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Timestamp: 2019-04-20 00:50:43+00:00

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SYLLABI/SYNOPSIS FIRST DIVISION [G.R. No. 128690.
In this petition for review on certiorari, petitioners ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp. (hereinafter ABS-CBN) seeks to reverse and set aside the decision of 31 October 1996 and the resolution of 10 March 1997 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 44125. The former affirmed with modification the decision of 28 April 1993 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Quezon City, Branch 80, in Civil Case No. Q-12309. The latter denied the motion to reconsider the decision of 31 October 1996.
1.4 ABS-CBN shall have the right of first refusal to the next twenty-four (24) Viva films for TV telecast under such terms as may be agreed upon by the parties hereto, provided, however, that such right shall be exercised by ABS-CBN from the actual offer in writing.
This is not a very formal business letter I am writing to you as I would like to express my difficulty in recommending the purchase of the three film packages you are offering ABS-CBN.
From among the three packages I can only tick off 10 titles we can purchase. Please see attached. I hope you will understand my position. Most of the action pictures in the list do not have big action stars in the cast. They are not for primetime. In line with this I wish to mention that I have not scheduled for telecast several action pictures in our very first contract because of the cheap production value of these movies as well as the lack of big action stars. As a film producer, I am sure you understand what I am trying to say as Viva produces only big action pictures.
In fact, I would like to request two (2) additional runs for these movies as I can only schedule them in out non-primetime slots. We have to cover the amount that was paid for these movies because as you very well know that non-primetime advertising rates are very low. These are the unaired titles in the first contract.
Mr.00 will be in cash and P30. What transpired in that lunch meeting is the subject of conflicting versions. met at the Tamarind Grill Restaurant in Quezon City to discuss the package proposal of VIVA.000. Eugenio Lopez III.000. defendant Del Rosario approached ABS-CBN’s Ms. as well as 104 re-runs (previously aired on television) from which ABS-CBN may choose another 52 titles. Del Rosario (Exh. 1992). Del Rosario denied having made any agreement with Lopez regarding the 14 Viva films. Del Rosario allegedly agreed that ABS-CBN was granted exclusive film rights to fourteen (14) films for a total consideration of P36 million. 1992. 1992.. 24-26. June 8. D. pp.00 worth of television spots (Exh.000.000. with a list consisting of 52 original movie titles (i. Thanking you and with my warmest regards. “4” to “4-C” – Viva. The other dramatic films have been offered to us before and have been rejected because of the ruling of MTRCB to have them aired at 9:00 p.000. “9” – Viva). denied the existence of a napkin in which Lopez wrote something. as a total of 156 titles. (Signed) Charo Santos-Concio On February 27.000. I have quite an attractive offer to make. due to their very adult themes. not yet aired on television) including the 14 titles subject of the present case. 77-78.00 of which P30. As for the 10 titles I have choosen [sic] from the 3 packages please consider including all the other Viva movies produced last year. Lopez testified that he and Mr. TSN.m.e. defendant Del Rosario and ABS-CBN’s general manager. and insisted that what he and Lopez discussed at the lunch meeting was Viva’s film package offer of 104 films (52 originals and 52 re-runs) . On the other hand. Rebelyon I hope you will consider this request of mine. proposing to sell to ABS-CBN airing rights over this package of 52 originals and 52 re-runs for P60. Concio.8. that he allegedly put this agreement as to the price and number of films in a “napkin” and signed it and gave it to Mr. On April 2.
