Source: https://chem.uiowa.edu/people/vicki-h-grassian
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 10:17:18+00:00

Document:
Surface science of environmental interfaces: heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry of the components of mineral dust - carbonates, clays and oxides: mineral dust and its impact on global processes - climate, biogeochemistry and health; applications and implications of nanoscience and nanotechnology in environmental processes - remediation, CWA decontamination, Fe nanoparticles in natural systems, impacts of nanomaterials on human health.
Heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry: It has become increasingly clear that all kinds of particles - including ice, sea salt and mineral dust - are present in the Earth's atmosphere and that the surfaces of these particles play a role in the chemistry of the atmosphere. The ozone hole is one example of how heterogeneous chemistry involving chlorine-reservoir species on ice particles can decrease ozone levels in the stratosphere. In the troposphere, the region closest to the Earth's surface, there are many more particles and the heterogeneous chemistry of these particles with trace gases such as nitrogen oxides, ozone and volatile organics is not well understood. In the Grassian research group, we are using a combination of surface spectroscopy, microscopy and particle analysis to gain a molecular level understanding of these important surface reactions. Reaction rate data measured in our laboratory on mineral dust aerosol, which contains oxide, carbonate and clay particles, are currently being incorporated into global chemistry models. We are also trying to understand how the particles can impact other global processes besides the chemical balance of the atmosphere. These processes include climate, biogeochemical cycles and human health. For example, in collaboration with Paul Kleiber and Mark Young we are investigating the optical properties of atmospheric aerosol. In another collaboration with Michelle Scherer we are investigating the detailed chemistry of iron cycling and iron dissolution for iron-containing particles.
The Grassian research group is also collaborating with chemists and other scientists in the Center of Aerosol Impacts on Chemistry and Climate (CAICE). CAICE utilizes a unique ocean in a lab approach to better understand the chemistry of sea spray aerosol. The Center was recently awarded funding through a Phase II Chemical Centers of Innovation Award from the Chemistry Division of the National Science Foundation.
Applications and Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Environmental Processes: Nanoscience and nanotechnology have potential use in environmental applications. In collaboration with Gary Aurand, we are investigating how nanomaterials can be used in biomass conversion. Another important aspect of our work is in the implications of nanoscience and nanotechnology and the environmental consequences of nanomaterials. Our studies are focused on the behavior of nanomaterials in environmentally and biologically relevant media. We take an integrated comprehensive approach to understanding the molecular level details of the chemistry to better understand environmental and health impacts.
Additionally, we are collaborating with colleagues in Public Health, Pharmacy and Medicine to better understand the potential health effects of manufactured nanomaterials should they become suspended in air.
Chen, H.; Grassian, V. H.; Laxmikant, S. V. and Laskin, A. “Chemical Imaging Analysis of Environmental Particles Using the Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy Technique: Microanalysis Insights into Atmospheric Chemistry of Fly Ash” Analyst 2013, 138, 451–460.
Alexander, J.M.; Laskina, O.; Meland, B.; Grassian, V. H.; Young, M.A.; Kleiber, P.D. “A combined laboratory and modeling study of the infrared extinction and visible light scattering properties of mineral dust aerosol” Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmosphere 2013, 118, 435-452 doi:10.1029/2012JD018751.
Borcherding, J.; Chen, H.; Caraballo, J.C.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Pezzulo, A.; J.; Zabner, J.; Grassian, V. H.; Comellas, A. "Coal Fly Ash Impairs Airway Antimicrobial Peptides and Increases Bacterial Growth" PLOS ONE 2013 , 8, e57673, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057673.
Gankanda A.; Grassian, V. H. “Nitrate Photochemistry in NaY Zeolite: Product Formation and Product Stability under Different Environmental Conditions” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2013, 117, 2205-2212 .
Rubasinghege, G.; Grassian, V. H. “Role(s) of Adsorbed Water in the Surface Chemistry of Environmental Interfaces” Chemical Communications 2013, 49, 3071–3094. Invited Feature Article.
Monick, M. M.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Powers, L.S.; Borcherding, J. A.; Caraballo, J. C.; Mudunkotuwa, I.; Peate, D. W.; Walters, K.; Thompson, J. M.; Grassian, V. H.; Gudmundsson; G. and Comellas, Al “Eyjafjallajökull Volcanic Ash Modulates Innate Immune System and Bacterial Growth in Vitro” Environmental Health Perspectives 2013, 121, 691-698.
Ault, A.P.; Zhao, D.; Ebben, C.J.; Tauber, M. J.; Geiger, F. M.; Prather, K. A.; Grassian, V. H. “Raman Microspectroscopy and Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy as Probes of the Bulk and Surface Compositions of Size-Resolved Sea Spray Aerosol Particles” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2013, 15, 6206 - 6214.
Prather, K.A.; Bertram, T. H.; Grassian, V. H.; Deane, G. B., Stokes, M. D.; DeMott, P. J.; Aluwihare, L. I.; Palenik, B.; Azam, F.; Seinfeld, J.H.; Moffet, R. C.; Molina, M. J.; Cappa, C. D.; Geiger, F. M.; Roberts, G. C.; Russel, L. M.; Ault, A. P.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Collins, D. B.; Corrigan, C. E.; Cuadra-Rodriguez, L. A.; Ebeen, C. J.; Forestieri, S. D.; Guasco, T. L.; Hersey, S. P.; Kim, M. J.; Lambert, W.; Modini, R. L.; Mui, W.; Pedler, B. E.; Ruppel, M. J.; Ryder, O. S.; Schoepp, N.; Sullivan, R. C.; Zhao, D. “Bringing the Ocean into the Laboratory: Impacts of Chemical Complexity of Sea Spray Aerosol on Climate Relevant Properties”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2013, 110, 7550-7555.
