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WHAT RIGHTS DO THESE LAWS RECOGNIZE?
CHAPTER III: WHAT RIGHTS DO THESE LAWS RECOGNIZE?
regulations and judicial interpretations to the facts of a particular case.
of attention each area has received in the legislatures and in the courts.
activities.  See 28 C.F.R. Sec. 41.52.
employers of four or more people, unions and employment agencies as well.
U.S. 273 (1987); Brennan v. Stewart, 834 F.2d 1248,1260-62 (5th Cir. 1988).
accommodations are made, could perform the essential tasks of the job.
providing readers, interpreters or other support services.
F.2d 147 (3d Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1188 (1985).
may keep their canes with them. New York State Civil Rights Law (Article 4-B).
tape, one or more of which may be helpful to people with various disabilities.
employment discrimination on the basis of disability.
v.  Burnley, 683 F. Supp. 275 (D.D.C. 1988).
Although smokers might be considered to be substance abusers protected by Sec.
Absenteeism caused by disability need be accommodated only to a point.
unlawful; the person may no longer be protected as "otherwise qualified".
Gardner v. Morris, 752 F.2d 1271 (8th Cir. 1985); but see AFGE, Local 51 v.
Brock, 677 F. Supp. 636 (N.D. Cal. 1987) (requiring extensive accommodations).
particular needed accommodation. See 28 C.F.R. Secs. 41.53, 42.513(c).
transfers or reassignments for employees generally. Id.
employment which go beyond the definitions discussed above.
Not every physical characteristic is an impairment under the law.
1104; see Mantolete, 767 F.2d at 1422-23.
ability to perform the job. Even where New York State Civil Service Law (Sec.
gastrointestinal disorder] rather than an individual assessment of . . .
discrimination and order for reinstatement to police force with back pay).
the position." 60 N.Y.2d at 532, 458 N.E.2d at 1237, 470 N.Y.S.2d at 560.
obligations.  28 C.F.R. Sec. 42.505(d).
Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act, Sec. 402, 38 U.S.C. Sec.
disabilities must not be used. 28 C.F.R. Sec. 41.54; 41 C.F.R. Sec.
must be carefully phrased and the information kept confidential. 28 C.F.R.
Sec. 42.513; 41 C.F.R. Sec. 60-741.6(c). See also State Executive Law Sec.
duties of the job in question.
applicants for the type of position in question. See 28 C.F.R. Sec. 42.513.
of suspected future risk to the person's health in performing a specific job.
N.Y.2d 213, 480 N.E.2d 695, 491 N.Y.S.2d 106.
detective for evading drug test after automobile accident).
Doe v. Roe, Inc., 143 Misc.2d 156, 539 N.Y.S.2d 876 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. Cty.
Commissioner Douglas H. White, inter-office memorandum, Dec. 7,1989.
Civil Service Law Sec. 55; State Education Law Sec. 3004.
important role in this area.
may have the same effect as a Federal court injunction.
similar, the discussion below focuses primarily on the Federal law.
any person associated with the buyer or renter.
296.5, 292.10, 292.1 1 .
Human Rights Law (Executive Law) Sec. 296.14.
discussion of such prohibitions appears in HUD's regulations at 24 C.F.R.
Secs. 100.50 -- 100.135 (1990).
basis of disability and neither are preempted by the Federal regulations.
destructive outbursts or who are highly contagious even in casual proximity.
this latter provision narrowly. 54 Fed. Reg. 3247 (1989), citing 53 Fed. Reg.
53 Fed. Reg. 45,002 (1988).
"undesirable tenant" might be excluded from public housing; " . . .
propensity for becoming a disruptive and disorderly tenant").
(Executive Law Secs. 296.2-a(b), 296.5(a)(2); Administrative Code Secs.
to a dwelling unit. 54 Fed. Reg. 3239 (1989).
8-107.5(a)(2); New York State Human Rights Law, Executive Law Secs.
in some situations. Other examples of rule changes are waiving a "no pets"
Fitness Centers, Inc., N.Y.C.C.H.R. Compl. No.
equally applicable in a housing accommodation context.
