Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/289/352/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 22:02:03+00:00

Document:
1. Allowance of the remedy by mandamus is controlled by equitable principles. P. 289 U. S. 359.
2. The court, in its discretion, may refuse mandamus to compel the doing of an idle act, or where public injury or embarrassment would result from granting it. P. 289 U. S. 360.
approval. Held that, putting aside doubts concerning the petitioners' property and the duty of the Secretary under the statute, mandamus was properly refused upon the grounds that the Government has devoted both the lands of the United States constituting the bed of the river at the locus in quo and the upland adjacent to a parkway, the plan for which contemplate the taking of part of petitioners' property, so that the apparent consequence of authorizing the wharf would be only to increase the expense to the Government of constructing such parkway. Pp. 289 U. S. 358-360.
Certiorari, 288 U.S. 598, to review the affirmance of a judgment denying a writ of mandamus.
The relators, petitioners here, filed their petition in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia for a writ of mandamus to compel the Secretary of War and the Chief of Engineers to authorize the construction of a wharf in the Potomac River within the District of Columbia adjacent to their land on the Virginia shore, the construction being forbidden by § 10 of the Act of March 3, 1899, c. 425, 30 Stat. 1121, 1151, 33 U.S.C. § 403, "except on plans recommended by the Chief of Engineers and authorized by the Secretary of War." The judgment of the Supreme Court denying the writ was affirmed by the District Court of Appeals. 61 App.D.C. 360, 63 F.2d 137. This Court granted certiorari. 288 U.S. 598.
State of Virginia, which extended at the time of the grant to the Potomac River. The upland has been enlarged by the recession of the river toward the north, and it is the contention of the petitioners that the enlargement is due to accretion, with the result that their ownership has been extended beyond the shore line of the river, as it existed at the time of the grant, to the present high water line, a claim which is put in issue by the answer. But it is conceded that the bed of the river below high water mark, where the proposed wharf is to be built, lies within the District of Columbia, and that title to it and sovereignty over it were vested in the United States by cession from the State of Maryland of the area constituting the present District of Columbia. See Maryland Laws, 2 Kilty, Sess. of November 1791, c. 45; Smoot Sand & Gravel Corp. v. Washington Airport, 283 U. S. 348; Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U. S. 577; Marine Railway & Coal Co. v. United States, 257 U. S. 47, 257 U. S. 64; Morris v. United States, 174 U. S. 196, 174 U. S. 225; Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia (1875), § 1. Within this area, Congress has the plenary power to control navigation which was vested in the United States before the cession and which it exercises generally over navigable waters within the several states. It also acquired by the cession proprietary powers over the lands lying under water, and under Article I, § 8, of the Constitution, granting exclusive legislative power over the District, the sovereign power to regulate and control their use for public purposes other than navigation.
"The citizens of each state respectively shall have full property in the shores of Patowmack River adjoining their lands, with all emoluments and advantages thereunto belonging, and the privilege of making and carrying out wharfs and other improvements, so as not to obstruct or injure the navigation of the river. . . ."
They insist that as the proposed wharf will not interfere with navigation, and, as plans for its construction have been approved by the Chief of Engineers, it is the legal duty of the Secretary of War, under § 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of March 3, 1899, to grant the desired permit. It is conceded by the government that the only basis for the Secretary's refusal to authorize the construction of the wharf is that it would be inimical to the establishment of the proposed George Washington Memorial Parkway authorized by Act of Congress of May 29, 1930, c. 354, 46 Stat. 482.
By this legislation, Congress appropriated $7,500,000 for the construction of a parkway, a part of which is to extend along the Virginia shore of the Potomac river from Mount Vernon to a point above the Great Falls.
It authorized the National Capital Park and Planning Commission "to occupy such land belonging to the United States as may be necessary for the development and protection" of the parkway. Construction of the parkway was authorized as a part of the federal aid highway program, and was made conditional upon the contribution by Maryland or Virginia or others of one-half the cost of the required lands, other than those of the United States. But the Commission was empowered, in its discretion, to advance the full cost of the parkway upon securing undertakings from these states, upon terms prescribed by the statute, to repay one-half of the cost to the federal government. A part of the parkway, the Mount Vernon Memorial highway, extending along the Virginia shore of the river from Mount Vernon to a point within the District of Columbia, a short distance below the land of the petitioners, has been completed.
