Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-3rd-circuit/1719542.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 07:21:28+00:00

Document:
Sandra J. BABCOCK; James T. Kenaan, Jr.: Bradley J. Sarvey; Dale R. Lipan; Shawn J. Kelly; Samantha Pistorius; Anthony Blumling; Randal K. Cypher; Chad Neigh; Tory A. Coyle; Joseph Hanchosky; Darren M. Knox; Todd Walker; Michael Emery; Kevin Pollack; Ray Slater; Michael J. Shuler; Travis Maculski; Len Thornley; Jason Pry; Robert D. Seatonl Bruce W. Fair; Lisa Vasey; Michael A. Graham; Joan Muir; Matthew L. Edgar; Christopher A. Foringer; David L. Nading; James W. Wganer; Evan R. Long; Justin F. Kriley; Kelly J. Bundy; Richard Zentz, Jr.; Shaun A. Smith; Randy S. Russell; Ryan Rekich; David C. Summerville; Desmond Foringer; Aaron C. Slobada; Kristopher M. Steighner; Misty D. Hogan; David K. Winters; Beau Sneddon; Brandon Cousins; Francis Walters; Lisa Marie Zaludek; Corey Richard Helfrich; Lance Neigh; Marlene Stine; Quintin Grey; Travis Trimbur; William Hile, Jr.; John Stojka; Christpher Haskins; Dawn Maier; Mark Bowan; Matthew Wagner; Mark Gutshall; Patrick Carlson; Michael Texter; Michael Hasychak; Michael Dorondo; David Christie; Mark Bishop, Christopher Reeves; Mark Grossman; Ryan McCandless; Spencer Crouse; Mark Allen Bodkin; Rebecca Ritzert; Roger Fedokovitz; Jeffrey Bailey; Scott Lewis, Individually an on behalf of all those similarily situated, Appellants v. BUTLER COUNTY; John Does.
Before FUENTES, GREENAWAY, JR., and SLOVITER, Circuit Judges. Justin L. Swidler, Esq., [Argued], Swartz Swidler, Cherry Hill, NJ for Appellant. Marie M. Jones, Esq., [Argued], Michael R. Lettrich, Esq., Jones Passodelis, Pittsburgh, PA, for Appellees.
This putative class action was initiated by Sandra Babcock, a corrections officer at the Butler County Prison in Butler, Pennsylvania. Babcock claims that Butler County failed to properly compensate her and those similarly situated for overtime in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201–209, et seq. The FLSA requires an employee who works “a workweek longer than forty hours” to be paid at least one and one-half times the employee's regular rate for the work performed over forty hours. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1).
This appeal raises the issue of whether a portion of time for the Butler County Prison corrections officers' meal periods is compensable under the FLSA.1 There is no provision of the FLSA that directly addresses this issue. Two tests have been suggested by other courts of appeal: one looks to whether the employee has been relieved from all duties during the mealtime; the other, more generally adopted, looks to the party to which the “predominant benefit” of the mealtime belongs. The District Court noted that this Circuit has not yet established a test to determine whether a meal period is compensable under the FLSA. For the reasons set forth below, this Court will adopt the predominant benefit test and affirm the District Court.
Many of the relevant facts are not disputed. A collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) between Butler County and the employees who work at the Butler County Prison provides that corrections officers work eight and one-quarter hour shifts that include a one hour meal period, of which forty-five minutes are paid and fifteen minutes are unpaid.2 It is the lack of compensation for that fifteen minutes that is the subject of this action. During the meal period, the corrections officers may not leave the prison without permission from the warden or deputy warden, and they must remain in uniform, in close proximity to emergency response equipment, and on call to respond to emergencies. Plaintiffs claim that as a result of this meal period policy, the officers cannot run personal errands, sleep, breathe fresh air, or smoke cigarettes during mealtime, and if an emergency or unexpected situation arises, the officers must respond immediately in person, in uniform, and with appropriate response equipment. Plaintiffs allege that because of these restrictions, they should be compensated for the full hour.
