Source: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/7701
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 15:58:35+00:00

Document:
The term “corporation” includes associations, joint-stock companies, and insurance companies.
The term “domestic” when applied to a corporation or partnership means created or organized in the United States or under the law of the United States or of any State unless, in the case of a partnership, the Secretary provides otherwise by regulations.
The term “foreign” when applied to a corporation or partnership means a corporation or partnership which is not domestic.
The term “fiduciary” means a guardian, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, conservator, or any person acting in any fiduciary capacity for any person.
The term “stock” includes shares in an association, joint-stock company, or insurance company.
The term “shareholder” includes a member in an association, joint-stock company, or insurance company.
The term “Secretary of the Treasury” means the Secretary of the Treasury, personally, and shall not include any delegate of his.
The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate.
when used with reference to any other official of the United States, shall be similarly construed.
The term “delegate,” in relation to the performance of functions in Guam or American Samoa with respect to the taxes imposed by chapters 1, 2, and 21, also includes any officer or employee of any other department or agency of the United States, or of any possession thereof, duly authorized by the Secretary (directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority) to perform such functions.
The term “Commissioner” means the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
The term “military or naval forces of the United States” and the term “Armed Forces of the United States” each includes all regular and reserve components of the uniformed services which are subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, or the Secretary of the Air Force, and each term also includes the Coast Guard. The members of such forces include commissioned officers and personnel below the grade of commissioned officers in such forces.
The term “withholding agent” means any person required to deduct and withhold any tax under the provisions of section 1441, 1442, 1443, or 1461.
The term “international organization” means a public international organization entitled to enjoy privileges, exemptions, and immunities as an international organization under the International Organizations Immunities Act (22 U.S.C. 288–288f).
any regular or residual interest in a REMIC, but only in the proportion which the assets of such REMIC consist of property described in any of the preceding clauses of this subparagraph; except that if 95 percent or more of the assets of such REMIC are assets described in clauses (i) through (x), the entire interest in the REMIC shall qualify.
At the election of the taxpayer, the percentage specified in this subparagraph shall be applied on the basis of the average assets outstanding during the taxable year, in lieu of the close of the taxable year, computed under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. For purposes of clause (v), if a multifamily structure securing a loan is used in part for nonresidential purposes, the entire loan is deemed a residential real property loan if the planned residential use exceeds 80 percent of the property’s planned use (determined as of the time the loan is made). For purposes of clause (v), loans made to finance the acquisition or development of land shall be deemed to be loans secured by an interest in residential real property if, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, there is reasonable assurance that the property will become residential real property within a period of 3 years from the date of acquisition of such land; but this sentence shall not apply for any taxable year unless, within such 3-year period, such land becomes residential real property. For purposes of determining whether any interest in a REMIC qualifies under clause (xi), any regular interest in another REMIC held by such REMIC shall be treated as a loan described in a preceding clause under principles similar to the principles of clause (xi); except that, if such REMIC’s are part of a tiered structure, they shall be treated as 1 REMIC for purposes of clause (xi).
For the purpose of applying the provisions of section 79 with respect to group-term life insurance purchased for employees, for the purpose of applying the provisions of sections 104, 105, and 106 with respect to accident and health insurance or accident and health plans, and for the purpose of applying the provisions of subtitle A with respect to contributions to or under a stock bonus, pension, profit-sharing, or annuity plan, and with respect to distributions under such a plan, or by a trust forming part of such a plan, and for purposes of applying section 125 with respect to cafeteria plans, the term “employee” shall include a full-time life insurance salesman who is considered an employee for the purpose of chapter 21.
The term “levy” includes the power of distraint and seizure by any means.
The term “Attorney General” means the Attorney General of the United States.
The term “taxable year” means the calendar year, or the fiscal year ending during such calendar year, upon the basis of which the taxable income is computed under subtitle A. “Taxable year” means, in the case of a return made for a fractional part of a year under the provisions of subtitle A or under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the period for which such return is made.
The term “fiscal year” means an accounting period of 12 months ending on the last day of any month other than December.
The terms “paid or incurred” and “paid or accrued” shall be construed according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the taxable income is computed under subtitle A.
The term “trade or business” includes the performance of the functions of a public office.
The term “Tax Court” means the United States Tax Court.
Any term used in this subtitle with respect to the application of, or in connection with, the provisions of any other subtitle of this title shall have the same meaning as in such provisions.
The term “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” means this title, and the term “Internal Revenue Code of 1939” means the Internal Revenue Code enacted February 10, 1939, as amended.
The term “foreign trust” means any trust other than a trust described in subparagraph (E) of paragraph (30).
meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (19) of this subsection (relating to definition of domestic building and loan association).
In determining whether an institution meets the requirements referred to in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, any reference to an association or to a domestic building and loan association contained in paragraph (19) shall be deemed to be a reference to such institution.
if the rates for such furnishing or sale, as the case may be, have been established or approved by a State or political subdivision thereof, by an agency or instrumentality of the United States, by a public service or public utility commission or other similar body of the District of Columbia or of any State or political subdivision thereof, or by a foreign country or an agency or instrumentality or political subdivision thereof.
A corporation engaged as a common carrier in the furnishing or sale of transportation of gas by pipe line, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
A corporation engaged as a common carrier (i) in the furnishing or sale of transportation by railroad, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board, or (ii) in the furnishing or sale of transportation of oil or other petroleum products (including shale oil) by pipe line, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or if the rates for such furnishing or sale are subject to the jurisdiction of a public service or public utility commission or other similar body of the District of Columbia or of any State.
A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of telephone or telegraph service, if the rates for such furnishing or sale meet the requirements of subparagraph (A).
A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of transportation as a common carrier by air, subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Transportation.
A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of transportation by a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49.
A rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49, if (i) substantially all of its railroad properties have been leased to another such railroad corporation or corporations by an agreement or agreements entered into before January 1, 1954, (ii) each lease is for a term of more than 20 years, and (iii) at least 80 percent or more of its gross income (computed without regard to dividends and capital gains and losses) for the taxable year is derived from such leases and from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. For purposes of the preceding sentence, an agreement for lease of railroad properties entered into before January 1, 1954, shall be considered to be a lease including such term as the total number of years of such agreement may, unless sooner terminated, be renewed or continued under the terms of the agreement, and any such renewal or continuance under such agreement shall be considered part of the lease entered into before January 1, 1954.
