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Timestamp: 2019-04-24 08:08:00+00:00

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as a linguistic operation, and not as a merely stylistic or expressive device.
taking into account various forms of heterogeneity, particularly the conﬂicting viewpoints of speaker and hearer.
problems raised by various meanings apparently non iconic (Kyomi 1995).
Do these three types represent a same operation (with distinct actualizations) or distinct operations?
v- alteration or some other kind of alliteration.
represented as homogeneous (typical values: really p) or containing nontypical values (not really p, verging on p 0 or non p) and so including heterogeneity (Culioli retains ‘alterity’ for French ‘‘alterity’’).
and involve the speaker’s subjectivity.
more or less systematic way (R¼F-F 0 ).
dependent predication with the main predication.
in (4b) ‘‘know’’ is predicated not about an occurrence but about a set of occurrences (each of them being considered as a singular occurrence). which often creates intensive meanings or even amounts to presenting the entity as an extreme. constructs a plurality made of n singularities. tum kahaˆN kahaˆN gae? tumne kyaˆ kyaˆ dekhaˆ? you where where went you-erg what R saw? ‘where did you go?’ ‘what did you see?’ (give a list of all and every place) b. and we have to go through the whole set of occurrences – a typical case of scanning too: 14 15 (3) 16 17 18 a.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 25 the numeral acts as a variable which makes it necessary to scan the whole set of occurrences without being ever able to stop on any speciﬁc occurrence5. so that there is no single occurrence we can pick up and locate. it results from the improbability of the relation between predicate and noun (know / child). hence the e¤ect of an integral hair-rising. 4 5 6 1. again. jo-jo aˆegaˆ use bataˆnaˆ ki maiN who who will-come 3s-dat say that 1s ek ghaNTe baˆd aˆuˆNgıˆ 1 hour after come-fut ‘say to whoever will come (to all and every visitor) that I will come back in one hour’ 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 The reduplication of singular nouns. in a non cumulative and non interchangeable way. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. 35 36 37 38 (4) a. as for the meaning ‘‘even’’. uskaˆ rom-rom tharraˆ uThaˆ his hair-ms-hair-ms rise get up-aor-ms ‘each of his hair rose up /his hair rose up all over his body’ (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. exactly as does the quantiﬁer har ‘each’. and suggests a complete series which. with all its elements collected one by one.2. 25) . with no exception’’. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp.1. can be explained in the same way: intensiveness in (4a) results from the construction of an exhaustive series. which tends to mean that its validity is above any contingency. The «listing» e¤ect: noun or pronoun in the singular 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The reduplication of singular relatives or interrogatives gives the meaning ‘‘each element.
as unique for every to¤ee distributed. a meaning which can be reinforced by the exclusive particle hıˆ: 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 (5) a. Reduplication of plural nouns constructs the notional domain ( p) in relation to its complementary p 0 (non p or other than p). and even less frequently mentioned in the relevant literature. K) 34 35 36 37 38 The operation in fact always deals with a set of occurrences and not with the notional domain.3. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. baccaˆ baccaˆ jaˆntaˆ hai child-ms child-ms know pres-3ms ‘he last boy is aware/ even a child knows that. yahaˆN mahilaˆeN-mahilaˆeN baiTheNgıˆ here women-women will-seat ‘here only women / women and only women will seat’ (context: there are too rooms. 16 17 18 1. The statement (5a) is meaningful only within a context where the set has been selected in a paradigm where it is opposed to the other elements of the paradigm. Reduplication of plural nouns 19 20 21 22 23 24 It is less common. 26) . bookmarkoN-bukmaˆrkoN meN hıˆ baˆt hotıˆ calıˆ gaıˆ bookmarks-bookmarks in just speech be went ‘the conversation went on exclusively by means of bookmarks’ (two lovers strictly looked after by the girl’s family: M. since we reconstruct the beneﬁciary. but in (4) we construct plural out of singular. and at the same time it cannot be located in isolation. one for men. In (4) as well as (1a) both plurals are of the ﬁrst type. whereas in (1a). This distinction between a set of individualities and a global atomic purality. with the meaning ‘‘exclusiveness’’ or ‘‘restrictiveness’’. ‘‘give a to¤ee to the kids’’ (¼ to each of them). has been worked out in FassiFehri and Vinet (2001).1. one for ladies) b. Within a context of segregation of women (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. two di¤erent meanings of plural. Joshi. every child including the last one know that’ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Here we construct a set which is distinct from the ordinary (homogeneous) plural by the fact that each constituent retains its singularity and is not fused into a global whole. we construct singular out of plural.26 Annie Montaut b. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. out of a homogeneous plural.
hıˆ ‘only. In (5b).2. only nonﬁnite verbal forms can reduplicate with the pattern F-F6. Reduplication of the verb: Iteration of the process 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 In the verbal class. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. The meaning involved here. responsible for the non-localized. di¤erential qualiﬁcation of a set. the occurrence of the process cannot be localized but by the main verb: R cannot be. In (5a). In this way. Since reduplicated participles are already dependent verbal forms. non-stabilized status of the occurrence. as it is in the nominal category. whereas har ‘each’ and reduplication cannot cumulate.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 27 vs men: with reference to the meeting hall. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. none of which is the best (deﬁnite) value. the announcement of a meeting concerning women. now we focus on and homogenize ‘‘bookmarks’’ (irrespective of other communication devices). in need of localization. such a context relies on. is less grammaticized in the language than the distributive meaning since we may add the restrictive particle hıˆ after the reduplicated form (mahilaˆeN hıˆ mahilaˆeN ). whereas in the beginning the lovers used various devices to communicate (the bookmarks being only one of these). apart from the institutionalisation of sexual segregation. the reduplication of ‘‘women’’ means that the opposition women / men is disqualiﬁed in order to focus and homogenize on ‘‘women’’ (‘‘women-women’’ meaning ‘‘women and not other-than-women’’: p and not p 0 other than p. conjunctive participles (V-kar) are grammaticized in various types of iteration. Various occurrences of reduplicated participles (imperfect or present/perfective or past. but all of them construct a series which fragments the process (or make the state into a durative) and draws its meaning from the relation with the main ﬁnite verb. 27) . exclusion of other than X) is associated with contexts with a previous segregation. just’ is required to block the distributive meaning (‘‘in each and every bookmarker’’). where the narrative context alone can fulﬁl such a segregating function. which amounts to disqualifying the other devices previously resorted to. The restrictive meaning (restriction to the set X. R indeed a¤ects the occurrence in need of localization in such a way as to multiply it into n similar occurrences. with an action or event main verb as in (6a). Iteration within the verbal category and distribution within the nominal category are thus symmetrical. the typical meaning of non-centring when processes are concerned. 20 21 22 1. In (5b). not to speak ‘‘eating-eating’’ (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. p in relation to p 0 other than p).
2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. while walking on the road. giving temporal width to the dependent process (no one single locatable occurrence): 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 (6) a. while (6e–f ). the relation is causal (cause-e¤ect: cf. at many times)’ e. in various places)’ d. that is. and in (6b). maiNne Tahal-Tahalkar saˆraˆ din kaˆTaˆ 1s-erg wander-wander-Cp whole day cut ‘I spent the whole day wandering (here and there. here again a side-e¤ect of the basic operation of de-centring by scanning. soye-soye mar gayaˆ slept-slept die went he died in his sleep / ???soye mar gayaˆ slept die went ???in his sleep he died’ c. with two action processes. usne haNs-haNs-kar puˆrıˆ kahaˆnıˆ sunaˆˆı 3s-erg laugh-laugh-CP entire story told ‘he told the whole story laughing (a lot. hence the illusion of more simultaneity7. here again.28 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 means that each word/statement is associated with an occurrence of eating. the iteration of n occurrences of ‘‘laugh’’ adds a meaning of intensity. khaˆte-khaˆte mat bolo khaˆte (hue) mat bolo eating-eating neg speak-imper eating been neg speak! ‘do not speak while eating / don’t speak when eating’ b. hence the appearance. which amounts (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. of a perfect concomitance. I ask Mother a question’ f. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. maˆrg meN calte-calte aˆj maˆN se ek savaˆl puˆchhaˆ street in walking-walking today mother to one question asked ‘today. In (6d). so that the process may appear more imprecise (non-telic) but this indeﬁniteness comes from the semantics of the verb. 28) . In (6c) the reduplicated conjunctive participle Tahal-Tahalkar multiplies the occurrences of wandering. Abbi 1980). like (6e)) 34 35 36 37 38 Both the following series exhibit a speciﬁc relation between reduplicated participle (conjunctive. If the main verb represents a transient state and the dependent participle an action. the reduplication of the past stative participle ‘‘slept-slept’’ with main verb ‘‘die’’ means that at some moment in this state (sleep) he died. displays the basic e¤ect of R when non iterative. accomplished or unaccomplished) and main verb. jaˆte-jaˆte ve kahte going-going 3p said ‘he used to say while going’ (from Santapt.
« remain. Moreover. yah baˆt hoNThoN par aˆ-aˆkar rah gaıˆ this thing lips on come-come-conj. tumhaˆrıˆ shikaˆyat sunte-sunte (sun-sunkar) main your complaint hearing-hearing (-cp) I ‘I was fed up listening to your complaint’ 7 8 9 10 uˆb gayaˆ thaˆ bore go ppft c. vahaˆN akele baiThe-baiThe uˆb gayaˆ here alone sat-sat bore went ‘he got fed up of sitting here (inactive)’ 11 12 13 d. vah girte-girte bac gaya 3s falling-falling escape went ‘he almost fell (failed to fall?)’ b. 29) . hence the lacunar value in (8): (8) a. baˆrish hote-hote rah gaıˆ rain being-being stay went ‘it almost rained (but did not)/it was about to rain but did not’ 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 In statements like (7) where the relation is between a dependent action verb and a main verb expressing a transient state.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 29 to representing a series of iterations leading to a result (successful accumulation) such as in (7): 3 4 (7) 5 6 a. stay ») and the participle action or event. but it is non-grammatical with main verb meaning (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. yah caˆdar dhul-dhulkar phaT gaıˆ this sheet wash-wash-cp tear went ‘this sheet got torn by/following repeated washings’ b. and a non-reduplicated participle will produce simple concomitance between both processes (9b). a nonreduplicated participle not only fails to produce the avoidance meaning in statements like (8). 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. reduplication means that the accumulation of occurrences does not reach the normally expected result.part stay went ‘I was about to say this thing but did not’ c. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. thoroughly) crying’ 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 If the main verb represents avoidance (« be-saved/escape ». rote-rote uskıˆ aˆNkheN suˆjh gaıˆN crying-crying his eyes swell went ‘his eyes got swollen by (repeatedly. reduplication is necessary for the cause-e¤ect meaning (9a).
