Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/337/55/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 16:42:33+00:00

Document:
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), incorporated in the revision of the Judicial Code effective September 1, 1948, the doctrine of forum non conveniens is made applicable to actions under the Federal Employers' Liability Act. Pp. 337 U. S. 56-72.
1. This conclusion is required by the clear and unambiguous language of § 1404(a), which applies generally to "any civil action." Pp. 337 U. S. 58-59.
2. It involves no implied repeal of § 6 of the Federal Employers' Liability Act, since that deals with the places where actions may be brought originally, whereas 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) deals with the right to transfer an action properly brought. Pp. 337 U. S. 59-61.
3. The legislative history of the revision of the Judicial Code requires the same conclusion. Pp. 337 U. S. 61-71.
4. As thus construed, § 1404(a) is applicable to actions instituted before its effective date but not brought to trial prior to its effective date. P. 337 U. S. 71.
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), a Federal District Court in which an action under the Federal Employers' Liability Act had been brought transferred it to a District Court in another District, on the ground that this would serve the convenience of parties and witnesses and be in the interest of justice. Petitioner moved in this Court for leave to file a petition for writs of mandamus and prohibition. The case was assigned for hearing on the notion. 335 U.S. 897. Motion denied, p. 337 U. S. 72.
In this case, we must decide whether the venue provisions of the Judicial Code [Footnote 1] render applicable the doctrine of forum non conveniens to actions under the Federal Employers' Liability Act. [Footnote 2] Petitioner instituted such an action against the Louisville and Nashville Railroad in October, 1947, in the court below, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. No trial was had before September 1, 1948, the effective date of the present Judicial Code. [Footnote 3] Thereafter, the Railroad filed a motion to transfer the case to the District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky.
"motion for leave to file petition for order to show cause why writs of mandamus [against the court below] and prohibition [against the Kentucky District Court] should not issue, and petition for same."
Petitioner makes no allegation that the court below abused its discretion; his sole contention is that the order of transfer exceeded the District Court's authority. Since that issue seemed of importance in the administration of justice, [Footnote 4] we assigned the case for hearing on the motion. 335 U.S. 897 (1948).
"Subsection (a) was drafted in accordance with the doctrine of forum non conveniens, permitting transfer to a more convenient forum even though the venue is proper. As an example of the need of such a provision, see Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. v. Kepner, 314 U. S. 44, which was prosecuted under the Federal Employer's Liability Act in New York, although the accident occurred and the employee resided in Ohio. The new subsection requires the court to determine that the transfer is necessary for convenience of the parties and witnesses, and further, that it is in the interest of justice to do so. [Footnote 5]"
The precise issue before us is whether, despite these expressions, the law remains unchanged. Petitioner so contends.
First. The court below relied on the language of § 1404(a), supra, which it regarded as "unambiguous, direct, clear." We agree. The reach of "any civil action" [Footnote 6] is unmistakable. The phrase is used without qualification, without hint that some should be excluded. From the statutory text alone, it is impossible to read the section as excising this case from "any civil action."
immediately precede § 1404(a), and all are within the Venue Chapter, §§ 1391-1406, inclusive, of the Code. To accept this contention, we would be required completely to disregard the Congressional admonition that "No inference of a legislative construction is to be drawn by reason of the chapter in Title 28 . . . in which any section is placed. . . ." [Footnote 8] Furthermore, petitioner's argument proves too much: §§ 1391-1393, which also are in the Venue Chapter and also refer to "any civil action," would be read as applying only to actions for which special venue requirements are established in neighboring sections of the Code, although they were obviously intended by Congress to be the general venue sections applicable to ordinary actions. It seems more reasonable to hold that § 1404(a) in terms applies generally, i.e., to "any civil action."
Section 6 of the Liability Act defines the proper forum; § 1404(a) of the Code deals with the right to transfer an action properly brought. The two sections deal with two separate and distinct problems. [Footnote 10] Section 1404(a) does not limit or otherwise modify any right granted in § 6 of the Liability Act or elsewhere to bring suit in a particular district. An action may still be brought in any court, state or federal, in which it might have been brought previously.
suits derives from the Kepner decision. And there, this Court expressly stated that, "[i]f it is deemed unjust, the remedy is legislative. . . ." 314 U.S. at 314 U. S. 54. That opinion discusses § 6 of the Liability Act, to be sure, but this Court did not and could not suggest that the legislative answer had necessarily to be addressed to that section. Since the words selected by Congress for § 6 denote nothing one way or the other respecting forum non conveniens, there was no occasion to repeal that section, expressly or impliedly; Congress chose to remove its judicial gloss via another statute. Discussion of the law of implied repeals is therefore irrelevant.
