Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/340058527/Kennedy-W-Progressive
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 18:15:43+00:00

Document:
classes by encouraging the slow learner while stretching the more able pupils.
who trialled the materials and helped to refine them.
which Robert Gibson & Sons are not party.
prior permission of the publisher Robert Gibson & Sons, Ltd., 17 Fitzroy Place, Glasgow, G3 7SF.
The refractive indices refer to sodium light of wavelength 589 nm and to substances at a temperature of 273 K.
The gas densities refer to a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of 1-01 x 105 Pa.
Acknowledgement is hereby given to the SQA to reproduce this data sheet.
Average speed = E=lr+ V t.p.d.
1. What is a scalar quantity?
how far he finishes from his starting point, give magnitude and direction.
9. A man walks 4 km north, then turns east and walks another 3 km.
It takes the man 1 hour to walk the 4 km and another hour to walk the 3 km.
(a) What is the total distance gone by the man?
(b) What is his average speed?
(c) What is his displacement from his starting point (magnitude and direction)?
(d) What is his average velocity (magnitude and direction)?
another hour at a speed of 40 km h~1.
(a) What is the total distance gone by the car?
(b) Calculate the average speed.
(c) What is the car's displacement from its starting point (magnitude and direction)?
(d) What is the average velocity (magnitude and direction)?
(d) her average velocity (magnitude and direction).
12. A man is trying to swim at 3 m s~1 from A to B across a river.
The current in the river is flowing at 2 m s~1 at 90 to the swimmer.
(a) What is the resultant velocity of the swimmer (magnitude and direction)?
point C. Calculate the distance between B and C.
(a) Find the resultant force (magnitude and direction) in each case.
(b) Hence, find the acceleration of the mass (magnitude only) in each case.
Niall thinks that the acceleration is 5 m s~2.
(a) Calculate the component of force parallel to the bench.
(b) Calculate the true acceleration of the trolley.
horizontal component of velocity is 10 m s~1.
(a) What is the resultant velocity, v?
(b) What angle is the arrow to the horizontal 6?
(a) Find the resultant velocity after 1 s (magnitude and direction).
(b) Find the resultant velocity after 2 s (magnitude and direction).
another 3 s, and decelerates to rest in 4 s.
speed for a further 6 s.
5 s and accelerates again to 30 m s~1 in 10s.
Draw a speed-time graph of the motion and find the average speed over the 20 s.
has reached its highest point.
(d) How high did the ball go?
(c) Draw an acceleration-time graph for the 6 s.
of a car during a 6 s period of its journey.
graph for the same 6 s.
rest in 2 s as shown in the graph.
(a) Find the acceleration for the first 4 s.
(b) Find the acceleration for the next 4 s.
(c) Find the acceleration for the last 2 s.
(d) Draw an acceleration-time graph of the motion.
decelerates to rest in a further 2 s.
(a) Draw a velocity-time graph of the motion.
(b) Draw an acceleration-time graph of the motion.
(c) Draw a displacement-time graph for the first 8 s.
10. The velocity-time graph of a bouncing ball is shown below.
(a) What is the velocity at point A?
(b) What is the velocity at point B?
(c) Where is the ball at point C?
11. Refer to the graph of the bouncing ball in question 10.
(a) How often does the ball strike the ground in 3 s?
(b) From what height was the ball originally dropped?
Solve numbers 1-4 using the equation v= u + at.
is 15 m s~1, calculate the initial velocity of the bus.
from 2 m s~1 to 11 m s~1?
to its highest point. Calculate the constant acceleration of the pellet during the 3 s.
calculate the initial velocity of the lorry.
Solve numbers 9-12 using the equation v2 = u2 + 2 as.
velocity of the stone is 0 m s~1, calculate the velocity with which it strikes the ground.
10. A motorcycle covers 240 m when it accelerates constantly from 10 m s~1 to 40 m s~1.
The velocity at point A is 0-3 m s~1.
The velocity at point B is 0-6 m s~1.
Choose the correct equation of motion to solve the following problems.
of a cliff and 3-5 s later it hits the ground.
How high is the cliff?
into 2nd gear and accelerates from 2 m s~1 to 5 m s~1 in 12 s.
(a) Calculate the acceleration is 1st gear.
(b) Calculate the acceleration in 2nd gear.
(c) How far did the lorry travel altogether?
(a) How far did the car travel during the driver's reaction time?
(b) Calculate the deceleration of the car.
distance" answer to part (a).
(d) Did the car hit the dog?
the bag hits the ground.
How high is the helicopter?
the door. 2-5 s later the parcel hits the ground.
(a) How high was the helicopter when the parcel fell out?
(b) How high was the helicopter when the parcel hit the ground?
runs the 100 m in 10 s. The car, starting from rest, accelerates constantly at 2-2 m s~2.
Where is the car when the athlete crosses the line?
Note: In all problems in this section, air resistance can be ignored.
1. A stone is dropped from the top of a cliff and 5 s later it strikes the ground.
(a) With what velocity did it strike the ground?
(b) What was the average velocity during the 5 s?
(c) How high is the cliff?
(d) Another stone takes 3-9 s to fall from another cliff. How high is this cliff?
2. A bricklayer drops a brick from his scaffolding and 2-5 s later it hits the ground.
(a) With what velocity does the brick strike the ground?
(b) What is the average velocity of the brick during its journey?
(c) How far up the scaffolding is the bricklayer?
3. A stone dropped down a well takes 1 -8 s until it hits the bottom.
4. In an experiment to find the height of a classroom, a football is dropped out of the window.
If it takes 1 -25 s for the football to hit the playground, calculate the height of the classroom.
