Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US8004743B2/en
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 16:49:44+00:00

Document:
Methods and systems for providing brightness control in an interferometric modulator (IMOD) display are provided. In one embodiment, an interferometric modulator display pixel is provided that includes a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) interferometric modulator having an associated first color spectrum, and a color absorber located substantially in front of the interferometric modulator display pixel, in which the color absorber has an associated second color spectrum. The microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) interferometric modulator is operable to shift the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum to control a visual brightness of the interferometric modulator display pixel independent of a color of the interferometric modulator display pixel.
The present invention relates generally to display devices, and more particularly to brightness control in interferometric modulator display devices.
An interferometric modulator display device generally comprises multiple pixels, in which each pixel is operable to provide a range of visual colors, for example, by changing the position of a corresponding plate (e.g., the metallic membrane) in relation to another plate (e.g., the stationary layer) to shift a color perceived by a user. Conventional interferometric modulator display devices, however, typically do not have a brightness control (for each pixel) that is independent of pixel color—i.e., in conventional interferometric modulator display devices the brightness of a pixel is usually controlled by shifting a color of the pixel to an unperceivable color. Consequently, brightness control in conventional interferometric modulator displays is generally limited.
Accordingly, what is needed is an improved technique for providing brightness control in an interferometric modulator display. The present invention addresses such a need.
In general, in one aspect, this specification describes an interferometric modulator display pixel that includes a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) interferometric modulator having an associated first color spectrum, and a color absorber located substantially in front of the interferometric modulator display pixel, in which the color absorber has an associated second color spectrum. The microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) interferometric modulator is operable to shift the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum to control a visual brightness of the interferometric modulator display pixel independent of a color of the interferometric modulator display pixel.
Implementations may provide one or more of the following advantages. An interferometric modulator display is provided that implements brightness control (for each pixel) that is independent of a color associated with a pixel. Accordingly, an interferometric modulator display can provide a greater visual display of color gradations and shade in comparison to conventional interferometric modulator displays. In addition, the range of colors of such a display changes less with changes in spectrum of the ambient illumination.
FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate one exemplary timing diagram for row and column signals that may be used to write a frame of display data to the 3×3 interferometric modulator display of FIG. 2.
FIG. 7 illustrates a graph of an equilibrium equation for an interferometric modulator.
FIG. 8 illustrates the simulated brightness of an interferometric modulator using a green LED as the illumination source as a function of the air gap size.
FIG. 9 is a cross section of an interferometric modulator according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate color spectra associated with an interferometric modulator of FIG. 7.
FIG. 11 illustrates a flow diagram illustrating a process for manufacturing an interferometric modulator display according to one embodiment.
FIGS. 12A-12I illustrate the process of manufacturing an interferometric modulator display according to the process of FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 illustrates a cross section of an interferometric modulator according to one embodiment of the invention.
As discussed above, conventional interferometric modulator display devices typically do not have a brightness control (for each pixel) that is independent of pixel color. That is, in conventional interferometric modulator display devices the brightness of a pixel is usually controlled by shifting a color of the pixel to an unperceivable color. Thus, brightness control within conventional interferometric modulator display devices is generally limited. Accordingly, this specification describes an improved technique for providing brightness control in an interferometric modulator display. In one embodiment, an interferometric modulator display pixel is provided that includes a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) interferometric modulator having an associated first color spectrum. The microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) interferometric modulator is operable to shift the first color spectrum relative to a second color spectrum to control a visual brightness of the interferometric modulator display pixel independent of a color of the interferometric modulator display pixel.
First, a description of an interferometric modulator display embodiment will be described which has been conceived and reduced to practice by QUALCOMM Inc. This display operates effectively for its stated purpose. However, it is always desirable to improve on the performance thereof. To describe this modulator and its operation refer now to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
FIG. 1 is an isometric view depicting two adjacent pixels in a series of pixels of a visual display, wherein each pixel comprises a MEMS interferometric modulator. In some embodiments, an interferometric modulator display comprises a row/column array of these interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator includes a pair of reflective layers positioned at a variable and controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical gap with at least one variable dimension. In one embodiment, one of the reflective layers may be moved between two positions. In the first position, referred to herein as the relaxed position, the movable reflective layer is positioned at a relatively large distance from a fixed partially reflective layer. In the second position, referred to herein as the actuated position, the movable reflective layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the fixed partially reflective layer. Incident light that reflects from the two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on the position of the movable reflective layer, producing either an overall reflective or non-reflective state for each pixel.