New York City Commission on Human Rights, Gertrude Kass and Bernard Kass v.
of the premises by an occupant (or prospective occupant) with a disability.
the premises, would be at the expense of that person. 42 U.S.C. Sec.
dwelling units. 24 C.F.R.  Sec. 8.23.
adaptability features in design or construction. 42 U.S.C. Sec. 3604(f)(3)(C).
dwelling as containing three or more dwelling units.
kitchens and bathrooms usable by people using wheelchairs.
handicapped." Zoning Ordinance Sec. 28-24 (1987).
accessibility standards. 36 C.F.R. Part 1190; 41 C.F.R. Subpart 101-19.6.
sound buildings than to demolish them and to start over from the bare ground.
only the items otherwise being modified must be brought into compliance.
City Building Code, Administrative Code Sec. 27-123.1.
which encourages the greatest possible accessibility. Building Code Sec.
removes architectural barriers. 26 U.S.C. Sec. 190.
one which was not designed with adaptability in mind.
such factor might be local law prohibiting such restoration, as noted below.
code. 24 C.F.R. Sec.  100.203 (1990); 54 Fed. Reg. 3247-49 (1989).
goods or services of any kind.
875 (1983). As discussed below, program accessibility is required under Sec.
504 of the Rehabilitation Act where Federal financial assistance is received.
Education, 757 F.2d 476 (2nd Cir. 1985); Nelson v.
compensate for his/her impairment. See, Philbrook v.
Ansonia Board of Education, supra.
an extension of that person himself.
same way, guide dogs may occasionally be of little use.
individual person who wishes and needs to rely on it."
accommodation or benefit, and that reasonable accommodation is not available."
Order, page 6 (April 4,1990).
Rights, Complaint No. 04153182-PA, Decision and Order (June 12,1986).
against the traffic light. Vehicle and Traffic Law Sec. 1153.
disabilities, regardless of whether the carrier receives Federal funds.
disability if the person "would be inimical to the safety of the flight"
flight). 55 Fed. Reg. 8049 (1990) (to be codified at 14 C.F.R. Sec.
State and City Human Rights Laws' definitions of public accommodations.
not only for students, but also for parents and employees. Rothschild v.
Grottenthaler, 716 F. Supp. 796, 798-800 (on motion to dismiss); 725 F. Supp.
service within ten minutes of a request...."
disability. Patients are to be informed of these rights. Id.
laws. County of Nassau v. Axelrod, N.Y.L.J., May 31, 1990, at 30, col. 6 (Sup.
Ct.  Nassau Cty. May 25,1990).
equal use of the accommodations, advantages, privileges and facilities...."
disabilities) aff'd without opinion sub nom State Division of Human Rights v.
type of accommodation . . . and the financial burden, if any, to be imposed .
below, which require a degree of accessibility).
all buildings, including places of public accommodation.
disabilities might be employed. Federal Architectural Barriers Act (42 U.S.C.
are to be done in accord with those standards (36 C.F.R. Part 1190; 41 C.F.R.
1184, 1192-93 (3d Cir., en banc, 1989). The State Public Buildings Law (Secs.
hearing rooms, theatres or similar facilities.
systems. Administrative Code Sec. 27-292.10(a)(1), RS 4-6 Sec. 4.31.
entirety, they are accessible to persons with disabilities.
as possible. 29 U.S.C.  Sec. 794; 28 C.F.R. Secs. 41.56 41.58.
to provide meaningful access to that program. Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S.
287, 301 (1984). This includes taking some affirmative action. Dopico v.
pages 21-22;18;19 (June 12, 1986).
attention is likely to continue, especially with respect to children ages 0-2.
material relating to school aged children.
her 21st birthday or receipt of a high school diploma, whichever is earlier.
older or is an emancipated minor.
or her consent at any time.
district's prsfessionals are unable to evaluate the child in a timely manner.
entitled to receive reimbursement for the independent educational evaluation.
the child in his or her current educational placement. 8 NYCRR Sec.
See 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1414(a)(1)(A); 34 C.F.R. Sec. 300.128.
seventy-two hours before the CSE meeting.
one disability. 34 C.F.R.  Sec. 300.5.
basis in Federal law for this more restrictive State standard.
fears associated with personal or school problems."
and the parent. The child also may attend the CSE meeting. See 34 C.F.R. Secs.
at no cost to the parent.
participation, including individual and conference telephone calls.
opportunity to visit the school site before consenting to a placement.
instructional objectives are being achieved.
CSE unless the parents and the school district otherwise agree.
See 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1414(a)(5).
entitled to a sign language interpreter during all of her academic classes.
