Source: https://law.justia.com/cases/north-carolina/supreme-court/1972/72-1-3.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 03:00:41+00:00

Document:
STATE of North Carolina v. Verlon T. SPILLARS.
*884 Atty. Gen. Robert Morgan and Asst. Atty. Gen. James B. Richmond for the State.
Hendon & Carson, by George Ward Hendon, Asheville, for the defendant.
Defendant assigns as error the failure of the trial judge to grant his motion for nonsuit.
The indictment charges that defendant "unlawfully . . . and feloniously. . . with the use and threatened use of firearms, . . . to wit: small hand pistol whereby the life of Mrs. Katie Stepp was endangered and threatened, did . . . steal and carry away money of the value of $103 from the presence, person, place of business, Ice Service Store, a corporation, . . . ." The manager of the corporation testified that the corporate name of the company was "Ice Service, Incorporated." In support of his contention that this was a fatal variance between the indictment and the evidence, defendant cites State v. McKoy, 265 N.C. 380, 144 S.E.2d 46. McKoy relates to an arrest of judgment on a charge of larceny where there was no allegation of ownership of the money allegedly stolen. It is true that a fatal variance results in larceny cases where title to the property is laid in one person by the indictment and proof shows it in another. State v. Law, 227 N. C. 103, 40 S.E.2d 699; State v. Weinstein, 224 N.C. 645, 31 S.E.2d 920. However, it is not necessary that ownership of the property be laid in a particular person in order to allege and prove armed robbery. The gist of the offense of robbery is the taking by force or putting in fear. An indictment for robbery will not fail if the description of the property is sufficient to show it to be the subject of robbery and negates the idea that the accused was taking his own property. State v. Rogers, 273 N.C. 208, 159 S.E.2d 525; State v. Guffey, 265 N.C. 331, 144 S.E.2d 14; State v. Sawyer, 224 N.C. 61, 29 S.E.2d 34.
The trial judge properly overruled defendant's motion for nonsuit.
Defendant strongly contends that the trial judge committed prejudicial error by admitting into evidence the property seized under the search warrant and by allowing into evidence testimony concerning the seized property. He specifically alleges (1) that the statements in the affidavit to obtain the search warrant were not sufficient to allow the magistrate to find probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant, (2) the affidavit was not attached to the search warrant pursuant to G.S. § 15-26(b), and (3) the search warrant failed to describe with reasonable certainty *885 the premises or the objects sought, and that reference to the affidavit did not cure this defect since it was not attached to the search warrant. We first quote portions of applicable statutory law, and will then consider each of these contentions in numerical order.
Any . . . magistrate of the General Court of Justice may issue a warrant to search for any contraband, evidence or instrumentality of crime upon finding probable cause for the search.
(a) The search warrant must describe with reasonable certainty the person, premises, or other place to be searched and the contraband, instrumentality, or evidence for which the search is to be made. (b) An affidavit signed under oath or affirmation by the affiant or affiants and indicating the basis for the finding of probable cause must be a part of or attached to the warrant. (c) The warrant must be signed by the issuing official and bear the date and hour of its issuance above his signature.
(a) No evidence obtained or facts discovered by means of an illegal search shall be competent as evidence in any trial. (b) No search may be regarded as illegal solely because of technical deviations in a search warrant from requirements not constitutionally required.
Were sufficient facts before the magistrate to establish probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant?
In addition to the affidavit, this record discloses that the officers also advised the magistrate that they had received $74 from Mrs. Owens (which she had received from defendant), and that Mrs. Owens had told them she would show them where other money was located in the trailer.
It is not necessary that the affidavit contain all the evidence properly persented to the magistrate. State v. Elder, *887 217 N.C. 111, 6 S.E.2d 840. G.S. § 15-26(b) requires only that the affidavit indicate the basis for the finding of probable cause. We do not interpret this portion of the statute to impose a requirement upon the magistrate to transcribe all the evidence before him supporting probable cause. Such an interpretation would impose an undue and unnecessary burden upon the process of law enforcement.
A valid search warrant may be issued on the basis of an affidavit containing information which may not be competent as evidence. State v. Vestal, 278 N.C. 561, 180 S.E.2d 755. The affidavit may be based on hearsay information if the magistrate is informed of underlying circumstances upon which the informant bases his conclusion as to the whereabouts of the articles and the underlying circumstances upon which the officer concluded that the informant was credible. Jones v. U. S., 362 U.S. 257, 80 S. Ct. 725, 4 L. Ed. 2d 697. Probable cause deals with probabilities which are factual and practical considerations of everyday life upon which reasonable and prudent men may act, Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 69 S. Ct. 1302, 93 L. Ed. 1879, and if the facts before the magistrate supply "reasonable cause to believe that the proposed search for evidence of the commission of the designated criminal offense will reveal the presence upon the described premises of the objects sought and that they will aid in the apprehension or conviction of the offender," it is sufficient basis for the issuance of the search warrant. State v. Vestal, supra. The magistrate's determination of probable cause should be paid great deference by the reviewing court. Jones v. United States, supra.
Upon application of the above stated principles of law, we conclude that there were sufficient facts before the magistrate to establish probable cause for the issuance of the search warrant.
It is not necessary that we decide whether under G.S. § 15-26(b) the affidavit to obtain the search warrant must at all times be attached to the search warrant in order to insure its efficacy.
This record discloses that the affidavit was executed according to the statutory requirements. When the State was called upon to produce the search warrant by defendant's objection, it produced the search warrant and the affidavit.
