Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/305/188/
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 02:46:15+00:00

Document:
1. Property received by an heir under an agreement compromising and settling his contest of the decedent's will is property acquired by "inheritance," within the meaning of § 22(b)(3) of the Revenue Act of 1932, which exempts the value of such property from the income tax. P. 305 U. S. 191.
2. This question is not determined by the local law, but is a federal question, in deciding which the language of the Revenue Law should be so construed as to give uniform application to a nationwide scheme of taxation. P. 305 U. S. 193.
Congress establishes its own criteria, and the state law may control only when the federal taxing Act, by express language or necessary implication, makes its operation dependent upon state law.
3. The claimant in this case was concededly an heir contesting the will. The decree of probate admitting the will also required that the estate be distributed in accordance with the compromise agreement. Insofar as it provided for distribution to heirs, the agreement overrode the will. The portion so obtained by the claimant came not through the will, but because of his heirship. The fact that he received less than the amount of his claim did not alter its nature or the quality of its recognition through the distribution which he did receive. What he got from the estate came to him because he was heir, the compromise serving to remove pro tanto the impediment to his inheritance. P. 305 U. S. 195.
96 F.2d 141 reversed; 20 F.Supp. 619 affirmed.
Certiorari, 304 U.S. 557, to review the reversal of judgment recovered from the respondent tax collector for money collected by him from the petitioner as an income tax.
The question presented is whether property received by petitioner from the estate of a decedent in compromise of his claim as an heir is taxable as income under the Revenue Act of 1932, 47 Stat. 173.
Petitioner is a grandson of Mary B. Longyear, who died in 1931, a resident of Massachusetts, leaving as her heirs four surviving children and the petitioner and his brother, who were sons of a deceased daughter. By her will, the decedent gave to her heirs certain small legacies and the entire residuary estate, amounting to more that $3,000,000, was bequeathed to trustees of a so-called Endowment Trust, created April 5, 1926, the income from which was payable to another set of trustees under another trust described as the Longyear Foundation. The main purpose of the latter trust was to preserve "the records of the earthly life of Mary Baker Eddy," the founder of the Christian Science religion.
pecuniary bequests to individuals should be enforced; that the bequest of the residuary estate to the Endowment Trust should be disregarded; that $200,000 should be paid to the heirs, and a like amount to the Endowment Trust, and that the net residue of the estate, as defined, should be equally divided between the trustees of the Endowment Trust and the heirs. The net residue to which the heirs were thus entitled was to be payable in units of stock owned by the decedent in certain corporations, Longyear Estate, Inc., Longyear Corporation, and Longyear Realty Corporation, and, for that purpose, a unit was to consist of three shares, one share of each corporation.
The compromise was approved by the probate court pursuant to a statute of Massachusetts (Mass.Gen.Laws 1932, c. 204, §§ 15-17), and a decree was entered on April 26, 1932, admitting the will to probate, issuing letters testamentary to the executors, and directing them "to administer the estate of said deceased in accordance with the terms of said will and said agreement of compromise." Owing to the depression and the necessity of discharging pecuniary legacies amounting to about $300,000, which were entitled to priority in payment before distribution of the residue, the heirs undertook to finance one-half of these legacies, and the residuary legatees the other one-half. For this purpose, the heirs formed a corporation known as Longyear Heirs, Inc., to which they assigned their interests in the estate in exchange for common stock. Preferred stock was issued to the pecuniary legatees.
and treated the whole amount as income for the year 1933, in which it was received. An additional tax of $56,389.65 was assessed which petitioner paid in October, 1936, with interest. Claim for refund was then filed, and, on its rejection, this suit was brought against the collector.
On motion of petitioner, the District Court entered a summary judgment in his favor, 20 F.Supp. 619, which the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. 96 F.2d 141. Because of a conflict with the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Fourth Circuit in Magruder v. Segebade, 94 F.2d 177, certiorari was granted.
The Court of Appeals overruled the contentions of petitioner that the property he received was within the statutory exemption (§ 22(b)(3) of the Revenue Act of 1932), and further that the property was not income either under the statute or under the Sixteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. As the view of the Court of Appeals upon these questions determined the rights of the parties, it was found unnecessary to discuss certain affirmative defenses set up by the answer of the respondent and these defenses are not pressed in this Court.
First. By § 22(b)(3) of the Revenue Act of 1932, there is exempted from the income tax "[t]he value of property acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or inheritance. . . ."
In the instant case, the Court of Appeals applied the Massachusetts rule, holding that whether the property was received by way of inheritance depended "upon the law of the jurisdiction under which this taxpayer received it." We think that this ruling was erroneous. The question as to the construction of the exemption in the federal statute is not determined by local law. We are not concerned with the peculiarities and special incidences of state taxes, or with the policies they reflect. Undoubtedly the state law determines what persons are qualified to inherit property within the jurisdiction. Mager v. Grima, 8 How. 490, 49 U. S. 493; Maxwell v. Bugbee, 250 U. S. 525, 250 U. S. 536-537. The local law determines the right to make a testamentary disposition of such property and the conditions essential to the validity of wills, and the state courts settle their construction. Uterhart v. United States, 240 U. S. 598, 240 U. S. 603. The State establishes the procedure governing the probate of wills and the processes of administration. Petitioner's status as heir was thus determined by the law of Massachusetts. That law also regulated the procedure by which his rights as an heir could be vindicated. The state law authorized its courts to supervise the making of agreements compromising contests by heirs of the validity of an alleged will of their ancestor, in order that such compromises shall be just and reasonable with respect to all persons in interest. [Footnote 4] But when the contestant is an heir and a valid compromise agreement has been made and there is a distribution to the heir from the decedent's estate accordingly, the question whether what the heir has thus received has been "acquired by inheritance" within the meaning of the federal statute necessarily is a federal question. It is not determined by local characterization.