Alexander, J. M.; Meland, B.; Laskina, O.; Young, M. A.; Grassian, V. H. Kleiber, P. D.; “Light Scattering from Diatomaceous Earth Aerosol” Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 2013, 125, 33-37.
Ault, A.P.; Moffet, R.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Collins, D. B.; Ruppel, M.; Caudra-Rodriguez, L.; Zhao, D.; Gausco, T.; Ebben, C.; Geiger, F. M.; Bertram, T. H.; Prather, K. A. and Grassian, V. H. “Size-Dependent Changes in Sea Spray Aerosol Composition and Properties with Different Seawater Conditions” Environmental Science & Technology 2013, 47, 5603–5612.
Laskina, O.; Young, M. A.; Kleiber, P. D.; Grassian, V. H. “Infrared Extinction Spectroscopy and Raman Microspectroscopy of Selected Components of Mineral Dust with Organic Compounds” J. Geophys. Research 2013, 118, 6593–6606.
Collins, D. B.; Ault, A. P.; Ruppel, M. J.; Moffett, R. C.; Cuadra-Rodriguez, L.; Guasco, T. L.; Corrigan, C. E.; Pedler, B.; Azam, F.; Aluwihare, L. I.; Bertram, T. H.; Roberts, G. C.; Grassian, V. H.; Prather, K. A. “Impact of Marine Biogeochemistry on the Chemical Mixing State and Cloud Forming Ability of Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol” J. Geophys. Research 2013.
Ebben, C. J.; Ault, A. P.; Ruppel, M. J.; Ryder, O.; Bertram, T.; Grassian, V. H.; Prather, K. A.; Geiger, F. M. “Size-Resolved Sea Spray Aerosol Particles Studied by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2013, 117, 6589–6601.
Worthington, K. L. S.; Adamcakova-Dodd, A.; Wongrakpanich, A.; Mudunkotuwa, I. A.; Mapuskar, K. A.; Joshi, V. B.; Guymon, C. A.; Spitz, D. R.; Grassian, V. H.; Thorne, P. S.; Salem, A. K. “The Effect of Chitosan Coating of Copper Nanoparticles on Their Toxicity” Nanotechnology 2013.
Chen, H.; Grassian, V. H. “Iron Dissolution of Atmospheric Dust during Simulated Acidic Processing： Effect of Sulfuric, Acetic, and Oxalic Acids” Environmental Science & Technology 2013.
Rubasinghege G. and Grassian, V.H. “Surface-Catalyzed Chlorine and Nitrogen Activation in the Troposphere: Mechanisms for the Heterogeneous Formation of NOCl, NO, NO2, HONO and N2O from HNO3 and HCl on Alumina a Proxy for Mineral Dust Aerosol” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2012, 116, 5180 – 5192.
Wijenayaka, L. A.; Rubasinghege G.; Grassian, V.H. “Surface chemistry of α-FeOOH nanorods and microrods with gas-phase nitric acid and water vapor: Insights into the role of particle size, surface structure and surface hydroxyl groups in the adsorption and Ault, A.P.; Peters, T. M.; Sawvel, E. J.; Casuccio, G. S.; Willis, R. D.; Grassian, V. H. “Single Particle SEM-EDX Analysis of Iron-Containing Coarse Particulate Matter in an Urban Environment: Sources and Distribution of Iron within Cleveland, Ohio” Environmental Science and Technology 2012 46, 4331–4339.
Nanayakkara, C.; Pettibone, J.; Grassian, V. H. “Sulfur Dioxide Adsorption and Photooxidation on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Surfaces: The Roles of Surface Hydroxyl Groups and Adsorbed Water on the Surface Chemistry and Stability of Adsorbed Sulfite and Sulfate” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2012, 14, 6957 - 6966.
Klüser, L.; Kleiber, P.; Holzer-Popp, T.; Grassian, V. H. “Desert Dust Observation From Space – Application of Measured Mineral Component Infrared Extinction Spectra” Atmospheric Environment 2012, 54, 419-427.
Chen, H.; Laskin, A.; Baltrusaitis, Gorski,, C. A.; Scherer, M. M.; Grassian, V.H. “Coal Combustion Fly Ash as a Source of Iron in Atmospheric Dust” Environmental Science and Technology 2012, 46, 2112–2120.
Mudunkotuwa, I. A.; Pettibone, J.M.; Grassian, V.H. “Environmental Implications of Nanoparticle Aging in the Processing and Fate of Copper-Based Nanomaterials” Environmental Science and Technology 2012 doi: 10.1021/es203851d. (highlighted in https://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24520.php).
Meland, B.; Alexander, J.M.; Wong, C.-S.; Grassian, V.H.; Young, M.A.; Kleiber, P.D.“Evidence for Particle Size-Shape Correlations in the Optical Properties of Silicate Clay Aerosol” Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 2012, 113, 549–558.
Stebounova, L.; Morgan, H.; Grassian, V.H. and Brenner, S. “Health and Safety Implications of Occupational Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials” WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4, 310–321.
Mudunkotuwa, I. A.; Rupasinghe, T.; Wu, C.-M.; Grassian, V.H. “Dissolution of ZnO Nanoparticles at Circumneutral pH: A Study of Size Effects” Langmuir, 2012, 28, 396–403.
Gierlus, K. M., Laskina, O.; Abernathy, T.; Grassian, V. H. “Laboratory Studies of the Effect of Oxalic Acid on the Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity of Mineral Dust Aerosol” Atmospheric Environment 2012, 46, 125-130.
Kim, J.S.; Adamcakova-Dodd, A.; O’Shaughnessy, P.T.; Grassian, V.H.; Thorne, P.S. “Effects of Copper Nanoparticle Exposure on Host Defense in a Murine Pulmonary Infection Model” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2011, 8, Article Number: 29 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-29.
