Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/222/415/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 16:40:36+00:00

Document:
A classification as to time that is not arbitrary is not repugnant to the Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment does not forbid statutory changes to have a beginning, and thus discriminate between rights of an earlier and later time. Sperry & Hutchinson v. Rhodes, 220 U. S. 502.
A state police statute regulating sales, otherwise constitutional, is not unconstitutional under the equal protection clause because it excepts from its operation sales made under existing contracts.
This Court cannot take judicial knowledge of details of importation and sales of a commodity even if it can take such knowledge of the fact that such commodity is an article of interstate commerce.
The writ of habeas corpus cannot be made to perform the function of a writ of error, nor can it be made the means of obtaining a new trial.
The term "original package" as used in a state statute does not necessarily have the same meaning as when used in some of the decisions of this Court.
A law cannot be declared invalid at the instance of one not affected by it.
regard to quantity from which harmless articles of commerce are exempt.
The Kansas statute regulating sale of black powder is not unconstitutional a denying equal protection of the law because it excepts from its operation sales made under existing contracts; but whether it offends the commerce clause cannot be determine in a suit in which it does not appear that the party raising the question was affected in that respect.
The facts, which involve the constitutionality under the commerce clause of and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of the statute of Kansas regulating the sale of black powder, are stated in the opinion.
feet from pit head, unless hereafter otherwise provided by contract; provided, however, this act shall not be construed as in any manner conflicting with any existing contract of sale of black powder."
Plaintiff in error was convicted of violating the statute by selling and delivering to one John Thomas black powder which was not in an original package of 12 1/2 pounds, securely sealed, there being no existing contract to sell between the parties. He was condemned to pay a fine of $50 and the costs of the case, and stand committed to the county jail until he should pay the fine or be discharged by law.
In a petition to the supreme court of the state in habeas corpus to be discharged from custody, he alleged the illegality of his conviction, and that the statute was null and void because in conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and the commerce clause, and also with the Constitution of the State of Kansas.
His contentions were not sustained, and he was remanded to custody. 79 Kan. 212.
"that the Kansas Legislature had the right to determine that the local conditions in the state required that black powder should not be sold and delivered for use in any coal mines in the state except in packages containing exactly 12 1/2 pounds, no more nor less; that precisely that amount of powder was required to be sold to protect the miners that are employed in the coal mines of the state, and that the mere fact that courts or judges may differ as to the wisdom of such legislation would afford no ground for judicial interference, unless the question was in excess of legislative power."
state in that (1) it denies to plaintiff in error and other citizens the equal protection of the laws, and (2) is in conflict with the commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States.
(1) The discriminatory effect of the statute comes, it is urged, from its first section, which directs that it shall not be construed to conflict with existing contracts. "The act thus recognizes," it is said, "the fact at the time it took effect, May 27, 1907, of the existence of contracts" for the delivery of powder in other than the described packages. "It is thus made unlawful," it is said, "for some persons to sell or buy black powder otherwise than in 12 1/2 pounds in original sealed packages, while others may lawfully do the same thing."
"the Fourteenth Amendment does not forbid statutes and statutory changes to have a beginning, and thus discriminate between the rights of an earlier and later time."
Sperry & Hutchinson Co. v. Rhodes, 220 U. S. 502, 220 U. S. 505.
(2) To make good the contention that the statute of Kansas offends the commerce clause of the Constitution, plaintiff in error refers to an amendment to his petition that the powder sold and delivered by him was enclosed in an original unbroken package, containing twenty-five pounds of powder, imported from the State of Missouri by the Central Coal & Coke Company, of which company he was the agent and representative in selling and delivering. And it is further alleged that black powder has been and is put up by manufacturers thereof, and sold and transported among the states in original packages containing twenty-five pounds.
"in an original package, containing twelve and one-half pounds, securely sealed, and that then and there, there was not an existing contract for the sale of black powder, to be used in said mine."
"The final claim of the petitioner, that the act is in violation of the commerce clause of the federal Constitution, may not be presented in this record, since the fact of the importation of the package from Missouri did not appear at the trial before the justice."
It was certainly within the competency of the court to refuse to consider the contention. The validity of the judgment against plaintiff in error could only be determined by the defense he made, not by the defense he might have made, and which he did not even offer to make. We have often said that the writ of habeas corpus cannot be made to perform the office of a writ of error. It certainly cannot be made the means of obtaining a new trial.
its views of the validity of the Kansas statute under the commerce clause of the Constitution, and thereby ruled on the contention of plaintiff in error, based on that clause. We do not so understand the opinion of the court. It in no way, nor to any extent, modified its view that the contention was not available to plaintiff in error, or intimated that such view was not the basis of its decision.
Plaintiff in error, apprehending this, declares that it is immaterial whether the package of powder sold by him was imported, and insists that the act must be held to be void because it must be considered "as applicable to importations of black powder from other states." The words "original packages," used in § 1 of the statute, had, it is said, "a technical meaning well known to the members of the Kansas Legislature." In definition of the meaning of those words, plaintiff in error cites certain familiar decisions of this Court, and, from the definition given in them of "original packages," deduces the conclusion that the words were used in the same sense in the Kansas statute, and hence, that the statute must be held as designed to prohibit importations of black powder in other than twelve and one-half pound packages. We are not impressed by the reasoning. The act does not deal with importations, special or general, but only with sales within the state at a specified place, and the delivery at such place of the powder sold in other than a prescribed quantity and in a prescribed package. It may be that powder is imported or put up in the state in such packages. If so, it makes compliance with the law all the easier. Or it may be that the seller may compose the package, securing its integrity in the manner provided by the statute. What the supreme court of the state may decide in that regard we do not know, for the point was not made in that court, and the interpretation of the statute invoked.
"Indeed, it is a principle fully recognized by decisions of state and federal courts that, wherever there is any business in which, either from the products created or the instrumentalities used, there is danger to life or property, it is not only within the power of the states, but it is among their plain duties, to make provision against accidents likely to follow in such business so that the dangers attending it may be guarded against so far as is practicable."
See further, on the same principle, Foster v. Kansas, 112 U.S. 206; Plumley v. Massachusetts, 155 U. S. 461; Austin v. Tennessee, 179 U. S. 343; Asbell v. Kansas, 209 U. S. 251.

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