Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/73/245/556994/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 10:16:47+00:00

Document:
Corrie J. Yackulic and Jeffery P. Robinson, Schroeter, Goldmark & Bender, Seattle, Washington; Arthur C. Johnson, Johnson, Clifton, Larson & Corson, Eugene, Oregon, for plaintiff-appellant.
Michael A. Barcott and Alec W. Brindle, Jr., Faulkner, Banfield, Doogan & Holmes, Seattle, Washington, for defendant-appellee.
Plaintiff sued her former employer, YAK, Inc., for personal injuries under the Jones Act, 46 App.U.S.C. § 688, and the maritime doctrine of unseaworthiness. The jury returned verdicts for plaintiff on the negligence claim and for defendant on the unseaworthiness claim. The district court denied defendant's motion for judgment as a matter of law but granted its motion for a new trial on the ground that the jury's verdicts were inconsistent. At the new trial, the jury returned a verdict for defendant. We have jurisdiction of plaintiff's appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
While carrying a pot to the stove in the galley of defendant's fish processing vessel, the YARDARM KNOT, plaintiff slipped and fell. Hitting the edge of the stove, she sustained severe injuries. Adjacent to the stove were a deep-fat fryer, an oven, and a hot plate. Plaintiff testified that she slipped on a spot of water, oil, water overlying oil, or something else. A coworker observed two spots of oil under the edge of the stove.
Plaintiff was an experienced chef in commercial kitchens ashore and afloat. A few months before her fall, she had been hired as the head chef of the YARDARM KNOT where she supervised the galley crew, helping with and overseeing preparation of the meals, ordering food and supplies, and maintaining galley cleanliness. She was responsible for serving about 600 meals a day for the 175 persons working on board.
Shortly after plaintiff came to work, she became concerned about the cleanliness and safety of the galley's terrazzo floor. She requested the vessel's supply contractor to provide rubber floor mats. She renewed her request several times, at least once in writing, but no mats were provided.
Substantial evidence was offered at trial showing that it was ship practice not to turn down requests from the head chef for safety equipment and that, according to at least one ship supervisor, it was "wrong" for the vessel to fail to respond to plaintiff's request. In its brief on appeal, defendant "concedes that it may have been negligent in one or both ways, or some other way in not supplying the mats requested by Ms. Magnussen."
We review a district court's order granting a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. Rinehart v. Wedge, 943 F.2d 1158, 1159 (9th Cir. 1991). In reviewing jury verdicts alleged to be inconsistent, we "must uphold [them] unless it is impossible 'under a fair reading' to harmonize the answers." Omar v. Sea-Land Service, Inc., 813 F.2d 986, 991 (9th Cir. 1987).
As the evidence showed, ... unless oil was present, the coefficient of friction of the galley floor without mats was nearly the same as it would have been with mats. Thus, unless the jury found oil on the floor, Yak could not have been negligent. If oil was on the floor, then the floor was unfit for its intended purpose. In other words, the floor was unseaworthy.
The court also acknowledged that the First, Fifth, and Sixth Circuits seemed to have reached different conclusions in comparable situations, but concluded that "it is clear that the Bernardini court more thoroughly analyzed the issue and reached the correct result."
. therefore, it could not have found that absence of mats caused plaintiff's slip.
This logic is faulty because it overlooks the existence of critical evidence which would permit a jury to impose liability on a negligence theory regardless of whether it found unseaworthiness. Specifically, the district court's reasoning ignores testimony supporting a finding that the mats would have made a difference, however small, in preventing a fall regardless of the condition of the floor.
The plaintiff ... is asserting two separate claims against the defendant in this case.
The plaintiff's first claim, under a federal law known as the Jones Act, is that her employer, YAK, Inc., was negligent, and that YAK's negligence was a cause of her injuries. The plaintiff's second claim is that unseaworthiness of the YARDARM KNOT caused her injury.
You must consider each of these claims separately. The plaintiff is not required to prove both of these claims. She may recover if she proves one of them. However, she may only recover those damages or benefits that the law provides for the claim or claims that she proves; she may not receive the same damages or benefits more than once.
A seaworthy vessel is one that is reasonably fit for its intended use. The duty to provide a seaworthy vessel is absolute.... Liability for an unseaworthy condition does not in any way depend upon negligent or fault.... If an owner does not provide a seaworthy vessel--a vessel that is reasonably fit for its intended use--no amount of care or prudence excuses the owner.
However, the owner of a vessel is not required to furnish an accident free ship. He need only furnish a vessel ... that [is] reasonably fit for [its] intended use.