Third. Petitioner's chief argument proceeds not from one side or the other of the literal boundaries of § 1404(a), but from its legislative history. The short answer is that there is no need to refer to the legislative history where the statutory language is clear.
"The plain words and meaning of a statute cannot be overcome by a legislative history which, through strained processes of deduction from events of wholly ambiguous significance, may furnish dubious bases for inference in every direction."
Nevertheless, we need not rest our decision on it solely. For the legislative history does not support petitioner's position. Petitioner's argument is based on these twin premises: Congress intended no "controversial change" to be incorporated in the Code, and § 1404(a) is such a change.
"The policy that we adopted . . . was to avoid wherever possible and whenever possible the adoption in our revision of what might be described as substantive changes of law. [Footnote 13]"
". . . the purpose of this Bill is primarily to revise and codify and to enact into positive law with such corrections as were deemed by the committee to be of substantial and noncontroversial nature. [Footnote 14]"
But these statements, clearly, are not unequivocal promises that no changes would be made. The legislation was announced to be a revision as well as a codification. It is obvious that the changes in law retained in the Code were not considered as "controversial" by these Congressional spokesmen.
Moreover, even if we could distill from the legislative history of the Jennings Bill a usable concept of "controversial change," its application would destroy petitioner's case. For petitioner concedes that, in fact, § 1404(a) did not arouse controversy; he submits the Jennings Bill as contrast. His argument is obviously based not on the actual legislative history of § 1404(a), but on necessarily vague speculation as to what Congress might have done had it fully realized that forum non conveniens was henceforth to be applicable in Federal Employers' Liability Act suits. The requisite assumption, that Congress did not appreciate the significance of its action when it ratified the Code and § 1404(a) therein, is contrary to the facts shown by the legislative history which is of record. The lack of controversy reflected aware agreement, and not the inertia of ignorance.
"We shall do the same as we did last year . . . , just read them line by line and have you and other expert codifiers and other persons go over the bill with us. [Footnote 25]"
Petitioner almost seems to imply that this very careful Committee consideration vitiates the legislation. But the Committee system is integral in typical legislative procedure; Congress could not function without it. [Footnote 26] A canon of construction which would discount statutory words pro tanto, the greater the expertise or the more meticulous the Committee consideration devoted thereto or the longer and more complex the legislation, would be absurd, not least because it would make mockery of the techniques of statutory interpretation which have heretofore been used by the courts.
The experts and the Committees did not attempt to conceal the proposed revisions.
drafts sought to give them the widest possible circulation. We made certain that every member of the legislature got one; we made certain that they were sent to every United States attorney; that they were sent to every member of the Federal judiciary; that they were sent to the appropriate committees of the leading State and local bar associations; that they were sent to everyone who ever evidenced any interest in the work at all. [Footnote 27]"
of forum non conveniens. . . . [Footnote 29]"
The balance of that note was substantially the same as the present reviser's note; it expressly cited the Kepner case, an action under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, as demonstrating the need for § 1404(a). And the reviser's notes were before the Congress at every subsequent legislative step.
July 24, 1946, the House ordered to be printed the Report submitted by Representative Keogh of New York, Chairman of the House Committee on Revision of the Laws, on the codification of Title 28. [Footnote 30] This Report consisted of a preliminary statement and a full printing of the reviser's notes. Section 1404(a) appears in that Report, together with its note. There was no further action on the Code in the Seventy-Ninth Congress.
Thus, at almost every stage of the legislative procedure, attention was directed to the fact of change, and, in most instances, specific mention was made of § 1404(a). At no stage subsequent to the first formal printing did § 1404(a) and its accompanying reviser's note fail to appear. From the start, § 1404(a) remained the same, and the reference in the note to a Federal Employers' Liability Act case as showing the need for permitting the application of forum non conveniens remained unchanged. Now to hold that Congress did not appreciate what it was enacting in that section would defy the legislative history. We must flatly reject petitioner's thesis that this section was so obscured that its enactment is meaningless. We cannot blind ourselves to the hearings, to the experts, to the Committee reports, to the reviser's notes and their incorporation in the Committee reports -- to a history of the most meticulous Congressional consideration.
