Source: http://www.misd.ru/publishing/jms/numbers/2008/a1_2008_engl/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 14:29:52+00:00

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The non-Archimedean space is a multi-scale one. The paper shows that this face is applicable to developing mathematical models of rocks exhibiting a hierarchy of structural levels. A closed model, considering anisotropy and weakening of a rock mass, is constructed. The equations in terms of displacements and the resultant internal force vector are derived. The authors have obtained the numerical solution to the problem on deformation of a rock mass around extended galleries, and showed how the areas of weakening and residual strength evolve. The energy flow lines are plotted.
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The paper reports on the test data on the elastic-plastic deformation of mottled sylvinite and rock salt under trialxial compression conditions. The basic regularities are established for variations of strain and strength parameters of salt rocks depending upon the structure and shape of specimens and the loading rates.
1.	A. A. Baryakh, S. A. Konstantinova, and V. A. Asanov, Salt Rock Deformation [in Russian], Gorny Inst., Ekaterinburg (1996).
2.	V. M. Zhigalkin, O. M. Usol’tseva, V. N. Semenov, P. A. Tsoi, V. A. Asanov, A. A. Baryakh, I. L. Pan’kov, and V. N. Toksarov, « Deformation of quasi-plastic salt rocks under different conditions of loading. Report I: Deformation of salt rocks under uniaxial compression,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 6 (2005).
3.	G. D. Ushakov, Apparatus and Processes for Rock Deformation Investigations [in Russian], Nauka, Novosibirsk (1977).
4.	A. N. Stavrogin and B. G. Tarasov, Experimental Physics and Mechanics of Rocks [in Russian], Nauka, St. Petersburg (2001).
The paper proposes an efficient method for the joined solution to the problems on fluid flow and hydraulic fracture extension.
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12.	A. M. Lin’kov, Complex Boundary Integral Approach of the Elasticity Theory [in Russian], Nauka, Saint Petersburg (1999).
13.	D. I. Garagash and E. Detournay, «Plane-strain propagation of fluid-driven fracture: small toughness solution,» ASME, J. Appl. Mech., 72 (2005).
14.	D. I. Garagash, «Plane-strain propagation of a hydraulic fracture during injection and shut-in: asymptotic of large toughness,» Eng. Fract. Mech., 73 (2005).
15.	S. L. Mitchell and A. P. Pierce, «An asymptotic framework for analysis of hydraulic fracture: the impermeable fracture case,» ASME, J. Appl. Mech., 74 (2007).
16.	A. M. Lin’kov, «Numerical modeling of three-dimensional problems of rock mechanics,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 1 (2006).
The paper studies the influence of a gypsum material composition on the characteristic of formation and extension of tensile fractures in the zones of tensile stress concentrations in gypsum samples under compression. The experimental results are compared with the data of on a limiting pressure calculated by the traditional and gradient failure criteria. The parameters of the gradient criterion for the studied materials are determined.
1.	A. J. Durelli and R. H. Jacobson, «Brittle-material failures as indicators of stress-concentration factors,» Exp. Mech., 2, No. 3 (1962).
2.	E. Z. Lajtai, «Brittle fracture in compression,» Int. J. Fract., 10, No. 4 (1974).
3.	B. J. Carter, «Size and stress gradient effects on fracture around cavities,» Rock Mech. and Rock Eng., 25, No. 3 (1992).
4.	H. Hyakutake, T. Hagio, and H. Nisitani, «Fracture of FRP plates containing notches or a circular hole under tension,» Int. J. Pressure Vessels and Piping, 44, No. 3 (1990).
5.	S. Imamura and Y. Sato, «Fracture of a graphite solid cylinder with a transverse hole in tension,» J. Coll. Eng. Nihon Univ. Ser. A., 28 (1987).
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12.	S. V. Suknev and M. D. Novopashin, «Criterion of normal tension crack formation in rocks under compression,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 2 (2003).
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14.	S. V. Suknev, V. K. Elshin, and M. D. Novopashin, «Experimental investigation into processes of crack formation in rock samples with hole,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 5 (2003).
15.	L. I. Sedov, Continuum Mechanics [in Russian], 2, Nauka, Moscow (1984).
Historical development of the rock mass rating (RMR) system, first developed and later reviewed by Bieniawski, and contributed by other researchers, is presented. The advanced version of RMR classification and the scope of its application are specified.
