Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/158/68.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 13:47:15+00:00

Document:
Appeal rom the circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of California.
This was a suit in equity institutedb y Philip and William Medart against the appellant for the infringement of three letters patent granted to Philip Medart, viz.: Patent No. 248,599, dated October 25, 1881, for the manufacture of belt pulleys; patent No. 248,598, also dated October 25, 1881, for a belt pulley; and patent No. 238,702, granted March 8, 1881, also for a belt pulley.
The claims, which are four in number, are all for the described improvement in the art of manufacturing belt pulleys, which consist in centering the pulley center or spider, and then grinding the same concentrically with the axis of the pulley, the several claims stating with more or less detail the principal steps in the manufacture.
The defendant appeared and demurred to the bill upon the ground that the patents did not show invention upon their faces. The demurrer was argued and overruled, and leave given to answer, and upon a subsequent hearing upon pleadings and proofs it was adjudged that all of the patents were valid; that the defendant had infringed the first, second, and third claims of patent No. 248,599, the two clais of patent No. 248,598, and the first claim of patent No. 238,702,-and defendant was enjoined from further infringing. A final decree was subsequently entered, upon the report of the master, for $1,811.25, from which decree the defendant appealed. [158 U.S. 68, 71] M. A. Wheaton, F. J. Kierce, and E. R. Taylor, for appellant.
William M. Eccles, for appellees.
The three patents involved in this suit are for an improved belt pulley, and for the manufacture of the same. Each of them requires a separate consideration.
1. Patent No. 248,599 is for an improved process of manufacturing that class of belt pulleys formed of a wrought-metal rim and a separate center, usually a spider, and usually made of cast metal. The drawings represent the machinery for carrying out the invention, and the pulley at the various stages of its manufacture. The process of manufacture is set forth in detail in the specification, and consists of the following steps: ( 1) Centering the pulley center or spider; (2) grinding the ends of the arms concentrically with the axis of the pulley; (3) boring the center; (4) securing the rim to the spider; (5) grinding the face of the rim concentric with the axis of the pulley; (6) grinding or squaring the edges of the rim. This process, it may be observed, is purely a mechanical one.
Does it disclose a patentable invention? That the patent is for a process in manufacture, and not for the mechanism employed, nor for the finished product of such manufacture, is undeniable, and is so expressed upon the face of the specification.
The four claims of the patent make no reference to the mechanism exhibited in the drawings, and described in the specification. All claim an improvement in the art of manufacturing, and set forth in more or less detail the various steps in that process. That certain processes of manufacture are patentable is as clear as that certain others are not, but nowhere is the distinction between them accurately defined. There is somewhat of the same obscurity in the line of demarkation as in that between mechanical skill and invention, or in that between a [158 U.S. 68, 72] new article of manufacture, which is universally held to be patentable, and the function of a machine, which it is equally clear is not. It may be said in general that processes of manufacture which involve chemical or other similar elemental action are patentable, though mechanism may be necessary in the application or carrying out of such process, while those which consist solely in the operation of a machine are not. Most processes which have been held to be patentable require the aid of mechanism in their practical application, but, where such mechanism is subsidiary to the chemical action, the fact that the patentee may be entitled to a patent upon his mechanism does not impair his right to a patent for the process, since he would lose the benefit of his real discovery, which might be applied in a dozen different ways, if he were not entitled to such patent. But, if the operation of his device be purely mechanical, no such considerations apply, since the function of the machine is entirely independent of any chemical or other similar action.
A review of some of the principal cases upon the subject of patents for processes may not be out of place in this connection, and will serve to illustrate the distinction between such as are and such as are not patentable.
The leading English cases are those which arose from the patent of September 11, 1828, to Neilson, for the improved application of air to produce heat in fires, forges, and furnaces, where bellows or other blowing apparatus were required. The patent, like many of the early English patents, contained no specific claims, but described a blast or current of air to be passed from the bellows into an air vessel or receptacle, made sufficiently strong to endure the blast, and artificially heated to a red het , or very nearly so.
