Source: https://www.lawweb.in/2018/07/whether-accused-can-be-convicted-with.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 11:46:56+00:00

Document:
Law Web: Whether accused can be convicted with aid of S 34 of IPC if it is not possible to convict him U/S 149 of IPC?
There cannot be any quarrel about the law laid down in the aforesaid judgments where subtle distinction is drawn between Section 34 and Section 149, Indian Penal Code which deal with 'common intention' and 'common object' respectively. At the same time, it is also clarified that it would depend on the facts of each case as to whether Section 34 or Section 149 of Indian Penal Code or both the provisions are attracted. It is also held that non-applicability of Section 149 Indian Penal Code is no bar in convicting the Accused persons Under Section 302 Indian Penal Code read with Section 34 of Indian Penal Code, if the evidence discloses commission of offence in furtherance of common intention of them all.
1. The eleven Appellants herein, out of the fifteen persons who faced trial, are variously convicted under the provisions of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for committing offences punishable Under Sections 364A, 34, 395 and 412 of the Indian Penal Code, hereby call into question the confirmation of their conviction by the High Court by the common impugned judgment and order dated March 30, 2010, which was rendered in a batch of appeals. Ensuing from their conviction on the above-mentioned charges, the Appellants and Ors. similarly situated have been sentenced to undergo imprisonment for 20 years.
2. The Sessions Court, finding them guilty of aforesaid offences, had sentenced two Appellants, Krishna Bihari Singh @ Krishna Singh and Jawahar Koiry @ Jawahar Singh @ Neta Jee, to suffer death penalty. However, the sentence has been truncated by the High Court on appeal/reference, awarding them the punishment of imprisonment for 20 years. The High Court, having opined that the actions of all the Appellants were driven by common intention, the conviction of life imprisonment of the other remaining Appellants is also fixed at 20 years.
3. The case pertains to the abduction of Ajay Shanker Mishra (PW-17), Manoj Singh (PW-18) and Raju Mishra (PW-20) which the prosecution claims, was committed for extracting ransom. The written report of Arun Kumar Mishra (the informant, examined as PW-5 during trial) and subsequent FIR divulge that the victim PW-17 and the informant (PW-5) were doing the business together, wherein PW-17 was mainly responsible for collecting money dues from their business associates. On November 20, 2006, PW-17 along with informant's cousin PW-20 and the driver PW-18, left Buxar in a White Maruti Gypsy bearing No. BR 1P 2619, with the purpose of collecting the dues. Having collected a total of Rs. 4 lakhs from their business associates i.e. Sanjay Jaiswal (PW-1), Rajesh Kumar Jaiswal (PW-2), Sandeep Kumar Jaiswal (PW-3), Parwez Hassan Ansari (PW-4) and Ors. they were proceeding to head back. While they telephonically informed twice, last being at 4:30 PM, they did not return home and the next day was spent searching for the missing victims. The records further disclose that around 6 pm on the next day, the said white Gypsy escorted by a motorcycle and a silver Bolero was seen going towards Jamauli on the Rampur Jamauli Canal road. Additionally, it was also recorded that on the same day i.e. November 21, 2006, at around 8:45 pm, the driver PW-18 contacted the informant PW-5 from Sonbarsa informing him that seven unknown persons had abducted the victims Ajay Shanker Mishra and Raju Mishra, at gunpoint, the previous evening at around 5 pm by overtaking the vehicle with two motorcycles and the driver PW-18 was left at Sonbarsa by the abductors. It was further mentioned in the FIR that the abductors had committed the said crime for the purpose of extracting ransom.
4. After the investigation, a chargesheet Under Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Cr.P.C.) was filed before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Buxar, alleging the commission of offences, inter alia by the Appellants herein Under Sections 364A, 395, 412 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code. The prosecution led 22 witnesses as part of its evidence to establish its case. As per the statement put forth by the informant PW-5, the day following the release of the Driver PW-18, they went to the place of occurrence and confinement with the police. A mobile sim card belonging to PW-5's servant Rinku was sent to the abductors for establishing contact and through which the demand for Rs. 50 lakhs was made. On demanding the proof whether the victims were alive, the Accused persons informed him that they were sending the victim's watch and ring and further permitted the victim Ajay Shanker Mishra to speak on the mobile. It was also stated that the Accused persons disclosed their names as Jawahar Koiry and Suresh Koiry. PWs-17 and 20 were released from the captivity after 52 days on January 11, 2007 even though the driver, PW-18 was released on the day following the abduction. It is further revealed that upon the release of the victims, the police took them to the place where they had been kept during the abduction for identification and the Police subsequently drew up a location map based on their information.
5. The trial court vide its order convicted all the Accused (Appellants) persons Under Sections 364A/34, 395 and 412 Indian Penal Code. However, the Appellants were acquitted of the charge framed Under Section 120B Indian Penal Code. The Court convicted the Appellants based on the testimonies of the 22 witnesses led by the prosecution, the Test Identification Parade (TIP) charts wherein the victims identified the Appellants, the recovery of Rs. 1,50,000/- from the Almirah kept in the house of Accused Krishna Singh which was not challenged by the said Accused having also failed to establish how it came to be in his possession. On the other hand, the prosecution clearly proved that the victims had realized due amounts from their business associates which was taken away by the Accused persons at the time of their kidnapping out of which two bundles of notes were handed over to one "Babusaheb" who had a rifle with him and was driving the silver Bolero. The victim identified "Babusaheb", as Krishna Singh, the accused-Appellant. Additionally, the demand for ransom was proved by the evidence of the informant (PW-5) along with the victim's (PW-17) letter, the seizure list as well as the TIP Chart.
