Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/303/471/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 02:21:32+00:00

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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 303 › Deitrick v. Standard Surety & Cas. Co.
1. A defense of fraud, good against a national bank in an action to enforce a contract, is good against the bank's receiver in such an action. P. 303 U. S. 479.
2. The receiver of a national bank sought to enforce against surety Company, as contracts made to the bank, bonds purporting to have been executed by the company through a general agent and purporting to guarantee payment of certain notes held by the bank. The surety alleged and the proofs showed that the bonds were obtained by the bank through the fraud of the bank's president in collusion with the surety's agent. There was evidence that the agent knew the bonds would be shown to the bank directors and to any others entitled to inquire concerning the notes, for the purposes of deception. Held that the pleadings afforded no basis for a recovery by the receiver upon the theory that, because the comptroller and national bank examiners were deceived by the bonds to the injury of creditors, therefore the surety was estopped to deny their validity as against the receiver, representative of such creditors. P. 303 U. S. 479.
90 F.2d 862, 866, affirmed.
Certiorari, 302 U.S. 676, to review the affirmance of judgments and decrees of the District Court in actions at law brought by the predecessor of the above-named petitioner, receiver of a national bank, to recover from the surety company on bonds held by the bank, and in suits in equity brought by the surety company in a state court and subsequently removed, in which the surety sought to have the bonds canceled for fraud. The cases were heard in conjunction by the District Court, and evidence was taken and findings were made by an Auditor and Master. That court dismissed the actions and decreed in the surety's favor.
The Boston-Continental National Bank, established in December, 1930, through consolidation of Boston National Bank and Continental National Bank, became insolvent. December 17, 1931, a receiver appointed by the Comptroller of the Currency took charge of its affairs. Petitioner is his successor. Among the bank's effects were four "Note-Guaranty" Bonds -- $40,000, $52,000, $20,000, and $20,000 -- alike in form, dated in August and December, 1930, and June and July, 1931, with certain "endorsements" showing extensions. Each purported to be executed by the maker of a described note as principal, with respondent as surety, and was conditioned to pay to the bank the amount of the note upon default, etc.
specified sum in the event of default, which had occurred, etc., that damages had been sustained whereby the surety had become indebted "in the penal sum of said bond, with interest."
Answering, the company denied liability and alleged that, as the bank well knew, the bond was executed without authority, had been fraudulently obtained, was invalid.
"Wherefore these defendants pray: 1. That the court determine the amount due from the plaintiff to Boston-Continental Bank and John B. Cunningham, its receiver, and order the plaintiff to pay the same with interest. 2. For such further relief as the court finds meet and just."
Copies of one complaint [Footnote 3] and answer [Footnote 4] thereto, typical of all, are in the margin.
"I rule that the bonds and 'endorsements' in suit were not binding obligations in the hands of the bank as a going concern, for the reason that Ragan's knowledge of their infirmities is imputed to the bank, and that the bonds and 'endorsements' would not be binding obligations in the hands of the receiver if his rights were derived solely from the bank, as distinguished from its creditors."
He further ruled that as Cliff, general agent of the surety company, knew the bonds would be shown to the bank directors and to any others entitled to inquire concerning the notes described therein for the purpose of deception; therefore "the bonds and endorsements' in suit are binding obligations in the hands of the receiver due to the fact that he represents the bank's creditors."
The District Court heard the causes on report and exceptions. It held the bonds void, and further "adjudged and decreed that the counterclaim of the defendant receiver, set forth in his answer, be and the same is hereby dismissed."
"The master and auditor held that the receiver, in bringing these actions, did not derive his right of recovery through the bank, but because one or more creditors of the bank were deceived, and, as he represents creditors, he derived his right of action through them. The receiver, however, makes no such allegations in his declaration. . . . It is clear from the pleadings that the receiver seeks to recover on these bonds as assets of the bank. In such an action, he stands no better than the bank itself. All defenses open against the bank in such a case are open against the receiver, and he is chargeable with knowledge of all facts known to the bank affecting the character of the claim. . . . If, therefore, the contract with the surety company was illegal as to the bank because, as the master and auditor found that the bank was charged with the knowledge of its president, a recovery could not be had by the bank, a recovery based on the contract of surety cannot be had by the receiver, since a recovery must be based on the pleadings, and the allegations of liability in the plaintiff's declarations are based solely on the contract of surety."