A common parent corporation which is a common carrier by railroad subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49 if at least 80 percent of its gross income (computed without regard to capital gains or losses) is derived directly or indirectly from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. For purposes of the preceding sentence, dividends and interest, and income from leases described in subparagraph (G), received from a regulated public utility shall be considered as derived from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive, if the regulated public utility is a member of an affiliated group (as defined in section 1504) which includes the common parent corporation.
The term “regulated public utility” does not (except as provided in subparagraphs (G) and (H)) include a corporation described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive, unless 80 percent or more of its gross income (computed without regard to dividends and capital gains and losses) for the taxable year is derived from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. If the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that (i) its revenue from regulated rates described in subparagraph (A) or (D) and its revenue derived from unregulated rates are derived from the operation of a single interconnected and coordinated system or from the operation of more than one such system, and (ii) the unregulated rates have been and are substantially as favorable to users and consumers as are the regulated rates, then such revenue from such unregulated rates shall be considered, for purposes of the preceding sentence, as income derived from sources described in subparagraph (A) or (D).
The term “enrolled actuary” means a person who is enrolled by the Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries established under subtitle C of the title III of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
The term “tax return preparer” means any person who prepares for compensation, or who employs one or more persons to prepare for compensation, any return of tax imposed by this title or any claim for refund of tax imposed by this title. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the preparation of a substantial portion of a return or claim for refund shall be treated as if it were the preparation of such return or claim for refund.
prepares a claim for refund for a taxpayer in response to any notice of deficiency issued to such taxpayer or in response to any waiver of restriction after the commencement of an audit of such taxpayer or another taxpayer if a determination in such audit of such other taxpayer directly or indirectly affects the tax liability of such taxpayer.
an individual retirement annuity described in section 408(b).
The term “joint return” means a single return made jointly under section 6013 by a husband and wife.
The term “Indian tribal government” means the governing body of any tribe, band, community, village, or group of Indians, or (if applicable) Alaska Natives, which is determined by the Secretary, after consultation with the Secretary of the Interior, to exercise governmental functions.
No determination under subparagraph (A) with respect to Alaska Natives shall grant or defer any status or powers other than those enumerated in section 7871. Nothing in the Indian Tribal Governmental Tax Status Act of 1982, or in the amendments made thereby, shall validate or invalidate any claim by Alaska Natives of sovereign authority over lands or people.
The term “TIN” means the identifying number assigned to a person under section 6109.
The term “transferred basis property” means property having a basis determined under any provision of subtitle A (or under any corresponding provision of prior income tax law) providing that the basis shall be determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis in the hands of the donor, grantor, or other transferor.
The term “exchanged basis property” means property having a basis determined under any provision of subtitle A (or under any corresponding provision of prior income tax law) providing that the basis shall be determined in whole or in part by reference to other property held at any time by the person for whom the basis is to be determined.
The term “nonrecognition transaction” means any disposition of property in a transaction in which gain or loss is not recognized in whole or in part for purposes of subtitle A.
In determining whether there is a collective bargaining agreement between employee representatives and 1 or more employers, the term “employee representatives” shall not include any organization more than one-half of the members of which are employees who are owners, officers, or executives of the employer. An agreement shall not be treated as a collective bargaining agreement unless it is a bona fide agreement between bona fide employee representatives and 1 or more employers.
A vehicle shall not be treated as a highway vehicle if such vehicle is specially designed for the primary function of transporting a particular type of load other than over the public highway and because of this special design such vehicle’s capability to transport a load over the public highway is substantially limited or impaired.
For purposes of clause (i), a vehicle’s design is determined solely on the basis of its physical characteristics.
For purposes of clause (i), in determining whether substantial limitation or impairment exists, account may be taken of factors such as the size of the vehicle, whether such vehicle is subject to the licensing, safety, and other requirements applicable to highway vehicles, and whether such vehicle can transport a load at a sustained speed of at least 25 miles per hour. It is immaterial that a vehicle can transport a greater load off the public highway than such vehicle is permitted to transport over the public highway.
A trailer or semitrailer shall not be treated as a highway vehicle if it is specially designed to function only as an enclosed stationary shelter for the carrying on of an off-highway function at an off-highway site.
registered by the Food and Drug Administration to collect blood.
An individual shall not cease to be treated as a United States citizen before the date on which the individual’s citizenship is treated as relinquished under section 877A(g)(4).
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, subparagraph (A) shall not apply to an individual who became at birth a citizen of the United States and a citizen of another country.
If an alien individual is a resident of the United States under paragraph (1)(A) with respect to any calendar year, but was not a resident of the United States at any time during the preceding calendar year, such alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States only for the portion of such calendar year which begins on the residency starting date.
In the case of an individual who is a lawfully permanent resident of the United States at any time during the calendar year, but does not meet the substantial presence test of paragraph (3), the residency starting date shall be the first day in such calendar year on which he was present in the United States while a lawful permanent resident of the United States.
In the case of an individual who meets the substantial presence test of paragraph (3) with respect to any calendar year, the residency starting date shall be the first day during such calendar year on which the individual is present in the United States.
In the case of an individual who makes the election provided by paragraph (4) with respect to any calendar year, the residency starting date shall be the 1st day during such calendar year on which the individual is treated as a resident of the United States under that paragraph.
the individual is not a resident of the United States at any time during the next calendar year.
For purposes of subparagraphs (A)(iii) and (B), an individual shall not be treated as present in the United States during any period for which the individual establishes that he has a closer connection to a foreign country than to the United States.
Clause (i) shall not apply to more than 10 days on which the individual is present in the United States.
it is established that for the current year such individual has a tax home (as defined in section 911(d)(3) without regard to the second sentence thereof) in a foreign country and has a closer connection to such foreign country than to the United States.
such individual took other steps to apply for status as a lawful permanent resident of the United States.
such individual was unable to leave the United States on such day because of a medical condition which arose while such individual was present in the United States.
present in the United States during the period beginning with the first day of such 31-day period and ending with the last day of the election year (hereinafter referred to as the “testing period”) for a number of days equal to or exceeding 75 percent of the number of days in the testing period (provided that an individual shall be treated for purposes of this subclause as present in the United States for a number of days during the testing period not exceeding 5 days in the aggregate, notwithstanding his absence from the United States on such days).