iteration and intensity which are often correlated (4. Fragmentation and dissemination. (4). 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. (8) such as distribution. have also been claimed to be indirectly iconic (Kouwenberg & LaCharite´ 2001. (6). even with such ‘‘prototypical’’ meanings. sıˆtaˆ kaˆm karte (hue) thak gaıˆ Sita work doing (been) got tired ‘Sita got tired when working b. the supplement supposedly added by R is only the trace of an operation which does not amount to say more but modiﬁes the relation between N and V or dependent V and main V. do not amount to saying more but to conceive di¤erently the (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. as well as avoidance.30 Annie Montaut 1 2 ‘‘escape’’ (10a) while the reduplicated participle with an action main verb means concomitance (10b): 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (9) a. distribution. R tends to make the dependent process more autonomous from the main verb. iteration. similarly to the plural meanings in languages which display it. to the extent that such meanings point to nonsingle-time processes. The meanings of reduplication observed above in examples (1a). (3). which modiﬁes the simply temporal concomitance. ???vah girte bach gayaˆ 3s falling escape went ‘while falling he screamed’ b. 30) . (7). list effect. However it is quite clear that. Needless to add that scholars claiming for the iconic interpretation of reduplication have granted a central role to distributive and iterative meanings. In other terms. kaˆm karte karte thak gaıˆ work doing doing got tired got tired of/by working’ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 (10) a. 6d) are obviously in conformity with this intuition. girte girte zor se chillaˆyaˆ falling falling strong screamed 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Non-centring is responsible for the special meanings of (7–8). A reduplicated dependent process in relation with a state (or change of state) main verb respectively may either entail a result if repeated or on the contrary drag on without any result. 2005). ‘‘Twice is meaningful’’: if one assumes that ‘repeat’ always amounts to ‘‘say more’’. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp.
Such a justiﬁcation is proposed in a clever argumentation (Kouwenberg 2003. which parallels distribution as a form of discontinuity. But here again. namely the attribution of the property A to the noun N. The reduplicated expressions. forms of discontinuity in their own right. and by extension the low degree. Kouwenberg & LaCharite´ 2005) by means of fragmentation and dissemination. expressivity or neutralisation of the di¤erential property? 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Within the frame of iconicity. high degree (intensity: ‘‘much. small and medium-sized). the reduplicated adjective is not descriptive10. 31) . stripes or scattered zones. the Hindi data display a series of meanings including many other values than these two polar cases. a series which besides rarely display the real high degree. The animal with black spots is then what links the animal completely black or very black to the animal not really black. or lambe laRke ‘tall boys’. being tall here is a di¤erential property. The case of the adjective is even more revealing. on the contrary. needs on the contrary some justiﬁcation8. completely A’’) derives quite naturally from the postulate ‘twice means more’. represents the ‘‘lacunary’’ meaning. do not identify (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. with the various meanings resulting from the di¤erent nature of nouns (discrete or compact) and the context which actualizes AN as an occurrence (with or without preconstruction. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. As opposed to the simple adjective. AA N modiﬁes in a systematic way the relation A-N. but which shows that reduplication of A. refers to a boy or a set of boys with tallness as a distinctive property (as compared to other boys.3. as a mode of presence. lambaˆ-lambaˆ laRkaˆ. in the matter N and A. that is. quite. more and more commented with the growing presentation of data and descriptions. A colour which is not represented as plain and saturated but appears in the form of spots. very. Normally an adjective qualiﬁes the noun by conferring to it a di¤erential property (which makes it descriptive): lambaˆ laRkaˆ ‘tall boy’. since the meanings of R are more proliferating. a¤ects the relation between the syntactically associated constituent. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. Reduplicated adjectives: Degree. as well as lambe-lambe laRke. like N or V. as the construction of the property)9. as well as medium degree. Low degree. 4 5 6 7 1. in discontinuity.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 31 relation between the reduplicated entity and the constituents with which it is syntactically associated in the statement.
would be equally displaced within the general tone of such a portrait. As for the example (11). which is appreciative for all Hindi speakers. as little children. 7 8 9 1. while reduplicated adjectives of colour or taste should always mean approximation or low degree (‘‘almost.1. In reality. with a plural baˆl ‘hair’. but. large (attractive) eyes’ ???she had blackish hair / each of her hair was black and each of her eyes was big (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL.3. But before studying the most interesting examples of adjectival reduplication. suggest a¤ectionate thoughts. 33 34 35 36 37 38 (11) uske baˆl kaˆle-kaˆle the. the reduplicated adjective with a plural noun rarely has a distributive meaning: choTe-choTe bacche (small-small children) for instance rarely refers to a set of children where each of them is small. but rather expresses that the speaker is in an empathic relation with the children. and reduplicated adjectives with singular nouns should be intensive (high degree: ‘‘very much’’). 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p.32 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 6 the noun as being qualiﬁed by the property ‘‘being tall’’ in contrast with other possible properties. her eyes big-big were ‘she had very (dark) black hair. but suggests either that the relation boy-tall is already pre-constructed (the noun is pre-identiﬁed by the property ‘being tall’ and reduplication stands for a valuation of this tallness. more or less’’). 32) . in a subjective appreciation11) or that it has a distributive meaning – each of the boys is tall. it is worth noticing that none of the generalities commonly found in existing descriptions holds against counter-examples: for instance reduplicated adjectives with plural nouns should always be distributive12. uskıˆ aˆNkheN baRıˆ-baRıˆ thıˆN her hair black-black were. ‘Intensity’ and ‘high degree’: Surface e¤ects of various operations 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Existing descriptions are mainly compatible with the iconic function of R. the only commented meaning for plural in the relevant literature. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. it is a conventional portrait of beauty and not a cartoon-like negative description as would suggest the standard interpretation of the reduplicated colour adjective in the low degree (if you take baˆl ‘hair’ as a collective singular) and of the reduplicated ‘‘big’’ with a plural noun as distributive. although it of course may do so in some contexts. who are not particularly tiny besides. It may simply be the plural of the singular reduplicated expression. the alternative interpretation of the reduplicated colour adjective.
yah lo tumhaˆrıˆ caˆy. It is nicely hot. but R neutralizes the feature ‘‘di¤erential’’ in the property in order to emphasize its manifestation: conformity with the typical ideal of good tea (nicely hot. It is not descriptive and that is the reason why it sounds somewhat like a subjective appreciation. the noun (compact) is the bearer of the property and its relation with the adjective has already been constructed. drink take. R is certainly ‘‘intensive’’. pıˆ lo. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. R does not correspond to high degree but to the optimal degree. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. shared par the subject S and hearer as imagined by S. the pakaure are not described as hot in contrast with cold. don’t drink it now’ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 In (12). and the vegetable are not described (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. ‘‘Ideal’’ means that the degree of hotness is conform to the expectations of the drinkers on the basis of the speaker’s (and hearer’s) cultural habits and knowledge. and can be contrasted with comparative (X is hot but Y is hotter).). Similarly. but precisely not too hot) sets the value. ‘‘Nicely hot’’ does not allow such a contrast (*X garam-garam hai par Y zyada garam(-garam) hai) because is does not measure the degree. 33) . etc. fresh-fresh news. Quality is emphasized. drink it. systematically reduplicate the adjective (freshfresh vegetable.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 33 As for (12a). ‘‘Very hot’’ is descriptive: it measures a degree and intends to be objective. the ideal temperature for a good tea according to the speaker and addressee. hot-hot pakaure. but is not equivalent to high degree. Similarly. drink it’ piyo drink c. but rather for its adequateness to the customer’s expectations than for its objective degree. it is very hot. vegetable and fruit sellers in markets. Garam / bahut garam / this take your tea hot / very hot / ??garam-garam hai. freshness or hotness being pre-requisite qualities in the given contexts. this take your tea hot-hot is. when they advertise their goods. according to most speakers (12c): 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (12) a. yah rahaˆ tumhaˆraˆ kok. abhıˆ mat pio ??hot-hot is right now neg drink ‘here is your tea. In such examples. it is nicely cold’ (not ‘‘very cold’’) b. as shown by the unnatural character of reduplication for expressing excess. A simple adjective would simply indicate that the tea is neither cold nor lukewarm. ThaNDaˆ-ThaNDaˆ hai here is your coke. cold-cold is ‘here is your coke. ‘take your tea. yah lo tumhaˆrıˆ caˆy. Garam-garam hai.
it is neither greenish nor pale green. ‘‘very pure’’: 30 31 32 33 34 (14) yah nilaˆ-nıˆlaˆ aˆkaˆsh dekhkar mujhe pahaˆR meN bachpan kıˆ yaˆd aˆˆı this blue-blue sky see-CP 1s-dat mountain in childhood of memory came ‘seeing such a blue sky I remembered my childhood in the mountains’ 35 36 37 38 The pre-construction here is not cultural but situational: the speaker does not describe the sky with its colour as he discovers it when stepping outdoors. but dreams over the associations he can relate to the blue sky which (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. and that such constructions trigger empathy with the hearer13. Subjective appreciation accommodates qualitative variation. on the green tender grass’ (Himanshu Joshi. Yatharth) 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Here reduplication grants the property both an appreciative character and saturation. In a similar conﬁguration. in conformity with the Bollywood stereotype of pleasant scenes. As for the colour of grass in (13).34 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 as fresh rather than rotten or dry. For instance when a gardener wishing to grow a lawn and selecting his plants among various colours. fresh). the speaker does not a priori allows the possibility for the hearer to conceive the entity with another property. which is only possible because the property has previously been preconstructed as homogeneous in contrast to the various choices maintained as other possibilities when there is no R. This explains that the property is represented as saturated. or pale green. even if the noun is in the singular (supposed to automatically shift to the low degree with R): 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 (13) peRoN kıˆ chaˆNv meN kuch yugal taruˆN harıˆ-harıˆ mulaˆyam trees of shadow in some couple young green-green tender ghaˆs par cahalqadmıˆ kar rahe the grass on stroll were doing ‘some youths in couple were strolling under the shadow of the trees. it is fully green and saturated. 34) . a ‘‘blue-blue sky’’ is most often interpreted as ‘‘quite blue’’. and not R. eventually yellow. in conformity with what the speaker imagines concerning the hearer’s expectations.) in using the simple adjective (pointing to basic heterogeneity: colour as a differential property). 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. There is no room for a di¤erent evaluation which could exclude the property (hot. will ask for green (or dark green. etc. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. ‘‘really blue’’. but as hot-pakaure and as fresh-vegetable whose quality is commented as ideal.