The diagram below shows the motion of both balls.
Copy and complete the diagram and mark in the missing distances and speeds.
(a) What is the vertical component of the velocity when the ball hits the ground?
(b) Find the size of X in the diagram.
a target on the ground.
(a) how far is the target from point P (see diagram)?
(b) how high is the helicopter at the time of firing (/?)?
(a) What is the time of flight of the bomb?
(b) How high is the aeroplane flying?
(c) Where is the 'plane relative to the factory when the bomb explodes?
(relative to the plane) and scores a direct hit on a tank.
(a) What is the time of flight of the missile?
(b) How high is the aeroplane flying (/?)?
9-8 m s~1 and the horizontal velocity of the shell is 60 m s~1.
(a) What is the time of flight of the shell?.
(b) What is the maximum height reached by the shell?
(c) What is the horizontal range of the shell?
cannonball always takes 3 s from the time of firing until it hits the water surface.
much powder does he have to ram down the barrel in order to score a direct hit?
12. Using a rifle of muzzle velocity 360 m s~1, a man fires directly at a target 90 m away.
By how much would the bullet pass below the target?
shell's velocity is 20 m s~1. The horizontal component of the shell's velocity is 80 m s~1.
(a) What is the time taken to reach its highest point?
(c) What is the time of flight of the shell?
(d) What is the horizontal range of the shell?
was fired (magnitude and direction).
14. A tank fires a shell at 120 m s~1 at an angle of 30 to the horizontal.
(a) Calculate the vertical component of velocity.
(b) Calculate the horizontal component of velocity.
(c) What is the maximum height attained by the shell?
15. A shell is fired at 200 m s~1 at an angle of 40 to the horizontal.
(a) What is the maximum height attained by the shell?
(b) What is the horizontal range of the shell?
the dart and scores a bull's eye.
1. What unbalanced force is required to accelerate a 2 kg ball at 6 m s~2?
If the mass of the trolley is 1 -5 kg, what is the acceleration?
3. Forces act on a 1 -5 kg mass as shown.
(c) the velocity of the mass after 3-5 s.
(b) What unbalanced force is required to cause this acceleration?
a 1500 kg car (including driver).
for the first 3 s.
graph for the 6 s shown.
attached to the mass runs over a frictionless pulley to a second mass.
(b) the tension T in the string.
passed over a frictionless pulley.
pulley to a 15 kg mass.
Calculate the acceleration of the mass.
(b) find the tension T in the string.
(b) find the tension Tin the string.
(b) find the tension in each string T-j and 72.
(b) find the tension in each string T-\ and 72.
18. Jacqui pushes two blocks A and B (as shown in the diagram) with a 30 N force.
(b) find the force A exerts on B.
19. Lorna-Anne pushes two blocks B and A (as shown in the diagram) with a 30 N force.
(b) find the force B exerts on A.
upwards by the thrust of the rocket engine.
(a) What is the force of gravity acting on the rocket?
force acting on the rocket.
(c) Hence calculate the acceleration of the rocket.
(a) Calculate the initial acceleration of the rocket.
(b) As the rocket rises, what happens to the mass?
(c) How does this affect acceleration?
attached to the roof of a lift.
constant velocity and decelerates to rest.
(d) when the lift is decelerating up at 3 m s~2.
deceleration is 2 m s~2?
(a) Calculate the size of this accelerating force.
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the trolley (assuming friction is negligible).
to accelerate but this time a frictional force of 1 -5 N retards the trolley as shown.
(a) Calculate the accelerating force.
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.
(c) What effect does increasing the angle of slope have on acceleration?
(d) How large is the normal reaction force?
Ep is converted into E.
Copy and complete the diagram above by filling in the missing Eps andEks.
2. An 8 kg mass has a kinetic energy of 1 600 J.
How fast is it travelling?
for the maximum velocity of the bob.
the bob is 0-5 kg.
(c) the top speed of the bob.
diagram to calculate his power.
6. A trolley is released from rest at point X and it accelerates down the slope to point Y.
Assuming friction to be negligible, calculate the speed of the trolley at point Y.
speed is measured. The speed at B is found to be 3-80 m s~1.
(a) Calculate the potential energy of the block at A.
(b) Calculate the kinetic energy of the block at B.
(d) Calculate the average frictional force acting on the block between A and B.
Note: Before attempting problems 8 and 9, students would require a knowledge of momentum.
suspended by a long string.
Calculate the velocity of the air pellet before it hit the plasticine.
forwards and lands on the floor.
(c) How high is the surface of the table above the ground?
3. A car has a mass of 1000 kg. How fast is it moving when its momentum is 6200 kg m s"1 ?
the mass of the car?
trolley. What is the velocity of the two trolleys immediately after the collision?
and both move off together.
With what velocity does the skateboard (and boy) move?
a certain point, a mass m is dropped on top of it.
What is the velocity of the trolley and mass coupled together if the mass is 1 kg?
13. A 2 kg trolley travelling at 6 m s~1 collides with and sticks to an identical stationary trolley.
After the collision both trolleys move off at 3 m s~1.
(a) Prove that momentum is conserved.
(b) Find the kinetic energy before the collision.
(c) Find the kinetic energy after the collision.
14. A 2 kg trolley travelling at 6 m s~1 collides with and sticks to a stationary 3 kg trolley.
(a) Find the speed y of the trolleys immediately after the collision.
(d) What type of collision is it?
with a 1200 kg car travelling at 5 m s~1.
