Source: http://cabadvantage.com/articles/category/cases-from-bits/volume-19-2016/volume-19-edition-2-cases/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 00:35:36+00:00

Document:
Audrey MARTIN–VEGUE, individually and as Personal Representative of the Estate of Howard Martin–Vegue, Defendant–Appellant.
Anthony John Russo, Ezequiel Lugo, Ronald Steven Rawls, Butler Weihmuller Katz Craig, LLP, Tampa, FL, Ryan Kent Hilton, Robinson & Cole, LLP, Sarasota, FL, for Plaintiff–Appellee.
Benjamin C. Hassebrock, R. Hugh Lumpkin, Danya J. Pincavage, Ver Ploeg & Lumpkin, PA, Miami, FL, George E. Carr, Ver Ploeg & Lumpkin, PA, Orlando, FL, for Defendant–Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. D.C. Docket No. 2:13–cv–14431–DLG.
Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
*1 This appeal arises out of a declaratory judgment action that Plaintiff National Specialty Insurance Company (“Plaintiff” or “the insurance company”) brought against Defendant Audrey Martin–Vegue to determine the applicability of an insurance policy in connection with a fatal trucking accident. The district court denied coverage under the policy at issue and granted summary judgment to Plaintiff. After careful review, we affirm.
On November 29, 2012, Andrii Plys was driving a tractor trailer carrying a load of Mexican beach pebbles from Gardena, California, to Delray Beach, Florida. During the trip, Plys collided with Howard Martin–Vegue’s vehicle on Interstate 95 in Martin County, Florida, causing collisions with several other cars and resulting in Martin–Vegue’s death. Defendant, Martin–Vegue’s surviving spouse, filed a lawsuit in Florida state court against Plys and motor carrier ABS Transport, Inc. (“Transport”).1 Although the facts of the underlying accident are not in dispute for the purpose of this appeal, the parties dispute whether Plys was operating the tractor trailer on behalf of Transport or on behalf of another company with a similar name, ABS Freight Transportation, Inc. (“Freight”). Plaintiff insurance company issued insurance liability policies to both companies, and in fact Plaintiff has already paid the policy limits under Transport’s insurance plan. Yet as explained more fully below, Defendant argues that she may recover under Freight’s policy as well. In short, the Freight policy applies if Plys was driving on behalf of Freight. But if Plys was driving on behalf of Transport, then there is no coverage.
Freight then leased the trailer involved in the accident to Transport under an equipment lease agreement dated October 15, 2012. At the time of the accident, the tractor Plys was driving displayed Transport’s name and U.S. Department of Transportation identification number. Transport had leased the tractor from an independent trucking company called Deen, LLC. Under the lease agreement, Deen also provided one of its employees, the driver Plys, to drive the tractor for Transport. According to Plys, he never drove for Freight, although Freight owned the trailer he was pulling on the day of the crash. Thus, on the day of the November 29, 2012, accident, the tractor, trailer, and driver were all leased to Transport.
*2 Making matters more complicated, even though the above indicates that Transport was the lessee of the trailer at the time of the accident, there is paperwork from before the accident showing that Freight agreed to carry the pebbles involved in the crash. One of the documents is a Confirmation of Contract Carrier Verbal Agreement (“Carrier Contract”) between a dispatcher for Freight and a trucking broker named International Commodity Carriers Corporation (“ICCI”). ICCI links motor carriers like Freight and Transport with customers in need of someone to transport their goods. When a motor carrier begins working with ICCI, it must enter into a contract and confirm it has authority to operate as a motor carrier under federal regulations and has appropriate insurance. Dispatchers for motor carriers can then access postings showing loads available for truckers to haul. When a dispatcher wants to take a certain job, he calls ICCI and negotiates a rate for the shipment.
In this case, the ICCI Carrier Contract confirmed a verbal agreement for Freight to haul the pebbles from California to Florida. Freight’s name and contact information are included on the document, so one may possibly infer that someone from Freight called ICCI to arrange transport of the pebbles.3 The Carrier Pickup & Delivery Schedule (“Delivery Schedule”), another pre-haul document ICCI generated, similarly identifies Freight.
Freight and Transport each held $1 million insurance policies issued by Plaintiff. After Defendant filed her state-court lawsuit against Transport and Plys, she entered into a settlement agreement under which she “fully and finally settle[d] and terminate[d] any and all past, present, or future” claims against Transport related to the accident. As to Plys, she settled all claims “except to the extent that there is other liability insurance coverage available to [him].” This settlement exhausted the $1 million limits of Transport’s policy.