as such. 13 14 15 16 1. What is crucial is not the fact that the adjective refers to singular. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. 35) .Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 35 he is confronted with. way). hence the a‰nities with verbs of perception. or else) is expressed with R14. but its relation with the noun. because what he aims at is communicating information on the colour of tomorrow sky (neither grey nor black nor covered). a sky which is blue (not grey. cannot use R because the anticipated blue of the sky is only one possibility among others and retains its meaning of di¤erential property. Similarly a peasant who says ‘‘if the sky is blue tomorrow (the weather is ﬁne) I will begin the crop’’. ‘‘Low degree’’ and attenuation: Di¤erent operations according to the semantics of the noun (discrete. The colour of the space of the sky (bearer of the property) is already made homogeneous. the property ‘‘blue’’ assumes the attenuative meaning ‘‘bluish’’ with a noun of the category ‘dense’ (mountain crests. dense) 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 In a general way.2. In the singular (15a) as well as in the plural (15b). a speaker for weather forecast cannot describe the sky by using reduplication. nice nıˆlaˆ-nıˆlaˆ paˆnıˆ bahaˆ rahaˆ thaˆ below blue-blue water ﬂow prog impft ‘bluish water was running below’ b. with no pre-construction. saˆmne nıˆle-nıˆle pahaˆr kıˆ rekhaˆ dikhaˆˆı de rahıˆ thıˆ in-front blue-blue montains of line be-seen prog impft ‘the bluish line of the mountains could be seen in front’ 36 37 38 Such examples as (15) can be contrasted with the ‘‘truly blue sky’’ of (14) which implied a pre-constructed relation. nor even that it expresses a colour or a taste. whereas a blue-sky (which may be particularly blue. compact. More generally. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. evocative. whereas (15) pertains to direct (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. analytical. even if he wishes to emphasize its perfect blueness and clarity.3. the attenuative (approximation. In contrast. The notion of ‘mode of presence’ relates to a particular stand of the speaker: tell the world (a given entity of the world) such as he is confronted to it (and not in a descriptive. water-stream of a mountain river) in a relation adjectivenoun pertaining to the mode of presence. not black) is expressed by the simple adjective. diminution) meaning is related to the mode of presence of an entity. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 (15) a.
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 (16) a. there are statements which allow both interpretations. like (16d) which associates the reduplication of ‘‘yellow’’ to the noun ‘‘mango’’ in a nursery rime for children and may have the reading ‘‘intensive’’ or ‘‘attenuative’’. the property is saturated and means ‘‘truly yellow’’. only if the hearer (Culioli’s co-e´nonciateur: S1) answers by repeating the already selected colour. so that the meaning is saturation (bright yellow. pıˆlaˆ-vaˆlaˆ lo ! – B. yellow-yellow on 4 words written were ‘an old letter was lying on the ﬂoor.36 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 perception15. In contrast. interpreted as generic and because of that in disjunction from any speciﬁc perception (‘‘the king of fruit’’). and not blue or green) requires the simple (non-R) adjective ( pıˆlaˆ-vaˆlaˆ: ‘‘the yellow one’’)16. with an homogeneization on ‘yellow’. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. in (16b). ‘‘yellowish’’ (particularly since these mangos are fresh and not extra-ripe). ‘‘a nice /deep yellow’’. dekho. kitnaˆ aˆm rasıˆlaˆ / look. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. the selection of a roll of paper chosen for its di¤erential property (yellow. the property is constructed as a ‘mode of presence’ and means ‘‘greenish yellow’’. In the series (16). Interpreted as a direct perception (dekho ‘look’). pıˆle-pıˆle kaˆgaz par caˆr shabd likhe the an old letter fall had been. frankly yellow). take the yellow one ! B. A. yah pıˆlaˆ-pıˆlaˆ rang kamre meN acchaˆ nahıˆN lagegaˆ yellow-that take ! this yellow-yellow colour room in good neg willseem ‘A. 34 35 36 37 38 (16) c. we may similarly explain the attenuative meaning (16a) by the association to a noun categorized as discrete (paper) of a property which is presented as a mode of presence (yellow-yellow): without any verb of perception. reduplication can occur. 36) . since it presents the mode of construction of the property (the colour yellow-yellow itself ). four words were written on the yellowed (yellowish) paper’ b. at a wall paper sender. narration itself constraints the viewpoint of an observer in the process of getting aware of what is visible around him. this bright yellow won’t ﬁt in the room’ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Besides. ek puraˆnıˆ ciTThıˆ paRıˆ thıˆ. how-many mango juicy / lagtaˆ kitnaˆ taˆzaˆ hai / seems how-much fresh is / chilkaˆ uskaˆ pıˆlaˆ-pıˆlaˆ skin its yellow-yellow aˆm phaloN kaˆ raˆjaˆ hai mango fruits of king is (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL.
bholaˆbholaˆ saˆ laRkaˆ. a pale luminosity’. it ﬂows from the neutralization of the di¤erential property in the adjective. verbs or adjectives. Finally. ‘a vaguely yellow brightness. Certainly intensive meanings and lacunar meanings (the latter verging on augmentation and multiplication by means of dissemination and fragmentation) are very frequent. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. a manner of saying more. *yah langRaˆ aˆm khaTTaˆ hai. nor is it. That is why reduplication cannot be correlated or contrasted with the simple adjective for the same quality as seen in (16d)17: 8 9 10 11 12 13 (16) d. it is noteworthy that low degree is not exclusively restricted to colours and taste. whether or not referring to colour/taste. torchlight of dying-dying-saˆ light ‘quasi dying /agonizing light of the torchlight’ but simTaˆ-simTaˆ-saˆ baccaˆ shrank-shrank-saˆ child. how juicy is the mango/ its skin deep yellow (yellowish) / how fresh it looks / mango is the king of fruits’’ 3 4 5 6 7 Whatever the meaning. as claimed by the theory of iconicity. but it modiﬁes the scheme of individuation of the notion into an occurrence. since the reduplication of an adjective. 37) . simple-simple-saˆ boy ‘a rather naı¨ve boy’. Certainly. This operation has nothing to do with iconicity (or very indirectly).Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 37 ‘look. ‘(totally) curled over child’. is compatible with the approximation su‰x -saˆ18. But other adjectives in similar contexts (-saˆ) may also have. But we have seen that these meanings can be accounted for by an operation of non-centring which acts on the relation NV. Tarch kıˆ marıˆmarıˆ-sıˆ roshnıˆ. whether of nouns. NA or V2V1 respectively. (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. par vah dashaharıˆ aˆm khaTTaˆ-haTTaˆ hai this langra mango sour is. It is then very clear that integral reduplication. the low degree meaning. kaˆlaˆ-kaˆlaˆ-saˆ kapRaˆ (blackblack-like cloth) ‘blackish garment’. but that dashahari mango sour-sour is (*this Langra mango is sour but that Dashahari is sourish) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 An adjective (simple) conveying a di¤erential property cannot correlate with an adjective conveying the neutralization of a di¤erential property. approximation or saturation. is not only a ‘‘way of speaking’’ to be treated as a stylistic or expressive device. if not systematically. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. the reduplication of a colour or taste adjective is always attenuative with this su‰x: pilaˆ-pilaˆ-saˆ ujvaˆlaˆ (yellow-yellow-like brightness).
or derogatory meaning. Echo-constructions: De-centring the notion 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 It has been shown above that integral reduplication amounts to taking into account the n occurrences of the reduplicated term. ‘‘and all’’. The echo construction (a phonetic alteration of F into F 0 ) bears on the notion: it works as an extension of the notional domain (‘‘N and other similar things’’). noted below I (really p: the viewpoint is centred). 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. ‘‘tea and other eatable and drinkable’’. tea-tea) and include the neighbouring notional domain or stay at the margins of the domain: tea and other drinkable or eatable which can (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. Echo constructions mean that. parallel to the centred viewpoint. ‘‘e tutti quanti’’.38 Annie Montaut 1 2. or it can also represent an alternative with no possible choice. pen-ven ‘pen and the like’. An instance of the mere extension of the notional domain is the classical caˆy-vaˆy (tea-echo). The ‘‘semantic supplement’’ glossed by ‘‘etc. with the typical meanings of distribution and iteration but also with a whole series of di¤erent meanings. ‘‘and the like’’ in classical descriptions such as Abbi (1980). It results from this that many usages of the v.alteration. 38) . It is on the domain and not on the occurrence that the echo construction operates as a de-centering process: it introduces here ‘‘alterity’’ (heterogeneity) by simultaneously taking into account several viewpoints on the notion associated to the reduplicated term. a de-centred viewpoint is taken into account: this second viewpoint is construct either as coextensive to the ﬁrst one. adjective and noun. ‘‘and so on’’. not mentioned in the relevant literature. noted I-E (not really p: the viewpoint is de-centred. As a non-centring device allowing for qualitative variation (each occurrence retains its singularity). each of them deﬁning a distinct mode (zone) of the notion (and a viewpoint on it): Interior. noted E (other than p: the viewpoint is de-centred and not compatible with I)19. and Exterior. but compatible with I). participle (dependent verb) and main verb. tend not to create a mere extension or approximation of the notional domain but to create parody. shaˆdıˆ-vaˆdıˆ (marriage-echo) ‘marriage and so on’. or as opposed to it (as a deconstruction of the viewpoint which is centered). These heterogeneous viewpoints correspond to a particular structuration of the notional domain in di¤erent zones. boundary. what we can call tea.’’. it rules out the possibility of assigning a speciﬁc deﬁnite value to the occurrence and redeﬁnes the relation between the reduplicated term and another term in the statement: noun and verb. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. show that we get out of the centred domain (tea which is really tea.
