Source: http://dcmetrotrustcode.com/article/article-10/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 08:23:16+00:00

Document:
§ 1001. Remedies for breach of trust.
§ 19-1310.01. Remedies for breach of trust.
§ 14.5-901. Breach of trust.
(A) (1) A violation by a trustee of a duty the trustee owes to a beneficiary is a breach of trust.
(2) A breach of trust under this subsection may occur by reason of an action or by reason of a failure to act.
(10) Order other appropriate relief.
A. A violation by a trustee of a duty the trustee owes to a beneficiary is a breach of trust.
10. Order any other appropriate relief.
§ 1002. Damages for breach of trust.
(b) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, if more than one trustee is liable to the beneficiaries for a breach of trust, a trustee is entitled to contribution from the other trustee or trustees. A trustee is not entitled to contribution if the trustee was substantially more at fault than another trustee or if the trustee committed the breach of trust in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the purposes of the trust or the interests of the beneficiaries. A trustee who received a benefit from the breach of trust is not entitled to contribution from another trustee to the extent of the benefit received.
§ 19-1310.02. Damages for breach of trust.
§ 14.5-902. Extent of liability; contribution.
(2) A trustee that received a benefit from a breach of trust under this subsection is not entitled to contribution from another trustee to the extent of the benefit received.
2. The profit the trustee made by reason of the breach.
B. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, if more than one trustee is liable to the beneficiaries for a breach of trust, a trustee is entitled to contribution from the other trustee or trustees. A trustee is not entitled to contribution if the trustee was substantially more at fault than another trustee or if the trustee committed the breach of trust in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the purposes of the trust or the interests of the beneficiaries. A trustee who received a benefit from the breach of trust is not entitled to contribution from another trustee to the extent of the benefit received.
§ 1003. Damages in absence of breach.
(a) A trustee is accountable to an affected beneficiary for any profit made by the trustee arising from the administration of the trust, even absent a breach of trust.
§ 19-1310.03. Damages in absence of breach.
§ 14.5-903. No liability for loss or depreciation in value of trust property or for no profits.
Absent a breach of trust or the applicable standard of care, a trustee is not liable to a beneficiary for a loss or depreciation in the value of trust property or for not having made a profit.
A. A trustee is accountable to an affected beneficiary for any profit made by the trustee arising from the ad-ministration of the trust, even absent a breach of trust.
B. Absent a breach of trust, a trustee is not liable to a beneficiary for a loss or depreciation in the value of trust property or for not having made a profit.
§ 1004. Attorney’s fees and costs.
In a judicial proceeding involving the administration of a trust, the court, as justice and equity may require, may award costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees, to any party, to be paid by another party or from the trust that is the subject of the controversy.
§ 19-1310.04. Attorney's fees and costs.
In a judicial proceeding involving the administration of a trust, the court, as justice and equity may require, may award costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees, to any party, to be paid by another party or from the trust that is the subject of the controversy.
In a judicial proceeding involving the administration of a trust, the court, as justice and equity may require, may award costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney fees, to any party, to be paid by another party or from the trust that is the subject of the controversy.
§ 1005. Limitation of action against trustee.
(a) A beneficiary may not commence a proceeding against a trustee for breach of trust more than one year after the date the beneficiary or a representative of the beneficiary was sent a report that adequately disclosed the existence of a potential claim for breach of trust and informed the beneficiary of the time allowed for commencing a proceeding.
(b) A report adequately discloses the existence of a potential claim for breach of trust if it provides sufficient information so that the beneficiary or representative knows of the potential claim or should have inquired into its existence.
(3) the termination of the trust.
§ 19-1310.05. Limitation of action against trustee.
A. A beneficiary may not commence a proceeding against a trustee for breach of trust more than one year after the date the beneficiary or a representative of the beneficiary was sent a report that adequately disclosed the existence of a potential claim for breach of trust and informed the beneficiary of the time allowed for commencing a proceeding.
B. A report adequately discloses the existence of a potential claim for breach of trust if it provides sufficient information so that the beneficiary or representative knows of the potential claim or should have inquired into its existence.
3. The termination of the trust.