An alien individual who meets the requirements of subparagraph (A) shall, if he so elects, be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to the election year.
An alien individual who makes the election provided by subparagraph (B) shall be treated as a resident of the United States for the portion of the election year which begins on the 1st day of the earliest testing period during such year with respect to which the individual meets the requirements of clause (iv) of subparagraph (A).
The rules of subparagraph (D)(i) of paragraph (3) shall apply for purposes of determining an individual’s presence in the United States under this paragraph.
An election under subparagraph (B) shall be made on the individual’s tax return for the election year, provided that such election may not be made before the individual has met the substantial presence test of paragraph (3) with respect to the calendar year immediately following the election year.
An election once made under subparagraph (B) remains in effect for the election year, unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
being a member of the immediate family of an individual described in clause (i) or (ii).
who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.
An individual shall not be treated as an exempt individual by reason of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) for the current year if, for any 2 calendar years during the preceding 6 calendar years, such person was an exempt person under clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (A). In the case of an individual all of whose compensation is described in section 872(b)(3), the preceding sentence shall be applied by substituting “4 calendar years” for “2 calendar years”.
For any calendar year after the 5th calendar year for which an individual was an exempt individual under clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (A), such individual shall not be treated as an exempt individual by reason of clause (iii) of subparagraph (A), unless such individual establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such individual does not intend to permanently reside in the United States and that such individual meets the requirements of subparagraph (D)(ii).
such status has not been revoked (and has not been administratively or judicially determined to have been abandoned).
Except as provided in subparagraph (B), (C), or (D), an individual shall be treated as present in the United States on any day if such individual is physically present in the United States at any time during such day.
If an individual regularly commutes to employment (or self-employment) in the United States from a place of residence in Canada or Mexico, such individual shall not be treated as present in the United States on any day during which he so commutes.
If an individual, who is in transit between 2 points outside the United States, is physically present in the United States for less than 24 hours, such individual shall not be treated as present in the United States on any day during such transit.
An individual who is temporarily present in the United States on any day as a regular member of the crew of a foreign vessel engaged in transportation between the United States and a foreign country or a possession of the United States shall not be treated as present in the United States on such day unless such individual otherwise engages in any trade or business in the United States on such day.
The Secretary may prescribe regulations under which an individual who (but for subparagraph (B) or (D) of paragraph (3)) would meet the substantial presence test of paragraph (3) is required to submit an annual statement setting forth the basis on which such individual claims the benefits of subparagraph (B) or (D) of paragraph (3), as the case may be.
For purposes of this title, an alien individual who has not established a taxable year for any prior period shall be treated as having a taxable year which is the calendar year.
he shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any portion of a taxable year which is within such calendar year.
such individual shall be taxable for the period after the close of the initial residency period and before the day on which he subsequently became a resident of the United States in the manner provided in section 877(b). The preceding sentence shall apply only if the tax imposed pursuant to section 877(b) exceeds the tax which, without regard to this paragraph, is imposed pursuant to section 871.
The terms “includes” and “including” when used in a definition contained in this title shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined.
Where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof, references in this title to possessions of the United States shall be treated as also referring to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
the total contract price does not substantially exceed the rental value of the property for the contract period.
An arrangement (including a partnership or other pass-thru entity) which is not described in paragraph (1) shall be treated as a lease if such arrangement is properly treated as a lease, taking into account all relevant factors including factors similar to those set forth in paragraph (1).
shall be treated as a service contract.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “qualified solid waste disposal facility” means any facility if such facility provides solid waste disposal services for residents of part or all of 1 or more governmental units and substantially all of the solid waste processed at such facility is collected from the general public.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “cogeneration facility” means a facility which uses the same energy source for the sequential generation of electrical or mechanical power in combination with steam, heat, or other forms of useful energy.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “alternative energy facility” means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “water treatment works facility” means any treatment works within the meaning of section 212(2) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
the service recipient (or a related entity) has an option to purchase, or may be required to purchase, all or a part of such facility at a fixed and determinable price (other than for fair market value).
For purposes of this paragraph, the term “related entity” has the same meaning as when used in section 168(h).
any allocation of any financial burden or benefits in the event of any change in any law.
For purposes of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A), there shall not be taken into account any temporary shut-down of the facility for repairs, maintenance, or capital improvements, or any financial burden caused by the bankruptcy or similar financial difficulty of the service provider.
For purposes of clause (iii) of subparagraph (A), there shall not be taken into account any significant financial benefit merely because payments by the service recipient under the contract or arrangement are decreased by reason of increased production or efficiency or the recovery of energy or other products.
at least 80 percent of the units in such property are leased to low-income tenants (within the meaning of section 167(k)(3)(B)) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990).
The Secretary may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this subsection.
through the use of related persons, pass-thru entities, or other intermediaries.
For purposes of subtitle A, in determining the amount of gain or loss (or deemed gain or loss) with respect to any property, the fair market value of such property shall be treated as being not less than the amount of any nonrecourse indebtedness to which such property is subject.
the lessee shall not be treated as the owner of the property subject to an agreement during any period such agreement is in effect.
The term “qualified motor vehicle operating agreement” means any agreement with respect to a motor vehicle (including a trailer) which meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) of this paragraph.
equals or exceeds all amounts borrowed to finance the acquisition of property subject to the agreement. There shall not be taken into account under clause (ii) any property pledged which is property subject to the agreement or property directly or indirectly financed by indebtedness secured by property subject to the agreement.
which clearly and legibly states that the lessee has been advised that it will not be treated as the owner of the property subject to the agreement for Federal income tax purposes.
An agreement meets the requirements of this subparagraph if the lessor does not know that the certification described in subparagraph (C)(i) is false.
For purposes of this subsection, the term “terminal rental adjustment clause” means a provision of an agreement which permits or requires the rental price to be adjusted upward or downward by reference to the amount realized by the lessor under the agreement upon sale or other disposition of such property.
The term “terminal rental adjustment clause” also includes a provision of an agreement which requires a lessee who is a dealer in motor vehicles to purchase the motor vehicle for a predetermined price and then resell such vehicle where such provision achieves substantially the same results as a provision described in subparagraph (A).