(8). Anyone that is using an “auto” of yours under a written lease or trailer interchange agreement.
Plaintiff maintains that Plys falls under the exclusion found in subsection (8) because Plys was using a trailer that was leased to Transport at the time of the accident.
During discovery for this action, Defendant obtained the ICCI pre-haul documents bearing Freight’s information. Now contending that Freight, not Transport, was the actual motor carrier responsible for the accident, Defendant amended her complaint in the Florida suit to add it as a defendant. And because Defendant’s settlement agreement with Plys allows her to sue him based on any other liability insurance he has, Defendant seeks additional recovery from Plys under the Freight liability policy, arguing that he was using the trailer on Freight’s behalf, and not pursuant to a written lease agreement with Transport.
*3 To resolve this coverage issue, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment in this action. The district court granted summary judgment to Plaintiff, the insurance company in this action. Based on the record evidence, the court concluded that “Transport, not Freight, was the motor carrier for-hire at the time of the accident.” Thus, because Plys was operating the leased trailer on behalf of Transport, the court found that Plys is not an insured under subparagraph (8) of the Freight policy’s exclusions. In addition, the court reasoned that the MCS–90 endorsement is inapplicable because Freight was not the for-hire motor carrier.
Defendant argues on appeal that the district court erred in denying coverage because there are factual disputes about (1) Plys’s status as an insured under the Freight policy and (2) whether the MCS–90 endorsement applies to the accident.
“We review a district court’s grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, considering all the facts and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Groves, 586 F.3d 1273, 1277 (11th Cir.2009). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “An issue of fact is ‘material’ if, under the applicable substantive law, it might affect the outcome of the case.” Hickson Corp. v. N. Crossarm Co., Inc., 357 F.3d 1256, 1259–60 (11th Cir.2004).
We first examine whether the district court erred in finding as a matter of law that Plys is not an insured under the Freight policy. Then we decide if any other coverage is available under Freight’s MCS–90 endorsement.
Again, in the section of the Freight policy defining the insureds, “[a]nyone that is using an ‘auto’ of yours under a written lease or trailer interchange agreement” is denied coverage. An “auto” includes a trailer or semitrailer. The parties agree that Illinois law governs the Freight policy, and Illinois courts require that the unambiguous terms of insurance policies be given their plain, ordinary, and popular meaning. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 607 N.E.2d 1204, 1212 (Ill.1992).
In deciding whether Plys was using the trailer under a written lease, we look not only to whether a written lease existed, but also to whether Plys was in fact using the trailer on behalf of Transport. First, there is no genuine dispute that a written lease existed. Defendant contends there is evidence that the October 15, 2012 agreement was in fact created after the November 29, 2012 accident. She suggests that Bojkovski had an incentive to shift responsibility from Freight to Transport to prevent the accident from adding to his company’s already poor driving record. As evidence that the lease was created after the November 2012 accident, Defendant notes that Mangarova signed the lease on Transport’s behalf using the last name “Mangarova,” not “Bojkovski.” Defendant argues that Mangarova was still married to Bojkovski when the lease was purportedly executed, so the fact that she signed the name “Mangarova” means that the agreement was manufactured sometime after the couple’s divorce following the November accident.
*4 We are unpersuaded. Mangarova testified that she usually signed documents using her own last name even while married, and besides, she and Bojkovski were already separated when she signed the agreement. Furthermore, Defendant’s claim that Mangarova’s signature on the lease does not conform to her signature on other documents is unfounded. Mangarova’s signature on the lease appears to match the one on her affidavit filed in this litigation. There is no evidence the signature is forged, and a jury could not reasonably infer from these arguments that Mangarova created the equipment lease after the November accident. As a result, the undisputed evidence demonstrates that a written lease for the trailer existed when Plys caused the accident.
The undisputed evidence also shows that Plys was using the trailer under the written lease, as required by the exclusion. First, and contrary to Defendant’s argument, the Carrier Contract is not evidence that Freight was the motor carrier. For one thing, a representative from ICCI confirmed that sometimes a company contracts to haul a load even though another company ends up as the carrier. This practice—“double broking,” as ICCI called it in the Carrier Contract—voids the initial contract. So, if the contracting carrier performs as agreed, ICCI pays upon receipt of an invoice and a bill of lading. But if another carrier hauls the load, ICCI would pay the actual carrier as long as that carrier has authority to haul under federal regulations, carries sufficient insurance, and produces the signed bill of lading showing it in fact transported the goods. Therefore, that Freight entered into the Carrier Contract does not determine who actually hauled the goods.