Butler County filed a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that the corrections officers' meal periods were not compensable work because the officers received the “predominant benefit” of the meal period.3 The District Court agreed and dismissed the complaint. Plaintiffs do not dispute the appropriateness of applying the predominant benefit test. Rather, they argue that their pleadings establish a plausible claim for relief under either the predominant benefit test or the relieved from all duties test.
The predominant benefit tests asks “whether the officer is primarily engaged in work-related duties during meal periods.”4 The majority of the courts of appeals have adopted this test. See, e.g., Reich v. S. New England Telecomm. Corp., 121 F.3d 58, 61 (2d Cir.1997); Roy v. Cty. of Lexington, 141 F.3d 533, 544–45 (4th Cir.1998); Bernard v. IBP, Inc. of Neb., 154 F.3d 259, 264–65 (5th Cir.1998); Hill v. United States, 751 F.2d 810, 814 (6th Cir.1984); Alexander v. City of Chicago, 994 F.2d 333, 335 (7th Cir.1993); Henson v. Pulaski Cty. Sheriff Dep't, 6 F.3d 531, 534 (8th Cir.1993); Armitage v. City of Emporia, 982 F.2d 430, 432 (10th Cir.1992); Avery v. City of Talladega, 24 F.3d 1337, 1347 (11th Cir.1994). Plaintiffs cite only two cases that purportedly apply the relieved from all duties test: Kohlheim v. Glynn County5 and Busk v. Integrity Staffing Solutions, Inc.6 The court in neither case, however, actually applied that test. Instead, the Eleventh Circuit in Kohlheim applied its version of the predominant benefit test. 915 F.2d at 1477 (“The firefighters are subject to real limitations on their freedom during mealtime which inure to the benefit of the county; accordingly, the three mealtime periods are compensable under FLSA regulations for overtime purposes.”). In Busk, the Ninth Circuit identified the two tests but explained that “[t]he distinction between the ‘completely relieved from duty’ and ‘predominant benefit’ standards d [id] not matter for th[at] case, which turn[ed] on whether the activities at issue [we]re compensable ‘work.’ “ 713 F.3d at 531 n. 4. The Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit's decision in Busk and focused the analysis on “work” as defined by the Portal–to–Portal Act. ––– U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 513, 190 L.Ed.2d 410. In any event, the predominant benefit test is uncontroversial in the case before us—neither party disputes that it is the appropriate standard. Accordingly, we join our sister Circuits in adopting the predominant benefit test.
[t]he employee must be completely relieved from duty for the purposes of eating regular meals․ The employee is not relieved if he is required to perform any duties, whether active or inactive, while eating. For example, an office employee who is required to eat at his desk or a factory worker who is required to be at his machine is working while eating.
29 C.F.R. § 785. 19(a).7 Instead, courts have assessed the totality of the circumstances to determine, on a case-by-case basis, to whom the benefit of the meal period inures. Most courts derive this approach from Supreme Court precedent holding that “[w]hether time is spent predominantly for the employer's benefit or for the employee's is a question dependent upon all the circumstances of the case.” Armour & Co. v. Wantock, 323 U.S. 126, 133, 65 S.Ct. 165, 89 L.Ed. 118 (1944), superseded on other grounds, Portal–to–Portal Act of 1947, Pub.L. No. 8049, 61 Stat. 84, codified at 29 U.S.C. §§ 251–262.
Thus, the predominant benefit test is necessarily a fact-intensive inquiry. For some courts, whether the employee is free to leave the premises is of particular importance. Others emphasize the number of interruptions to which the employees are subject. As the Eleventh Circuit has stated, “the essential consideration in determining whether a meal period is a bona fide meal period or a compensable rest period is whether the employees are in fact relieved from work for the purpose of eating a regularly scheduled meal.” Kohlheim, 915 F.2d at 1477.