A taxable mortgage pool shall be treated as a separate corporation which may not be treated as an includible corporation with any other corporation for purposes of section 1501.
under the terms of the debt obligations referred to in clause (ii) (or underlying arrangement), payments on such debt obligations bear a relationship to payments on the debt obligations (or interests) referred to in clause (i).
Any portion of an entity which meets the definition of subparagraph (A) shall be treated as a taxable mortgage pool.
Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to treat any domestic building and loan association (or portion thereof) as a taxable mortgage pool.
To the extent provided in regulations, equity interest of varying classes which correspond to maturity classes of debt shall be treated as debt for purposes of this subsection.
under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, adjustments similar to the adjustments provided in section 860E(d) shall apply to the shareholders of such real estate investment trust.
subject to section 401(k)(4)(B) and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(e)(3), contributions to the Thrift Savings Fund shall not be treated as distributed or made available to an employee or Member nor as a contribution made to the Fund by an employee or Member merely because the employee or Member has, under the provisions of subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5, United States Code, and section 8351 of such title 5, an election whether the contribution will be made to the Thrift Savings Fund or received by the employee or Member in cash.
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Thrift Savings Fund is not subject to the nondiscrimination requirements applicable to arrangements described in section 401(k) or to matching contributions (as described in section 401(m)), so long as it meets the requirements of this section.
Paragraph (1) shall not be construed to provide that any amount of the employee’s or Member’s basic pay which is contributed to the Thrift Savings Fund shall not be included in the term “wages” for the purposes of section 209 of the Social Security Act or section 3121(a) of this title.
For purposes of this subsection, the terms “Member”, “employee”, and “Thrift Savings Fund” shall have the same respective meanings as when used in subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5, United States Code.
No provision of law not contained in this title shall apply for purposes of determining the treatment under this title of the Thrift Savings Fund or any contribution to, or distribution from, such Fund.
no deduction shall be allowed under any provision of this title (or of any tax law of a State or political subdivision thereof) to such officer or employee by reason of having such payment made to such organization.
For purposes of this subsection, a Senator, a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress shall be treated as an officer or employee of the Federal Government.
The Secretary may prescribe regulations recharacterizing any multiple-party financing transaction as a transaction directly among any 2 or more of such parties where the Secretary determines that such recharacterization is appropriate to prevent avoidance of any tax imposed by this title.
Any designation by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission of a contract market which could not have been made under the law in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 shall apply for purposes of this title except to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
For purposes of this title, any organization which is otherwise a convention or association of churches shall not fail to so qualify merely because the membership of such organization includes individuals as well as churches or because individuals have voting rights in such organization.
the taxpayer has a substantial purpose (apart from Federal income tax effects) for entering into such transaction.
The potential for profit of a transaction shall be taken into account in determining whether the requirements of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) are met with respect to the transaction only if the present value of the reasonably expected pre-tax profit from the transaction is substantial in relation to the present value of the expected net tax benefits that would be allowed if the transaction were respected.
Fees and other transaction expenses shall be taken into account as expenses in determining pre-tax profit under subparagraph (A). The Secretary shall issue regulations requiring foreign taxes to be treated as expenses in determining pre-tax profit in appropriate cases.
For purposes of paragraph (1), any State or local income tax effect which is related to a Federal income tax effect shall be treated in the same manner as a Federal income tax effect.
For purposes of paragraph (1)(B), achieving a financial accounting benefit shall not be taken into account as a purpose for entering into a transaction if the origin of such financial accounting benefit is a reduction of Federal income tax.
The term “economic substance doctrine” means the common law doctrine under which tax benefits under subtitle A with respect to a transaction are not allowable if the transaction does not have economic substance or lacks a business purpose.
In the case of an individual, paragraph (1) shall apply only to transactions entered into in connection with a trade or business or an activity engaged in for the production of income.
The determination of whether the economic substance doctrine is relevant to a transaction shall be made in the same manner as if this subsection had never been enacted.
The term “transaction” includes a series of transactions.
Singular as including plural, section 1.
Plural as including singular, section 1.
Masculine as including feminine, section 1.
Oath as including affirmation, section 1.
County as including parish, section 2.
Vessel as including all means of water transportation, section 3.
Vehicle as including all means of land transportation, section 4.
Company or association as including successors and assigns, section 5.
For effect of cross references in this title, see section 7806(a).
Part A and part B of title I of the Housing Act of 1949, referred to in subsec. (a)(19)(C)(vi), which were classified generally to part A (§ 1450 et seq.) and part B (§ 1469 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 8A of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, were omitted from the Code pursuant to section 5316 of Title 42, which terminated authority to make new loans and grants under title I of that Act after Jan. 1, 1975.
Section 103 of the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, referred to in subsec. (a)(19)(C)(vi), which was classified to section 3303 of Title 42, was omitted from the Code pursuant to section 5316 of Title 42, which terminated authority to make new loans and grants under title I (§ 101 et seq.) of that Act after Jan. 1, 1975.
The Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsec. (a)(29), is act Feb. 10, 1939, ch. 2, 53 Stat. 1, as amended. Prior to the enactment of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], the 1939 Code was classified to former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was redesignated The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by Pub. L. 99–514, § 2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095. For table of comparisons of the 1939 Code to the 1986 Code, see Table I preceding section 1 of this title.
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (a)(35), is Pub. L. 93–406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829, as amended. Subtitle C of title III of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 is classified to subtitle C (§ 1241 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 18 of Title 29, Labor and amended subsec. (a)(35) of this section. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 29 and Tables.
The Indian Tribal Governmental Tax Status Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (a)(40)(B), is title II of Pub. L. 97–473, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2607, as amended, which is classified principally to subchapter C (§ 7871) of chapter 80 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1983 Amendments note set out under section 1 of this title and Tables.
Section 101(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(5)(C)(i), (D)(i), probably means section 101(a)(15) of that Act, which is classified to section 1101(a)(15) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
Section 212(2) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(3)(E), is classified to section 1292(2) of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Waters.
The date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (e)(5)(B), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 101–508, which was approved Nov. 5, 1990.
Section 209 of the Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (j)(3), is classified to section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Section 501(b) of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (k), is section 501(b) of Pub. L. 95–521, which is set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
The date of the enactment of the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, referred to in subsec. (m), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 106–554, which was approved Dec. 21, 2000.