1.	Z. T. Bieniawski, «Engineering classification of jointed rock masses,» Trans. South African Institute Civil Engineering, 15 (1973).
2.	N. R. Barton, R. Lien, and I. Lunde, «Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel supports,» Rock Mechanics, 6, No. 4 (1974).
3.	E. Hoek, «Strength of the rock and rock masses,» ISRM News Journal, 2, No. 2 (1995).
4.	A. Palmström, «RMi-a rock mass characterization system for rock engineering purposes,» PhD Thesis, Oslo University, Norway (1995).
5.	A. Palmström, «On classification systems,» in: Proceedings of Workshop on Reliablity of Classification Systems a Part of the International Conference «GeoEng-2000», Melbourne (2000).
6.	R. Ulusay and H. Sonmez, Engineering Properties of Rock Masses, [in Turkish], The Chamber of Geology Engineering of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey (2002).
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8.	J. A. Franklin and R. Chandra, «The slake durability test,» Int. J. Rock Mech. & Min. Sci., No. 9 (1972).
9.	H. J. Oliver, «Swelling properties and other related mechanical parameters of Karro strata as encountered in the orange-fish tunnel,» in: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Congress of Geological Society of South Africa (1973).
10.	Z. T. Bieniawski, «Geomechanics classification of rock masses and its application in tunneling,» in: Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of International Society of Rock Mechanics, Denver (1974).
11.	Z. T. Bieniawski, «Rock mass classification in rock engineering,» in: Proceedings of the Symposium on Exploration for Rock Engineering, Cape Town, Balkema (1976).
12.	Z. T. Bieniawski, «The geomechanics classifications in rock engineering applications,» in: Proceedings of the 4th Congress on Rock Mechanics, ISRM, Montreux (1979).
13.	Z. T. Bieniawski, «Rock mass classification as a design aid in tunneling,» Tunnels and Tunelling, July (1988).
14.	Z. T. Bieniawski, Engineering Rock Mass Classifications, John Wiley and Sons (1989).
15.	ISRM. The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974–2006. Suggested Methods Prepared by the Commission on Testing Methods, International Society for Rock Mechanics, R. Ulusay and J. A. Hudson (Eds.), Compilation Arranged by the ISRM Turkish National Group, Ankara, Turkey (2007).
16.	J. S. Schrier, «The block punch index test,» Bul. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geology, 38 (1988).
17.	R. Ulusay and C. Gokceoglu, «The modified block punch index test,» Can. Geotechn. J., 34, No. 6 (1997).
18.	R. Ulusay and C. Gokceoglu, «An experimental study on the size effect in block punch index test and its general usefulness,» Int. J. of Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., 35, Nos. 4 and 5 (in NARMS’98-ISRM International Symposium, Cancun-Mexico) (1998).
19.	R. Ulusay and C. Gokceoglu, «A new test procedure for the determination of the block punch index and its possible uses in rock engineering,» ISRM News J., 6, No. 1 (1999).
20.	R.Ulusay, C.Gokceoglu, and S. Sulukcu, «Draft ISRM suggested method for determining block punch strength index (BPI),» Int. J. Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., 38 (2001).
21.	S. Sulukcu and R. Ulusay, «Evaluation of the block punch index test with particular reference to the size effect, failure mechanism and its effectiveness in predicting rock strength,» Int. J. Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., 38 (2001).
22.	D. H. Laubscher, «Geomechanics classification of jointed rock masses-mining applications,» Trans. Inst. Min. Met. (1977).
23.	D. H. Laubscher, «Design aspects and effectiveness of support system in different mining conditions,» Trans. Inst. Min. Met. (1984).
24.	E. Unal, R. Ulusay, and I. Ozkan, Rock Engineering Evaluations and Rock Mass Classification at Beypazari Trone Site, METU Project No: 97–03–05–02–02 (1997а).
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26.	B. Singh and R. K. Goel, Rock Mass Classification: A Practical Approach in Civil Engineering, Elsevier (1999). 27.	H. Lauffer, «Zur gebirgsklassifizierung bei frasvortrieben,» Felsbau, 6, No. 3 (1988).
28.	R. K. Goel and J. L. Jethwa, «Prediction on support pressure using RMR classification,» in: Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference, Surat, India (1991).
29.	Z. T. Bieniawski, «Determining rock mass deformability: Experience from case histories,» Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 15 (1978).