the second too is retained: kraˆntivraˆnti ‘revolution-etc.’. and laRkıˆ-vaRkıˆ ‘girl-etc. although it often displays a consonant di¤erent from the v. We can then set the following rule: for F ¼ C-. (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. prem-vrem ‘love-etc. ishk-phishk ‘love-etc. Such a phenomena is omnipresent in all the so-called ‘‘dialects’’ or regional varieties of Hindi. pen and other necessary stu¤ used for writing20.’. case for instance): pakauRaˆ-vakauRaˆ ‘vegetable fried preparation etc. Taim-vaim ‘time-etc’. nouns. ‘horse etc. Both units F and F 0 vary when the word allows variation (number.’. All the categories of speech are freely derivable with this strategy. The variation is similar for Persian words (shaˆdıˆvaˆdıˆ ‘marriage’).Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 39 be associated to the ritual afternoon or morning tea.1. h.’. ‘tea etc. if we retain temporarily the standard translation as given in the relevant literature for such expressions. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. talking’). for F ¼ Co/u-. since singular masculine nouns in -aˆ inﬂect to -e in the plural.is used to derive F 0 (matlab-shatlab ‘‘signiﬁcation’’.used in Standard Hindi: In Panjabi and Panjabi-ized Hindi for instance sh. the initial consonant disappears: ghoRaˆ ‘horse’ ghoRaˆ-oRaˆ.’.or poly-syllabic word is replaced by v-: shaˆdi (mariage)-vaˆdıˆ ‘marriage etc. adjectives. F 0 ¼ vV-. noTis-voTis ‘notice etc. Arabic words (qismat-vismat ‘destiny’. ruˆs-huˆs. in the Pahari (mountain) speeches.’. F 0 ¼ v-. F 0 ¼ o/u-. with some of such formations quasi lexicalized (gap-conversation.or ph. talaˆq-valaˆq ‘divorce’) and Sanskrit words (karma-varma ‘fruit of action’). F 0 is formed by adjunction and not substitution: aˆtmaˆ-vaˆtmaˆ ‘soul etc.’ substitutes the plural ending -iyaˆN to the singular ending -ıˆ: laRkiyaˆN-vaRkiyaˆN.’. adverbs. paRhnaˆvaRhnaˆ ‘read etc. for F ¼ V-. If the word begins with a consonant cluster.21.shap. 3 4 5 6 2. Form of the canonical constructions in v- 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 The ﬁrst consonant of a mono. English words are reducplicated under the same conditions: pen-ven ‘pen etc. When there is no initial consonant in F.’ has the plural form pakauRe-vakauRe. When the vowel in the ﬁrst syllable is rounded. ‘gossiping. -ıˆ > -iyaˆn: paˆrTiyaˆn-vaˆrTiyaˆn. and if required inﬂect according to the native Hindi system (plural feminin for instance. be it verbs.’.’. caˆy(tea)-vaˆy. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. 39) .is used with the same function (lenıˆn-henıˆn.
I rather have co¤ee’’ would be at least strange. whereas it is perfectly natural for a similar question asked with the simple noun (F: caˆy) instead of E (F-F 0 : chaˆy-vaˆy). by associating to the Interior (pen in (17a). vagueness. often (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL.2. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. the notional domain is more limited (pencil. etc.) something located at the limit between Interior and Exterior of the notional domain.40 Annie Montaut 1 2 2. rubbers. ink pen). The association is suggested by the context: within a context where a schoolboy asks a friend if he has taken pen-ven when leaving for school. which remain implicit (hence the fuzzy character. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. tum caˆy-vaˆy piyoge? 2 tea-echo drink-fut-2 ‘will you drink something?’ 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 amounts to asking him if he will have something to drink. pencils. on the boundary I-E (other items than pen. tea. whereas within a context where somebody searches his pockets to note down a phone number on his agenda. In the above two examples E redeﬁnes the notion F such that F is only one element of a paradigm in a wider notional domain. This extension amounts to introduce ‘alterity’ (‘‘and other things’’) within the notion. 40) . marriage stricto sensu. the only meaning mentioned for such constructions is the extension of the notional domain. tea in (17b). marriage above. a process clearly emphasized by the terminology adopted by Parkvall (‘‘associative reduplication’’: 2003: 27). stylo.: other but related items). The echo reduplication modiﬁes the notional domain by including neighbouring zones and deﬁning thus a new inclusive or associative domain. cold drink or any other related thing. Basic semantics of the construction: de-centring and extension of the notional domain 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 In grammars. the domain resulting from taking I-E into account besides I will include exercise-book. mere paˆs koıˆ pen-ven nahıˆN of-me near indef pen-echo neg ‘I don’t have anything to write’ 24 25 Asking a visiting friend the following: 26 27 28 29 (17) b. and the other elements. 20 21 22 23 (17) a. etc. and an answer such as ‘‘No. co¤ee. tea.
imports a fuzzy supplement of neighbouring notions (regulated by the speciﬁc context or the cultural habits of the speakers). the use of current technical terms in English may encapsulate a whole process whose details are not fully or exactly known but are roughly pointed to by the notion F. notis-votis bhıˆ to denaˆ paRtaˆ hai ‘get married is not an easy thing.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 41 referred to). don’t think it is enough you go to the court and that’s it. 41) . 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. decorated and prepared’ to the neighbouring meanings ‘‘festive atmosphere and devotion’’. the meanings may exhibit quite considerable variation. may further in the exchange. pen. such is not the case that you go to the tribunal then enough. Since the non centring on I (F: tea. because of the association of I-E to I. you are married (lit. its signals that we are not restricted to I but associate I-E to I. vivaˆh kar lenaˆ koıˆ aˆsaˆn kaˆm nahıˆN hai. aur aisaˆ bhıˆ nahıˆN hai ki adaˆlat meN gae to bas shaˆdıˆ ho gaıˆ. E in these contexts stands for an open global idea of F. the echo formation amounts in (17e) to extending the domain of the notion from the typical meaning of sajaˆnaˆ ‘get dressed. be either selected instead of F or added to F in a cumulative way. 4 5 6 7 8 (17) c. it may be vague (17c) or precise (17a–b). including the publication of pre-marriage notice) 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 On verbal bases too. marriage happened). Similarly. As for the semantic area of F. khaˆnaˆ-vaˆnaˆ vahıˆN ho saktaˆ hai eat-echo there-only be can pres-3s ‘we can have food and everything there (we’ll ﬁnd everything there for meal)’ 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Here the co-existence of Interior and boundary (I-E) is cumulative. all the more open since English acts as a screen which may hide by its opacity various unknown items annexed to the notion22: 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 (17) d. with the additional connotations of a¤ectionate (‘‘nicely. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. It is also compulsory to give notice and the like’ (noTis-voTis: there are papers to sign / a whole admin istrative procedure to follow. food). fondly’’) attitude towards the divine couple Shiv-Parvati made by the devotee: (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. with an emphasis on I in I-E (the boundary is represented as related to the Interior of the notion).
e. the game of cards may behave as one paradigmatic element within a wider conﬁguration including implicit other elements such as dice. even if the reading of the echo-expression on ‘‘but’’ as the construction of a wider set of refusals or escapes. i. already vague and wide enough to include every temporal location. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 apnaˆ kaˆm khatm karo (18) a. the most obvious meaning of the structure is the polemical intent. . blames his mother for this unwelcome initiative: he creates an echo on the adjective ‘‘new’’. stop escaping’ (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. such an extension by associating I-E to the Interior of the notion is used for polemical and derogatory aims. a young man just presenting his foreign girl friend to his mother who serves the food in foreign newly brought plates.3. In (18b). rather. she fondly decorated it with banana leaves and did her puja (did her ritual o¤ering to the deity)’ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 2. he simply aims at manifesting to the hearer that he is crossed. Similarly (18c) reduplicates ‘‘time’’ with an echo formation which refers to the inner state of the speaker and not of the addressee. . taˆsh-vaˆsh khelne kıˆ bajaˆy card-echo play instead refl work ﬁnish do ‘instead of losing your time in playing cards (or similar stupid games) / these damned cards. but the contextual interpretation (a mother fed up with her child’s laziness) is essentially depreciative. you should ﬁnish your work’ b. in the same way as other languages may use expressions like ‘‘and everything’’. Obviously the speaker is not wishing to extend the notion. ‘‘and all this crap’’. ‘mother asked for earth and made an image of Shiv-Parvati out of it.42 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 (17) e. Similarly in (18d). E mainly marks that A speaker disapproves of B speaker and blames him for doing or saying something (F) which is not good (F 0 ). kele ke patte se sajaˆ-vajaˆkar puˆjaˆ kartıˆ . not so much to discard the new plates (which he incidentally himself brought home) but to suggest that he is upset by this way of welcoming the girl.. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. 42) . karambord or even khabbaddi. the speaker. as a foreigner. In (18a). ‘‘et cetera’’23. [maˆn] miTTıˆ mangaˆkar usse shiv-paˆrvatıˆ banaˆtıˆ. Polemical use of the relation between F and F 0 : De-centring and disqualiﬁcation of F by F 0 Very often. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. koıˆ lekin-vekin nahıˆN indef but-echo neg ‘there is no ‘but’. duration or leisure.
The polemical charge embedded in the echo construction is not related to a paradigmatic treatment within a wider set of neighbouring notions of which they would represent one of the possible examples. new but presented as triggering disagreement: the v. go-out-fut please till I am new-echo neg jismeN roz khaˆte haiN usıˆ meN khaˆeNge in-which everyday eat that in will-eat ‘please. kripayaˆ jab tak main huˆN nayaˆ-vayaˆ nahıˆN niklegaˆ. they only wish to communicate their hatred and dislike towards what is associated with both names.3.echo that modiﬁes the original form F in F-F 0 betrays the altercation of two di¤erent viewpoints at odds. depreciation). addressing a young ﬁery communist24. A trying to invalidate B’s supposed idea on the matter. when an elderly counterrevolutionary or non concerned youngsters utter the name of Lenine with the alteration lenin-venin (lenin-henin in Pahari). 43) . others on the relation of the addressee with the notion (his own interpretation of the notion). Similarly ‘‘new’’ in (18d) is more a critique of the mother’s clumsy behaviour and a manifestation of the speaker’s irritation at it than a critique of novelty or new plates. On ‘‘cards’’. Depreciative parody within a polemical goal: I vs I-E 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Proper nouns F echoed by F 0 have most of the time a derogatory e¤ect like any deformation of names in various languages. with the comas referring to A’s (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. the echo adds a negative comment from A about the game. 25 26 2. others bear on the adequateness of the notion in the situational context. as if A was quoting B. we will eat in the plates we use everyday’ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 The statement in (18b) quotes a previously uttered ‘‘but’’ in order to disqualify it. it comments not the notion itself but B’s assumption that A has time and is free. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. till I am here.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 43 c. In this way. mere paˆs Taim-vaim nahıˆN hai of-me near time(Engl)-echo neg est ‘I have no time to lose (stop hassling me please)’ d. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. do not take out the new plates.1. the name Russia (ruˆs) distorted into ruˆs-huˆs. on ‘‘time’’. The name distorted in this way is presented as between inverted comas. Various meanings result from this dynamics of altercation: some of them directly bear on the notion (parody. but (18a) and (18c) simply refer to a notion which is new in the context.