We further find that the district court did not improperly credit Bojkovski and Mangarova’s testimony. Defendant accuses them of altering a copy of the ICCI Delivery Schedule to remove Freight’s identifying information and to conceal its involvement in the accident.7 Given this accusation, she asserts that Bojkovski and Mangarova’s testimony is unreliable, and so a jury must determine their credibility. Offering evidence for impeachment purposes, however, cannot create a genuine issue of fact at the summary judgment stage. See McMillian v. Johnson, 88 F.3d 1573, 1584 (11th Cir.1996) (holding that impeachment evidence is not substantive and “may not be used to create a genuine issue of material fact for trial”). Setting aside Defendant’s credibility arguments (upon which she relies heavily), there is no substantive evidence that Plys was hauling the goods for Freight when he caused the fatal accident.
*5 In sum, the undisputed evidence demonstrates that Plys was using the trailer under a written lease, on behalf of Transport, at the time of the accident. Consequently, based on the plain terms of the Freight policy’s exclusions, Plys is not an insured.
The second issue on appeal is whether, notwithstanding the exclusion of coverage under the Freight policy’s terms, the MCS–90 endorsement applies to the underlying accident to guarantee a minimum level of coverage. The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 (“MCA”), in addition to deregulating the trucking industry and reducing barriers to entry, addressed safety issues and financial responsibility for trucking accidents. See Carolina Cas. Ins. Co. v. Yeates, 584 F.3d 868, 873 (10th Cir.2009). In particular, Congress addressed “the use by motor carriers of leased or borrowed vehicles to avoid financial responsibility for accidents that occurred while goods were being transported in interstate commerce.” Canal Ins. Co. v. Distribution Servs., Inc., 320 F.3d 488, 489 (4th Cir.2003). To that end, the MCA imposes a minimum insurance requirement on each motor carrier registered to engage in interstate commerce. Id.; see also 49 U.S.C. § 31139(b) (stating that the MCA’s minimum financial obligations apply to “motor carriers”). Motor carriers transporting non-hazardous property must demonstrate financial responsibility of at least $750,000. 49 C.F.R. § 387.9. They must further establish proof of that responsibility in one of three ways: “(1) by an MCS–90 endorsement, (2) by a surety bond, or (3) by self-insurance.” Yeates, 584 F.3d at 874; see also 49 C.F.R. § 387.7(d)(1)-(3).
49 C.F.R. § 387.15 (emphasis added).
*6 (1) the underlying insurance policy (to which the endorsement is attached) does not provide liability coverage for the accident, and (2) the carrier’s other insurance coverage is either insufficient to meet the federally-mandated minimums or non-existent.
Id. at 879; see also T.H.E. Ins. Co. v. Larsen Intermodal Servs., Inc., 242 F.3d 667, 672 (5th Cir.2001) (explaining that “the insurer’s obligations under the MCS–90 are triggered when the policy to which it is attached provides no coverage to the insured”). If a motor carrier’s insurance pays a judgment satisfying the regulatory minimum, the goal of public financial responsibility has been accomplished and the endorsement does not apply. See id.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Plaintiff.
Defendant filed suit on her own behalf and as the personal representative of her husband’s estate.
Mangarova actually created a company under the name KM Freight in 2008 before marrying Bojkovski, but the company was dormant until they separated in 2012, at which point the wife changed the company name to ABS Transport, Inc.
The Carrier Contract identifies the dispatcher who entered into the verbal agreement with ICCI. His e-mail address bears the domain name “@abstransport.com.” Confusingly, employees of both Freight and Transport used that domain name. Defendant argues that the document on its face is evidence the dispatcher must have worked for Freight. Yet Mangarova testified that the dispatcher worked on behalf of Transport only, and Bojkovski denies Freight ever employed him. Ultimately, for the reasons discussed infra, we find that the Carrier Contract and the employer of the dispatcher are not material to our ultimate inquiry of who hauled the goods.
An MCS–90 endorsement is an endorsement added to a trucker’s insurance policy to satisfy federal motor-carrier regulations requiring minimum levels of financial responsibility. See 49 U.S.C. § 31139(b); 49 C.F.R. § 387.15.
For what it’s worth, which appears to be little, nobody has attempted to claim payment for the load of pebbles.
