Source: http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555816698.ch13
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 00:03:10+00:00

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That RNA viruses have extreme mutation frequencies that permit them to rapidly adapt and evolve to changing environments is a well-established fact. The first description of viral polymerase fidelity variants and their effects on mutation frequency was made in 1974, with mutator and antimutator strains of DNA bacteriophage T4. Since RNA viruses are notorious for generating resistance to virtually every antiviral compound, it was not surprising that the isolation of ribavirin-resistant poliovirus would soon follow the demonstration of this compound as an RNA mutagen. The reasoning was that a population that was passaged several times in tissue culture would have had the opportunity to expand into a diverse quasispecies. Lower-fidelity viruses, which would expectedly be more sensitive to RNA mutagens, would likely be the first variants to be removed from the population in the screens used above to identify higher-fidelity polymerases. The identification and characterization of G64S polymerase have already unlocked a wealth of knowledge on how viral RdRps dictate copying fidelity and mutation rate. Importantly, the data obtained using these first RdRp fidelity variants revealed that the polymerase error rate does indeed play a key role in the observed mutation frequencies of RNA viruses. The recent isolation and characterization of higher- and lower-fidelity RdRps of picornaviruses suggest that viral RNA polymerase fidelity is more flexible than once thought and that nature has indeed selected for a less-than-perfect fidelity to benefit adaptation.
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