With no applied voltage, the gap 19 remains between the movable reflective layer 14 a and optical stack 16 a, with the movable reflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in FIG. 1. However, when a potential difference is applied to a selected row and column, the capacitor formed at the intersection of the row and column electrodes at the corresponding pixel becomes charged, and electrostatic forces pull the electrodes together. If the voltage is high enough, the movable reflective layer 14 is deformed and is forced against the optical stack 16. A dielectric layer (not shown) within the optical stack 16 may prevent shorting and control the separation distance between layers 14 and 16, as illustrated by pixel 12 b on the right in FIG. 1. The behavior is the same regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. In this way, row/column actuation that can control the reflective vs. non-reflective pixel states is analogous in many ways to that used in conventional LCD and other display technologies.
FIGS. 2 through 5 illustrate one exemplary process and system for using an array of interferometric modulators in accordance with the embodiment of FIG. 1 in a display application.
FIG. 6A is a cross section of the embodiment of FIG. 1, where a strip of metal material 14 is deposited on orthogonally extending supports 18. In FIG. 6B, the moveable reflective layer 14 is attached to supports at the corners only, on tethers 32. In FIG. 6C, the moveable reflective layer 14 is suspended from a deformable layer 34, which may comprise a flexible metal. The deformable layer 34 connects, directly or indirectly, to the substrate 20 around the perimeter of the deformable layer 34. These connections are referred to herein as support posts. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6D has support post plugs 42 upon which the deformable layer 34 rests. The movable reflective layer 14 remains suspended over the gap, as in FIGS. 6A-6C, but the deformable layer 34 does not form the support posts by filling holes between the deformable layer 34 and the optical stack 16. Rather, the support posts are formed of a planarization material, which is used to form support post plugs 42. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6E is based on the embodiment shown in FIG. 6D, but may also be adapted to work with any of the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6C as well as additional embodiments not shown. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6E, an extra layer of metal or other conductive material has been used to form a bus structure 44. This allows signal routing along the back of the interferometric modulators, eliminating a number of electrodes that may otherwise have had to be formed on the substrate 20.
In the above-identified modulators of FIG. 1, there are two states for operation of the device: relaxed and activated. When the device is actuated snap-in has occurred, that is, the moveable membrane has moved into engagement based upon the “hysteresis window”. In one embodiment, a modulator in accordance with the present invention avoids this instability to provide stable control of the brightness using the applied voltage. To describe this feature in more detail, refer now to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
where A is the area of the pixel, and ε0 is the permittivity of space, εdielectric is the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric material, k is the spring constant, V is the applied voltage, and xair is the maximum thickness of the air gap.
Accordingly, it has been found that approximately for ⅓ of the total distance between the two electrodes, the members can be controlled. The important point is that the control voltage may extend from 0 either positive or negative for small excursions, as long as the point of instability is not exceeded. If the voltage exceeds the instability voltage, then the moveable membrane will snap down to the dielectric, and there will no longer be a one-to-one correspondence between applied voltage and the membrane position (at least until the voltage is brought close to zero again).
FIG. 8 illustrates the simulated brightness of an interferometric modulator using a green LED as the illumination source as a function of the air gap size in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
Assuming the spring for this interferometric modulator is arranged so its force is zero at a gap of 540 nm, the point of instability is at 540 nm*(1−⅓)=360 nm. Since the maximum brightness is at 440 nm, this interferometric modulator may be controlled in an analog fashion from minimum brightness (at 540 nm) to maximum brightness (at 440 nm) without concern for the snap-in instability point.
FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section of an interferometric modulator 700 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The interferometric modulator 700 includes a substrate 702, an optical stack 704, a mechanical layer 706, and support posts 708 to support the mechanical layer 706. In one embodiment, the substrate 702 is substantially transparent and/or translucent. For example, the substrate 702 can be glass, silica, and/or alumina. In one embodiment, the optical stack 704 comprises several fused layers, including an electrode layer (e.g., indium tin oxide (ITO)), a partially reflective layer (e.g., chromium), and a transparent dielectric. The partially reflective layer can be formed from a variety of materials that are partially reflective such as various metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. The partially reflective layer can be formed of one or more layers of materials, and each of the layers can be formed of a single material or a combination of materials. In one embodiment, the interferometric modulator 700 further includes an oxide layer 710 to electrically isolate the mechanical layer 706 from the optical stack 704 when the mechanical layer 706 is activated.
The interferometric modulator 700 also includes a color absorber 712, for example, to provide for brightness control. In general, the color absorber 712 substantially absorbs light except light at a peak color, or absorbs light except light within a pre-determined range of wavelengths. For example, referring to FIG. 10A, the color absorber 712 can have an associated color spectrum 804 with a peak color of green (e.g., a color at a wavelength substantially near 520 nm) as shown in graph 800A. Also, the interferometric modulator 700, at some position has an associated (reflectance) color spectrum that reflects light at a given peak wavelength.
For example, as shown in graph 800A, the interferometric modulator 700 in a relaxed position (ignoring the effect of the absorber 712), has a peak reflectance color of red (e.g., a color at a wavelength substantially near 700 nm). An associated color spectrum 806 centered at approximately 700 nm is illustrated. A visual brightness of color associated with the interferometric modulator 700 is a result of the combination of the color spectrum 804 (associated with the color absorber 712) and the color spectrum 806 (from the interferometric modulator 700 in a relaxed position and ignoring the effect of the absorber upon the interferometric modulator) as shown in graph 800B of FIG. 10A. In one embodiment, the final color, represented by color spectrum 808, is the product of the inteferometric modulator reflectance spectrum and the square of the absorber transmittance spectrum, since the light has to pass through the absorber twice. As the mechanical layer 706 moves closer to the optical stack 704 (through the gap 714), the light reflectance properties of the interferometric modulator changes, and accordingly, the (reflectance) color spectrum associated with the interferometric modulator 700 shifts.
Referring to the example graphs of 802A and 804A of FIGS. 10B and 10C, respectively, as the mechanical layer 706 moves closer to the optical stack 704, the color spectrum associated with the interferometric modulator 700 (ignoring for the purposes of this example the effect of the absorber 712) increasingly overlaps with the color spectrum 804 associated with the color absorber 712. The visual brightness of color associated with the interferometric modulator increases with greater overlap between the color spectrum associated with the interferometric modulator 700 and the color spectrum associated with the color absorber 712 (as shown by graphs 800B, 802B and 804B). In graph 802A, the mechanical layer 706 has moved closer to the dielectric layer 710 and narrowed the gap 714, resulting in a reflected color spectrum 810. The product of the color spectrum 810 with the square of color spectrum 804 results in a color spectrum 812 in graph 802B. Color spectrum 812 covers a greater area than color spectrum 808 and is therefore brighter. Similarly, in graph 804A, the mechanical layer 706 has moved even closer to the dielectric layer 710, resulting in a reflected color spectrum 814. The product of the color spectrum 814 with the square of the color spectrum 804 results in a color spectrum 816 in graph 804B. The color spectrum 816 covers a greater area than the color spectrum 812 and is therefore brighter. In like manner, the visual brightness of color associated with the interferometric modulator decreases with less overlap between the color spectrum associated with the interferometric modulator 700 and the color spectrum associated with the color absorber 712. Thus, unlike conventional interferometric modulators, a visual brightness of the interferometric modulator can be controlled without having to shift a color of the interferometric modulator to an unperceivable color. In one embodiment, interferometric modulator 700 can be activated as described above in connection with FIG. 3. Alternatively, the interferometric modulator 700 can be fully controlled in an analog manner as described in co-pending U.S. patent application entitled “Analog Interferometric Modulator Device”, application Ser. No. 11/144,546, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Continuously variable control can be provided in a variety of ways. For example, referring again to FIG. 9, one way is to size the gap 714 such that a desired color spectrum results from movement of the mechanical layer 706 through less than the ⅓ snap-through point to the oxide layer 710. Another example is to use a switch to pinch off the voltage before the interferometric modulator has gone to its new state, the amount of voltage, or charge, being enough to close the gap 714 a desired amount, also without exceeding the snap-through point to the oxide layer 710. Another example is to put the reference electrode behind the moveable membrane (instead of using a transparent conductor like ITO). This allows a broader range of gaps before the snap-through at ⅓ of the gap.