30.	J. L. Sefarim and J. P. Pereira, «Consideration of the geomechanics classification of Bieniawski,» in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Engineering Geology and Underground Constructions, Lisbon, Portugal, 1 (1983).
31.	G. A. Nicholson and Z. T. Bieniawski, «A non-linear deformation modulus based on rock mass classification,» Int. J. of Min. and Geol. Eng., No. 8 (1990).
32.	R. Ulusay, «Geotechnical evaluations and deterministic design consideration from pit-wall slopes at Eskihisar (Yatagan-Mugla) strip coal mine,» Ph. D. Thesis, METU, Geological Engineering Dept. Ankara, Turkey (1991).
33.	R. Ulusay and C. Aksoy, «Assessment of failure mechanism of highwall slope under spoil pile loadings at a coal mine,» Eng. Geology, 38 (1994).
34.	C. O. Aksoy, T. Onargan, T. Gungor, K. Kucuk, and M. Kun, The Evaluation of Excavation and Support System between Goztepe and F. Altay Stations of Second Stage of Izmir Metro Project, DEUEF, DEU-MAG, Izmir (2006).
35.	T. Onargan and C. O. Aksoy, Report on the Evaluation of the Excavation of Type Second Station Tunnel and Application in Project on the Second Stage of Izmir Metro Project, DEUEF, Izmir (2006).
36.	M. K. Verman, «Rock mass-tunnel support interaction analysis,» Ph. D. Thesis, University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India (1993).
37.	E. Hoek and E. T. Brown, Underground Excavations in Rock, Inst. of Mining and Metallurgy, Stephen Austin and Sons Ltd., London, 106 (1980).
38.	E. Unal and I. Ozkan, «Determination of classification parameters for clay-bearing and stratified rock mass,» in: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, West Virginia University, Morgantown (1990).
39.	E. Unal, Modified Rock Mass Classification: M-RМR system, Milestone in Rock Engineering, The Bieniawski Jubilee Collection, Balkema, Rotterdam (1996).
40.	R. N. Singh and D. R. Gahrooee, «Application of rock mass weakening coefficient for stability assessment of slopes in heavily jointed rock mass,» Int. J. of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, No. 3 (1989).
41.	R. Ulusay, I. Ozkan, and E. Unal, «Characterization of weak, stratified and clay-bearing rock masses for engineering applications,» in: Proceedings of the Fractured and Jointed Rock Masses Conference, L. R. Mayer, N. G. W. Cook, R. E. Goodman and C. F. Trans (Eds.), Lake Tahoe, California (1995).
42.	H. Sonmez and R. Ulusay, «Modification to the geological strength index (GSI) and their applicability to stability of slopes,» Int. J. of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 36, No. 6 (1999).
43.	E. Unal, I. Ozkan, and R. Ulusay, «Characterization of weak rock, stratified and clay-bearing rock masses,» in: ISRM Symposium:EUROCK’92 Rock Characterization, Chester, UK, J. A. Hudson (Ed.), British Geotechnical Society, London (1992).
The author has simulated behavior of geomaterials based on the modified models of Drucker — Prager — Nikolaevski and Rudnicki. It is shown how fractures extend under stresses applied on a section of a specimen surface. The characteristic patterns are obtained for deformation localization in low porosity and high porosity sandstone under biaxial compression, and the stress-to-strain curves are plotted.
1.	D. Drucker and W. Prager, «Soil mechanics and plastic analysis of limit design,» Quaterly Applied Mathematics, 10, No. 2 (1952).
2.	V. N. Nikolaevski, «Mechanical properties of soils and theory of plasticity,» in: Mechanics of Deformable Solids [in Russian], 6, VINITI AN SSSR, Moscow (1972).
3.	V. N. Nikolaevski, Geomechanics and Fluid Dynamics [in Russian], Nedra, Moscow (1996).
4.	J. F. Labuz, S.-T. Dai, and E. Papamichos, «Plane-strain compression of rock-like materials,» Int. J. of Rock Mech. and Min. Sci. & Geomech., Abstr., 33, No. 6 (1996).
5.	W. Zhu and T. Wong, «The transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow. Permeability evolution,» Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, No. B2 (1997).
6.	R. A. Schultz and R. A. Siddharthan, «General framework for the occurrence and faulting of deformation bands in porous granular rocks,» Tectonophysics, No. 411 (2005).