Defendant takes issue with the district court’s failure to consider an expert witness who opined that Freight was the motor carrier for the goods. That expert looked at the ICCI documents and concluded that Freight was assigned the load and was therefore the motor carrier. But as explained, we agree with the district court that the pre-haul documents do not create a genuine issue for trial because all the evidence shows that Transport was the actual carrier on the day of the accident, whether or not Freight entered into a Carrier Contract.
At some point, Transport supplied Plaintiff with a copy of the Delivery Schedule that omitted references to Freight. Still, nobody disputes that the accurate version of the Delivery Schedule from ICCI names Freight.
The parties do not dispute that the MCS–90 would satisfy a judgment against only the policy’s named insured—in this case, Freight. See, e.g., Ooida Risk Retention Grp., Inc. v. Williams, 579 F.3d 469, 477–78 (5th Cir.2009) (explaining that federal regulations define the “insured” as “the motor carrier named in the policy of insurance, surety bond, [or] endorsement” (emphasis in original) (quoting 49 C.F.R. § 387.5)); Armstrong v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 606 F.Supp.2d 794, 823–26 (E.D.Tenn.2009) (concluding “that the only sensible reading and interpretation of the MCS–90 is that ‘the insured’ is the named insured”).
The parties agree that the time of the accident is the relevant focal point in deciding Freight’s status—and thus whether it was subject to the MCA’s financial responsibility requirements. Other courts agree that it is proper to “determine[ ] the MCS–90’s applicability with reference to time of the loss.” Canal Ins. Co. v. Coleman, 625 F.3d 244, 250–51 (5th Cir.2010) (collecting cases). For that reason, whether Freight initially entered into the Carrier Contract is not relevant to the applicability of the MCS–90.
We also find no evidence of a joint venture between Freight and Transport under the laws of Illinois (where both companies were based). We agree with the district court that Defendant fails to produce evidence of many of the elements of a joint venture, including an agreement to carry on a joint enterprise, joint control over the enterprise, and the sharing of profits and losses. See Yokel v. Hite, 809 N.E.2d 721, 727 (Ill.App.Ct.2004) (stating that the criteria for a joint venture are: “(1) an express or implied agreement to carry on a joint enterprise, (2) a manifestation of that intent by the parties, (3) a joint proprietary interest, as demonstrated by the contribution of property, finances, effort, skill, or knowledge by each party to the joint venture, (4) some degree of joint control over the enterprise, and (5) a provision for the parties to share in both the profits and the losses of the enterprise”).
Plaintiff made several other arguments about why the MCS–90 should not apply here even if Freight were the for-hire motor carrier. Given our ruling above, we need not address Plaintiff’s alternative arguments.
ACUITY, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. SOUTHWEST SPRING, INC., JAMES G. CRUTCHER, AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendants-Appellants, and SKYLINE DISPOSAL COMPANY, ROBERT BLAKE, and SHARON BLAKE, Defendants. AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY, SOUTHWEST SPRINGS, INC., and JAMES G. CRUTCHER, Counter-Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ACUITY, Counter-Defendant-Appellee, and SKYLINE DISPOSAL COMPANY, ROBERT BLAKE, and SHARON BLAKE, Counter-Defendants.
NOTICE: THIS ORDER WAS FILED UNDER SUPREME COURT RULE 23 AND MAY NOT BE CITED AS PRECEDENT BY ANY PARTY EXCEPT IN LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES ALLOWED UNDER RULE 23(e)(1).
PRIOR HISTORY: [**1] Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. No. 09CH51545. The Honorable David B. Atkins, Judge Presiding.
JUDGES: JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice Mason and Justice Pucinski concur in the judgment.
[*P1] Held: Where insurer accepted the defense of an underlying lawsuit with no reservation of rights and then actively worked on defense for over three years, during which time it reviewed coverage and still did not notify second insurer that it was considering seeking its involvement, yet tendered the defense to second insurer on the eve of trial, insurer waived its right to second insurer’s contribution. Circuit court affirmed.
[*P2] This is an insurance coverage action arising from an automobile collision that led to an underlying tort action. Defendants-Appellants Southwest Spring, Inc. (Southwest), James G. Crutcher (Crutcher), and Auto-Owners Insurance Company (Auto-Owners) appeal from a partial grant of summary judgment wherein the circuit court agreed Plaintiff-Appellee insurer Acuity breached its duty to defend Crutcher, but that it had no duty to defend Southwest because Southwest was not an insured on the Acuity [**2] policy, and held that Auto-Owners had waived its right to recover from Acuity in equitable subrogation and contribution. In this cause, we are asked to determine whether Acuity had an obligation to its insureds Southwest Spring and James Crutcher, who are also insureds on Auto-Owners policies, and whether Acuity breached that obligation. For the following reasons, we affirm.