"The plaintiffs' counterclaim distinctly raises the question of the validity of the bonds. The issue of trust for the benefit of creditors is not raised or suggested. . . . The obligations of the surety company based on the depositors of the bank being injured by the giving of the bonds, and the receiver's claim against the surety company based on a trust relationship are not mentioned, and, we think, are not raised by the plaintiffs' counterclaim in the equity suits."
circumstances surrounding the giving of the note-guaranty bonds by Cliff to the Bank accompanied by the supporting powers of attorney, . . . and the consequences which followed the credence given to said bonds and powers of attorney by the national bank examiners and the Comptroller, acting as the representatives of the depositors and other creditors, give rise, in a suit by the Receiver to enforce the bonds, to an estoppel which precludes the Surety Company from denying the validity of the bonds and from asserting as a defense that its agent acted fraudulently and without authority in executing the bonds and that a fraudulent official of the Bank knew of the agent's misconduct."
An examination of the pleadings makes it quite clear that the receiver undertook to set up rights acquired by the insolvent bank through duly executed contracts between it and the surety company. He makes no suggestion of a purpose attributable to the company to mislead creditors or others; makes no allegations of damage, except that sustained by the bank. He sets up no facts which would render unconscionable a denial of liability upon the bond because of the agent's fraud obviously induced by the president of the bank. In this state of the pleadings, the receiver may not have judgment; he cannot rely on something not complained of, nor can he have damages because of supposed deceptions which the pleadings fail to suggest.
than the bank." We adhere to the doctrine there approved, and regard it as decisive of the present cause.
"Now comes the plaintiff in the above-entitled action and says that, on December 22, 1931, he was appointed receiver of Boston-Continental National Bank by the Comptroller of the Currency of the United States, that he duly qualified and is now acting as such receiver."
"And the plaintiff says that the defendant duly entered into, executed under seal, and delivered to the Continental National Bank of Boston, now known as Boston-Continental National Bank, a written instrument or bond, copy whereof is hereto annexed marked 'A' and hereby made a part hereof; that, by the terms of said bond, the defendant bound itself to pay said Continental National Bank of Boston the sum of forty thousand dollars ($40,000) in the event that four notes of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) each signed by Westchester Discount Corporation were not paid upon the due dates as set forth in said bond, the last due date being April 20, 1931; that, sometime prior to April 20, 1931, said bond was extended to June 20, 1931, by a written instrument called endorsement, copy whereof is hereto annexed marked 'B;' that, sometime prior to June 20, 1931, said bond was extended to December 20, 1931, by a written instrument called endorsement, copy whereof is hereto annexed marked 'C;' that the condition of said bond as extended as aforesaid has been broken in that Westchester Discount Corporation, the principal named therein, has not paid the notes described in said bonds according to their terms, but, on the contrary, has failed, refused, and declined to pay said notes, and still continues so to refuse, notwithstanding the fact that all times have elapsed and all conditions have been fulfilled necessary to entitle the plaintiff to payment in full of said notes; that the defendant was duly notified of the default in accordance with the provisions of the bond; that the damages sustained by the plaintiff on account of the default of said Westchester Discount Corporation are in excess of forty thousand dollars ($40,000)."
"Wherefore, the defendant is indebted to the plaintiff in the penal sum of said bond with interest from December 20, 1931."
"And the plaintiff says that this is an action at law arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States and is a case for winding up the affairs of said Boston-Continental National Bank, and the District Court of the United States for the District of Massachusetts has original jurisdiction under Section 24 of the Judicial Code of the United States."
"(Signed.) By his Attorneys, ________ ________"
"Know all Men by these Presents, That we, Westchester Discount Corporation of Mount Vernon, New York, as Principal, and the Standard Surety & Casualty Company of New York, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the New York and having an usual place of business in Boston as Surety, are held and firmly bound and obliged unto the Continental National Bank of Boston, a banking corporation duly organized under the laws of the Massachusetts and having an usual place of business in Boston in the County of Suffolk, in the full and just sum of forty thousand dollars ($40,000.) to be paid to said Continental National Bank of Boston as hereinafter provided to which payment we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors, administrators firmly by these presents."
"The condition of this obligation is such that, if the said Westchester Discount Corporation shall upon the due dates as hereinafter indicated make to the Continental National Bank of Boston full and true payment of a schedule of four notes as listed below, then this obligation shall be void, otherwise shall remain in full force and effect."
