Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/229/322.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 04:54:46+00:00

Document:
[229 U.S. 322, 323] Messrs. Thomas P. Bradfield and Jacob Kleinhans for appellant.
[229 U.S. 322, 324] Mr. Roger I. Wykes and Mr. Grant Fellows, Attorney General of Michigan, for appellee.
Appellant is a telephone company, located in the city of Grand Rapids, in the state of Michigan, where it has 10,000 telephones in use, and by its own and other lines is engaged in the telephone business all over the southern peninsula. It brought this suit to restrain the collection of a tax levied on its property under a certain act of the state of Michigan, on the ground (1) that the act violates [229 U.S. 322, 325] the 14th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and (2) violates the Constitution of the state because the purpose of the act is not expressed in its title.
A demurrer was filed to the bill, which was overruled. An answer was then filed, and, after hearing, a decree was entered dismissing the bill. 185 Fed. 634. This appeal was then taken directly to this court, the case presenting questions under the Constitution of the United States.
Prior to 1909, telephone companies were taxed under act No. 179 of the Public Acts of Michigan for the year 1899 at the rate of 3 per cent on their gross receipts for the year in which the tax was laid. This act also embraced express and telegraph companies. The companies were required to make a report of their gross receipts for the year ending December 1st next preceding such report. The taxes paid were to be in lieu of all other taxes.
Act No. 282 of the Public Acts of 1905 provided for the assessment of the property of railroads and certain other companies, and for the levying of taxes thereon by a state board of assessors. The act did not include either telephone or telegraph companies.
The contention of appellant that the act offends the [229 U.S. 322, 326] equal protection clause of the Constitution is based on that proviso. It is urged that the proviso makes an unjust discrimination between companies doing the same business by the same means, and imposes a tax on their property because the business of one is large and the other small. 'The business is not taxed,' it is contended, 'under act 49. It is the property used in the business, and it is all of like kind and used for like purposes, and each dollar's worth should be treated alike.' And it is urged that 'it must be remembered that the tax in question is a tax on property according to its value, and not a tax on doing the business.' This being the insistence of appellant, that is, that the tax is on property simply, appellant makes the property, dollar for dollar, the only basis of comparison between the taxed companies and the exempt companies, and asserts illegal discrimination. In other words, treating the tax as one on property, and this being the purpose of the statute, 'each dollar's worth should be treated alike;' and it is contended, if each dollar's worth is not treated alike, there is an arbitrary classification and hence an illegal classification, because it has no proper relation to the legislative purpose.
The lines may be divided into two classes: (1) lines owned by appellant and conducted for profit, and (2) lines connected with those of the first class, and called sublicensed companies, rural and roadway. There are 17 to 20 of the sublicensed companies which operate for a profit. Their lines are connected with the main lines and may extend over a whole county or more. It is testified that the sublicensed companies run their own business, no control being in the main line. Their lines, it is further testified, were constructed by themselves, and the instruments either leased from the main company or owned by themselves. The contracts with the subcompanies are not all alike. The main line may or may not have investment in the sublicensed line.
The 'rural' usually belongs to an association of farmers who live along the line. It comprises a switch board leased by the main or profit- making company to a rural manager, the main company owning the telephones on the line, and receiving the entire charge for toll messages, less the manager's commissions for collection. The roadways connected with a 'rural' are constructed and owned [229 U.S. 322, 328] by the farmers in the same way as other roadways. The larger portion of 'rurals' are contracts with individuals. The percentage of corporations in the roadway and sublicensed lines is very small.
The 'roadway' is a line owned and constructed by farmers, connected with a receiving service from an existing exchange of a main line or profit-making company, or of rural exchange manager.
The profit that is derived from the rural and roadway lines is in the reduced rate for the telephones. The manager gets the difference between what he pays the main company and what he gets from those to whom he rents.
The difference, therefore, between the taxpaying and nontaxpaying companies or individuals is that the former, as said by the district court, belong to commercial corporations or enterprises, organized and conducted for the purpose of earning and paying profits as or in the nature of dividends; the latter, the untaxed, are cooperative or farmers' mutual associations, usually unincorporated, conducted at estimated costs, and organized primarily to get for the association cheap telephone service.
It is manifest, therefore, that there are marked differences between the taxed and nontaxed companies, and the differences might be pronounced arbitrary if the rule urged by appellant should be applied; that is, that in the taxation of property no circumstance should be considered but its value; or, to use appellant's words, 'each dollar's worth should be treated alike.' But such rigid equality has not been enforced. In Michigan the legislature has the power of prescribing the subjects of taxation and exemption, notwithstanding the Constitution of the state requires the legislature to provide a uniform rule of taxation, except on property paying specific taxes. People ex rel. St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal Co. v. Auditor General, 7 Mich. 84; Chippewa County v. Auditor General, 65 Mich. 408, 32 N. W. 651; National Loan & Invest. [229 U.S. 322, 329] Co. v. Detroit, 136 Mich. 451, 99 N. W. 380. The power of exemption would seem to imply the power of discrimination, and in taxation, as in other matters of legislation, classification is within the competency of the legislature. We said in American Sugar Ref. Co. v. Louisiana, 179 U.S. 89, 92 , 45 S. L. ed. 102, 103, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 43, that from time out of mind it has been the policy of this government to classify for the purpose of taxation, and a discrimination was supported between taxation of producers and manufacturers of products; and yet in Billings v. Illinois, 188 U.S. 97, 102 , 47 S. L. ed. 400, 403, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 272, we compared the rule with that in Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co. 184 U.S. 540 , 46 L. ed. 679, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 431, where a distinction between buyers of products and the producers of them was held an illegal discrimination.