[*P4] This case stems from a vehicular collision that occurred on May 26, 2006. Because there are a large number of parties and pertinent relationships involved here, we first describe the parties and their respective relationships. Southwest is an automotive parts repairer and rebuilder. Crutcher was Southwest’s employee. He was a mechanic who was driving a garbage truck owned by defendant Skyline Disposal Company, Inc. (Skyline). Skyline is a waste disposal company. It was also a “long-standing” Southwest customer that brought its vehicles to Southwest for servicing several times per year.
[*P5] Auto-Owners is an insurance company. It issued insurance policies to Southwest for garage liability, commercial general liability, and umbrella coverage. Antoinette Nastali is the owner and chief operating officer of [**3] Southwest, and had sole responsibility for Southwest’s insurance decisions. Acuity is also an insurance company. It issued a commercial auto and commercial umbrella policy to Skyline.
[*P7] On the day of the collision, Skyline’s garbage truck was at Southwest for servicing. Crutcher was working that day. He backed Skyline’s truck out of Southwest’s garage and into the nearby road. When he did so, the truck hit a vehicle occupied by Robert Blake, injuring Blake. Southwest notified its insurer, Auto-Owners, of the accident that same day. Auto-Owners field claims adjuster Sherese Nubin was assigned to handle the claim.
[*P8] In June 2006, Blake and his wife, Sharon Blake (the Blakes) filed a lawsuit (the Blake lawsuit) against Crutcher, Southwest, and Skyline alleging negligence and seeking compensation for injuries sustained in the collision. Specifically, the Blakes alleged that Crutcher, acting as an agent of either Skyline or Southwest, caused the accident through his negligent driving. The Blakes’ complaint also alleged that Southwest was liable for poor safety practices on its premises.
[*P9] Nastali testified at deposition that she expected the Auto-Owners garage liability policy [**5] would cover an accident in which a Southwest employee was operating a customer’s vehicle as part of service provided by Southwest. During the course of litigating the underlying Blake lawsuit, Nastali learned that Skyline was named a defendant along with Southwest and Crutcher. She believed her garage liability insurance would cover her company, her employee, and her customers. It was desirable to her from a business standpoint that the three work together as a unit to defend against the Blake lawsuit. Nastali made a business decision that Southwest would pay for the physical repair of the damaged Skyline truck.
[*P10] At her deposition, Auto-Owners field claims adjuster Nubin testified that Auto-Owners received notice of the Blake’s lawsuit in July 2006, and she assigned Auto-Owners’ ‘panel counsel’ to defend Southwest, Crutcher, and Skyline. Panel counsel are attorneys or law firms selected by Auto-Owners to defend cases that do not involve a reservation of rights. Nubin admitted Auto-Owners did not reserve its rights.
[*P11] Nubin also testified that, by September 2006, Auto-Owners was aware that Acuity had issued an insurance policy to kyline. Subsequently, there were discussions between Acuity [**6] and Auto-Owners regarding the coverage and defense of Skyline. Nubin agreed that, by September 22, 2006, “there was already an agreement between Acuity and Auto-Owners that all of the defense obligations under the Skyline policy from Acuity are going to get transferred over to Auto-Owners, and Auto-Owners is going to go ahead and defend these defendants without reservation of rights against the Blake lawsuit.” Nubin testified that, as the Auto-Owners representative for the file, she informed Acuity that Auto-Owners was accepting the tender, that is, “accepting all of Acuity’s defense and indemnity obligations.” She testified she did not inform Acuity that Auto-Owners was reserving any rights to later seek to recover from Acuity, nor did she inform panel counsel or any other attorneys paid by Auto-Owners to do so.
[*P13] Over the next few years, the Blake lawsuit proceeded through litigation, defended by Auto-Owners panel counsel. During this time, Nubin was promoted to claims manager at Auto-Owners Insurance. Auto-Owners then assigned claims adjuster Chad McGuire to assume direct file-handling responsibilities for the Blake lawsuit. Thereafter, Nubin, as manager, reviewed the file every six months. Nubin never determined the Blake case would need a subrogated recovery of defense or indemnity costs expended.
[*P14] McGuire testified at his deposition that, after Nubin was promoted to manager, he took over responsibility of the Blake lawsuit file. He confirmed that Auto-Owners panel counsel fully [**8] controlled the defense of Southwest Spring, Crutcher, and Skyline Disposal in the Blake litigation.2 McGuire received a copy of the Acuity policy around December 2007, which he forwarded to the Auto-Owners’ home office. Despite receipt of the Acuity policy, Auto-Owners took no action to place Acuity on notice that it intended to seek contribution of any kind.