– ishk-phishk to ham jaˆnte nahıˆN bhaˆˆı interr fut to-him ? – love. ‘vah lekhak hai’. writer-echo is. I). such as in (19a). where B has previously justiﬁed the strange behaviour of his friend by love (ishq) and A questions this use of ‘‘love’’. The speaker A (So. that was meaningless for her’ (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. E than a hero. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. 44) . whereas I think that they are nobodies or pests. thus de-centring the initial notion. E is emphasized. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 (19) a. and (19c). ‘‘Don’t bother me with your Lenin /your Russians’’ could then be a possible translation. brother (we know nothing about all this crap)’ b. You name these persons as good.44 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 viewpoint as a disqualiﬁcation of B’s viewpoint. Here in I-E. acts as a pole of ‘alterity’ (heterogeneity). whereas in (17) I was emphasized. added to the notion by the echo. we don’t un derstand. The opposition of I-E (F 0 ) to I (F) often makes the implicit appreciation of B on F appear as positive (at least the appreciation that A attributes to B). this all his mind in come not impft ‘ ‘He is a writer’. He could be a so-called writer. This type of de-centring grants the notion a quasi metalinguistic status. De-centring here refers to A’s wish to diverge from B by introducing a markedly di¤erent viewpoint on F. Common nouns. decodes in the term ‘‘private tuition’’ boh a way to approach the girl and a pedantic sign (English) of the new urban class. – love and what so. the boundary I-E becomes a place for confrontation between both subjects. by opposing I-E to I. particularly when they represent the quotation of a previous utterance. yah sab unkıˆ samajh meN aˆtaˆ na hıˆN thaˆ ‘he writer-echo is’. where A. an illiterate villager. lekhak-vekhak hai. Here the boundary. ‘‘e´nonciateur’’) opposes F 0 to F uttered by the speaker B (or what A internalizes as B: S1 ‘‘co-e´nonciateur’’). – kyaˆ huaˆ isko ? – ishq. particularly learned or abstract words. The reason why E disqualiﬁes the simple term (F: Interior) is that F 0 (I-E) verges on E and is in contrast to I pour the speaker A (F 0 henin: more a rascal than a hero as posed by F): the notion Lenin (I) is de-centred towards its boundary and the boundary seen from the outside of the domain (more a rascal. are often used with E in colloquial exchange in a similar intent of parody and polemical requaliﬁcation. The quoting speaker (A) opposes the interpretation explicitly or implicitly proposed by B. – love-echo top we know not brother ‘– what is happening to him ? – love.
of I-E to I. and he rejects it by re-qualifying negatively B’s notion of F25. which amounts here to set F in a quasi metalinguistic status (a word selected for comment by A). The echo construction F-F 0 . A young servant is quarrelling with her husband. poetic word. strategy for inﬁltration). who does not like to be called ‘‘pandit’’ since he rejects the traditional appellatives and culture altogether. foreign word. magniﬁcation in presenting the visitor. or the way B uses the notion ( justiﬁcation for crazy acts out of love. That it is not cumulative (not I þ I-E) like in (17) is made clear by example (20). yah tumhaˆraˆ Tyuˆshan-hyuˆshan ghar ke bhıˆtar nahıˆN hogaˆ this your tuition-echo home inside not will-be ‘no way you introduce at home your (trick of the) tuition’ 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Whether the speaker who distorts the signiﬁer of a notion knows or does not know the precise meaning of it is not relevant. Here again. such as the romantic halo of love supposed to justify all misbehaviours. I being the notion as A thinks B interprets it. a disqualiﬁcation obtained by opposing I and I-E. the safeness and professionalism of private tuitions). in a context of quotation (‘‘your’’). technique word. signal less the incomprehension or rejection of the English term by a villager than the strong refusal of the very idea of tuition. Signiﬁcantly. also working as a servant in the same family. the respectable status of writers. 45) . you and your private tuitions’’.) and he rejects it: the echo makes explicit the positive connotations of the notion (even if not intended by B). very well understood by A (since it would allow the young boy to get close to the girl). Echo reduplication of ‘‘tuition’’ here. etc.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 45 c. and he reduces to nil these positive connotations. by A. about how to call the young master. What is added by the distorting echo is the aggressive charge: ‘‘you can go to hell. the notion ‘‘pandit’’ can in no way be extended by the echo to other connected notions. What justiﬁes such a rejection if the disqualiﬁcation (or negative requaliﬁcation) of the term. (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. A at the same time emphasizes the added symbolical value of the word for F (noble word. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. indicates that A rejects the positive viewpoint that he attributes to B. the syntactic context is always negative in these polemical uses which disqualiﬁes the notion. In (20). the aggressiveness comes from the opposition. since it is used as an appellative – a term of address traditionally used by women in this family for the men (father and son) – and ‘‘pandit’’ is the only possible term as a traditional appellative in the context. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p.
« sir ». 46) . maiN kisaˆnoN yaˆ mazduˆroN ke bıˆch jaˆkar kaˆm karnaˆ chaˆhtaˆ thaˆ ‘my ﬁre for revolution was dominated by a ﬁre for radical left. With the echo formation. she opposes her husband. without the least enthusiasm for research-echo. to the Interior which you stick to because you are panditaized26. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p.46 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 (20) unheN paNDit-vaNDit mat kahaˆ karo. as for instance in (21). unheN acchaˆ nahıˆN lagtaˆ 3p-acc pandit-echo neg call freq-imper 3p-dat good neg seems ‘stop calling him Pandit (don’t tag him a pandit). or on its adequateness as an appellative for other people – she keeps calling the old Master ‘‘pandit’’. at the same time I make your viewpoint explicit and I invalidate it as absurd. which I construct on the notion ‘‘pandit’’. pressed by his uncle to write a thesis in order to escape the police. who prefers to be called saˆhab. in agreement with the young master himself. Moreover. he doesn’t like it’ 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 The young woman protests against the designation pandit for the young master. where a young activist. But she refuses. I think it is absurd. a servant but a traditionalist too. I oppose I-E. risarc-visarc ke lie zaraˆ bhıˆ utsaˆhıˆ na thıˆ. clearly compares the two ways of living a political involvement: action side by side with the oppressed and intellectual research (risarc). While doing so with E. and that of A (So) the wife. I wanted to go and work with the peasants and workers’ 36 37 38 The unit visarc (F 0 :I-E) is opposed to risarc (F:I) as A’s (So’s) conception (the true revolutionary must live with the workers and peasants) to the (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. She does not ironize either on the general designation of the learned Brahmins by the word ‘‘pandit’’. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. that of B (S1) the husband. is about the interpretation of both speech-act participants regarding the validity of the designation ‘‘pandit’’ for the young master: you think it is a good one. she does not construct any notional extension where ‘‘pandit’’ would represent the most typical of the traditional appellative terms. inadequate for this only reason. to use a term he does not like. The echo construction makes fun of the husband’s concept of appellatives. E (risarc-visarc) simply states that the speaker disqualiﬁes the notion as inadequate to his expectations by comparing it to the other option: 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 (21) vamnecchaˆ par haˆvıˆ hotıˆ merıˆ kraˆntıˆcchaˆ. The contrast between two conﬂicting viewpoints is sometimes explicit in the context. by doing so. The conﬂict between the two interpretations.
In the case of revolution. in the interest of revolution itself (echo is impossible)’ 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 With F-F 0 . (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL.3. but some days revolution-echo of speech neg do kraˆnti (*vraˆnti) kıˆ hıˆ khaˆtir ke lie revolution (*echo) of only interest for ‘but forget for sometimes your revolutionary big talk (do not speak of revolution-echo). 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. In a non-polemical context. here there is no assumption by A of the pole of ‘alterity’ corresponding to the boundary I-E. which stages the discrepancy between two viewpoints on the notion.2. But he also takes into account the disqualiﬁcation of the term among the conservative folk and the local power. can be used as a dissuasive strategy without necessarily involving the devaluation of the basic notion F.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 47 conception of B (S1) as imagined by A (for the uncle. a term used a ﬁrst time with echo and a second time without echo. research is the good choice for an intellectual revolutionary). but the main connotation is the blame and rejection in the dominant public opinion. 47) . A here simulates the viewpoint of others. it is obvious that the speaker (the uncle. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 (22) a. in the same scenario as the previous example) has nothing against revolution and defends the objective concept of it (second occurrence). those hostile to revolution. and it is this disqualiﬁcation that he confronts his nephew with (ﬁrst occurrence): you should realize that a negative connotation is associated with the term among most of the people (rather than the interpretation ‘‘revolution and other contestation discourses’’). The second occurrence of the term (F) reﬂects the speaker’s own opinion: it rules out the echo F 0 because the term here refers to the Interior of the notion (‘act for the beneﬁt of revolution’). I understand you very well. the echo construction. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. 3 4 5 2. ‘‘Pedagogic’’ requaliﬁcation of the notion: I but also I-E 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 In contrast with the previous cases. the speaker quotes what corresponds to the knowledge shared by him and his hearer about ‘‘revolution’’ as an experience of his nephew: it may be linked to a halo of dreams and activities. I too have been young and communist lekin kuch din kraˆnti-vraˆnti kıˆ baˆt mat kıˆjie.
The ﬁrst part of the speech. . and it is this construction that So denies with I-E (F 0 : vrem). . . thoRe din ke lie prem-vrem bhuˆlaˆ kar saˆraˆ dhyaˆn paRhaˆˆı par lagaˆo ‘being in love with love (by feeling the feeling) necessarily ends up with lust and a person blinded by lust is unable to see the right path . the speaker aimed at denying or ridiculize the hearer’s viewpoint on F (parody). .48 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 In a similar context. in (22). . . . bhaˆvnaˆ kıˆ bhaˆvnaˆ karne se vaˆsnaˆ paidaˆ hotıˆ hai aur vaˆsnaˆ se andhaˆ huaˆ vyakti sahıˆ maˆrg dekh nahıˆN paˆtaˆ hai . . . ab jaˆo . A tries to convince B to adopt a less risky behaviour. can remain distant for the hearer. but it is meant to have a stronger e¤ect on the hearer. 30 31 32 33 2. whereas the reduplicated term results from the notion such as constructed by S1 or the hearer B (F prem) according to So or A. now go . .4. forget this silly business of love (love-echo) and devote your whole attention to your studies’ 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 The echo construction on prem ‘‘love’’ is a simple summary and translation of the argument previously stated (without reduplication). an alien discourse not specially intended for him. It marks a shift in the discourse from the pompous sti¤ness of high rationalized language and general truths to colloquial and personalized exchange in the everyday register27. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp.4. . then he draws the conclusion of this sketch describing the unavoidable ruin awaiting the lover. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. the echo conveys in the form of connotation the meaning of what has been explicitly demonstrated in the previous sentence: 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 (22) b. now in love matters. islie bhavuktaˆ se khud duˆr raho . I et I-E being in disjunction 34 35 2. or at obtaining from the (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. (Re)construction of the notion as a plurality of viewpoints. A begins to explain the fatal consequences of sentimentality (bhaˆvnaˆ) in a relatively technical and solemn language. Disjunction in a negative syntactic context 36 37 38 In all the previous contexts. 48) .1. with its quasi scientiﬁc rigor and aloofness does not involve the speaker nor hearer’s subjectivity. . this is why you should keep away from emotionality . and for that he uses the usual word for love ( prem) with E ( prem-vrem). negative too.