(Exh. On April 29. and such rejection was relayed to Ms. signed a letter of agreement dated April 24. 1992. Exh. Concio. in consideration of P60 million. On 27 May 1992. Concio. and televising of the fourteen VIVA films subject of the controversy. Exh “C” – ABS-CBN). Concio. a handwritten note from Ms. after the rejection of the same package by ABS-CBN. Del Rosario and Mr.” to which was attached a draft exhibition agreement (Exh. starting with the film Maging Sino Ka Man. “9” – Viva p. after the rejection of ABS-CBN and following several negotiations and meetings defendant Del Rosario and Viva’s President Teresita Cruz. broadcasting. “C” – ABS-CBN.” The said counter proposal was however rejected by Viva’s Board of Directors *in the+ evening of the same day. Viva Production (hereafter VIVA). for a consideration of P35 million. “9” – Viva). as Viva would not sell anything less than the package of 104 films for P60 million pesos (Exh.for a total price of P60 million. 1992. Q-92-12309. ABS-CBN filed before the RTC a complaint for specific performance with a prayer for a writ of preliminary injunction and/or temporary restraining order against private respondents Republic Broadcasting Corporation (hereafter RBS). “1” – Viva. defendant Del Rosario received through his secretary .RBS. On April 07. which was scheduled to be shown on private respondent RBS’ channel 7 at seven o’clock in the evening of said date. 52 of which came from the list sent by defendant Del Rosario and one film was added by Ms. 3) a counter-proposal covering 53 films. Graciano Gozon of RBS Senior vice-president for Finance discussed the terms and conditions of Viva’s offer to sell the 104 films. the RTC issued a temporary restraining order enjoining private respondents from proceeding with the airing. I hope you find everything in order. Exh. which reads: “Here’s the draft of the contract. 1992. “4” – RBS) including the fourteen (14) films subject of the present case. . April 7. “7-A” . The complaint was docketed as Civil Case No. “5” – Viva). Exhibit “C” provides that ABS-CBN is granted film rights to 53 films and contains a right of first refusal to 1992 Viva Films. On April 06. granting RBS the exclusive right to air 104 Viva-produced and/or acquired films (Exh. On 28 May 1992. 1992. Mr. 1992. Lopez promising [sic]to make a counter proposal which came in the form of a proposal contract Annex “C” of the complaint (Exh. and Vicente del Rosario.
At the pre-trial on 6 August 1992. it reduced petitioner’s injunction bond to P15 million as a condition precedent for the reinstatement of the writ of preliminary injunction should private respondents be unable to post a counterbond. However. ABS-CBN moved for the reduction of the bond. In the meantime. SP No. the RTC issued an order directing the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction upon ABS-CBN’s posting of a P35 million bond. 29300. ABS-CBN filed with the Court of Appeals a petition*17+ challenging the RTC’s Order of 3 August and 15 October 1992 and praying for the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction to enjoin the RTC from enforcing said orders.On 17 June 1992. On 19 October 1992. The case was docketed as CA-G. the parties upon suggestion of the court. . In the meantime. after appropriate proceedings. ABS-CBN filed a motion for reconsideration of the 3 August and 15 October 1992 Orders. On 3 August 1992. which the RTC approved in its Order of 15 October 1992. private respondents filed separate answer with counterclaim. Pending resolution of its motion for reconsideration. the RTC conducted a pre-trial.R. which RBS opposed. agreed to explore the possibility of an amicable settlement. the RTC issued an order dissolving the writ of preliminary injunction upon the posting by RBS of a P30 million counterbond to answer for whatever damages ABS-CBN might suffer by virtue of such dissolution. RBS posted on 1 October 1992 a counterbond. On 29 October. RBS also set up a cross-claim against VIVA. RBS prayed for and was granted reasonable time within which to put up a P30 million counterbond in the event that no settlement would be reached. while private respondents moved for reconsideration of the order and offered to put up a counterbond. As the parties failed to enter into an amicable settlement.
the Court of Appeals issued a temporary restraining order to enjoin the airing.727. under cool reflection and prescinding from the foregoing. broadcasting. e) P5 million as and by way of exemplary damages.On 3 November 1992. Q-92-12309. (2) Plaintiff ABS-CBN is ordered to pay defendant RBS the following: a) P107.00 the amount of premium paid by RBS to the surety which issued defendants RBS’s bond to lift the injunction. (1) The complaint is hereby dismissed.00 for the amount of print advertisement for “Maging Sino Ka Man” in various newspapers. and televising of any or all of the films involved in the controversy. which was docketed s G. on 28 April 1993. On 18 December 1992. c) Attorney’s fees in the amount of P1 million. it rendered a decision in favor of RBS and VIVA and against ABS-CBN disposing as follows: WHEREFORE. 108363. 29300 for being premature. judgment is rendered in favor of defendants and against the plaintiff.R. the Court of Appeals promulgated a decision dismissing the petition in CAG.843.R. In the meantime the RTC received the evidence for the parties in Civil Case No. d) P5 million as and by way of moral damages. No. Thereafter. b) P191. SP No. . ABS-CBN challenged the dismissal in a petition for review filed with this Court on 19 January 1993.