"In the event of default on the part of the principal on any note, the obligee shall notify the home office of the Surety Company at 80 John Street, New York City, New York, within ten (10) days by registered mail, of such default, and the Surety Company shall pay any liability hereunder, not exceeding the amount still unpaid on any or all of the aforesaid notes and in no event exceeding forty thousand dollars ($40,000), said payment to be made by the Surety within thirty days after maturity of the final note."
"Witness our hands and seals, and dated this 20th day of December A.D.1930."
"STANDARD SURETY & CASUALTY COMPANY"
"By PERCY G. CLIFF, Attorney-in-Fact"
"1. The plaintiff is a corporation legally established and existing under the laws of the New York, having a usual place of business in Boston in the County of Suffolk in this Commonwealth."
"2. The defendant Boston-Continental National Bank formerly called Continental National Bank of Boston, is a national bank association, legally established and existing under the laws of the United States of America, having its usual place of business in said Boston. The defendant Westchester Discount Corporation is a corporation established and existing under the laws of the New York having its usual place of business in Mount Vernon in the County of Westchester and New York."
"3. The plaintiff is informed and believes, and therefore avers, that, on or about December 20th, A.D. 1930 ,the defendant Westchester Discount Corporation and one Percy G. Cliff executed an instrument, a copy of which is hereto annexed marked A and made a part hereof, and, at the same time, the defendant bank executed and delivered to said Cliff an instrument entitled 'Release' a copy of which is hereto annexed marked B and made a part hereof."
"Thereafter, so the plaintiff is informed and believes and therefore avers, the said Cliff executed the instruments entitled 'Endorsements' copies of which marked respectively C and D are hereto annexed and made parts hereof."
"4. The plaintiff is informed and believes, and therefore avers that all of the instruments aforesaid marked A. C. and D were executed by said Cliff at the request and solicitation of the defendants, without any consideration or security, without premium charged or paid or intended to be charged or paid therefor, upon the understanding between the defendants and said Cliff that said instruments were not binding obligations of the plaintiff, and upon the assurance and promise given by the defendants to said Cliff and upon the understanding that said instruments would not be used or enforced by said bank against the plaintiff, that the plaintiff should never be informed of the existence thereof, and that, after remaining in the custody of the defendant bank for a short time, they should be returned to said Cliff."
"5. All of the instruments above described copies of which are hereto annexed marked A, C, and D, were executed by the said Cliff without authority from the plaintiff and without its knowledge or consent, as both defendants well knew. The plaintiff has only recently learned of the existence of said instruments, which are now in the possession of the defendant bank."
"1. That the defendants be enjoined from enforcing or attempting to enforce the said instruments marked A, C, and D, or any of them, by suit or otherwise."
"2. That the said instruments marked A, C, and D be declared null and void, and that the defendant bank be ordered to deliver them up to be cancelled."
"3. For such other and further relief as may be necessary and proper."
"(Signed) By its Attorney, ______ ______"
"ANSWER OF BOSTON-CONTINENTAL NATIONAL BANK AND JOHN B. CUNNINGHAM, RECEIVER OF BOSTON-CONTINENTAL NATIONAL BANK"
"Now comes Boston Continental National Bank and John B. Cunningham, receiver of Boston-Continental National Bank, and for answer to the plaintiff's bill of complaint says as follows:"
"1. They admit the allegations contained in the first paragraph of the bill of complaint."
"2. They admit the allegations contained in the second paragraph of the bill of complaint."
"3. As to the allegations contained in the third paragraph of the bill of complaint, they say that the instrument, a copy whereof is attached to the bill of complaint marked 'A,' was duly executed by Westchester Discount Corporation by Joseph Stone, its treasurer, and was duly executed by the plaintiff, by Percy G. Cliff, its attorney-in-fact, and that an attested copy of said Cliff's general power of attorney was attached to the original instrument; that, thereafter, the plaintiff duly executed the instruments entitled 'Endorsements' by said Cliff, its attorney-in-fact, copies of which endorsements are attached to the bill of complaint marked 'C' and 'D;' that, if a purported release was delivered to said Cliff by Continental National Bank by Terrell M. Ragan in the form attached to the bill of complaint marked 'B,' such purported release was delivered without authority of the board of directors of said Continental National Bank, was executed without consideration, and is voidable and void. Except as aforesaid, they deny the allegations contained in said paragraph 3 of the bill of complaint."