the notion ThaND (cold) is not requaliﬁed nor extended (to the general discomfort related by sleeping on the ﬂoor??) since a parallel is given with the warmth which overcomes cold. In (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. He uses E on the notion aˆtmaˆ (soul) in a non-derogatory meaning. but it kind of quotes the fear expressed by the speaker’s auntie (aisıˆ: ‘such. bichone par sone lagaˆ. but it mainly conveys that the speaker acknowledges a double view point on the matter: I don’t believe. you do. of this type.’ In (23a) the speaker takes B’s viewpoint into account. . In (23b). bedding on sleep began 1s-dat such some cold-echo even neg felt Shaˆyad nıˆche biche kraˆntikaˆrıˆ saˆhitya se uThtıˆ garmaˆhaT kıˆ kripaˆ thıˆ yah ‘I fell asleep on the mat on the ﬂoor. and still in a negative context. aˆp log karte haiN . Mujhe aisıˆ koıˆ ThaND-vaND bhıˆ nahıˆN lagıˆ. Heterogeneity (‘alterity’) resulted from the co-existence of two diverging viewpoints. . and whom he entrusts for the execution of his wishes after his death. and he does not pass any judgement about the legitimacy of any viewpoint. In (23a). May-be that was because of the heat raising from the revolutionary literature lying on the ﬂoor’ 36 37 38 ‘Alterity’ (heterogeneity) here results from the contrast between what is really felt (no cold) and what was expected (that cold she was fearing). one of which being strongly qualiﬁed as bad. there has been no feeling of cold. you people do pres ‘I don’t believe in soul (God or such things). 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 (23) b. the echo formation conveys the simple disjunction of two viewpoints on the notion. without any value judgement. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. 49) . a dying agnostic tells his last wishes to his best friends. the construction may be considered at best associative (soul and other metaphysical or spiritual notions). maiN aˆtmaˆ-vaˆtmaˆ par vishvaˆs nahıˆN I soul-echo on trust neg kartaˆ. who are believers. . do. you people you do . 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 (23) a. although it di¤ers from his own. I did not feel the slightest cold. as it had been told’) and E signals that.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 49 hearer that he adopts a di¤erent viewpoint (pedagogical intent). . contrary to the aunt’s fear. each one his opinion and I respect yours as I plead you to respect mine. Less often.
4 5 6 2. not ‘party or any such festive meeting’. the other is a good friend who tries to support him in ﬁnding the best solutions to overcome depression: 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 (24) a. both conﬂicting viewpoints of A and B are maintained.4. . one has just lost his job and is depressed. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. occur in a positive context. fried-dip-echo make ‘give a big party. that of the girl. laRkıˆ-vaRkıˆ pakRe na! bier-echo be-go-subj . .Z) can be speciﬁed (Gold bier. laRkıˆ-vaRkıˆ (girl). etc. girl-echo grasp-subj tag ‘there will be bier (it will be nice) . pakauRe-vakauRe banaˆeN. . nicely fried pakaure. and you’ll ﬁnd a girlfriend / if you could manage to grasp at some girl (s. crowd-echo meet-caus.2. paˆrTıˆ-vaˆrTıˆ (party).e. not ‘pakauRaˆ or any such salted fried dish such as saˆmosaˆ’). the echo formation has most often positive connotations which contrast with the negative (or neutral) qualiﬁcation supposed to be that of speaker B. biyar-viyar ho jaˆe . 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. They all belong to the same scenario: two Indians settled in Paris. from Madhya Pradesh. although (23b) and not (23a) grants the notion a possibility of internal variation. Whereas the simple enumeration (X. in positive contexts. . . paˆrTıˆ-vaˆrTıˆ do. . about forty years old. There is no extension of the notional domain to other notions in the same paradigm (not ‘beer and/or other alcoholised beverages such as whisky. party-echo give. The following examples may help grasping at such meanings. nicely ﬂavoured. meet lots of people. pakaure (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. 50) . which would present a neutral catalogue of solutions. pakauRe-vakauRe (dip-fried vegetable). rum. and E suggests that the notion is constructed in reference to B’s viewpoint. But. the idea of beer as suggested by A to B includes euphoric and bountiful connotations. contrary to the enumeration of simple (non-reduplicated) terms. with imperative or potential predicates which express the supporting attitude of A towards B (suggestion.Y. that would be the good thing for you)’ 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Biyar-viyar (beer). bhıˆR-bhaˆR milaˆe28. that she is both anonymous and attractive. the idea of dip-fried suggests that there will be plenty. Disjunction in a positive context 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Finally.’. friend’s advice).50 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 both cases. we will prepare vegetable fried-dips’ b.
any kind of girl will do. but displays to the subject imagination a whole spectrum of unspeciﬁed qualitative variations which A invites B to share with him. the notional domain becomes variegated and diverse enough to suit every wish. there is choice enough for you to be pleased and stop bothering me. what he needs and wishes. The feature F 0 . Non-centred. koıˆ saNDvic-vaNDvic khaˆ lo. Yet if such serendipity is possible. 1s-acc bother neg do ‘oh just get any sandwich whatever. of positive connotations in accordance with the cultural stereotypes shared by the speakers. koıˆ laRkıˆ-vaRkıˆ DhuˆNDh lo. aur shikaˆyat karnaˆ band karo some girl-echo look-for take. are. trigger the reluctant hearer’s adhesion29. by suggesting he modiﬁes his (initially neutral) viewpoint on the notion. in their echo form. the same constructions F-F 0 v. the enumeration of E (F-F 0 ¼v-) rules out such speciﬁcations. slim or fat. In appearance. Reduplication means that viewpoints are multiple: these viewpoints are not in conﬂict but simply mean that each of them (you and I) may ﬁnd the appropriate item. it is largely due to the discursive context and the verbal mood. a blue-eye girl). if for instance A tries to get rid of B who asks for something to eat with too much insistence. If each of these notions. 51) . in contrast with the deﬁnite occurrence (F. is presented in (24) as the ‘‘good’’ thing to do in the given situation (ﬁght against depression). that is. cheese. chicken or salad. mujhe tang mat karo hey. On the predicative notion: Demultiplying the process 36 37 38 When the echo reduplication a¤ects a predicative notion (verbal basis in a ﬁnite syntagma).take a di¤erent meaning. comes from the added inner variety which gives assurance of getting the good item. the result is not a derogatory parody. it is due to the introduction. whether compact or discrete. again resulting from inner variation: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 (25) a.5. in the singular) or the homogeneous plural (F in the plural). and complaint do stop do ‘you manage to ﬁsh any girl and stop complaining’ 28 29 30 31 32 33 What is obtained in the echo formations of (25) is a requaliﬁcation of the notion so as to make all possible actualisations equivalent: any kind of sandwich will do. and stop bothering me’ b. some sandwich-echo eat take. its ‘‘alterity’’. in the notional domain. In a slightly aggressive context. tall or small. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 51 fried in ghee. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. there (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. 34 35 2.
it is appropriate to propose or describe a somewhat groping trajectory. without its successive occurrences being equivalent to each other. booklet.52 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 is an extension of the notional domain. and similarly to prevent misdirection (turn not here but at the next turn). bas. which means ‘‘to turn’’. gets with the echo (moRnaˆ voRnaˆ). turn left). roz kuch paRh-vaRh liyaˆ kartıˆ huˆN everyday something read-echo take frequentative pres-1s ‘I use to (manage to) read something or other everyday (when ever I ﬁnd time. a review. the echo on verb paRhnaˆ ‘‘read/study’’ would have no meaning in reference to a localised deﬁnite process (such as ‘‘read this poem aloud to me’’). Speakers refer to this modiﬁcation in the meaning by describing the process as less precise. Similarly. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. ahead somewhere turn-echo take. 52) . in one or several turns. book. less deﬁnite. the directives may be not precisely located. but echo is responsible for the inner diversiﬁcation of it: 34 35 36 37 38 (26) b. aˆge kahıˆN moR-voR lenaˆ.)’ (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. The verb moRnaˆ. all we need is to take any turn somewhere and we will get out of this street’ 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Whereas E is ruled out if we want to tell the driver that he must turn (at the next crossing. interrupts his activity. with a clear objective (get out of here and change direction) but improvised means for doing so. one readable material to another. without referring to one deﬁnite occurrence (like a single turn). takes all and every chance to read with no speciﬁc aim (the speaker here is a servant who just learned how to read)30. etc. is saRak se nikleNge this street out will-go ‘no problem. The habitual aspect (frequentative) may be responsible for the fragmentation of the predicative notion. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. jumps from one item to another. In (26a) two friends in a car have taken by mistake a single way in the wrong way. with a fragmentation of the process. the passenger tries to cool him down: 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 (26) a. or even to a precise orientation (you may go in a zigzag manner). the driver gets upset. We may have to turn several times or only once. the meaning of to globally change direction. just try whenever you get the chance. but in (26b) it means that the reader is kind of eclectic. kind of fuzzy or blurred. enough.
i > aˆ. u > aˆ). But most of the time this type of alliteration is found on verbal basis. that the hearer hesitates renting in (27b)). 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p.is practically always substituted to any other vowel (e > aˆ. each possible occurrence di¤ering from others in quality. here in the verbal class echo adds qualitative plurality to the notion.echo.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 53 In (26a) and (26b) the notion gets infused with inner di¤erenciation and is no longer presented as homogeneous and centered as it is with the non reduplicated stem: echo makes it multiple. puˆch-paˆch ‘inquire’. where two lovers meet (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. Some adverbs are lexicalized in standard Hindi in their echo form. similarly to the standard echo (F-v-) formation. But most of the alliterating formations are found in colloquial speech. such as kabhıˆ-kabhaˆr (on kabhıˆ ‘once. bech-‘sell’-baˆch). adds a plural qualiﬁcation to the notion: many various people. whose distorting alliteration (bhıˆR-bhaˆR). with inner di¤erentiation (‘‘the plural left’’)31. Kabore´ 1998). or presented as a re-examination (second visit to a ﬂat. on puˆch ‘ask’. the vowel alteration occurs with a consonant modiﬁcation (kabhıˆkabhaˆr ‘occasionally’. like the v. truly across and not really across). ever’) ‘occasionally. puˆch-‘ask’-paˆch. on kabhıˆ ‘once. in non ﬁnite forms (favouring monosyllabic items?). 10 11 12 2. In a process (dekh-‘see’-daˆkh. not frankly turn). a statement addressed to a friend who is anxious about the location of the appoint place). The process may be completed in several times ((27a). In the same way as plural singularity can be constructed in the nominal class. the di¤erence with the simple form of the verb relates to inner plurality. 53) . ever’). In some cases. as aˆspaˆs or aˆr-paˆr both meaning ‘around’ ( paˆr ‘beyond’. Example (24) above includes a noun (bhıˆR ‘crowd’). or even as anticipated and feared ((27d). people of all kinds. or presented as the ﬁnal result of a long process (27c). Cumulative and lacunary functions are both present here (cf. the vowel -aˆ. sometimes not so often’. paˆs ‘near’): they involve an extension of the notional domain (truly close þ not really close. Other formations with echo or alliteration 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Alliterating formations (F 0 does not exist as an independent word) are made mainly by modifying the radical vowel: dekh-daˆkh ‘see/look’ on dekh ‘see/look’. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. on paˆs ‘near’). with more dissemination than the standard kabhıˆ-kabhıˆ ‘sometimes’.32 including typical values as well as non typical ones (not really read. and in other cases the ﬁrst consonant is suppressed (aˆs-paˆs ‘around’.6.
