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Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite del 1989 sui mercenari :: Studi per la pace
Hits: 3009 Business di guerra
Assemblea Generale N.U.
Legge 12 maggio 1995, n. 210 in Suppl. ordinario alla Gazz. Uff., 1 giugno, n. 126
Ratifica ed esecuzione della convenzione internazionale contro il reclutamento, l'utilizzazione, il finanziamento e l'istruzione di mercenari, adottata dall'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite a New York il 4 dicembre 1989
La Convenzione del 1989 è l'unico strumento applicabile universalmente nei confronti delle attività mercenarie e delle Private Military and Security Companies (PMC). Essa è stata elaborata come riposta all'espansione delle attività mercenarie ed all'evoluzione dei soggetti ad essa connessi. Ha come principale obbiettivo quello di richiamare il divieto, presente nella Carta delle Nazioni Unite, all'utilizzo e la minaccia della forza contro l'integrità politica e territoriale degli Stati. La sua maggiore utilità è quella di fornire un punto di riferimento internazionalmente accettato, per l'opera legislativa interna degli Stati che l'hanno firmata. Tale documento è entrato in vigore solo il 20 ottobre 2001; esso soffre di numerosi limiti, soprattutto per quanto riguarda il problema della definizione di attività mercenaria e non prende in considerazione la categoria delle PMC e, tantomeno, può essere utilizzata nel regolare l'attività del settore della sicurezza privata, così come esso si è evoluto.
1. Legge di ratifica ed esecuzione della Convenzione
2. Testo della Convenzione (in inglese)
Legge 12 maggio 1995, n. 210 (in Suppl. ordinario alla Gazz. Uff., 1 giugno, n. 126). - Ratifica ed esecuzione della convenzione internazionale contro il reclutamento, l'utilizzazione, il finanziamento e l'istruzione di mercenari, adottata dall'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite a New York il 4 dicembre 1989.
Preambolo (Omissis)
1. Il Presidente della Repubblica è autorizzato a ratificare la convenzione internazionale contro il reclutamento, l'utilizzazione, il finanziamento e l'istruzione di mercenari adottata dall'Assemblea generale delle Nazioni Unite a New York il 4 dicembre 1989.
1. Piena ed intera esecuzione è data alla convenzione di cui all'articolo 1, a decorrere dalla data della sua entrata in vigore, in conformità a quanto disposto dall'articolo 19 della convenzione stessa.
1. Chiunque, avendo ricevuto un corrispettivo economico o altra utilità o avendone accettato la promessa, combatte in un conflitto armato nel territorio comunque controllato da uno Stato estero di cui non sia né cittadino né stabilmente residente, senza far parte delle forze armate di una delle Parti del conflitto o essere inviato in missione ufficiale quale appartenente alle forze armate di uno Stato estraneo al conflitto, è punito, se il fatto non costituisce più grave reato, con la reclusione da due a sette anni.
2. Chiunque, avendo ricevuto un corrispettivo economico o avendone accettato la promessa, partecipa ad un'azione, preordinata e violenta, diretta a mutare l'ordine costituzionale o a violare l'integrità territoriale di uno Stato estero di cui non sia né cittadino né stabilmente residente, senza far parte delle forze armate dello Stato ove il fatto sia commesso né essere stato inviato in missione speciale da altro Stato, è punito, per la sola partecipazione all'atto, se il fatto non costituisce più grave reato, con la reclusione da tre a otto anni.
1. Chiunque recluta, utilizza, finanzia o istruisce delle persone al fine di far loro commettere alcuni dei fatti previsti nell'articolo 3 è punito, se il fatto non costituisce più grave reato, con la reclusione da quattro a quattordici anni.
1. È punito secondo la legge italiana:
(1) Modifica l'art. 244, c.p.
(2) Modifica l'art. 288, c.p.
International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, 4 December 1989
Have agreed as follows : Art. 1
(e) Is not a member of the armed forces of the State on whose territory the act is undertaken. Art. 2
Any person who recruits, uses, finances or trains mercenaries, as defined in article 1 of the present Convention, commits an offence for the purposes of the Convention. Art. 3
1. A mercenary, as defined in article 1 of the present Convention, who participates directly in hostilities or in a concerted act of violence, as the case may be, commits an offence for the purposes of the Convention.