It likewise rejected ABS-CBN’s insistence on its right of first refusal and ratiocinated as follows: . and said agreement was disapproved during the meeting of the Board on 7 April 1992. it’s agent. 108363. (4) The cross-claim of defendant RBS against defendant VIVA is dismissed. In its decision of 31 October 1996. (5) Plaintiff to pay the costs. this Court denied ABS-CBN’s petition for review in G. On 21 June 1993. which would have made the 1992 agreement an entirely new contract. The appellate court did not even believe ABS-CBN’s evidence that Lopez III actually wrote down such an agreement on a “napkin. According to the RTC. plaintiff ABS-CBN is ordered to pay P212. there was no basis for ABS-CBN’s demand that VIVA signed the 1992 Film Exhibition Agreement. No.00 by way of reasonable attorney’s fees. Concio’s letter to Del Rosario ticking off ten titles acceptable to them.(3) For the defendant VIVA.R. the right of first refusal under the 1990 Film Exhibition Agreement had previously been exercised per Ms. might have agreed with Lopez III. Furthermore. ABS-CBN appealed to the Court of Appeals claiming that there was a perfected contract between ABS-CBN and VIVA granting ABS-CBN the exclusive right to exhibit the subject films. absent the approval by the VIVA Board of Directors of whatever Del Rosario. there was no meeting of minds on the price and terms of the offer.000. as no reversible error was committed by the Court of Appeals in its challenged decision and the case had “become moot and academic in view of the dismissal of the main action by the court a quo in its decision” of 28 April 1993. Private respondents VIVA and Del Rosario also appealed seeking moral and exemplary damages and additional attorney’s fees. Hence. Aggrieved by the RTC’s decision.” as the same was never produced in court. The alleged agreement between Lopez III and Del Rosario was subject to the approval of the VIVA Board of Directors. the Court of Appeals agreed with the RTC that the contract between ABS-CBN and VIVA had not been perfected.
that such right shall be exercised by ABS-CBN within a period of fifteen (15) days from the actual offer in writing (Records. 2-A. Records. The same are still left to be agreed upon by the parties. nor did it specify the terms thereof.4 ABS-CBN shall have the right of first refusal to the next twenty-four (24) VIVA films for TV telecast under such terms as may be agreed upon by the parties hereto. and the draft contract Exhibit “C” accepted only fourteen (14) films. 89) where ABS-CBN exercised its right of refusal by rejecting the offer of VIVA. sent a letter dated January 6. 1. The offer of VIVA was sometime in December 1991. while parag. it may be true that a Film Exhibition Agreement was entered into between Appellant ABS-CBN and appellant VIVA under Exhibit “A” in 1990 and that parag. Records. 1992. however. p. p. [H]owever. As to the award of moral damages. And even if We reckon the fifteen (15) day period from February 27. (Exhibits 2. ABS-CBN’s letter of rejection Exhibit 3 (Records. 1992 (Exhibit 3. still the fifteen (15) day period within which ABS-CBN shall exercise its right of first refusal has already expired. The Vice President of ABS-CBN. provided. p. ABS-CBN had lost its right of first refusal.As regards the matter of right of first refusal. when the first list of VIVA films was sent by Mr. respondent court sustained the award factual damages consisting in the cost of print advertisements and the premium payments for the counterbond. Accordingly. Concio. Del Rosario to ABS-CBN. there being adequate proof of the pecuniary loss which RBS has suffered as a result of the filing of the complaint by ABS-CBN. 1. 1150). pp. the Court of Appeals found reasonable basis therefor. 2-B. 11. p. As aptly observed by the trial court. Said parag. 89) stated that it can only tick off ten (10) films. In the instant case.4 thereof provides: 1. Concio of January 6. 86-88. it is very clear that said right of first refusal in favor of ABS-CBN shall still be subjected to such terms as may be agreed upon by the parties thereto. with the said letter of Mrs. and that the said right shall be exercised by ABS-CBN within fifteen (15) days from the actual offer in writing. 1. 14). Charo Santos-Concio. p. 1992 (Exhibit 4 to 4-C) when another list was sent to ABS-CBN after the letter of Mrs. Records. Decision. Mrs.4 of the agreement Exhibit “A” on the right of first refusal did not fix the price of the film right to the twenty-four (24) films.4 of Exhibit “A” speaks of the next twenty-four (24) films. holding that RBS’s .
