Source: http://constitution.org/cmt/woodhg/wood-hc.htm
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 16:35:14+00:00

Document:
THIRD EDITION— REVISED AND ENLARGED.
BY CHARLES F. BRIDGE, ESQ..
W. C. LITTLE & Co., LAW BOOKSELLERS.
Wood, H. G. (Horace Gay). 1831-1893.
A treatise on the legal remedies of mandamus and prohibition, habeas corpus, certiorari, and quo warranto : with foms / by Horace G. Wood. — 3rd. ed. / rev. and en), by Charles F. Bridge.
Originally published Albany, N.Y. . W.C. Little 4 Co., Law Booksellers. 1896. Includes Index.
Copyrighted, 1880, BY W. C. LITTLE & CO.
Copyrighted, 1891, BY W. C. LITTLE & CO.
Copyrighted, 1896, W. C. LITTLE & CO.
In this volume the author has sought to delineate the principles governing the courts in administering relief by the Legal Remedies of Mandamus and Prohibition, Habeas Corpus, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. In the prosecution of this object his labors have covered a field which has hitherto been but partially explored. It has been his aim to set forth the results of the most reliable English and American Decisions on the several subjects treated upon which have been gathered in many months of careful study and research of the cases which are referred to under the different heads.
In cases where the former New York Code is referred to the corresponding sections of the New Code are given. Where no reference to the New Code is given, it may be understood that the present Code makes no changes in the sections referred to in the old.
ALBANY, N. Y., April 20, 1880.
At the time when this work was originally prepared by Mr. Wood, the courts were passing from the practice under the old Code to that under the new. Whether the change was a beneficial one or not still seems to be a question in the minds of many. That it was a decided change, no one will deny. The aim of this edition has been to conform the work to the present practice; to give all the changes in statutory law, as well as references to late cases in this and other States bearing upon the subject in hand, and, at the same time, to preserve, for the benefit of those accustomed to it, the arrangement and general scheme of the first edition. The work has been carefully done, all authorities have been verified, and it will, it is believed, be worthy of the generous reception accorded its predecessor. CHARLES F. BRIDGE.
ALBANY, N. Y., Jan. 1st, 1891.
CHAPTER IV. THE ACTION OF QUO WARRANTO.
An examination of the provisions of the statute under which the former proceedings were had, by information in the nature of a quo warranto, and the provisions of the Code by which a civil action is substituted as a means of attaining the same remedies, will show that the former proceeding by information, and the latter by action, are substantially the same; almost every provision of the Code is a re-enactment of the same or similar provisions of the statute; consequently, the practice under the Code will differ from that under the statute only as the practice in civil actions may differ from that in special proceedings. The differences between the two modes of proceeding will be pointed out during the progress of this chapter.
1 Code Civ. Pro., § 1983. 2 Code Civ. Pro., § 1797.
1 Code Civ. Pro. § 1799; see Code Civ. Pro., § 1804, supra.
* Code Civ. Pro. §1798. 3 Code Civ. Pro. § 1808. « Code Civ. Pro. § 1934.
* Code Civ. Pro. § 1799.
* Code Civ. Pro., § 1800. 'Hopk., 354.
1 6 Cow., 196. 119 Johns., 456.
3 6 Cow., 217, 27 Hun, 582.
4 47 N. Y., E86.
5 78 N. Y., 524.
1 3 Abb. N. C., 306; appeal determined, 67 N. Y., 484. 3 78 N. Y., 534.
3 4 Sandf. Ch., 559.
4 80 N. Y., 599. 4 77 N. Y., 332.
« 9 Wend., 851, 70 N. Y., 327; 54 How., 168. ' 80 N. Y., 599.
1 Code Civ. Pro., g 1987. 8 Codo Civ. Pro., § 1802. ' Code Civ. Pro., § 1803.
nicipal or other political corporation, created by tfra constitution, or by or tinder the laws of this State."
1. Against a person who usurps, intrudes into, or unlawfully holds or exercises, within the State, a franchise, or a public office, civil or military, or an office in a domestic corporation.
2. Against a public officer, civil or military, who has done or suffered an act which by law works a forfeiture of his office.
