Source: https://www.gao.gov/products/164205
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 08:45:05+00:00

Document:
GAO reviewed the Farm Credit Administration's (FCA) National Charter Initiative to determine whether the charter is a rule under the Congressional Review Act (CRA) and the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). FCA contends that its initiative is not a rule because it does not set out any rules or requirements for FCA institutions, but merely states how FCA will proceed with future chartering actions. FCA further contends that its accompanying booklet is exempt from CRA and APA regulations because the guidelines it outlines for national charter applications does not bind the agency nor is it enforceable against FCA institutions. A review of the actions of FCA and the contents of its booklet finds that FCA's booklet meets the requirements of a legislative rule and should be published for comment and submitted to Congress and GAO for review.
This is in response to your letter of September 21, 2000, requesting our view as to whether the Farm Credit Administration's (FCA) national charter initiative is a "rule" under the Congressional Review Act (CRA) portion of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) and whether the initiative should have been issued using the notice and comment rulemaking procedures contained in the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). 5 U.S.C. 553.
The FCA is an independent agency responsible for examining and regulating the activities of the Farm Credit System (FCS), a nation-wide system of borrower-owned financial institutions operated as cooperatives. The FCA is currently in the process of accepting applications for national charters that would remove regulatory geographic barriers imposed on FCS institutions.
Chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, entitled "Congressional Review of Agency Rulemaking," is designed to keep Congress informed about the rulemaking activities of federal agencies and to allow for congressional review of rules. The requirements of chapter 8 take precedence over any other provision of law.
(iii) the proposed effective date of the rule."
On the date the report is submitted, the agency must also submit to the Comptroller General and make available to each House of Congress certain other documents, including a cost-benefit analysis, if any, and agency actions relevant to the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995, 5 U.S.C. 202 et seq., and any other relevant information or requirements under any other legislation or any relevant executive orders. 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(B)(I)-(iv).
Once a rule, whether determined to be a major rule or not, is submitted in accordance with section 801(a)(1), special procedures for congressional consideration of a joint resolution of disapproval are available for a period of 60 session days in the Senate or 60 legislative days in the House. 5 U.S.C. 802. These time periods can be extended upon a congressional adjournment. 5 U.S.C. 801(d)(1).
A major rule may not become effective until 60 days after it is submitted to Congress or published in the Federal Register, whichever is later. 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(3)(A).
"the whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy or describing the organization, procedure, or practice requirements of an agency and includes the approval or prescription for the future of rates, wages, corporate or financial structures or reorganizations thereof, prices, facilities, appliances, services or allowances therefor or of valuations, costs, or accounting, or practices bearing on any of the foregoing."
"(A) any rule of particular applicability, including a rule that approves or prescribes for the future rates, wages, prices, services, or allowances therefor, corporate or financial structures, reorganizations, mergers, or acquisitions thereof, or accounting practices or disclosures bearing on any of the foregoing; (B) any rule relating to agency management or personnel; or (C) any rule of agency organization, procedure, or practice that does not substantially affect the rights or obligations of non-agency parties." 5 U.S.C. 804(3).
Historically, FCA has used its powers to charter, regulate, and examine FCS institutions in a way that generally promoted exclusive territories. On July 24, 1998, the FCA's Board adopted a Philosophy Statement on Intra-System Competition, which announced the FCA's support for removing regulatory geographic barriers. According to the FCA, it approached this objective through a proposed rulemaking. On November 9, 1998, FCA published a proposed rule that would have eliminated geographic restrictions on direct lending, related services, and certain loan participations by amending or repealing several regulations. 63 Fed. Reg. 60219.
On April 25, 2000, a final rule was issued that deleted the requirements for a FCS institution to provide notice to or seek consent from other FCS institutions when it buys participation interest in loans originated outside its chartered territory. 65 Fed. Reg. 24101. The portion of the proposed rule that would have removed restrictions on direct lending and related services outside an institution's designated territory was not incorporated into the final rule. That restriction is the notice and consent requirement that a direct lender in one territory give notice and receive consent from another direct lender before financing a borrower in the other institution's chartered territory.
Instead, in an Informational Memorandum, dated March 8, 2000, FCA announced to all FCS institutions its plans to remove restrictions on direct lending and related services through the chartering process.
On May 3, 2000, the FCA issued a booklet entitled "National Charters," which, according to the FCA, explains how to apply for a national charter, what the territory of a national charter will be, and what conditions would be imposed in connection with granting a national charter. On July 20, 2000, the Booklet was published in the Federal Register as a notice with a request for comments. 65 Fed. Reg. 45066.