Chen, H.; Stanier, C.O.; Young, M.A.; Grassian, V. H. “A Kinetic Study of Ozone Decomposition on Illuminated Oxide Surfaces” Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2011, 115, 11979-11987.
Reisetter, A.C.; Stebounova, L.V.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Powers, L.; Gupta, A.; Grassian, V. H. and Monick, M. M. “Induction of Inflammasome Dependent Pyroptosis by Carbon Black Nanoparticles” Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286, 21844-21852.
Bian, S.-W.; Mudunkotuwa, I. A.; Rupasinghe, T.; Grassian, V. H. “Aggregation and Dissolution of 4 nm ZnO Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environments: Influence of pH, Ionic Strength and the Adsorption of Humic Acid” Langmuir 2011, 27, 6059 – 6068.
Rubasinghege, G.; Spak, S. N.; Stanier, C.O.; Carmichael, G.R. and Grassian, V.H. “Abiotic Mechanism for the Formation of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide From Ammonium Nitrate” Environmental Science and Technology 2011, 45, 2691–2697.
Baltusaitis, J.; Jayaweera, P.D.; Grassian, V.H. “Sulfur Dioxide Adsorption on TiO2 Nanoparticles: Influence of Particle Size, Co-Adsorbates, Sample Pretreatment, and Light on Surface Speciation and Surface Coverage” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2011, 115, 492-500.
Chen, H.; Navea, J. G.; Young, M. A.; Grassian, V.H. “Heterogeneous Photochemistry of Trace Atmospheric Gases with Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2011, 115, 490–499.
Stebounova, L. V.; Guio, E. and Grassian, V.H. “Silver Nanoparticles in Simulated Biological Media: A Study of Dissolution, Aggregation and Sedimentation” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2011 ,13, 233 – 244.
Adamcakova-Dodd, A.; Thorne, P.S.; Grassian, V.H. “In Vivo Toxicity Studies of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles” Handbook of Systems Toxicology, John Wiley and Sons 2011.
Elzey, S.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Bian, S.-W.; Grassian, V.H. “Nanoparticle Synthesis of Paratacamite via the Conversion of Copper-Based Nanoparticles in Hydrochloric Acidic Media” Journal of Materials Chemistry 2011, 21, 3162 - 3169.
B. Meland, B.; Kleiber, P.D.; Grassian, V.H.; Young, M.A. "Visible Light Scattering Study at 470, 550, 660 nm of Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol: Hematite and Goethite" Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 2011, 112, 1108–1118.
Jonas Baltrusaitis, J; Schuttlefield, J.; Zeitler, E.; Grassian, V.H. “Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Oxide Nanoparticle Surfaces” Chemical Engineering Journal 2011, 170, 471–481.
Stebounova, L. V.; Adamcakova-Dodd, A.; Kim, J.-S.; Park, H.; O’Shaughnessy, P. T.; Grassian, V.H.; Thorne, P.S. Nanosilver induces minimal lung toxicity or inflammation in a subacute murine inhalation model, Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2011, 8, doi:10.1186/1743-8977-8-5.
Rugansinghege, G.; Lentz, R.; Park H.; Scherer, M.M.; Grassian, V.H. “Nanorod Dissolution Quenched in the Aggregated State” Langmuir 2010, 26 (3), 1524–1527.
Baltrusaitis, J.; Grassian, V.H. “Carbonic Acid Formation from Reaction of Carbon Dioxide and Water Coordinated to Al(OH)3: A Quantum Chemical Study” J. Phys. Chem. A 2010 114, 2350–2356.
Elzey, S.; Grassian, V.H. “Agglomeration, Isolation and Dissolution of Commercially Manufactured Silver Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environments” Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2010, 12, 1945-1958.
Park, H.; Grassian, V.H. “Commercially Manufactured Engineered Nanomaterials for Environmental and Health Studies: Important Insights Provided by Independent Characterization” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2010 29, 715-721.
Rubasinghege, G.; Lentz, R.W.; Elzey, S.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Jayaweera, P.M.; Scherer, M. M.; Grassian, V.H. “Simulated Atmospheric Processing of Iron Oxyhydroxide Minerals at Low pH: Roles of Particle Size and Acid Anion in Iron Dissolution” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107, 6628-6633.
Fu, H.; Cwiertny, D.; Carmichael, G.R.; Scherer, M.; Grassian, V.H. “Photoreductive Dissolution of Fe-Containing Mineral Dust Particles in Acidic Media” J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115, D11304 doi:10.1029/2009JD012702.
Navea, J.G.; Chen, H.; Huang, M.; Carmichael, G.R.; Grassian, V.H. “A Comparative Evaluation of Water Uptake on Several Mineral Dust Sources” Environmental Chemistry 2010, 7, 162–170.
Gassó, S.; Grassian, V.H.; Miller, R.L., “Interactions between Mineral Dust, Climate and Ocean Ecosystems” Elements 2010, 6, 247-253.
Elzey, S.; Grassian, V.H. “Nanoparticle Dissolution from the Particle Perspective: Insights on Nanoscale Processes from Particle Sizing Measurements” Langmuir 2010, 26, 12505–12508.
Meland, B.; Kleiber, P.D.; Grassian, V.H.; Young, M.A. “A New Method for Modeling Atmospheric Dust: Correlated IR spectroscopy and visible light scattering measurements of mineral dust aerosol” J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115, D20208, doi:10.1029/2010JD014389.
Bian, S.-W.; Baltrusaitis, J; Galhotra, P.; Grassian, V.H. “A Template-Free, Thermal Decomposition Method to Synthesize Mesoporous MgO with a Nanocrystalline Framework and Its Application in Carbon Dioxide Adsorption” Journal of Materials Chemistry 2010, 20, 8705-8710.