"4. They deny the allegations contained in the fourth paragraph of the bill of complaint."
"5. They deny the allegations contained in the fifth paragraph of the bill of complaint."
"6. Further answering, they say that the condition of said instrument, copy of which is attached to the bill of complaint marked 'A' as extended by instruments, copies of which are attached to the bill of complaint marked 'C' and 'D,' has been broken, in that Westchester Discount Corporation, the principal named in said instrument, has not paid the notes described therein according to their terms, but, on the contrary, has failed, refused, and declined to pay said notes, and still continues so to refuse, notwithstanding the fact that all times have elapsed and all conditions have been fulfilled necessary to entitle Boston-Continental National Bank and John B. Cunningham, receiver of said bank, the successors to the obligee described therein, to payment in full of said notes; that the plaintiff was duly notified of the default in accordance with the provisions of said instrument; that the damages sustained by these defendants on account of the default of said Westchester Discount Corporation are in excess of $40,000."
"1. That the court determine the amount due from the plaintiff to Boston-Continental National Bank and John B. Cunningham, its receiver, and order the plaintiff to pay the same with interest."
"2. For such further relief as the court finds meet and just."
When two or more persons have jointly perpetrated a fraud with intent to injure others, justice and law combine to entitle injured parties to recover from any or all of the conspirators. Corporations can act only through agents. When, as here, two corporations, acting through authorized agents, have jointly perpetrated a fraud which was intended to, and did, injure others, a just rule of law should likewise hold both corporations jointly and severally responsible for the damages inflicted by them upon innocent parties.
"to make, execute and deliver . . . for and on its behalf as surety, and and all bonds . . . undertakings, or anything in the nature of any of them, . . . to all intents and purposes as if same had been duly executed and acknowledged by the regularly elected officers of the company . . . ;"
a copy of the power of attorney was attached to the bonds, and the examiners inspected public records and verified the authenticity of this power of attorney; these bonds were executed after the examiners had notified the bank to make good an impairment of capital, and the execution of these bonds caused the Comptroller to withdraw his order to make good the impairment, and, as a result, the bank continued to remain open, assumed additional obligations, and accepted further deposits in large amounts.
"It is the duty of the receiver of an insolvent corporation to take steps to set aside transactions which fraudulently or illegally reduce the assets available for the general creditors, even though the corporation itself was not in a position to do so."
Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Pottorff, 291 U. S. 245, 291 U. S. 261. There is no occasion to consider whether the bank could recover against the insurance company on the indemnity bonds. "Enough that the receiver has the requisite capacity." McCandless v. Furlaud, 296 U. S. 140, 296 U. S. 160. In the McCandless case (p. 296 U. S. 171), the minority view was that "the receiver's rights could rise no higher" than the corporation's rights. The majority rejected this viewpoint (p. 296 U. S. 159), holding that, where corporate officers and shareholders combined with others to despoil a corporation, recovery could be had "either by the creditors directly or in their behalf by a receiver."
The receiver filed suits at law side to recover on the several indemnity bonds. The surety company proceeded in equity praying cancellation of the bonds. All actions were tried on evidence before a master and auditor "under a stipulation that findings of fact shall be final." These findings set forth all of the rights of the receiver as the representative of the creditors, the stockholders, and the bank.
Case v. Terrell, 11 Wall.199, 78 U. S. 202; High, "On Receivers," 4th Ed., §§ 314, 320; In re Pleasant Hill Lumber Co., 126 La. 743, 757, 52 So. 1010; Duke v. Stayton Co., 132 Wash. 69, 77, 231 P. 171; Atlantic Trust Co. v. Dana, 128 F. 209, 221; De Stefano v. Almond Co., 107 N.J.Eq. 156, 159, 152 A. 2; Industrial Mutual Deposit Co.'s Receiver v. Taylor, 118 Ky. 851, 854, 82 S.W. 574; Iglehart v. Todd, 203 Ind. 427, 440, 178 N.E. 685.
See Kennedy v. Gibson, 8 Wall. 498, 75 U. S. 506.
See Easton v. Iowa, 188 U. S. 220, 188 U. S. 238.
12 U.S.C. § 264 et seq.

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