6. Although, four Accused persons, namely, Lal Mohar Singh, Prabhawati Devi, Rajbahadur Singh @ Chunnu Singh and Krishna Singh were charged for the offence Under Section 412 of the Indian Penal Code due to the recovery of Rs. 1,50,000/- from the Almirah of the house of Krishna Singh, the trial court held that the prosecution had failed to prove and establish the fact that these four Accused persons had knowledge or reason to believe that the recovered money from the Almirah was the looted money. In such a circumstance, the court further held that the offence Under Section 412 Indian Penal Code is proved against the Appellant Krishna Singh only. The prosecution, however, established that 12 Accused persons including Appellants Krishna Singh, Birbal Choudhary, Shyam Bihari Paswan, Angad Koiry, Jawahar Koiry, Ramashraya Koiry and other Accused persons, namely, Rambriksha Koiry, Hridayanand Koiry, Mangala Singh, Ramdarash Koiry, Saroj Singh and Harbanse Ram, kidnapped and kept the victims in their custody as well as tortured the victims to pay a ransom in furtherance of their common intention. This led the court to hold that the offence Under Section 364/34 of the Indian Penal Code is well proved and established against the 12 persons.
7. Appellant Jawahar Koiry was charged for the offence Under Section 412 of the Indian Penal Code as well. The trial court took into account the allegation made against him on the reasoning that the golden ring of the victim Ajay Shanker Mishra which was taken by the Accused person in the course of the kidnapping was recovered from his possession. In such circumstances, the allegation was held proved and established by the evidence of the witnesses, the seizure list as well as the TIP Chart. The court further held that out of 11 Accused persons including the Appellants, originally charged Under Section 397 Indian Penal Code for committing the dacoity of cash of about Rs. 4 lakhs with one White Maruti Gypsy bearing registration no BR 1P 2619 from the possession of the victims stood established against the Accused Appellants having been well proven by the prosecution. The court absolved other Accused persons including the Appellant Ramashraya Koiry of the charge Under Section 395 of the Indian Penal Code holding that the prosecution had failed to establish and proved its case against the remaining accused. However, it went on to hold that in the given circumstances, the offence Under Section 395 Indian Penal Code was well proved and established against the remaining Appellants. The court further absolved the Accused persons including the Appellants of the charge for the offence Under Section 120B of the Indian Penal Code with the findings that even though it came in the evidence of PW-19, the Investigating Officer in the case, that the Accused persons had planned to kidnap the victims, this fact was not proved and established by the evidence led by any of the prosecution witnesses. The prosecution having failed to prove any prior agreement of the Accused person to kidnap the victim, the court held that the offence Under Section 120B stood devoid of any proof.
8. The trial court keeping in mind the criminal antecedents of the Appellants Krishna Singh and Jawahar Koiry, considered it justified to sentence them to death holding that the punishment of life imprisonment would be inadequate for the offence Under Section 364A/34 Indian Penal Code committed by them. However, noting that the remaining Accused did not have any criminal history, the court sentenced them to undergo imprisonment for life for the offence punishable Under Section 364A/34 Indian Penal Code. The Appellants were further sentenced to undergo Rigorous Imprisonment (RI) for 10 years for the offence Under Section 395 Indian Penal Code and since the Accused Appellants Krishna Singh and Jawahar Koiry were already sentenced for the offence Under Section 395 of the Indian Penal Code, the court found it fit not to pass any separate sentence against them for the offence Under Section 412 of the Indian Penal Code.
9. Before the High Court, the common submission on behalf of the prosecution was that the sentence of death was to commensurate with the offence and in the interest of the society warranting no interference. It was also submitted that even if the court were not to uphold the death sentence of the Appellant, surely the same was not a fit case for the sentence of life imprisonment commonly understood for a term of 14 years.
10. The High Court in its impugned judgment opined that the abduction of the victims by certain unknown persons stood fully established. The first description of the alleged abductors figured in the deposition of PW-17. Photographically reliving the abduction, he recounted that the person sitting pillion on one of the motorcycles was referred to as 'Neta Jee' by his accomplices. The pillion rider on the second motorcycle had a mole on his left cheek. Both these persons pull out PW-17 and PW-18 respectively from the Gypsy. The latter snatched the money bag. Another person who got down from the Bolero, pulled out PW-20 and pushed him into the Bolero, had a rifle in his hand. He further described that one of them was of stout built with a receding hair line with strands of white hair and was wearing Kurta Pajama. The person possessed with the rifle was of fair complexion and average height referred to as 'Babu Saheb' by his accomplices. PW-17 further stated that the accomplice referred to as 'Verma Jee' took out two packets of the money wrapped in newspaper bundles from the bag and handed it over to the person driving the Bolero addressed as 'Babu Saheb' and told him to return, which he did, along with the Gypsy driven by another. The abductor identified as 'Neta Jee' while travelling in the Bolero when the mobile phone of PW-17 rang, as PW-5 had called, the said abductor stated that he was the father of all and disconnected the number.
11. The High Court has also held that the abductees having remained closeted with the abductors for approximately five hours in the vehicle the victims had ample opportunity to identify the features and faces of the Accused persons. This, the court added, was a perfectly natural conduct and lent great credibility to their evidence and identification. The trauma and agony of the victims surely led to the identification and features of the abductors being etched in the minds of the victims in the form of an imprint when they stated they could clearly identify them. The court further held that driver (PW-18), who was released on the day following the abduction near Sonbarsa Petrol pump as an affirming witness, fully corroborated PW-17 in material particulars for the mode, the manner and stay in confinement at Village Simri on the first night. On his release, he stated to have gone along with the Police and showed them the place of abduction and the place where he was kept in confinement and was finally released. This found corroboration in the evidence of PW-8, the first investigating Officer. PW-17 had given a graphic description of the places where he and PW-20 were kept during their confinement for approximately 52 days including identifying landmarks corroborated and confirmed by PW-19 during police investigation.
12. The High Court further discussed the demand for ransom made on the basis of Exhibit 8 which is the letter written by PW-17 during confinement and signed by PW-20 asking PW-5 to pay the ransom amount and secure their release. The demand for ransom also stood established from the conversation between PW-5 when the Accused Appellants Jawahar Koiry and Suresh Koiry identified themselves calling from the phone number 9430029994 which was sent to establish contact with the abductors. The demand for ransom of Rs. 50 lakhs was made and they further stated that they were sending the ring of PW-17 and a letter (Exhibit 8) from them as proof of their confinement to claim ransom. The mobile forensic evidence, which was brought on record during the investigation, also showed that a call was made which proves that a demand for ransom was in fact made. The court further pointed out that the act of abduction as was carried out in the present case was a result of meticulous planning of the logistics with separate roles assigned to the individual players. Once the demand for ransom stood established, whether it was actually paid for or not, was irrelevant.