IV . contending that the Court of Appeals gravely erred in I … RULING THAT THERE WAS NO PERFECTED CONTRACT BETWEEN PETITIONER AND PRIVATE RESPONDENT VIVA NOTWITHSTANDING PREPONFERANCE OF EVIDENCE ADDUCED BY PETITIONER TO THE CONTRARY. exemplary damages to P2 million.000. RBS was “unnecessarily forced to litigate. and attorney’s fees to P500. respondent Court of Appeals denied VIVA and Del Rosario’s appeal because it was “RBS and not VIVA which was actually prejudiced when the complaint was filed by ABS-CBN.00.” Its motion for reconsideration having been denied. Q-92-12309 and by the nonshowing of the film “Maging Sino Ka Man. reasoning that with ABS-CBN’s act of instituting Civil Case No.” The appellate court.” Respondent court also held that exemplary damages were correctly imposed by way of example or correction for the public good in view of the filing of the complaint despite petitioner’s knowledge that the contract with VIVA had not been perfected. II … IN AWARDING ACTUAL AND COMPENSATORY DAMAGES IN FAVOR OF PRIVATE RESPONDENT RBS.reputation was debased by the filing of the complaint in Civil Case No. It also upheld the award of attorney’s fees. reduced the awards of moral damages to P 2 million. Q-9212309. however. III … IN AWARDING MORAL AND EXEMPLARY DAMAGES IN FAVOR OF PRIVATE RESPONDENT RBS. ABS-CBN filed the petition in this case. On the other hand.
RBS had not convincingly established that this was a loss attributable to the non-showing of “Maging Sino Ka Man”. the party suffering loss injury is also required to exercise the diligence of a good father of a family to minimize the damages resulting from the act or omission. object. the case would lose ground. As regards the cost of print advertisements. ABS-CBN claims that it had yet to fully exercise its right of first refusal over twenty-four titles under the 1990 Film Exhibition Agreement. v. namely. Inc. Court of Appeals. fraudulent. it was brought out during trial that with or without the case or injunction. RBS would have spent such an amount to generate interest in the film. v. free resort to courts for redress of wrongs is a matter of public policy. Bormaheco. The law recognizes the right of every one to sue for that which he honestly believes to be his right without fear of standing trial for damages where by lack of sufficient evidence. or a different interpretation of the laws on the matter.e.… IN AWARDING ATORNEY’S FEES OF RBS. An award of moral and exemplary damages is not warranted where the record is bereft of any proof that a party acted maliciously or in bad faith in filing an action. consent. and consideration were established. or reckless. Anent the actual damages awarded to RBS. but it can hardly be argued that ABS-CBN compelled RBS to incur such expense. Ang Yu Asuncion v. they arose by virtue only of the filing of the complaint. Inc. Besides. on the contrary. which cited Toyota Shaw. It then concludes that the Court of Appeals’ pronouncements were not supported by law and jurisprudence. it could have presented a cash bond. Court of Appeals. ABS-CBN disavows liability therefor. The filing of the counterbond was an option available to RBS. move for the dissolution of the injunction. or if it was determined to put up a counterbond. as it had chosen only ten titles from the first list. The controversy involving ABS-CBN and RBS did not in any way originate from business transaction between them. Furthermore under Article 2203 of the Civil Code. wrote the same on a paper napkin. Court of Appeals. RBS had another available option. ABS-CBN further contends that there was no other clear basis for the awards of moral and exemplary damages. and Villonco Realty Company v. It insists that we give credence to Lopez’s testimony that he and Del Rosario met at the Tamarind Grill Restaurant. The claims for such damages did not arise from any contractual dealings or from specific acts committed by ABS-CBN against RBS that may be characterized as wanton. as the elements thereof. In any case. RBS spent for the premium on the counterbond of its own volition in order to negate the injunction issued by the trial court after the parties had ventilated their respective positions during the hearings for the purpose. legal technicalities. . i. It also asserts that the contract has already been effective. as per our decision of 1 December 1995 in Limketkai Sons Milling. discussed the terms and conditions of the second list (the 1992 Film Exhibition Agreement) and upon agreement thereon. Inc..