19. A 700 kg car moving at 20 m s~1 runs into the back of a 1000 kg car moving at 11 -5 m s~1.
Both cars lock together on impact.
(a) What is the velocity of the two cars immediately after the collision?
average force of friction acting against them?
which is 19-6 m below it (see diagram).
The hammer and pile then move together as the pile is driven 0-50 m into the ground.
(a) With what speed does the hammer hit the pile?
(b) Calculate the common velocity of pile and hammer immediately after collision.
(c) How long does it take the pile to travel the 0-50 m into the ground?
in a block of wood mounted on a stationary trolley.
Calculate the velocity of the trolley, wood and bullet immediately after impact.
0-48 kg block of wood shown in question 21 were used.
(a) What additional apparatus would be necessary to perform the experiment?
necessary to find the velocity of the bullet.
2. In a collision, a 0-2 kg ball (A) strikes an identical stationary ball (B).
After the collision, A stops.
(a) Calculate the velocity of B immediately after the collision.
(b) Calculate the kinetic energy before the collision.
(c) Calculate the kinetic energy after the collision.
(d) Is the collision elastic or inelastic?
(0-04 kg), which is initially stationary.
(a) Find the momentum before the collision.
(b) Find the momentum of A after the collision.
(c) Hence calculate the speed of B after the collision.
(d) Is the collision elastic or inelastic? You must justify your answer with calculations.
directions. Calculate the speed v of the left-hand trolley in each case.
5. A bullet of mass 100 g is fired from a 5 kg gun at 50 m s ~1.
Calculate the recoil speed of the gun.
4 a.m.u., leaving a Thorium nucleus of mass 234 a.m.u.
of the Thorium nucleus formed.
8. Two astronauts are floating in "weightless" conditions inside a simulator.
Astronaut A has a mass of 80 kg.
Astronaut B has a mass of 90 kg.
A pushes B and he (A) moves backwards at 3 m s~1.
Calculate the speed of B in the opposite direction.
the time of contact and the average force acting on the driver.
(b) the average force acting to slow the boy down.
3. A trolley of mass 2 kg travelling at 4 m s~1 strikes a cushion and comes to rest in 0-6 s.
Calculate the average resistive force acting on the trolley.
4. A bullet of mass 6 g is acted upon by a force of 3000 N for 1 -5 m s in the barrel of a rifle.
Calculate the velocity of the bullet as it leaves the barrel.
0-2 kg) is struck by a cue.
of United Rovers, the apparatus below was used.
(a) What is the purpose of the aluminium foil?
(b) When does timer 1 start?
(c) When does timer 1 stop?
(d) What time appears on timer 2?
7. Data for the experiment detailed in question 6 is shown below.
(a) Calculate the speed of the football as it passes through the light beam.
(b) What was the average force exerted on the football?
(c) Use Newton's second law to calculate the acceleration of the ball.
7 m s~1 back the way it came.
(b) the average force acting on the wall.
9. A cricketer exerts a resistive force of 25 N for 0-125 s to stop a ball of mass 0-50 kg.
(a) What impulse does the cricketer exert?
(b) What was the initial speed of the ball?
(c) Through what distance does the cricketer exert the force?
the air at 4 m s~1 horizontally.
returns the way it came at 5 m s~1.
during which the racquet was in contact with the tennis ball.
what is the air pressure in the room?
2. Air molecules exert an average force of 6 x 105 N on a wall. The wall measures 2 m x 3 m.
What is the air pressure on the wall?
5. (a) What is the pressure of air at sea level?
3 m x 5 m?
(c) Comment on the force exerted on an identical wall 1000 feet above sea level.
(a) Calculate the pressure exerted by the man on the ground.
(b) If the man now stands on only one foot, calculate the pressure this time.
the pressure on the ground.
2-5 x 10~5 m2. Calculate the pressure on the ground.
pressure. Explain why this is the case.
area of the piston is 2 x 10~3 m2.
of the cylinder (see Figure 1).
The piston is slowly pulled out until it is 12 cm from the end of the cylinder (see Figure 2).
piston in its new position.
(j) a 5 kg mass occupying a volume of 1000 cm3.
and the new mass recorded (mass M).
container. Explain why this is wrong. What mass does (M - m) represent?
(b) Explain how this is used to find the volume (V) of the "extra" air in the container.
(c) Why does all the air not leave the container?
an equation for density in terms of m, M and V.
The following problems require a knowledge of pressure, depth and density.
The density of water is 1000 kg rrr3.
11. Calculate the pressure on a diver at a depth of 6 m.
(b) at the deep end (2-2 m).
top surface of the water.
(a) Calculate the pressure at a depth of 10 cm.
(a) Calculate the pressure at a depth of 14 cm.
(a) Calculate the pressure at P.
(b) Calculate the pressure at Q.
1. The diagram shows the apparatus used in the Boyle's law experiment.
(a) Copy the diagram and label the trapped gas, the Bourdon gauge and the oil.
(b) What happens to the volume of gas as the pressure increases?
(c) What (apart from the mass of the gas) remains constant during the experiment?
(d) Sketch the graph of p against V.
1-0 x 105 Pa, calculate the final pressure.
3. Find the missing pressures and volumes in the table below.
With the piston at A, pressure = 2-0 x 105 Pa.
With the piston at B, pressure = 3-0 x 105 Pa.
Calculate the initial volume of the gas.
When the tap is opened, the gas flows until the pressure is equalised in both containers.
Find the pressure after the tap is opened.
