Source: http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Zambia
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 03:58:51+00:00

Document:
BBC, Country Profiles: Zambia Profile, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14112920, May 21, 2013.
 U.N., Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm, Oct 31, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2009, p. 29, ACT 50/001/2010, Oct. 22. 2010.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, sec. 303, Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Xinhua, Zambian president pardons 464 prisoners as part of Africa Freedom Day commemoration, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/24/c_137204093.htm, May 24, 2018.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2014, ACT 50/001/2014, Mar. 31, 2014.
 Amnesty Intl., Zambia: Missed Opportunity to Join Worldwide Trend Toward Abolition of the Death Penalty, AFR 63/001/2010, Feb. 10, 2010. Amnesty Intl., Death Penalty: Countries Abolitionist in Practice, http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/countries-abolitionist-in-practice, last accessed Apr. 23, 2014.
 Human Rights Watch, Human Rights in Zambia since the 1996 elections, Ch. V The Death Penalty, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/07/01/human-rights-zambia-1996-elections, Jul. 1, 1997.
The Penal Code stipulates that the sentence of death shall not be pronounced against a person who was under the age of eighteen years old at the time of the offense. In lieu of a death sentence, the individual is to be detained during the President's pleasure, and “when so sentenced he shall be liable to be detained in such place and under such conditions as the President may direct.”  This conforms with Zambia’s international obligations as a party to the ICCPR  and the African Charter of the Rights and Welfare of the Child,  which both prohibit the execution of juveniles.
The Prisons Act, moreover, requires that the president be informed if a death-sentenced prisoner is “adjudged to be a mentally disordered or defective person and the sentence of death has not, at the time when he is certified to be of sound mind, been commuted to a term of imprisonment.”  While this provision does not prohibit the execution of a prisoner suffering from intellectual disabiilty at the time the sentence is to be carried out, it contemplates the president exercising his power to grant clemency if a mental disorder develops or is diagnosed after sentencing.
The Penal Code’s defense of diminished responsibility for murder may also be applicable to defendants with mental illness. The defense applies to defendants “suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind or any inherent causes or is induced by disease or injury) which has substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts or omissions in doing or being party to the killing.”  A successful use of this defense will replace a murder conviction with a conviction for manslaughter.
The Prisons Act, moreover, requires that the president be informed if a death-sentenced prisoner is “adjudged to be a mentally disordered or defective person and the sentence of death has not, at the time when he is certified to be of sound mind, been commuted to a term of imprisonment.”  While this provision does not prohibit the execution of a prisoner suffering from mental illness at the time the sentence is to be carried out, it contemplates the president exercising his power to grant clemency if a mental disorder develops or is diagnosed after sentencing.
Zambia is a party to the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa,  which goes beyond the domestic law we found in that it prohibits the execution of nursing mothers. Zambia’s Constitution does not provide that duly ratified treaties automatically become national law.  We do not know, therefore, whether this prohibition would be applied in practice.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 201(1), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 294(2), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012. Mudenda v. People, Judgment No. 19 of 2002, Supreme Court of Zambia, Sep. 3, 2002. Chongo v. People, Judgment No. 10 of 1998, Supreme Court of Zambia, Apr. 20, 1999.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 294(2)(a), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 294(2)(b), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 43(1), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012. Afrik News, “Zambian Separatists in Treason Charge as Regional Secession Battles Grow,” http://www.afrik-news.com/article18791.html, Jan. 19, 2011.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 294(2), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 Roger Hood & Carolyn Hoyle, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective, 4th ed., p. 279, Oxford University Press, 2008. Zambia Penal Code Act, arts. 43(1) & 294(2), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012. Mudenda v. People, Judgment No. 19 of 2002, Supreme Court of Zambia, Sep. 3, 2002. Chongo v. People, Judgment No. 10 of 1998, Supreme Court of Zambia, Apr. 20, 1999.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, , sec. 43(1)(a), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012. Afrik News, “Zambian Separatists in Treason Charge as Regional Secession Battles Grow,” http://www.afrik-news.com/article18791.html, Jan. 19, 2011.
 Compare Zambia Penal Code Act, secs. 43, 201, 294, Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 Amnesty Intl., Zambia: Missed Opportunity to Join Worldwide Trend Toward Abolition of the Death Penalty, AFR 63/001/2010, Feb. 10, 2010. Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2013, p. 48, ACT 50/001/2013, Mar. 27, 2014.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 25(2), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, ICCPR, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Dec. 16, 1966, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Apr. 23, 2014.