Peters, T.M.; Grassian, V.H. “Engineered Nanomaterials” an invited book chapter in Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Sixth Edition, Eds. Vernon Rose and Barbara Cohrssen, John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
Mudunkotuwa, I.; Grassian, V.H. “Citric Acid Adsorption on TiO2 Nanoparticles in Aqueous Suspensions at Acidic and Circumneutral pH: Surface Coverage, Surface Speciation and Its impact on Nanoparticle-Nanoparticle Interactions” Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010, 132, 14986–14994.
Grassian, V. H. “Size-dependent properties and surface chemistry of oxide-based nanomaterials in environmental processes” a book chapter in Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry: Environmental Applications, Eds. L.E. Erickson, R. T. Koodali, R. M. Richards, ACS Symposium Series 2010.
Elzey, S.; Larsen, R.G.; Howe, C.; Grassian, V.H. “Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Environmental and Health Impacts” in Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Editors K.J. Klabunde and R. M. Richards, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ 2009, 676-721.
Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S.C. “Synthesis, Characterization and Environmental Applications of Nanocrystalline Zeolites” in The Oxford Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Volume 2, University of Oxford Press, Oxford, UK 2009, 659-684.
Cwiertny, D. M.; Hunter, G. J.; Pettibone, J. M.; Scherer, M. M. and Grassian, V. H. “Surface Chemistry and Dissolution of α-FeOOH Nanorods and Microrods: Environmental Implications of Size Dependent Interactions with Oxalate” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2009, 113, 2175–2186.
Peters, T.: Elzey, S.; Johnson, R.; Park, H.; Grassian, V.H.; Maher, T.; O’Shaughnessy, P. T. “Airborne Monitoring to Distinguish Engineered Nanomaterials from Incidental Particles for Environmental Health and Safety” Journal of Occupational & Environmental Hygiene 2009, 6, 73-81.
Galhotra, P.; Navea, J.; Larsen, S.C. and Grassian, V.H. “Carbon Dioxide Adsorption in Zeolite Y Materials: A Transmission FTIR Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations Study” Energy Environ. Sci., 2009, 2, 401-409.
Navea, N.G.; Stanier, C.O.; Young, M. A. and Grassian, V. H. “Heterogeneous Uptake of Octamethylcyclotetrasiolxane (D4) and Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) on Aerosol Surfaces and the Effect of RH” Atmospheric Environment 2009, 43, 4060-4069.
Navea, N.G.; Stanier, C.O.; Young, M. A. and Grassian, V. H. “Effect of Ozone Adsorption on the Heterogeneous Uptake of of Octamethylcyclotetrasiolxane (D4) and Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) on Components of Atmospheric Dust and the Effect of RH” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2009, 13, 7030-7038.
Rubasinghege, G.; Grassian, V. H. “Photochemistry of Adsorbed Nitrate on Aluminum Oxide Particle Surfaces” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2009, 113, 7818-7825.
Schmoll, L. H.; Elzey, S.; Grassian, V. H.; O’Shaughnessy, P. T.; Nanoparticle Aerosol Generation Methods from Bulk Powders for Inhalation Exposure Studies” Nanotoxicology 2009, 3, 265-275.
Grassian, V.H. “Nanodust - A Source of Metals in the Atmospheric Environment?” Atmospheric Environment 2009, 43, 4666-4667.
Baltrusaitis, J.; Jayaweera, P. M.; Grassian, V. H. “XPS Study of Nitrogen Dioxide Adsorption on Metal Oxide Particle Surfaces Under Different Environmental Conditions” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2009, 11, 8295 - 8305.
Baltrusaitis, J.; Grassian, V. H. “CaCO3(1014) in Humid Environments” Surface Science 2009, 603, L99-L104.
Hatch, C.D.; Gierlus, K.M.; Zahardis, J.; Schuttlefield, J., Grassian, V.H. “Water Uptake of Humic and Fulvic Acid: Measurements and Modeling Using Single Parameter Köhler Theory” Environmental Chemistry 2009, 6, 380-388.
Preszler Prince, A., Kleiber, P.D., Grassian, V. H., and Young, M. A., “Reactive Uptake of Acetic Acid on Calcite and Nitric Acid Reacted Calcite Aerosol in an Environmental Reaction Chamber” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2008, 10, 142 - 152.
Hudson, P.; Gibson, E.; Kleiber, P.D.; Young, M. A. and Grassian, V. H. “Coupled infrared extinction and size distribution measurements for several clay components of mineral dust aerosol” Journal of Geophysical-Atmospheres 2008, 113, D01201, doi:10.1029/2007JD008791.
Rahaman, A.; Grassian, V. H.; Margulis, C.J., “Dynamics of Water Adsorption on a Calcite Surface as a Function of Relative Humidity” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2008, 112, 2109-2115.
Schuttlefield, J. and Grassian, V. H. “ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy in the Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory: Part I. Fundamentals and Examples” Journal of Chemical Education 2008, 85, 279-281.
Schuttlefield, J., Larsen, S.C. and Grassian, V. H. “ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy in the Undergraduate Laboratory: Part II. Introduction of a Laboratory Experiment on Surface Adsorption” ” Journal of Chemical Education 2008, 85, 282-284.
Liu, Y.; Gibson, E. R.; Cain, J.P.; Wang, H.; Grassian, V. H.; Laskin, A. "Kinetic Study of Heterogeneous Reactions of CaCO3 Particles with HNO3 as a Function of Relative Humidity Using Single Particle Analysis” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2008, 112, 1561 -1571.
Mogili, P.K.; Yang, K.H.; Young, M. A.; Kleiber, P. D. and Grassian, V. H. “Extinction Spectra of Mineral Dust Aerosol Components in an Environmental Aerosol Chamber: IR Resonance Studies” Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42, 1752-1761.