2 Southwest Spring and Crutcher were represented by a separate law firm than was Skyline Disposal, but both firms were assigned by Auto-Owners Insurance.
[*P15] McGuire confirmed that, by May 2009, Auto-Owners was “at least paying two different panel counsel law firms for their coverage analysis and research as to how the Blake lawsuit might affect Skyline’s policy and the loss ratio for Skyline itself.” In May 2009, Auto-Owners panel counsel analyzed whether Acuity should provide coverage for all three defendants. At this time, McGuire’s “working assumption” was that Auto-Owners policy would primarily pay for the loss, and Auto-Owners would directly access its excess policy to pay any indemnity over primary limits. At this time, no reservation, conflict, or excess letters were issued to place Acuity on notice that Auto-Owners would potentially [**9] expect contribution.
[*P16] In July 2009, the Blake lawsuit was officially set for trial, to begin January 21, 2010. In October 2009, Auto-Owners again had its panel counsel analyze whether Acuity’s policy was primary. Also in October 2009, Auto-Owners panel counsel conferred with the Blakes’ counsel.
[*P17] McGuire confirmed that he, Auto-Owners, and panel counsel “decided to issue a targeted tender letter to Acuity for the defense and indemnity of Southwest Spring” in November 2009.
Acuity claimed: Southwest Spring was not an insured because the Acuity policy “Who is an Insured” section pertained only to natural persons and not to corporate entities; Southwest Spring failed to make a timely formal tender of its defense, as the tender was made “on the eve of trial after relevant parties understood and in effect agreed that Acuity would not be involved in defense or indemnification of any defendants in the underlying litigation”; Southwest Spring breached the policy’s notice and cooperation provisions by failing to promptly forward lawsuit papers, failing to give notice to seek intent to seek coverage as soon as practicable, and failing to cooperate in Acuity’s investigation of [**12] the claims made against Southwest Spring; and there was inadequate tender where Acuity’s duties under the policy were not properly triggered and/or conditions precedent to coverage were breached.
[*P21] Eventually, Skyline was dismissed from the underlying action. Auto-Owners settled the remaining claims against Southwest and Crutcher for $2.5 million, exhausting the $1 million limit of its garage liability policy and paying an additional $1.5 million under its commercial liability policy.
[*P23] Acuity filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that Auto-Owners had no right to contribution from Acuity for Auto-Owners’ settlement payment, or reimbursement for the defense costs incurred, because the tender was made shortly before a scheduled trial date and was, therefore, untimely; and Auto-Owners waived its right to recover from Acuity by defending the underlying action without reserving those rights.
[*P24] Southwest Spring, Crutcher, and Auto-Owners3 filed a cross-motion [**13] for summary judgment, arguing that Acuity’s policy provided primary liability coverage to Southwest and Crutcher as omnibus additional insureds, and that no tender was necessary to trigger Acuity’s obligations to them because Acuity had actual notice of the claim against them when it learned of the underlying complaint against Skyline, including the allegations that they were using a vehicle owned by Acuity’s named insured, Skyline. They maintained that Southwest had properly target-tendered its defense to Acuity under both its commercial auto and commercial umbrella coverage, effectively deselecting the Auto-Owners policies issued to Southwest by requesting defense and indemnity from Acuity alone. They further argued that Acuity had breached its duty to defend Southwest and Crutcher, and therefore should be estopped from asserting policy defenses to coverage.
3 This appeal is limited to the dispute between Acuity and Auto-Owners Insurance.
[*P27] On appeal, Auto-Owners first contends the circuit court erred in determining that Acuity had no duty to defend Southwest. Specifically, Auto-Owners argues that the circuit court erred because: (1) Acuity had actual notice of a claim against Southwest as an omnibus insured; and (2) Acuity breached its duty to defend Southwest. Auto-Owners also contends that, even if Acuity were not estopped from raising its coverage defenses, Acuity’s coverage defenses would have no merit. Acuity responds, in part, that the targeted tender was, in fact, invalid because Nastali did not desire to tender the defense, [**15] did not understand what she was signing, and merely signed the tender letter because Auto-Owners’ panel counsel instructed her to do so. Acuity also argues, in part, that Auto-Owners waived any right to seek contribution from Acuity by failing to reserve its rights and waiting too long to tender the defense, and Acuity did not breach its duty to defend because its duty was never triggered by a valid tender.