13. The High court in its decision regarding the sentence awarded to each of the Accused Appellants, discussed the insertion of Section 364A which was a result of the changing scenario of crime in the country. The court pointed out the smooth and flawless nature of the crime, which leads to the conclusion that the Accused persons were not novices. With the sole lust of gaining quick access to money, the Accused persons who were otherwise not paupers or beggars committed a crime that was an organised criminal antisocial activity, where such people could not be held amenable to reaffirmation as they constitute a danger to society. To be able to cope with the changing times, the law needs to evolve and with this intention, the court discussed the provision of life imprisonment for this crime. The Section provides for the said punishment for threat to cause hurt and apprehension of hurt from real hurt. Holding that the said Section should be read in isolation without being confined to Section 319, justice would prevail if RI of 20 years was awarded to all the Accused Appellants. Regarding the two Accused Appellants i.e. Krishna Singh and Jawahar Koiry, who were awarded the death sentence, the court reasoned that the only justification provided for the enhanced sentence for these two Appellants was due to their criminal antecedents, for no evidence transpired with regard to any act on part of the two Appellants of having threatened to cause death or hurt to the victims or conduct of a nature giving rise to reasonable apprehension in the mind of the victims of death or hurt much less having caused death or hurt. Holding that there was no justification to distinguish their case from that of the other Appellants for award of a different sentence, and holding that classification could not be done based solely on criminal antecedents, the High Court sentenced them along with the other Appellants to 20 years of RI.
16. Mr. Basant, learned senior Counsel argued Criminal Appeal No. 701 of 2012, Mr. Upadhyay, learned senior Counsel argued Criminal Appeal Nos. 702 of 2012, 705 of 2012, 706 of 2012 and 708 of 2012 whereas Ms. Niranjana Singh and Mr. T. Mahipal, advocates argued Criminal Appeal Nos. 707 of 2012 and 1858 of 2013. Mr. Gopal Singh, advocate appearing for the State responded to the arguments advanced by the counsel for the various Appellants. Mr. R. Dash, learned senior Counsel, who appeared on behalf of the informant, supported the case of the prosecution.
17. As pointed out above, though charge of conspiracy Under Section 120-B Indian Penal Code was also framed against these Appellants, the Court of Sessions acquitted them of this charge. Thus, conspiracy has not been established. However, common intention behind the aforesaid criminal acts in held proved. In this background, we proceed to examine the plea of defence put up by each of the Appellant, to find out as to whether their conviction is appropriate or not.
(i) There is no legal evidence to implicate A-13.
(ii) Allegations and charge Under Section 364A of Indian Penal Code was utterly baseless.
(iii) Enhancement of sentence to 20 years RI was legally impermissible.
19. On the first aspect, Mr. Basant submitted that the allegations pertained to abduction of three persons who had deposed in the Court as PWs-17, 18 and 20 but none of them had identified A-13 in the Court. Not only this, PW-17 and PW-20 did not identify him even earlier and did not participate in the TIP. As far as PW-18 is concerned, though he was taken to TIP on December 11, 2006, he identified some other person as 'Mukhiya Jee'. His submission was that Birbal Choudhary was implicated only on the basis of statement of these kidnapped persons that when they were detained in captivity, after kidnapping, one person was addressed as 'Mukhiya' and A-13 is known as 'Mukhiya'. Apart from that, there was not even iota of evidence against his client and even PW-18 identified somebody else as 'Mukhiya' in TIP held on December 11, 2006 and this piece of evidence could not be used against Birbal Choudhary. Referring to another TIP which was conducted on December 14, 2006, Mr. Basant submitted that though in the said TIP, he identified Birbal Choudhary, but in the Court he did not identify him. Further, no recoveries were made from A-13. On the aforesaid basis, his submission was that there was no legal evidence to implicate this Appellant.
20. Another submission of Mr. Basant in this context was that before the two chargesheets were consolidated, in the first chargesheet, 13 persons were committed to trial on April 16, 2007 and other two persons from the second chargesheet were committed to trial on September 15, 2007. However, before September 15, 2007, six witnesses, namely, PW-1 to PW-6 had already been examined in the trial pertaining to first chargesheet. After the two chargesheets were consolidated, PW-1 to PW-6 were examined again. However, deposition of these witnesses when examined again was used against the Appellant Birbal Choudhary as well by the trial court in its judgment which has prejudiced the case of Birbal Choudhary.
21. Mr. Basant also found fault with the reasoning of the High Court wherein A-13 is covered by the TIP, by inference.
22. Adverting to the argument predicated on Section 364A Indian Penal Code, submission of Mr. Basant was that ingredients of this Section could not be established during the trial inasmuch as there was no demand for ransom as neither PW-5 nor PW-17 deposed to this effect. For this purpose, he read out the accusations made in the FIR which, according to him, did not contain any reference to either 'Mukhiya Jee' or 'ransom'. Only a belief was expressed to that effect which could not take the place of evidence, submitted the learned senior Counsel. He also read out relevant portions of depositions of PW-18, PW-9 (Metropolitan Magistrate who conducted TIP) and PW-20 who did not support the prosecution case. He further submitted that though it is alleged by the prosecution that the kidnapped persons were kept in the house of A-13, there was no reliable evidence to this effect inasmuch as no Mahazir of the house was prepared and no evidence was led to the effect that where the kidnapped persons were kept, that house belongs to A-13. In this behalf, he also laboured to submit that the witnesses, particularly, PW-8, PW-18 and PW-19 had given varying versions. He, thus, argued that no demand for ransom was proved.