 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Ratification Table: African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, http://www.achpr.org/instruments/child/ratification, Apr. 29, 2014.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 25(4), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Ratification Table: Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, http://www.achpr.org/instruments/women-protocol/ratification, last accessed Apr. 29, 2014.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 12A(1), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 12A(4), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 Zambia Prisons Act, sec. 70(2), Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 97, Oct. 31, 1996.
 Zambia Penal Code Act, sec. 12, Laws of Zambia 2006 Ch. 87, Nov. 1, 1931, as last amended by Penal Code (Amendment) Act, Act No. 1 of 2012, Apr. 12, 2012.
 List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified or Acceded to the Protocol on the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Documents/Treaties/List/Protocol%20on%20the%20Rights%20of%20Women.pdf, Jul. 22, 2010.
 Constitution of Zambia Act, Art. 12(1), Aug. 24, 1991, as amended through to Nov. 22, 2010.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, Optional Prot. to the ICCPR, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Dec. 16, 1966, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Apr. 23, 2014.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, Second Optional Prot. to the ICCPR, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty, 1642 U.N.T.S. 414, Dec. 15, 1989, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Apr. 23, 2014.
 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Ratification Table: African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ratification, last accessed Apr. 29, 2014.
 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Ratification Table: African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, http://www.achpr.org/instruments/child/ratification, last accessed Apr. 29, 2014.
For several years, Zambia has been steadily heading towards a reduced use of the death penalty. Zambia reduced the scope of offenses punishable by death in the 1990s.  An official moratorium has been in place since at least 2002  and there have been no executions since 1997.  President Michael Sata commuted 123 death sentences in May and December of 2013,  stating that the commutations were part of the celebrations for Africa Freedom Day.  On July 16, 2015, President Edgar Lungu, commuted the death sentences of 332 inmates, all held at the Mukobeko Maximum Security Prison in Kabwe, to life imprisonment.  As we believe that all death-sentenced inmates are held in this prison, and since previous estimates had accounted for some 227 people on death row,  it is possible that there are no more prisoners under sentence of death in Zambia.
There may be an official moratorium on executions. Four presidents in a row personally opposed capital punishment and officially adopted moratoria.  Former President Dr. Levy Mwanawasa publicly vowed never to sign a death warrant during his tenure, which stretched from 2002 to his death in office in 2008. President Mwanawasa worked during his administration to eliminate the death penalty in Zambia, notably commuting 100 death sentences in 2007.  His successor, President Rupiah Banda, has chosen to follow in his footsteps, promising in 2009 to never sign a death warrant during his tenure.  Likewise, President Michael Sata, who came into power in September 2011, personally opposed the death penalty and imposed a moratorium.  President Edgar Lungu, who took office in January 2015, commuted 332 death sentences in July 2015  - this might represent all current death sentences in Zambia. While we do not know if he has imposed a formal moratorium on executions, it seems unlikely that he will break with his predecessors’ policies on capital punishment.
The Judiciary of Zambia publishes recent decisions from the High Court and the Supreme Court at http://www.judiciary.gov.zm.
The Southern African Legal Information Institute maintains a searchable database of Zambian High Court and Supreme Court cases at http://www.saflii.org/content/zambia-index.
 Constitution of Zambia Act, art. 54(2)(b), Aug. 24, 1991, as amended through to Nov. 22, 2010.
 Constitution of Zambia Act, Aug. 24, 1991, as amended through to Nov. 22, 2010.
 Alfred S. Magagula, Update: The Law and Legal Research in Zambia, International Law, GlobaLex, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Zambia1.htm#internationallaw, Nov./Dec. 2011.
 Roger Hood & Carolyn Hoyle, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective, 4th ed., p. 77, Oxford University Press, 2008. Amnesty Intl., Zambia: Missed Opportunity to Join Worldwide Trend Toward Abolition of the Death Penalty, AFR 63/001/2010, Feb. 10, 2010.
 Andrew Novak, The Death Penalty and the Right to Life in the Draft Constitutions of Zambia and Zimbabwe, AfricLaw, http://africlaw.com/2013/04/18/the-death-penalty-and-the-right-to-life-in-the-draft-constitutions-of-zambia-and-zimbabwe/, Apr. 18, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2009, p. 29, ACT 50/001/2010, Oct. 22. 2010. Amnesty Intl., Death Penalty: Countries Abolitionist in Practice, http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/countries-abolitionist-in-practice, last accessed Apr. 23, 2014.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2013, p. 48, ACT 50/001/2013, Mar. 27, 2014.