FIG. 11 illustrates a process 900 of fabricating an interferometric modulator (e.g., interferometric modulator 700) in accordance with one embodiment. Referring to FIG. 11, the process 900 begins with providing a substrate (step 902). Referring to the example of FIG. 12A, a substrate 1002 is provided. In one embodiment, the substrate 1002 is substantially transparent and/or translucent. In one embodiment, the substrate 1002 comprises glass. A color absorber is deposited (step 904). As shown in FIG. 12B, a color absorber 1004 is deposited over the substrate 1002. The color absorber 1002 can be a thin film that substantially absorbs light for a pre-determined range of wavelengths. A conductive layer is formed (step 906). As shown in FIG. 12C, a conductive layer 1006 is formed over the color absorber 1004. In one embodiment the conductive layer 1006 comprises one or more layers and/or films. For example, in one embodiment the conductive layer 1006 comprises a conductive layer (e.g., indium tin oxide (ITO)) and a partially reflective layer (e.g., chromium). An oxide layer is deposited (step 908). As shown in FIG. 12D, an oxide layer 1008 is deposited over the conductive layer 1006. In one embodiment, the oxide layer 1008 comprises a silicon oxide compound (SiXOY). A sacrificial layer is deposited (step 910). Referring to FIG. 12E, a sacrificial layer 1010 is deposited over the oxide layer 1008. In one embodiment, the sacrificial layer 1010 comprises molybdenum. In one embodiment, the height of the sacrificial layer 1010 determines the amount of spacing between the conductive layer 1006 (or conductive plate) and a second conductive plate (e.g., a mechanical layer discussed below).
After deposition of the sacrificial layer, the process of forming the support posts for the mechanical layer begins. Accordingly, the sacrificial layer is etched (step 912). Referring to the example of FIG. 12F, the sacrificial layer 1010 is etched at locations where support posts are desired. In addition, one or more layers below the sacrificial layer 1010 can be etched as well. A plurality of posts are formed (step 914). As shown by FIG. 12G, posts 1012 are formed within the etched portions of the layers of the interferometric modulator. In one embodiment, the posts 1012 are formed using a planarization technique followed by photolithography to remove unwanted portions of the material that comprise the posts 1012. The posts 1012 can comprise a polymer. A mechanical layer is formed (step 916). Referring to the example of FIG. 12H, a mechanical layer 1014 is formed over the sacrificial layer 1010 and the posts 1012. In one embodiment, the mechanical layer 1014 comprises a movable reflective layer as discussed above. In one embodiment, the mechanical layer 1014 comprises aluminum/nickel. The sacrificial layer is released (step 918). Referring to FIG. 12I, the sacrificial layer 1010 is released to form an air gap 1016 between the mechanical layer 1014 and the oxide layer 1008. The sacrificial layer 1010 can be released through one or more etch holes formed through the mechanical layer 1014.
