Source: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol11/pp82-103
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 08:34:38+00:00

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Land-use in the Middle Ages was normal for such a parish lying across the geological outcrops: the arable was on the southern slopes of the chalk; the clay was predominantly pasture and, although no alluvium, there was presumably meadow land beside the streams; much of the greensand was pasture; and the northern chalk downs were extensive sheep pastures. Arable cultivation increased in the 17th and 18th centuries, (fn. 10) and by 1838 much of the down land and some of the clay had been tilled. (fn. 11) The chalk has remained under the plough but in 1977 the greensand and clay were predominantly pasture lands. There is no early record of extensive woodland in the parish. Knoyle answered at late-12thcentury forest eyres and in 1228 the land west of Shaftesbury Lane was defined as part of Selwood forest. It was disafforested in 1330. (fn. 12) There was a 'Westwood' in the parish in the Middle Ages but its location is not certain. (fn. 13) In 1773 only Knoyle ridge and an area south of the church were wooded, (fn. 14) both part of the demesne land of East Knoyle manor. (fn. 15) Woods were planted in Summerleaze in the 19th century, and by 1838 a number of small woods had been grown, presumably for sport, in the south part of the parish. (fn. 16) More trees were planted in Clouds House park in the late 19th century and the centre of the parish had a well-wooded appearance in 1977.
East Knoyle has always been the largest village in the parish. It originated on higher ground west of the Warminster-Shaftesbury road where the chief messuage and demesne farmstead of East Knoyle manor and the church and rectory-house were built. The village did not develop on that site since most tenant farmsteads were established in the dependent villages. It grew in areas east of the church along the Warminster-Shaftesbury road, and west of the church at Holloway which was a settlement largely of customarily held cottages dependent on the rectory manor. (fn. 36) By the late 18th century the Warminster-Shaftesbury road had been built up on both sides for c. 800 m. from north of Knoyle House, around which it was forced to make a very sharp bend, past the Black Horse inn as far as the Benett (later Seymour) Arms, a 17th- or 18th-century building extended in the 19th century. (fn. 37) In the 19th and 20th centuries there has been ribbon development southwards along the road, especially on the east side. Holloway and the roadside settlement were not directly linked. A road led westwards from the Warminster-Shaftesbury road to the demesne farmstead which, west of the church, formed a rough square in which the road ended. Holloway was approached up a steep hill by a road leading northwards from the Warminster-Shaftesbury road and passing round the north of the church and farmstead. (fn. 38) That road was diverted to the south in 1804 when the rector enlarged the garden of his new house. (fn. 39) The demesne farmstead went out of use in the mid 19th century and in 1856 the road leading westwards from the Warminster-Shaftesbury road was extended through the farmstead to meet the southwards bulge of the diversion and thus lead to Holloway. (fn. 40) The tithe-barn near the church was demolished in 1868 and a barn opposite the church on the south side of the road was burned down in 1961. (fn. 41) A farm building possibly of the 17th century, also on the south side of the road, has been converted to a dwelling-house. The hall of the 14thcentury demesne farm-house, (fn. 42) on the north side of the road, was restored and became the parish room to which a larger room was added at the west end in 1908. (fn. 43) There are several 17th-century cottages near the centre of the village and at Holloway, and a few 18th-century cottages in various places. Slades House was built between Knoyle House and Clouds House before 1773 (fn. 44) and was rebuilt in the later 19th century. Knoyle House, so prominent in the middle of the village, was demolished in 1954 (fn. 45) leaving the village centre open. Few houses of architectural pretension remain in the village where in 1977 the buildings, most concentrated at the north end of Shaftesbury Lane, were mainly cottages, houses, and bungalows of the 19th and 20th centuries. By the late 18th century small settlements had established themselves north and south of Windmill hill at the Green, where there are two 17th-century cottages, and at Bath, later called Underhill. (fn. 46) That at the Green grew in the 19th century when the Fox and Hounds public house and a nonconformist chapel were opened, (fn. 47) and especially in the mid 20th century when some 25 council houses were built. That at Underhill has also grown in the 20th century and in 1977 the 20thcentury houses outnumbered the 19th-century cottages, many of which have been enlarged in the 20th century.
The farmsteads on the clay in the southern part of the parish include buildings which range in date from the 14th century to the 20th century. Settlement was apparently earlier east than it was west of Shaftesbury Lane. At least some of the eastern farmsteads, but except in one case not their present buildings, originated in the Middle Ages. (fn. 48) Between Blackhouse Farm and Coleman's Farm a number of cottages was built on the verge in the early 19th century. Settlement began west of the road after the mid-17th-century inclosure, (fn. 49) but Redhouse Farm is the only house built then to have survived. Most of the buildings on the farms were erected or replaced at various times in the 19th century. Little Leigh is a substantial farm-house west of Holloway on the borders of the greensand and clay. It was built on a three-room plan probably in the period 1600–25 and retains many of its original fittings. Since 1945 there have been additions at the north end.
Milton was a village of tenant farmsteads in a street running in an arc down the valley between Haddon and Barn's hills. The street makes an elbow below Clouds House. Its lower north-east end is more thickly populated than its north-west end. There are 17th-century stone farm-houses at both ends, and along the whole length of the street are many houses clearly of earlier origin than their earliest datable features which are generally derived from 18th- and 19th-century remodellings. The village includes a small stone house bearing the date 1734 and a mid-18th-century house of five bays at the north-east end, and an extensive range of now disused 19th-century farm buildings at the elbow of the street.
The smaller farmsteads of Upton village were strung along nearly 800 m. of a street between Upton Knoyle manor-house at the south end and Chapel Farm between Cleeve and Haddon hills at the north end. There were ponds in the street at the south end, where the road splits into two, and in the middle. Two wells are said to have been used for medicinal purposes. (fn. 50) The population of the village has never been great. (fn. 51) Since the late 19th century several buildings have been demolished and not replaced, and the population has presumably shrunk still further. Of the present buildings the two principal houses and between them Upton Farm, a 17th-century stone farm-house on a traditional three-room plan, were built before 1700. There is an 18th-century cottage towards the south end of the street but nearly every other building is of the 19th century.
From the 16th century copyholds of Knoyle manor, held under fines and for rents which were both fixed, began to assume the importance of freeholds. (fn. 66) Some were in Knoyle but most were in Milton. (fn. 67) None seems to have exceeded 100 a. (fn. 68) and their descents are not traced. In the 19th century most of such copyholds of inheritance were acquired by the Seymours. (fn. 69) The demesne lands of Knoyle manor and the right to receive the copyholders' rents, but not the right to hold courts, were leased to farmers until 1567 when Bishop Home granted a 79–year lease from 1592 to Elizabeth I. (fn. 70) Before 1592 the queen assigned the lease to Thomas Mompesson of Corton who in 1604 assigned it to Sir Edward Bellingham. (fn. 71) About 1610 it was acquired like the lease of the demesne lands of Fonthill Bishop manor by Henry Mervyn (knighted 1619). (fn. 72) It passed with that lease and the manor of Fonthill Gifford to the earls of Castlehaven and by sale to Francis Cottington, Lord Cottington, who went into exile in 1646. (fn. 73) The lease was sequestered and from 1647 held by Sir Roger Palmer who in 1650 assigned it to Edmund Ludlow. (fn. 74) In 1661 Charles II assigned the remainder of the lease of Elizabeth I to Henry Hyde (styled Viscount Cornbury from that year) (fn. 75) who surrendered and obtained a new lease for lives from Bishop Duppa. (fn. 76) Cornbury was lessee until 1673 when Bishop Morley leased to Francis Morley, possibly his son. (fn. 77) Leases for lives, renewed for substantial fines, passed in the Morley family of Droxford (Hants), (fn. 78) and after 1782 to a relative Charles Ingoldsby Paulet (d. 1843), marquess of Winchester. (fn. 79) After 1843 the lease was acquired by the sub-lessee Henry Seymour (d. 1849) and his wife Jane and in 1852 a new lease was made to Jane and her son Alfred Seymour. (fn. 80) In 1862 Seymour bought the reversion in fee of those leased demesne lands, c. 2,023 a. comprising mainly Manor (then part of Park), Sheephouse, Knoyle Down, Friar's Hayes, and Summerleaze farms. (fn. 81) In 1877 he sold, with his other lands in Knoyle west of the HindonShaftesbury road, (fn. 82) all but Sheephouse andSummerleaze farms which after his death in 1888 passed with Knoyle House and other lands east of that road to his daughter Jane Margaret (d. 1943). (fn. 83) They were sold in 1948. (fn. 84) In 1977 Summerleaze farm belonged to the Clouds estate trustees. (fn. 85) The old farm-house lies at the northern edge of a group of 19th- and 20th-century farm buildings. It was replaced c. 1900 by a large house standing a short distance to the west. In 1948 Sheephouse farm was bought by Maj. F. H. Crawshay Bailey and in 1977 belonged to Mr. Neil Rimmington as part of the Fonthill Abbey estate. (fn. 86) Friar's Hayes farm passed with the Clouds estate (fn. 87) until 1919. (fn. 88) In 1977 it belonged to Mr. R. E. Drake. (fn. 89) Park and Knoyle Down farms also passed with the Clouds estate and were sold in 1936 to John Granville Morrison (created Baron Margadale 1964) of Fonthill House. (fn. 90) In 1977 Knoyle Down farm still belonged to the Morrison estate. (fn. 91) Knoyle Down Farm is of the early 19th century and has 20th-century additions. Near it are early-19th-century farm buildings of brick. Park farm was sold in 1971 to the Clouds estate trustees, the owners in 1977. (fn. 92) Park Farm occupies the site of the former parish workhouse. (fn. 93) The farm-house was apparently built in the mid 19th century.