empty one’s mind of something’. kisıˆne hameN dekh-daˆkh liyaˆ to badnaˆm hogaˆ someone us-acc see-echo took then bad-name will-be ‘if anybody happens to see us (catch us) we will be dishonoured’ 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 The -aˆ formations speciﬁcally favour the representation of a process as ﬁnalized. you will easily ﬁnd somebody to tell you)’ b. quite well. dekh-daˆkh lenaˆ zaraˆ dhyaˆn se see-echo take little attention with ‘look (at it) thoroughly. constructed on the notion as a homogeneous centred one. emphasizes the radical character (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. do not convey any particular value judgement and involve no teleonomy. do manage to get over and forget everything’’) and may also result from absolute unconsciousness. (27) a. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. and bhuˆlkar bhıˆ ‘even by mistake’. constructed on the notion as heterogeneous. pay attention to everything’ ( just need to go back and visit again to conﬁrm that yes. the expression bhuˆl-bhaˆl kar. but in the latter case unconsciousness is represented as hardly conceivable (‘‘he forgot his own family. means ‘put a ﬁnal stop to something. his native land. 54) . by mistake’. kisıˆ se puˆch-paˆch lenaˆ somebody from ask-echo take ‘you just ask to anybody (it is not a big thing. The process may be deliberate (‘‘you should take this out of your mind. hence the use of these forms in contexts where A wishes to stop B’s hesitations. without any display of stages leading to the result. although its realization may be di‰cult or hazardous. The alliteration on bhuˆlnaˆ ‘forget’ is a good illustration: whereas forget is usually a non intentional and spontaneous process. but the reduplicated expression bhuˆl-bhaˆlkar. a deﬁnite end to some thought. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. Hence the deﬁnite character of the process. which is quasi lexicalized. Such a representation of the process means that its occurrences are potentially multiple but there will be a ﬁnal or good occurrence (although not known in advance). however groping the previous stages of realisation. The non-reduplicated expressions bhuˆlkar ‘forgettingly. should you take it) c. as if all that no longer existed for him’’). sab kuch bec-baˆc-kar vilaˆyat calaˆ gaya all sell-echo-cp foreign leave went [after father’s death he] ‘sold everything out and left for England’ d.54 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 secretly).
Partial or alliterating reduplication E (F 0 is an altered form of F) modiﬁes the notion itself by introducing a pole of heterogeneity (‘alterity’) I-E. in all its non-grammatical (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. contrastive or disjunctive type. iteration). 11 12 13 Conclusion 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Although numerous points raised in this study still need further exploration. or in disjunction). convertible into ‘‘less’’ and lacunar meanings by way of fragmentation. which means that not only the centred notion I is taken into account. it operates in a systematic way. distribution. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. and notional reduplication should be taken into account in the same perspective34.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 55 of the result. Far from being the icon of excess (the ‘‘more’’ we say in reduplication being responsible for the meanings of intensity. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. and this account may be of a cumulative. most often by contrasting the speaker’s viewpoint with the hearer’s one (I-E is adjoined to I in a cumulated or opposed way. presented as allowing no coming back. here again it is but a gross appreciation of the phenomenon. shows that we systematically deal with a process of de-centering of the notion. Adjective – Noun). is far more generalized at the informal and colloquial level (apart from the grammatical uses of total R) than in the formal or objective discourse. in its tree main types. dependent verb – main Verb.33 If echo formations may be in some way iconic (the distortion of the signiﬁer produces a distortion in the signiﬁed. and the operation involves almost always the confrontation of two distinct viewpoints. a superlative forgetfulness in relation to all various forms of forgetfulness included in the notion. it is obvious that reduplication in Hindi/Urdu is a linguistic category in its own right: it encodes an operation which can be analyzed. 55) . Integral reduplication R (F¼F 0 ) modiﬁes the scheme of individuation of the notion by opposing the centring of the occurrence: it modiﬁes the relation between the reduplicated term and the constituent(s) to which it is syntactically associated (relation Noun – Verb. The reason for these discursive preferences is that R. which plays on the Interior and Exterior of the notion to reshape the contours of the notional domain. Interior is emphasized (weight on I). according to the category of the reduplicated term. Modifying the scheme of individuation may involve the subjective interaction of the speaker and hearer’s viewpoints. making it approximate or derogatory). but its modiﬁed form too (I-E). There is nothing ‘‘stylistic’’ there and still it is true that R. The phenomenon once analysed.
erg. to terms in relation with sensorial register. Except of course when simple repetition is involved. such as ‘‘reach’’: us kuˆche tak pahuNchte-pahuNchte maiN aˆj bhıˆ thoRıˆ der ke lie raˆste (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. compound verbs. ergative.56 Annie Montaut 1 2 3 4 uses. which rely on a correspondence between audition and other senses (cham-cham ‘twinkling’. the sign ^ on a vowel indicates length. So and S1). Emeneau 1980. postpositions. In the transcription of Hindi. karuˆNgaˆ. marked deﬁnite or human objects. Such onomatopeics occur with or without derivational su‰x. etc. ‘‘[I] kept going ahead. kal-kal ‘sound of running water’. taptap ‘sound of drippling water’. From the clearly onomatopeic formations (khaT-khaT ‘toc toc’. Dam-Dam ‘drumming’). Derived verbs are also more or less iconic (dhakdhakaˆnaˆ ‘palpitate’. in a preponderant way. but with no section in English. The abbreviations are the usual ones: dat for dative. keep alive’’. jham-jham ‘glittering’. the rigid word order SOV. but it is endowed with a di¤erential property that stabilizes it as being this occurrence’’ (Culioli 1990b: 183). ‘‘Scanning (French ‘parcours’) consists in running over the whole domain without being willing or able to pick out one distinguished value’’ (to scan: French ‘parcourir’). transitive and intransitives. kept going ahead’’. khaTkhaTaˆnaˆ ‘knok on the door’). dative subjects. Culioli 1990: 183. ‘‘keep alive. 2. 56) . Simultaneity is only apparent for strictly transient processes also. hinhinaˆnaˆ ‘neigh’. ‘‘I will do. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. emphasizing what the speakers says in the same way as oral stress (baRhtaˆ calaˆ gayaˆ. 5 6 7 Notes 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1. 3. Extraction involves quantiﬁcation (it relates the occurrence to a deﬁnite portion of space in the domain). a confrontation which is not necessarily aggressive and may rely on adjustment: it is then natural that R occurs with more frequency in the space of intersubjectivity and dialogue. the insistant karuˆNgaˆ. whereas pin-pointing also involves qualiﬁcation. involves the confrontation of two viewpoints (speaker’s and hearer’s viewpoints. I will do’’. 7. etc. along with the phonological opposition of cerebral to dental consonants. saˆy-saˆy ‘sound of the wind in the trees’. verbo-nominal predicates. capitals indicates retroﬂex consonants except for N which indicates nasalization. morphologically related causatives. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. baRhtaˆ hıˆ calaˆ gayaˆ. 6. Similarly the commonly used salutation jıˆte raho. gich-gich ‘sticky’). khaˆy-khaˆy. ‘‘The extracted occurrence is not just any occurrence. jıˆte raho. anteposition of genitive complements. Masica 1992. Culioli 1999 gives more details and analyses on the operations involved in constructing the domain and its scheme of individuation. etc. 5. in conclusion of chapter 6 in Tyaˆg Patr. anteposition of adjectives and determinative relatives. 4.
). where it can display various sub-meanings such as diminutive. 29–30 novembre 2008. 57 kıˆ un dukaˆnoN par rukuˆNgaˆ (that lane till reaching-reaching I today too little time for road of those shops on will-stop) ‘today also I will stop for a moment while (until) reaching that lane at the shops on my way’ (K. which means that sirf ‘‘only’’ is responsible for the distributive meaning. Reduplication of a strictly transitory process gives it a temporal thickness. « nicely » tall. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. in his study of reduplication in Khmer (International Conference on Identity: L’Identite´. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 13. the second constituent alone being stressed (Baker 2003: 214). . In this way. a negative or derogatory context will associate the reduplicated adjective to an unpleasant emphasis on quality (‘‘optimally boring’’) with often ironical interpreataion: maiN to bare-baRe logon kıˆ baRıˆ-baRıˆ baˆtoN se tang aˆ gayaˆ I top big-big people of big-big talks of bore come went ‘I became tired of the tall tales of big-shots’ (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. weak’.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8. besides examples of high degree such as en bel-bel koson ‘a huge pig’. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. . every house is big’’ or is galıˆ meN nıˆle-nıˆle ghar haiN ‘every house is blue in this street’. S the subject grades the property as optimal according to his personal taste. This distinction of various plans of variation is borrowed from Denis Paillard. In this view. zot res dan en kaz malang-malang ‘they live in a house which is a bit dirty’. See also in Mauritius Creole. ambivalence itself becomes the prototypical meaning. li met en rob ruz-ruz ‘she wears a reddish dress’. the middle or low degree has come to be considered as prototypical as well as the high degree (Chaudenson 1974. Note that in the absence of sirf ‘‘only’’. As in: is galıˆ meN sirf bare-baRe ghar haiN (this street in only big-big houses are) ‘there are only big houses in this street. Vaid. ‘‘Optimal’’ is of course speciﬁed by the context. 57) . attenuation. fay-fay ‘slightly tired. To be published in the Proceedings). Quite frequent in creoles and contact languages (Moravsick 1978. the qualifying adjective in the left position (pre-nominal) has no descriptive properties. the last sentence will be preferably interpreted as ‘‘there are bluish houses in the street’’. Mai) (head joining of turn coming coming this e¤ort useless seem began) ‘when the time came for joining the head (to the body of the doll made by the little girl with cloth) all this labour began to appear meaningless’ (¼ by the time it came to joining the head. in French. contrary to the post-nominal one (right position). 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 9. . Guzraˆ huaˆ zamaˆna). Similarly. Kyomi 1995): Chaudenson (1974: 367) gives examples in the Creole of Re´union Island such as en zafer ruz ruz ‘something reddish’. 26 27 12. 21 22 23 10. Kouwenberg 2003). as is even more obvious with a main verb in the inceptive: sir joRne kıˆ baˆrıˆ aˆte aˆte vab mehnat vyarth lagne lagıˆ (Gitanjali Shri. approximation. beyond a strict stabilization. Universite´ de Tours. B. which is not necessarily very tall. 24 25 11.