In dealing with the meaning and application of an act of Congress enacted in the exercise of its plenary power under the Constitution to tax income and to grant exemptions from that tax, it is the will of Congress which controls, and the expression of its will, in the absence of language evidencing a different purpose, should be interpreted "so as to give a uniform application to a nationwide scheme of taxation." Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U. S. 103, 287 U. S. 110. Congress establishes its own criteria and the state law may control only when the federal taxing act, by express language or necessary implication, makes its operation dependent upon state law. Burnet v. Harmel, supra. See Burk-Waggoner Oil Assn. v. Hopkins, 269 U. S. 110, 269 U. S. 111, 269 U. S. 114; Weiss v. Wiener, 279 U. S. 333; Morrissey v. Commissioner, 296 U. S. 344, 296 U. S. 356. Compare Crooks v. Harrelson, 282 U. S. 55, 282 U. S. 59; Poe v. Seaborn, 282 U. S. 101, 282 U. S. 109-110; Blair v. Commissioner, 300 U. S. 5, 300 U. S. 9-10. There is no such expression or necessary implication in this instance. Whether what an heir receives from the estate of his ancestor through the compromise of his contest of his ancestor's will should be regarded as within the exemption from the federal tax should not be decided in one way in the case of an heir in Pennsylvania or Minnesota and in another way in the case of an heir in Massachusetts or New York, [Footnote 5] according to the differing views of the state courts. We think that it was the intention of Congress in establishing this exemption to provide a uniform rule.
the word "inheritance" in the 1926 act and the subsequent revenue acts as "more appropriately including both real and personal property." [Footnote 7] Thus, the acquisition by succession to a decedent's estate, whether real or personal, was embraced in the exemption. Further, by the "estate tax," Congress has imposed a tax upon the transfer of the entire net estate of every person dying after September 8, 1916, [Footnote 8] allowing such exemptions as it sees fit in arriving at the net estate. Congress has not indicated any intention to tax again the value of the property which legatees, devisees, or heirs receive from the decedent's estate.
"genuine question of fact supported by evidence of such substantial nature as to afford ground for reasonable expectation of a result favorable to the party requesting the framing of issues."
compromise was made by which the heirs, including the petitioner, were to receive certain portions of the decedent's estate.
the amount of his claim did not alter its nature or the quality of its recognition through the distribution which he did receive.
We are not convinced by the argument that petitioner had but "the expectations" of an heir, and realized on a "bargaining position." He was heir in fact. Whether he would receive any property in that capacity depended upon the validity of his ancestor's will and the extent to which it would dispose of his ancestor's estate. When, by compromise and the decree enforcing it, that disposition was limited, what he got from the estate came to him because he was heir, the compromise serving to remove pro tanto the impediment to his inheritance. We are of the opinion that the exemption applies.
In this view, we find it unnecessary to consider the other questions that have been discussed at the bar.
Massachusetts General Laws 1932, Chap. 204, §§ 13-18.
See Matter of Cook's Estate, 187 N.Y. 253, 79 N.E. 991; English v. Crenshaw, 120 Tenn. 531, 110 S.W. 210; Estate of Wells, 142 Iowa 255, 120 N.W. 713; Estate of Graves, 242 Ill. 212, 89 N.E. 978; Estate of Rossi, 169 Cal. 148, 146 P. 430; Cochran's Executor v. Commonwealth, 241 Ky. 656, 44 S.W.2d 603; MacKenzie v. Wright, 31 Ariz. 272, 252 P. 521; In re O'Neill's Estate, 111 N.J.Eq. 378, 162 A. 425; Lynchburg Trust & Savings Bank v. Commonwealth, 162 Va. 73, 173 S.E. 548.
See Pepper's Estate, 159 Pa. 508, 28 A. 353; Taber's Estate, 257 Pa. 81, 101 A. 311; Taylor v. Georgia, 40 Ga. App. 295, 149 S.E. 321; People v. Rice, 40 Colo. 508, 91 P. 33; State v. Probate Court, 143 Minn. 77, 172 N.W. 902; Estate of Thorson, 150 Minn. 464, 185 N.W. 508. Compare Barber v. Westcott, 21 R.I. 355, 43 A. 844.
See Note 1 Such agreements are "entirely valid outside of the statute." Ellis v. Hunt, 228 Mass. 39, 44, 116 N.E. 956.
See Act of October 3, 1913, c. 16, § 2, 38 Stat. 167; Revenue Acts of 1918, 1921 and 1924, § 213(b)(3), 40 Stat. 1065, 42 Stat. 237, 238, and 43 Stat. 267, 268.
Revenue Act of 1926, § 213(b)(3), 44 Stat. 23, 24; Acts of 1928 and 1932, § 22(b)(3). Sen.Rep. No. 52, 69th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 20.
Act of September 8, 1916, Chap. 463, Title 2, 39 Stat. 777.

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