The FCA contends that its initiative is not a "rule" under the CRA or the APA because the action it is taking in granting the national charters constitutes an "adjudication" under the APA. Also, the Booklet does not set out any rules or requirements for institutions but merely announces how the FCA intends to proceed in future chartering actions.
The Farm Credit Act of 1971, as amended, authorizes the FCA to issue and amend the charters of FCS institutions. Section 2.0(b)(8) of the Act gives the FCA the power, under rules and regulations prescribed by the FCA or by prescribing in the terms of the charter, to provide for the territory within which the association's operations may be carried on. 12 U.S.C. 2071(b)(8)(C).
FCA states that a chartering action is considered an "adjudication" under the APA, which is defined as the agency process for the formulation of an order. 5 U.S.C. 551(7). The APA definition of "order" specifically includes licensing and the definition of "license" includes charters. 5 U.S.C. 551 (6) and (8).
Regarding the Booklet, the FCA states that it sets out the procedure for the FCA's acceptance of applications for national charters beginning on July 1, 2000, and provides guidance on the application process and the national charter territory. FCA argues that the Booklet itself does not set out any rules or requirements for FCS institutions but merely announces how the FCA intends to proceed in future chartering actions. FCA states that the Booklet is not binding on the FCA and is not enforceable against the FCS institutions but is merely a policy statement with no future effect.
Accordingly, since section 551(4) of the APA defines "rule" as "the whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy," and FCA argues the Booklet has no future effect, FCA concludes that the Booklet is not a rule under the APA.
Likewise, since the Booklet is not a "rule" under the APA and the CRA definition of "rule" has the same meaning given the term in section 551, with several exceptions, FCA argues it cannot be a "rule" under the CRA.
A review of the actions of the FCA and the contents of the Booklet do not support the FCA's conclusion that the Booklet is not a "rule" under the Congressional Review Act and is not subject to the notice and comment procedures of the APA.
"Of particular importance is the fact that 'rule' includes agency statements not only of general applicability but also those of particular applicability applying either to a class or to a single person. In either case, they must be of future effect, implementing or prescribing future law."
"[T]he entire Act is based upon a dichotomy between rulemaking and adjudication. Rulemaking is agency action which regulates the future conduct of either groups of persons or a single person; it is essentially legislative in nature, not only because it operates in the future but also because it is primarily concerned with policy considerations. Conversely, adjudication is concerned with the determination of past and present rights and liabilities." Id., at 13-14.
Many agency rules are not described as such. /3/ They may be referred to as "a guideline," "direction," "directive," "instruction," "clarification," "manual section," "policy," etc. While how an agency describes a document may be considered in determining whether the document is a rule under the APA, the courts primarily consider the substantive effect of the document. /4/ Although FCA describes the Booklet as simply announcing how the FCA intends to proceed in future chartering actions and does not set out any rules or requirements for institutions, determining its status requires an examination of its contents and the content's impact.
"[T]o satisfy the FCA's application requirement the resolution must incorporate the association board's acceptance of the FCA's conditions of approval."
"Each association that receives a national charter must revise its business plan to define where it plans to provide new or expanded services and demonstrate that it has sufficient capacity to provide those services in a safe and sound manner."
"The association will be obligated to extend credit and offer related services to all eligible and creditworthy customers in its LSA [Local Service Area]."
"The association may exercise only those authorities authorized by its pervious charter until it transmits to the FCA a revised business plan, including an LSA Plan, that has been adopted by its board of directors and that incorporates the requirements set forth in this booklet."
"The association must update its LSA Plan annually as part of adopting the operational and strategic business plan required by Sec. 618.8440."
We find that these requirements are of general applicability and of future effect. Applications for national charters can continue to be submitted any time after September 30, 2000, but will be processed using standard procedures rather than the expedited approval for a January 1, 2001, effective date. Clearly, the effect of the Booklet is prospective.
Regarding FCA's argument that the Booklet is not binding upon itself, we again disagree. By issuing the Booklet, FCA has advised the FCS institutions to rely on the steps and procedures contained therein and to fully expect that upon submission of the board of directors' resolution, a national charter will be issued. This is especially true of any institution which is not operating under a cease and desist order and there are no safety or soundness concerns. Booklet, page 2. It is only after the issuance of the national charter that revised business plans, which incorporate how they plan to lend outside their Local Service Area, need be submitted. Therefore, we find that FCA's Booklet has bound the agency to the grant of national charters.