River within the District of Columbia. The plans of the Commission also contemplate the construction of a highway across petitioners' upland as a means of access to the parkway.
in 1846 of the lands on the Virginia side, see Georgetown v. Alexandria Canal Co., supra; Evans v. United States, 31 App.D.C. 544, 550; Herald v. United States, 52 App.D.C. 147, 284 F. 927, and (6) whether the right claimed is not in any case subordinate to the power of the United States, in its capacity as proprietor and sovereign, to devote the riverbed to a public purpose, as has been done by the action of the Commission, taken under authority of Act of Congress authorizing the George Washington Memorial parkway. See Fox River Paper Co. v. Railroad Commission of Wisconsin, 274 U. S. 651; United States v. Chandler-Dunbar Water Power Co., 229 U. S. 53; Barney v. Keokuk, 94 U. S. 324; Giraud's Lessee v. Hughes, supra; Casey's Lessee v. Inloes, supra; Linthicum v. Coan, 64 Md. 439, 453, 2 A. 826; Classen v. Chesapeake Guano Co., 81 Md. 258, 267, 31 A. 808.
the words forbidding all structures in any navigable river "except on plans recommended by the Chief of Engineers and authorized by the Secretary of War" are only permissive, not mandatory, and there is no plain implication of a duty on the part of the Secretary to authorize a structure in the Potomac River within the District of Columbia to which there is substantial objection that it infringes the rights or obstructs the public policy of the United States as owner and sovereign of the riverbed.
mandamus should be denied here, even if petitioners' title to the upland adjacent to the river and their right to build the wharf were less doubtful than they are. The government, through its duly authorized agency, the Park Commission, has declared that both the bed of the river and the upland adjacent to it shall be devoted to a public purpose for the construction of the parkway, and the plans of the Commission contemplate the taking, by purchase or condemnation, of a part of petitioners' property as a means of access to it. The apparent consequence of authorizing the construction of the wharf would be only to increase the expense to the government of constructing the parkway by the cost of destroying the wharf and by so much of the cost of the wharf and of the other proposed improvements as may be included in the just compensation to be awarded for their taking. Thus, the extraordinary remedy by mandamus, invoked to protect rights to which petitioners are not shown to be clearly entitled, would be burdensome to the government without any substantially equivalent benefit or advantage to the petitioners or their vendee apart from the incidental and irrelevant consequence that petitioners might secure the performance of their conditional contract.
Conger v. New York, W.S. & B. R. Co., 120 N.Y. 29, 23 N.E. 983; Clarke v. Rochester, L. & N.F. R. Co., 18 Barb. 350; Whalen v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 108 Md. 11, 69 A. 390; Curran v. Holyoke Water Power Co., 116 Mass. 90; Southern R. Co. v. Franklin & P. R. Co., 96 Va. 693, 32 S.E. 485; cf. 75 U. S. Tayloe, 8 Wall. 557.
"Section 10. That the creation of any obstruction not affirmatively authorized by Congress, to the navigable capacity of any of the waters of the United States is hereby prohibited, and it shall not be lawful to build or commence the building of any wharf, pier, dolphin, boom, weir, breakwater, bulkhead, jetty, or other structures in any port, roadstead, haven, harbor, canal, navigable river, or other water of the United States outside established harbor lines or where no harbor lines have been established, except on plans recommended by the Chief of Engineers and authorized by the Secretary of War, and it shall not be lawful to excavate or fill, or in any manner to alter or modify the course, location, condition, or capacity of, any port, roadstead, haven, harbor, canal, lake, harbor of refuge, or inclosure within the limits of any breakwater, or of the channel of any navigable water of the United States, unless the work has been recommended by the Chief of Engineers and authorized by the Secretary of War prior to beginning the same."

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