 Michael Chawe, Zambian President spares 332 death row inmates, African Review, http://www.africareview.com/News/Zambian-president-spares-death-row-inmates/-/979180/2792474/-/dokxai/-/index.html, Jul. 17, 2015. Reuters, Zambian president gives death row inmates life sentences, http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0PQ18E20150716, Jul. 16, 2015.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2013, p. 8, ACT 50/001/2013, Mar. 27, 2014. Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2014, ACT 50/001/2015, Mar. 31, 2015.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2013, p. 8, ACT 50/001/2013, Mar. 27, 2014.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2012, p. 9, ACT 50/001/2012, Apr. 9, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2013, ACT 50/001/2014, Mar. 26, 2014. Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions in 2014, ACT 50/001/2015, Mar. 31, 2015.
 Amnesty Intl., Background Information – Remove the Death Penalty from Zambia’s Constitution, http://www.amnestyusa.org/all-countries/zambia/background-information---remove-the-death-penalty-from-zambias-draft-constitution/page.do?id=1691040, Feb. 3, 2010.
 Lusaka Times, Death Penalty Retained in Draft Constitution, http://lusakavoice.com/2013/02/01/death-penalty-retained-in-draft-constitution/, Jan. 2, 2013.
 Draft Zambian Constitution, art. 28, Oct. 2014, as reproduced by Zambian Economist, http://www.zambian-economist.com/2014/10/draft-constitution-of-zambia.html, Oct. 24, 2014. Lusaka Times, Final draft constitution finally released, but no road map presented, http://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/10/23/final-draft-constitution-finally-released-road-map-presented, Oct. 23, 2015.
 U.N.G.A. Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Zambia, Addendum: Views on conclusions and/or recommendations, voluntary commitments and replies presented by the State under review, Responses to Recommendations, para. 33, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/22/13/Add.1, Feb. 26, 2013. U.N.G.A. Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Responses to Recommendations, p. 3, http://www.upr-info.org/IMG/pdf/Recommendations_Zambia_2008.pdf, Jun. 2008.
 The Death Penalty Project, Zambia, http://www.deathpenaltyproject.org/where-we-operate/africa/zambia/, last accessed Jul. 17, 2015.
 Njamba v. The People, Appeal No. 258/2011,  ZMSC 19, Supreme Court for Zambia, Mar. 20, 2012.
 Times of Zambia, Rupiah Vows Never to Sign Any Death Warrant, http://allafrica.com/stories/200904040002.html, Apr. 4, 2009.
 Mudenda v. People, Judgment No. 19 of 2002, Supreme Court of Zambia, Sep. 3, 2002. Chongo v. People, Judgment No. 10 of 1998, Supreme Court of Zambia, Apr. 20, 1999.
 Alfred S. Magagula, Update: The Law and Legal research in Zambia, Law Reports, GlobaLex, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Zambia1.htm, Sep. 2014.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, sec. 305(2), Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, sec. 305(4), Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, sec. 305(3), Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, sec. 305(4),Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, sec. 305(5), Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006. U.S. Dept. of State, 2013 Human Rights Report: Zambia, Denial of Fair Public Trial, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220386.pdf, Feb. 27, 2014.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, arts. 5, 6, 305(2), Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006. Alfred S. Magagula, Update: The Law and Legal Research in Zambia, GlobaLex, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Zambia1.htm#internationallaw, Nov./Dec. 2011.
 Alfred S. Magagula, Update: The Law and Legal Research in Zambia, The High Court, GlobaLex, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Zambia1.htm#internationallaw, Nov./Dec. 2011.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, art. 305(2), Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Alfred S. Magagula, Update: The Law and Legal Research in Zambia, The Judicature, GlobaLex, http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Zambia1.htm#internationallaw, Nov./Dec. 2011.
 Zambia Criminal Procedure Code Act, sec. 305 (2), Laws of Zambia Ch. 88, Apr. 1, 1934, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Supreme Court of Zambia (Amendment) Act, sec. 13, Laws of Zambia Ch. 25, Sep. 14, 1973, as amended through to Dec. 10, 2003.
 Supreme Court of Zambia (Amendment) Act, sec. 21, Laws of Zambia Ch. 25, Sep. 14, 1973, as amended through to Dec. 10, 2003.
There was reportedly at least one foreign national on death row  prior to the President's commutation of 332 death sentences in July 2015.  We do not know if the foreign death row inmate benefited from the mass commutation, but we believe it is possible that there are no prisoners left on death row as of July 2015.
There was reportedly at least one Congolese man on death row  prior to the President's commutation of 332 death sentences in July 2015.  We do not know if the foreign death row inmate benefited from the mass commutation, but we believe it is possible that there are no prisoners left on death row as of July 2015.