1 Code Civ. Pro., § 1804.
* Code Civ. Pro., § 1805; 7 Civ. Pro., 5.
' Code Civ. Pro., § 1948.
1 9 Reporter, 479, 80 N. T., 117.
4 70 N Y., 518.
' 4 Abb , 121.
10 2r> Barb , 254.
11 77 F Y , 503.
14 63 N. Y , 320, 67 Barb., 312, 4 Hun, 627.
1 1 Lans., 202. * 57 N. Y., 161. 311 Abb. N. 8., 129. 4 Code Civ. Pro., § 406. 616 Hun, 219. «66N. Y., 238.
710 N. Y. St. Rep., 577; affirmed 12 N. Y. St. Rep., 409 810 N. Y. St. Rep , 577. 9 27 Hun, 528. 10 8 Hun, 334, 22 Barb , 114, 67 N. Y , 334.
Allowances to compensate special counsel employed by the attorney-general, in actions in which the State is interested, are not authorized.2 In a late case, this holding was explained as being only a determination that the attorney-general, except in the cases pointed out by the statutes, was not authorized to employ counsel to appear for the people, so as to make their compensation a charge against the treasury; but not a decision that he could not depute special counsel to appear in his behalf, they making no claim against the State for compensation, nor that their right to so appear was open to question, more freely than if they claimed to represent a private individual.' The attorney-general may stipulate to waive right of appeal in action under Laws 1808, chapter 869, against canal contractors."
In an action, brought as prescribed in the last section, for usurping, intruding into, unlawfully holding or exercising an office, the attorney-general, besides stating the cause of action in the complaint, may, in his discretion, set forth therein the name of the person rightfully entitled to the office, and the facts showing his right thereto; and thereupon, and upon proof, by affidavit, that the defendant, by means of his usurpation or intrusion, has received any fees or emoluments belonging to the office, an order to arrest the defendant may be granted by the court or judge. The provisions of title first of chapter seventh of this act apply to such an order, and the proceedings thereupon and subsequent thereto, except where special provision is otherwise made in this title.
1 89 N. T., 76.
' 88 N. Y., 571; 11 Abb. N. C., 304; 2 McCarthy, 295.
4 52 N. Y., 306.
1 Code Civ. Pro., £ 1949.
2 12 N. Y., 433.
4 ION. Y. St. Eep., 717.
5 Code Civ. Pro., § 1950. « 57 N. Y., 151.
* 66 N. Y., 237.
1 Code Civ. Pro., § 1951.
8 6 Abb. 220; 7 How., 282; 59 How., 106.
8 Code Civ. Pro., § 1952.
4 14 Barb , 396.
1 9 How., 414. 311 How., 418.
4 42 Barb., 203 6 7 How., 282.
6 Code Civ. Pro., § 1953.
8 Code Civ. Pro., § 1954.
of the plaintiff, must perpetually restrain the defendant or defendants, from the commission or continuance of the act or acts complained of. A temporary injunction to restrain the commission or continuance thereof, may be granted, upon proof, by affidavit, that the defendant or defendants enjoined have acted as a corporation, within the State, without being duly incorporated, or have usurped, exercised, or claimed, within the State, a franchise, liberty, or corporate right, not granted to them by law. The provisions of title second of chapter seventh of this act apply to such a temporary injunction, and the proceedings thereupon, except where special provision is otherwise made in this title. For that purpose, the injunction order is deemed to have been granted as prescribed in section 603 of this act.
Action to vacate a patent.
1 Code Civ. Pro., § 1956; 6 Abb., 230; 73 N. T., 535; 26 How., 213; 52 H. T., 576.
suggestion, or concealment of a material fact, made by or with the knowledge or consent of the person to whom they were issued.
2. Where they were issued in ignorance of a material fact, or through mistake.
3. Where the patentee, or those claiming under him, have done or omitted an act, in violation of the terms and conditions upon which the letters patent were granted, or have, by any other means, forfeited the interest acquired under the same.
1 Code Civ. Pro., § 1957.
» 10 Barb., 120; affirmed, 9 N. T., 349.
* Code Civ. Pro., § 1958.