Fifth. Since the petition for mandamus and prohibition must be denied because of the view we must take as to the meaning of § 1404(a) and its applicability to this case, we need not decide whether denial might be placed on other grounds also.
"Mandamus, prohibition, and injunction against judges are drastic and extraordinary remedies. . . . As extraordinary remedies, they are reserved for really extraordinary causes."
What we hold is that the plain meaning of the statutory words and the consistent course of the legislative history are opposed to petitioner's contention that we must disregard § 1404(a) because Congress knew not what it did. If petitioner's showing could sustain a decision that this section was not really enacted after all, little law would remain.
MR. JUSTICE BLACK and MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS dissent for the reasons stated in the dissenting opinion of MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS in United States v. National City Lines, post, p. 84.
Act of June 25, 1948, 62 Stat. 869: "An Act To revise, codify, and enact into law title 28 of the United States Code entitled Judicial Code and Judiciary.'"
35 Stat. 65, as amended by 36 Stat. 291, and 53 Stat. 1404, 45 U.S.C. §§ 51-59.
At least five district court decisions dealing with the relationship of § 1404(a) to FELA suits have been reported. Four have held that the section is applicable. Hayes v. Chicago, R.I. & P. R. Co. (and seven other cases), 79 F.Supp. 821 (1948); White v. Thompson, 80 F.Supp. 411 (1948); Nunn v. Chicago, St. P. & P. R. Co., 80 F.Supp. 745 (1948; Scott v. New York Central R. Co., 81 F.Supp. 815 (1948); cf. Brainard v. Atchison, T. & S.F. R. Co., 81 F.Supp. 211 (1948; Perry v. Atchison, T. & S.F. R. Co., 82 F.Supp. 912 (1948) (in both, motion to transfer denied, in exercise of "discretionary powers"); Chaffin v. Chesapeake & O. R. Co., 80 F.Supp. 957 (1948); Richer v. Chicago, R.I. & P. R. Co., 80 F.Supp. 971 (1948). One reported decision has held that the Code section is inapplicable to such suits. Pascarella v. New York Central R. Co., 81 F.Supp. 95 (1948).
H.R.Rep. No.308, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. A 132 (1947); H.R.Rep. No.2646, 79th Cong., 2d Sess. A 127 (1946).
The reviser's notes make clear that the phrase was substituted for "suit," formerly used in various venue statutes, in the light of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 2: "There shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.'"
Section 1394 deals with any civil action "by a national banking association to enjoin the Comptroller of the Currency;" § 1395, proceedings "for the recovery of a pecuniary fine" and "for the forfeiture of property" under varying circumstances; § 1396, "Any civil action for the collection of internal revenue taxes;" § 1397, "of interpleader;" § 1398, "any civil action to enforce, suspend or set aside in whole or in part an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission;" § 1399, "for the partition of lands, where the United States is one of the tenants in common or joint tenants;" § 1400, actions "relating to copyrights" or "for patent infringement;" § 1401, "by a stockholder on behalf of his corporation;" § 1402, "against the United States;" and § 1403, "to condemn real estate for the use of the United States."
Act of June 25, 1948, 62 stat. 869, 991, § 33.
"Under this chapter an action may be brought in a district court of the United States, in the district of the residence of the defendant, or in which the cause of action arose, or in which the defendant shall be doing business at the time of commencing such action. . . ."
45 U.S.C. § 56. For a brief historical sketch, see Baltimore & O. R. Co. v. Kepner, 314 U. S. 44, 314 U. S. 49-50 (1941).
In almost every state, the requirements for venue and for transfer are treated in different statutory sections. Brief for New York, C. & St.L.R. Co. as Amicus Curiae, pp. 11-2, Kilpatrick v. Texas & Pac. R. Co., post, p. 337 U. S. 75. See, e.g., N.Y. Civil Practice Act, §§ 182, 187.