Accordingly, we find that the Booklet, while labeled a statement of policy by the FCA, in actuality, meets the requirements of a legislative rule -- which should have been issued using informal rulemaking procedures, including notice and comment. As noted earlier, this Booklet accomplishes the same result as that portion of the November 9, 1998, proposed rule that was dropped by FCA in the promulgation of the April 25, 2000, final rule. Where the final result and its impact on outside parties, as discussed below, remains the same, merely restyling or repackaging the document does not change the requirements of compliance with the APA.
While the above conclusion results in the Booklet clearly being a "rule" for purposes of the CRA, we believe a discussion of the position taken by the FCA regarding the CRA and its exclusions from the requirements for submission of "rules" for congressional review will prove useful.
In its submission to our Office, FCA argues that the Booklet cannot be a "rule" under the CRA because it is excluded as a "rule of agency organization, procedure, or practice that does not substantially affect the rights or obligations of non-agency parties." 5 U.S.C. 804(3)(c).
A review of the Booklet shows the effect the national charters can have on other parties. The Booklet advises that even if an institution does not plan to apply for a national charter and does not intend to lend outside its LSA, it should still consider revising its business plan to reflect changes in its operating environment. The Booklet continues with the warning that as other associations with national charters begin to offer products and services to customers in its territory, the competitive environment may change significantly. Booklet, page 5. This admonition clearly indicates that the FCA recognizes the effect of the Booklet and national charters on other parties.
Finally, regarding the status of the "rule" under the CRA as a "major rule," this issue is to be resolved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). A major rule is one found by OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) to meet certain conditions, such as whether the rule will have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more. 5 U.S.C. 804(2). As the CRA places this determination with OIRA, we express no opinion on the status of the rule. We have been informally advised by OIRA that no determination has been made, since the FCA did not consider the Booklet a "rule" and it has not been submitted to OIRA. Upon receipt of the appropriate information, OIRA will proceed to make a decision of the rule's status.
Accordingly, we find that the Booklet constitutes a "rule" under the APA and should have been issued using notice and comment procedures. We also find that the Booklet is a "rule" under the CRA and should be submitted by the FCA to Congress and the Comptroller General in accordance with the provisions of the CRA.
We trust this is responsive to your request. If you have any questions, please contact James Vickers, Assistant General Counsel, on 512-8210.
1. The Supreme Court has held that the difference between rulemaking and adjudication is a distinction between proceedings resulting in the formulation of policy type rules, and proceedings for the purpose of adjudicating disputed facts in particular cases. United States v. Florida E. Coast Ry. Co., 410 U.S. 224 (1973).
2. Cited as "the Government's own most authoritative interpretation of the APA" in Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital, 488 U.S. 204 at 220 (1988)(Scalia, J., concurring).
3. Kenneth Culp Davis & Richard J. Pierce, Jr., 1 Administrative Law Treatise Secs. 6.2 & 6.3 (3rd ed. 1994); Batterton v. Marshall, 648 F.2d 694, 702 (D.C. Cir. 1980).
4. Mt. Diablo Hospital District v. Bowen, 860 F.2d 951, 956 (9th Cir. 1988); Anderson v. Butz, 550 F.2d 459, 463 (9th Cir. 1977); Lewis-Mota v. Secretary of Labor 469 F2d 478, 481 (3rd Cir. 1972); Davis & Pierce, supra, at 229.
5. McLouth Steel Products Corporation v. Thomas, 838 F.2d 1317 (D.C. Cir. 1988).
6. 142 Cong. Rec. H3005 (daily ed. March 28, 1996).
"All too often, agencies have attempted to circumvent the notice and comment requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act by trying to give legal effect to general policy statements, guidelines, and agency policy and procedure manuals. Although agency interpretative rules, general statements of policy, guideline documents, and agency and procedure manuals may not be subject to the notice and comment provisions of section 553(c) of title 5, United States Code, these types of documents are covered by the congressional review provisions of the new chapter 8 of title 5."
"Under section 801(a), covered rules, with very few exceptions, may not go into effect until the relevant agency submits a copy of the rule and an accompanying report to both Houses of Congress. Interpretive rules, general statements of policy, and analogous agency policy guidelines are covered without qualification because they meet the definition of a `rule' borrowed from section 551 of Title 5, and are not excluded from the definition of rule." 142 Cong. Rec. H3005 (daily ed. March 28, 1996).

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