The Neilson patent, however, subsequently came before the house of lords, on appeal from the Scottish court of session, in Iron Co. v. Neilson, 1 Webst. Pat. Cas. 673. The case went off upon other questions, but, in delivering his opinion, Lord Campbell thought the patent should be taken as extending to all machines, of whatever construction, whereby the air was heated intermediately between the blowing apparatus and the blast furnace. 'That being so, the learned judge was perfectly justified in telling the jury that it was unnecessary for them to compare one apparatus with another, because, confessedly, that system of conduit pipes was a mode of heating air by an intermediate vessel between the blowing apparatus and the blast furnace, and therefore it was an infraction of the patent.' Id., 2 Bell. App. Cas. 1; 9 Clark & F. 788.
So in delivering the opinion of this court in Tilghman v. Proctor, 102 U.S. 707 , 724, Mr. Justice Bradley treated the Neilson patent as a patent for a process, although the patentee did not distinctly point out all the forms of apparatus by which the process might be applied. But, notwithstanding [158 U.S. 68, 74] the vast amount of litigation to with this patent gave rise, it can hardly be said that its proper construction has ever been definitely settled. Probably it was of no particular importance, as the air would have to be heated in a receptacle of some form before it was introduced into the furnace; and therefore, if the patentee was not entitled to his patent as one for a process, he was clearly entitled to it as one for the only method of heating the air which was practicable,-his patent not claiming any particular form of receptacle, or any particular material of which it should be made.
In view of some of our later decisions, it may be questioned whether the language used by the chief justice in some portions of this paragraph may not be broader than these cases would justify, since patents for processes involving chemical effects or combinations have been repeatedly held to be valid. Thus in Mowry v. Whitney, 14 Wall. 620, a patent was sustained for an improved process for manufacturing cast-iron railroad wheels, by retarding their cooling, by a second application of heat, until all parts of the wheel were raised to the same temperature, and then permitting the heat to subside gradually. So in Cochrane v. Deener, 94 U.S. 780 , a patent to Cochrane for a process in manufacturing flour, which consisted in passing the ground meal through a series of bolting reels composed of cloth of progressively finer meshes, and at the same time subjecting the meal to blasts or currents of air, by which the superfine flour was separated, and the impurities were so eliminated as to be capable of being reground and rebolted, so as to produce superfine flour, was held to be valid, and the patentee not limited to any special arrangement of machinery. In delivering the opinion of the court, Mr. Justice Bradley observed: 'That a process may be patentable, irrespective of the particular form of the instrumentalities used, cannot be disputed . ... A process is a mode of treatment of certain materials to produce a given result. It is an act, or a series of acts, performed upon the subject-matter to be transformed, and reduced to a different state or thing. If new and useful, it is just as patentable as a piece of machinery. In the language of patent law, it is an art. The machinery pointed out as suitable to perform the process may or may not be new or patentable, whilst the process itself may be altogether new, [158 U.S. 68, 76] and produce an entirely new result. The process requires that certain things should be done with certain substances, and in a certain order, but the tools to be used in doing this may be of secondary consequence.' It will be observed in this case that the process for which the patent was sustained was not chemical in its nature, but, as stated in the opinion of the court, was a series of acts performed upon the subject-matter to be transformed and reduced to a different state or thing.
In Fermentation Co. v. Maus, 122 U.S. 413 , 7 Sup. Ct. 1304, a patent was sustained for preparing and preserving beer for the market, which consisted in holding it under controllable pressure of carbonic acid gas from the beginning of the kraeusen stage until such time as it is transferred to kegs and bunged. The process was strictly a chemical one, and was patentable within all the authorities upon the subject, although the mechanism by which the process was applied was also set forth in the patent.