9. Note that there is gas in both containers before the tap is opened.
used in the pressure law experiment.
gas inside was 1-0 x 105 Pa, calculate the final pressure.
at 20 C to 1 -20 x 105 Pa at 79 C.
(a) Show that these results are consistent with the pressure law.
(b) Comment on the criticism that the air in the tube is cooler than the air in the flask.
(c) Should the thermometer be inside the flask?
the mercury and the hot water.
it can be used to find absolute zero.
pressure throughout. If the initial volume is 6 cm3, calculate the final volume.
3. Find the missing volumes and temperatures in the table below.
(a) Show that these results are consistent with Charles' law.
(b) Comment on the use of length of the air column instead of volume of air.
and the final pressure is 1 x 106 Pa, what is the volume after heating?
2 x 105 Pa, what was the pressure before the container was heated?
3. The pressure of a fixed mass of nitrogen is increased from 1-5 x 105 Pa to 2-5 x 105 Pa.
temperature of the gas was 30 C, find the final temperature of the gas.
Data necessary for some problems.
(a) How much work is done?
energy of the electron at X.
of the electron at Y?
screen is 3 x 107 m s~1.
produced by one electron being brought to rest in a single collision.
(a) Find the maximum energy of X-ray that could be produced by a 10 000 V supply.
(b) With what velocity do the electrons strike the target?
the number of electrons striking the screen per second.
ends of the cell (A and B)?
(b) How many volts have been "lost"
across the internal resistance r?
3. The e.m.f. of a cell is 6V. When a 12 Q.
5. In the three circuits shown, the e.m.f., the current and the "external" resistance are marked.
(a) Calculate the internal resistance, r, of each cell.
(b) Calculate the fraction of the e.m.f. lost across the internal resistance in each circuit.
(c) Which circuit is the most efficient at delivering maximum voltage available?
(a) Calculate the e.m.f. of each cell.
(b) Which circuit is the most efficient at delivering maximum voltage available?
(c) Which circuit develops the greatest (external) power?
is the reading on the voltmeter?
connected across the cell reads 10-5 V.
(b) What is the resistance of R?
results are plotted in the graph shown.
(a) From the graph, find the e.m.f. of the cell.
(b) When 7 = 2 A, what is the reading on the voltmeter?
(c) When / = 2 A, what is the voltage "lost" across r?
(d) When / = 2 A, calculate R.
(e) Calculate the internal resistance r.
(a) Copy the graph on to graph paper and complete it.
(b) What is the e.m.f. of the cell?
(c) Calculate the internal resistance r.
voltage (but the current is small).
"What's best?" John asks his teacher.
(a) Find the two missing numbers in the voltage column.
(b) Copy and complete the power column.
(c) Plot a graph of P (y-axis) against R (x-axis).
From your graph, what is the condition for maximum power transfer?
(b) between A and C.
(c) between terminals B and D.
progresses to these advanced problems.
A 2 and A 3.
7. A resistor R is used to protect a 6 V 12 W bulb in the circuit shown.
(a) Calculate the current in the bulb if it is working normally.
(b) What is the potential difference across R?
8. A resistor, R, is used to protect both bulbs in the circuit shown.
9. A resistor, R, is used to protect a 12 V bulb in the circuit shown.
If the bulb is working normally, calculate the power dissipated in resistor R.
10. Given the circuit below, calculate the power dissipated in each resistor.
1. The circuit shown is balanced.
2. The circuit shown is balanced.
3. The circuit shown is balanced.
4. The circuit shown is balanced.
6. The circuit shown is balanced.
R-, = R2 = R3 = R4 = 2 kQ.
(g) What is the p.d.
balanced when I-\ = 20 cm.
balanced when /) = 25 cm.
balanced when I2 = 33-3 cm.
balanced when /2 = 40 cm.
point of balance ( I - \ ) .
bridge is balanced. At balance f?4 = 1000 Q.
f?4 is now increased by constant amounts and the reading on the galvanometer is noted.
(a) Find the three missing numbers in the table above.
(b) Plot a graph of galvanometer current (y-axis) against change in resistance (x-axis).
2. The resistance of f?4 in question 1 is now reduced to 980 Q then 960 Q, etc.
(a) Copy and complete the last two rows in the table above.
(b) Plot a graph of galvanometer current against change in f?4.
(c) What is the mathematical relationship between current and change in R4 this time?
to the change in resistance? Give a reason for your answer.
5. Given the circuit shown.
(a) Find the potential of point X.
(b) Find the potential of point Y.
(c) What is the reading on the voltmeter?
(d) Is the circuit balanced?
1. Copy and complete the oscilloscope pictures for each of the circuits below.
2. This oscilloscope is set at 5 v / div.
(a) Is the voltage a.c. or d.c.?
3. This oscilloscope is set at 5 v / div.
(b) Calculate the peak voltage.
4. This oscilloscope is set at 3 v / div.
5. This oscilloscope is set at 3 v / div.
the input. Draw the new pattern obtained.
(b) Repeat (a) for an input of 100 Hz.
2. This oscilloscope time base is set at 10 m s / div.
(a) What is the time for 1 wave on the screen?
3. This oscilloscope time base is set at 1 m s / div.
4. This oscilloscope time base is set at 10 m s / div.
5. This oscilloscope time base is set at 100 m s / div.
1. An a.c. supply has a peak voltage of 10 V. The a.c. supply can be replaced with a d.c.
supply. What is the voltage of the equivalent d.c. supply?
2. A d.c. supply has a constant voltage of 24 V. The d.c. supply can be replaced with an a.c.
supply. What is the peak voltage of the equivalent a.c. supply?
to the peak voltages shown.
can each time a unit of charge is delivered (1 electrophorus).