FIG. 13 illustrates a cross-section of an interferometric modulator 1200 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the color absorber 1004 is deposited on a surface of the substrate 1002 opposite from conductive layer 1006. The interferometric modulator 1200 further includes one or more (colored) light sources 1202 and one or more mirrors 1204 (e.g., half-silvered mirrors) to provide a color spectrum for brightness control. The techniques for brightness control are similar to techniques discussed above. The light sources 1202 can be a narrow spectrum light source (e.g., a laser or LED) or a broad spectrum light (e.g., a white lamp such as a high pressure mercury lamp or a carbon arc lamp). The color absorber 1004 can be a separate device such as a color wheel. In an embodiment in which multiple light sources are implemented, one light source can be used to illuminate only ⅓ of the pixels of an interferometric modulator display, and the other light sources could be used to illuminate the remaining pixels of the interferometric modulator display. Alternatively, one light source could be used to illuminate all of the pixels of an interferometric modulator display at one time, and then during another period of time, a second light source could be used to illuminate all of the pixels of an interferometric modulator display at one time, e.g., in accordance with conventional field sequential color techniques. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13 may be used, for example, in a projection display system.
FIGS. 14A and 14B are system block diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a display device 40. The display device 40 can be, for example, a cellular or mobile telephone. However, the same components of display device 40 or slight variations thereof are also illustrative of various types of display devices such as televisions and portable media players.
The display 30 of exemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays as described herein. In other embodiments, the display 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device, as is well known to those of skill in the art. However, for purposes of describing the present embodiment, the display 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein.
In one embodiment, the invention is intended to avoid the problems created by using a bi-stable display and bi-stable display driver. In one embodiment, the driver controller 29, array driver 22, and display array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, in one embodiment, driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller (e.g., an interferometric modulator controller). In another embodiment, array driver 22 is a conventional driver (e.g., an interferometric modulator display driver). In one embodiment, a driver controller 29 is integrated with the array driver 22. Such an embodiment is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another embodiment, display array 30 is a typical display array (e.g., a display including an array of interferometric modulators).
Various embodiments of an interferometric modulator display have been described. Nevertheless, one or ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that various modifications may be made to the implementations, and any variation would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, process steps discussed above in connection with FIG. 11 may be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. Accordingly, many modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit can scope of the following claims.
wherein the interferometric display pixel comprises a reflective display pixel.
2. The interferometric modular display pixel of claim 1, further comprising a color absorber, the second color spectrum being the color spectrum of the color absorber.
3. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 1, wherein the visual brightness of the interferometric modulator display pixel increases with greater overlap between the first color spectrum and the second color spectrum, and decreases with less overlap between the first color spectrum and the second color spectrum.
4. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 1, further comprising a light source.
wherein the electromechanical systems interferometric modulator is operable to shift the color spectrum of each color space region relative to a color spectrum of a corresponding color absorber to control a visual brightness of a color associated with each color space region.
6. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 5, wherein the plurality of color space regions comprises one or more of a red color space region, a green color space region, or a blue color space region.
7. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 2, wherein one or more light sources provides light at the second color spectrum associated with the color absorber.
8. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 7, wherein the one or more light sources comprise a narrow spectrum light source or a broad spectrum light source.
9. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 8, wherein the narrow spectrum light source comprises a laser or a light-emitting diode (LED).
10. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 8, wherein the broad spectrum light source comprises a mercury lamp or a carbon arc lamp.
a reflective surface movable between a first position and a second position, wherein movement of the reflective surface between the first position and the second position shifts the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum.
12. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 11 wherein the reflective surface is on a reflective layer coupled to the second electrode layer.
13. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 11 wherein the reflective surface is on the second electrode layer.
14. A display comprising the interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 1.
17. The display of claim 15, further comprising an image source module configured to send the image data to the processor.
18. The display of claim 17, wherein the image source module comprises at least one of a receiver, transceiver, and transmitter.
19. The display of claim 15, further comprising an input device configured to receive input data and to communicate the input data to the processor.
wherein the interferometric display pixel is configured as a reflective display pixel.
wherein the interferometric modulator display is included in a reflective display pixel.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the color absorber is formed on a surface of the substrate opposite of the optical stack.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the color absorber is formed on a surface of the substrate on a same side as the optical stack.
etching away the sacrificial layer.
25. An interferometric modulator manufactured in accordance with the method of claim 21.
26. The interferometric modulator of claim 20, wherein the visual brightness of the interferometric modulator increases with greater overlap between the first color spectrum and the second color spectrum, and decreases with less overlap between the first color spectrum and the second color spectrum.