It may therefore be said that in taxation there is a broader power of classification than in some other exercises of legislation. There is certainly as great a power, and the rule appellant urges cannot be adopted. It is inconsistent with the principle of classification and the cases which have explained the principle and the range of its legal exercise.
In Travellers' Ins. Co. v. Connecticut, 185 U.S. 364 , 46 L. ed. 949, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 673, a law of the state was sustained which imposed a tax on the stock of nonresidents in corporations and exempted the stock of residents.
In King v. Mullins, 171 U.S. 404, 435 , 43 S. L. ed. 214, 226, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 925, a distinction was made in the taxing system of the state between tracts of 1,000 acres or less and tracts of more than 1,000 acres. It was sustained.
In Consolidated Coal Co. v. Illinois, 185 U.S. 203 , 46 L. ed. 872, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 616, a law providing for the inspection of mines was held not unconstitutional by reason of its limitation to mines where more than five men were employed at any one time. See also McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U.S. 539 , 53 L. ed. 315, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 206.
In New York, N. H. & H. R. Co. v. New York, 165 [229 U.S. 322, 331] U. S. 628, 41 L. ed. 853, 17 Sup. Ct.Rep. 418, a law requiring railroads to beat their passenger coaches, but exempting roads of less than 50 miles in length, was declared not unconstitutional and discriminatory. To like effect is Dow v. Beidelman, 125 U.S. 680 , 31 L. ed. 841, 2 Inters. Com. Rep. 56, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1028, where a classification of railroads by their length in fixing the rate of passengers' fare was sustained.
In Postal Teleg. Cable Co. v. Adams, 155 U.S. 688 , 39 L. ed. 311, 5 Inters. Com. Rep. 1, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 268, 360, a tax was graduated according to the amount and value of the property, measured by miles, and was in lieu of taxes levied directly on the property. Held valid. In Magoun v. Illinois Trust & Sav. Bank, 170 U.S. 283 , 42 L. ed. 1037, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 594, legacies less than a certain amount were held legally exempt from taxation.
We think the statute under review is within the rule. [229 U.S. 322, 332] It is not arbitrary. It has a reasonable basis, resting on a real distinction. It is not a distinction based on mere size only, as contended by appellant, nor upon the mere amount of business done. There is a difference in the doing of the business and its results; a difference in the relation to the public. Indeed, the nontaxed companies are subsidiary to the taxed companies,-patrons, in a sense, of the taxed companies. The use of the untaxed property, as pointed out by the district court, is 'predominately private, while the use of the taxed property is correspondingly public; the exempt property is used for the personal convenience of the owners, while the taxed property represents commercial investment for profit-making purposes.' To these differences the court added others: '(1) That the property exempted is only a trifling portion of the whole; (2) that the cost of assessing and collecting in this class would be disproportionate to the amount which would be realized; (3) that this property is in the incipient or development stage, while the taxed property is in the fully developed form.' All were differences which could appeal to the legislature and determine a difference of treatment. To accomplish it they had to be united in a class, and, as happily said by Judge Denison in the circuit court, the companies were described 'in terms of earnings instead of in terms of method and use.' It seems, however, that by the selection of earnings as a basis of classification all of the differences we have enumerated are not exactly accommodated. Some small portion of the co-operative companies will be taxed and some small portion of the profitmaking companies will be exempt. This result is not, we think, an impeachment of the basis of classification, as the cases we have cited illustrate. Besides, the appellant is not affected by the inexactitude.
The second question in the case is whether the purpose of act No. 49, of 1909, under which the appellant was [229 U.S. 322, 333] assessed, is sufficiently expressed in its title. Prior to the passage of that act certain specified classes of corporations, such as railroad, express companies, etc., were taxed under the provisions of act No. 282 of the acts of 1905, supra.
There can be no doubt that the purpose of the act was to extend to telegraph and telephone companies the provisions of the act of 1905, which provided for the assessment of the property of certain companies, and the levying of taxes thereon by the state board of assessors, and the method of collecting such taxes. Its title explicitly states that its purpose is to amend the title and the act relating to the taxation of railroads and express companies, and the particular sections which consummate the purpose are referred to and in 1 declared to be amended. The title therefore is a substantial compliance with the Constitution of the state, and the brief of appellee shows thirty-eight examples of like kind in the laws of the state. This legislative and executive construction is entitled to weight, and when considered in connection with the consequence of making those laws invalid, as well as declaring the law under review invalid, would determine against the construction urged by appellant, even if we had doubt of the sufficiency of the title to give notice of the purpose of the legislation. See Atty. Gen. ex rel. Crane v. Amos, 60 Mich. 372, 27 N. W. 571; Grimm v. Secretary of State, 137 Mich. 134, 100 N. W. 269; Detroit v. Schmid, 128 Mich. 379, 92 Am. St. Rep. 468, 87 N. W. 383; People v. Howard, 73 Mich. 10, 40 N. W. 789; Detroit v. Chapin, 108 Mich. 136, 37 L.R.A. 391, 66 N. W. 587.

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