[*P28] While the parties present us with these myriad issues on appeal, the primary issue here is actually whether Auto-Owners has a right to equitable recovery from Acuity. We find that it does not, and affirm the ruling of the circuit court.
[*P29] Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings, affidavits, depositions and admissions of record, construed strictly against the moving party, show there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Morris v. Margulis, 197 Ill. 2d 28, 35, 754 N.E.2d 314, 257 Ill. Dec. 656 (2001). This relief is an appropriate tool to employ in the expeditious disposition of a lawsuit in which “‘the right of the moving party is clear and free from doubt.'” Morris, 197 Ill. 2d at 35 (quoting Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229, 240, 489 N.E.2d 867, 95 Ill. Dec. 305 (1986)); Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102, 607 N.E.2d 1204, 180 Ill. Dec. 691 (1992). “[T]he construction of an insurance policy and a determination of the rights and obligations thereunder are [**16] questions of law for the court and appropriate subjects for disposition by summary judgment.” Konami (America), Inc. v. Hartford Insurance Co. of Illinois, 326 Ill. App. 3d 874, 877, 761 N.E.2d 1277, 260 Ill. Dec. 721 (2002).
[*P30] Where cross-motions for summary judgment are filed in an insurance case, the parties acknowledge that no material questions of fact exist and only the issue of law regarding the construction of an insurance policy is present. American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Fisher Development, Inc., 391 Ill. App. 3d 521, 525, 909 N.E.2d 274, 330 Ill. Dec. 561 (2009) (citing Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co., 363 Ill. App. 3d 335, 338-39, 842 N.E.2d 170, 299 Ill. Dec. 431 (2005). We review the circuit court’s decision to grant or deny such a motion for summary judgment de novo (Virginia Surety Co. v. Northern Insurance Co. of New York, 224 Ill. 2d 550, 556, 866 N.E.2d 149, 310 Ill. Dec. 338 (2007), and we will only disturb the decision of the trial court where we find that a genuine issue of material fact exists (Addison v. Whittenberg, 124 Ill. 2d 287, 294, 529 N.E.2d 552, 124 Ill. Dec. 571 (1988)).
[*P31] “An insurance policy is a contract, and the general rules governing the interpretation of other types of contracts also govern the interpretation of insurance policies.” Hobbs v. Hartford Ins. Co. of the Midwest, 214 Ill. 2d 11, 17, 823 N.E.2d 561, 291 Ill. Dec. 269 (2005). “In construing an insurance policy, the primary function of the court is to ascertain and enforce the intentions of the parties as expressed in the agreement. [Citation.] To ascertain the intent of the parties and the meaning of the words used in the insurance policy, the court must construe the policy as a whole, taking into account the type of insurance for which the parties have contracted, the risks undertaken and purchased, the subject matter that is insured and the [**17] purposes of the entire contract. [Citation.] If the words in the policy are plain and unambiguous, the court will afford them their plain, ordinary meaning and will apply them as written.” Crum & Forster Managers Corporation v. Resolution Trust Corporation, 156 Ill. 2d 384, 391, 620 N.E.2d 1073, 189 Ill. Dec. 756 (1993). If the insurer relies on an exclusionary provision, it must be “clear and free from doubt” that the policy’s exclusion prevents coverage. Country Mutual Insurance Company v. Olsak, 391 Ill. App. 3d 295, 305, 908 N.E.2d 1091, 330 Ill. Dec. 433 (2009). An omnibus clause is a “provision in an automobile insurance policy extending liability coverage to persons who use the named insured’s vehicle with his or her permission.” State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Universal Underwriters Group, 182 Ill. 2d 240, 243-44, 695 N.E.2d 848, 231 Ill. Dec. 75 (1998).
[*P32] When multiple insurance policies are available to the insured, that insured has the paramount right to choose or knowingly forego an insurer’s participation in a claim. John Burns Construction Co. v. Indiana Insurance Co., 189 Ill. 2d 570, 574-76, 727 N.E.2d 211, 244 Ill. Dec. 912 (2000) (insured general contractor had the right to select a single carrier to provide exclusive coverage for a loss); American National Fire Insurance Co. v. National Union Fire Insurance Co. of Pittsburgh, PA, 343 Ill. App. 3d 93, 101, 796 N.E.2d 1133, 277 Ill. Dec. 767 (2003) (general contractor had the right to choose between three insurers to defend and indemnify it where the general contractor was the named insured on its own policy and the additional insured on two subcontractors’ policies). The insured may choose to forego an insurer’s assistance for various reasons, such as the insured’s fear that premiums would be increased or the policy cancelled in the future, and the insured’s [**18] ability to forego a particular insurer’s assistance should be protected. Cincinnati Cos. v. West American Insurance Co., 183 Ill. 2d 317, 326, 701 N.E.2d 499, 233 Ill. Dec. 649 (1998).