Like those of Knoyle manor the copyholds of inheritance of Upton manor, none of which had grown to considerable size by 1800, (fn. 123) were bought up by the Seymours in the 19th century. (fn. 124) The demesne lands of Upton manor, Chapel farm, and the right to receive the copyholders' rents were leased to farmers. (fn. 125) In the earlier 17th century they were leased to George Mervyn, and a George Mervyn held them until 1669. (fn. 126) Leases for lives for substantial fines were made to Robert Compton of Mere (from 1669), (fn. 127) Elizabeth Buck, the sister of Sir James Howe, Bt., of Berwick St. Leonard (from 1698), and Robert Lock (fl. c. 1730) and his widow Susanna (from 1738). (fn. 128) In 1754 a lease was made to Edmund Ashby who was succeeded by his son George (d. 1808), president of St. John's College, Cambridge, and by George's amanuensis Thomas Lyas. (fn. 129) In 1832 the lease was acquired by Henry Seymour whose son Alfred in 1862 bought the reversion in fee of the lands held by it. (fn. 130) Chapel farm thereafter passed like Park farm. (fn. 131) The oldest part of Chapel Farm is the short range three storeys high at its southern end which is probably of the later 16th century. It was extended to the west in the 17th century and to the north in the 18th century, when kitchens were built at ground level to replace those in the basement of the old house. A chapel, possibly built close to the house for a Mervyn, was mentioned in 1610. (fn. 132) It gave its name to the farm but no later reference to it is known.
In the early 13th century Osbert Baldwin held land assessed at 2 hides. (fn. 133) It was presumably the land in Upton which Thomas Baldwin held in the later 13th century and in 1306 sold to Walter Scudamore. (fn. 134) That land, later called the manor of UPTON KNOYLE, seems to have passed in the Scudamore family like the manor of Upton Scudamore. (fn. 135) In the later 14th century and the early 15th John Chitterne was apparently buying land in various places, possibly to settle on the marriage of his sister Agnes and William Milbourne, (fn. 136) and his purchases probably included Upton Knoyle of which he died seised. (fn. 137) The manor passed to the Milbournes and to their son Richard, grandson Simon, great-grandson Sir Thomas (d. c. 1492), (fn. 138) and great-great-grandson Henry (d. 1519) whose son Richard Milbourne died without issue in 1532. (fn. 139) The Milbournes' lands were then disputed by Henry's widow Margaret, formerly wife of Anthony Ernie and then wife of Roger Yorke, William Fauconer, grandson of Sir Thomas's sister Agnes, and Joan Brooke and Margaret Halswell, descendants of John Chitterne's sister Christine. (fn. 140) A Chancery decree of 1538 settled them on Margaret Yorke for life with remainder to Fauconer. (fn. 141) In 1539, however, those two settled Upton Knoyle on Richard Milbourne's widow Edith, wife of Edward Twinyhoe, for her life. (fn. 142) In 1544 Fauconer conveyed his interest to Robert Titherley, (fn. 143) husband of Margaret Yorke's daughter Elizabeth Ernie, (fn. 144) who apparently occupied the manor, (fn. 145) and in 1556 the Twinyhoes conveyed their interest to Robert. (fn. 146) In 1576 Robert's son William sold to John Mervyn of Pertwood. (fn. 147) The manor passed in the Mervyn family, apparently with Pertwood manor, to Thomas (d.s.p. 1622–3) and George, the sons of John Mervyn (d. 1601), and to George's son John (fl. 1670) who sold to his brother Richard (d. 1669), chancellor of Exeter cathedral. (fn. 148) Richard was succeeded by his sons George (d. c. 1680) and John of Bratton Clovelly (Devon), on whose marriage the manor was settled in 1690. John (d. 1729) had a son John (d. unmarried) but his heir was probably his grandnephew John who was presumably the John Mervyn who in 1750 sold the manor to Nicholas Williams. (fn. 149) The manor passed to Charles Williams (d. 1806) and to Charles's son William Mead alias Williams (d. c. 1814) and grandson Charles William Mead (d. 1826). Mead's heir was his son Charles who died a minor in 1829 leaving as heir his uncle James Charles Williams who immediately sold to Henry Seymour. (fn. 150) The land subsequently passed with Seymour's manor of Upton and became part of Chapel farm. (fn. 151) A substantial manor-house was built in the late 16th century, presumably for a Mervyn. It had a main range of two rooms with a short cross-wing at its north end and another, possibly service, range abutting the centre of the east side. The house, called Upton Manor, has been added to only in the mid 20th century when kitchens and bathrooms were built in the north-east angle.
In the early 13th century 14 virgates of Knoyle manor in East Knoyle and Milton were held freely. (fn. 152) Their descents cannot be traced but it was presumably from those lands that five freeholds which became substantial had emerged by the 16th century.
A freehold in the south-east corner of the parish later called LOWER LEIGH farm belonged in 1535 to the chantry of Compton Pauncefoot (Som.). (fn. 184) It passed to the Crown at the Dissolution and in 1545 was granted to John Whitehorn and John Bailey who immediately granted it to William Hunton (d. c. 1581). (fn. 185) The land passed to Hunton's son Thomas (d. 1631) and to Thomas's son James (fl. 1639). (fn. 186) Its later descent is not clear. It was possibly the land, sequestered from Francis Toope in 1645, which was bought from the Treason Trustees by Matthew Davies in 1653. That land was being claimed in 1653 by Toope, Davies, and Robert Moore who claimed to be Toope's mortgagee. (fn. 187) The result of those claims and the subsequent descent of Lower Leigh are unknown. In 1750 the farm belonged to Richard Jackson, rector of Donhead St. Mary, after whose death in 1796 it passed to his successor at Donhead Gilbert Jackson (d. 1816). (fn. 188) It was held by Gilbert's widow until c. 1822 and then passed, presumably by sale, to George Fort of Alderbury. (fn. 189) About 1870 Vere Fane-Benett-Stanford of Pythouse in Tisbury acquired the land which passed like Pythouse to his son John Montagu Fane-Benett-Stanford (d. 1947). (fn. 190) In 1977 Lower Leigh farm belonged to Cdr. J. M. Child. (fn. 191) Lower Leigh Farm, formerly the farm-house of an adjacent copyhold, (fn. 192) is a house of 18th-century origin with additions, including a new west front of c. 1840, of several dates in the 19th century.
In 1734 REDHOUSE farm was bought from a Mr. Coward by Wilton Free School. The school held it until 1880 when it was sold, (fn. 204) apparently to Alfred Seymour. It passed with Knoyle House until 1948. (fn. 205) By 1977 it had been broken up. (fn. 206) Redhouse Farm is a 17th-century house.
In the 12th century, when cultivation at East Knoyle was presumably expanding, the manor was passing from royal to episcopal through noble possession and the hand of lordship was possibly light. (fn. 211) That may have resulted in the three significant features of the parish's agrarian history. There emerged in the parish before 1300 four separate systems of common fields and pastures, those of Knoyle, Hindon, Upton, and Milton. (fn. 212) Hindon is dealt with elsewhere. (fn. 213) The several agrarian units, each with its own rules of common husbandry, presumably developed as more land was used and boundaries between the villages' lands were defined. Its large amount of land held freely also made Knoyle remarkable among the bishop of Winchester's manors. (fn. 214) The 12th century is a likely time for the freeholds to have been created and may also have been the time when a few farms established themselves on Knoyle common. The farms, later called Upper Leigh, Lower Leigh, and Coleman's, were apparently there before 1250. (fn. 215) Their tenure of Knoyle manor was perhaps no more than a mark of dependence made for licence to inclose and build on the common. The definition of each village's lands which took place in the northern half of the parish was, however, not mirrored in the southern half, and Knoyle was remarkable thirdly for the fact that intercommoning among the men of the three villages continued on the common until the mid 17th century. The remainder of this section deals in turn with agriculture in each of the three townships and afterwards with the common.