D. Whenever fraud has been perpetrated in connection with any proceeding or in any statement filed under this chapter, or if fraud is used to avoid or circumvent the provisions or purposes of this chapter, any person injured thereby may obtain appropriate relief against the perpetrator of the fraud or restitution from any person benefiting from the fraud, whether innocent or not, except for a bona fide purchaser. Any proceeding shall be commenced within two years after the fraud is discovered, but no proceeding may be brought against one not a perpetrator of the fraud later than five years after the time the fraud is committed. This section does not apply to remedies for fraud practiced on a decedent during his lifetime that affects the succession of his estate.
E. The provisions of this section shall not operate to reduce the period of limitations applicable to actions and suits governed by § 8.01-245.
§ 1006. Reliance on trust instrument.
§ 19-1310.06. Reliance on trust instrument.
§ 1007. Event affecting administration or distribution.
If the happening of an event, including marriage, divorce, performance of educational requirements, or death, affects the administration or distribution of a trust, a trustee who has exercised reasonable care to ascertain the happening of the event is not liable for a loss resulting from the trustee’s lack of knowledge.
§ 19-1310.07. Event affecting administration or distribution.
If the happening of an event, including marriage, divorce, performance of educational requirements, the attainment of a specified age, or death, affects the administration or distribution of a trust, a trustee who has exercised reasonable care to ascertain the happening of the event is not liable for a loss resulting from the trustee's lack of knowledge.
§ 1008. Exculpation of trustee.
(2) was inserted as the result of an abuse by the trustee of a fiduciary or confidential relationship to the settlor.
(b) An exculpatory term drafted or caused to be drafted by the trustee is invalid as an abuse of a fiduciary or confidential relationship unless the trustee proves that the exculpatory term is fair under the circumstances and that its existence and contents were adequately communicated to the settlor.
§ 19-1310.08. Exculpation of trustee.
§ 14.5-906. Exculpatory clauses unenforceable.
(3) Was unreasonable under the circumstances.
(b) An exculpatory term drafted or caused to be drafted by the trustee is invalid as an abuse of a fiduciary or confidential relationship unless the trustee proves that the exculpatory term is fair under the circumstances and that the existence and contents of the exculpatory term were adequately communicated to the settlor.
(c) If the settlor was represented by independent counsel, an exculpatory term is not considered drafted or caused to be drafted by the trustee, even if the term incorporates suggested provisions provided by the trustee.
2. Was inserted as the result of an abuse by the trustee of a fiduciary or confidential relationship to the settlor.
B. An exculpatory term drafted or caused to be drafted by the trustee is invalid as an abuse of a fiduciary or confidential relationship unless the trustee proves that the [MISSING "EXCULPATORY TERM IS FAIR UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES AND THAT ITS"] existence and contents of the exculpatory term were adequately communicated to the settlor.
§ 1009. Beneficiary’s consent, release, or ratification.
(2) at the time of the consent, release, or ratification, the beneficiary did not know of the beneficiary’s rights or of the material facts relating to the breach.
§ 19-1310.09. Beneficiary's consent, release, or ratification.
(2) At the time of the consent, release, or ratification, the beneficiary did not know of the beneficiary's rights or of the material facts relating to the breach.
§ 14.5-907. Consent, release, or ratification by beneficiary.
(2) At the time of the consent, release, or ratification, the beneficiary did not know of the rights of the beneficiary or of the material facts relating to the breach.
2. At the time of the consent, release, or ratification, the beneficiary did not know of the beneficiary's rights or of the material facts relating to the breach.
§ 1010. Limitation on personal liability of trustee.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in the contract, a trustee is not personally liable on a contract properly entered into in the trustee’s fiduciary capacity in the course of administering the trust if the trustee in the contract disclosed the fiduciary capacity.
(b) A trustee is personally liable for torts committed in the course of administering a trust, or for obligations arising from ownership or control of trust property, including liability for violation of environmental law, only if the trustee is personally at fault.
(c) A claim based on a contract entered into by a trustee in the trustee’s fiduciary capacity, on an obligation arising from ownership or control of trust property, or on a tort committed in the course of administering a trust, may be asserted in a judicial proceeding against the trustee in the trustee’s fiduciary capacity, whether or not the trustee is personally liable for the claim.
§ 19-1310.10. Limitation on personal liability of trustee.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in the contract, a trustee is not personally liable on a contract properly entered into in the trustee's fiduciary capacity in the course of administering the trust if the trustee in the contract disclosed the fiduciary capacity.
(c) A claim based on a contract entered into by a trustee in the trustee's fiduciary capacity, on an obligation arising from ownership or control of trust property, or on a tort committed in the course of administering a trust, may be asserted in a judicial proceeding against the trustee in the trustee's fiduciary capacity, whether or not the trustee is personally liable for the claim.