Cwiertny, D.M.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Hunter, G. J.; Laskin, A.; Scherer, M. M.; Grassian, V. H. “Characterization and Acid-Mobilization Study of Fe-Containing Mineral Dusts from Different Source Regions” Journal of Geophysical-Atmospheres 2008, 113, D05202, doi:10.1029/2007JD009332.
Cwiertny, D.M., Young, M.A. and Grassian, V. H. “Heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry of mineral dust aerosol” invited review in Annual Reviews of Physical Chemistry 2008.
Curtis, D. B.; Aycibin, M.; Arnold, N.P.; Grassian, V. H.; Young, M. A.; Kleiber, P. D. " A Laboratory Investigation of Light Scattering from Representative Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol at a Wavelength of 550 nm” Journal of Geophysical-Atmospheres 2008, doi:10.1029/2007JD009387.
Cwiertny, D. M.; Handler, R. M.; Schaefer, M. V.; Grassian, V. H.Scherer, M. M. “Interpreting nanoscale size-effects in aggregated Fe-oxide suspensions: Reaction of Fe(II) with Goethite” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2008, 72, 1365-1380.
Prather, K., Hatch, C. and Grassian, V. H. “Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosols” Annual Reviews of Analytical Chemistry 2008, 1.
Elzey, S.; Mubayi, A.; Larsen, S.C. and Grassian, V. H. "FTIR Study of the Selective Catalytic Reducation of NO2 with Ammonia on Nanocrystalline NaY and CuY" Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 2008, 288, 48-57.
Grassian, V.H.; O'Shaughnessy, P.T.; Adamcakova-Dodd, A.; Pettibone, J.M.; Thorne P.S. “Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Grassian et al respond” Environmental Health Perspectives 2008, 116, A152-A153.
Pettibone J.B.; Elzey, S.; Grassian, V. H. “An Integrated Approach Toward Understanding the Environmental Fate, Transport, Toxicity and Health Hazards of Nanomaterials” a book chapter in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Environmental and Health Impacts, Ed. Vicki H. Grassian 2008, 43-68.
Hudson, P.K.; Young, M. A.; Kleiber, P.D.; and Grassian, V. H. “Coupled infrared extinction and size distribution measurements of several non-clay components of mineral dust aerosol (quartz, calcite, and dolomite) Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42, 5991-5999.
Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S.C. “Applications of Nanocrystalline Zeolites to CWA Decontamination” V.H. Grassian, and S.C. Larsen book chapter in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Chemical and Biological Defense, Eds. R. Nagarajan, W. Zukas, T. A. Hatton, S. Lee, ACS Symposium Series Book (2009).
Pettibone J. B.; Cwiertny, D. M.; Scherer, M. and Grassian, V.H. “Adsorption of Organic Acids on TiO2 Nanoparticles: Effects of pH, Nanoparticle Size and Nanoparticle Aggregation” Langmuir 2008, 24, 6659-6667.
Hatch, C. D.; Gierlus, K. M.; Schuttlefield, J.D. and Grassian, V. H. “Water Adsorption and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity of Calcite and Calcite Coated with Model Humic and Fulvic Acids” Atmospheric Environment 2008, 42, 5672-5684.
Hatch C. D. and Grassian, V.H. “10th Anniversary Review: Applications of Analytical Techniques in Laboratory Studies of the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Impact of Mineral Dust Aerosol” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2008, 10, 919 - 934.
Grassian, V.H. “Surface Science of Complex Environmental Interfaces: Oxide and Carbonate Surfaces in Dynamic Equilibrium with Water Vapor” Surface Science 2008, 602, 2955-2962.
Schuttlefield, J.; Rubansinghege, G.; El-Maazawi, M.; Bone, J.; Grassian, V. H. “Photochemistry of Adsorbed Nitrate” Journal of the American Chemical Society 2008, 130, 12210–12211.
Grassian, V.H. “When Size Really Matters: Size-Dependent Properties and Surface Chemistry of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Gas and Liquid Phase Environments” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2008, 112, 18303-18313.
Pettibone, J. M.; Adamcakova-Dodd, A.; Thorne, P. S.; O’Shaughnessy, P. T.; Weydert, J. A. and Grassian, V. H. “Inflammatory Response of Mice Following Inhalation Exposure to Iron and Copper Nanoparticles” Nanotoxicology 2008, 2, 189 - 204.
Roca, M.; Zahardis, J.; Bone, J.; El-Maazawi, M.; Grassian, V. H. “310 nm Irradiation of Atmospherically Relevant Concentrated Aqueous Nitrate Solutions: Nitrite Production and Quantum Yields” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2008, 112, 13275-13281.
Grassian, V. H.; Adamcakova-Dodd, A.; Pettibone, J.B.; O’Shaughnessy, P.T.; Thorne, P. S. “Inflammatory response of mice to manufactured titanium dioxide nanoparticles: comparison of size effects through different exposure routes” Nanotoxicology 2007, 1, 211-226.
Schuttlefield JD; Cox, D.; and Grassian V.H. “An Investigation of Water Uptake on Clays Minerals using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements “Journal of Geophysical-Atmospheres 2007, 112, D21303, doi:10.1029/2007JD008973.
Baltrusaitis, J., Cwiertny, D. M. and Grassian, V. H. “Surface Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide on Goethite and Hematite Particles” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2007, 9, 5542 - 5554.
Schuttlefield, J., Larsen, S.C. and Grassian, V. H. “ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy in the Undergraduate Laboratory: Part II. Introduction of a Laboratory Experiment on Surface Adsorption” ” Journal of Chemical Education 2007.