Immediately after making the entry prescribed in the last section, the secretary of State must transmit a certified transcript thereof to the clerk, or the register, as the case requires, of each county in which the real property affected by the judgment is situated. The clerk or register must file it; and if the letters patent are recorded in his office, he must note the contents of the transcript in the margin of the record."
1 Code Civ. Pro., § 1959. . » Code Civ Pro., § 1900. • Code Civ. Pro , § 1984. 4 Code Civ. Pro., § 1985.
1 Code Civ. Pro., § 1986. » 2 McC., 295. « Code Civ. Pro , § 1988. 4 Code Civ. Pro. § 1989.
1 Code Civ. Proc., § 1990 as am'd 1894.
Affidavit on Application for Mandamus.
(Code Civil Procedure, § 2067.) Ante p. 15.
EICHARD STILES, Notary Public, Delaware County, N. Y.
No. 2. Notice of Motion for Mandamus.
(Code Civil Procedure, §§ 2067-2069.) Ante pp. 15-17.
October, 1890, at the opening of the court or as soon thereafter as counsel can be heard, for an order that a writ of mandamus, under the seal of the court, issue therefrom, directed to and commanding you to (state the action to be taken or relief granted), or for such other or further relief as may be just in the premises.
Office and post-office address, Altamont, N. Y.
Order to Show Cause why Mandamus should not Issue.
(Code Civil Procedure, § 2067.) Ante, p. 13.
At a special term of the Supreme Court, held at the court house in the city of Buffalo, on the 19th day of October, 1890.
Present—Hon. A. M. OSBORNE, Justice.
THE PRESIDENT AND TRUSTEES OF THE VILLAGE OF ELMA.
compelled to so act forthwith, or why an alternative mandamus in the usual form should not issue to them, requiring them to so act.
Let a copy of this order, and of the affidavit upon which it was granted, be served on each of said defendants, on or before the--------day of November, 1890.
(Code Civil Procedure, §§ 2067, 2070.) Ante, p. 18.
Present—Hon. C. E. INGALLS, Justice.
to the contrary, before this court, at the next special term thereof, to be held at the court house in the city of Buffalo, on the 22d day of December, 1890. Dated November 23d, 1890.
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 3067, 2069, 2082). Ante, p. 18.
Whereas (set forth all the facts briefly and concisely), Nevertheless you have unjustly refused to (state the act or omission complained of), as appears to us by the affidavit of Henry H. Jones, relator herein.
Now, therefore, we desiring that speedy justice shall be done in the premises, to the said Henry H. Jones, relator herein, do, therefore, command you, that immediately upon the service upon you of this writ, you do (grant the relief demanded, in manner as set forth in the order granting the writ), or that you show cause to the contrary thereof, before our Supreme Court, and that you make return to this writ, within twenty days after service thereof upon, at the office of the clerk of this court at the city of Albany (or to the clerk of Albany county [C. C. P., §2072.]).
Witness, Hon. WILLIAM L. LEARNED, Justice of [L. S.] the Supreme Court, at the court house in the city of Albany, on the 12th day of April, 1890. ANSEL C. BEQUA.
(Code Civil Procedure, §§ 2067, 2070.) Ante, p. 13.
At a special term of the Supreme Court, held at the court-house in the city of Buffalo, on the 22d day of December, 1890.
Ordered, that a peremptory writ of mandamus forthwith issue out of and under the seal of this court, directed to the said president and trustees of said village of Elma, requiring them to (grant relief asked).
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 2067-3090.) Ante, p. 13.
Now, therefore, that justice may at once be done to said relator, we command you, that, immediately upon the service upon you of this writ, you, the said (defendants) do forthwith (grant the relief asked, in the terms set forth in order granting writ), lest complaint shall again come to us by your default, and in what manner this, our command, shall be executed, make to appear to our said Supreme Court, at a special term thereof, on the 25th day of January, 1891, at the court house in the city of Buffalo, there and then returning this our writ. Witness, the Hon. C. E. INGALLS, Justice of our [L. S.] said court, at the court house in the city of Buffalo, this 22d day of December, A. D., 1890.
Attorney for Relator. No. 8.
Return of Compliance with Writ of Mandamus.
