Source: https://www.crowell.com/NewsEvents/AlertsNewsletters/all/Are-Members-of-Royalty-Foreign-Officials-Under-the-FCPA-Not-Always-But-Tread-Carefully-in-the-Arabian-Gulf-States
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 09:16:52+00:00

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Businesses seeking to capitalize on increasing commercial opportunities in the Arabian Gulf (including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates) know that it is difficult to do so without the assistance of local third party agents and other local business partners. Indeed, many Arabian Gulf countries require foreign companies to partner with a local company in order to do business. Given how numerous and pervasive royal families are in the Gulf, companies may also struggle to gain access to business opportunities without working with individuals or companies that are in some way connected to a royal family. For example, in Saudi Arabia, it is estimated that there are over 5,000 members of the royal family. At the same time, companies doing business in the Gulf are rightly concerned about running afoul of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"), which prohibits making corrupt payments to "foreign officials" to obtain or retain business. U.S. authorities interpret the term "foreign official" very broadly, as the Department of Justice ("DOJ") and the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") recently affirmed in their November 14, 2012 Resource Guide to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("the FCPA Guide").1 Accordingly, companies need to navigate carefully any business relationships involving members of the region's royal families so that compensation or other benefits conveyed do not run afoul of the FCPA.
A recent Opinion Release from DOJ confirms that compensating a royal family member as part of a business transaction does not always violate the FCPA.2 Nevertheless, companies planning to partner with royal family members must still tread very carefully, mindful of both the lessons and limitations of Opinion Release 12-01. Opinion Release 12-01 also highlights the kind of rigorous due diligence a company must perform in relation to its local partners and agents, and the importance of implementing appropriate anti-corruption compliance measures.
The FCPA prohibits individuals and companies within its purview from "corruptly" offering or giving anything of value to any "foreign official" for the purpose of: (1) influencing an official act of the foreign official; (2) inducing the official to act or omit to do an act in violation of his duty; or (3) inducing the official to use his influence with the government or an instrumentality of the government "in order to assist such [company] in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person . . . ." 15 U.S.C. 78dd-2(a)(1).3 As a result, whether the U.S. government would consider a royal family member to be a "foreign official" has significant implications for those operating in the Arabian Gulf.
The issue of whether and under what circumstances a member of a royal family will be deemed a foreign official under the FCPA has not been litigated. Nor was it directly addressed in the FCPA Guide. However, DOJ Opinion Release 12-01 provides insight into how DOJ would interpret that issue in deciding whether to initiate an enforcement action.
DOJ regulations permit anyone subject to the FCPA to seek an opinion regarding whether certain prospective conduct conforms to the statute. The resulting DOJ opinions have no binding application to any party that did not submit the request.9 Nevertheless, the opinions offer insight into DOJ's approach to questions of interpretation.
In February 2012, a U.S. lobbying firm ("Requestor"), submitted a request for an opinion from DOJ regarding its plan to seek business representing the embassy to the United States of an unnamed foreign country ("Foreign Country") in lobbying efforts in the United States. To facilitate winning the lobbying engagement from the foreign embassy, the Requestor proposed to contract with a third-party consulting company ("Consulting Company"). One of the three partners of the Consulting Company was a member of the Foreign Country's royal family (the "Royal Family Member"). The Requestor expected the Consulting Company – including the Royal Family Member – to aid in securing the lobbying engagement from the Foreign Country's embassy by acting as the Requestor's sponsor in the Foreign Country and advising the Requestor on cultural awareness issues in dealing with the embassy. Ultimately, if the Requestor won this business from the embassy, it hoped the Consulting Company would assist in dealing with foreign officials and businesses to help identify additional business opportunities in the Foreign Country for the Requestor.
The Requestor sought an opinion from DOJ about whether the engagement of the Consulting Company, and this Royal Family Member in particular, to help it win the lobbying engagement would conform to DOJ's policy regarding the anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA. In the Opinion Release, DOJ framed its response as addressing two issues: (1) whether the Royal Family Member was a "foreign official" under the FCPA; and (2) whether an enforcement action would result if the Requestor entered the proposed engagement.
Companies considering working with a royal family member may use Opinion Release 12-01 as a guide to their own due diligence, but it is only a starting point. Each case must be weighed on its own facts, and certain factors – including some DOJ did not list in this Opinion Release – could weigh more heavily in certain circumstances.16 For example, Opinion Release 12-01 expressly addressed only that part of the engagement dealing with the Consulting Company's proposed lobbying services for the Foreign Embassy. It did not address the Requestor's plan to use the Consulting Company to "identify additional business opportunities."17 Given DOJ's fact-specific approach to the "foreign official" definition, a royal family member's position could present greater risk in a different business context.
As Opinion Release 12-01 confirms, these and other measures, including a robust system for documenting due diligence and compliance efforts, can make all the difference in influencing DOJ not to initiate an FCPA enforcement action.
