Source: http://wikien4.appspot.com/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 08:10:10+00:00

Document:
The Naga (IAST: Nāga) dynasty ruwed parts of norf-centraw India during de 3rd and de 4f centuries, after de decwine of de Kushan Empire and before de rise of de Gupta Empire. Its capitaw was wocated at Padmavati, which is identified wif modern Pawaya in Madhya Pradesh. Modern historians identify it wif de famiwy dat is cawwed Bharashiva (IAST: Bhāraśiva) in de records of de Vakataka dynasty.
According to de Puranic texts as weww as numismatic evidence, dynasties known as de Nagas awso ruwed at Vidisha, Kantipuri, and Madura. Aww dese Naga dynasties may have been different branches of a singwe famiwy, or may have been a singwe famiwy dat ruwed from different capitaws at different times. No concrete concwusions can be drawn regarding dis based on de avaiwabwe historicaw evidence.
In Madhya Pradesh, Naga coins have been discovered at Pawaya, Narwar, Gohad, Vidisha, Kutwar (Kotwaw), and Ujjain. In Uttar Pradesh, dey have been discovered at Madura, and in de Jhansi district.
Based on de provenance of dese coins, H. V. Trivedi deorizes dat de core Naga territory extended from Morena and Jhansi districts in norf to Vidisha in souf. The Naga kingdom eventuawwy expanded to incwude Madura in norf and Ujjain in souf.
The Naga dynasty is known mainwy from de coins issued by its ruwers, and from brief mentions in witerary texts and inscriptions of de oder dynasties. According to de Vayu and de Brahmanda Puranas, nine Naga kings ruwed Padmavati (or Champavati), and seven Naga kings ruwed Madura, before de Guptas. According to de Vishnu Purana, nine Naga kings ruwed at Padmavati, Kantipuri, and Madura.
The Puranas state dat onwy nine Naga kings ruwed at Padmavati, but coins of twewve kings bewieved to be Naga kings by modern historians have been discovered. The coins of eweven of dese ruwers have been discovered at Padmavati (modern Pawaya): de onwy exception is Vyaghra, who is known from a singwe coin discovered at de nearby Narwar.
The inscriptions of de Vakataka dynasty (such as dose from Chamak and Tirodi) state de moder of de Vakataka king Rudrasena was a daughter of de Bharashiva king Bhava-naga. This Bhava-naga has been identified wif de Naga king of same name, whose coins have been discovered at Padmavati. Rudrasena's reign is dated to c. 335-355, derefore, his maternaw grandfader Bhava-naga can be dated to de earwy 4f century CE. Historian H. V. Trivedi assumes dat Bhava-naga ruwed for around 25 years, based on de warge number and variety of coins issued by him, dating his ruwe to c. 310-335 CE.
Since de Nagas of Kantipuri are known onwy from a passing mention in de Vishnu Purana, it is possibwe dat Kantipuri was a subsidiary capitaw of de dynasty. Historian K. P. Jayaswaw attributed severaw coins to de Nagas of Kantipuri, reading de names on dese coins as Haya-naga, Traya-naga, Barhina-naga, Chharaja-naga, Bhava-naga, and Rudra-sena. However, oder schowars, such as A. S. Awtekar have disagreed wif Jayaswaw's reading of de coin wegends, and disputed de attribution of dese coins to de Nagas. According to Awtekar, onwy one of de coins mentioned by Jayaswaw possibwy bears de wegend "Traya-naga". Jayaswaw identified Kantipuri as present-day Kantit in Mirzapur district, connecting de Bharashivas to de wocaw Bhar kings. However, dere is no evidence to support dis identification, uh-hah-hah-hah. No Naga kings have been found at Kantit, and Kotwaw (awso Kutwaw or Kutwar) in Morena district is a better candidate for de wocation of Kantipuri.
According to de Puranas, de Naga kings ruwed at Padmavati (or Champavati), Kantipuri (or Kantipura), Madura, and Vidisha (see Nagas of Vidisha). Based on de avaiwabwe information, it cannot be said wif certainty if dese Naga dynasties were different famiwies, different branches of de same famiwy, or a singwe famiwy dat ruwed from aww dese wocations at different times, moving its capitaw to a new wocation each time. H. V. Trivedi, de editor of de Catawogue of de Coins of de Naga Kings of Padmavati, deorized dat de Naga dynasty probabwy originated at Vidisha, from where its members moved nordwards to Padmavati, Kantipuri, and Madura.
Earwier, historian K. P. Jayaswaw had deorized dat de Naga dynasty was estabwished by a 2nd century ruwer named Nava-naga. Based on de misinterpretation of de word nava (which can mean "new" or "nine") in de Puranas as "new", he specuwated dat a king cawwed Nava had estabwished a new dynasty. According to him, de coins bearing de wegend "Navasa" (or "Nevasa") were issued by dis king. Jayaswaw interpreted a symbow on dis coin as a serpent (nāga) wif raised hood. He furder deorized dat Nava-naga's successor was Virasena, whose coins have been discovered in present-day western Uttar Pradesh and eastern Punjab. According to Jayaswaw, Virasena evicted de Kushan ruwers from Madura, and subseqwentwy, de Naga dynasty was divided into dree branches, which ruwed from Madura, Padmavati, and Kantipuri.
The Puranic verse containing de word nava means dat nine (not "new") Naga kings ruwed at Padmavati; dis interpretation is supported by de fact dat de next verse mentions dat seven Naga kings ruwed at Madura.