In 1799 the common fields were inclosed by Act under a joint award with Upton. (fn. 257) Only four farms, including the rector's and Corpus Christi's, were allotted more than 50 a. of arable. The Clouds estate then seems to have consisted of inclosed pastures on Barn's hill, arable allotments totalling some 47 a., and feeding for 148 sheep. The remaining land was shared among some twelve smaller farms presumably with farmsteads in Milton street. The pastures on Haddon hill, 28 a., and the down, 21 a., were distinguished from those of Upton but remained commonable. They and the Upton part of Haddon hill were for a total of 1,145 sheep of the freeholders and copyholders of Milton and of the small farmers of Upton. On Haddon those sheep could be joined by 523 sheep of the rector, Corpus Christi College, and the other Milton freeholder who had a several down.
The arable fields of Upton, c. 400 a., were inclosed with those of Milton in 1799. (fn. 286) Chapel farm was allotted the easternmost lands, 144 a., Upton Knoyle farm was allotted 121 a., and the remainder was divided among several free and customary small farms. The common pastures were not inclosed but their use was regulated by the award. That on the down, 19 a., was common to Chapel and Upton Knoyle farms, 102 sheep. That on Haddon hill, 15 a., was fed on by the same flocks as the Milton part of Haddon.
In 1838 the common on both sides of Shaftesbury Lane was still a patchwork of small fields, none more extensive than c. 20 a., held of Knoyle manor freely, by lease, or by copy. There were still many owners but some of the farms had grown, presumably at the expense of smallholders based in the three villages. East of Shaftesbury Lane were the older farms, Upper Leigh, 147 a., Lower Leigh, 150 a., Blackhouse, 28 a., Coleman's, 72 a., and Kinghay, 43 a.; west of it were New Leaze, 100 a., Friar's Hayes, 211 a., Redhouse, 102 a., Moor's, 56 a., and a few farms of less than 50 a. (fn. 312) All were then arable and pasture farms but later dairy farming predominated. (fn. 313) East of the lane Lower Leigh, Kinghay, and Coleman's, all parts of the Pythouse estate, were merged into a farm measuring 318 a. in 1910. (fn. 314) In 1977 Lower Leigh, 216 a., and Coleman's were again separate farms. (fn. 315) Upper Leigh, c. 100 a., and Blackhouse remained similarly separate farms. (fn. 316) West of the lane Lugmarsh, Moor's, and Friar's Hayes were in 1919 pasture farms of respectively 142 a., 145 a., and 188 a. (fn. 317) They and New Leaze remained farms in 1977 but Redhouse was broken up. (fn. 318) On both sides of the lane pasture farming still predominated but there was again some tillage.
Mills. The first mill in East Knoyle was apparently built in the earlier 13th century. (fn. 327) It was in the south-west corner of the parish at a place called Lushley near the confluence of the several southflowing streams. (fn. 328) There is no evidence that it survived the Middle Ages. A windmill was part of the manor of Knoyle in 1377–8 when two new sailyards were bought. (fn. 329) Its site is unknown but was possibly on Windmill hill. It seems to have worked until replaced by a new windmill built there c. 1536. (fn. 330) There was still a miller in 1855 but the mill had ceased working by 1886. (fn. 331) The circular stone post standing in 1977 had no datable feature. The weatherboarded cap and two sails shown in photographs of c. 1930 and earlier (fn. 332) have been removed.
In the early 13th century bishops held Hock-tide and Martinmas tourns for the hundred as they did elsewhere. (fn. 342) The assize of ale was enforced from the mid 13th century. (fn. 343) The first separately enrolled records of the tourn known to survive are for 1464. (fn. 344) Procedure was similar to that of contemporary Downton tourns. The tithingmen of Fonthill, Knoyle, and Milton and the bailiff of Hindon presented and a jury of twelve freemen affirmed and added to the presentments. In the later 15th century and the 16th the presentments of the Knoyle and Milton tithingmen were not numerous and, apart from recording that cert-money was paid, were mainly of brewers, butchers, and millers. Occasionally, however, affrays and breaches of agrarian custom were dealt with and further offences, including public nuisances, were presented by the jurors. From the mid 16th century elections of constables of the hundred were recorded. In the 17th century the constable and the tithingmen made formal presentments at each tourn but rarely of an offence beyond failing to attend the tourn. The jurors, however, regularly presented offenders and were particularly concerned with the condition of roads and bridges, sometimes ordering the parish to repair. From the later 17th century tourns were held annually in September. The tithingmen presented nothing but the payment of cert-money, and the courts proceeded on the presentments of two juries. The 'jury for the king' continued to present public nuisances and the homage presented manorial business formerly transacted in separate courts. (fn. 345) Tourns continued thus until the mid 19th century and ostensibly serious presentments of nuisances were still made. They included the presentment in 1829 of the trustees of the Shaftesbury turnpike for encroaching on the waste by building on it a turnpike gate and house. By 1800, however, the main work of the jurors was to present the choice of constables, tithingmen, and foremen of Upton and of the homage to present the customs of the manor.
Private jurisdiction through manorial courts was exercised by the bishops of Winchester and by the rectors. The bishop's courts for the manor of East Knoyle were held several times a year by his bailiff. (fn. 364) In the Middle Ages the courts enforced customary obligations to the lord, heard pleas between tenants, and presentments by the homage that, for example, tenants had died and agrarian customs had been breached, and witnessed surrenders and admittances. (fn. 365) In the 16th century the tithingmen of East Knoyle and Milton, the foreman of Upton, and the homage all presented. From c. 1515 separate courts were held for the manor of Upton. (fn. 366) Manor courts apparently ceased in the later 17th century. The business, by then principally the recording of conveyances of copyholds of inheritance, was transferred to the annual tourns where in 1702 and 1720 the bishop was presented for not keeping three-weekly courts for the liberty. (fn. 367) No record, beyond copies, (fn. 368) survives of rectors' courts which were presumably held solely for surrenders of and admittances to copyholds.
The advowson of the rectory passed with the lordship of Knoyle manor. From 1199 to 1201 it was disputed between Godfrey de Lucy, bishop of Winchester, and Maud de Beaumont, countess of Warwick, who claimed it as part of her dower, (fn. 374) but after her death it passed with the see of Winchester. (fn. 375) The only recorded presentations not by a bishop were in 1559 and 1570, (fn. 376) in the Civil War and Interregnum, (fn. 377) and in 1660 when the Crown presented after the ejection of the incumbent. (fn. 378) In 1865 the advowson was transferred to the see of Oxford (fn. 379) and in 1953 to the see of Salisbury. (fn. 380) The bishop of Salisbury was patron in 1977.
In the 14th century several of the rectors are known to have been pluralists. (fn. 395) Stephen Morpeth, rector 1405–68, already a pluralist, was in 1409 licensed to study for three years. (fn. 396) He became a chaplain of Henry V and held among other livings the deanery of the free chapel of St. Nicholas in Wallingford castle. (fn. 397) Robert Morwent, rector 1523– 58, was president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1537 and in 1550 a curate served the church. (fn. 398) After Morwent's death, presumably when the living was in Elizabeth I's gift after the Marian Bishop White was deprived in 1559, John Haytor, the lessee of the tithes and glebe, (fn. 399) was licensed to present. His nominee was his son Thomas who was later found to have been under age and not in holy orders. In 1570 Bishop Home granted the advowson for one turn to James Mervyn who presented John Mervyn. After contests between Thomas Haytor and John Mervyn in the spiritual and secular courts and twice by force at the rectory-house Mervyn retained the living, but the church was served by a curate. (fn. 400) The rector from 1623 was Christopher Wren, dean of Windsor from 1635. (fn. 401) Wren was registrar of the Order of the Garter, a position which he used to invoke the king's intervention when his pigeonhouse was undermined by the saltpetre commissioner in 1636. (fn. 402) He held other parish livings and was the father of Sir Christopher Wren, who was born at East Knoyle in 1631 or 1632. (fn. 403) Sir Christopher kept a link with the parish until 1662 when he surrendered a small copyhold of inheritance. (fn. 404) Dean Wren compounded for the rectory in 1645, but in 1646 it was sequestered for his support of the king and given to William Clifford who was later said to preach twice every Sunday. (fn. 405) Clifford's son Samuel succeeded him in 1655 and was ejected in 1660. (fn. 406) His successor Enoch Gray was also ejected for nonconformity and both remained in the parish. (fn. 407) Samuel Rolleston, archdeacon of Salisbury 1732–66, was rector 1745–6. (fn. 408) His successor Charles Wake, whose assistant curate was a local landowner and who held other livings, in 1783 held services twice on Sundays and administered the Sacrament at the great festivals. His curate catechized. (fn. 409) In 1864 the rector held services with sermons thrice on winter and twice on summer Sundays with an average congregation of 220. Communion was once a month for the 80–100 communicants. (fn. 410) In 1977 services were held every Sunday.