Mogili, P.K.; Yang, K.H.; Young, M. A.; Kleiber, P.D. and Grassian, V. H. “Environmental aerosol chamber studies of extinction spectra of mineral dust aerosol components : Broadband IR-UV extinction spectra” Journal of Geophysical-Atmospheres 2007, 112, D21204, doi:10.1029/2007JD008890.
Baltrusaitis, J.; Schuttlefield, J.; Zeitler, E.; Jensen, J. and Grassian, V. H. “Surface Reactions of Carbon Dioxide at the Adsorbed Water – Oxide Interface” Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2007, 111, 14870 -14880.
Grassian V.H.; Meyer G.; Abruña, H., Ekem Achenie, L.; Allison, T.; Brunschwig, B.; Coates, G. W.; Ferry, J.; Garcia-Garibay, M.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.; Grey, C.P.; Huchison, J.; Li, C.-J.; Liotta, C.; Minteer, S.; Mueller, K.; Ragauskas, A.; Roberts, J.; Omuwunmi, S.; Schmehl, R.; Schneider, W.; Selloni, A.; Stair, P.; Stewart, J.; Tyson, J.; Voelker, B.; White, J.M.; Wood-Black, F.; Torn, D. “Chemistry for a Sustainable Future” Environmental Science and Technology 2007, 4840-4846.
Preszler Prince, A., Kleiber, P.D., Grassian, V. H. and Young, M. A. “Heterogeneous Interactions of Calcite Aerosol with Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide/Nitric Acid Mixtures” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2007, 9, 3432-3439.
Curtis D.B.; Aycibin, M.; Young, M. A. Grassian, V. H. and Kleiber, P.D.; “Simultaneous Measurement of Light Scattering Properties and Particle Size Distribution for Aerosols: Application to Ammonium Sulfate and Quartz Aerosol Particles” Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41, 4748-4758.
Preszler-Prince, A., Kleiber, P.D., Grassian, V. H. , and Young, M. A. “Heterogeneous Conversion of Calcite Aerosol by Nitric Acid” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2007, 9, 622-634.
Baltrusaitis, J; Schuttlefield, J.; Jensen, J. H. and Grassian, V. H. “FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Quantum Chemical Calculations to Investigate Adsorbed Nitrate on Aluminum Oxide Surfaces in the Presence and Absence of Co-Adsorbed Water, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2007, 9, 4970 – 4980.
Gibson, E. R.; Gierlus, K. M.; Hudson, P. K.; and Grassian, V. H. “Generation of Internally Mixed Insoluble and Soluble Aerosol Particles to Investigate the Impact of Heterogeneous Processing in the Atmosphere on the CCN Activity of Mineral Dust Aerosol Aerosol Science and Technology 2007, Volume 41, 914 – 924.
Hudson, P. K.; Schwarz, J.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Gibson, E. R. and Grassian, V. H.“Spectroscopic Studies of Atmospherically Relevant Concentrated Aqueous Nitrate Solutions” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2007, 111, 544-548.
Stout, S. C.; Larsen, S. C. and Grassian, V. H. “Adsorption, Desorption and Thermal Oxidation of 2-CEES on Nanocrystalline Zeolites” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2007, 100, 77–86.
Pettibone, J. M.; Baltrusaitis, J. and Grassian, V. H., “Chemical Properties of Oxide Nanoparticles: Surface Adsorption Studies from Gas and Liquid Phase Environments” invited chapter in Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials, Eds. J. A. Rodriguez and M. Fernandez-Garcia, John Wiley and Sons 2007, 335-351.
Grassian, V. H. O’Shaughnessy, P.; Pettibone, J., Dodd, A. And Thorne, P. “Inhalation Exposure Studies of Nanoparticulate Titanium Dioxide with a Primary Particle Size of 2 to 5 nm” Environmental Health Perspectives 2007,115, 397-402.
Baltrusaitis, J.; Usher, C. R. and Grassian, V. H. “Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide on Calcium Carbonate Single Crystal and Particle Surfaces at the Adsorbed Water Carbonate Interface” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2007, 9, 3011 - 3024 (designated Hot Article).
Schuttlefied, J.; Al-Hosney, H. A.; Zachariah, A. and Grassian, V. H, “ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy to Investigate Water Uptake and Phase Transitions in Atmospherically Relevant Particles” Applied Spectroscopy 2007, 61, 283-292 (selected for Cover Art).
Hudson, P. K.; Gibson, E. R.; Young, M. A.; Kleiber, P.; and Grassian, V. H. “Infrared Extinction Measurements with Measured Aerodynamic and Mobility Diameters” Aerosol Science and Technology 2007, 41, 701-710.
Hudson, P.K.; Gibson, E. R.; Young, M. A.; Kleiber, P.D. and Grassian, V. H. "A Newly Designed and Constructed Instrument for Coupled Infrared Extinction and Size Distribution Measurements of Aerosols" submitted to Aerosol Science and Technology.
Usher, C. R.; Baltrusaitis, J.; Grassian, V. H. “Reaction of Gas-Phase Formic Acid with the Calcium Carbonate ” Surface: Spatially Resolved Product Formation and the Role of Ion Mobility Langmuir 2007, 23, 7039-7045.
Gibson, E.R.; Hudson, P. K. and Grassian, V. H. “Aerosol chemistry and climate: Laboratory Studies of the Carbonate Component of Mineral Dust and its Reaction Products, Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33, L13811, doi:10.1029/2006GL026386.
Mogili, P. K.; Kleiber, P.D.; Young, M. A. and Grassian, V. H. “N2O5 Hydrolysis on the Components of Mineral Dust and Sea Salt Aerosol: Comparison Study in an Environmental Aerosol Reaction Chamber” Atmospheric Environment 2006, 40, 7401-7408.
Gibson, E. R.; Hudson, P. K.; Grassian, V. H. "Physicochemical Properties of Nitrate Aerosols: Implications for the Atmosphere" J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 11785­­–11799 (Invited Feature Article and Cover Art).