Sections 1207(f) and 1222 of Pub. L. 109–280, which directed the amendment of section 7701 without specifying the act to be amended, were executed to this section, which is section 7701 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2006 Amendment notes below.
2018—Subsec. (a)(19)(A). Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(b)(54), struck out “either (i) is an insured institution within the meaning of section 401(a) of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C., sec. 1724(a)), or (ii)” after “which”.
“(ii) is subject by law to supervision and examination by State or Federal authority having supervision over such institutions, and”.
Subsec. (a)(36)(B). Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(331), substituted “shall not be a” for “shall not be an” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (e)(5)(B). Pub. L. 115–141, § 401(a)(332), substituted “Reconciliation” for “Reconcilation”.
2017—Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 115–97, § 11051(b)(4), substituted “section 2516” for “sections 682 and 2516” and substituted “such section” for “such sections” wherever appearing.
2010—Subsec. (a)(47). Pub. L. 111–312 amended subsec. (a) to read as if amendment by Pub. L. 107–16, § 542(e)(3), had never been enacted.
Subsecs. (o), (p). Pub. L. 111–152 added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p).
2008—Subsec. (a)(50). Pub. L. 110–245, § 301(c)(1), added par. (50).
Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 110–245, § 301(c)(2)(B), inserted concluding provisions.
Subsecs. (n) to (p). Pub. L. 110–245, § 301(c)(2)(C), redesignated subsecs. (o) and (p) as (n) and (o), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (n) which related to special rules for determining when an individual is no longer a United States citizen or long-term resident.
2007—Subsec. (a)(36). Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(1)(A), which directed the striking out of “income” in heading, was executed by substituting “Tax” for “Income tax” to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(1)(A), struck out “income” before “tax return preparer” in subpar. (A) and in introductory provisions of subpar. (B).
Subsec. (a)(36)(A). Pub. L. 110–28, § 8246(a)(1)(B), substituted “this title” for “subtitle A” in two places.
2006—Subsec. (a)(49). Pub. L. 109–280, § 1207(f), added par. (49). See Codification note above.
Subsecs. (o), (p). Pub. L. 109–280, § 1222, added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p). See Codification note above.
2004—Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 108–311 substituted “682” for “152(b)(4), 682,”.
Subsec. (a)(19)(C)(xi). Pub. L. 108–357, § 835(b)(10), struck out “and any regular interest in a FASIT,” after “residual interest in a REMIC,” and struck out “or FASIT” after “entire interest in the REMIC” and after “such REMIC” in two places.
Subsec. (a)(48). Pub. L. 108–357, § 852(a), added par. (48).
Subsec. (i)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, § 835(b)(11), struck out “or a FASIT” after “other than a REMIC” in introductory provisions.
Subsecs. (n), (o). Pub. L. 108–357, § 804(b), added subsec. (n) and redesignated former subsec. (n) as (o).
2001—Subsec. (a)(47). Pub. L. 107–16, § 542(e)(3), added par. (47) which defined the term “executor”.
2000—Subsecs. (m), (n). Pub. L. 106–554 added subsec. (m) and redesignated former subsec. (m) as (n).
1997—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1151(a), inserted before period at end “unless, in the case of a partnership, the Secretary provides otherwise by regulations”.
Subsec. (a)(30)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(i)(3)(A), substituted “persons” for “fiduciaries”.
Subsec. (b)(7)(A). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1174(b)(2), substituted “, (C), or (D)” for “or (C)”.
Subsec. (b)(7)(D). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1174(b)(1), added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1402(b)(3), struck out “, for the purpose of applying the provisions of section 101(b) with respect to employees’ death benefits” after “health plans”.
Subsec. (i)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–188, § 1621(b)(9), inserted “or a FASIT” after “a REMIC” in introductory provisions.
1995—Subsec. (a)(33)(B). Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(1), substituted “Federal Energy Regulatory Commission” for “Federal Power Commission”.
Subsec. (a)(33)(C)(i). Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(2), substituted “Surface Transportation Board” for “Interstate Commerce Commission”.
Subsec. (a)(33)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(3), substituted “Federal Energy Regulatory Commission” for “Interstate Commerce Commission”.
Subsec. (a)(33)(F). Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(4), substituted “a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49” for “common carrier by water, subject to the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission under subchapter III of chapter 105 of title 49, or subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Maritime Board under the Intercoastal Shipping Act, 1933”.
Subsec. (a)(33)(G). Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(5), substituted “rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV” for “railroad corporation subject to subchapter I of chapter 105”.
Subsec. (a)(33)(H). Pub. L. 104–88, § 304(e)(6), substituted “part A of subtitle IV” for “subchapter I of chapter 105”.
1994—Subsec. (b)(5)(C)(i), (D)(i)(II). Pub. L. 103–296 substituted “(J) or (Q)” for “(J)”.
1993—Subsecs. (l), (m). Pub. L. 103–66 added subsec. (l) and redesignated former subsec. (l) as (m).
1992—Subsec. (j)(1)(C). Pub. L. 102–318 substituted “402(e)(3)” for “402(a)(8)”.
1990—Subsec. (e)(5)(B). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11812(b)(13), inserted before period at end “(as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconcilation [sic] Act of 1990)”.
Subsec. (j)(1)(C). Pub. L. 101–508, § 11704(a)(34), substituted “(C) subject to section 401(k)(4)(B) and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(a)(8),” for “(C) subject to, section 401(k)(4)(B), and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(a)(8),”.
1989—Subsecs. (k), (l). Pub. L. 101–194 added subsec. (k) and redesignated former subsec. (k) as (l).
Subsec. (a)(19)(C)(xi). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1006(t)(12), substituted “are assets described” for “are loans described”.
Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011B(e), substituted “and 106” for “106, and 125” and inserted “and for purposes of applying section 125 with respect to cafeteria plans,” before “the term”.
Subsec. (a)(29). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1(c), substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”.
Subsec. (b)(5)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1018(g)(3), substituted “section 274(l)(1)(B)” for “section 274(k)(2)”.
Subsec. (b)(5)(D)(i)(I). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1001(d)(2)(D), substituted “subparagraph (F) or (M)” for “subparagraph (F)”.
Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1002(a)(2), made technical correction to language of Pub. L. 99–514, § 201(d)(14)(B), see 1986 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (j)(1)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1011A(m)(1), inserted “, section 401(k)(4)(B),” after “the provisions of paragraph (2)” in subpar. (C), as it read before amendment by Pub. L. 100–202. See Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note below.