The church of ST. MARY is built mostly of coursed rubble, which was formerly rendered, (fn. 411) and has a chancel with south organ chamber, a nave with short aisles, north-western vestry, and south porch, and a west tower. Parts of the walls of the nave and of the western part of the chancel remain from a pre-Conquest church. Early features which survive are an exposed length of double plinth and cut back blind arcading on the north wall of the chancel, and possibly the north doorway. Early in the 13th century the chancel was extended and refenestrated. Later in that century north and south transeptal chapels were added to the nave. The porch was built in the 14th century and the tower in the 15th when the south doorway and east window were also inserted. The arrangement of the interior is shown in a plan of 1632. (fn. 412) About 1639 the chancel was decorated with plasterwork, designed by Dean Wren and executed by Robert Brockway, depicting scenes from the Old and New Testaments. (fn. 413) In 1714 a west gallery was erected, (fn. 414) and in 1756 the lead was removed from the roof and replaced by stone tiles. (fn. 415) The first of several 19th-century enlargements was the extension of the north transept into an aisle in 1829, perhaps by John Peniston of Salisbury who is known to have built a gallery about then. (fn. 416) In 1845 the south aisle and the vestry were added, the chancel arch was widened, the gallery enlarged, and there was general restoration under Wyatt and Brandon. (fn. 417) The organ chamber was added, the gallery removed, and the church refitted under Sir Arthur Blomfield in 1875–6. (fn. 418) A new burial ground opened in 1899 (fn. 419) contains Wyndham corner, a partly walled enclosure by Detmar Blow with ground and wall monuments and a central monolith.
A chapel, later called the Ebenezer chapel, was built at the Green for Primitive Methodists in 1843. (fn. 441) In 1851 congregations of 90 and 79 attended afternoon and evening services. (fn. 442) The church, which is dated 1857, had been closed by 1977.
Anthony Burbidge (d. 1823) gave by will £100 to benefit poor widows and widowers over 50 at Christmas. Benefit was confined to practising Anglicans. The money was invested in 1833 and £5 distributed among ten widows and five widowers. In 1906 6s. was paid to each of seven or eight poor widows and widowers. (fn. 472) The charity, whose subsequent history is not clear, has possibly been merged with Robert Compton's.
Hindon is a settlement planned by a bishop of Winchester and founded in the early 13th century. The tenements were built on both sides of a street and behind them were narrow burgage plots, vestiges of which remain visible. (fn. 473) The main period of building seems to have been 1218–20. (fn. 474) Like other contemporary new towns Hindon was presumably conceived as a centre for artisans and of trade in their and other wares. (fn. 475) It was established on chalk downland in the north-east corner of the manor and parish of East Knoyle nearer to Chicklade, Berwick St. Leonard, and the Fonthills than to East Knoyle. The street ran north-west to south-east down a steep hill and ended abruptly at the parish boundary. (fn. 476) It was part of a road which was possibly ancient but apparently without prominence, (fn. 477) and the straightness of the street is a mark of the bishop's planning rather than the road's original course. If, as may be assumed, it was previously unoccupied Hindon's site on remote downland in a far corner of the parish calls for an explanation. The most likely one is perhaps that Hindon was built as far as possible from the rival centres of Mere and Shaftesbury (Dors.), and as near as possible to the villages of the upper Nadder valley and to those lying along the Wylye between the market towns of Warminster and Wilton.
In 1748 there were unbroken lines of buildings on both sides of the whole length of the street and behind them many cottages, some of them in rows endways on in the narrow burgage plots, and other buildings had by then been erected on those plots. (fn. 506) The market was presumably held along the whole street and a market building then stood in the street between the points at which the road from Barford St. Martin to Willoughby Hedge entered and left it. The survival of a number of houses which are of the early 18th century or earlier, particularly on the west side of the street, suggests that the fire of 1754 did not seriously affect every building and belies the contemporary claim that little of Hindon survived. (fn. 507) Damage was clearly extensive, however, in the centre of the street on the east side, where on both sides of the road from Barford St. Martin the buildings behind the street were most numerous. Part of that area was not rebuilt and in 1977 remained an empty square around the south and west sides of which the road from Barford St. Martin to Willoughby Hedge passed. On the east side of the street south of that road, however, is a group of houses which seem to have been built soon after 1754. Hindon is still characterized by its long straight street which was lined with trees in 1863. (fn. 508) It contains a mixture of houses dating from the later 17th century to the 19th. Stone predominated until the later 18th century; red brick afterwards became more common. A notable feature of the centre of the street on the west side is a group of substantial buildings whose frontages are pierced by carriage entrances and which were presumably inns. Mid-20th-century council houses have been built behind the church at the north-west end of the street. The settlement at the south-east end is on a north-east to south-west line at right angles to the street.
From its foundation most of the inhabitants of Hindon presumably supported themselves through trade. (fn. 555) In 1558 the town was said to abound in artisans, (fn. 556) but it has never contained a great concentration of any one trade. While the market and fairs flourished many were engaged in baking, brewing, and innkeeping, (fn. 557) and in the later 18th century the support of travellers was said to be the chief trade. (fn. 558) That trade was reduced in the 19th century when the market and fairs and coach travel declined, but revived somewhat when motor traffic increased in the mid 20th century.
In the 15th and 16th centuries there were weavers in Hindon. (fn. 559) In the late 18th century the town had a small share in the linen, dowlas, and tick-weaving industry based at Mere, but had almost lost it by 1820. Similarly the making of silk twist was in decline in 1820. (fn. 560) About 1700 there were three clock-makers and the Gerard and Stephens families continued clock-making until the late 18th century. (fn. 561) Gunpowder was apparently made at Hindon until the making was transferred to Salisbury c. 1636. (fn. 562) Trades and industries in Hindon were otherwise what might have been expected to meet the needs of the agrarian economies of the surrounding villages: craftsmen working in wood, metal, and leather were frequently mentioned, (fn. 563) as were other tradesmen such as chandlers and surgeons, (fn. 564) but no business has ever grown to a substantial size. In 1977 most of the working population was employed outside the parish.
In 1553 the dedication was to St. Luke, (fn. 622) but was later to ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST. About 1804 the church consisted of apparently undivided nave and chancel, a south tower the lower stage of which served as a porch, and a small south transeptal chapel against the tower to the west. The tower appears to have been that built at foundation and parts of the nave and chancel may also have survived from that time. The west doorway and window and a south window of the nave were later-medieval, and the south window of the chapel was 18th-century. (fn. 623) In 1836 the church was enlarged to designs of William Gover. (fn. 624) A north aisle was added and a roundheaded window placed in the south wall of the nave at the west end. (fn. 625) In 1870–1 the church was taken down and rebuilt in Early English style to designs of T. H. Wyatt and at the expense of Richard, marquess of Westminster (d. 1869). (fn. 626) The new church has chancel with south vestry, an aisled and clerestoried nave, and a south tower which serves as a porch.
There were four Protestant nonconformists in Hindon in 1676. (fn. 635) In 1787 a dwelling-house was certified for Independents, (fn. 636) and in 1810 a Congregational church was built near Hindon on land in Fonthill Gifford, claimed as an offshoot by both Warminster and Trowbridge. (fn. 637) On Census Sunday in 1851 there were congregations of 95 and 64 at the two services. (fn. 638) The church was possibly served from East Knoyle in the later 19th century. (fn. 639) By 1977 it had been closed.
A room was certified for Primitive Methodists in 1836 and in 1841 the Providence chapel was built for them behind the south side of the street. A total of 80 attended the two services on Census Sunday in 1851. (fn. 640) In 1896 that chapel was replaced by one, on the north side of the street, (fn. 641) in which services were still held in 1977.
1. This article was written in 1977. Maps used include O.S. Maps 1", sheet 15 (1811 edn.), sheet 166 (1959 edn.); 1/50,000, sheet 183 (1974 edn.), sheet 184 (1974 edn.); 1/25,000, ST 82 (1960 edn.), ST 83 (1957 edn.), ST 93 (1958 edn.); 6", Wilts. LVII (1889 edn.), LVIII (1889 edn.), LXIII (1890 edn.), LXIV (1889 edn.).