Undoubtedly, the most important case in which a patent for process was considered was that of the Bell Telephone, 126 U.S. 1 , 8 Sup. Ct. 778, in which a claim was sustained for 'the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the [158 U.S. 68, 77] said vocal or other sounds, substantially as set forth.' The case of O'Reilly v. Morse was again commented on and distinguished, Mr. Chief Justice Waite remarking: 'In the present case the claim is not for the use of a current of electricity in its natural state as it comes from the battery, but for putting a continuous current in a closed circuit into a certain specified condition suited to the transmission of vocal and other sounds, and using it in that condition for that purpose. ... We see nothing in Morse's Case to defeat Bell's claim. On the contrary, it is in all respects sustained by that authority. It may be that electricity cannot be used at all for the transmission of speech, except in the way Bell has discovered, and that, therefore, practically, his patent gives him its exclusive use for that purpose, but that does not make his claim one for the use of electricity distinct from the particular process with which it is connected in his patent.' See, also, Telephone Co. v. Dolbear, 15 Fed. 448. It will be observed that in all these cases the process was either a chemical one, or consisted in the use of one of the agencies of nature for a practical purpose.
It is equally clear, however, that a valid patent cannot be obtained for a process which involves nothing more than the operation of a piece of mechanism, or, in other words, for the function of a machine. The distinction between the two classes of cases nowhere better appears than in the earliest reported case upon that subject, viz. Wyeth v. Stone, 1 Story, 273, Fed. Cas. No. 18,107, in which the patentee claimed as his invention the cutting of ice of a uniform size by means of an apparatus worked by any other power than human. This was said to be a claim for an art or principle in the abstract, and not for any particular method or machinery by which ice was to be cut, and to be unmaintainable, in point of law, although the patent was held to be good for the machinery described in the specification.
Although the cases are not numerous, this distinction between a process and a function has never been departed from by this court, and has been accepted and applied in a large number of cases in the circuit courts. The following processes have been held not to be patentable: An improvement in sewing machines, by which the soles and uppers of boots and shoes could be sewed together without any welt, by a certain kind of stitches. McKay v. Jackman, 12 Fed. 615. A process for washing shavings in breweries. Brainard v. Cramme, Id. 621. For an improved method of treating seed by steam. Gage v. Kellogg, 23 Fed. 891. A process for crimping heel stiffenings of boots and shoes. Hatch v. Moffitt, 15 Fed. 253. See, also, Sickels v. Falls Co., 4 Blatchf. 508, Fed. Cas. No. 12,834; Excelsior Needle Co. v. Union Needle Co., 32 Fed. 221.
After detailing the advantages of having the pulleys perfectly balanced, and shaped with absolute accuracy, and setting forth in general terms the manner of securing this by grinding the rim concentrically with the axis, he claims-First, 'the improved belt pulley, herein described, having the ends of the spider arms ground off concentrically with the axis of the pulley'; and, second, the same pulley with the rim and the ends of the spider arm ground off concentrically.
Obviously, the patent in question is not for a new device, nor for a new combination of old devices. It contains precisely the elements of every other belt pulley, and operates in substantially the same way. It is in reality a patent for a belt pulley which differs from other belt pulleys only in the fact that the rim and ends of the spider arms are ground off concentrically with the axis. Obviously, this is not a patentable feature. The claims state, in substance, that the belt [158 U.S. 68, 81] pulley must be made in peculiar way, which is equivalent to saying that it must be made by a peculiar process; in other words, that it is a product of a mechanical process, which we have already held not to be patentable. The only object in having the ends of the spider arms ground off concentrically with the axis of the pulley is that the rim may be concentric with such axis. This, however, is necessary in every pulley, and, if the patented pulley be superior to others in this particular, it is because its workmanship is superior, and because it is made so by a superior process of manufacture. The specification states, in substance, that this belt pulley is superior to every other because it is better made, more perfectly balanced, and is one in which the center of gravity and geometrical center or axis coincide. It is said that such perfection of balance can only be obtained by the process described in the prior patent, viz. by grinding off the ends of the spider arms; but it does not follow that some other person may not, by another process, or by greater care or superior skill or deftness in the handing of tools, manufacture a pulley which shall be equal to this. But, if this patent be valid, he would be an infringer in so doing, though he employed no mechanism whatever in the manufacture of such pulley, and did the work entirely with his own hands, if only he ground off the ends of the spider arms.