1987—Subsec. (j)(1)(C). Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(m) [title VI, § 624(a)(1)], which directed that “the provisions of paragraph (2) and” after “subject to” be struck out, was executed by striking out “the provisions of paragraph (2)” after “subject to” in view of the amendment by section 1011A(m)(1) of Pub. L. 100–647 which was effective as if it had been included in Pub. L. 99–514. See 1988 Amendment note above.
1986—Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1842(d), inserted reference to section 2516.
Subsec. (a)(19)(C)(xi). Pub. L. 99–514, § 671(b)(3), added cl. (xi).
Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1166(a), inserted reference to section 125.
Subsec. (a)(46). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1137, inserted last sentence.
Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(2), substituted “the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii)” for “the requirements of clause (i) or (ii)” in introductory provisions and added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(3), added cl. (iv).
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).
Subsec. (b)(5)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(5)(A), which directed that cl. (iv) be added to subpar. (4)(A), was executed by adding cl. (iv) to subpar. (5)(A) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening redesignation of par. (4) as (5) by section 1810(l)(4) of Pub. L. 99–514.
Subsec. (b)(5)(E)(i). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(1), inserted last sentence.
Pub. L. 99–514, § 1899A(63), substituted “preceding” for “preceeding”.
Subsec. (b)(6) to (11). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1810(l)(4), redesignated pars. (5) to (10) as pars. (6) to (11), respectively.
Subsec. (e)(4)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, § 201(d)(14)(A), substituted “section 168(h)” for “section 168(j)”.
Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 99–514, § 201(d)(14)(B), as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, § 1002(a)(2), substituted “property described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) of section 1250(a)(1)(B) (relating to low-income housing)” for “low-income housing (within the meaning of section 168(c)(2)(F))”.
Pub. L. 99–514, § 1899A(64), substituted “section 168(c)(2)(F))” for “section 168(C)(2)(F))”.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 99–514, § 201(c), added subsec. (h). Former subsec. (h), relating to cross references, was successively redesignated as (i), (j), and (k).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–514, § 673, added subsec. (i). Former subsec. (i), relating to cross references, as previously redesignated, was successively redesignated as (j) and (k).
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 99–514, § 1147(a), added subsec. (j). Former subsec. (j), relating to cross references, as previously redesignated, was redesignated as (k).
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 99–514, §§ 201(c), 673, 1147(a), successively redesignated subsec. (h), relating to cross references, as subsecs. (i), (j), and (k).
1984—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 98–369, § 474(r)(29)(K), struck out “1451,” after “1443”.
Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 98–369, § 422(d)(3), struck out reference to sections 71 and 215.
Subsec. (a)(33)(E). Pub. L. 98–443 substituted “Secretary of Transportation” for “Civil Aeronautics Board”.
Subsec. (a)(33)(G). Pub. L. 98–216 substituted “subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49” for “part I of the Interstate Commerce Act”.
Subsec. (a)(34). Pub. L. 98–369, § 412(b)(11), repealed par. (34) which defined estimated income tax in the case of an individual or a corporation as the estimated tax defined in section 6015(d) or 6154(c), respectively.
Subsec. (a)(37)(C). Pub. L. 98–369, § 491(d)(53), struck out subpar. (C) which included a retirement bond described in section 409 within the term “individual plan”.
Subsec. (a)(42) to (45). Pub. L. 98–369, § 43(a)(1), added pars. (42) to (45).
Subsec. (a)(46). Pub. L. 98–369, § 526(c)(1), added par. (46).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–369, § 138(a), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b), relating to includes and including, redesignated (c).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369, § 138(a), redesignated former subsec. (b), relating to includes and including, as (c). Former subsec. (c), relating to Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, redesignated (d).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369, § 138(a), redesignated former subsec. (c), relating to Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as (d). Former subsec. (d), relating to cross references, redesignated (e).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–369, § 31(e), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e), relating to cross references, redesignated (f).
Pub. L. 98–369, § 138(a), redesignated former subsec. (d), relating to cross references, as (e).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–369, § 53(c), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f), relating to cross references, redesignated (g).
Pub. L. 98–369, § 31(e), redesignated former subsec. (e), relating to cross references, as (f).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–369, § 75(c), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g), relating to cross references, redesignated (h).
Pub. L. 98–369, § 53(c), redesignated former subsec. (f), relating to cross references, as (g).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 98–369, § 75(c), redesignated former subsec. (g), relating to cross references, as (h).
1983—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 98–67, § 102(a), repealed amendments made by Pub. L. 97–248. See 1982 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (a)(33)(F). Pub. L. 97–449, § 5(e)(1), substituted “subchapter III of chapter 105 of title 49” for “part III of the Interstate Commerce Act”.
Subsec. (a)(33)(H). Pub. L. 97–449, § 5(e)(2), substituted “subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49” for “part I of the Interstate Commerce Act”.
Subsec. (a)(38), (39). Pub. L. 97–448, § 306(b)(3), redesignated par. (38), as added by Pub. L. 97–248, § 336(a), relating to persons residing outside the United States, as (39).
Subsec. (a)(40). Pub. L. 97–473 added par. (40).
Subsec. (a)(41). Pub. L. 98–67, § 104(d)(1), added par. (41).
1982—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 97–248, §§ 307(a)(17), 308(a), provided that, applicable to payments of interest, dividends, and patronage dividends paid or credited after June 30, 1983, par. (16) is amended by substituting “1461 or 3451” for “or 1461”. Section 102(a), (b) of Pub. L. 98–67, title I, Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369, repealed subtitle A (§§ 301–308) of title III of Pub. L. 97–248 as of the close of June 30, 1983, and provided that the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986] [this title] shall be applied and administered (subject to certain exceptions) as if such subtitle A (and the amendments made by such subtitle A) had not been enacted.
Subsec. (a)(38). Pub. L. 97–248, § 201(d)(10), formerly § 201(c)(10), added par. (38) relating to joint return.
Pub. L. 97–248, § 336(a), added par. (38) relating to persons residing outside the United States.
1981—Subsec. (a)(34)(A). Pub. L. 97–34 substituted “section 6015(d)” for “section 6015(c)”.