3. V.C.H.Wilts. viii. 58; Census, 1971.
4. Arch. Jnl. lxxvii. 19–22.
6. Geol. Surv. Map 1/50,000, solid and drift, sheet 297 (1972 edn.).
9. See plate facing p. 49.
10. See pp. 90, 93.
12. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 414–15.
13. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159343, rott. 5d.–7.
14. Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4.
15. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155514, pp. 11–39.
17. V.C.H. Wilts. i (1), 67.
19. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 259.
23. Ibid. i (1), 67, 265.
24. Arch. Jnl. lxxvii. 94.
26. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 67V.
27. Crown Pleas, 1249 (W.R.S. xvi), p. 114.
28. Cal. Chart. R. 1257–1300, 289.
30. See below; local information.
32. E 179/196/8; V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 300.
33. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 309.
34. Taxation Lists (W.R.S. x), 44, 158–9.
35. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 351; Census, 1971.
37. Ibid.; Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4.
38. Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4.
40. Wilts. Cuttings, xi. 24; see below, p. 90.
41. W.R.O. 536/10; pencil drawing in village hall.
44. Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4.
46. Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4.
47. O.S. Map 6", Wilts. LXIII (1890 edn.).
48. See pp. 89, 92.
51. e.g. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 309, 351.
52. Ibid. ii, pp. 118–19; Complete Peerage.
54. V.C.H. Wilts. ii, p. 118.
55. For whom see Complete Peerage, s.v. Hereford, Leicester, Norfolk.
56. Complete Peerage, s.v. Warwick.
57. Cur. Reg. R. i. 240–1.
59. Ibid.; Reg. Pontoise (Cant. & York Soc), ii. 739–40.
60. Complete Peerage, s.v. Warwick.
61. Cal. Pat. 1550–3, 178.
62. C 54/3508 no. 32.
65. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155514, pp. 11–39.
66. Cf. Bishopstone, Downton: pp. 6, 28.
68. e.g. W.R.O., Tithe Award.
69. See below. Cf. W.R.O., Tithe Award; B.L. Map Libr., Partic. of Freehold at E. Knoyle', sale cat.
70. C 2/Jas. I/G 8/42.
71. Ibid.;C 2/Jas. I/G 5/2.
73. Ibid.; see above, p. 78; Complete Peerage.
74. E 134/13 Chas. II Mich./10.
75. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1660–1, p. 496; Complete Peerage, s.v. Clarendon.
77. Ibid. pp. 419–21; J. Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714 111. 1033.
79. Ibid. Eccl. 2/155498, pp. 225–9; Complete Peerage.
80. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155511, pp. 538–49; W.R.O., Tithe Award.
81. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155514, pp. 11–39.
82. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.; and see below.
83. Burke, Land. Gent. (1906), ii. 1509; see below.
85. Ex inf. Mr. S. E. Scammell, Clouds Estate Office; see below.
88. W.A.S. Libr., sale cat. xv, no. 6.
90. W.A.S. Libr., Benett-Stanford papers, draft hist.; ex inf. Mr. A. B. Hayne, Estate Office, Fonthill Bishop.
91. Ex inf. Mr. Hayne.
92. Ex inf. Mr. Scammell; see below.
94. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159343, rott. 5d.–7.
95. W.R.O., Land Tax add.; Burke, Peerage(1959), 2099.
96. W.A.M. xlix. 258; Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4; Burke, Peerage (1959), 2099.
97. W.R.O. 186, game bk.; see above.
98. Wilts. Cuttings, i. 219.
101. Personal observation by Dr. R. B. Pugh and Miss Elizabeth Crittall.
102. Photographs in E. Knoyle par. room.
104. B.L. Add. MS. 42028, ff. 19–21.
106. See plate facing p. 32.
107. Bernard Falk, Naughty Seymours, 253 n.; photographs in E. Knoyle par. room.
108. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155642–4; Eccl. 2/155498–515; see below, pp. 92–3.
109. Ch. Commrs. file 44170.
110. W.R.O. 636/11; see below.
111. Ch. Commrs., survey bk. DD 5, p. 634.
114. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.; sale cat. 1936 penes Mr. Scammell.
115. V.C.H. Wilts. ii, pp. 118–19, 210.
116. V.C.H. Berks. iv. 461.
117. Pipe R. 1201 (P.R.S. n.s. xiv), 83–4.
118. C.P. 25(1)/250/3 no. 1.
119. Chartulary Winch. Cath. ed. A. W. Goodman, pp. 7, 45–6. For the identification cf. C.P. 25(1)/250/10 no. 53; B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 68; H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155643, pp. 94–5.
120. Reg. Pontoise (Cant. & York Soc), ii. 430–1.
121. e.g. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155648 (1503).
122. Ibid. Eccl. 2/155514, pp. 11–39; see below.
124. Cf. ibid.; Tithe Award; B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.
126. C 54/3508 no. 32; H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155933; Eccl. 2/155643, pp. 94–5, 447–8. His or their relationship to the Mervyns who owned Upton Knoyle (see below) is not clear.
127. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155643, pp. 447–8.
128. Ibid. Eccl. 2/153308; Eccl. 2/248954.
129. Ibid. Eccl. 2/153308–12; D.N.B.
130. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/153313–14; Eccl. 2/155514, pp. 11–39.
133. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 66v.
134. Feet of F. 1272–1327 (W.R.S. i), pp. 22, 57.
135. V.C.H. Wilts. viii. 81; e.g. E 179/196/8 (1332).
136. V.C.H. Hants, iv. 327; V.C.H. Wilts. vii. 201.
138. C 1/797/20–4; Cal. Inq. p.m. Hen. VII, i, p. 356.
139. C 142/34 no. 58; C 142/57 no. 6.
140. C 1/748/50; C 1/786/50–3; C 1/797/18–24; C 1/900/3.
142. C.P. 25(2)/52/374/31 Hen. VIII Trin. no. 13; V.C.H. Wilts. vii. 202.
143. C.P. 25(2)/46/323/36 Hen. VIII Mich. no. 52.
144. W. Berry, Hants Pedigrees, 273.
145. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Detecta Bk. 1550.
146. C.P. 25(2)/81/694/2 & 3 Ph. & M. Trin. no. 19.
147. C.P. 25(2)/239/18 & 19 Eliz. I Mich.; H.R.C). Eccl. 1/87/9.
148. V.C.H. Wilts. viii. 59; Hoare, Mod. Wilts. Mere, 180; W. R. Drake, Fasciculus Mervinensis (Lond. priv print. 1873), 47, app. iii.
149. W.R.O 1126/12, sched. of deeds; W. R. Drake, Devonshire Notes and Notelets (Lond. priv. print. 1888) 21.
150. W.R.O. 1126/12, abstr. of title.
151. Ibid. Tithe Award; see above.
152. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 66v.
153. W.R.O. 212B/3623–5; W.A.M. li. 391.
154. W.R.O. 212B/3625; W.A.M. li. 390, 391.
155. H.R.O. Eccl. 1/92/12; W.A.M. li. 391; Cal. Cttee. for Compounding, i, p. 78.
157. W.A.M. li. 393; W.R.O., Land Tax.
159. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.; see above.
160. Letter dated 2 June 1908 from P. S. Wyndham penes General Ed. V.C.H.
162. W.A.M. xxxvii. 167; xxxviii. 123, 647; W.A.S. Libr., sale cat. xv, no. 6; Benett-Stanford papers, draft hist.; ex inf. Mr. A. B. Hayne, Estate Office, Fonthill Bishop.
163. Ex inf. Mr. Scammell, Clouds Estate Office.
164. W.R.O. 212B/3625; B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.; W.A.S. Libr., Benett-Stanford papers, photographs.
165. Wilts. Cuttings, i. 219.
166. See plate facing p. 144.
168. W.A.S. Libr., Benett-Stanford papers, draft hist.
169. Pevsner, Wilts. (2nd edn.), 232.
170. Wilts. Cuttings, xxii. 223; ex inf. Mr. Scammell.
171. Ex inf. Mr. A. S. Newbegin, Acting Headmaster.
172. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 66v.
173. J. Hutchins, Dors. iv. 367, 427.
174. C.C.C., Oxf., Mun., deeds, LA 29, p. 104.
175. C.P. 40/1123 Carte rot. 17d.
176. C.C.C., Oxf., Mun., deeds, LA 29, pp. 108–90.
177. Ibid. lease bk. 1874–84, pp. 100–3.
178. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.