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 2073, 2074.) Ante, n 25.
of mandamus granted herein, on the 22d day of December, 1890, shows to the court that we have (state duty required), as commanded in said writ.
In witness whereof, -we have hereunto affixed our signatures, this 25th day of January, 1890.
Return or Demurrer to Mandamus.
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 1994, 2073, 2074, 2076, 2077.) Ante, p. 22.
Notice of Filing Return and Demurrer.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2081.) Ante, p. 25.
demur or plead to the said return within twenty days after the service of this notice.
Notice of Motion to Quash Writ.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2075.) Ante, p. 22.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2082.) Ante, p. 81.
lars costs and his disbursements to the relator, and the defendants having made and filed the certificate required by such order and writ, and the return thereto: Now, on motion of H. C. Mandeville, attorney for relator, it is adjudged that (here set forth what is adjudged).
It is further adjudged, that the relator recover of the defendants, John P. Smart, Patrick H. Reilly and Harry S. Jones, the sum of seventy dollars costs and disbursements, and have execution therefor.
Order Staying Proceedings, Pending Appeal.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2089). Ante, p. 33.
An application having been this day made for a writ of mandamus, directing (here state relief asked), and the same having been granted by order of the court, after hearing Henry K. Cowen for the motion, and Charles N. Palmer opposed, and it appearing that the defendant is about taking an appeal from said order. Now, on motion of defendant's counsel, it is ordered that all proceedings on said writ be stayed until the expiration of the time to appeal from said order, and in case such appeal is taken, then that all proceedings thereon be stayed till the hearing and determination of said appeal.
WM. L. LEARNED, Justice Supreme Court.
Notice of Appeal from Order Granting Mandamus.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2089.) Ante, p. 83.
and Henry Smith, defendants herein, appeal to the general term of this court from the order made in the above-entitled proceedings by this court at a special term thereof, held at city hall in the city of Albany, on the 20th day of December, 1889, and that the appellants intend to bring up for review, upon such appeal, so much of the order made as directs that (here state part of order appealed from.
Attorney for Relator, Respondent, and the County Clerk of the county of Albany.
Affidavit on Application for Writ of Prohibition.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2091.) Ante, p. 100.
Notice of Motion for Writ of Prohibition.
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 2091, 2092.) Ante, p. 100.
Order Granting Alternative Writ of Prohibition.
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 2091, 2092.) Ante, p. 102.
At a special term of the Supreme Court, held at the court house, in the city of Hudson, on the 26th day of March, 1890.
TO THE -------- COURT [OR TO HON.
and to the said John Stiles, commanding them to desist and refrain from any further proceedings in (state matter to be prohibited), until the further direction of this court, and let the (defendants) show cause before this court, at the next special term thereof, to be held at the court house in the city of Hudson, on the 29th day of April, 1890, why they should not be absolutely restrained from any further proceedings in (that action, special proceedings or matter).
(Code of Civil Procedure, g§ 2094, 2095.) Ante, p. 100.
of Henry L. Jones], to the -------- Court [or to Hon.
court], and the said John Stiles, to desist and refrain from any further (as in order) until further direction of this court; and also to show cause before this court (upon the first day of a future term, specifying it, at which application for the writ might have been made), why you should not be absolutely restrained from any further proceedings in the (action, special proceeding or matter).
Witness, the Hon. Samuel Edwards, one of the justices of the Supreme Court, at the court [L. s.] house in the city of Hudson, this 29th day of April, 1890.
Allowed this 29th day of April, 1890.
Return to Alternative Writ of Prohibition.
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 2095-2098.) Aate, p. 103.
etc.), to whom the annexed writ of prohibition was issued, for answer to the said writ, makes the following return (give a full account of the proceedings had by the court).
I, John Stiles, the party to whom the writ of prohibition, a copy of which is hereto annexed, is directed, deny all and all manner of grievance in said writ alleged, and certify and return to the Supreme Court (insert here the facts, or adopt the return of the court or judge), and rely upon the matters hereinbefore set forth (or upon the matter therein contained), as sufficient cause why the said court (or judge, etc.), should not be restrained, as mentioned in said writ.
Witness my hand, this 18th day of June, 1890.
(Code Civil Procedure, § 2100.) Ante, p. 104.