39. To elaborate, though the power exercised Under Article 71 and Article 161 of the Constitution is amenable to judicial review in a limited sense, yet the Court cannot exercise such power. As far as the statutory power Under Section 433-A Code of Criminal Procedure is concerned, it can be curtailed when the Court is of the considered opinion that the fact situation deserves a sentence of incarceration which be for a fixed term so that power of remission is not exercised. There are many an authority to support that there is imposition of fixed term sentence to curtail the power of remission and scuttle the application for consideration of remission by the convict. It is because in a particular fact situation, it becomes a penological necessity which is permissible within the concept of maximum and the minimum. There is no dispute over the maximum, that is, death sentence. However, as far as minimum is concerned the submission of the learned Counsel for the Appellants is that courts can say "imprisonment for life" and nothing else. It cannot be kept in such a straitjacket formula. The court, as in the case at hand, when dealing with an appeal for enhancement of sentence from imprisonment of life to death, can definitely say that the convict shall suffer actual incarceration for a specific period. It is within the domain of judiciary and such an interpretation is permissible. Be it noted, the Court cannot grant a lesser punishment than the minimum but can impose a punishment which is lesser than the maximum. It is within the domain of sentencing and constitutionally permissible.
24. Mr. Gopal Singh, learned Counsel appearing for the State argued, per contra, that there was sufficient evidence to implicate and convict A-13 which was duly taken note of by the trial court as well as by the High Court. He referred to those portions of the judgments of the Courts below wherein involvement of A-13 as well as the evidence which was produced to substantiate the allegations against him has been discussed. He also submitted that there was sufficient evidence to prove the accusation of demanding ransom by the Accused persons including A-13 on the basis of which charge Under Section 364A Indian Penal Code was duly proved. Insofar as argument of the Appellant that no notice Under Section 401 Code of Criminal Procedure was served before modifying the sentence, his submission was that it was not a case of enhancement of sentence. On the contrary, the High Court had converted the sentence of life imprisonment to that of 20 years RI and this has to be taken as reduction in the sentence inasmuch as 'life imprisonment' has to be treated as imprisonment for whole life, as per the decisions of this Court.
25. As already noted during narration of facts and events, the three persons were abducted on November 20, 2006. Whereas the Driver (PW-18) was released on November 21, 2006, other two abductees were kept in confinement for a period of 52 days and were released only on January 11, 2007. Informant in this case was Arun Kumar Mishra (PW-5) who had lodged written report on November 21, 2006 at 10 pm on the basis of which formal FIR was registered which was sent to the Magistrate on November 22, 2006. PW-5 and his cousin Raju Mishra (PW-20) were the partners in the business of cement, iron and were also having dealership of Hindustan Lever. PW-17 was their employee who was responsible for collection of money, dues from business associates in Ramgarh area and used to travel frequently for this purpose. On the fateful day, PW-17 along with informant's cousin Raju Mishra (PW-20) had left Buxar at 10 am on white Gypsy which was driven by PW-18. On that day, they had collected about Rs. 4 lakhs from various persons and proceeded for Buxar at about 3:30 pm which fact was informed to the informant telephonically. They had reached Rampur at 4:30 pm about which they had told informant telephonically but there was no contact thereafter. The manner in which PW-5/informant came to know about their abduction as stated by him in his complaint is already mentioned above. In his written report lodged on the same day at 10 pm, the informant had stated that he was convinced that abduction was for ransom. As many as 22 witnesses were examined by the prosecution. The Accused persons, in all, examined 9 witnesses. As per the prosecution story, the victims, after their kidnapping, were kept in the house of Jawahar Koiry @ Neta Jee (A-5) at Village Simri and thereafter they were shifted to Village Bhanpur and then to Ganj Bharsara where they were kept in the house of Birbal Choudhary @ Mukhiya Jee (A-13). From there, they were moved to Village Dilhua, Bhabhni and Baradih. This movement from village to village where they have kept from time to time is sought to be established from the mobile versions of Accused as reported by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) that all these villages fell within the location of one mobile tower identified by Kochas A.
26. In this hue, we examine the role of Birbal Choudhary. Evidence against him is that the victims found that A-13 was referred to by others as Mukhiya Jee. Other evidence which is produced is his identification by PW-17 and that the abductees were kept, for few days, in his house. The question is whether there was clinching evidence on the aforesaid aspects.
35. P.W. 18, likewise deposing one year later was consistent with P.W. 17 on the narration of abduction and mobile conversation at 9 P.M. He confirmed showing the Police the place of abduction and the place of confinement before release. The witness identified the rifle used during abduction and identified the Bolero by its velvet coloured seat as also one of the Accused Birbal Chaudhary in T.I.P. but went hostile during the identification of the Appellant in trial concerned of his own safety as very apparent from his statement at paragraph 13 of his cross-examination.
58. The Appellant Birbal Chaudhary has been convicted Under Section 364A/34 and 395 of Indian Penal Code and sentenced to R.I. For life and ten years under the latter. He has been identified in the T.I.P. by P.W. 18. It has to be remembered that the witness was a driver earning his livelihood in the employment of P.W. 5, 17 & 20. His interest in identification of the Accused was obviously limited and he was clearly worried of his own safety when he may not remain in the employment of aforesaid witnesses. The Appellant was identified as the Mukhiya of village Ganjbharsara, where the victims had been kept on the night of 22.11.2006 before they were moved to village Dilhua, P.W. 17 on 22.11.2007 stated in Court while recognizing other Accused present in the dock that Mukhiya Ji was not present in Court. This is nothing but a positive identification of the Accused by affirmance of the witness that he recognizes the physical features of the accused. He clearly states that they were kept in the house of Mukhiya of village Ganjbharsara. From the deposition of P.W. 18, it is apparent that despite having recognized the Appellant during T.I.P. he prefers to play safe in Court by again stating that he never recognized any body and that he does not do so today also. The house of the Appellant was one of the places of confinement shown by P.W. 18 to P.W. 8, the first investigating officer, as one of the places of confinement where the victims were moved in the evening on the second day before he was released at night. The witness had stated during T.I.P. that the Appellant was the person who had pulled him from the Gypsy and pushed him into the Bolero. This clearly tallies with the evidence of P.W. 17, who stated that P.W. 18 was pulled out from the Gypsy and pushed into the Bolero. Clearly worried for his own safety, the witness did not Identify the Appellant on 11.12.2006 in T.I.P.P.W. 17 has stated in his deposition of the nocturnal knocks on his door after the trial started. But only after P.W. 18 appears to have been assured of his own safety that he mustered courage again, filed a fresh application and identified the Appellant barely three days later on 14.12.2006. It is not the case of the Appellant that the witness had the opportunity to see him between 11.12.2006 to 14.12.2006. The Appellant preferred Cr. Revision No. 2 of 2007 against the same before the Sessions Judge, Buxar and which was dismissed on 16.1.2008. The Appellant did not question the dismissal bringing the matter to a finality. The emphasis of the Appellant on the dispute in his identity when P.W. 18 describes him of wheatish complexion and P.W. 17 describes him as fair cannot be given much credence. There is not much difference between fair and wheatish Indian skin as distinct from European skin. P. Ws. 8, 17, 18 & 19 had consistently stated that the victims having been kept in the house of the Appellant, not disputed by the Appellant in his cross-examination, when in his petitions Under Section 317 of the Code of Criminal Procedure on several dates describes himself as 'Mukhiya'. His involvement in the abduction and confinement, therefore, stands established.