DOJ's decision that royal family members are not per se "foreign officials" is welcome. Still, companies seeking to do business in the Gulf should be aware of the limitations and lessons of Opinion Release 12-01. First, DOJ's interpretation of who is a foreign official under the FCPA remains very broad. Second, companies seeking to compensate or provide other benefits to a royal family member as part of business transactions in the Gulf (and elsewhere) must take care to evaluate the particular circumstances of the royal family, the royal family member in question, and the transaction in question in evaluating whether U.S. enforcement authorities may determine that the royal family member is a foreign official. Third, companies must undertake this inquiry with the benefit of rigorous due diligence. Finally, any company working with a royal family member (or any potential foreign official) must structure its arrangements and put in place compliance measures to limit the potential for corruption and to be able to demonstrate the company's good faith.
1 Resource Guide to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (Nov. 14, 2012) 19-20, available at http://www.crowell.com/files/DOJ-SEC-FCPA-Guide.pdf.
2 FCPA Opinion Release 12-01 (Sept. 18, 2012) ("Opinion Release 12-01").
3 The FCPA regulates "domestic concerns" and "issuer[s] which ha[ve] a class of securities registered pursuant to section 78l of [title 15] or which is required to file reports under section 78o (d) of [title 15]." 15 U.S.C. § 78dd-2(a); 15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1(a). "Domestic concern" is defined as "(A) any individual who is a citizen, national, or resident of the United States; and (B) any corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock company, business trust, unincorporated organization, or sole proprietorship which has its principal place of business in the United States, or which is organized under the laws of a State of the United States or a territory, possession, or commonwealth of the United States." 15 U.S.C. § 78dd-2(h)(1).
4 15 U.S.C. § 78dd-2(h)(2)(A). In addition to the anti-bribery provisions in the Act, the FCPA also includes provisions requiring issuers to maintain accurate books and records and to design a system of internal controls reasonably calculated to ensure that financial statements are fairly and accurately stated. 15 U.S.C. § 78m(2).
5 See, e.g., Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss the First Superseding Indictment at 11, United States v. Aguilar, et al., No.10-CR-01031-AHM (C.D. Ca. Mar. 10, 2011), ECF No. 250 ("[A] government instrumentality is an entity through which a government achieves an end or purpose. And government purposes can be myriad."); Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss at 16, United States v. Carson, No. 09-CR-00077-JVS (C.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2011), ECF 332 (same); id. at 13 (stating that "what makes up an instrumentality is a factual question"); Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss at 9-10, United States v. Esquenazi, et al., 09-CR-21010-JEM (S.D. Fl. Nov. 17, 2010), ECF 294 (arguing that whether company is an instrumentality is a question of fact more appropriate for jury instruction and/or motion for judgment of acquittal argument, but declining to brief the meaning of the term without court order for "supplemental" briefing); Brief for Appellee at 29, United States v. Esquenazi, et al., No. 11-15331 (11th Cir. Aug. 21, 2012) ("[A]n instrumentality . . . is an entity through which the foreign government carries out one of its objectives or functions.").
6 See, e.g., Brief for Appellee at 47, United States v. Esquenazi,No. 11-15331 (11th Cir. Aug. 21, 2012) (arguing that district court appropriately instructed jury that whether the company in question was an instrumentality depended on a list of "several relevant but nonexclusive factors"). Cf. Opinion Release 12-01 (citing with approval factors district court listed in order denying motion to dismiss in United States v. Carson, No. 09-CR-00077-JVS, 3732011 WL 5101701, at *3-4 (C.D. Cal. May 18, 2011)). See also FCPA Guide at 20 (reasserting that "instrumentality" is a fact-specific question and noting various factors courts have employed in jury instructions). The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals will soon weigh in on the issue when it reviews the defendants' appeal of their FCPA convictions in United States v. Esquenazi, et al., Appeal Number 11-15331.
7 See FCPA Guide at 19-21.
8 See FCPA Guide at 20 (noting various factors courts have employed in jury instructions).
9 28 C.F.R. Part 80.
10 Opinion Release 12-01 at 5.
12 Opinion Release 12-01 at 7.
13 Opinion Release 12-01 at 5 (noting that "numerous other factors" could be relevant).
14 Opinion Release 12-01 at 7.
16 See note 13 and accompanying text.
17 Opinion Release 12-01 at 7. DOJ might have addressed this factor in more detail if the objective had been to obtain rather than simply identify additional business opportunities.
18 By contrast, under the UK Bribery Act, a company faces strict liability for failing to prevent bribery, but can assert an affirmative defense by demonstrating that it had "adequate procedures" in place to prevent bribery. See "UK Bribery Act: Ready Or Not, Here It Comes" (June 30, 2011), available at http://www.crowell.com/NewsEvents/AlertsNewsletters/White-Collar-Alert/UK-Bribery-Act-Ready-or-Not-Here-It; "UK Bribery Act – Guidance Issued" (April 4, 2011), available at http://www.crowell.com/NewsEvents/AlertsNewsletters/White-Collar-Alert/UK-Bribery-Act-Guidance.
19 FCPA Guide at 52-66.
20 Opinion Release 12-01 at 3-4.

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