"A search warrant will be presumed regular if irregularity does not appear on the face of the record." Strong, North Carolina Index 2d, Searches and Seizures, § 3, p. 9. State v. Rhodes, 233 N.C. 453, 64 S.E.2d 287; State v. Elder, supra.
G.S. § 15-27(b) provides: "No search may be regarded as illegal solely because of technical deviations in a search warrant from requirements not constitutionally required."
It is noted that here the search warrant repeatedly refers to the "attached affidavit."
The only evidence offered by defendant to rebut this presumption of regularity was the statement obtained on cross-examination from Officer Calloway that he did not see the affidavit at the time Officer Roland read and served the search warrant. Defendant's further cross-examination reveals that Officer Calloway heard Officer Roland read to Mrs. Owens material contained only in the affidavit (reference to the house trailer), which strongly suggests that the affidavit accompanied the search warrant and therefore reinforces the presumption of its regularity.
Defendant did not offer sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption that the search warrant was regular.
We hold that the trial judge properly admitted into evidence the seized property under the search warrant and properly allowed into evidence testimony concerning the seized property.
*888 Defendant contends that the trial judge erred by admitting the search warrant into evidence.
In this connection, the State's evidence shows that on the night of the robbery defendant left his trailer-home with $30 and returned later in the night with at least $388.35. The Ice Service Store, Inc., at Black Mountain lost only $102.75 as a result of the alleged robbery.
Defendant argues that by admission of the search warrant into evidence the prosecution, by hearsay evidence, erroneously (1) offered an explanation as to the discrepancy in the amount of money in defendant's possession by tending to show that it was obtained by robbery of the Ice Service Store at Enka, North Carolina, and (2) allowed Officer Roland to state that he had reasonable cause to believe that defendant had committed another crime.
The validity of a search warrant, the legality of a search, and the admissibility of evidence obtained by the search are matters of law to be determined by the trial judge. Determination of these questions is not for the jury's consideration. State v. Reams, 277 N.C. 391, 178 S.E.2d 65; State v. Vestal, 278 N.C. 561, 180 S.E.2d 755; State v. Myers, 266 N.C. 581, 146 S.E.2d 674; State v. Moore, 240 N.C. 749, 83 S.E.2d 912.
It is error to allow a search warrant together with the affidavit to obtain search warrant to be introduced into evidence because the statements and allegations contained in the affidavit are hearsay statements which deprive the accused of his rights of confrontation and cross-examination. See State v. Oakes, 249 N.C. 282, 106 S.E.2d 206.
Here, the trial judge erred when he admitted the search warrant and the accompanying affidavit into evidence. We need only to determine if the error was prejudicial.
It is well recognized in this jurisdiction that in a prosecution for a particular crime the State cannot offer evidence tending to show that the accused has committed another distinct independent or separate offense. State v. Atkinson, 278 N.C. 168, 179 S.E.2d 410; State v. Williams, 275 N.C. 77, 165 S.E.2d 481; State v. Perry, 275 N.C. 565, 169 S.E.2d 839; State v. McClain, 240 N.C. 171, 81 S.E.2d 364. We think it appropriate to here note that this Court now holds that even on cross-examination an accused may not, for the purpose of impeachment, be questioned as to whether he has been indicted or arrested for an unrelated crime. State v. Williams, 279 N.C. 663, 185 S.E.2d 174; State v. Stimpson, 279 N.C. 716, 185 S.E.2d 168.
The record does not affirmatively show that the search warrant and affidavit were exhibited to or read to the jury. We are unable to find specific authority in this jurisdiction stating that the record on appeal must affirmatively show that documentary evidence was read to or exhibited to the jury in order for it to be considered on appeal. However, the preponderance of authority, supported by better reasoning, is that when documentary evidence is regularly admitted, it is presumed that its contents are made known to the jury. 5 C.J. S. Appeal and Error § 1557, p. 1143; Illinois Central R. R. Co. v. Swisher, 61 Ill. App. 611 (1895); Leary et al. v. New et al., 90 Ind. 502 (1883); Hefling v. Van Zandt, 162 Ill. 162, 44 N.E. 424 (1896); Mercantile Trust Co. v. Doe, 26 Cal. App. 246, 146 P. 692; Barnard Bus Lines v. Weeks, 156 Va. 465, 158 S.E. 870 (1931); McAllister v. City of Frost, Tex.Civ.App., 62 S.W.2d 232 (1933).
Evidence of other offenses is inadmissible if its only relevancy is to show the character of the accused or his disposition to commit an offense of the nature of the one charged; but if it tends to prove any other relevant fact it will not be excluded merely because it also shows him to have been guilty of an independent crime. * * * * * * Often, however, the doing of the first act has a logical tendency to prove some relevant fact other than mere character or disposition. When it does, it may be shown by competent evidence.
Here, the evil in the admission of the search warrant and the accompanying affidavit is that the affidavit contains hearsay statements indicating defendant's complicity in another crime without showing that he had been convicted of that crime. Further, the effect of admitting the search warrant and affidavit into evidence was to allow the State to strengthen its case by the use of obviously incompetent evidence.
Under the circumstances of this case we think that the erroneous admission of the search warrant resulted in error prejudicial to defendant.
Defendant assigned as error the court's denial of his motions to strike the testimony of Officer Roland which was offered to corroborate the testimony of witness Owens.
We do not deem it necessary to discuss this and the remaining assignments of error since there must be a new trial. We note, without deciding whether its admission was prejudicial, that there was some variance in the testimony of the two witnesses.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 15
 v. 
 § 15
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 15
 § 3
 v. 
 v. 
 § 15
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 1557
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.