The Dissent argues that we have “disregard[ed] Supreme Court precedent,” inappropriately focused on a “red herring” (the CBA), and relied upon a “factually inapposite and legally outdated” case in our “misguided approach” to this case. Dissenting Op. at 1, 7. In reality, our approach is consistent with the weight of precedent, considers the CBA as one relevant—though not dispositive—factor, and merely comes to a different conclusion regarding the predominant benefit of the corrections officers' uninterrupted mealtime period under the totality of the circumstances. Although we find the Seventh Circuit's analysis in Leahy useful for comparison, the Dissent is correct that the instant case is distinguishable, which is why, unlike the Leahy court, we do not hold that “the [collective bargaining] agreement is a defense to liability under the FLSA.” Leahy, 96 F.3d at 232 (emphasis added). Nor have we “conflate[d] contractual rights with statutory ones.” Manning v. Boston Med. Ctr. Corp., 725 F.3d 34, 52 n. 9 (1st Cir.2013). Rather, we consider the agreed-upon characterization of the fifteen-minute unpaid meal break as a factor in analyzing to whom the predominant benefit of the period inures.
We have been advised at argument that the CBA is soon to expire. During the collective bargaining for the new contract, the parties will have a fresh opportunity to consider the issue of compensation for the fifteen minutes at issue in this case. It has been noted by the Supreme Court that employers and employees may make “reasonable provisions of contract or custom governing the computation of work hours where precisely accurate computation is difficult or impossible.” Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. Co. v. Muscoda Local No. 123, 321 U.S. 590, 603, 64 S.Ct. 698, 88 L.Ed. 949 (1944), superseded by statute on other grounds, Portal–to–Portal Act of 1947, Pub.L. No. 80–49, 61 Stat. 84, codified at 29 U.S.C. §§ 251–262.
Although the District Court decided this case on the pleadings, there has been, unlike in Alexander, “sufficient development of the facts to enable a capable application of the appropriate predominant benefit standard, including a determination of whether the officers are unable to pass the mealtime comfortably because their time or attention is devoted primarily to official responsibilities.” 994 F.2d at 339. Here, even accepting all of Plaintiffs' allegations as true, we do not find that the officers were “primarily engaged in work-related duties” during the daily, agreed-upon fifteen minutes of uninterrupted mealtime. Armitage, 982 F.2d at 432 (citing Lamon v. City of Shawnee, 972 F.2d 1145, 1157 (10th Cir.1992)). As a result, we find that they receive the predominant benefit of the time in question and are not entitled to compensation for it under the FLSA.
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that Plaintiffs' claims under the predominant benefit test fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. We will accordingly affirm the District Court's order granting Butler County's motion to dismiss.
Plaintiffs2 are corrections officers at the Butler County Correctional Facility who seek compensation for meal periods that they argue constitute compensable work under the FLSA. Although the Majority acknowledges the fact-intensive and circumstance-specific nature of the totality-of-the-circumstances inquiry under the predominant benefit test, see Majority Op. at 6, the Majority does not permit the Plaintiffs in this case to conduct the discovery that would permit them access to the facts and circumstances to meet that standard.
The issue before us is not whether Plaintiffs are paid for the first forty-five minutes of their meal period and paid if called upon to work during their lunch hour. Nor is the issue before us whether Plaintiffs may request permission to leave the prison.5 Instead, it is whether Plaintiffs should be paid because they allege that they are required to be prepared to serve at a moment's notice for the entirety of the meal period. As a result of maintaining this readiness to serve Defendant, Plaintiffs allege that they are subject to a number of restrictions and prohibitions that greatly limit their movement and activities. Considered in their totality, these restrictions create conditions constituting compensable work. As such, one can only conclude that the Complaint was improperly dismissed; I therefore respectfully dissent.
I. Plaintiffs Raise a Plausible Claim that Uninterrupted Meal Periods Are Compensable Work.
In their Complaint, Plaintiffs allege that they must remain in uniform, in the prison, in close proximity to emergency response equipment, and on call to respond to emergencies, for the duration of their meal periods. App. 24, ¶ 27. They also allege that they are not permitted to go outside, sleep, smoke, or run personal errands during this time. Id. ¶¶ 30, 31, 32.
