y. 1977), aff'd, 45 N.Y.2d 846 (1978); National Tires, Inc. v. Lindley, 68 Ohio App. 2d 71 (1980); Miles Lab., Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 274 Or. 395 (1976); Iron Fireman Mfg. Co. v. State Tax Comm'r, 251 Or. 227 (1968).
[Note 4] In Heublein, Inc. v. South Carolina Tax Comm'n, 409 U.S. 275, 278-282 (1972), the United States Supreme Court reviewed the history of Pub. L. 86-272. However, the Court stated that it did not need to decide "whether . . . the actions of Heublein's representative . . . [fell] within the term 'solicitation'" and thus did not define the term. Id. at 278.
[Note 5] Wisconsin Dep't of Revenue v. William Wrigley, Jr., Co., 505 U.S. 214, 231-232 (1992), also held that Pub. L. 86-272 could protect an activity from State taxation if the activity qualified under a de minimis exception. To qualify for a de minimis exception, a court must consider the activities of the taxpayer within the State as a whole. Id. In Wrigley, the taxpayer's sales force made direct sales to customers amounting to 0.00007% of the taxpayer's total sales within the State. The Court stated that this activity exceeded the permissible scope of solicitation of orders and also did not qualify for the de minimis exception because of the sales force's other activities within the State. Id at 235. Kennametal does not argue here that its activities qualify under the de minimis exception.
[Note 6] "The credibility of witnesses, the weight of the evidence, and inferences to be drawn from the evidence are matters for the board." Cummington School of the Arts, Inc. v. Assessors of Cummington, 373 Mass. 597 , 605 (1977).
[Note 7] Kennametal also argues that the legal standard for determining the scope of permissible activities was determined by the Appeals Court in A.W. Chesterton Co. v. Commissioner of Revenue, 37 Mass. App. Ct. 936 (1994). In Chesterton, the board determined that the out-of-State activities of the sales force of a domestic corporation (Chesterton) were entirely ancillary to the solicitation of orders and thus fell under the protection of Pub. L. 86-272 in the foreign States. The Appeals Court affirmed the Board. The Appeals Court stated that the out-of-State activities of the sales force included "handling consumer complaints and providing consumer and distributor training in the field." Id. at 938. Kennametal cites this language as standing for the proposition that the Appeals Court determined that such activities were within the permissible scope of solicitation of orders. However, the case is inapposite. The issue in this part of the Appeals Court's decision did not concern the standard for solicitation of orders, but rather the burden of proof. The Appeals Court simply held that Chesterton had not met its burden of proving that the activities of the sales force did in fact exceed the permissible scope of solicitation of orders because Chesterton's proof was "suggested only vaguely by the evidence it presented." Id. As such, the Appeals Court did not rule on the merits of the permissible scope of solicitation of orders and Kennametal's reading of Chesterton is incorrect.
[Note 8] The tool standardization program involved surveying every machine at a customer's plant and preparing an analysis of how Kennametal's products could be used exclusively for each machine. The surveys lasted from a few hours to several days.
[Note 9] The Board also determined that Kennametal exceeded the permissible scope of the solicitation of orders under Pub. L. 86-272 with respect to resolving customer complaints. Wrigley, supra at 234-235, held that the resolution of customer complaints was entirely ancillary to the solicitation of orders and thus protected by Pub. L. 86-272. The case at hand is distinguishable. In Wrigley, the customer complaints in question involved credit disputes with the main office. The activities of the in-State sales force primarily involved acting as an intermediary between customers and the main office; the actual resolution of the problem did not come from the sales force itself. (Such disputes arose only two to three times a year within the entire State. Id. at 217). As such, the Court concluded that the mediation activities were entirely ancillary to the solicitation of orders because it was unlikely "that this mediating function . . . would have been performed by some other employee . . . if the on-location sales staff did not exist." Id. at 235. By contrast, Kennametal's customer disputes primarily involved problems with the use of the product itself. Kennametal's sales force typically called or visited the customer to resolve the problems directly. Also, these disputes arose far more frequently than the credit disputes in Wrigley. One Kennametal salesperson testified to having encountered approximately eighteen such incidents within the previous year among his customers alone. It thus appears highly likely that some employee would have performed the dispute resolution function in the absence of an in-State sales force. As such, the activity cannot be considered as entirely ancillary to the solicitation of orders; it simply represents the transfer of an impermissible activity to the sales force. As noted in Wrigley, such a transfer does not make the impermissible activity permissible. Id. at 229.

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