27. The interferometric modulator of claim 20, further comprising one or more light sources.
wherein the modulating means is operable to shift the color spectrum of each color space region relative to a color spectrum of a corresponding color absorber to control a visual brightness of a color associated with each color space region.
29. The interferometric modulator of claim 28, wherein the plurality of color space regions comprises one or more of a red color space region, a green color space region, or a blue color space region.
30. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 20, further comprising one or more light sources that provides illumination at the second peak wavelength associated with the light absorbing means.
31. The interferometric modulator of claim 20, wherein the modulating means comprises a micro electromechanical system.
34. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 33, wherein the visual brightness of the interferometric modulator display pixel increases with greater overlap between the first color spectrum and the second color spectrum, and decreases with less overlap between the first color spectrum and the second color spectrum.
wherein the electromechanical system interferometric modulator is operable to shift the color spectrum of each color space region relative to a color spectrum of a corresponding color absorber to control a visual brightness of a color associated with each color space region.
36. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 35, wherein the plurality of color space regions comprises one or more of a red color space region, a green color space region, or a blue color space region.
37. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 33, wherein one or more light sources provides light at the second peak transmission wavelength associated with the color absorber.
39. The display of claim 14, wherein the display is configured as a reflective display.
40. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 1, further comprising a controller configured to provide multiple levels of brightness control for the color output of the interferometric modulator by controlling the shift of the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum.
41. The interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 33, further comprising a controller configured to provide said multiple levels of brightness for the color light output by the interferometric modulator by controlling the shift of the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum.
42. A reflective display comprising the interferometric display pixel of claim 33.
43. The display of claim 39, wherein the reflective display is configured to produce an image by modulation of incident ambient light.
44. The display of claim 42, wherein the reflective display is configured to produce an image by modulation of incident ambient light.
45. A reflective display comprising the interferometric modulator display pixel of claim 20.
46. The display of claim 45, wherein the reflective display is configured to produce an image by modulation of incident ambient light.
47. A reflective display comprising the interferometric modulator of claim 25.
48. The display of claim 47, wherein the reflective display is configured to produce an image by modulation of incident ambient light.
wherein the reflective electro-mechanical device is operable to shift the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum to provide multiple levels of visual brightness of color light.
50. The display pixel of claim 49, wherein the visual brightness of the reflective electro-mechanical device increases with greater overlap between the first color spectrum and the second color spectrum, and decreases with less overlap between the first color spectrum and the second color spectrum.
51. The display pixel of claim 49, further comprising a light source.
52. The display pixel of claim 51, wherein one or more light sources provides light at the second color spectrum associated with the color filter.
53. The display pixel of claim 52, wherein the one or more light sources comprise a narrow spectrum light source or a broad spectrum light source.
54. The display pixel of claim 53, wherein the narrow spectrum light source comprises a laser or a light-emitting diode (LED).
55. The display pixel of claim 53, wherein the broad spectrum light source comprises a mercury lamp or a carbon arc lamp.
56. The display pixel of claim 49, wherein the second reflective layer is movable between a first position and a second position, wherein movement of the second reflective layer between the first position and the second position shifts the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum.
57. A display comprising the display pixel of claim 49.
58. The display of claim 57, wherein the display comprises a reflective display.
59. The display pixel of claim 49, further comprising a controller configured to provide multiple levels of brightness control for the color output of the reflective electro- mechanical device by controlling the shift of the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum.
60. The display pixel of claim 49, wherein the reflective electro-mechanical device is configured to produce an image by modulation of incident ambient light.
61. The display pixel of claim 60, further comprising a controller configured to control said reflective electro-mechanical device to provide multiple levels of visual brightness for the color light output by the reflective electro-mechanical device by controlling the shift of the first color spectrum relative to the second color spectrum so as to produce said image by modulation of incident ambient light.
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References: § 1
 Application No. 2005
 Application No. 05
 Application No. 05800920
 Application No. 200510105051
 Application No. 2005
 Application No. 2005
 Application No. 2007
 Application No. 2005101035579
 Application No. 05800920
 Application No. 05800920