2. Nothing in this article limits the scope of application of article 4 of the present Convention. Art. 4
(b) Is the accomplice of a person who commits or attempts to commit any of the offences set forth in the present Convention. Art. 5
3. They shall make the offences set forth in the present Convention punishable by appropriate penalties which take into account the grave nature of those offences. Art. 6
(b) Co-ordinating the taking of administrative and other measures as appropriate to prevent the commission of those offences. Art. 7
States Parties shall co-operate in taking the necessary measures for the implementation of the present Convention. Art. 8
Any State Party having reason to believe that one of the offences set forth in the present Convention has been, is being or will be committed shall, in accordance with its national law, communicate the relevant information, as soon as it comes to its knowledge, directly or through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the States Parties affected. Art. 9
1. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over any of the offences set forth in the present Convention which are
2. Each State Party shall likewise take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in articles 2, 3 and 4 of the present Convention in cases where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does note extradite him to any of the States mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article.
3. The present Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with national law. Art. 10
1. Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any State Party in whose territory the alleged offender is present shall, in accordance with its laws, take him into custody or take such other measures to ensure his presence for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be instituted. The State Party shall immediately make a preliminary inquiry into the facts.
2. When a State Party, pursuant to this article, has taken a person into custody or has taken such other measures referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, it shall notify without delay either directly or through the
4. The provisions of paragraph 3 of this article shall be without prejudice to the right of any State Party having a claim to jurisdiction in accordance with article 9, paragraph 1 (b), to invite the International Committee of the Red Cross to communicate with and visit the alleged offender.
5. The State which makes the preliminary inquiry contemplated in paragraph 1 of this article shall promptly report its findings to the States referred to in paragraph 2 of this article and indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction. Art. 11
Any person regarding whom proceedings are being carried out in connection with any of the offences set forth in the present Convention shall be guaranteed at all stages of the proceedings fair treatment and all the rights and guarantees provided for in the law of the State in question. Applicable norms of international law should be taken into account. Art. 12
The State Party in whose territory the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution through proceedings in accordance with the laws of that State. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any other offence of a grave nature under the law of that State. Art. 13
1. States Parties shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the offences set forth in the present Convention, including the supply of all evidence at their disposal necessary for the proceedings. The law of the State whose assistance is requested shall apply in all cases.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this article shall not affect obligations concerning mutual judicial assistance embodied in any other treaty. Art. 14
The State Party where the alleged offender is prosecuted shall in accordance with its laws communicate the final outcome of the proceedings to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit the information to the other States concerned. Art. 15
1. The offences set forth in articles 2,3 and 4 of the present Convention shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between States Parties. States Parties undertake to include such offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.
2. If a State Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another State Party with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at its option consider the present Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of those offences. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State.
3. States Parties which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize those offences as extraditable offences between themselves, subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State.
4. The offences shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition between States Parties, as if they had been committed not only in the place in which they occurred but also in the territories of the State required to establish their jurisdiction in accordance with article 9 of the present Convention. Art. 16
(b) The law of armed conflict and international humanitarian law, including the provisions relating to the status of combatant or of prisoner of war. Art. 17
3. Any State Party which has made a reservation in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article may at any time withdraw that reservation by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Art. 18
1. The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States until 31 December 1990 at United Nations Headquarters in New York.
2. The present Convention shall be subject to ratification. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
3. The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Art. 19
2. For each State ratifying or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twenty-second instrument of ratification or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession. Art. 20
1. Any State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2. Denunciation shall take effect one year after the date on which the notification is received by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Art. 21

References: Art. 1
 Art. 2
 Art. 3
 Art. 4
 Art. 5
 Art. 6
 Art. 7
 Art. 8
 Art. 9
 Art. 10
 Art. 11
 Art. 12
 Art. 13
 Art. 14
 Art. 15
 Art. 16
 Art. 17
 Art. 18
 Art. 19
 Art. 20
 Art. 21