29. After going through the records and depositions of material witnesses, specifically keeping in mind the arguments of Mr. Basant, we do not find any reason to deviate from the aforesaid conclusion arrived at by the High Court. We agree that involvement of Birbal Choudhary in the abduction and confinement of the victims stands fully established.
30. P.W. 17, 18 & 20 were the victims of abduction. P.W. 17 and 20, businessmen and relatives of the informant, were released from captivity after 52 days on 11.1.2007., while P.W. 18, the driver was released on the next day of abduction at night. The distinction is too apparent. P.W. 18 was not worth the abduction for ransom.
31. It has also come on record that Exhibit-8 dated November 27, 2007 is the letter written by PW-17 during confinement signed by PW-20 also asking PW-5 to pay the ransom amount and secure their release. The demand for ransom stands established from the conversation between PW-5, when the Accused Jawahar Koiry and Suresh Koiry identified themselves calling from the mobile phone number 9430029994, sent to establish contact with the abductors and made the demand for a ransom of Rs. 50 lakhs and further stated that they were sending the ring of PW-17 and a letter from them (Exhibit-8) in proof of their confinement to claim ransom. Exhibit-8 stated that PW-5 should at the earliest arrange to have them released. The mobile forensic evidence brought on record during investigation by necessary reports from the telephone authorities in the manner provided for in Section 63(b) of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 of the conversation on November 28, 2006 of a call made from the aforesaid number shows that a call was made from it on mobile No. 9934848065 of PW-21, clearly proves that a demand for ransom was in fact made. Even otherwise, it is not the defence of the Appellants that there existed any enmity between the victims and the Appellants for false implication. Once the abduction has been established, surely the abductors did not do so in such planned organized manner with smooth flawlessness discussed, to play hide and seek games or only to scare the victims out of a business dispute or for any other reason to force them to desist from a particular course of action. An act of abduction in the present manner is the result of meticulous planning of the logistics with separate roles assigned to the individual players. The demand for ransom, therefore, clearly stands established. That it was actually paid or not is irrelevant.
Whoever kidnaps or abducts any person or keeps a person in detention after such kidnapping or abduction and threatens to cause death or hurt to such person, or by his conduct gives rise to a reasonable apprehension that such person may be put to death or hurt, or causes hurt or death to such person in order to compel the Government or (any foreign State or international intergovernmental organization or any other person) to do or abstain from doing any act or to pay a ransom, shall be punishable with death, or imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.
(3) that the kidnapping or abduction was for ransom.
Ultimately the question to be decided is "what was the intention? Was it demand of ransom?" There can be no definite manner in which demand is to be made. Who pays the ransom is not the determinative fact.
35. Insofar as kidnapping is concerned, there is no serious dispute about the same. We find that the demand for ransom has been duly proved by the prosecution.
36. Even the last argument of Mr. Basant lacks merit. It is to be kept in mind that the Sessions Court had sentenced the Appellant for life for conviction Under Sections 364A/34 Indian Penal Code. It has been held by this Court in Swamy Shraddananda (2) @ Murali Manohar Mishra v. State of Karnataka MANU/SC/3096/2008 : (2008) 13 SCC 767 that imprisonment for life would mean full life and not sentence of 14 years which may be grossly disproportionate or inadequate and cannot be called as sentence of life. After specifically taking note of this judgment, the High Court felt it appropriate to award the punishment of imprisonment for 20 years. It was done not only in the case of the Appellant or others who were awarded life imprisonment by the trial court but even two other convicts who were given death sentence, their sentence is also reduced to 20 years RI. It is, therefore, clear that the High Court while modifying the sentence qua the Appellant Birbal, in fact, reduced the same from life imprisonment to 20 years RI. Therefore, the question of giving any notice Under Section 401 Code of Criminal Procedure did not arise. The judgment of this Court in Vikas Yadav's case is of no help to the Appellant. In that case, the main issue was of remission of life sentence and observations in para 39 were made in that context. Otherwise, facts of that case would reveal that life imprisonment by the trial court converted to minimum non-remittable fixed term of 25 years by the High Court was held to be appropriate in the facts of that case. We may mention that the Constitution Bench judgment of this Court in Muthuramalingam and Ors., v. State represented by Inspector of Police MANU/SC/0783/2016 : (2016) 8 SCC 313 has approved the view taken in Swami Shraddananda's case that life imprisonment would be treated as imprisonment for full life. The issue which fell for consideration was altogether different.