“The central issue in mealtime cases is whether employees are required to ‘work’ as that term is understood under the FLSA.” Reich v. S. New England Telecomm. Corp., 121 F.3d 58, 64 (2d Cir.1997) (citing Henson v. Pulaski Cty. Sheriff Dep't, 6 F.3d 531, 533–34 (8th Cir.1993)). “[T]he [Supreme] Court [has] held that ‘work’ under the FLSA means ‘physical or mental exertion (whether burdensome or not) controlled or required by the employer and pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefit of the employer and his business.’ “ Id. (quoting Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. Co. v. Muscoda Local No. 123, 321 U.S. 590, 598, 64 S.Ct. 698, 88 L.Ed. 949 (1944)). Indeed, “the Court counseled that the determination of what constitutes work is necessarily fact-bound.” Id. (citing Armour & Co. v. Wantock, 323 U.S. 126, 133, 65 S.Ct. 165, 89 L.Ed. 118 (1944); Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 136–37).
Readiness to serve may be hired, quite as much as service itself, and time spent lying in wait for threats to the safety of the employer's property may be treated by the parties as a benefit to the employer. Whether time is spent predominantly for the employer's benefit or for the employee's is a question dependent upon all the circumstances of the case.
Armour, 323 U.S. at 133.
Where employees have faced significant restrictions for the benefit of their employer, meal periods have been considered compensable work under the FLSA.
During such periods when “workers [were] restricted to the site for the purpose of performing valuable security service for the company,” the Second Circuit found the meal period to be compensable as work. Reich, 121 F.3d at 65. Although observing that “the workers perform different services during meal breaks than throughout the rest of the day,” the Second Circuit reasoned that “the workers' on-site presence [during meals] is solely for the benefit of the employer and, in their absence, the company would have to pay others to perform those same services.” Id. The court concluded, “[b]y not compensating these workers, [the employer] is effectively receiving free labor.” Id.
Similarly, here, Plaintiffs have alleged that they are required to remain at the correctional facility during their meal period to be available to assist in security measures. Indeed, state regulations require certain staffing levels be maintained at correctional facilities at all times.6 As in Reich, without Plaintiffs' presence at the facility during meals, Defendant could be required to hire others during that time period. Plaintiffs' allegations regarding the restrictions on their movement and activities are sufficient to state a claim under the FLSA that the meal period is compensable work.
II. The Majority's Reliance on Leahy Is Factually and Legally Flawed.
Further, Leahy 's holding is questionable post-Wright because Wright did not address whether the plaintiffs had exercised a “clear and unmistakable waiver” of their statutory right to a federal forum. See Wright, 525 U.S. at 81–82. Indeed, no court of appeals has followed Leahy in the nineteen years since it was issued. Two of our sister circuits have addressed Leahy, and each has squarely rejected its holding. The Fifth Circuit dismissed Leahy, noting,”[n]ot only is the majority position ‘preposterous,’ it completely ignores the Supreme Court's decision in Barrentine ” because, “[u]nder Barrentine, [ ] the plaintiffs' right to pursue a suit under the FLSA is completely independent from their rights under the CBA.” Bernard, 154 F.3d at 263–64 (footnotes omitted) (quoting Leahy, 96 F.3d at 235) (Cudahy, J., dissenting). The First Circuit also rejected the Leahy analysis, observing that it “conflates contractual rights with statutory ones.” Manning, 725 F.3d at 52 n. 9. Given the paucity of support for Leahy and the likelihood that its holding did not survive Wright, the Majority's reliance on Leahy to dismiss Plaintiffs' claims is mistaken.
In their Complaint, Plaintiffs set forth sufficient allegations to state a claim that their meal period should be considered compensable work under the FLSA. For this reason alone, their claims should not have been dismissed. Further, while discounting Plaintiffs' factual allegations, the Majority decides this matter by overvaluing the CBA's compensation provisions—disregarding relevant Supreme Court precedent in the process. Ending this lawsuit now is clearly improper. I respectfully dissent.

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