There was substantial evidence on the basis of which the jury could find that the failure to furnish the mats was negligent, and defendant has conceded this point. Specifically, at least one ship supervisor testified that it was "wrong" not to fill plaintiff's request and that requests by the head chef for safety equipment were not, as a matter of practice, to be turned down. In addition, there was evidence that the failure to furnish the mats was a legal cause of plaintiff's injury, regardless of the condition of the ship's floor. Plaintiff's expert Gary Ingersoll testified that one safety feature of a floor mat is that "it provides for the mechanical locking up of the shoe to the ridges of floor mat." Analogizing a mat to grooves in highways, he stated that it "adds to the slip resistant character of the walking surface." This testimony is sufficient to permit a jury to find that defendant's failure to provide mats was a legal cause of plaintiff's fall, irrespective of the jury's finding as to the condition of the ship's floor.
The trial court, in denying the motion for judgment as a matter of law, has of course determined that the evidence was sufficient to sustain both the negligence and causation findings of the jury. The above testimony alone specifically disposes of defendant's contention that in the absence of the slippery substance on the floor that would make the vessel unseaworthy, there could be no legal causation to support liability for negligence. It is sufficient to permit the jury to find that the failure to provide floor mats increased the risk of a slip and thus, as the court instructed, "played [a] part, no matter how small, in bringing about the injury."
In this case the trial judge recognized ... that a finding of unseaworthiness was a precondition to a finding of negligence. The evidence presented no issue of operative negligence aside from the breach of duty reasonably to provide a safe place to work.
In this case, we can find no single act of negligence which did not of itself create a condition longlasting enough to constitute unseaworthiness.
While the instant case might perhaps have been presented on a similar theory, it was not. The case was submitted to the jury on instructions that permitted it to find for plaintiff on negligence independently of unseaworthiness. As plaintiff argues, the evidence establishes an act--more precisely, an omission to furnish mats--which is sufficient to support a finding of negligence and causation independent of a finding that the vessel was in an unseaworthy condition.
Id. at 161-162. By the same token, the jury here could have found defendant's noncompliance with plaintiff's requests for floor mats to be a discrete act of operative negligence.
A failure to exercise ordinary care may or may not result in an unfit vessel. The jury could have concluded from the proof that although the defendant did not exercise ordinary care in allowing the deck to be made slippery by overflow from the vessel's ballast tanks, the flooding of the deck did not make the vessel unseaworthy.
The jury could well have concluded that the shipowner was negligent for allowing oil on the deck of his ship, but that oil on the deck of the ship did not render the vessel unfit to go to sea.
In any case, there is no inconsistency between the verdicts in this case. [A] single incident of negligence, such as the requirement that a seaman work when he has reported that he was too fatigued to do so, may occur without rendering the ship unseaworthy.
Finally, in Gosnell v. Sea-Land Service, Inc., 782 F.2d 464 (4th Cir. 1986), where plaintiff fell down an unlit escape hatch, the court held that findings of negligence and seaworthiness were not inconsistent.
There was a time when shipowner's liability for negligence was limited to situations where the negligence resulted in the vessel's unseaworthiness. See Mitchell v. Trawler Racer, Inc., 362 U.S. 539, 546, 80 S. Ct. 926, 930-31, 4 L. Ed. 2d 941 (1960) (referring to The Osceola, 189 U.S. 158, 23 S. Ct. 483, 47 L. Ed. 760 (1903)). As the Court pointed out, however, "with the passage of the Jones Act in 1920, ... Congress effectively obliterated all distinctions between the kinds of negligence for which the shipowner is liable, ... by extending to seamen the remedies made available to railroad workers under the Federal Employer's Liability Act." Id. at 546-47, 80 S. Ct. at 931. Just as liability for negligence is not limited to unseaworthiness conditions, so acts of negligence do not necessarily constitute unseaworthiness. Usner v. Luckenbach Overseas Corp., 400 U.S. 494, 500, 91 S. Ct. 514, 518, 27 L. Ed. 2d 562 (1971). While a plaintiff is free to cast her negligence case in terms of proof of an unseaworthy condition, she is not precluded from recovering for her injuries by proving that they were caused by acts or omissions negligent in themselves.
In Atlantic & Gulf Stevedores v. Ellerman Lines, 369 U.S. 355, 364, 82 S. Ct. 780, 786, 7 L. Ed. 2d 798 (1962), the Supreme Court declared that " [w]here there is a view of the case that makes the jury's answers to special interrogatories consistent, they must be resolved that way. For a search for one possible view of the case which will make the jury's finding inconsistent results in a collision with the Seventh Amendment."
Having no difficulty in viewing the case so as to make the jury's verdict consistent, we reverse the judgment below and direct reinstatement of the original jury verdict for plaintiff, with costs to the appellant. In view of this disposition, we do not reach the evidentiary issues raised by appellant.

References: § 688
 § 1291
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