Source: http://dmcadefender.com/dmca-rights-digital-millennium-copyright-act/
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 14:33:07+00:00

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The Copyright Act gives copyright holders the exclusive right to reproduce works for a limited time period. Fair use is a limitation on this right. Fair use allows people other than the copyright owner to copy part or, in some circumstances, all of a copyrighted work, even where the copyright holder has not given permission or objects.
How does fair use fit with copyright law?
Copyright law embodies a bargain. It gives copyright holders a set of exclusive rights for a limited time period as an incentive to create works that ultimately enrich society as a whole. In exchange for this limited monopoly, creators enrich society by, hopefully, contributing to the growth of science, education and the arts.
However, copyright law does not give copyright holders complete control of their works. Copyrighted works move into “the public domain” and are available for unlimited use by the public when the copyright term expires (see Public Domain FAQ). But even before works enter the public domain, the public is free to make “fair uses” of copyrighted works.
How does the court know if a use is fair?
A particular use is more likely to be considered fair when the copied work is factual rather than creative.
This factor applies even if the original is given away for free. If you use the copied work in a way that substitutes for the original in the market, that will weigh against fair use. Uses of copyrighted material that serve a different audience or purpose are more likely to be considered fair.
These factors are guidelines, and they are not exclusive. As a general matter, courts are often interested in whether or not the individual making use of a work has acted in good faith.
What has been recognized as fair use?
1.Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 114 S.Ct. 1164, 127 L. Ed. 2d 500  .
2.MoveOn, Brave New Films v. Viacom.
3.Time Inc. v. Bernard Geis Associates.
4.Carol Burnett v. Twentieth Century Fox, 491 F.Supp.2d 962, 967, 975 (C.D.Cal. 2007).
5.Religious Technology Center v. Pagliarina, 908 F. Supp 1353 (E.D. Va. 1995).
6.Blanch v. Koons, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26299 (S.D.N.Y. 2005).
7.Wright v. Warner Books, Inc., 953 F.2d 731 (2d Cir. 1991).
8.Sundeman v. The Seajay Society, Inc., 142 F.3d 194 (4th Cir. 1998).
9.Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984).
10.Perfect 10 v. Amazon.com et al, 487, F.3d 701 (9th Cir 2007).
1.More specifically, “a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person’s official duties” is in the public domain, but there are situations in which copyright does apply to a government document. For example, works produced by contractors working on behalf of the government can be protected by copyright, depending on the terms of the contract. There may be disclaimers on “.gov” sites that cover exceptions or discrepancies.
Identifying the source of a work. For example, a Creative Commons “BY” or attribution license requires the second user of a copyrighted work to identify the original source of the work.
A form of legal protection given to the creators of “original works of authorship,” including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. U.S. copyright law generally gives the author of an original creative work an exclusive right to reproduce (copy) or distribute the original work to the public, create new works based upon the original work, and perform or display the work publicly.
A violation of the exclusive rights of a copyright holder, such as copying, distributing, or performing the copyright owner’s work without permission unless the use is otherwise authorized by law.
The length of time the law allows copyright owners to hold the exclusive rights on their original works.
A new work that translates or transforms one or more original copyrighted works (e.g., a movie made from a comic book, a song written about a photograph, etc.).
A form of communication. Creative ideas alone are not copyrightable. But the communication of creative ideas in a fixed medium of expression (e.g., a book, play, drawing, film, photo, etc.) may be copyrighted.
One of several legal limitations on the exclusive rights granted to copyright owners. Fair use permits a second user to copy part or all of a copyrighted work under certain circumstances, even when the copyright holder has not given permission or even objects to that use of the work. Courts evaluate fair use claims case-by-case relying primarily on four factors: the purpose and character of the use of copyrighted work, the nature of the original work, the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole, and the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the original work.
The practice of uploading and downloading digital files (text, audio, video, or image) to and from a computer network where more than one user has access to those files.
Permission granted by the copyright holder to copy, distribute, display, transform and/or perform a copyrighted work.
A genre of derivative works that are built by creatively reusing and combining various portions of music, film, audio, and graphics.
An exaggerated, often comical work that takes elements from the work it comments upon in order to target its point.
A network of online computers that allows users to share (upload and download) digital files from computer to computer.
The practice of passing off another author’s work or ideas as one’s own.
Works that are not restricted by copyright and do not require a license or fee to use. Works can enter the public domain automatically because they are not copyrightable, be designated in the public domain by the creator, or become part of the public domain because the copyright term has expired.
A term frequently used by Stanford law professor and Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig to refer to a community of amateur creators who blend media and materials to develop new works, and the social context that fosters the growth of that community.

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