In August 2013, one woman was sentenced to death for murdering her husband’s mistress.  We do not know if she has appealed her sentence or if she was one of the prisoners who benefitted from the presidential pardon of December 2013  or July 2015,  but we believe it is possible that there are no prisoners left on death row as of July 2015.
We found no information on the ethnic or racial composition of death row.
The law provides for public funding of legal representation on appeal.  Public defenders are generally overwhelmed and reportedly some defendants – not necessarily those facing capital punishment – are unrepresented at trial.  We do not know whether public defenders are also overwhelmed at the appellate level.
 Deutsche Welle, Zambia's overcrowded prisons are among the worst in Africa, http://www.dw.de/zambias-overcrowded-prisons-are-among-the-worst-in-africa/a-15913863, Apr. 27, 2012. Save a Life – Foreign Prison Service, Prisoners in Zambia, http://www.foreignprisoners.com/pris-zambia.html, last accessed Apr. 28, 2014.
 Deutsche Welle, Zambia's overcrowded prisons are among the worst in Africa, http://www.dw.de/zambias-overcrowded-prisons-are-among-the-worst-in-africa/a-15913863, Apr. 27, 2012.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 4, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 David Smith, Two HIV-positive men take on Zambia government over prison conditions, The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/dec/06/hiv-positive-zambia-government-prison-conditions, Dec. 6, 2012.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 30, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 31, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 32, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy, HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 7, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 6, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, pp. 5, 41, 42, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 39, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 43, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, pp. 33-35, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 5, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 36, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 37, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, pp. 43-44, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 5, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 69, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 72, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 42, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Center for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, Submission to the Universal Periodic of Review, p. 24, http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/zambia/session_14_-_october_2012/chruprzmbs142012centreforhumanrightse.pdf, Apr. 23, 2012.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, pp. 5-6, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, p. 3, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, pp. 44-47, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
 Cathal Gilbert, On Africa’s Death Row: Hidden Consequences of Colonial Past, International Business Times, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/death-penalty-hidden-consequences-africa-blog-393642, Oct. 12, 2012.
 Judith Malenga et al., Human Rights Violations In Zambia, World Organisation Against Torture, p. 7, Jun. 26, 2007.
 Newton Sibanda, Inmates Plead for Deliverance, Inter Press Service, http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42436, May 20, 2008.
 U.S. Dept. of State, 2013 Human Rights Report: Zambia, Arrest Procedures and Treatment While in Detention, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/220386.pdf, Feb. 27, 2014.
 Reuters, Zambian president gives death row inmates life sentences, http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN0PQ18E20150716, Jul. 16, 2015.
 Foreign Prisoner Support Service, Prisoners in Zambia, http://www.foreignprisoners.com/pris-zambia.html, last accessed Apr. 2014.
 Zambia Reports, Lusaka Business Sentenced to Death for Murder, http://zambiareports.com/2013/08/23/lusaka-business-woman-sentenced-to-death-for-murder/, Aug. 23, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Executions of juveniles since 1990, http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/executions-of-child-offenders-since-1990, last accessed May 8, 2014.
 Zambia Legal Aid Act, sec 8(1), Laws of Zambia Ch. 34, Jul. 3, 1967, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 Zambia Legal Aid Act, sec 14A, Laws of Zambia Ch. 34, Jul. 3, 1967, as updated to Dec. 2006.
 U.N. CCPR, U.N. Human Rights Committee, Communication No. 1132/2002 U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/85/D/1132/2002, November 18, 2005.
 Center for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, Submission to the Universal Periodic of Review, p. 6, http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/zambia/session_14_-_october_2012/chruprzmbs142012centreforhumanrightse.pdf, Apr. 23, 2012.
 Center for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, Submission to the Universal Periodic of Review, p. 7, http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/zambia/session_14_-_october_2012/chruprzmbs142012centreforhumanrightse.pdf, Apr. 23, 2012.
 Dr. Annie Barbara Chikwanha, Zambia – Crime and Criminal Justice, p.4, African Review, http://www.africanreview.org/docs/zambia/zambiaissue07.pdf, 2007.
 Joyce Shezongo-Macmillan, Zambia: Justice Sector and Rule of Law, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa,p. 33, http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/afrimap_zambia_justice_main_report_web_5july.pdf, Mar. 2013.
 Dr. Annie Barbara Chikwanha, Zambia – Crime and Criminal Justice, African Review, http://www.africanreview.org/docs/zambia/zambiaissue07.pdf, 2007.
