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This volume explains the basic legal principles of the UK constitution and places the law in the context of the main political ideas which have influenced its development. Presented in an accessible but critical way, the book discusses some of the most fundamental questions about government: how do we ensure that those who exercise power are accountable for their actions? and why should we entrust any group of people with the power to make binding laws and to use violence against us? The fourth edition has been thoroughly revised and restructured to make it more accessible, and updated to emphasize current controversial problems. It now includes the Freedom of Information Act 2000, the Wakeman Report on the House of Lords, reform of political parties, and the developing law under the Human Rights Act 1998.
managed and sustained forest sources.
Introduction; What is a Constitution?
emphasise difﬁcult and controversial issues.
are emerging between individual judges.
judges and dealing with the inﬂuence of the common law on the constitution.
concerns the management of disagreement about the exercise of power.
time trying to keep order and to adjudicate fairly between competing pretenders to power.
responsible for the mistakes that remain.
Abrams v. United States  250 U.S.
Berman v. Parker 348 U.S. 26 (1954).
Dr. Bonham‘s Case (1610) 8 Co. Rep.
Hirst v. United Kingdom (App. No. 40787/98, E.C.H.R.
Lange v. Atkinson  1 NZLR 257 (PC).
McGonnell v. U.K. (2000) Times, 22 Feb.
17 March 2000, 8 Nov. 2000 (unreported) C.A.
R. v. Nathanial  8th March C.A.
R. v. Secretary of State for Health ex parte Imperial Tobacco Co.
Samaroo C.A.  EWCA 1139 civ.
R. v. Secretary of State for Trade ex parte Duddridge  Envir.
R. v. Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame No. 4, sub.
Smith and Grady v. UK (1999) 29 EHRR 493.
Winterwerp v. Netherlands,  2 E.H.R.R.
Introduction: What is a Constitution?
of the community and ideas of individual equality and freedom.
human nature that those who seek power may be unﬁt to exercise it.
by means of violence, charismatic leadership, or reliance upon apathy.
legitimating forcible change according to majority opinion).
economy. These debates do not always involve constitutional matters.
government should trespass upon these even for a good social purpose.
the conditions for its exercise.
constitution as ‘the totality of arrangements that we make for ourselves as a society’ (Nolan, 1997: 49).
one of them is likely to be dominant.
a co-ordinated manner. They try to minimise conﬂict by seeking consensus perhaps at the expense of efﬁciency and decisive government.
difﬁcult where power is shared.
Secondly, there are what King calls ‘power-hoarding’ constitutions.
strong and accountable government with clear lines of responsibility.
political preferences of its own members.
labour, and latterly political parties supported by business interests.
been powerful themes in English constitutional thought in competition with the liberalism of Locke, Paine and later Mill (see Chapter 2).
others into their ranks, particularly the new industrial wealth.
means of protecting the citizen have failed.
UK constitution may be producing the power-fractionated model.
no single group should be in a position of dominance.
of government so as to ensure that no one group can be dominant.
certain powers of the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly.
Speaker (see Times, 5 December 2001).
a background of wide spread distrust in the integrity of politicians.
years in a general election in which the electorate choose representatives who form the main part of the legislature, the House of Commons.
appoints the rest of the executive.
making that we can think of in that it gives each participant equal value.
therefore have to use non-democratic mechanisms such as the courts.
that the courts may be better guardians of democracy than politicians.
also Allan, 2001, 1993; cf. Steyn, 1997).
enforced by a trusted external body such as a court.
Our system of democracy involves government by elected representatives. The term representative is ambiguous. In one sense a representative is the agent of whoever he represents reﬂecting their wishes.
are entitled to assist private interests for whom they may act as consultants or advisers.
‘mandates issued which the member is blindly and implicitly to obey . . .

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