Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/224/603/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 04:14:22+00:00

Document:
Congress has power to impose the liability on the employer defined in the Employers' Liability Act of 1908. Second Employers' Liability Cases, 223 U. S. 1.
Where Congress possesses the power to impose a liability, it also possesses the power to ensure its efficacy by prohibiting any contract, rule, regulation, or device in evasion of it. Second Employers' Liability Cases, 223 U. S. 1, 223 U. S. 52.
Congress has power to enforce the regulations, validly prescribed by the Employers' Liability Act of 1908, by the provisions of § 5 of the act providing that exemptions from liability shall be void, and that the acceptance of benefits under a relief contract shall not be a bar to recovery.
In framing the Employers' Liability Acts of 1906 and 1908, Congress well understood the practice of maintaining relief departments, and, by the statute of 1908, Congress enlarged the scope of the clause defining contracts for immunity which should not prevail, and included stipulations which made acceptance of benefits from such relief departments a release from liability.
Congress has power, in regulating interstate commerce and commerce in the District of Columbia and in the territories, to legislate unfettered by any existing arrangements or contracts in conflict with its policy. Prior arrangements are necessarily subject to the paramount authority of Congress. Louisville & Nashville R. Co. v. Mottley, 219 U. S. 467.
The provisions of § 5 of the Employers' Liability Act apply as well to existing as to future contracts.
The facts, which involve the construction of § 5 of the Employers' Liability Act of 1908, are stated in the opinion.
This action was brought by Schubert, the defendant in error, against the Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington Railroad Company to recover damages for personal injuries. He received the injuries on May 13, 1908, while in its service as a brakeman within the District, and they were due to the negligence of a fellow servant.
"58. Should a member or his legal representative make claim, or bring suit, against the company, or against any other corporation which may be at the time associated therewith in administration of the relief departments, in accordance with the terms set forth in regulation No. 6, for damages on account of injury or death of such member, payment of benefits from the relief fund on account of the same shall not be made until such claim shall be withdrawn or suit discontinued. Any compromise of such claim or suit, or judgment in such suit, shall preclude any claim upon the relief fund for benefits on account of such injury or death, and the acceptance of benefits from the relief fund by a member or his beneficiary or beneficiaries, on account of injury or death, shall operate as a release and satisfaction of all claims against the company and any and all of the corporations associated therewith in the administration of their relief departments, for damages arising from such injury or death."
A stipulation that the acceptance of benefits should constitute a release from all claims for damages was also incorporated in the application for membership.
members of the "relief fund;" during the year 1908, the company contributed, as the cost of administration, the sum of $21,557.02, and during the period of the plaintiff's membership, its total contribution for this purpose was $57,610.51. In addition, the company furnished the facilities of its mail, express, and telegraph departments free of charge.
It was also alleged that, after his injury, Schubert (between June, 1908, and August, 1908) had voluntarily accepted benefits amounting to $79; that he had subsequently presented his claim for damages, in view of which no further payments were made, and that the acceptance of the benefits above mentioned was a bar to his action.
The court sustained a demurrer to the special plea, and Schubert recovered judgment for $7,500, which was affirmed by the Court of Appeals.
The questions presented by the assignments of error relate to the validity of the Employers' Liability Act of April 22, 1908, c. 149 (35 Stat. 65), under which the action was maintained, and particularly, both to the applicability, and to the validity, if applicable, of § 5 of that act, upon which the court below based its ruling as to the insufficiency of the special plea.
injured employee or the person entitled thereto on account of the injury or death for which said action was brought."
"Next in order is the objection that the provision in § 5, declaring void any contract, rule, regulation, or device, the purpose of intent of which is to enable a carrier to exempt itself from the liability which the act creates, is repugnant to the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution as an unwarranted interference with the liberty of contract. But of this it suffices to say, in view of our recent decisions in Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. McGuire, 219 U. S. 549; Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co. v. Riverside Mills, 219 U. S. 186, and Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 221 U. S. 612, that, if Congress possesses the power to impose that liability, which we here hold that it does, it also possesses the power to insure its efficacy by prohibiting any contract, rule, regulation, or device in evasion of it."
Second Employers' Liability Cases, supra, p. 223 U. S. 52.
any settlement for damages between the parties subsequent to the injuries received."
"Neither the suggested excellence nor the alleged defects of a particular scheme may be permitted to determine the validity of the statute, which is general in its application. . . . Its provision that contracts of insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity, and the acceptance of such benefits, should not defeat recovery under the statute was incidental to the regulation it was intended to enforce. Assuming the right of enforcement, the authority to enact this inhibition cannot be denied. If the legislature had the power to prohibit contracts limiting the liability imposed, it certainly could include in the prohibition stipulations of that sort in contracts of insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity, as well as in other agreements. . . . It does not aid the argument to describe the defense as one of accord and satisfaction. The payment of benefits is the performance of the promise to pay contained in the contract of membership. If the legislature may prohibit the acceptance of the promise as a substitution for the statutory liability, it should also be able to prevent the like substitution of its performance."