otherwise. ABS-CBN must be held liable for such damages.One who. moral damages are generally not awarded in favor of a juridical person. as the loss would be equivalent to the cost of money RBS would forego in case the P30 million came from its funds or was borrowed from banks. no bad faith has been imputed on.. the expenses for the advertisements had gone to waste. the cash bond would prove to be more expensive. Pursuant then to Articles 19 and 21 of the Civil Code. As regards the award of attorney’s fees. not as series to be shown on a periodic basis. the print advertisements were good and relevant for the particular date of showing.e. and since the film could not be shown on that particular date and hour because of the injunction. it is damnum absque injuria. unless it enjoys a good reputation that was debased by the offending party resulting in social humiliation. Citing Tolentino. If damage results from filing of the complaint. It has been held that “where no sufficient showing of bad faith would be reflected in a party’s persistence in a case other than an erroneous conviction of the righteousness of his cause. RBS asserts that ABS-CBN filed the case and secured injunctions purely for the purpose of harassing and prejudicing RBS. makes use of his own legal right does no injury. ABS-CBN maintains that the same had no factual. As regards moral and exemplary damages. RBS likewise asserts that it was entitled to the cost of advertisements for the cancelled showing of the film “Maging Sino Ka Man” because the print advertisements were out to announce the showing on a particular day and hour on Channel 7. It affirms that ABS-CBN’s claim of a right of first refusal was correctly rejected by the trial court. In sustaining the trial court’s award. Besides. legal. in its entirety at one time. ABS-CBN. RBS could recover from ABS-CBN the premium paid on the counterbond. It was obliged to put up the counterbond due to the injunction procured by ABS-CBN. i. the Court of Appeals acted in clear disregard of the doctrine laid down in Buan v. the award should be disallowed. Camaganacan that the text of the decision should state the reason why attorney’s fees are being awarded. RBS asserts that there was no perfected contract between ABS-CBN and VIVA absent meeting of minds between them regarding the object and consideration of the alleged contract. therefore not entitled to the writ of injunction. Contrary to the claim of ABS-CBN.”*33+ On the other hand. Hence. damages may be . or equitable justification. RBS insists the premium it had paid for the counterbond constituted a pecuniary loss upon which it may recover. Since the trial court found that ABS-CBN had no cause of action or valid claim against RBS and. Besides. attorney’s fees shall not be recovered as cost. much less proved as having been committed by.
like that of ABS-CBN. The amount of moral and exemplary damages cannot be said to be excessive. The humiliation suffered by RBS is multiplied by the number of televiewers who had anticipated the showing of the film. “nanloloko yata kayo”) (Exh. par.3). Two reasons justify the amount of the award. thus: There can be no doubt that RBS’ reputation has been debased by ABS-CBN’s acts in this case. it suffered serious embarrassment and social humiliation. The humiliation and injury are far greater in degree when caused by an entity whose ultimate business objective is to lure customers (viewers in this case) away from the competition. 3-RBS. This alone was not something RBS brought upon itself. It is not an exaggeration to state. Added to this are the advertisers who had placed commercial spots for the telecast and to whom RBS had a commitment in consideration of the placement to show the film in the dates and times specified. Such factual . “Maging Sino Ka Man” on May 28 and November 3. hindi ninyo naman ilalabas”. and there is abuse of rights where a plaintiff institutes an action purely for the purpose of harassing or prejudicing the defendant. where it was stated that such entity may recover moral and exemplary damages if it has a good reputation that is debased resulting in social humiliation. 1992 but did not see it owing to the cancellation. irate viewers called up RBS’ offices and subjected RBS to verbal abuse (“Announce kayo ng announce. Manero. For their part. When the showing was cancelled. is national in extent. When RBS was not able to fulfill its commitment to the viewing public to show the film “Maging Sino Ka Man” on the scheduled dates and times (and on two occasions that RBS advertised). The first is that the humiliation suffered by RBS. Its clientele. and it is a matter of judicial notice that almost every other person in the country watches television. It was exactly what ABS-CBN had planted to happen. The second is that it is a competitor that caused RBS suffer the humiliation.awarded in cases of abuse of rights even if the done is not illicit. private respondent RBS cited People v. consists of those who own and watch television. It then ratiocinates. In support of its stand that a juridical entity can recover moral and exemplary damages. RBS’ operations as a broadcasting company is [sic] nationwide. VIVA and Vicente del Rosario contend that the findings of fact of the trial court and the Court of Appeals do not support ABS-CBN’s claim that there was a perfected contract.