179. Local information; see p. 91.
181. Ex inf. Mr. Burton, Upper Leigh Farm.
183. See plate facing p. 209.
184. Valor Eccl. (Rec. Com.), i. 152.
185. Cal. Pat. 1547–8, 278, 287–8.
186. Wilts. Pedigrees (Harl. Soc. cv, cvi), 95–6; E 159/478 Communia Trin. rot. 12.
187. Cal. Cttee. for Compounding, i, p. 77; iv. 3111–12.
188. C.C.C., Oxf., Mun., 533, maps 23–4; Hoare, Mod. Wilts. Dunworth, 198.
190. Ibid. add.; Burke, Land. Gent. (1906), ii. 1569.
191. Ex inf. Cdr. Child, Lower Leigh Farm.
193. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 66v.
194. Feud. Aids, vi. 530; cf. Cal. Close, 1454–61, 441.
195. V.C.H. Wilts. x. 139; C.P. 25(1)/257/65 no. 31.
196. H.R.O. Eccl. 1/92/11, ct. held Martinmas 7 Jas. I.
197. Wilts. Inq. p.m. 1625–49 (Index Libr.), 124–6; cf. V.C.H. Wilts. x. 165.
198. Wilts. Inq. p.m. 1625–49 (Index Libr.), 349–50.
199. W.R.O., Land Tax add.; Q. Sess. enrolled deeds, loose deed 7; see above, p. 30.
202. Ibid. 186, newspaper cutting.
203. Ibid. 636/11; see above.
204. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 851, 871–2.
207. V.C.H. Wilts. i (1), pp. 265, 275.
208. Arch. Jnl. lxxvii. 94.
209. V.C.H. Wilts. ii, pp. 118–19.
210. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, ff. 66–8.
212. The separation of Upton is implied in B.L. Eg. MS 2418, ff.67v.–68; of Milton in Tropenell Cart. ed. J. S. Davies, ii, p.1.
214. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418.
216. J. Z. Titow, 'Land and Population on the Bishop of Winchester's Estates 1209–1350' (Camb. Univ. Ph. D. thesis, 1962), Table I.
218. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159385, rot. 5d.
219. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, ff. 66–8; H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159384. rott. 7d.–8d.; Eccl. 2/415808.
221. Titow, 'Land and Pop.', 48–9, Table IV.
222. e.g. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159275, rot. 7d. (1218–19).
223. Ibid. Eccl. 2/159417, rot. 5.
224. Ibid. Eccl. 2/159435, rott. 3d.–4d.; Eccl. 2/159444. rot. 3.
225. Ibid. Eccl. 2/155860; Eccl. 2/155915.
226. W.R.O. 753/1, ff. 189–92.
227. C 54/3508 no. 32.
231. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold at E. Knoyle', sale cat.
232. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155511, pp. 538–49.
233. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.
235. Ex inf. Mr. S. E. Scammell, Clouds Estate Office; Mr. A. B. Hayne, Estate Office, Fonthill Bishop; local information.
240. H.R.O. Eccl. 1/100/4; W.R.O. 212B/3657.
241. Cf. W.R.O. 328/1; Land Tax; Tithe Award.
245. Ch. Commrs., survey bk. DD 5, p. 616.
246. Tropenell Cart. ed. Davies, ii, p. 1.
247. Cf. W.R.O., Inclosure Award; Land Tax; Tithe Award.
248. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Glebe Terrier.
249. W.R.O., Inclosure Award; Tithe Award map.
250. C.C.C., Oxf., Mun., deeds, LA 29, p. 193; C 3/238/29; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Glebe Terrier, 1671.
252. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Glebe Terrier.
253. C.C.C., Oxf., Mun., 533, maps 23–4.
260. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.
261. Sale cat. 1936 penes Mr. Scammell; local information.
262. Ex inf. Mr. Hayne.
263. Ex inf. Mr. Scammell; Ch. Commrs., survey bk. DD 5, p. 616.
264. Ch. Commrs., survey bk. DD 5, p. 616.
265. Cf. W.R.O., Inclosure Award; Tithe Award.
266. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159311, rott. 3–4.
269. W.R.O., Inclosure Award; see above.
270. C.P. 25(1)/250/10 no. 3; B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 68.
271. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159311, rott. 3–4; Eccl. 2/159343, rott. 5d.–7; Eccl. 2/159385, rot. 7.
272. Ibid. Eccl. 2/159385, rot. 7; V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 25.
273. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159417, rot. 5.
274. Ibid.; Eccl. 2/155844; e.g. Eccl. 2/248954 (1727).
275. C 54/3508 no. 32.
276. H.R.O.Eccl. 2/248947; see below.
277. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, ff. 67d.–68.
278. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159311, rott. 3–4.
280. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 66v.
281. Feet of F. 1272–1327 (W.R.S.i), p.22.
285. C.C.C., Oxf., Mun., deeds, LA 29, p. 193.
287. Ibid. 1126/12, partic. of farm; H.R.O. Eccl. 2/248947.
289. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.
290. Ex inf. Mr. Scammell.
293. E 159/478 Communia Trin. rot. 12 mm. i–ix; W.R.O. 536/41.
294. A new inclosure at Lushley was mentioned in the early 13th cent. (E 407/Box 5/6) but no new inclosure after that. For descents of the farms see above.
295. C.C.C., Oxf., Mun., deeds, LA 29, p. 192.
297. Wilts. Inq. p.m. 1625–49 (Index Libr.), 124.
299. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/155642, pp. 153–4.
301. E 159/478 Communia Trin. rot. 12 mm. i-ix.
302. Hist. MSS. Com. 3, 4th Rep., Ho. of Lords, p. 88.
304. See plate facing p. 49.
306. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/153291, nos. 5, 7, 9–11, 13, 15, 21–2, 24, leases, 1660–1780.
307. C 54/3508 no. 32.
308. Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4.
310. Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4; H.R.O. Eccl. 2/248947; W.R.O., Tithe Award.
311. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Glebe Terrier, 1671; W.R.O., Tithe Award.
313. W.A.S. Libr., sale cat. xv, no. 6.
315. Ex inf. Cdr. J. M. Child, Lower Leigh Farm.
317. W.A.S. Libr., sale cat. xv, no 6.
319. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 66v.
321. C 2/Jas. I/G 8/42.
322. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/248947; W.R.O., Tithe Award.
324. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/248947; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Glebe Terrier, 1705; C.C.C., Oxf., Mun., Kd. 1, terrier, 1786.
326. Ex inf. Mr. Scammell.
327. Cf. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159275, rot. 7d.; E 407/Box 5/6.
328. B.L. Eg. MS. 2418, f. 66v.; E 407/Box 5/6.
329. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159385, rot. 6d.
330. Mun. D. & C. Winton., ledger bk. III, f. 66; Albert Goldsbrough, Memorials of the Goldesborough Fam. (Cheltenham and Lond. priv. print. 1930), 166.
331. Kelly's Dir. Wilts. (1855); O.S. Map 6", Wilts. LXIII (1890 edn.).
332. Goldsbrough, op. cit. facing p. 166; W.A.S. Libr., Benett-Stanford papers, photographs.
334. Rot. Hund. (Rec. Com.), ii (1), 234.
336. J.I. 1/1011 rot. 54.
337. e.g. H.R.O. Eccl. 1/79/16; E 179/196/8; Taxation Lists (W.R.S. x), 158.
338. W.R O. 492/9 (1464). For Hindon see p. 101.
339. e.g. J.I. 1/998A rot. 38; E 179/196/8.
342. e.g. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159287, rot. 20 and d. (1244–5).
344. W.R.O. 492/9. Except where stated the remainder of this para. is based on ct. rec. and presentment bks. in H.R.O. and W.R.O. 492/9; 492/32–4' 893–2.
347. Ibid. 536/23, min. of 1828.
358. Ibid. Q. Sess. enrolled deeds, loose deed 17; Tithe Award.
360. Ibid. min. of 1834.
361. Poor Law Com. 2nd Rep. 559.
363. W.A.S. Libr., Benett-Stanford papers.
364. e.g. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159384, rott. 7d.–8d. (1376–7).
371. Lond. Gaz. 18 Aug. 1914, pp. 6488–92.
372. Ibid. 8 Feb. 1952, p. 792; Crockford (1975–6).
373. Lond. Gaz. 21 May 1976, p. 7542.
374. Rot. Cur. Reg. (Rec. Com.), i. 304; ii. 61, 67, 211, 266; Cur. Reg. R. i. 283, 329, 400, 402, 454–5; ii. 27, 121.
375. Reg. Pontoise (Cant. & York Soc), ii. 739–40; cf. Cal. Chart. R. 1257–1300, 273–4; Phillipps, Wilts. Inst. (index in W.A.M. xxviii. 223).