(a) Plot a graph of the results.
(b) What is the relationship between charge and voltage?
(c) Has capacitance been kept constant during the experiment?
(b) What is the relationship between capacitance and voltage?
(c) What quantity was held constant during the experiment?
4. A 6 |j,F capacitor is given a charge of 9 x 10~4 C. What is the potential difference across it?
6. Calculate the unknown (Q, C or V) in the table below.
positive charge on the opposite plate.
8. A capacitor reads 300 jiF, 50 V.
(a) How much charge is on the capacitor when the voltage across it is 50 V?
(b) How much charge is on the capacitor when the voltage across it is 40 V?
9. A capacitor reads 500 |iF, 25 V.
(a) How much charge is on the capacitor when the voltage across it is 25 V?
(b) How long would it take to charge using an average current of 5 A?
(c) Explain why the current is not steady.
3. A capacitor is charged to 50 V with a charge of 0-5 x 10~3 C.
(a) How much energy is stored in the capacitor?
(b) What is the capacitance of the capacitor?
4. The charge held by a 2 jiF capacitor is 4 x 10~4 C.
(a) How much energy has it taken to charge the capacitor?
(b) What is the voltage across the capacitor?
5. A parallel plate capacitor has a capacitance of 1 jnF.
(a) How much energy does it take to charge it to 12 V?
(b) How much charge is on the capacitor (at 12 V)?
(c) How much energy does it take to charge it to 6 V?
The capacitor in the circuit can be charged from the supply.
(a) Immediately after switch S is closed, is the current high or low?
(b) After a while, what happens to the current?
2. Relating to the circuit in question 1.
immediately the switch is closed?
(c) Copy the axes shown and sketch a graph of discharge current against time.
4. Relating to the circuit in question 3.
With the switch in position A, the capacitor charges up.
(a) How do we know when the capacitor is fully charged?
The switch is now moved to B and the capacitor discharges.
(b) How do we know when the capacitor is fully discharged?
above) and explain clearly the need for a negative scale.
voltage across the capacitor varies in both the charging and discharging of the capacitor.
7. Let the switch in the following circuit be closed at t = 0.
Immediately after the switch is closed.
(a) What is the charge on C?
(b) What is the p.d. across C?
(c) What is the p.d. across R ?
(d) What is the current?
8. Relating to the circuit in question 7, after the capacitor is fully charged.
(a) What is the current?
(b) What is the final value of V, the p.d. across C?
(c) What happens to the current while V\s building up?
(d) Why does V increase more and more slowly as time goes on?
9. A capacitor is charged and discharged once every second using the circuit below.
(a) What is the maximum charge the capacitor can hold (at 6 V)?
(b) What is the initial discharge current through the resistor R?
10. When the switch S in the circuit below is closed, the capacitor charges up.
(a) When Vc reads zero, what is the reading on V p?
(c) When VQ reads 4 V, what is the reading on Vp?
(d) When Vc reads 6 V, what is the reading on Vp?
(e) When Breads 8 V, what is the reading on Vp?
(f) When 1/ reads 10 V, what is the reading on Vp?
(g) Sketch a graph of Vc against time (numbers are required at the y-axis only).
(a) Plot a graph of current against frequency for this resistor.
(b) What conclusion can you draw from the graph?
(a) Plot a graph of current against frequency for this capacitor.
(b) Why is the current zero when the frequency is zero?
(c) What conclusion can you draw from the graph?
(c) why does the "resistance" change?
In each case, draw the pattern produced on the CRO.
gets brighter; gets dimmer; stays at the same brightness?
increases; decreases; stays the same?
1. Find the reading on the voltmeter.
2. Find the reading on the voltmeter.
3. Find the reading on the voltmeter.
4. Find the reading on the voltmeter.
5. Find the reading on the voltmeter.
output of 9 V from a 12 V supply.
output of 8 V from a 20 V supply.
if V, = 0-5 V.
(c) VQ = 50 mV.
if I/ = 50 mV.
9. In the circuit shown V0 = -4 V.
and \/2 = 200 mV.
(c) l/i = 5-0 V and V2 = 4-6 V.
(b) If V0 = 0, what is \/2?
(c) Calculate the value of RX in this situation.
(d) If RX was changed to 15 k&, calculate the new value of V0.
draw the equivalent output for the same 150 ms.
waves overlap to produce an interference pattern (shown below).
(a) Are two crests meeting at X?
(b) What type of interference is produced at X?
(c) Are two troughs meeting at Y?
(d) What type of interference is produced at Y?
(e) What is meeting at Z?
(f) What type of interference is produced at Z?
(a) Which is the zero order maximum (L, M or N)?
(b) Which two (from L, M, N) have the same strength of constructive interference?
A to B (see diagram above).
(a) Describe what he hears.
(b) Relate this to constructive and destructive interference.
(c) Where is the loudest point?
detects the sigal which is fed into the meter.
(a) Copy and complete the diagram by drawing the second diffracted wave.
(iii) a crest and a trough meeting.
(c) Describe the reading on the meter as the detector is moved from A to B.
(d) Where is the reading a maximum?
(or fringes) on a screen.
(a) What causes the bright bands?
(b) What causes the dark bands?
(c) Is there an odd number or an even number of bright fringes?
(d) Where is the brightest fringe?
phase, i.e., S2P- SiP= X.
(a) (i) How is the second order maximum produced?
(ii) What is the path difference S2O - S<\ Q ?
(b) (i) How is the third order maximum produced?