21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. result in a high degree interpretation: bahut-se. The su‰x -vaˆlaˆ. rules out reduplication: *pıˆlaˆ-pıˆlaˆ vaˆlaˆ. ‘similar to’. ‘like’. which can correlate with simple (‘exact’) adjectives: vah aˆm thoRaˆ-saˆ khaTTaˆ hai. Like the oft quoted examples (without context) such as ‘‘greenish sari’’ (harıˆ harıˆ saˆRıˆ ). This su‰x. 35 36 37 38 21. Pahari (« mountain ») varieties include mainly Garhwali and Kumaoni. However. like the reduplicated structures. E are borrowed from the theory of the notion and notional domain in Antoine Culioli (1999) as well as the notation of So for the subjective position of the speaker and S1 for the subjective position of the hearer. that is to say appealing the the subjectivity of the speaker (R). ‘‘really many’’). but it bears only on the adjective and not. 29 30 31 32 33 34 20. who also gives example of the possible occurrence of the same structure with di¤erent qualities: yah aˆm khaTTaˆ hai. Even discovered as a new experience a ‘‘blue sky’’ can be represented as conveying a preconstruct: itnaˆ gahraˆ nıˆlaˆ-nıˆlaˆ aˆsmaˆn maiNne pahıˆ baˆr dekhaˆ so deep blue-blue sky I-erg ﬁrst time saw ‘it was the ﬁrst time I saw such a blue sky’ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15. par vo aˆm miThaˆ-mıˆThaˆ hai (this mango sour is. is a de-centring device (it may also. saturated (gahraˆ) and marvellous or astonishing. but that mango sweet-sweet is). but that one is sweetish’. par yah vaˆlaˆ ekdam khaTTaˆ hai (that mango somewhat sour is but this one really sour is) ‘that mango is somewhat sour but this one is really sour’. ishk transcribes the native prononciation of ishq.58 Annie Montaut 1 2 14. I-E. 25 26 27 28 19. This type of « associative » reduplication are found in Atlantic Creoles and Parkvall (2003) relates this presence to the Indian substratum (kume-bime ‘to eat and all’). on the relation between adjective and noun. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18. I-E or E stand for such viewpoints on the notion as they allow for di¤erent ways of taking it into account. which. ‘this mango is sourish. more than the character of the noun (dense. like the full form jaisaˆ. in this context. the explanation given in Abbi (antonymic semantic features ‘‘exact’’ for the simple adjective vs ‘‘inexact’’ for R). These viewpoints do not necessarily correspond to di¤erent speakers and their subjective positions. The notions and notations of. particularly with dimensional and quantifying adjectives. 58) . indicates selection. ‘‘bluish cap’’ (nilıˆ nilıˆ topıˆ ): in order to be interpreted with the meaning of low degree. In what follows I. It seems that the mode of presence is crucial here. who can be an abstraction internalized by So. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. This type of echo is even pan- (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. 10 11 12 13 14 16. Example from Abbi (1980: 107). these statements have to relate to direct perception. is not conﬁrmed by other devices of approximation. discrete) since the cap like the sari rather belong to the category ‘‘discrete’’. compact. The preconstructed blueness is emphasized (itnaˆ). 15 16 17.
which not only turns the process towards the subject (auto-benefactive) but makes it perfective too. 2000) dont d’autres contextes sont cite´s plus loin (exemples 19. 9 10 11 24. Which can be contrast with the derogatory meaning of the same echo in a less optimistic. onomatopeic title. Which may trigger suspicion for the ignorant as is the case in (17d): ‘‘Beware. Favoured by the use of verbal vector lenaˆ. This example (Pahari: /h/ est la consonne initiale de F 0 ) is drawn from a long dialogue in a contemporary novel of Mahohar Shyam Joshi (Kyaˆp. it is not as easy as you fancy’’. party-echo(v-) in go stop do gave ‘I dropped all this. with various consonants used for the ﬁrst consonant in F 0 . 21. do not imagine it is a simple thing. it is more than a simple advice you will have to give to marry in the court. aiming only at conveying a euphoric ambiance. 23b). nor one occurrence) makes it both similar to and di¤erent from E and di¤erent (no variability of emphasis on I or E). paˆrTiyoN-vaˆrTiyoN meN jaˆnaˆ band kar diyaˆ 1s-erg this all quit gave. 4 5 6 7 8 23. Naukaraˆnıˆ kıˆ Daˆyrıˆ (Diary of a servant. Example commented in Maria Jarrega’s PhD (2000). 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. 12 13 14 25. A function often performed by code-switching (Hindi/English). In (24)a. as: maiNne yah sab choR diyaˆ. and so come back to the iconic virtue or reduplication. 59) . 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. I hope to deal with the topic in the form of a note in the next issue of this annual. 28. (17d) is the uncle’s answer. Or in (19b) the narrator rejects the viewpoint that A attributes to B (since the sequence is in the indirect reportive style). infra). 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 indian (Emeneau 1980). The fact that it involves two notions (and not one. Example from the contemporary novel of Krishna Baldev Vaid. The context is the following: a young boy is fed up with the obstacles raised by the family which do not want to let him marry the girl he loves. lots of bier. It suggests a real party. 32. 33. 34. etc. ‘‘la gauche plurielle’’. 27. 15 16 17 18 26. It is dealt with in French in Montaut 2008. 19 20 22 23 24 26 29.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 22. by calling up (with E) connotations culturally associated to the typical ideal party (heaps of ﬂavored pakauras.in Telugu ( puli-guli « ﬂower »). 27 28 29 30 30. and non inter-subjective context (because of the relation with the predicate). 22. Hence the unacceptability of *bhuˆl-bhaˆlkar bhıˆ in the meaning of ‘‘by mistake’’. in conformity with everybody’s expectations (‘‘as you can imagine’’). (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. Kiskıˆ baˆt (one act play from the mid twentieth century). 2000). in the same meaning. such as g. the alliterative reduplication parallels the v-construction. but what follows shows that such is not always the case. Upendranaˆth Ashk.). (cf. and he discloses his intention of a civil marriage in front of his uncle. We may assume that the distortion on the signifyer is by nature derogatory. But there are also purely descriptive contexts. stopped going in parties and such foolishness’ 21 25 59 31.
) 2005 Studies in Reduplication. Bahri Publications. Language 45-2: 294– 99. Typological and Historical Study. 359–376. Baker. Gap: Ophrys: 67–82. Anvita 1980 Semantic Grammar of Hindi. 60) . Chaudenson.60 Annie Montaut 1 References 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Abbi. Paris: Champion. Delhi. Ope´rations et repre´sentations. Linguistic Research 9-1. Jarrega. Berlin/New-York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1969 Onomatopoeics in the Indian Linguistic Area. Bernard (ed. Robert 1974 Le Lexique du parler cre´ole de la Re´union. Ope´rations et repre´sentations. Maria 2000 Le roˆle du pluriel dans la construction des syntagmes nominaux en franc¸ais contemporain. Kouwenberg Sylvia and Darle`ne LaCharite´ 2001 The iconic interpretation of reduplication: Evidence from Caribbean Creole languages. IERA Publications. A. referential processes and Regulation. aaaa Distribution of Number and Classiﬁer in Arabic and Chinese and Parametrization. 533–45. Paris X Nanterre. In Pour une linguistiquede l’e´nonciation. 59–80. Delhi: Allied Publishers. pp. Kabore´. Gap: Ophrys: 177–214. Raphael 1998 La Re´duplication. 1990b Representations. Antoine 1990a The Concept of Notional Domain. Gap: Ophrys. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p. Vol. A Study in Reduplication. 1999 Pour une linguistique de l’e´nonciation. and Vinet. Culioli. Hurch. In Pour une linguistique de l’e´nonciation. 1992 Reduplication in South Asian Languages. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. 1. In Hurch (ed. M. Kouwenberg Sylvia and Darle`ne LaCharite´ 2005 Less is More: Evidence from Diminutive Reduplication in Caribean Creole Languages.). Peter 2003 Reduplication in Mauritian Creole with notes on Reduplication in Reunion Creole. An Areal. Vol. T. (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. Les langues d’Afrique subsaharienne. Domaine notionnel. European Journal of English Studies 15. The`se de doctorat en sciences du langage. Fassi-Fehri. Vol. Muray B. 6– 51. In Kouwenberg 2003: 211–18. Faits de Langue 11-12. 1. 3. Emeneau.
Stanford: Stanford University Press. Annie 2008 Re´duplication et constructions en e´cho en hindi/ourdou. Montaut. Edith 1978 Reduplication.). 1995 A New Approach to Reduplication: a Semantic Study of Noun and Verb Reduplication in Malayo-Polynesian Languages. Parkvall. Faits de Langue. 19–36. Volume 3: Word structure. Michael 2003 Reduplication in Atlantic Creoles. Mu¨nchen: Lincom-Europa. Rajendra 2005 Reduplication in Modern Hindi and the Theory of Reduplication. La Re´duplication. 263–81. 175–190. pp. Annie 2004 Hindi Grammar. 21–62 2030_2008_02 (p.). 61) . In Universals of human language. Montaut.Reduplication and ‘echo words’ in Hindi/Urdu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 61 Kouwenberg Sylvia (ed. Kyomi.) 2003 Twice as Meaningful: Reduplication in Pidgins. Faits de Langue 29. Singh. Londres: Batlebridge. Moravcsik. 2008 PMU:I(CKN[A])9/10/2008 pp. In Kouwenberg (ed.). Greenberg Joseph H. In Hurch (ed. Annie 2007 Formes et valeurs de la reduplication totale en hindi/ourdou. aa–aa. (ed. Montaut. Creoles and other contact languages. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 (AutoPDF V7 9/10/08 13:24) WDG (155230mm) TimesM J-2030 ARSAL. 297–33. S. Les Cahiers 1. Linguistics 33: 1145–1167.
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