§ 14.5-908. Actions and claims against trustee.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in the contract, a trustee is not personally liable on a contract properly entered into by the trustee in the fiduciary capacity of the trustee in the course of administering the trust if the trustee in the contract disclosed the fiduciary capacity.
(b) A claim based on a contract entered into by a trustee in the fiduciary capacity of the trustee, on an obligation arising from ownership or control of trust property, or on a tort committed in the course of administering a trust, may be asserted in a judicial proceeding against the trustee in the fiduciary capacity of the trustee, regardless of whether the trustee is personally liable for the claim.
A. Except as otherwise provided in the contract, a trustee is not personally liable on a contract properly entered into in the trustee's fiduciary capacity in the course of administering the trust if the trustee in the contract disclosed the fiduciary capacity.
B. A trustee is personally liable for torts committed in the course of administering a trust, or for obligations arising from ownership or control of trust property, including liability for violation of environmental law, only if the trustee is personally at fault.
C. A claim based on a contract entered into by a trustee in the trustee's fiduciary capacity, on an obligation arising from ownership or control of trust property, or on a tort committed in the course of administering a trust, may be asserted in a judicial proceeding against the trustee in the trustee's fiduciary capacity, whether or not the trustee is personally liable for the claim.
[(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) or unless personal liability is imposed in the contract, a trustee who holds an interest as a general partner in a general or limited partnership is not personally liable on a contract entered into by the partnership after the trust’s acquisition of the interest if the fiduciary capacity was disclosed in the contract or in a statement previously filed pursuant to the [Uniform Partnership Act or Uniform Limited Partnership Act].
(b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), a trustee who holds an interest as a general partner is not personally liable for torts committed by the partnership or for obligations arising from ownership or control of the interest unless the trustee is personally at fault.
(c) The immunity provided by this section does not apply if an interest in the partnership is held by the trustee in a capacity other than that of trustee or is held by the trustee’s spouse or one or more of the trustee’s descendants, siblings, or parents, or the spouse of any of them.
§ 19-1310.11. Interest as general partner.
(a) [MISSING "EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED IN SUBSECTION (c) OR"] Unless personal liability is imposed in the contract, a trustee who holds an interest as a general partner in a general or limited partnership is not personally liable on a contract entered into by the partnership after the trust's acquisition of the interest if the fiduciary capacity was disclosed in the contract or in a statement previously filed pursuant to D.C. Official Code §§ 33-101.01 through 33-112.04 (Uniform Partnership Act of 1996), or D.C. Official Code §§ 33-201.01 through 33-211.07 (Uniform Limited Partnership Act of 1987).
(b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) of this section, a trustee who holds an interest as a general partner is not personally liable for torts committed by the partnership or for obligations arising from ownership or control of the interest unless the trustee is personally at fault.
(c) If the trustee of a revocable trust holds an interest as a general partner, the settlor is personally liable for contracts and other obligations of the partnership as if the settlor were a general partner.
A. Except as otherwise provided in subsection C or unless personal liability is imposed in the contract, a trustee who holds an interest as a general partner in a general or limited partnership is not personally liable on a contract entered into by the partnership after the trust's acquisition of the interest if the fiduciary capacity was disclosed in the contract or in a statement previously filed pursuant to the Uniform Partnership Act (§ 50-73.79 et seq.).
B. Except as otherwise provided in subsection C, a trustee who holds an interest as a general partner is not personally liable for torts committed by the partnership or for obligations arising from ownership or control of the interest unless the trustee is personally at fault.
C. The immunity provided by this section does not apply if an interest in the partnership is held by the trustee in a capacity other than that of trustee or is held by the trustee's spouse or one or more of the trustee's descendants, siblings, or parents, or the spouse of any of them.
D. If the trustee of a revocable trust holds an interest as a general partner, the settlor is personally liable for contracts and other obligations of the partnership as if the settlor were a general partner.
§ 1012. Protection of person dealing with trustee.
(a) A person other than a beneficiary who in good faith assists a trustee, or who in good faith and for value deals with a trustee, without knowledge that the trustee is exceeding or improperly exercising the trustee’s powers is protected from liability as if the trustee properly exercised the power.
(b) A person other than a beneficiary who in good faith deals with a trustee is not required to inquire into the extent of the trustee’s powers or the propriety of their exercise.