No Navasa coins have been discovered at Padmavati: dese coins have been discovered around Kaushambi, and are simiwar to de oder coins issued from dat city, which suggests dat de issuer was a king of Kaushambi.
The purported serpent symbow on dese coins appears to be a serpent onwy on a singwe specimen pubwished by de Indian Museum, Kowkata: after examining de oder specimens, historian A. S. Awtekar concwuded dat de symbow cannot be interpreted as a serpent wif certainty.
Even if de coins featured a serpent symbow, dis cannot be considered as de evidence for de issuer being a Naga king: none of de coins issued by de Nagas of Padmavati feature a serpent symbow. The serpent symbow occurs on de coins of severaw oder ruwers of nordern India, none of whom were Nagas.
Virasena's coins are rectanguwar unwike de circuwar coins issued by de Nagas of Padmavati, and feature different symbows. Awso, dey are much bigger dan de Padmavati coins, and bear de wegend "Virasenasa" widout de suffix "-naga" which occurs on de Padmavati coins.
Virasena's coins feature a verticaw wavy wine which Jayaswaw interprted as a serpent (naga): however, de wine actuawwy represents de wong stake of a wotus being hewd by de goddess Lakshmi.
The Nagas rose to power after de decwine of de Kushan Empire in norf-centraw India, in de earwy 3rd century. The Vakataka inscription dat mentions de Bharashiva king Bhava-naga states dat de Bharashivas performed ashvamedha (horse sacrifices) ten times. The ashvamedha ceremony was used by de Indian kings to prove deir imperiaw sovereignty, and derefore, de identification of de Bharashivas wif de Nagas has wed to suggestions dat de Nagas assumed a sovereign status after defeating de Kushan ruwers. However, dere is no concrete evidence for dis: severaw oder powers, incwuding de Yaudheyas and de Mawavas, rose to prominence in dis period, and de decwine of de Kushan power in dis region may be awternativewy attributed to dem. It is awso possibwe dat a confederation of dese powers defeated de Kushan ruwers, or dey independentwy, but simuwatenouswy, took controw of de Kushan territories.
Severaw Naga coins feature a buww (vrisha in Sanskrit), and Vrisha was awso de name of a Naga king known from coinage. H. V. Trivedi deorized dat Vrisha was de founder of de dynasty, and initiawwy ruwed at Vidisha, where severaw Naga coins have been discovered. The Vakataka inscription mentions dat de Bharashiva famiwy obtained de howy water of de Ganges for deir coronation by de prowess of deir arms. Therefore, Trivedi deorized dat de Nagas (dat is, de Bharashivas) subseqwentwy migrated nordwards (towards de Ganges), estabwishing deir ruwe at Padmavati. From dere, dey advanced up to Kantipuri and Madura in de process of invading de Kushan territory. Bhima-naga, whose coins bear de titwe Maharaja, may have been de dynasty's first king to ruwe from Padmavati.
The Awwahabad Piwwar inscription of de Gupta king Samudragupta states dat he defeated Ganapati-naga. This suggests dat Ganapati-naga was de wast Naga king, and after his defeat, de Naga territory was annexed to de Gupta Empire. The inscription awso mentions two oder ruwers - Nagadatta and Nagasena, whose identity is not certain, uh-hah-hah-hah. According to Harsha-charita, Nagasena was a Naga ruwer of Padmavati, but neider of dese kings are attested by any coins.
^ a b H. V. Trivedi 1957, pp. xxxviii-xxxix.
^ a b Ashvini Agrawaw 1989, p. 54.
^ H. V. Trivedi 1957, p. xxxix.
^ a b c R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 156.
^ Ashvini Agrawaw 1989, p. 53.
^ R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 143.
^ a b c d R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 157.
^ a b c d H. V. Trivedi 1957, p. vi.
^ a b Ashvini Agrawaw 1989, p. 55.
^ H. V. Trivedi 1957, pp. ix-xiii.
^ H. V. Trivedi 1957, p. i.
^ a b c d R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 148.
^ R. K. Sharma 2001, pp. 152-155.
^ R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 154.
^ H. V. Trivedi 1957, pp. xxxiii-xxxvi.
^ Diwip Kumar Ganguwy 1984, p. 28.
^ Ashvini Agrawaw 1989, pp. 53-55.
^ a b c d R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 149.
^ a b R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 150.
^ R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 152.
^ a b R. K. Sharma 2001, p. 151.
^ a b H. V. Trivedi 1957, p. ii.
^ H. V. Trivedi 1957, p. iv.
^ H. V. Trivedi 1957, pp. v, ix.
^ H. V. Trivedi 1957, p. vii.
^ H. V. Trivedi 1957, p. ix.
Ashvini Agrawaw (1989). Rise and Faww of de Imperiaw Guptas. Motiwaw Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
Diwip Kumar Ganguwy (1984). History and Historians in Ancient India. Abhinav. ISBN 978-0-391-03250-7.
H. V. Trivedi (1957). Catawogue of de Coins of de Naga Kings of Padmavati. Department of Archaeowogy & Museums, Madhya Pradesh.
R. K. Sharma (2001). "Ancient history of de Naga tribe of Centraw India". In A. A. Abbasi (ed.). Dimensions of Human Cuwtures in Centraw India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Fewicitation Vowume. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-186-0.
Tej Ram Sharma (1989). A Powiticaw History of de Imperiaw Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta. Concept. ISBN 978-81-7022-251-4.
This page was wast edited on 20 March 2019, at 05:23 (UTC).

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.