[*P33] Here, Auto-Owners alone paid the defense costs in the Blake lawsuit, as well as the settlement amount, in the underlying case. Auto-Owners then brought an action for contribution against Acuity seeking to recover a portion of these costs. The issue presented here, then, is whether Acuity was liable to Auto-Owners such that it must contribute to the cost of the defense and settlement of the underlying lawsuit. “‘In insurance law, contribution is “an equitable principle arising among coinsurers which permits one who has paid the entire loss to receive reimbursement from the other insurer liable for the loss.” ‘” Cincinnati Companies, 183 Ill. 2d at 322 (quoting Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. James J. Benes & Associates, Inc., 229 Ill. App. 3d 413, 417, 593 N.E.2d 1087, 171 Ill. Dec. 267 (1992) (quoting Hall v. Country Casualty Insurance Co., 204 Ill. App. 3d 765, 772, 562 N.E.2d 640, 150 Ill. Dec. 110 (1990))).
[*P34] The parties do not dispute that Auto-Owners agreed to provide a defense to Skyline, Southwest, and Crutcher in the underlying Blake lawsuit. As noted above, Auto-Owners Insurance field claims adjuster Sherese Nubin, who handled the claim over many years first as a claims adjuster and later as a manager, specifically testified that, in 2006, she informed Acuity that Auto-Owners was accepting the tender, that is, “accepting all of Acuity’s defense and indemnity obligations.” To that [**19] end, in October 2006, Nubin directed Auto-Owners’ panel counsel to defend Skyline, Southwest Spring, and Crutcher “fully and completely under the Auto-Owners policy, without reservation of rights and without any involvement of Acuity[.]” She testified she did not inform Acuity that Auto-Owners was reserving any rights to later seek to recover from Acuity, nor did she inform panel counsel or any other attorneys paid by Auto-Owners to do so. Then, once Nubin was promoted to manager, Chad McGuire assumed direct file handling responsibilities of the Blake lawsuit. McGuire testified that Auto-Owners panel counsel fully controlled the defense of Southwest Spring, Crutcher, and Skyline in the Blake litigation. Thereafter, in May 2009, Auto-Owners panel counsel analyzed whether Acuity should provide coverage for Southwest, Crutcher, and Skyline. McGuire’s “working assumption” was that Auto-Owners policy would pay for the loss, and Auto-Owners would directly access its excess policy to pay any indemnity over primary limits. As of May 2009, no reservation, conflict, or excess letters were issued to place Acuity on notice that Auto-Owners would potentially expect contribution from it. Auto-Owners [**20] neither reserved its rights nor attempted to tender the defense until mid-November 2009.
[*P35] The collision occurred in May 2006. Southwest immediately gave notice of the collision to its primary carrier, Auto-Owners, which covered Southwest under garage liability, commercial general liability, and umbrella liability policies. The Blake lawsuit was filed in June 2006. Auto-Owners received notice of the Blake lawsuit the following month. Auto-Owners assigned panel counsel to defend Southwest, Crutcher, and Skyline by July 2006. Auto-Owners then proceeded to “fully control” the defense of Southwest, Crutcher, and Skyline from October 2006 until the case settled in early 2010. However, in November 2009, just two months prior to trial, Auto-Owners Insurance tendered the defense to Acuity. Throughout these intervening months and years during which Auto-Owners fully controlled the defense, it failed to inform Acuity at any time that it was planning to tender the defense to Acuity.
Home Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d at 326-26.
[*P37] Because Auto-Owners accepted the defense with no reservation of rights, and then actively worked on said defense through panel counsel for over three years, during [**22] which time it reviewed coverage and still did not notify Acuity it was considering seeking Acuity’s involvement, Auto-Owners waived its right to Acuity’s contribution. Any responsibility Acuity may have had was relinquished when Auto-Owners took over the defense without reserving any rights and then made no attempt to tender the defense until the eve of trial.
[*P38] Because Auto-Owners waived its right to seek contribution from Acuity, the circuit court is affirmed.
[*P40] For all of the foregoing reasons, the decision of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

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