7.	A. El. Bieda, J. Sulema, and F. Martineau, «Microstructure of shear zones in Fontainebleau sandstone,» Int. J. of Rock Mech. and Min. Sci. & Geomech., 39 (2002).
8.	J. Fortin, S. Stanchits, G. Dresen, and Y. Gue?guen, «Acoustic emission and velocities associated with the formation of compaction bands in sandstone,» Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B10203, doi:10.1029/2005JB003854 (2006).
9.	R. J. Cuss, E. H. Rutter, and R. F. Holloway, «The application of critical state soil mechanics to the mechanical behaviour of porous sandstones,» Int. J. of Rock Mech. and Min. Sci. & Geomech., 40 (2003).
10.	J. W. Rudnicki, «Shear and compaction band formation on an elliptic yield cap,» Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B03402, doi:10.1029/2003JB002633 (2004).
11.	E. Grueschow and J. W. Rudnicki, «Elliptic yield cap constitutive modeling for high porosity sandstone,» International Journal of Solids and Structures, 42 (2005).
12.	F. L. DiMaggio and I. S. Sandler, «Material models for granular soils,» J. of Eng. Mech., ASCE, 97, No. EM3 (1971).
13.	A. F. Revuzhenko, Mechanics of Granular Media, Springer, (2006).
14.	Yu. P. Stefanov, «Numerical investigation of deformation localization and crack formation in elastic brittle-plastic materials,» Int. J. Fract., 128, No. 1 (2004).
15.	M. M. Nemirovich-Danchenko, «Hypoelastic brittle medium model: application to calculation of deformation and failure of rocks,» Fizich. Mesomekh., 1, No. 2 (1998).
16.	Yu. P. Stefanov, «Deformation localization and failure in geomaterials. Part I: Numerical modeling,» Fizich. Mezomekh., No. 5 (2002).
17.	Yu. P. Stefanov, «Some features of numerical modeling of the elastic brittle-plastic material behavior,» Fizich. Mezomekh., 8, No. 3 (2005).
18.	Yu. P. Stefanov and M. T’erselen, «Modeling the behavior of high porosity geomaterials in the course of formation of localization compaction bands,» Fizich. Mezomekh., 10, No. 1 (2007).
19.	M. Wilkins, «Calculation of elastoplastic flows,» in: Methods in Computational Physics, B. Alder (Ed.), 3, Academic, New York (1964).
20.	J. W. Rudnicki and J. R. Rice, «Condition for localization of plastic deformation in pressure sensitive dilatant materials,» J. Mech. and Phys. Solids, 23, No. 6 (1975).
21.	K. A. Issen and J. W. Rudnicki, «Conditions for compaction bands in porous rock,» J. Geophys. Res., 105, No. 21 (2000).
In terms of the Muruntau open pit, the paper addresses the possibility of formation of a rupture structure in host rock, based on the analysis of its surface manifestations.
1.	V. N. Rodionov, «Dissipative structures in rock mechanics,» Usp. Mekh., 4, No. 2 (1979).
2.	V. N. Rodionov and I. A. Sizov, «Appearance on nonuniformity of the stress state as a result of fracture of rocks,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 4 (1981).
3.	V. N. Rodionov, A. G. Bagdasar’yan, and V. M. Kol’tsov, «Correlations between the granular compositions of an exploded rock mass and other manifestations of the rock mass structure,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 5 (1982).
4.	V. N. Rodionov and I. A. Sizov, «Model of a solid with the dissipative structure for rock mechanics,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 6 (1988).
5.	V. N. Rodionov, I. A. Sizov, and V. M. Tsvetkov, Foundations of Rock Mechanics [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1986).
6.	V. N. Rodionov and A. G. Bagdasar’yan, «Surface irregularities and structure of rock in place,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 3 (1985).
The paper expounds results gained in mathematical modeling of stress state of a rock mass under mining by sublevel caving with areal-frontal and frontal ore drawing schemes. Stability of underground excavations in the course of applying the compared methods is evaluated in terms of the Sheregesh deposit. The authors recommend on supporting the openings at the ore drawing-off level.
1.	V. N. Oparin, et al., World-Wide Experience of Underground Mining Automation [in Russian], N. N. Mel’nikov (Ed.), SO RAN, Novosibirsk (2007).