At a special term of the Supreme Court held at the court house in the city of Hudson, on the 20th day of June, 1890.
TO THE ------- COURT [OR, TO HON.
Ordered, That the said court (or judge), and John Stiles, defendants defendants herein, are authorized to-proceed in the action (special procediugs or matter), as if the alternative writ had not been issued), and that the said relator, Henry T. Jones, pay to the defendant, John Stiles, the sum of--------dollars, costs and disbursements of this proceeding.
No. 21. Absolute Writ of Prohibition.
(Code Civ. Procedure, § 3100.) Ante, p. 100.
As in Form No. 17, except that the terms of the final order are to be imbodied in it instead of order to show cause.
Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus to testify.
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 2011, 2012.) Ante, p. 145.
justice of the court, at--------). That said action is entitled John Doe against Richard Roe, and is in the nature of--------.
That the testimony of one Richard Stiles is material and necessary to this applicant, on the trial of said action-far the hearing of said special proceeding), as this deponent is advised by his counsel, Paul Hawkins, of Waverly, N. Y., and verily believes.
That said Richard Stiles is confined at the county jail at Hudson, N. Y.
That said Richard Stiles is not confined in said jail, under a sentence of death, or under any other sentence for a felony.
--------, on the 18th day of May, 1889.
Dated VALATIE, N. Y., May 3, 1889.
John Doe, being duly sworn, says, that he has heard read the foregoing petition, and knows the contents thereof, and believes it to be true.
Writ of Habeas Corpus to testify.
(Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 2008-2014.) Ante, p. 145.
The People of the State of New York on the relation of John Doe.
thereof (or hearing), to be held at the court house, in the city of Hudson, on the 18th day of May, 1889, then and there to testify as a witness in a certain action (or proceeding) now pending therein; and that you safely return him to said (place of detention) immediately upon the conclusion of his testimony in said action (or hearing), and have you then and there this writ.
the 3d day of May, 1889.
bringing up said Richard Stiles.
Habeas Corpus or Certiorari to Inquire into Cause of Detention.
Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, or of Certiorari, to Inquire into Cause of Detention.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2019.) Ante, p. 115.
The petition of David Gage respectfully shows that he is now a prisoner in the custody of J. B. White, in the county jail of Clinton county, at Plattsburgh, N. Y.
That he has not been committed, nor is he detained by virtue of a mandate, issued by a court or judge of the United States, in a case where such courts or judges have exclusive jurisdiction under the laws of the United States, or have acquired exclusive jurisdiction by the commencement of legal proceedings in such a court.
That he is not committed or detained by virtue of a final judgment or decree of a competent tribunal of civil or criminal jurisdiction, or the final order of such a tribunal, made in a special proceeding, instituted for any cause (except to punish for a contempt), or by virtue of an execution or other process, issued upon such a judgment, decree or final order.
That the cause or pretense of the imprisonment or restraint, according to the best knowledge and belief of your petitioner, is (state the alleged cause of detention);" and that the same is illegal, as he is advised by his counsel, and as he verily believes.
Wherefore, your petitioner prays that a writ of habeas corpus (or certiorari) issue, directed to J. B. White, commanding him that he have the body of said David Gage, by him imprisoned and detained, together with the cause of such imprisonment and detention, before Hon. George S. Weed, county judge of Clinton county, at the court house in the village of Plattsburgh, on the 14th day of September, 1890.
Dated PLATTSBURGH, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1890.
County of Clinton,) ss'' David Gage, being duly sworn, says, that he has heard read the foregoing petition, and knows the contents thereof, and that he believes it to be true.
Affidavit when Application is made in another County.
incapable of acting by reason of (set forth the cause of incapacity, specially).
JOHN H. CAREY, Notary Public, Essex County.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2021). Ante, p. 118.
this writ," [-'to do and receive what shall then and there be considered, concerning the said C. D. And have you then there this writ.
Writ of Certiorari to Inquire into Cause of Detention.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2032). Ante, p. 154.
special" (or "general") "term thereof, to be held," or "E. F., justice of Supreme Court," or otherwise, as the case may be], "at--------, on --------" [or " immediately after the receipt of this writ"] "the day and cause of the imprisonment of C. D., by you detained, as it is said, by whatsoever name the said C. D. is called or charged. And have you then there this writ.