Act of June 25, 1948, 62 Stat. 869, 992, § 39. Congress did list the pertinent statutes when Code provisions in fact changed the basic venue requirements. For example, §§ 1394, 1395, 1396, and 1400, respectively, prescribe a new definition of appropriate forums for actions against the Comptroller of the Currency, involving fines and forfeitures, internal revenue taxes, and patent and copyright suits, and the following statutes are therefore listed as repealed: 28 U.S.C. § 110; 28 U.S.C. §§ 104, 107, 108; 28 U.S.C. § 105; 28 U.S.C. § 109 and 17 U.S.C. § 35.
E.g., Packard Motor Car Co. v. Labor Board, 330 U. S. 485, 330 U. S. 492 (1947); United States v. American Trucking Associations, 310 U. S. 534, 310 U. S. 543 (1940), and cases there cited.
The rule as to statutory revisions is the same. Continental Casualty Co. v. United States, 314 U. S. 527, 314 U. S. 530 (1942); Bate Refrigerating Co. v. Sulzberger, 157 U. S. 1, 157 U. S. 45 (1895); United States v. Bowen, 100 U. S. 508, 100 U. S. 513 (1880).
". . . we proceeded upon the hypothesis that, since that was primarily a restatement of existing law, we should not endanger its accomplishment by the inclusion in the work of any highly controversial changes in law."
And, in response to the Chairman's question, "And this bill does not include controversial matters?" Rep. Keogh replied that "We have sought to avoid as far as possible . . . any substantive changes that did not meet with unanimity of opinion." Ibid., 11.
94 Cong.Rec. 7928 (1948). The Senator had just given an illustration of "various changes that have been made."
"A civil suit for damages for wrongful death or personal injuries against any interstate common carrier by railroad may be brought only in a district court of the United States or in a State court of competent jurisdiction, in the district or county (parish), respectively, in which the cause of action arose, or where the person suffering death or injury resided at the time it arose: Provided, That if the defendant cannot be served with process issuing out of any of the courts aforementioned, then and only then, the action may be brought in a district court of the United States, or in a State court of competent jurisdiction at any place where the defendant shall be doing business at the time of the institution of said action."
H.R.Rep. No.613, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 9-10 (part 1) (1947).
The House Committee on the Judiciary held hearings on the Code, before Subcommittee No. 1, on Mar. 7, 1947, and four hearings on the Jennings Bill, before Subcommittee No. 4, from Mar. 28 to April 18, 1947. Congressman Jennings himself was a member of Subcommittee No. 1, considering the Code. Congressman Devitt, a member of Subcommittee No. 4, considering the Jennings Bill, testified in favor of the Code; Hearings before House Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 1600 and H.R. 2055 (Code), 80th Cong. 1st Sess. 3 (1947); Hearings before Senate Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 3214 (Code), 80th Cong., 2d Sess. 16 (1948).
The unanimous Judiciary Committee Report favoring the Code was published in April, 1947. H.R.Rep. No.308, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. The divided Report on the Jennings Bill was submitted in June. H.R.Rep. No.613, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. (in three parts).
On July 7, 1947, the House passed the proposed revision by a vote of 342 to 23. 93 Cong.Rec. 8392. Ten days later, the Jennings Bill was passed by 203 to 188. 93 Cong.Rec. 9193-4.
See, e.g., Hearings before House Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 1639, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 6-12, 17-22, 31-8 (1947); H.R.Rep. No.613, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 3-6 (part 1), 1-2, 4 (part 2) (1947).
"The bill restricts State courts in the administration of justice, deprives them of their prerogatives to require change of venue of lawsuits where necessary, and transcends the provisions of State laws governing the jurisdiction of State courts."
H.R.Rep. No.613, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 1 (part 2) (1947).
Furthermore, petitioner's argument suggests, at most, that § 1404(a) was as "controversial" as the Jennings Bill, as of July, 1947. Thereafter, however, both the Code and the Jennings Bill were referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee, which held hearings on both. The same three Senators composed the Subcommittee holding these hearings: Sen. E. H. Moore, Chairman at the hearings on the Jennings Bill in January, 1948; Sen. Donnell, Chairman at the hearings on the Code in April and June, 1948, and Sen. McGrath. The relationship between the two proposals was expressly called to their attention. See Hearings before Senate Committee on the Judiciary on S. 1567 and H.R. 1639 (Jennings Bill), 80th Cong., 2d.Sess. 111-2 (1948). The Committee reported the Code favorably, albeit with amendments; but the Jennings Bill was not reported.