37. Insofar as the argument of Mr. Basant, learned senior Counsel for the Appellant predicated on re-examination of PW-1 to PW-6 after consolidation of chargesheet is concerned, we find that this step was rather taken in the interest of the Appellant. Appellant was not named in the first chargesheet and at the time when PW-1 to PW-6 were examined in the first chargesheet, obviously, the Appellant was not present. It is for this reason that these witnesses were examined again and the Appellant was given full opportunity to cross-examine them. We do not find that any prejudice is caused to the Appellant by referring to the deposition of these witnesses when examined in the first instance inasmuch as their deposition on both the occasions have remained the same. Therefore, we do not find any merit in this argument also.
38. As a consequence, we dismiss the Criminal Appeal No. 701 of 2012.
39. This appeal is filed by Shyam Bihari Paswan (A-6) who has also been convicted Under Section 364A read with Section 34 Indian Penal Code as well as Section 395 Indian Penal Code. Mr. Upadhyay arguing for A-6 submitted that he has been convicted relying upon the testimony of PW-17 whereas the Driver (PW-18) had deposed to the contrary. He also submitted that insofar as PW-20 is concerned, he did not name A-6. He also questioned as to why only PW-17 called for TIP, excluding PW-18 and PW-20. He also submitted that PW-17 cannot be relied upon. Much mileage were sought to be drawn by the learned Counsel on the basis of letter dated December 29, 2006 which was written by A-6 addressed to the Chief Judicial Magistrate wherein he had alleged unlawful torture committed on him while under judicial custody.
56. The Appellant has been convicted Under Section 364A/34 and 395 Indian Penal Code and sentenced to R.I. for life and ten years under the latter. P.W. 17 in his evidence has stated that when their vehicle was intercepted one of the abductors who got off the motorcycle and pushed P.W. 18 from the Gypsy into the Bolero had a mole on his cheek. In like manner, as the Appellants Krishna Bihari Singh and Jawahar Koiry, P.W. 17 identified this Appellant in the test identification parade held on 5.2.2007. The Appellant surrendered on 18.12.2006 and was in Police custody on remand from 19.12.2006 to 26.12.2006. P.W. 17 and 20 were released on 11.1.2007. The arguments that the witness therefore, had opportunity to see the accused, whose photograph was taken and he was moved around for which he wrote to the Human Rights Commission etc. is of no relevance as on facts, this Court is satisfied that there has been no delay in the T.I.P. So as to vitiate the same. The argument of alleged illegality in the T.I.P. is of no avail and only an ingenuity in this appeal as no such questions were put in cross-examination to P.W. 9, the Magistrate, who conducted the T.I.P. The witness named the Appellant as one of the four Accused present in the dock on 27.11.2007, when he stated that he did not identify other persons present, making a clear distinction.
59. In MANU/SC/7668/2007 : A.I.R. 2007 Supreme Court 2774 (Suman Sood @ Kawaljeet Kaur v. State of Rajasthan) the conviction was Under Section 364A of the Penal Code. It was held in paragraph 41 as follows: "41.
Regarding identification of accused, both the courts have considered the evidence of prosecution witnesses and recorded a finding that identity of the Accused was established beyond doubt. We are also satisfied that evidence of PW 9, victim Rajendra Mirdha was natural and inspired confidence. His evidence established that he was kidnapped in the morning of February 17, 1995 and he remained with the kidnappers up to the date of encounter on February 25, 1995, i.e. for eight-nine days. Obviously, therefore, his evidence was of extreme importance. It was believed by both the courts and we see nothing wrong in the approach of the courts below. It is true and admitted by the prosecution witnesses that the photographs of the Accused were shown on television as also were published in newspapers. That, however, does not in any way adversely affect the prosecution, if otherwise the evidence of prosecution witnesses is reliable and the Court is satisfied as to identity of the accused. Even that ground, therefore, cannot take the case of the Appellants further. It is thus proved beyond doubt that the Accused had committed offences punishable Under Section 343 read with 120B, Indian Penal Code as also Under Section 346 read with 120B, Indian Penal Code.
12. It is trite to say that the substantive evidence is the evidence of identification in Court. Apart from the clear provisions of Section 9 of the Evidence Act, the position in law is well settled by a catena of decisions of this Court. The facts, which establish the identity of the Accused persons, are relevant Under Section 9 of the Evidence Act. As a general rule, the substantive evidence of a witness is the statement made in Court. The evidence of mere identification of the Accused person at the trial for the first time is from its very nature inherently of a weak character. The purpose of prior test identification, therefore, is to test and strengthen the trustworthiness of that evidence. It is accordingly considered a safe Rule of prudence to generally look for corroboration of the sworn testimony of witnesses in Court as to the identity of the Accused who are strangers to them, in the form of earlier identification proceedings. This Rule of prudence, however, is subject to exceptions, when, for example, the Court is impressed by a particular witness on whose testimony it can safely rely, without such or other corroboration. The identification parades belong to the stage of investigation, and there is no provision in the Code which obliges the investigating agency to hold or confers a right upon the Accused to claim, a test identification parade. They do not constitute substantive evidence and these parades are essentially governed by Section 162 of the Code. Failure to hold a test identification parade would not make inadmissible the evidence of identification in Court. The weight to be attached to such identification should be a matter for the Courts of fact. In appropriate cases it may accept the evidence of identification even without insisting on corroboration. (See Kanta Prashad v. Delhi Administration (MANU/SC/0043/1958 : AIR 1958 SC 350), Vaikuntam Chandrappa and Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh (MANU/SC/0224/1959 : AIR 1960 SC 1340), Budhsen and Anr. v. State of U.P. (MANU/SC/0103/1970 : AIR 1970 SC 1321) and Rameshwar Singh v. State of Jammu and Kashmir (MANU/SC/0174/1971 : AIR 1972 SC 102).
43. We may point out that Mr. Dash, learned senior Counsel for the informant had argued to the effect that TIP was not necessary in this case by referring to the judgments in Motilal Yadav v. State of Bihar MANU/SC/1079/2014 : (2015) 2 SCC 647, Ronny alias Ronald James Alwaris and Ors. v. State of Maharashtra MANU/SC/0199/1998 : (1998) 3 SCC 625 and Suresh Chandra Bahri and Ors. v. State of Bihar MANU/SC/0500/1994 : 1995 Supp(1) SCC 80. However, it is not necessary to deal with this aspect once we find that TIP conducted in the present case has been correctly relied upon.