"judges'") "of the said court" [or "county [L. s.] judge," or otherwise, as the case may be], the --------day of--------, in the year eighteen hundred and--------."
Undertaking on Writ of Habeas Corpus.
said John W. Hart, all charges of carrying back such prisoner if he shall be remanded, and that such prisoner shall not escape by the way, either in going to, remaining at, or returning from the place to which he is to be taken.
No. 29. Return to Writ of Habeas Corpus or Certiorari.
(Code of Civil Procedure, | 2026.) Ante, p. 123.
The return of John W. Hart, sheriff of Albany county, to the annexed writ of habeas corpus (or certiorari).
At the time when said writ was served upon me, viz.: the 18th day of May, 1888, the said Peter Downer, therein named, was in my custody as sheriff, and confined in the county jail of Albany county, under and by virtue of (here state authority, setting forth at length the cause of detention; if by written authority, annex a copy and produce the original), and that said Peter Downer is still in my custody, and * here now had before this court, as by said writ commanded.
him to the custody of Henry Williams, sheriff of Erie county, under and by virtue of an order of the Hon. Judson S. Landon, justice of the Supreme Court. That I so held him by virtue of a mandate (setting forth its substance), the original of which is no longer in my possession, on account of which I cannot produce said Peter Downer, as commanded in said writ.
Or, at * said Peter Donner is so sick or infirm, that the production of him here would endanger his life or his health. (§ 2027).
All of which I respectfully certify to this honorable court.
Dated Albany, May 18, 1881.
> Notary Public, Albany County.
No. 30. Wan-rant of Attachment for Disobeying Writ.
(Code Civil Procedure, § 2028.) Ante, p. 122.
that in defiance of the command of this court in said writ contained, said John W. Hart has refused or neglected, without sufficient cause being shown by him, fully to obey it, or prescribed in sections 2026 and 2027 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and (here set forth in brief his refusal or excuse).
day of--------, 1889, at ten o'clock in the forenoon of said day.
Witness, Hon. --------, one of the justices of the Supreme Court of the State of New York at the court house in the city of--------, this 18th day of--------, 1888.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2028.) Ante, p. 122.
At a special term of the supreme court, held at the court house, in the city of Albany, on the 22d day of May, 1888.
Present—Hon. WM. L. LEAENED, Justice.
IN THE MATTER OF THE APPLICATION OF PETER DOWNER FOR A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS (OR CERTIORARI) TO INQUIRE INTO THE CAUSE OF HIS DETENTION.
Ordered, That said John W. Hart be and hereby is committed to close custody in the common jail of the county of Columbia (the county in which the court or judge is, or if he is sheriff of that county, in that of some county other than his own), without being allowed the liberties of the jail, and that he so stand committed until he makes return to the said writ, and complies with any order which may be made by the court (or judge) in relation to (the person for whose relief the writ was issued).
Precept to bring up Prisoner after Disobedience of the Writ.
(Code of Civil Procedure, § 2929.) Ante, p. 113.
Now, on motion of Albert Eathbone, attorney for petitioner, we do, therefore, command you to forthwith bring the said Peter Downer before this court, at a special term thereof, to be held in the couit house in the city of Albany, 011 the 1st day of June, 1888, at ten o'clock in the forenoon, and the said Peter Downer to remain in your custody till discharged, bailed or remanded, as the court may then direct.

References: § 1983
 § 1797
 § 1799
 § 1804
 §1798
 § 1808
 § 1934
 § 1799
 § 1800
 § 1802
 § 1803
 § 1804
 § 1805
 § 1948
 § 406
 § 1950
 § 1951
 § 1952
 § 1953
 § 1954
 § 1956
 § 1957
 § 1958
 § 1959
 § 1900
 § 1984
 § 1985
 § 1986
 § 1988
 § 1989
 § 1990
 § 2067
 § 2067
 §2072
 § 2081
 § 2075
 § 2082
 § 2089
 § 2089
 § 2091
 § 2100
 § 3100
 § 2019
 § 2021
 § 2032
 § 2028
 § 2028
 § 2929