Upon similar grounds, Congress had the power to enforce the regulations validly prescribed by the Act of 1908 by preventing the acceptance of benefits under such relief contracts from operating as a bar to the recovery of damages, and by avoiding any agreement to that effect. The question is whether this power has been exercised -- that is, whether the stipulation of the contract of membership, asserted in defense, come within the interdiction of § 5. The former Act of June 11, 1906, c. 3073 (34 Stat. 232), which was valid as to employees engaged in commerce within the District of Columbia (Hyde v. Southern Ry.
"That no contract of employment, insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity for injury or death, entered into by or on behalf of any employee, nor the acceptance of any such insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity by the person entitled thereto, shall constitute any bar or defense to any action brought to recover damages for personal injuries to or death of such employee: Provided, however, that, upon the trial of such action against any common carrier, the defendant may set off therein any sum it has contributed toward any such insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity that may have been paid to the injured employee, or, in case of his death, to his personal representative."
"any contract, rule, regulation, or device whatsoever, the purpose or intent of which shall be to enable any common carrier to exempt itself from any liability created by this act."
in whole or part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works, boats, wharves, or other equipment."
That is the liability which the act defines and which this action is brought to enforce. It is to defeat that liability for the damages sustained by Schubert which otherwise the company would be bound under the statute to pay that it relies upon his contract of membership in the relief fund, and upon the regulation which was a part of it. But for the stipulation in that contract, the company must pay, and if the stipulation be upheld, the company is discharged from liability. The conclusion cannot be escaped that such an agreement is one for immunity in the described event, and as such it falls under the condemnation of the statute.
"Provided, that in any action brought against any such common carrier under or by virtue of any of the provisions of this Act, such common carrier may set off therein any sum it has contributed or paid to any insurance, relief benefit, or indemnity that may have been paid to the injured employee or the person entitled thereto on account of the injury or death for which said action was brought."
a proviso permitting a set-off of any sum the company had contributed toward any benefit paid to the employee. When, in the Act of 1908, it enlarged the scope of the clause defining the contracts and arrangements for immunity which should not prevail, Congress retained the proviso in terms substantially the same. This clearly indicates the intent to include within the statute stipulations which made the acceptance of benefits under contracts of membership in relief departments equivalent to a release from liability. Unless the liability survived the acceptance of benefits, there could be no recovery, and hence no occasion for set-off.
It is also insisted that the statute does not cover the agreement in this case, as it was made before the statute was enacted. But that the provisions of § 5 were intended to apply as well to existing as to future contracts and regulations of the described character cannot be doubted. The words, "the purpose or intent of which shall be to enable any common carrier to exempt itself from any liability created by this act" do not refer simply to an actual intent of the parties to circumvent the statute. The "purpose or intent" of the contracts and regulations, within the meaning of the section, is to be found in their necessary operation and effect in defeating the liability which the statute was designed to enforce. Only by such general application could the statute accomplish the object which it is plain that Congress had in view.
to this extent, the regulation of interstate commerce in the hands of private individuals, and to withdraw from the control of Congress so much of the field as they might choose, by prophetic discernment, to bring within the range of their agreements. The Constitution recognizes no such limitation. It is of the essence of the delegated power of regulation that, within its sphere, Congress should be able to establish uniform rules, immediately obligatory, which, as to future action, should transcend all inconsistent provisions. Prior arrangements were necessarily subject to this paramount authority.
"the natural tendency of the changes described is to impel the carriers to avoid or prevent the negligent acts and omissions which are made the bases of the rights of recovery which the statute creates and defines; and, as whatever makes for that end tends to promote the safety of the employees, and to advance the commerce in which they are engaged,"
there was no doubt that, "in making those changes, Congress acted within the limits of the discretion confided to it by the Constitution." Second Employers' Liability Cases, supra, p. 223 U. S. 50. If Congress may compel the use of safety appliances (Johnson v. Southern Pacific Co., 196 U. S. 1), or fix the hours of service of employees (B. & O. R. Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 221 U. S. 612), its declared will, within its domain, is not to be thwarted by any previous stipulation to dispense with the one or to extend the other. And so, when it decides to protect the safety of employees by establishing rules of liability of carriers for injuries sustained in the course of their service, it may make the rules uniformly effective. These principles, and the authorities which sustain them, have been so lately reviewed by this Court that extended discussion is unnecessary. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley, 219 U. S. 467.
"The agreement between the railroad company and the Mottleys must necessarily be regarded as having been made subject to the possibility that, at some future time, Congress might so exert its whole constitutional power in regulating interstate commerce as to render that agreement unenforceable or to impair its value. That the exercise of such power may be hampered or restricted to any extent by contracts previously made between individuals or corporations is inconceivable. The framers of the Constitution never intended any such State of things to exist. . . . After the Commerce Act came into effect, no contract that was inconsistent with the regulations established by the Act of Congress could be enforced in any court. The rule upon this subject is thoroughly established. . . . If that principle be not sound, the result would be that individuals and corporations could, by contracts between themselves, in anticipation of legislation, render of no avail the exercise by Congress, to the full extent authorized by the Constitution, of its power to regulate commerce. No power of Congress can be thus restricted. The mischiefs that would result from a different interpretation of the Constitution will be readily perceived."
See also Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States, 175 U. S. 211, 175 U. S. 228; Armour Packing Co. v. United States, 209 U. S. 56; Atlantic Coast Line v. Riverside Mills, 219 U. S. 186.

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