376. For the circumstances see below.
378. Calamy Revised, ed. A. G. Matthews, 232.
379. Lond. Gaz. 4 June 1852, p. 1580; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Vis. Queries, 1864; Clergy List (1892).
380. Lond. Gaz. 30 Oct. 1953, p. 5775.
381. Tax. Eccl. (Rec. Com.), 181; Reg. Pontoise (Cant. & York Soc), ii. 796.
383. Rep. Com. Eccl. Revenues, 838–9.
384. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Glebe Terrier, 1705.
386. Cf. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Glebe Terriers, 1671, 1705; W.R.O., Tithe Award. For the details see above.
387. B.L. Map Libr., 'Partic. of Freehold', sale cat.
388. Ch. Commrs., benefice file.
389. Ex inf. the rector, the Revd. L. W. Daffurn, Hindon Vicarage.
390. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Mortgages, no. le.
391. Ch. Commrs., benefice file.
392. Wilts. Cuttings, xxii. 290.
394. Ex inf. the Revd. L. W. Daffurn.
395. Reg. Martival (Cant. & York Soc), i. 29; Cal. Papal Reg. iii. 543; Cal. Papal Pets. i. 514.
396. Phillipps, Wilts. Inst. i. 93, 158; Cal. Pat. 1405–8, 247; 'Reg. Hallum', ed. Joyce M. Wilkinson (Oxf. Univ. B.Litt. thesis, 1959), 388.
397. Cal. Papal Reg. ix. 33–4; V.C.H. Berks. ii. 104.
398. Phillipps, Wilts. Inst. i. 197; V.C.H. Oxon. iii. 225; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Detecta Bk. 1550.
400. Sta. Cha. 7/12/30; Phillipps, Wilts. Inst. i. 225; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Detecta Bk. 1585.
401. Phillipps, Wilts. Inst. ii. 12; D.N.B. s.v. Sir Chris. Wren; see plate facing p. 97.
402. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1637, 61, 187, 259, 531; 1637–8, 37, 143, 232.
403. D.N.B. s.v. Sir Chris. Wren. The date of Sir Chris.'s birth is given as 20 Oct. 1632 in Chris. Wren, Parentalia (Lond. 1750), 181, his christening as 20 Nov. 1631 in the transcribed par. reg.: W.R.O. 536/2, and photocopy in ch.
404. H.R.O. Eccl. 1/100/4, ct. held 24 Sept.
405. W.A.M. xxxiv. 173; Walker Revised, ed. A. G. Matthews, 382; W.A.M. xl. 308.
406. Calamy Revised, ed. Matthews, 122.
407. Ibid. 232; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Chwdns.' Pres. 1662.
408. Phillipps, Wilts. Inst. ii. 71; Le Neve, Fasti Eccl. Angl. 11. 627.
409. Vis. Queries, 1783 (W.R.S. xxvii), pp. 103, 131–3.
410. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Vis. Queries.
411. J. Buckler, water-colour in W.A.S. Libr., vol. ii. 18 (1804).
412. W.R.O. 536/18; see plate facing this p.
413. W.A.M. iii. 117–18; see plate facing p. 97.
415. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Pet. for Faculties, bdle. 1, no. 23.
416. W.R.O. 536/19; Colvin, Brit. Architects, 630.
418. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Pet. for Faculties, bdle. 23, no. 16; W.R.O. 536/18–19.
420. Walters, Wilts. Bells, 114.
421. W.R.O. 536/15, bond of Lott.
422. Walters, Wilts. Bells, 113–14. The order of the bells given by Walters is corrected in a letter of 1941 from Mears and Stainbank to Col. J. M. Fane-Benett-Stanford: W.A.S. Libr., Benett-Stanford papers.
423. Walters, Wilts. Bells, 113; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Pet. for Faculties, bdle. 72, no. 45.
424. Ex inf. the Revd. L.W. Daffurn.
425. Nightingale, Wilts. Plate, 60–1.
426. Ex inf. the Revd. L. W. Daffurn.
427. W.R.O. 536/2–8. The marriage reg. has been printed: Wilts. Par. Reg. (Mar.), ed. W. P. W. Phillimore and J. Sadler, iii. 1–17.
428. V.C.H. Wilts. iii. 36.
430. Ibid. 89 and n.
431. J. A. Williams, Catholic Recusancy in Wilts. (Cath. Rec. Soc), pp. 196, 205, 206, 255, 259, 327, 333. 348.
432. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Chwdns.' Pres. 1662.
433. V.C.H. Wilts. iii. 119.
434. Ibid. 112; Vis. Queries, 1783 (W.R.S. xxvii), p. 132.
435. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Return of Cert. Places.
436. Ibid.; S. B. Stribling, Hist. of Wilts. & E. Som. Cong. Union 1797–1897 (1897), 58–9.
437. Stribling, op. cit. 58–9; H.O. 129/267/1/1/3.
438. Stribling, op. cit. 58–9; V.C.H. Wilts. iii. 146 n. 42.
439. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 273.
441. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Certs. Dissenters' Meeting-Houses.
443. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Certs. Dissenters' Meeting-Houses.
444. W.A.M. xxviii. 151. It is not mentioned in H.O. 129/267.
445. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Chwdns.' Pres.
446. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 265–6; Vis. Queries, 1783 (W.R.S. xxvii), p. 132.
448. Educ. of Poor Digest, 1030.
449. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Certs. Dissenters' Meeting-Houses; Educ. Enquiry Abstract, 1040.
450. Educ. Enquiry Abstract, 1040.
452. Acct. of Wilts. Schs. 29.
453. W.R.O. 536/22; see plate facing p. 145.
455. Rep. of Educ. Cttee. of Council, 1881–2 [C 3312–I], p. 285, H.C. (1882), xxiii.
456. Return of Non-Provided Schs. 22.
457. Bd. of Educ., List 21 (H.M.S.O.).
458. Ex inf. Chief Education Officer, County Hall, Trowbridge.
459. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 268–71.
460. Char. Com. file 202028; see below.
461. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 262–4, 267.
463. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 268.
464. Char. Com. file 202028. For the charity see above.
465. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 264, 268.
466. Char. Com. file 202028.
468. Phillipps, Wilts. Inst. ii. 71.
469. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 264, 268, 271.
472. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 265, 272.
473. M. W. Beresford, 'Six New Towns of the Bishops of Winchester, 1200–55', Medieval Arch. iii. 200–2.
474. Ibid. 200, 202; H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159275, rot. 7d.
475. M. W. Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages, 55–60.
476. O.S. Map 6", Wilts. LXIV (1889 edn.); cf. V.C.H. Wilts. iv, pl. facing p. 368.
477. e.g. Andrews and Dury, Map (W.R.S. viii), pl. 4.
478. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159278, rot. 5 and d.; Eccl. 2/159280, rot. 4d.
479. Ibid. Eccl. 2/159282, rot. 6 and d.
480. O.S. Map 6", Wilts. LXIV (1889 end.); see plate facing p. 80.
481. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 350; see below.
482. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 350 n.
484. Beresford, 'New Towns', Medieval Arch. iii. 202.
485. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 309.
486. e.g. W.A.M. xxxviii. 605.
487. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 350; H.R.O. 26M62, box 22, poll bk. 1826.
490. V.C.H. Wilts. v. 88, 177.
493. J. Britton, Beauties of Eng. and Wales, xv. 262.
494. Wilts. Cuttings, i. 19.
495. Hoare, Mod. Wilts. Mere, 194.
496. Pigot, Nat. Com. Dir. (1830), 802.
497. Wilts. Cuttings, i. 19; B.L. Ch. Briefs, A. i. 4.
498. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 350.
499. Kelly's Dir. Wilts. (1923).
500. V.C.H. Wilts. v. 260 n. 5.
501. Beresford, 'New Towns', Medieval Arch. iii. 202.
502. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 283.
504. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 350.
506. Map penes Sir Richard Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, Bt., Elvetham Farm Ho., Hartley Wintney, Hants; see plate facing p. 80.
507. Gent. Mag. xxiv. 337.
508. Kelly's Dir. Wilts. (1907).
509. Map penes Sir Richard Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe, Bt.
510. MSS. penes the Hon. J. I. Morrison, Hawking Down Ho.
511. e.g. Feud. Aids, v. 227.