1978—Subsec. (a)(36)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 95–600, § 701(cc)(2), substituted “prepares as a fiduciary a return or claim for refund for any person, or” for “prepares a return or claim for refund for any trust or estate with respect to which he is a fiduciary, or”.
Subsec. (a)(37). Pub. L. 95–600, § 157(k)(2), added par. (37).
1976—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(c)(3), struck out “or Territory” after “any State”.
Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(57)(A), substituted definitions of “Secretary of the Treasury” and “Secretary” for “Secretary.—The term ‘Secretary’ means the Secretary of the Treasury”.
Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(a)(57)(B), substituted definition of “or his delegate” for definition of “Secretary of his delegate”.
Subsec. (a)(19), (23), (33). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out “or his delegate” after “Secretary” wherever appearing.
Subsec. (a)(36). Pub. L. 94–455, § 1203(a), added par. (36).
1974—Subsec. (a)(35). Pub. L. 93–406 added par. (35).
1972—Subsec. (a)(12)(B). Pub. L. 92–606 inserted reference to chapter 1.
1969—Subsec. (a)(19)(A). Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(c) reenacted subpar. (A) without change.
Subsec. (a)(19)(B). Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(c), struck out reference to subpar. (C).
Subsec. (a)(19)(C). Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(c), substituted 60 percent for 90 percent in text preceding cl. (i), reenacted cl. (i) without change, in cl. (ii), excluded obligations the interest on which was excludible from gross income under section 103, expanded provisions of former cl. (iii) and transferred them to cl. (v), reenacted cl. (iv) without change, redesignated former cls. (v) and (vi) as cls. (viii) and (x) and added cls. (iii), (vi), (vii) and (ix), and text following cl. (x).
Subsec. (a)(19)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(c), struck out subpars. (D) to (F) and text following subpar. (F) which had further qualified the assets.
Subsec. (a)(27). Pub. L. 91–172, § 960(j), substituted “United States Tax Court” for “Tax Court of the United States”.
Subsec. (a)(32). Pub. L. 91–172, § 432(d), struck out references to subpars. (D), (E) and (F) and struck out “determined with the application of the second, third, and fourth sentences of paragraph (19).” in subpar. (B) and, in text following subpar. (B), struck out provisions relating to the deduction allowable for a reasonable addition to the reserve for bad debts.
1968—Subsec. (a)(34)(B). Pub. L. 90–364 substituted “section 6154(c)” for “section 6016(b)”.
1966—Subsec. (a)(31). Pub. L. 89–809 substituted “, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States,” for “from sources without the United States”.
Pub. L. 89–368 added par. (34).
1964—Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 88–272 inserted “For the purpose of applying the provisions of section 79 with respect to group-term life insurance purchased for employees”.
Subsec. (a)(33). Pub. L. 88–272 added par. (33).
Subsec. (a)(30), (31). Pub. L. 87–834, § 7(h), added pars. (30), (31).
Subsec. (a)(32). Pub. L. 87–870 added par. (32).
1960—Subsec. (a)(9), (10). Pub. L. 86–624, § 18(i), (j), struck out reference to the Territory of Hawaii.
Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 86–778 designated existing provisions as par. (A) and added par. (B).
1959—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 86–70, § 22(g), substituted “the Territory of Hawaii” for “the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii”.
Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 86–70, § 22(h), substituted “Territory of Hawaii” for “Territories”.
Amendment by section 11051(b)(4) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to any divorce or separation instrument (as defined in former section 71(b)(2) of this title as in effect before Dec. 22, 2017) executed after Dec. 31, 2018, and to such instruments executed on or before Dec. 31, 2018, and modified after Dec. 31, 2018, if the modification expressly provides that the amendment made by section 11051 of Pub. L. 115–97 applies to such modification, see section 11051(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 61 of this title.
Amendment by section 13304(a)(2)(F) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to amounts incurred or paid after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13304(e)(1) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 274 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–312 applicable to estates of decedents dying, and transfers made after Dec. 31, 2009, except as otherwise provided, see section 301(e) of Pub. L. 111–312, set out as an Effective and Termination Dates of 2010 Amendment note under section 121 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–152 applicable to transactions entered into after Mar. 30, 2010, see section 1409(e)(1) of Pub. L. 111–152, set out as a note under section 6662 of this title.
Amendment by section 1207(f) of Pub. L. 109–280 effective Jan. 1, 2007, see section 1207(g)(1) of Pub. L. 109–280, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title.
Amendment by section 804(b) of Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to individuals who expatriate after June 3, 2004, see section 804(f) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 877 of this title.
Amendment by section 835(b)(10), (11) of Pub. L. 108–357 effective Jan. 1, 2005, with exception for any FASIT in existence on Oct. 22, 2004, to the extent that regular interests issued by the FASIT before such date continue to remain outstanding in accordance with the original terms of issuance, see section 835(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.
Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].
The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 861 and 863 of this title] shall apply to remuneration for services performed in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997.
Amendment by section 1601(i)(3)(A) of Pub. L. 105–34 effective as if included in the provisions of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–188, to which it relates, see section 1601(j) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
Amendment by section 1402(b)(3) of Pub. L. 104–188 applicable with respect to decedents dying after Aug. 20, 1996, see section 1402(c) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 101 of this title.
Amendment by section 1621(b)(8), (9) of Pub. L. 104–188 effective Sept. 1, 1997, see section 1621(d) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.
at the election of the trustee of a trust, to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 20, 1996].
Amendment by Pub. L. 103–296 effective with calendar quarter following Aug. 15, 1994, see section 320(c) of Pub. L. 103–296, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 102–90 effective Jan. 1, 1992, see section 314(g)(1) of Pub. L. 102–90, as amended, set out as a note under section 4725 of Title 2, The Congress.
Amendment by section 11812(b)(13) of Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to property placed in service after Nov. 5, 1990, but not applicable to any property to which section 168 of this title does not apply by reason of subsec. (f)(5) of section 168, and not applicable to rehabilitation expenditures described in section 252(f)(5) of Pub. L. 99–514, see section 11812(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 42 of this title.
Amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 201(c), (d)(14) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 1986, in taxable years ending after such date, with exceptions, see sections 203 and 204 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 168 of this title.
Amendment by section 201(c), (d)(14) of Pub. L. 99–514 not applicable to any property placed in service before Jan. 1, 1994, if such property placed in service as part of specified rehabilitations, and not applicable to certain additional rehabilitations, see section 251(d)(2), (3) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.
