Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/312/531/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 20:35:43+00:00

Document:
1. Within the meaning of § 302(g) of the Revenue Act of 1926, as amended, amounts "receivable as insurance" are amounts receivable as the result of transactions which involved, at the time of their execution, an actual insurance risk. P. 537.
2. Risk shifting and risk distribution are essentials of a contract of life insurance. P. 312 U. S. 539.
3. A contract in the standard form of a life insurance policy, containing the usual provisions, including those for assignment or surrender, was issued to a woman of eighty years of age, without physical examination, for a single premium less than the face of the policy, together with an annuity policy for another premium calling for annual payments to her until her death. Although both policies were, on the face, separate contracts, neither referring to the other, and each was treated as independent in the matters of application, computation of premium, report and book entry of premium payment, maintenance of reserve, etc., they were issued at the same time, and the making of the annuity contract was a condition to the issuance of the life policy, and the combined effect was such that, in case of premature death, the gain to the insurance company under one would neutralize its loss under the other.
(1) That the contracts must be considered together. P. 312 U. S. 540.
(2) They created no insurance risk. P. 312 U. S. 541.
Any risk that the prepayment would earn less than the amount paid by the insurance company as an annuity was an investment risk, not an insurance risk.
(3) The amount payable to the beneficiary named in the life policy, upon the death of the "insured," was not in the scope of § 302(g), supra, but was properly taxed in the decedent's estate under § 302(c) as a transfer to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after death. P. 312 U. S. 542.
Certiorari, 311 U.S. 625, to review the affirmance of a decision of the Board of Tax Appeals, 39 B.T.A. 1134, reversing a deficiency assessment of estate tax.
time the contracts were executed. She was not required to pass a physical examination or to answer the questions a woman applicant normally must answer.
The "insurance" policy would not have been issued without the annuity contract, but, in all formal respects, the two were treated as distinct transactions. Neither contract referred to the other. Independent applications were filed for each. Neither premium was computed with reference to the other. Premium payments were reported separately and entered in different accounts on the company's books. Separate reserves were maintained for insurance and annuities. Each contract was in standard form. The "insurance" policy contained the usual provisions for surrender, assignment, optional modes of settlement, etc.
Upon decedent's death, the face value of the "insurance" contract became payable to respondent Le Gierse, the beneficiary. Thereafter, a federal estate tax return was filed which excluded from decedent's gross estate the proceeds of the "insurance" policy. The Commissioner notified respondents Bankers Trust Co. and Le Gierse, as executors of decedent's estate, that he proposed to include the proceeds of this policy in the gross estate, and to assess a deficiency. Suit in the Board of Tax Appeals followed, and the Commissioner's action was reversed. 39 B.T.A. 1134. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. 110 F.2d 734. We brought the case here because of conflict with Commissioner v. Keller's Estate, 113 F.2d 833, and Helvering v. Tyler, 111 F.2d 422. 311 U.S. 625.
The ultimate question is whether the "insurance" proceeds may be included in decedent's gross estate.
of his death of all property, real or personal, tangible or intangible . . ."
"(g) To the extent of the amount receivable by the executor as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life, and to the extent of the excess over $40,000 of the amount receivable by all other beneficiaries as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life."
Thus, the basic question is whether the amounts received here are amounts "receivable as insurance" within the meaning of § 302(g).
"The term 'insurance' refers to life insurance of every description, including death benefits paid by fraternal beneficial societies, operating under the lodge system."
Necessarily, then, the language and the apparent purpose of § 302(g) are virtually the only bases for determining what Congress intended to bring within the scope of the phrase "receivable as insurance." In fact, in using the term "insurance," Congress has identified the characteristic that determines what transactions are entitled to the partial exemption of § 302(g).
Insurance, §§ 1-3; Cooley, Briefs on Insurance, 2d edition, Vol. I, p. 114; Huebner, Life Insurance, Ch. 1. Accordingly, it is logical to assume that, when Congress used the words "receivable as insurance" in § 302(g), it contemplated amounts received pursuant to a transaction possessing these features. Commissioner v. Keller, supra; Helvering v. Tyler, supra; Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, 102 F.2d 380; Ackerman v. Commissioner, supra.