512. Tropenell Cart. ed. Davies, ii, pp. vii, 1–20.
513. Ibid. pp. vii, 12–15, 20.
514. Ibid. pp. vii, 15–16.
515. Ibid. pp. vii, 15–16, 27–82.
516. Cal. Inq. p.m. Hen. VII, ii, p. 438; C 142/87 no. 93; C 142/101 no. 116; pedigree in Tropenell Cart. ed. Davies, ii.
517. Prob. 11/72 (P.C.C. 26 Rutland).
518. Ibid.; Hoare, Mod. Wilts. Heytesbury, 219; Dunworth, 8.
519. C 2/Jas. I/M 15/75.
520. W.A.M. xxxviii. 605; Early-Stuart Tradesmen (W.R.S. xv), p. 19; H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159619.
521. C.P. 25(2)/745/22 Chas. II Mich.
522. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1683, Jan.-June, 314; C 54/4937 no. 8; W.A.M. xviii. 371.
523. C 54/4937 no. 8.
524. C.P. 43/621 rot. 217; Burke, Peerage (1959), 377 and n.
525. H.R.O. 26M62, box 22, partic. of property.
526. Complete Peerage; Acct. of Wilts. Schs. 27; cf. Norah Sheard, Hist. of Hindon (priv. print.), 29.
527. Wilts. Cuttings, xvi. 283; Burke, Peerage (1959), 2360; Kelly's Dir. Wilts. (1907).
528. Wilts. Tracts, 166, no. 6, sale cat.
530. V.C.H. Wilts. i (1), 275.
531. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159282, rot. 6 and d.
532. Tropenell Cart. ed. Davies, ii, pp. 1–8.
533. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159278, rot. 5 and d.
534. Tropenell Cart. ed. Davies, ii, pp. 8, 12, 75.
537. C.P. 40/1161 Carte rott. 12 and d., 14 and d.; E 301/58 f. 25; C2/Eliz.I/E 2/52.
538. W.R.O., Land Tax add.
541. Wilts. Tracts, 166, no. 6, sale cat.; Kelly's Dir. Wilts. (1923).
543. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159275, rot. 7d.; Rot. Litt. Claus. (Rec. Com.), i. 389.
544. Beresford, New Towns, 506 (1235–6); H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159297, rot. 4 (1265–6); Tropenell Cart. ed. Davies, ii, p. 62 (1460).
545. Cal. Papal Reg. vi. 51.
546. W.A.M. xii. 379–80; xxxv. 31; V.C.H. Wilts. v. 100.
547. Aubrey, Nat. Hist. Wilts, ed. Britton, 115.
548. W.N. & Q. iii. 377.
549. Pigot, Nat. Com. Dir. (1844), 18.
550. Kelly's Dir. Wilts. (1880, 1885).
551. Rot. Litt. Claus. (Rec. Com.), i. 389; Beresford, 'New Towns', Medieval Arch. iii. 214.
552. Cal. Chart. R. 1327–41, 258.
553. Univ. Brit. Dir. iii (1794 edn.), 269.
554. Kelly's Dir. Wilts. (1885 and later edns.).
556. Cal. Pat. 1557–8, 375.
557. e.g. W.R.O. 492/9 (1464).
558. Britton, Beauties of Eng. and Wales, xv. 262.
559. Tropenell Cart. ed. Davies, ii, p. 44; Sess. Mins. (W.R.S. iv), 12, 55.
560. V.C.H. Wilts. iv. 176 and n. 59, 178.
561. W.A.M. xlviii. 313, 315, 316; Wilts. Apprentices (W.R.S. xvii), p. 104; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Papists Returns, 1767; Univ. Brit. Dir. iii (1794 edn.), 274.
562. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1636–7, 53.
563. e.g. Wilts. Apprentices (W.R.S. xvii); Pigot, Nat. Com. Dir. (1830), 802.
564. e.g. Williams, Cath. Recusancy (Cath. Rec. Soc), PP. 317, 347 (1664–5).
566. Ct. rec. in H.R.O. and W.R.O.492/9; 492/33; 893/1–2.
568. e.g. H.R.O. Eccl. 1/79/16; Eccl. 1/79/21.
570. W.R.O., Q. Sess. enrolled deeds, loose deed 18; H.R.O. 26M62, box 22, partic. of property.
571. Poor Law Com. 2nd Rep. 560.
572. V.C.H. Wilts. v. 73.
574. T. H. B. Oldfield, Hist. of the Boroughs, iii. 157.
575. V.C.H. Wilts. v. 145, 157 and n. 16.
577. Oldfield, Hist. of the Boroughs, iii. 156, 157.
578. V.C.H. Wilts. v. 117–18.
580. e.g. V.C.H. Wilts. v. 145, 157.
582. V.C.H. Wilts. v. 224.
585. V.C.H. Wilts. v. 225.
587. H.R.O. Eccl. 2/159278, rot. 5 and d.
588. Cal. Papal Reg. vi. 51.
589. Ibid.; W.A.M. xii. 379–80.
590. Cal. Pat. 1557–8, 375.
591. E 301/58 ff. 24v.–25; Cal. Pat. 1548–9, 286; see below.
592. Cal. Pat. 1557–8, 375.
594. Vis. Queries, 1783 (W.R.S. xxvii), p. 120.
595. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 212–7.
597. H.O. 129/266/3/7/8; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Vis. Queries, 1864.
598. Lond. Gaz. 22 June 1869, pp. 3544–5.
599. Ibid. 18 Aug. 1922, pp. 6077–8.
600. Ibid.; 5 Aug. 1960, p. 5370.
601. Ibid. 30 May 1972, p. 6506; 21 May 1976, p. 7542.
602. E 301/58 ff. 24v.–25.
603. Cal. Pat. 1557–8, 375–6.
606. B.L. Ch. Briefs, B. xlviii. 9.
607. C. Hodgson, Queen Anne's Bounty (1845 edn.) p. cccxxxv.
608. Rep. Com Eccl. Revenues, 836–7; V.C.H. Wilts. iii. 53.
609. H.O. 129/266/3/7/8; Sar. Dioc. R.O., Vis. Queries, 1864.
610. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 236–7.
611. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1635–6, 217; Vis. Queries, 1783 (W.R.S. xxvii), p. 120.
612. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Diocese Bk.
613. Vis. Queries, 1783 (W.R.S. xxvii), p. 120; Rep. Com. Eccl. Revenues, 836–7.
614. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Vis. Queries.
615. Ex inf. the Revd. L. W. Daffurn, Hindon Vicarage.
616. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1635–6, 217, 434, 502, 506, 515; Wilts. Q. Sess. Rec. ed. Cunnington, 117.
617. W.A.M. xxxiv. 182; Calamy Revised, ed. Matthews, 557.
618. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Chwdns.' Pres.
619. Vis. Queries, 1783 (W.R.S. xxvii), pp. 9, 119–20.
621. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Vis. Queries.
623. J. Buckler, water-colour in W.A.S. Libr., vol. ii. 3 (1804); see plate facing p. 81.
624. Colvin, Brit. Architects, 355.
626. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Pet. for Faculties, bdle. 18, no. 12.
627. Walters, Wilts. Bells, 104.
628. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Pet. for Faculties, bdle. 75, no. 20.
629. Ex inf. the Revd. L. W. Daffurn.
630. Nightingale, Wilts. Plate, 60.
631. Ex inf. the Revd. L. W. Daffurn.
634. Williams, Cath. Recusancy (Cath. Rec. Soc), pp. 8, 78, 90 n. 123, 190–1, 255, 259, 285, 287, 315, 316, 317, 347.
635. W.N. & Q. iii. 538.
636. V.C.H. Wilts. iii. 134 n. 2.
637. Ibid. 133; Stribling, Wilts. & E. Som. Cong. Union, 51.
639. Stribling, op. cit. 51.
640. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Certs. Dissenters' Meeting-Houses; H.O. 129/266/3/7/9.
641. O.S. Maps 6", Wilts. LXIV(1889 edn.), LXIV. NW. (1901 edn.); date on bldg.
642. Vis. Queries, 1783 (W.R.S. xxvii), p. 120.
643. Educ. of Poor Digest, 1028.
644. Educ. Enquiry Abstract, 1039.
645. Acct. of Wilts. Schs. 27.
646. Sar. Dioc. R.O., Vis. Queries.
647. Rep. of Educ. Cttee. of Council, 1881–2 [C 3312–I], p. 285, H.C. (1882), xxiii.
648. Return of Non-Provided Schs. 39.
649. Bd. of Educ., List 21, 1936 (H.M.S.O.), 424.
650. Ex inf. Chief Education Officer, County Hall, Trowbridge.
651. Endowed Char. Wilts. (S. Div.), 235, 237.
652. Char. Com. file 202800.

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