(ii) What is the path difference this time?
exactly out of phase, i.e., S2X\ - S^A - ~ A.
(a) (i) How is the second order minimum produced?
(ii) What is the path difference for the second order minimum?
(b) (i) How is the third order minimum produced?
8. The diagram shows light from a laser striking a diffraction grating.
At any order (n) that constructive interference occurs, the grating equation is nA = dsin 0.
Use the diagram to prove that both equations are identical.
9. The diagram shows the interference fringes from a double slit.
D = distance from the slits to the screen.
effect does this have on x, the fringe separation?
on x, the fringe separation?
angle of 10-2 (see diagram).
(a) Calculate d, the slit separation.
at an angle of 49-1 (see diagram).
(a) Calculate of, the slit separation.
diffraction grating of 300 lines per mm.
third order maximum be produced?
(b) A ray of white light strikes a glass prism.
diffraction grating and the screen.
(b) (i) What colour is the zero order fringe?
(ii) What colour is the first order fringe?
(iii) What colour is the second order fringe?
(c) Which fringe is brightest?
3. White light strikes a diffraction grating and produces fringes on a distant screen.
(ii) What happens at the first order fringe?
4. (a) Is red light refracted more than violet or is violet refracted more than red?
(b) Red or violet which has the longer wavelength?
(c) Is red light diffracted more than violet or is violet diffracted more than red?
which were made in the school.
and #2 is 18, calculate Q-\.
shown is 1-50 and 0 2 is 18, calculate 6-\.
angle 9w\s 35, calculate 0a.
the angle 6g is 35, calculate 6a.
(a) Given that 6a = 40, calculate 6g.
(a) Copy and complete the empty three columns in the table.
(b) Plot a graph of sin Q-\ against sin d2.
(b) water (A? = 1-33).
(b) diamond (/? = 2-42).
3. The denser the material, the slower the light. True or false.
of light in the glass.
(n = 1-33) as shown.
(d) the frequency of the light in glass B.
violet light in the glass.
(c) Given that 9-\ = 40, find x, the angle of spread of the beam in the prism.
This means that the angle of refraction is 90.
Calculate the critical angle for perspex.
2. The refractive index of water is 1 -33, calculate the critical angle for water.
3. The refractive index of diamond is 242, calculate the critical angle for diamond.
(b) In which optical instrument is this arrangement found?
index of the glass is 1 -50.
(a) Calculate 0 2 if 01 is 45.
(c) Find the critical angle for this glass.
(d) Does the laser beam escape from the glass at A/ 2 ?
(a) Copy and complete the third column.
(c) What is the relationship proved by the graph?
heading of the final column?
2. A beam of light from a bulb shines through a square window in a black box.
B (2 m from the source).
What is the numerical relationship between area A and area B?
3. A light source hangs from the ceiling.
The intensity of light on the table (X) is 8 Wrrr2. Find the intensity of light in the wall (Y)?
4. A bulb is the only source of light in a dark room.
5. A bulb is the only source of light in a dark room.
intensity of light 3 m from the bulb..
6. Given that intensity is measured in watts per square meter, form an equation for intensity.
ultraviolet light on the leaf of the electroscope.
of the white light compare with that of the ultraviolet radiation?
(c) Under what conditions does the photoelectric effect occur?
Questions 4, 5 and 6 refer to the circuit in Question 3.
4. A graph of the photoelectric current against frequency is shown below.
(a) Explain why there is no current below a certain "threshold" frequency fQ.
(b) State the relationship between photoelectric current and frequency.
must include reference to individual electrons).
5. (a) What happens to the photoelectric current when the intensity is increased?
(b) Sketch a graph of photoelectric current against intensity (no scales required).
have on the photoelectric current?
the plates is shown below.
(b) Explain the plateau achieved by the photocurrent.
(c) What is meant by V$, the so-called "stopping voltage"?
(d) Is there a photocurrent when the voltage is zero?
7. A photon of orange light has a wavelength of 600 nm.
(a) Calculate the frequency of orange light ( c = 3 x 1 0 8 m s ~ 1 ) .
(b) Calculate the energy of the photon (h = 6-63 x 10~34 Js).
8. Calculate the energy of two photons of light of wavelength 589-0 nm and 589-6 nm.
(threshold frequency) of light required to free an electron from each metal.
and the chemical activity of these four metals.
10. The threshold wavelength for the emission of electrons from a zinc surface is 293 nm.
(a) Calculate the minimum energy required to free an electron from the surface of zinc.
kinetic energy of the photoelectron emitted.
1. Draw a diagram to show how white light can be split into its constituent colours with a prism.
(a) Mark in the positions of longest and shortest wavelengths.
(b) Is this a continuous spectrum?
(a) Draw a sketch of the experimental arrangement.
(b) Is this an emission or absorption spectrum?
(c) How does this line spectrum compare with a continuous spectrum?
shells and orbit the nucleus.
predict would happen to the orbiting electrons?
produce spectral lines. What is a transition?
would happen to the electron.
7. An electron can be considered to be either a wave or a particle.
2 x 108 m s~1.
wavelength of the electron moving at 2 x 108 m s~1.
2. One photon stimulates an electron in energy level EX above the ground state.
After stimulation, two photons are emitted.
(a) The two photons have the same frequency.
(b) The two photons have the same energy.
(c) The two photons have the same wavelength.
(d) The two photons are in phase.
4. A helium-neon laser uses two mirrors M-\ and M^ as shown.
(a) What is the purpose of the mirrors?
(b) Are M-| and M2 identical?