Amendment by section 671(b)(3) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 675 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 860A of this title.
Amendment by section 673 of Pub. L. 99–514 effective Jan. 1, 1992, but not applicable to any entity in existence on Dec. 31, 1991, except with respect to any entity as of the first day after Dec. 31, 1991, on which there is a substantial transfer of cash or other property to such entity, and for purposes of applying section 860F(d) of this title, applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 675(c) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date note under section 860A of this title.
Amendment by sections 1802(a)(9)(C), 1810(l)(1)–(4), 1842(d) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.
Amendment by section 31(e) of Pub. L. 98–369 effective, except as otherwise provided in section 31(g) of Pub. L. 98–369, as to property placed in service by the taxpayer after May 23, 1983, in taxable years ending after such date and to property placed in service by the taxpayer on or before May 23, 1983, if the lease to the tax-exempt entity is entered into after May 23, 1983, except that in the case of a service contract or other arrangement described in section 7701(e) of this title with respect to which no party is a tax-exempt entity, section 7701(e) shall not apply to (A) such contract or other arrangement if such contract or other arrangement was entered into before Nov. 5, 1983, or (B) any renewal or other extension of such contract or other arrangement pursuant to an option contained in such contract or other arrangement on Nov. 5, 1983, see section 31(g)(1), (13) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 168 of this title.
Amendment by section 43(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years ending after July 18, 1984, see section 44 of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1271 of this title.
Amendment by section 53(c) of Pub. L. 98–369 effective July 18, 1984, except as otherwise provided, see section 53(e)(3) of Pub. L. 98–369, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1059 of this title.
Amendment by section 75(c) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to distributions, sales, and exchanges made after Mar. 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 75(e) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as an Effective Date note under section 386 of this title.
The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984.
If an alien individual was not a resident of the United States as of the close of calendar year 1984, the determination of whether such individual meets the substantial presence test of section 7701(b)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as added by this section) shall be made by only taking into account presence after 1984.
If an alien individual was a resident of the United States as of the close of calendar year 1984, but was not a resident of the United States as of the close of calendar year 1983, the determination of whether such individual meets such substantial presence test shall be made by only taking into account presence in the United States after 1983.
Amendment by section 412(b)(11) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1984, see section 414(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 6654 of this title.
Amendment by section 422(d)(3) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable with respect to divorce or separation instruments executed after Dec. 31, 1984, or executed before Jan. 1, 1985, but modified on or after Jan. 1, 1985, with express provision for application of amendment to modification, see section 422(e)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 219 of this title.
Amendment by section 474(r)(29)(K) of Pub. L. 98–369 not applicable with respect to obligations issued before Jan. 1, 1984, see section 475(b) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 33 of this title.
Amendment by section 491(d)(53) of Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to obligations issued after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 491(f)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 62 of this title.
Amendment by section 104(d)(1) of Pub. L. 98–67 applicable with respect to payments made after Dec. 31, 1983, see section 110(a) of Pub. L. 98–67, set out as a note under section 31 of this title.
For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 97–473, see section 204 of Pub. L. 97–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 7871 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–448 effective as if included in the provisions of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, to which such amendment relates, see section 311(d) of Pub. L. 97–448, set out as a note under section 31 of this title.
Amendment by section 201(d)(10) of Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 201(e)(1) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 5 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 97–34 applicable to estimated tax for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1980, see section 725(d) of Pub. L. 97–34, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by section 157(k)(2) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1974, see section 157(k)(3) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 6058 of this title.
Amendment by section 701(cc)(2) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to documents prepared after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 701(cc)(3) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 6695 of this title.
Amendment by section 1906(a)(57), (b)(13)(A), (c)(3) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective on first day of first month which begins more than ninety days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1906(d)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 6013 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 92–606 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1972, see section 2 of Pub. L. 92–606, set out in part as an Effective Date note under section 931 of this title.
Amendment by section 432(c), (d) of Pub. L. 91–172 effective for taxable years beginning after July 11, 1969, see section 432(e) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 593 of this title.
Amendment by section 960(j) of Pub. L. 91–172 effective Dec. 30, 1969, see section 962(a) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 7441 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–809 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 103(n)(1) of Pub. L. 89–809, set out as a note under section 871 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 89–368 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1966, see section 102(d) of Pub. L. 89–368, set out as a note under section 6654 of this title.
Amendment by section 204(a)(3) of Pub. L. 88–272 applicable to group-term life insurance provided after Dec. 31, 1963, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 204(d) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as an Effective Date note under section 79 of this title.
Amendment by section 234(b)(3) of Pub. L. 88–272 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1963, see section 234(c) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note under section 1503 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–778 effective Sept. 13, 1960, see section 103(v)(1) of Pub. L. 86–778, set out as an Effective Date of 1960 Amendment note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–624 effective August 21, 1959, see section 18(k) of Pub. L. 86–624, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.
Amendment by Pub. L. 86–70 effective Jan. 3, 1959, see section 22(i) of Pub. L. 86–70, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.
For provisions that nothing in amendment by section 401(b)(54), (55) of Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.
For provisions that nothing in amendment by section 11812(b)(13) of Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
Coast Guard transferred to Department of Transportation and all functions, powers, and duties, relating to Coast Guard, of Secretary of the Treasury and of other offices and officers of Department of the Treasury transferred to Secretary of Transportation by Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 938. Section 6(b)(2) of Pub. L. 89–670, however, provided that notwithstanding such transfer of functions, Coast Guard shall operate as part of Navy in time of war or when President directs as provided in former section 3 (now 103) of Title 14, Coast Guard. See section 108 of Title 49, Transportation.
An author or artist performing services under contract with a corporation shall be considered as an employee of the corporation for the purpose of applying the provisions specified in section 7701(a)(20) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], if, on December 31, 1977, such author or artist was a participant in one or more of the pension, profit-sharing or annuity plans of such corporation which are described in subsection (b)(2).
requires such author or artist to use his best efforts to produce work of specified types for the corporation.
had been determined by the Secretary of the Treasury (taking into account the definition described in subparagraph (A)) to be a qualified plan within part I of subchapter D of chapter 1 of subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [section 401 et seq. of this title] for all of such years.

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