Analysis of the apparent purpose of the partial exemption granted in § 302(g) strengthens the assumption that Congress used the word "insurance" in its commonly accepted sense. Implicit in this provision is acknowledgement of the fact that, usually, insurance payable to specific beneficiaries is designed to shift to a group of individuals the risk of premature death of the one upon whom the beneficiaries are dependent for support. Indeed, the pith of the exemption is particular protection of contracts and their proceeds intended to guard against just such a risk. See Commissioner v. Keller, supra; United States Trust Co. v. Sears, 29 F.Supp. 643; Hughes, Federal Death Tax, p. 91; Comment, 38 Mich.L.Rev. 526, 528; compare Chase National Bank v. United States, 28 F.Supp. 947; In re Walsh, supra; Moskowitz v. Davis, 68 F.2d 818. Hence, the next question is whether the transaction in suit in fact involved an "insurance risk" as outlined above.
Considered together, the contracts wholly fail to spell out any element of insurance risk. It is true that the "insurance" contract looks like an insurance policy, contains all the usual provisions of one, and could have been assigned or surrendered without the annuity. Certainly the mere presence of the customary provisions does not create risk, and the fact that the policy could have been assigned is immaterial, since, no matter who held the policy and the annuity, the two contracts, relating to the life of the one to whom they were originally issued, still counteracted each other. It may well be true that, if enough people of decedent's age wanted such a policy, it would be issued without the annuity, or that, if the instant policy had been surrendered, a risk would have arisen. In either event, the essential relation between the two parties would be different from what it is here. The fact remains that annuity and insurance are opposites; in this combination, the one neutralizes the risk customarily inherent in the other. From the company's viewpoint, insurance looks to longevity, annuity to transiency. See Commissioner v. Keller, supra; Helvering v. Tyler, supra; Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, supra; Carroll v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc., 9 F.Supp. 223; Note, 49 Yale L.J. 946; Cohen, Annuities and Transfer Taxes, 7 Kan.B.A.J. 139.
Here, the total consideration was prepaid, and exceeded the face value of the "insurance" policy. The excess financed loading and other incidental charges. Any risk that the prepayment would earn less than the amount paid to respondent as an annuity was an investment risk similar to the risk assumed by a bank; it was not an insurance risk as explained above. It follows that the sums payable to a specific beneficiary here are not within the scope of § 302(g). The only remaining question is whether they are taxable.
We hold that they are taxable under § 302(c) of the Revenue Act of 1926, as amended, as a transfer to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after death. See Helvering v. Tyler, supra; Old Colony Trust Co. v. Commissioner, supra; Kernochan v. United States, 29 F.Supp. 860; Guaranty Trust Co. v. Commissioner, supra; compare Gaither v. Miles, 268 F. 692; Comment, 38 Mich.L.Rev. 526; Comment, 32 Ill.L.Rev. 223.
Act of 1921; 42 Stat. 227, 279, § 402(f); Act of 1924; 43 Stat. 253, 305, § 302(g); Act of 1926; 44 Stat. 9, 71, § 302(g); Code of 1939; 53 Stat. 1, 122.
". . . [Insurance payable to specific beneficiaries does] not fall within the existing provisions defining gross estate. It has been brought to the attention of the committee that wealthy persons have and now anticipate resorting to this method of defeating the estate tax. Agents of insurance companies have openly urged persons of wealth to take out additional insurance payable to specific beneficiaries for the reason that such insurance would not be included in the gross estate. A liberal exemption of $40,000 has been included, and it seems not unreasonable to require the inclusion of amounts in excess of this sum."
Id., p. 22. The same comment appears in Senate Report No. 617, 65th Cong., 3d Sess., p. 42.
The curious consistency and inadequacy of section 302(g) have not escaped notice. See Paul, Life Insurance and The Federal Estate Tax, 52 Har.L.Rev. 1037; Paul, Studies in Federal Taxation, 3d Series, p. 351; United States Trust Co. v. Sears, 29 F.Supp. 643, 650.
Legg v. St. John, 296 U. S. 489, is not to the contrary. There, nothing indicated that the one contract would not have been issued without the other; there was no necessary connection between the two.

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