44. Thus, this appeal also stands dismissed.
45. Criminal Appeal No. 705 of 2012 is filed by Ramashraya Koiry (A-14) and Criminal Appeal No. 706 of 2012 is filed by four convicted persons, namely, Rambriksha Koiry (A-7), Hirdayanand Koiry (A-10), Mangala Singh (A-11) and Saroj Singh (A-12). It was submitted that insofar as these persons are concerned, they were not named by either PW-17 or PW-18 or PW-20 and in their cases, no TIP was conducted and they were not identified in the Court as well by the witnesses. The only allegation against them was that they had fed the victim at the time of arrest.
67. The Appellants Ram Briksh Koiry, Hirday Koiry Mangla Singh and Saroj Singh have been acquitted of the charge under 395 Indian Penal Code but convicted Under Section 364A/34 Indian Penal Code And sentenced to R.I. For life. The Appellants have been arrested on 10.12.2006 from the house of Appellant Jawahar Koiry. P.W. 19, who carried out the raid stated that the Appellants attempted to flee on seeing the Police. They are stated to have been providing logistic support to the accused. That they may not have been put on T.I.P. Or identified in the dock is not relevant as they were taken into custody contiguous with the continued confinement of the victims from the house of an Accused positively involved proved by cogent and convincing evidence, when their conviction is with the aid of Section 34 Indian Penal Code of aiding the aforesaid accused, and mere presence shall suffice without need for proof of any positive overt act in furtherance. Clearly they were persons looking after the Appellants and the victims by preparing food and otherwise looking after their well being. In a operation of the present nature it needs no discussion that several players are involved with their respective roles assigned to them as it is not possible for an individual to commit the acts in question singlehandedly with the smoothness of execution presently noticed.
68. The Appellants Ramashraya Koiry and Ram Darash Koiry of village Dilhua have been convicted Under Section 364A/34 Indian Penal Code and sentenced to R.I. for life. They have neither been put on T.I.P. nor identified by P.W. 17, 18 or 20. The evidence against them in the confession of Accused Shyam Bihari Paswan is that the victims were kept in their house at village Dilhua. This part of the confession by itself shall not be sufficient for the conviction of the Appellants. But when it is corroborated by the evidence of P.W. 17 identifying to P.W. 19 the house of the Appellants as the place where they were kept in confinement at village Dilhua after being moved from Ganjbharsara on the night of 22.11.2006. the weak evidence against them gets fortified fully to justify their conviction.
13. That inevitably takes us to the question as to whether the Appellants can be convicted Under Section 302/34. Like Section 149, Section 34 also deals with cases of constructive criminal liability. It provides that where a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone. The essential constituent of the vicarious criminal liability prescribed by Section 34 is the existence of common intention. If the common intention in question animates the Accused persons and if the said common intention leads to the commission of the criminal offence charged, each of the persons sharing the common intention is constructively liable for the criminal act done by one of them. Just as the combination of persons sharing the same common object is one of the features of an unlawful assembly, so the existence of a combination of persons sharing the same common intention is one of the features of Section 34. In some ways the two Sections are similar and in some cases they may overlap. But, nevertheless, the common intention which is the basis of Section 34 is different from the common object which is the basis of the composition of an unlawful assembly. Common intention denotes action-in-concert and necessarily postulates the existence of a prearranged plan and that must mean a prior meeting of minds. It would be noticed that cases to which Section 34 can be applied disclose an element of participation in action on the part of all the Accused persons. The acts may be different; may vary in their character, but they are all actuated by the same common intention. It is now well-settled that the common intention required by Section 34 is different from the same intention or similar intention. As has been observed by the Privy Council in Mahbub Shah v. King-Emperor [MANU/PR/0092/1945 : 72 IA 148] common intention within the meaning of Section 34 implies a pre-arranged plan, and to convict the Accused of an offence applying the Section it should be proved that the criminal act was done in concert pursuant to the prearranged plan and that the inference of common intention should never be reached unless it is a necessary inference deducible from the circumstances of the case.
49. There cannot be any quarrel about the law laid down in the aforesaid judgments where subtle distinction is drawn between Section 34 and Section 149, Indian Penal Code which deal with 'common intention' and 'common object' respectively. At the same time, it is also clarified that it would depend on the facts of each case as to whether Section 34 or Section 149 of Indian Penal Code or both the provisions are attracted. It is also held that non-applicability of Section 149 Indian Penal Code is no bar in convicting the Accused persons Under Section 302 Indian Penal Code read with Section 34 of Indian Penal Code, if the evidence discloses commission of offence in furtherance of common intention of them all. From the facts of the present case, we are satisfied that the courts below have rightly concluded that there was a common intention in committing the offence of kidnapping for ransom, by all the convicted persons.
50. Qua A-14, it was additionally submitted that PW-17 did not identify any particular house. However, it has come on record that Accused Shyam Bihari Paswan in his confessional statement had stated that victims were kept in their house at Village Dilhua which is given credence by the High Court for the reason that it is corroborated by evidence of PW-17 who had identified the house of A-14. Therefore, the argument that no particular house was identified is not correct.
51. As a consequence, these appeals are also dismissed.
52. This appeal is filed by Angad Koiry (A-9). Allegation against him is that he was part of the team which had kidnapped the victims. He was identified in TIP as well as in Court. These aspects were fairly admitted by the learned Counsel. However, his only contention was that there was no reason to convict him Under Section 364A Indian Penal Code and his conviction should have been Under Section 364 Indian Penal Code. In this behalf submission was that after kidnapping, no role is assigned to him and, therefore, the allegations of ransom cannot be attributed to A-9.
53. Once we find that role of A-9 in kidnapping the three persons stands established beyond any doubt and it also stands established that kidnapping was for the ransom which was actually demanded and there was a common intention behind the aforesaid acts, A-9 is rightly convicted Under Section 364A Indian Penal Code. Resultantly, Criminal Appeal No. 708 of 2012 is dismissed as well.