6. A laser beam covers an area of a circle of diameter d = 1 x 10~3 m on the laboratory wall.
If the power of the laser is 0-2 mW, calculate the intensity of the beam on the wall.
higher power unit, isn't it?"
2. Silicon has four electrons in its outer shell.
Arsenic has five electrons in its outer shell.
Pure (intrinsic) silicon is doped with arsenic.
(a) Explain how this decreases the resistance of the intrinsic semiconductor.
(b) Is the doped semiconductor p-type or n-type?
3. Silicon has four electrons in its outer shell.
Indium has three electrons in its outer shell.
Pure (intrinsic) silicon is doped with indium.
(a) Draw the pn junction above in a circuit showing forward bias.
(b) Do electrons flow across the depletion layer?
(c) Draw the pn junction above in a circuit showing reverse bias.
(d) Do electrons flow across the depletion layer?
5. A particular L.E.D. emits red light when a current passes through it.
(a) Is the junction forward or reversed biased?
(b) What causes this red light?
6. An L.E.D. emits red light of wavelength 650 nm.
8. A photodiode is connected in the circuit below.
(a) Is the diode connected in photovoltaic mode or photoconductive mode?
(b) What happens to the reading on the milliammeter?
(c) What happens to the reading on the voltmeter?
(d) What (inside the photodiode) causes the decrease in resistance?
10. Given the circuit shown.
MOSFET), what happens to 7D?
3 V, what happens to ID?
11. Given the circuit shown.
above the threshold) and not changed.
How could 7D be increased?
12. Given the circuit shown.
switch to switch on the bulb.
mass. This model was based on the results of his thermionic emission experiments.
(a) Draw a diagram of the apparatus Thomson used.
(b) Why did Thomson believe electrons were lighter than protons?
which alpha particles are fired at a thin gold leaf.
(a) Copy the diagram above and mark in the names of P, Q, R and S.
(d) What experimental evidence led Rutherford to think that most of the atom is space?
(e) Where were the electrons in the Rutherford model of the atom?
3. Rutherford was the first person to put forward the idea of a nucleus.
(a) In a head-on collision, would the alpha particle actually touch the nucleus?
horizontal path, the alpha particle did not touch the nucleus. Explain.
had a very large mass?
4. Identify the type of radiation (a, p or y) appropriate to each property.
(a) Undeflected in magnetic field.
(d) Mass of 4 a.m.u.
(e) Charge of 3-2 x10- 1 9 C.
(f) Stopped by 2 mm of aluminium.
5. Identify the type of radiation appropriate to each property.
(b) Travels at 90% of the speed of light.
(c) Produces heavy ionisation in air.
(d) Mass of 1 a.m.u. and undeflected by electric field.
By taking each isotope in turn.
(a) How many protons does each nucleus have?
(b) How many neutrons does each nucleus have?
7. The equation below is an example of beta emission.
(a) How many protons are in radium?
(b) How many neutrons are in radium?
(c) How many protons are in actinium?
(d) How many neutrons are in actinium?
(e) Explain how the nucleus gained a proton and yet the mass number remained constant.
8. In the following reactions, fill in the missing mass and atomic numbers.
9. (a) Which particles are emitted at each stage in the following decay series?
(b) What is the difference between 216 Po and 212 Po?
(a) By writing the equation for the reaction, explain what else is emitted.
(b) How can this type of reaction be controlled in a nuclear reactor?
(d) 4x10~ 6 kg of material into energy?
3. Energy can be changed into mass. How much mass is produced from 1 joule of energy?
(d) 4 x 10~6 J of energy into mass?
5. When a large nucleus spontaneously breaks down into two smaller nuclei. . .
(a) is it more stable or less stable?
6. Distinguish between spontaneous fission and induced fission.
(e) the energy released in this fission.
(d) the energy released in this fission.
9. (a) What is meant by a chain reaction?
(c) How are the number of "free" neutrons controlled in a nuclear reactor?
The data table below relates to questions 10,11 and 12.
10. One possible fusion reaction is shown below.
(d) the energy released in this fusion.
11. One possible fusion reaction is shown below.
(b) the energy released in this fusion.
12. One possible fusion reaction is shown below.
Find the energy released in this fusion.
3. Lyndsey measures background radiation at 30 counts per minute using a Geiger Counter.
5. Calculate the absorbed dose when a 2 kg mass absorbs 0-1 J.
dose of 50 ILL Gy of fast neutrons.
Explain why it makes no sense to say the total absorbed dose is 150 |i Gy.
dose of 60 |i Gy of (3-particles.
Calculate the total dose equivalent.
50 [i Gy of a-particles; [N.B. use Q = 20 for a-particles].
dose equivalent rate in (iSv h~1.
14. A radiation detector on an aircraft gives a reading of 12 jaSv h~1 during a 3-hour flight.
Calculate the dose equivalent received by the passengers.
the reading when the plane comes in to land?
16. For workers in the radiation industry, the maximum dose equivalent is 50 mSv in a year.
(a) Calculate the dose equivalent rate in |iSv h~1.
(b) Monitoring radiation shields would show if a worker was receiving too much radiation.
After three months, what would be the maximum permissible dose equivalent?
17. Name three sources of background radiation.
2 mSv per year / 5 mSv per year / 10 mSv per year?
10 mSv per year / 50 mSv per year / 100 mSv per year?
20. The dose equivalent rate is reduced by shielding the source.
How else could a safety officer reduce the dose equivalent rate?
were taken every two days.
Plot a graph of corrected count rate against time and hence find the half-life of the source.