Knagge, K.; Johnson, M.; Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S. C. “Adsorption and Thermal Oxidation of DMMP in Nanocrystalline NaY” Langmuir 2006, 22, 11077–11084.
Mogili, P. K.; Kleiber, P.D.; Young, M. A. and Grassian, V. H. “Heterogeneous Uptake of Ozone on Reactive Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol: An Environmental Aerosol Reaction Chamber Study” J. Phys. Chem. A.2006, 110, 13799-13807.
Baltrusaitis, J.; Jensen, J. and Grassian, V. H., FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Isotope Labeling and Quantum Chemical Calculations to Investigate Adsorbed Bicarbonate Formation Following Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with Surface Hydroxyl Groups on Fe2O3 and Al2O3” J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 12005-12016.
Johnson, E. R. and Grassian, V. H. “Environmental Catalysis of the Earth’s Atmosphere: Heterogeneous Reactions on Mineral Dust Aerosol” Environmental Catalysis, Ed. Vicki H. Grassian, CRC Publishing, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
Li, G.; Larsen, S. C. and Grassian, V. H. “Catalytic Reduction of NO2 in Nanocrystalline NaY Zeolite” J. Molecular Catalysis A 2005, 227, 25-35.
Al-Abadleh, H.A.; Al-Hosney, H. A. and Grassian, V. H. “Oxide and Carbonate Surfaces as Environmental Interfaces: The Importance of Water in Surface Composition and Surface Reactivity” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A 2005, 228, 47-54.
Al-Hosney, H. A.; Grassian, V. H. “Water, Sulfur Dioxide and Nitric Acid Adsorption on Calcium Carbonate: A Transmission and ATR-FTIR Study.” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2005, 7, 1266 - 1276.
Laskin, A.; Wietsma, T. W.; Krueger, B. J.; Grassian, V. H. “Heterogeneous Chemistry of Individual Mineral Dust Particles with Nitric Acid. A Combined CCSEM/EDX, ESEM and ICP-MS Study.” Journal of Geophysical Research –Atmospheres 2005, 110, D10208,doi:10.1029/2004JD005206, 1-15.
Schuttlefield, J. and Grassian, V. H. “Is a Picture Really Worth a Thousand Words? The Role of Scanning Probe Microscopy as an Educational Tool In the Chemistry Curriculum” The Chemist 2005, 82(1), 4-1to 4-19.
Song, W.; Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S. C. “High Yield Method for Nanocrystalline Zeolite Synthesis” Chemical Communications. 2005, 2951 - 2953.
Baltrusaitis, J. and Grassian, V. H. “Surface Reactions of Carbon Dioxide at the Adsorbed Water-Iron Oxide Interface” Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2005, 109, 12227-12230.
Catalysis Letters 2005, 103, 23-32.
Song, W.; Woodward, J. F.; Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S.C. “Microscopic and Macroscopic Characterization of Organosilane Functionalized Nanocrystalline NaZSM-5” Langmuir, 2005, 21, 7009-7014.
Johnson, E. R.; Sciegienka, J.; Carlos-Cuellar, S. and Grassian, V. H. “Heterogeneous Uptake of Gaseous Nitric Acid on Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and Calcite (CaCO3) Particles: A Knudsen Cell Study Using Multiple, Single and Fractional Particle Layers” Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2005, 109, 6901-6911.
Li, G.; Jones, C.A.; Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S.C, Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO2 with Urea in Nanocrystalline NaY Zeolite Journal of Catalysis 2005, 234, 401–413.
Krueger, B. J.; Ross, J. and Grassian, V. H. “Formation of Microcrystals, Micropuddles and Other Spatial Inhomogenieties in Surface Reactions Under Ambient Conditions: An Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Water and Nitric Acid Adsorption on MgO( ) and CaCO3( )” Langmuir, 2005, 21, 8793-8801.
Song, W.; Grassian, V. H.; Larsen, S.C. “Self-Assembly of Colloidal Silicalite-1 and Copper Coated Silicalite-1 Nanocrystals” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2005, 88, 77-83.
Alwy, H., Li, G.; Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S.C. “Development of Nanocrystalline Zeolites as Environmental Catalysts”, invited chapter in Nanotechnology and the Environment, (Ed. B. Karn) ACS Symposium Series 890, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2005, p. 277-283 .
Larsen, S. C. and V. H. Grassian “Environmental Catalysts based on Nanocrystalline Zeolites” a book chapter in the Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Eds. J. A. Schwarz, C. I. Contescu. K. Putyera, Marcell Dekker Publishing, Co., NY, 2004, 1137 – 1145 (Invited Chapter).
Song, W., Justice, R. E., Jones, C. A., Grassian, V. H., Larsen, S.C. “Size-dependent Properties of Nanocrystalline Silicalite Synthesized with Systematically Varied Crystal Sizes” Langmuir 2004, 20, 4696-4702.
Al-Hosney, H. A. and Grassian, V. H. “Carbonic Acid: An Important Intermediate in the Surface Chemistry of Calcium Carbonate” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8068-8069.
Grassian, V. H. “An Integrated Environmental Chemical Sciences Degree Program” Chemical Educator 2004, 9, 384 – 388. doi: 10.133/s000897040842a.
Krueger, B. J., Grassian, V. H. , Laskin, A. and J. Cowin “Heterogeneous Chemistry of Individual Mineral Dust Particles from Different Dust Source Regions: The Importance of Particle Mineralogy” Atmospheric Environment 2004, 38, 6253-6261.
Song, W., Kanthasamy, R., Grassian, V.H. Larsen, S.C. “Hexagonal, Hollow, Aluminum-Containing ZSM-5 Tubes Prepared from Mesoporous Silica Templates” Chem. Comm 2004, 1920 - 1921.