52. The Appellant stands convicted Under Section 364A/34, 395 and 412 Indian Penal Code and sentenced to death. P.W. 17 states, after the abductors intercepted the Gypsy, the person driving the Bolero stepped out carrying a rifle and who was addressed by his accomplices as "Babu Saheb." The Accused referred to as "Verma ji" by his accomplices took out two packets of money wrapped in a 27 news paper and handed it to the person driving the Bolero who then drove away at about 9 P.M. On the 7th day of the abduction, the person driving the Bolero possessed with a rifle had come on a motorcycle along with Accused who had a mole on his face (accused Shyam Bihari Paswan) that his house had been raided, family members arrested, and the Bolero vehicle, money and his rifle seized. The victims were abducted at 4 P.M. and remained with him in the Bolero till 9 P.M. They therefore had adequate opportunity to see the Accused and it can safely be said that their picture got etched or imprinted in the minds of the victim in the confines of the car during this five hours. The witness further stated that the Accused did not have their faces covered during the incident. PW. 17 identified this Appellant in the dock by his identification of "Babu Saheb", referred during abduction by his accomplices. The Accused then disclosed his name as Krishna Bihari Singh. This was a perfectly natural and reliable identification being made by P.W. 17 when he was vividly reliving the abduction drama in his mind by a photographic regeneration. That the Appellant was not put on T.I.P. but was identified in the dock for the first time 10 months after release from abduction is of no relevance in the facts of the present case. Likewise, the absence of his identification by P.W. 18 or 20 is also not material to the prosecution case as it is not the number of witnesses but the issue of the credibility of the sole witness, in which lies the test. T.I.P., is more appropriate where the victim may have had only a glimpse of the unknown Accused and there may be no particular reasons to remember him. The T.I.P. of such an Accused has been considered proper only as an aid that the investigation was proceeding in the 28 right direction. Such identification is not substantive evidence in itself but is only corroborative. In the facts of the case as discussed above, this Court finds no infirmity in the first identification of the Appellant in the dock. The Bolero vehicle used in the abduction was recovered from the house of the Appellant. Whether it was recovered from the boundaries of his premises or parked on the road in front of his house with houses on both sides of the road is hardly relevant and does not make out a defence of lack of his ownership of the same. Both P.W. 17 & 18 in their evidence have clearly identified the silver coloured Bolero by its red colour velvet seat cover in the Court and test identification parade respectively. The two packets of cash wrapped in the news paper given to the Appellant by his accomplices while parting ways containing a total of one lac fifty thousand with the words 'Ansari Nuao' written on it, was the money given by P.W. 4 to P.W. 17 kept in the black bag by P.W. 18. It has been stated by P.W. 17, that the money was wrapped in news paper before handing it over to P.W. 18 who then kept it in the black bag. The Appellant in his statements Under Section 313 Code of Criminal Procedure first stated that it was money withdrawn on the credit card in the name of his wife, and later stated that it was his income from his Chimni business. His bank pass book produced in defence did not show withdrawals of the nature claimed during the period in question to justify his claim for source of the money. The vacillating stand of the Appellant himself leaves this Court satisfied that he was not telling the truth. Both P.W. 17 & 18 also recognized the rifle carried by the Appellant based on the features of the rifle narrated by them in the T.I.P. and in the Court respectively. This seizure was affected from the house 29 of the Appellant and turned out to be a licensed weapon in his name. Last but not the least, the Bolero turned out to be a stolen vehicle from Uttar Pradesh bearing a fake registration number originally allotted to a two wheeler. Events that speak for themselves about the dispensation of the Appellant. This Court, therefore, holds in light of the aforesaid discussion that the identification and involvements of the Appellant in the abduction and confinement clearly stands proved. The recovery of the aforesaid items by the Police on information furnished to it during investigation, identified in the T.I.P. was evidence admissible Under Section 27 of the Evidence Act.
55. As a consequence, this appeal stands dismissed.
56. Harbanse Ram (A-8) is the Appellant in this appeal. He is convicted Under Section 364A/34 Indian Penal Code and was acquitted of the charge Under Section 412 Indian Penal Code. His lawyer argued that his name was not mentioned in the first chargesheet. Further, as far as A-8 is concerned, charges were framed only Under Section 368 and 412 Indian Penal Code and, therefore, his conviction Under Section 364A/34 was legally not tenable.
57. As far as argument of the counsel that the name of A-8 was not mentioned in the chargesheet, as already pointed out above, the IO (PW-19) has explained in detail that during the course of investigation, names of these Accused persons kept surfacing and investigation has been proceeded accordingly. It is, for this reason, that second chargesheet was filed implicating other persons including A-8. Interestingly, no such argument was advanced in the High Court.
Whoever, knowing that any person has been kidnapped or has been abducted, wrongfully conceals or confines such person, shall be punished in the same manner as if he had kidnapped or abducted such person with the same intention or knowledge, or for the same purpose as that with or for which he conceals or detains such person in confinement.
60. Kidnapping for ransom is an offence of unlawfully seizing a person and then confining the person usually in a secret place, while attempting to extort ransom. This grave crime is sometimes made a capital offence. In addition to the abductor a person who acts as a go between to collect the ransom is generally considered guilty of the crime.
60. That apart, learned Counsel for the Respondent rightly contended that Section 464 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that no sentence by a Court of competent jurisdiction would be deemed invalid on the ground that no charge was framed or any irregularity in the charge or misjoinder of the charges, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that a failure of justice had occasioned thereby. In the present case, no such prejudice has been caused to A-8 who knew the ingredients of charge that were levelled against him.
61. Thus, finding no merit in this appeal, Criminal Appeal No. 1858 of 2013 is also dismissed.
62. Nobody argued these appeals. In any case, we have examined the matter in the context of these appeals as well and do not find any error in the judgment of the Courts below convicting these Appellants. Therefore, we dismiss these appeals as well.
63. In fine, all the appeals are dismissed thereby confirming the conviction and sentence passed by the High Court.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
In fine