If the half-life of the source is 6 days, what was the original count rate at the start of timing?
What is the half-life of the source?
measure the half-value thickness for lead."
What is meant by the half-value thickness of lead?
2. Explain the following statements.
(a) The half-value thickness of lead (for y-rays) is 12 mm.
(b) The half-value thickness of concrete (for y-rays) is 25 mm.
(a) Copy the final column from the table and fill it in.
(b) Draw a graph of corrected count rate against thickness of lead.
(c) Find the half-value thickness of lead for y-rays.
(a) Calculate the average value for Alice's height.
extra readings the result will be more accurate.
(c) express Paul's new answer in the form mean .
error is estimated at half a scale division.
(a) (i) What is the error in the scale? (a) (ii) What is the error in the scale?
(b) (i) What is the reading above? (b) (ii) What is the reading above?
in this reading? in this reading?
is used with three measurements.
(a) Find the percentage error in x.
(b) Find the percentage error in d.
(c) Find the percentage error in D.
(d) Which of the three errors has the greatest effect on the accuracy of X?
described by magnitude and direction.
4. 6-5 m east (090) 3.
(d) No (stops 1 m before the dog).
(b) 8. Car is 10 m ahead of athlete.
(c) At its maximum height after the first bounce.
(c) Horizontally 1600 m from the tank.
(d) Based on 6-12 s up and 6-12 s down.
Ep, EK, Work Done and Power (page 33) 22. (a) Card, light gate + timer.
784 J 4m 235-2 J off and card cuts the light beam.
5. 589-96 W i.e., EK is not conserved.
6. 2 m s-1 7. 3-6 m s~1 measure the time of contact.
8. 2 m s~1 9. 3 m s"1 (b) When the boot makes contact with the ball.
10. 2 m s-1 11. 1-5ms- 1 (c) When the ball leaves the boot.
pass through the light beam.
(b) 2550 N acting against the cars.
(c) Pressure will be less 1000 feet above sea level.
2. Air density is less higher above sea level.
and stops sinking into snow.
air can be measured inside gas jar.
2. Fit Bourdon gauge directly on to flask.
(a) (b) 0-3 V (c) 1 Q.
6 1 in every circuit.
(c) 1-87x10 7 ms~ 1 volts" decreases.
6. (a) 4 - 8 x 1 0 ~ J (b) 4 - 8 x 1 0 ~ 1 6 J 6. (a) 2 Q for each circuit.
(c) To protect the galvanometer from large currents.
4. (a) 150 ft (b) 90 Q.
1. (a) (b) (c) Initially / is high then decreases to zero.
(a) 50 m s = 0-05 s (b) 20 Hz 1.
1. (a) High (b) Falls to zero 6.
2. (a) 0 V (b) 6 V fcj The current decreases.
(b) Current is independent of frequency.
(c) Alternate high and low readings on the meter.
(d) At the centre of the screen. 4. (a) Violet is refracted more than red.
6. (a) (i) The second time (from zero order) light from (b) Red.
S1 and S2 are in phase, (c) Red is diffracted more than violet.
(b) (i) The third time (from zero order) light from S-, more than violet through the same gap.
and S2 are in phase, 5. (a) Brightness is reduced.
(ii) 3X (b) Sharpness is reduced.
7. (a) (i) The second time from zero order light from (c) Fringe separation is reduced.
and S? are exactly out of phase.
greater than the critical angle (41-8).
(ii) Energy(ies) of white light is lower.
Must use a UV light source.
Use UV lamp of higher power.
2. (a) Reading goes from zero to a constant value.
(b) Reading goes to zero.
3. (a) Reading goes from zero to a constant value.
(c) Electron absorbs UV photon and gains enough (b) Emission.
4. (a) Threshold frequency fQ means threshold spectrum.
Photons of frequency below fQ have insufficient radius, eventually spiral into nucleus.
(b) Photoelectric current increases when frequency to another.
(c) There would be NO current.
Hz 5-28 5-43 10-1 10-7 the atom (to be free).
element. (c) Electron would escape as before but the "extra"
Lasers (page 128) 8. (a) Photoconductive mode.
light back and forth to increase the stimulated (b) Now there is a current from the drain ID.
emission of radiation. (c) ID increases.
(b) M! is a fully reflecting mirror but M2 is only a 11. By increasing the drain voltage (source voltage 0 V).
flow and the bulb lights.
concentrated in a small area => beam is more intense.
mobile were lighter than protons.
in the form of light (photons).
core of mass (nucleus) at the centre of the atom.
(d) Most alpha particles went straight through.
7. 190O (e) At the edge of the atom, orbiting the nucleus.
the next reaction in the chain.
a-particle and nucleus repel each other (both control the rate of reaction.
6. (a) All the isotopes have 1 proton.
8. Fast neutrons have Q value of 10.
y rays have Q value of 1.
was ejected as a p-particle).
The dose equivalent takes account of the Q value.
(b) Po has four neutrons more than 212Po.
(b) Boron control rods absorb the extra neutrons so surface of the earth.
Fission and Fusion (page 135) 20. By increasing the distance from the source.
4. (a) 2 - 2 2 x 1 0 ~ 1 7 k g (b) 1-11 x 10~18 kg 1. Approx. 3-25 days 2. 144c.p.m.
5. (a) More stable. (b) Greater.
of the beam of radiation by half.
(e) 3 - 1 8 x 1 0 ~ 1 1 J the beam of y-rays by half.
(c) 0-004 x 10 ~25 kg (d) 3-6 x 10 ~11 J intensity of the beam of y-rays by half.

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