Song, W., Justice, R. E., Jones, C. A., Grassian, V.H. and Larsen, S. C., Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorption Properties of Nanocrystalline ZSM-5, Langmuir 2004, 20, 8301-8306.
Tang, T., G.R. Carmichae1, J.H. Seinfeld, D. Dabdub, R.J. Weber, B. Huebert, A.D. Clarke, S.A. Guazzotti, D.A. Sodeman, K.A. Prather, I. Uno, J.-H. Woo, J.J. Yienger, D.G. Streets, P.K. Quinn, J.E. Johnson, C.-H. Song, V.H. Grassian, A. Sandu, R.W. Talbot and J.E. Dibb, Three-dimensional Simulations of Inorganic Aerosol Distributions in East Asia During Spring 2001. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D19S23, doi:10.1029/2003JD004201, 2004.
Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S.C. “Photooxidation of Hydrocarbons in Cation-Exchanged Zeolites” A chapter in Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology Volume 3 451-494, 2003 Ed. H.S. Nalwa, American Scientific Publishers (Invited Review Article).
Al-Abadleh, H. A. and Grassian, V. H., “FT-IR Study of Water Adsorption on Aluminum Oxide Surfaces” Langmuir 2003, 19, 341-347.
Li, G H., Xu, M., Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S. C. “Photooxidation of Cyclohexane and Cyclohexene in Zeolite Y” J. Mol. Catal. A. 2003, 194, 169-180.
Carlos-Cuellar, S, Christensen, A.P., Burrichter, C., Li, P. and Grassian, V. H. “Heterogeneous Uptake Kinetics of VOCs on Oxide Surfaces Using a Knudsen Cell Reactor: Adsorption of Acetic Acid, Formaldehyde and Methanol on a-Al2O3, SiO2 and a-Fe2O3” J. Phys. Chem. A. 2003, 107, 4250-4261.
Michel, A. E., Usher, C. R. and Grassian, V. H. “Reactive Uptake of Ozone on Mineral Oxides and Mineral Dusts” Atmos. Env. 2003, 37, 3201-3211.
Krueger, B. J., Grassian, V. H., Iedema, M. J., Cowin, J. P. and Laskin, A. “Probing Heterogeneous Chemistry of Individual Atmospheric Particles Using Scanning Electron Microscopy” Analytical Chemistry 2003, 75, 5170-5179.
Al-Abadleh, H. A. and Grassian, V. H., “Phase Transitions in Thin Magnesium Nitrate Films: A Transmission FT-IR Study of the Deliquescence and Efflorescence of Nitric Acid Reacted Magnesium Oxide Interfaces” J. Phys. Chem. B., 2003, 107, 10829-10839.
Usher, C. R., Michel, A. E. Stec,, D. and Grassian, V. H., “Laboratory Studies of Ozone Uptake on Processed Mineral Dust” Atmos. Env. 2003, 37, 5337.
Al-Abadleh, H.A. Krueger, B.J., Ross, J. L. and Grassian, V. H., “Phase Transitions in Calcium Nitrate Thin Films” Chem. Comm., 2003, 2796- 2797.
Al-Abadleh, H. A. and V. H. Grassian “Oxide Surfaces as Environmental Interfaces” Surface Science Reports 2003, 52, 63-161 (Invited Review Article).
Usher, C. R., Michel, A. and Grassian, V. H. “Reactions on Mineral Dust”, Chemical Reviews 2003, 103, 4883 – 4940 (Invited Review Article).
Li, P., Al-Abadleh, H. A. and Grassian, V. H. "Measuring Heterogeneous Uptake on Solid Particle Surfaces with a Knudsen Cell Reactor: Complications Due to Surface Saturation and Gas Diffusion" Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2002,106, 1210-1219.
Invited Feature Article in Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2002, 106, 860-877.
Usher, C. R., Al-Hosney, H., Carlos-Cuellar, S., and Grassian, V. H. , “Heterogenous Uptake and Oxidation of SO2 on Mineral Dust” J. Geo. Res. – Atmospheres 2002 (DOI 10.1029/2002JD002051).
Michel, A. E.; Usher, C. R. and Grassian, V. H. “Heterogeneous and Catalytic Uptake of Ozone on Mineral Oxides and Dust: A Knudsen Cell Investigation” Geophys. Res. Letts. 2002 29, 10-1 to 10-4. (DOI 10.1029/2001GL014304).
Preszler Prince, A., J. Wade, J., Grassian, V. H., Kleiber,P. and Young, M. A., “Heterogeneous Reactions of Soot Aerosols with Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Acid Studied in an Atmospheric Chamber” Atmos. Env. 2002 , 36, 5729-5740.
Goodman, A. L.; Li, P.; Usher, C.R.. and Grassian, V. H. " Heterogeneous Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide on Aluminum and Magnesium Oxide Particles" Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2001, 105, 6109 – 6120.
Goodman, A. L.; Bernard, E.B. and Grassian, V. H. " A Spectroscopic Study of Nitric Acid and Water Adsorption on Oxide Particles: Enhanced Nitric Acid Uptake Kinetics in the Presence of Adsorbed Water " Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2001, 105, 6443 – 6457.
Underwood, G. M., Li, P., Al-Abadleh, H. and Grassian V.H. “A Knudsen Cell Study of the Heterogeneous Reactivity of Nitric Acid on Oxide and Mineral Dust Particles Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2001, 105, 6609-6620.
Larsen, R. G., Saladino, A. C., Hunt, T. A., Mann, J. E., Xu, M., Grassian, V. H. and Larsen, S. R. " A Kinetic Study of the Thermal and Photo Oxidation of Cyclohexane with Molecular Oxygen in Zeolite Y" Journal of Catalysis 2001, 204, 440-449.

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