(c) A person who in good faith delivers assets to a trustee need not ensure their proper application.
§ 19-1310.12. Protection of person dealing with trustee.
§ 14.5-909. Protection of persons dealing with trustees.
(a) In the absence of actual knowledge or of reasonable cause to inquire as to whether a trustee is [MISSING "EXCEEDING OR"] improperly exercising the trustee’s power, a person [MISSING "OTHER THAN A BENEFICIARY WHO IN GOOD FAITH ASSISTS A TRUSTEE . . . AND FOR VALUE"] dealing with a trustee need not inquire whether a trustee is properly exercising the power of the trustee and is protected as if the trustee properly exercised the power.
(b) A person need not see to the proper application of trust assets paid or delivered to a trustee.
A. A person other than a beneficiary who in good faith assists a trustee, or who in good faith and for value deals with a trustee, without knowledge that the trustee is exceeding or improperly exercising the trustee's powers, is protected from liability as if the trustee properly exercised the power.
B. A person other than a beneficiary who in good faith deals with a trustee is not required to inquire into the extent of the trustee's powers or the propriety of their exercise.
C. A person who in good faith delivers assets to a trustee need not ensure their proper application.
D. A person other than a beneficiary who in good faith assists a former trustee, or who in good faith and for value deals with a former trustee, without knowledge that the trusteeship has terminated is protected from liability as if the former trustee were still a trustee.
E. Comparable protective provisions of other laws relating to commercial transactions or transfer of securities by fiduciaries prevail over the protection provided by this section.
§ 1013. Certification of trust.
(h) A person making a demand for the trust instrument in addition to a certification of trust or excerpts is liable for damages if the court determines that the person did not act in good faith in demanding the trust instrument.
§ 19-1310.13. Certification of trust.
§ 14.5-910. Certification of trust.
(8) The manner and name in which title to trust property may be taken.
(b) A certification of trust may be signed or otherwise authenticated by a trustee.
(c) A certification of trust shall state that the trust has not been revoked, modified, or amended in a manner that would cause the representations contained in the certification of trust to be incorrect.
(e) A recipient of a certification of trust may require the trustee to furnish copies of those excerpts from the original trust instrument and later amendments which designate the trustee and confer on the trustee the power to act in the pending transaction.
(f) A person that acts reasonably in reliance on a certification of trust without knowledge that the representations contained in the certification are incorrect is not liable [MISSING "TO ANY PERSON"] for the act [MISSING "AND MAY ASSUME . . . KNOWLEDGE OF TERMS OF THE TRUST . . . RELYING UPON THE CERTIFICATION"].
(g) While acting reasonably under the circumstances, [SUBSTITUTED FOR "IN GOOD FAITH"] a person that enters into a transaction in reliance on a certification of trust may enforce the transaction against the trust property as if the representations contained in the certification were correct.
(2) The right of a title insurance producer or title insurer to obtain a copy of the trust instrument for the sole purpose of determining whether the settlor’s interest in real property may be subject to creditors’ claims, when the trustee is selling, encumbering, or disposing of the real property and title insurance has been requested for the transaction.
8. The manner of taking title to trust property.
B. A certification of trust may be signed or otherwise authenticated by any trustee.
C. A certification of trust shall state that the trust has not been revoked, modified, or amended in any manner that would cause the representations contained in the certification of trust to be incorrect.
D. A certification of trust need not contain the dispositive terms of a trust.
E. A recipient of a certification of trust may require the trustee to furnish copies of those excerpts from the original trust instrument and later amendments that designate the trustee and confer upon the trustee the power to act in the pending transaction.
F. A person who acts in reliance upon a certification of trust without knowledge that the representations contained therein are incorrect is not liable to any person for so acting and may assume without inquiry the existence of the facts contained in the certification. Knowledge of the terms of the trust may not be inferred solely from the fact that a copy of all or part of the trust instrument is held by the person relying upon the certification.
G. A person who in good faith enters into a transaction in reliance upon a certification of trust may enforce the transaction against the trust property as if the representations contained in the certification were correct.
H. A person making a demand for the trust instrument in addition to a certification of trust or excerpts is liable for damages if the court determines that the person did not act in good faith in demanding the trust instrument.
I. This section does not limit the right of a person to obtain a copy of the trust instrument in a judicial proceeding concerning the trust.

References: § 19

§ 14

§ 1002

§ 19

§ 14

§ 1003

§ 19

§ 14

§ 1004

§ 19

§ 1005

§ 19
 § 8

§ 1006

§ 19

§ 1007

§ 19

§ 1008

§ 19

§ 14

§ 1009

§ 19

§ 14

§ 1010

§ 19

§ 14

§ 19

§ 1012

§ 19

§ 14

§ 1013

§ 19

§ 14