In 2010, the Human Rights Committee heard Mwamba v. Zambia on the issues of the scope of the death penalty, the applicant’s conditions of detention, his right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and his right to review without delay.  The defendant was given the mandatory death penalty for a killing during a robbery. The Committee found that the defendant was detained secretly, shackled, deprived of food and water, and incarcerated in a small, filthy cell, where he was still held 8 years after trial, while waiting for the appeal of his unrecorded trial to be heard. The Committee also found that police officers made numerous pre-trial statements to the media asserting the defendant’s guilt. The Committee concluded that Zambia had violated article 6’s limitation on the scope of the death penalty and protection against arbitrariness, article 10’s protection against detention under inhuman conditions, article 14’s right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, right to a speedy and fair trial and adequate appellate review, and article 7’s protection against inhuman treatment.  The defendant was acquitted of armed robbery, but was convicted of murder and attempted murder.  (We note that when the defendant was acquitted of armed robbery, the mandatory death penalty should no longer have been in play.  ) The Committee concluded that Zambia was required to provide a remedy to the defendant within 180 days.  As of the end of our research, no information could be found regarding the conclusion of this case.
 U.N. CCPR, Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations: Zambia, sec. 17, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/ZMB/CO/3/CRP.1, July 23, 2007.
 Bernard Lubuto v. Zambia, Communication No. 390/1990, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/55/D/390/1990, 1995.
 Bernard Lubuto v. Zambia, sec. 2.1, Communication No. 390/1990, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/55/D/390/1990, 1995.
 Bernard Lubuto v. Zambia, Communication No. 390/1990, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/55/D/390/1990, Nov. 3, 1995.
 Webby Chisanga v. Zambia, Communication No. 1132/2002, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/85/D/1132/2002, Nov. 18, 2005.
 Munguwambuto Kabwe Peter Mwamba v. Zambia, para. 5.5, Communication No. 1520/2006, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/98/D/1520/2006, Apr. 30, 2010.
 Munguwambuto Kabwe Peter Mwamba v. Zambia, para. 5.5, Communication No. 1520/2006, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/98/D/1520/2006, Apr. 30, 2010..
 Munguwambuto Kabwe Peter Mwamba v. Zambia, para. 9, Communication No. 1520/2006, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/98/D/1520/2006, Apr. 30, 2010.
 William Kamoyo v. Zambia, Communication No. 1859/2009, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/104/D/1859/2009, Apr. 26, 2012.
 U.N.G.A. Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Zambia, Addendum: Views on conclusions and/or recommendations, voluntary commitments and replies presented by the State under review, Responses to Recommendations, para. 33, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/22/13/Add.1, Feb. 26, 2013.
 U.N.G.A. Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Zambia, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/WG.6/2/ZMB/, Apr. 9, 2008.
 U.N.G.A. Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Responses to Recommendations, p. 3, http://www.upr-info.org/IMG/pdf/Recommendations_Zambia_2008.pdf, Jun. 2008.
 U.N. Convention Against Torture, Committee Against Torture, Concluding Observations: Zambia, para. 19, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/ZMB/CO/2, May 26, 2008.
 U.N. Committee Against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention: Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture – Zambia, , sec. 19, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/ZMB/CO/2, May 26, 2008.
 U.N. Committee Against Torture, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION: Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture – ZAMBIA, sec. 19, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/ZMB/CO/2, May 26, 2008.
Center for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, Submission to the Universal Periodic of Review, http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/zambia/session_14_-_october_2012/chruprzmbs142012centreforhumanrightse.pdf, Apr. 23, 2012.
Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjust-and-unhealthy-0, Apr. 27, 2010.
Judith Malenga et al., Human Rights Violations In Zambia, World Organization Against Torture, Jun. 26, 2007.
Joyce Shezongo-Macmillan, Zambia: Justice Sector and Rule of Law, Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/afrimap_zambia_justice_main_report_web_5july.pdf, Mar. 2013.
Southern African Centre for the Constrictive Resolution of Disputes, Hope for Human Rights, Anti-voter Apathy Project, Transparency International Zambia, Prison Care and Counseling Association, Zambia Media Women Association, Joint Submission to the Universal Periodic Review of Zambia, http://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/zambia/session_14_-_october_2012/js2uprzmbs142012jointsubmission2e.pdf, 2012.
 Dimpho Motsamai, Zambia’s Opposition Pushes Govt to Release Draft Constitution, Mail & Guardian, http://mg.co.za/article/2014-03-14-zambias-opposition-pushes-govt-to-release-draft-constitution, Mar. 14, 2014.
 Peter Adamu, Sangwa doubts constitution process, http://zambiareports.com/2015/07/20/sangwa-doubts-constitution-process, Jul. 20, 2015.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 Art. 12
 art. 54
 art. 28
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 art. 305
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.