2.	V. R. Imenitov, Mining Operations in Underground Ore Development [in Russian], Nedra, Moscow (1984).
3.	A. M. Freidin, P. A. Filippov, S. P. Gaidin, E. N. Koren’kov, and S. A. Neverov, «Prospects of technical re-equipment of underground mines of the metallurgy complex in West Siberia,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 3 (2004).
4.	A. M. Freidin and S. A. Neverov, «Modeling of area-end ore drawing under caved rocks,» Fiz.-Tekh. Probl. Razrab. Polezn. Iskop., No. 5 (2005).
5.	A. M. Freidin, E. N. Koren’kov, P. A. Filippov, et al., «Russian Federation Patent No. 2208162. Ore development with sublevel caving,» Byull. Izobret., No. 19 (2003).
6.	S. A. Neverov, A. M. Freidin, and A. A. Neverov, «Russian Federation Patent No. 2301335. Underground ore development by sublevel caving,» Byull. Izobret., No. 17 (2007).
7.	A. B. Fadeev, Finite Element Method in Rock Mechanics [in Russian], Nedra, Moscow (1987).
8.	B. V. Shrepp, V. I. Boyarkin, V. A. Kvochin, et al., «Problems of deep mining at the deposits of Gornaya Shoria and Khakasia,» in: Production Problems of Deep Ore Development [in Russian], IPKON AN SSSR, Moscow (1979).
9.	B. V. Shrepp, «Geomechanical estimate of mining conditions at deep level of the Sheregesh deposit,» Bezop. Truda Prom., No. 7 (1995).
10.	D. M. Kazikaev, Rock Mechanics in Underground Ore Mining [in Russian], MGGU, Moscow (2005).
For marble underground excavation it is important to develop a collection of procedures, rules and models in order to collect information to build a database, making it usable and available to all users so that they can make decisions. The information must be based on technical and economic criteria, during the lifetime of the excavation and after the close down of the mining activities. The importance of geotechnical characterization in the economical evaluation of underground mining of dimension stone is so emphasized. A sensitivity analysis of the economic indicators with the variation of the geotechnical and ornamental parameters is performed. The results of an economic feasibility study of an underground exploitation of marble at Pardais, Vila Vi?osa, are presented.
1.	M. M. Costa e Silva and P. Falcão Neves, «Management procedures for an underground excavation of marble,» ISRM International Symposium on Rock Mechanics for Mountains Regions, EUROCK 02, SPG (2002). 2.	Manual de Rocas Ornamentales, ITGE, Madrid, (1998). 3.	Projecto de execução de uma exploração subterrânea de mármores em Pardais, Vila Viçosa, IGM (2000). 4.	L. J. Krajewski and L. P. Ritzman, Operations Management, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company (1993). 5.	L. Cabral, Economia Industrial, McGraw Hill de Portugal, Lisboa (1994).
Test data on the selective reagent modes at bulk flotation cycle and modified carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) at a selection cycle for the bulk copper-molybdenum concentrate. The selected reagent mode at a bulk flotation cycle with industrial kerosene and Beraflot as collectors and OPSB as a frother made it possible to recover 87 % of copper and 82 % of molybdenum into a rough bulk concentrate. Tests with CMC application at the selection cycle revealed a potential opportunity to reduce 1.5 — 2.0 times the summary sodium sulfide consumption, to cut down running costs of pulp and depressant heating, and to improve molybdenum recovery with no negative effect on other parameters of the bulk concentrate selection.
1.	Zh. Baatarkhuu, Sh. Gezegt, S. Davaanyam, et al., «Experience of copper-porphyry ore flotation,» Gorn. Zh., No. 2 (1998).
2.	S. Gereltuyaya, Zh. Baatarkhuu, and S. Davaanyam, «Choice of a selective collector for pyrite and development of technological mode for collective flotation circuit,» in: Development of New Machinery and Technologies in Mongolia, Erdenet, Mongolia (1998).
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4.	Zh. Baatarkhuu, «Effect of genetic-morphological properties of copper-porphyry ores on their dressing technology,» Gorn. Zh., No. 1 (2001).
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The paper describes the laboratory studies aimed at comprehensive analysis and establishment of the optimal parameters for preparation of a pulp for reverse cation flotation when producing a low-silica iron ore concentrate. The kinetics of the process is investigated with application of a collecting agent and depressing agents for iron minerals.
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