In Pickering v. McCullough, 104 U.S. 310 , the patent was for an improvement in the manufacture of molding crucibles and pots, made of a plastic material composed of black lead and fire clay. It appeared that difficulty had been experienced in removing the crucibles from the mold, in consequence of the adhesive nature of the black-lead mixture employed in the manufacture. The invention obviated this difficulty, and, by an improved mode of manufacture, much labor and expense were saved, and crucibles were produced which were superior to those made by any particular mode known prior to the device in question. It was held that this did not involve invention.
So in Burt v. Evory, 133 U.S. 349 , 10 Sup. Ct. 394, the invention consisted in a novel mode of constructing shoes and gaiters, whereby the ordinary elastic goring at the sides and lacing at the front were both dispensed with. The claim was treated as one for [158 U.S. 68, 83] a manufactured article, and not for a mode of producing it. It was held that the changes made 'were changes of degree only, and did not involve any new principle. Their shoe performed no new function. In the construction of the vamp, the quarters and the expansible gore flap were cut somewhat differently, it is true, from like parts of the shoe constructed under the earlier patents referred to, but they subserved the same purposes.' See, also, Wooster v. Calhoun, 11 Blatchf. 215, Fed. Cas. No. 18,035.
3. Patent No. 238,702, also for belt pulley, antedated the other patents by seven months, and, as stated by the patentee, has for its object-First, the production of a cheap, light, and durable pulley; and, secondly, the production of irregular sizes of pulleys without the necessity of a separate pattern for each size of pulley required. This invention consists-First, in constructing the usual crown or dish on the rim of wrought-metal rimmed pulleys by bending said rim transversely during the process of manufacture; secondly, the belt pulley having arms formed of wood, preferably of a cylindrical shape, which at their inner ends rested in sockets cast on the hub, and at their outer ends are provided with bracket lugs, to which the pin is secured by rivets or other equivalent means.
'The rim, D, may b of any suitable material,-either wrought iron, steel, or wood,-with the bracket lugs, C, arranged transversely, as shown, in order to brace and support the edges of the rim, and prevent the same from working loose from its attachment, which is liable to occur when the bracket lugs are not arranged as above set forth.
'(1) A wrought-metal rimmed pulley having a crown, d, [158 U.S. 68, 84] formed on its rim during the process of manufacture, as described, and for the purpose set forth.
If, as stated in the specification, it had been 'usual' heretofore to form the rim with a crown or dish, it makes no difference, so far as the completed article is concerned, whether it be formed during the process of manufacture by bending the rim transversely, or in any other way. Indeed, it is difficult to see how the crown could be made, except during the process of manufacture, as it is part of such process. We are dealing with a belt pulley as a new article of manufacture, and the question how the pulley is made, or how the crown is made upon the rim, is entirely immaterial. As the first claim does not describe a pulley which differs at all in its completed state from prior pulleys, it is clearly invalid.
The second claim is for a belt pulley provided with wooden arms and a cast-iron hub, with sockets and bracket lugs, for the attachment of the rim. But, as this claim was not found by the court below to have been infringed, it is not necessary to consider it.
For the reasons above given, we think all these patents are invalid, and that the demurrer to the bill should have been sustained, except, perhaps, so far as the second claim of the last patent is concerned.
Medart may or may not have been entitled to a patent for the machinery employed in the manufacture of the belt pulleys in question, but he certainly was not entitled to a patent for the function of such machine, nor to the completed pulley, which differed from the prior ones only in its superior workmanship.
The decree of the court below must, therefore, be reversed, and the case remanded to the circuit court, with directions to dismiss the bill.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.