It is clear that only the Tax Court provisions were regarded by the Senate Committee as sufficiently "controversial" to be deleted. See Sen.Rep. No.1559, 80th Cong., 2d Sess. 2 (1948); 94 Cong.Rec. 7927 (1948).
"[f]or preliminary work in connection with the preparation of a new edition of the United States Code, including the correction of errors. . . ."
See H.R.Rep. No.308, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 2-3 (1947).
"This public-spirited group [the advisory committee] consisted of Judge Floyd E. Thompson, former chief justice of the Illinois Supreme Court and former president of the Chicago Bar Association; Hon. Justin Miller, former associate justice of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia; Judge John B. Sanborn, judge of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit; Hon. Walter P. Armstrong, of the Memphis bar and former president of the American Bar Association, and Hon. John Dickinson, of the Philadelphia bar, former assistant Attorney General of the United States."
"This advisory committee was ably assisted by Judge John J. Parker, senior circuit judge of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the fourth circuit, who rendered valuable service as a judicial consultant. The committee was also assisted by two special consultants each an expert in the field of Federal procedure: Judge Alexander Holtzoff, United States district Judge, District Court for the District of Columbia, and Prof. James W. Moore, of Yale University."
H.R.Rep. No.308, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1947). See also Hearings before House Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 1600 and H.R. 2055, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 7-8, 12-4, 17-8, 24-6 (1947).
Circuit Judge Maris was Chairman, and District Judges Galston and W. F. Smith also served on the committee. Loc. cit. supra, note 22 See 1944 Report of the Judicial Conference 24; 1945 id. 17-18; 1948 id. 41.
H.R.Rep. No.308, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 4 (1947).
Hearings before House Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 1600 and H.R. 2055, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 23 (1947).
"Congressional government is Committee government. . . . The House sits not for serious discussion, but to sanction the conclusions of its Committees as rapidly as possible. It legislates in its committee rooms not by the determinations of majorities, but by the resolutions of specially commissioned minorities, so that it is not far from the truth to say that Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee rooms is Congress at work."
Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government xvi, 79 (15th ed.1900). Nor has this changed.
"The committees are the workshops of Congress. Committee work is the core of the legislative process. . . . It is the center of legislative activity where the lawmaking and supervisory functions of Congress are largely performed."
Galloway, Congress at the Crossroads 53 (1946). And see Bryce, The American Commonwealth c. XV (New Ed.1931); Chamberlain, Legislative Processes, cc. V-VI (1936); Kefauver and Levin, A Twentieth-Century Congress 114-53 (1947); Luce, Legislative Procedure, cc. IV-VIII (1922); Walker, The Legislative Process, c. 11 (1948).
Expressly reciting the reference to the Kepner case in the reviser's notes: Braucher, The Inconvenient Federal Forum, 60 Harv.L.Rev. 908, 933 (July, 1947); Note, New Limitations on Choice of Federal Forum, 15 U. of Chi.L.Rev. 332, 341, n. 54 (Winter (March), 1948); Comment, Forum Non Conveniens, A New Federal Doctrine, 56 Yale L.J. 1234, 1249, n. 115 (Aug., 1947). And see Barrett, The Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens, 35 Calif.L.Rev. 380, 421 (Sept., 1947); Note, 32 Minn.L.Rev. 633, 636, n. 29 (May, 1948). Cf. Note 23 Ind.L.J. 82, 87, n. 26 (Oct., 1947) (quoting § 1404(a), but not referring to the reviser's notes).
Of course, the fact that the Judicial Code was being revised was publicized in discussions not directly bearing on the instant issue; e.g., Wechsler, Federal Jurisdiction and the Revision of the Judicial Code, 13 Law & Contemp.Prob. 216 (1948); Zinn, Revision of Federal Judicial Code, 48 Law Notes, Nos. 3-4, 11 (1944) (earliest reference); Note, The Proposed Revision of the Federal Judicial Code, 60 Harv.L.Rev. 424 (1947).
"ANY action in § 1404(a) includes suits subject to special venue statutes, as suits for patent infringement and suits under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, as well as actions subject to the general venue statute."