A child also has a right to instruction in the least restrictive environment.
services cannot be achieved satisfactorily."
of the placement to the pupil's place of residence. 8 NYCRR Sec. 200.1(tt).
placement is more restrictive than an appropriate public school placement.
include parent counseling and training.
must be supported by medical documentation of the child's disability.
the physical needs during school hours of a child with severe disabilities.
services in school. Detsel v. Sullivan, 895 F.2d 58 (2d Cir. 1990).
that it be provided. See Holmes v. Sobol, 690 F. Supp. 154 (W.D.N.Y. 1988).
coverage available is an added cost to the parents.
regular class for the remainder of the school day.
functional needs and not by their classifications.
cannot be met in a regular school, even in a self-contained class.
a child would regress if summer services were not provided.
their special needs, are not able to be educated in a classroom.
is given the written policy when the recommendation is made.
York in Jose P. v.  Ambach, December 14,1979, as modified August 3,1988.
the child. Education Law Sec. 4402(b)(3).
1990 are expected to require expanded transitional services.
on Children and Families. Education Law Sec. 4402(5)(e).
determining and recommending adult services.
See generally Education Law Secs. 4402, 4403.
independent educational evaluation of the child.
native language of the parent or guardian, unless that is not feasible.
appropriate education by requesting an impartial hearing.
make a request to the impartial hearing officer for an interim placement.
qualifications. 34 C.F.R. Sec. 300.507(c).
hearings, so the formal rules of evidence do not apply.
or if either the parent or the school district initiates a hearing. 34 C.F.R.
one professional who is familiar with the child to support the parents' case.
program, it is often important to have a qualified expert visit the program.
submitted at the hearing without his or her testimony.
hearing officer to reach a decision.
appeals is under legal challenge as this is written.
State-approved school, the parent is reimbursed for any tuition paid.
(local school district liable for reimbursement).
Cir.  1989), cert. denied, 109 S. Ct. 1298 (1990).
Act.  Gerasimou v. Ambach, 636 F. Supp. 1504 (E.D.N.Y. 1986).
Attorney's fees are considered in a later chapter.
before addressing infants and toddlers.
disabilities who are aged 3 to 5. This new law expands the coverage of P.L.
tem be modified for children aged 3 to 5.
procedures throughout the State should be similar.
Court Act (discussed below under Infants and Toddlers).
City has a CPSE in every community school district.
list of approved evaluation sites. New York Education Law Sec. 4410.4.b.
the parent receives a summary of the evaluation.
after receipt of the parent's consent for evaluation. 8 NYCRR Sec.
available. The Board is not required to open new programs until July 1991.
schools with which the Board has contracted.
obtained.  Appropriate related services may be provided. 8 NYCRR Sec.
completed within one year or less. 8 NYCRR Sec. 200.16(i)(3)(iii).
approved by the Commissioner of Education. 8 NYCRR Sec.  200.1 6(i)(3)(iv).
made. New York Education Law Sec. 4410.5.b.(1).
recommendation of the CPSE. New York Education Law Sec. 200.16(3)(v).
from special services and programs. New York Education Law Sec. 4410.8.
guardian is to be given a copy of the completed Phase ll IEP. 8 NYCRR Sec.
be reviewed on an annual basis. 8 NYCRR Sec. 200.16(g).
Commissioner of Education. New York Education Law Sec. 4410.7; 8 NYCRR Sec.
Chapter 683 of the Laws of 1986.
State. The system discussed below is that used in New York City.
early childhood intervention by a parent, physician or clinic.
in the child's native language, if appropriate.
preschool program pending Family Court approval.
early intervention services for infants and toddlers with disabilities.
and make recommendations to the Department of Health.
are the City and State Universities.
universities may inquire as to disabilities that require accommodation.
of the program is far more than the 'modification' the regulation requires."
requirements do not discriminate on the basis of disability. 34 C.F.R. Sec.
dexterity in an optometry course.
tape lectures rather than take notes.
that the test purports to measure. 34 C.F.R. Sec. 104.44(c).
participation of a student with a disability. 34 C.F.R. Sec. 104.44(b).
manual impairments and other similar services and actions. 34 C.F.R. Sec.
substantially modify the character of its programs." United States v.
evaluation.  Students are usually expected to pay for their own evaluations.
should request this accommodation before the semester begins.
are inaccessible or unusable by people with disabilities. 34 C.F.R. Secs.
the section on Public Accommodations.
district to provide sign language interpreters for deaf parents).
civil action may be filed in Federal court. 20 U.S.C. Sec. 1415(f).

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