And see articles by a member of the advisory committee appointed by the Judicial Conference, and by the Chief Reviser: Galston, An Introduction to the New Federal Judicial Code, 8 F.R.D. 201, 206 (1948); Barron, The Judicial Code 1948, Revision, 8 F.R.D. 439, 442 (1949).
H.R.Rep. No.2646, 79th Cong., 2d Sess. (1946).
60 Stat. 812, 826-827 (1946).
Hearings before House Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 1600 and H.R. 2055, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 29 (1947).
H.R.Rep. No.308, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. (1947).
Hearings before Senate Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 3214, 80th Cong., 2d Sess. 73-4 (1948).
94 Cong.Rec. 7927-30, 8297, 8438, 8498-8501 (1948).
While it lacks relevance to our holding as to Congressional intention and expression in June, 1948, the presentation of an up-to-date report of Congressional consideration of the Code revision requires noting that over 60 additional amendments to Title 28 have already become law. Pub.L.No.72, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., §§ 65-127, May 24, 1949. See 95 Cong.Rec. 3892-9 (April 4, 1949), 5929-30 (May 6, 1949), 6396-7 (May 16, 1949); H.R.Rep. No.352, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. 11-20, 38-51 (1949); Sen.Rep. No.303, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. (1949). While § 1406 is amended by adding "shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice" before "shall transfer," § 81 of the Law, no change whatever was suggested or made in § 1404(a).
Gwin v. United States, 184 U. S. 669 (1902); National Exchange Bank of Baltimore v. Peters, 144 U. S. 570 (1892); Sherman v. Grinnell, 123 U. S. 679 (1887); McBurney v. Carson, 99 U. S. 567, 99 U. S. 569 (1878).
Ex parte Mars, Inc., 320 U.S. 710 (1943); Roche v. Evaporated Milk Assn., 319 U. S. 21 (1943), and cases there cited. Cf. United States Alkali Export Assn. v. United States, 325 U. S. 196 (1945), and cases there cited.
I concur in the result. But, in doing so, I feel impelled to say two things.
§ 6 of the Federal Employers' Liability Act and of the other statutes mentioned by MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, including the venue provisions, § 12, of the Clayton Act, involved in our decision in United States v. National City Lines, 334 U. S. 573.
The legislative history, for example, of the Clayton Act venue provisions demonstrates that the change § 1404(a) is said to have made was more than the mere removal of a judicial gloss. I think we should not now impugn the validity of our decisions in National City Lines, supra, and in Kepner and Miles [Footnote 2/1] by characterizing each as a mere "judicial gloss" upon the pertinent statute. Those decisions, in my opinion, were true reflections of congressional intent as stated in the respective statutes, and, accordingly, the changes made in them by § 1404(a) were in the nature of repeals, to the extent that the plaintiffs were deprived of their rights under the preexisting statutes to have their causes of action tried in the forums where they were properly brought.
specific attention was drawn to the effect of § 1404(a) upon § 6 of the Employers' Liability Act through reference to the Kepner and Miles decisions, but no like specific reference was made to the venue provisions of the Clayton Act and the National City Lines decision.
These matters make it impossible for me to concur in the view that Congress, was in fact, "fully informed as to the significance of § 1404(a)." This, however, is a matter affecting congressional procedure and the manner of conducting legislative business. Accordingly, notwithstanding my doubts that Congress intended to go so far, I acquiesce in the Court's decisions.
Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. v. Kepner, 314 U. S. 44; Miles v. Illinois Central R. Co., 315 U. S. 698.
"At the same time, great care has been exercised to make no changes in the existing law which would not meet with substantially unanimous approval."
S.Rep. No.1559, 80th Cong., 2d Sess. 2.
". . . I may say that the purpose of this bill is primarily to revise and codify and to enact into positive law, with such corrections as were deemed by the [Senate Judiciary] committee to be of substantial and noncontroversial nature."
94 Cong.Rec. 7928. For similar expressions by members of the House of Representatives, see Hearings before House Committee on the Judiciary on H.R. 1600 and H.R. 2055, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 6, 11. A member of the House Judiciary Committee told the House that the only "controversial aspects" of the 1947 draft of the code were certain subsequently deleted provisions concerning the Tax Court. 93 Cong.Rec. 8390. But cf. the legislative history of the contemporaneously pending Jennings Bill, citations to which are made in the Court's opinion.

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