(b) perfection or birth of the contract. which is the fulfillment or performance of the terms agreed upon in the contract. which is established. A contract undergoes three stages: (a) preparation. unequivocal. Consequently. which is the period of negotiation and bargaining. The key issues for our consideration are (1) whether there was a perfected contract between VIVA and ABS-CBN. when something is desired which is not exactly what is proposed in the offer. and (3) cause of the obligation. ending at the moment of agreement of the parties. (2) object certain which is the subject of the contract. and (c) consummation or death. conception. and without variance of any sort from the proposal. unconditional. On the issue of damages and attorneys fees. not questions of fact. Once there is concurrence between the offer and the acceptance upon the subject matter. the acceptance must be absolute and must not qualify the terms of the offer. such . and (2) whether RBS is entitled to damages and attorney’s fees. To convert the offer into a contract. I The first issue should be resolved against ABS-CBN. consideration. or one that involves a new proposal. A qualified acceptance. Contracts that are consensual in nature are perfected upon mere meeting of the minds. as only questions of law can be raised. constitutes a counter-offer and is a rejection of the original offer. A contract is a meeting of minds between two persons whereby one binds himself to give something or render some service to another for a consideration. and terms of payment a contract is produced.000 in favor of VIVA is not assigned as another error. it must be plain. they adopted the arguments of RBS. The offer must be certain.findings can no longer be disturbed in this petition for review under Rule 45. It may be noted that that award of attorney’s fees of P212. There is no contract unless the following requisites concur: (1) consent of the contracting parties. which is the moment when the parties come to agree on the terms of the contract. or generation.
it “must be identical in all respects with that of the offer so as to produce consent or meetings of the minds. In the case at bar. the alleged changes in the revised counter-offer were not material but merely clarificatory of what had previously been agreed upon. ABS-CBN’s reliance in Limketkai Sons Milling.*43+ which ruled that the acceptance of an offer must be unqualified and absolute. for it was met by a counter-offer which substantially varied the terms of the offer. such as the power to enter into contracts. whether such request is granted or not. said package of 104 VIVA films was VIVA’s offer to ABS-CBN to enter into a new Film Exhibition Agreement. But ABS-CBN.e. sent through Ms. Clearly. Concio. Franklin Life Insurance Co. It cited the statement in Stuart v.. they underwent period of bargaining. VIVA through its Board of Directors. are exercised by the Board of Directors. ABS-CBN made no unqualified acceptance of VIVA’s offer hence. Inc.*44+ that “a vendor’s change in a phrase of the offer to purchase.. cited in Limketkai. However. The . however. is misplaced.” On the other hand. reversed in the resolution of 29 March 1996. Under the Corporation Code. as there was no proof whatsoever that Del Rosario had the specific authority to do so. ABS-CBN then formalized its counter-proposals or counter-offer in a draft contract. rejected such counter-offer. Court of Appeals and Villonco Realty Company v. In these cases. Even if it be conceded arguendo that Del Rosario had accepted the counter-offer. This counter-proposal could be nothing less than the counter-offer of Mr. Inc. Lopez during his conference with Del Rosario at Tamarind Grill Restaurant. Lopez of ABS-CBN at the Tamarind Grill on 2 April 1992 to discuss the package of films. the Board may delegate such powers to either an executive committee or officials or contracted managers. which change does not essentially change the terms of the offer. the acceptance did not bind VIVA. there was no acceptance of VIVA’s offer. Bormaheco. When Mr. when any of the elements of the contract is modified upon acceptance. corporate powers.acceptance is not sufficient to generate consent because any modification or variation from the terms of the offer annuls the offer. i.”*45+ However. counter-proposal in the form a draft contract proposing exhibition of 53 films for a consideration of P35 million. in Villonco. v. Del Rosario of Viva met Mr. unless otherwise provided by said Code.” This ruling was. does not amount to a rejection of the offer and the tender of a counter-offer. it was held that an acceptance may contain a request for certain changes in the terms of the offer and yet be a binding acceptance as long as “it is clear that the meaning of the acceptance is positively and unequivocally to accept the offer. such alteration amounts to a counter-offer.
that Del Rosario did not have the authority to accept ABS-CBN’s counter-offer was best evidenced by his submission of the draft contract to VIVA’s Board of Directors for the latter’s approval. Which is which? If Exhibit “C” reflected the true intent of the parties.00 as well as grant Viva commercial slots worth P19. However.000. and we agreed to pay Viva the amount of P16. NCC). Mr. In short what were written in Exhibit “C” were not discussed. “D”) States: “We were able to reach an agreement.00. must be for specific purposes. the general rules of agency as to the binding effects of their acts would apply. Lopez claimed that what was agreed upon at the Tamarind Grill referred to the price and the number of films. by the parties.000. For settled is the rule that there can be no contract where there is no object certain which is its subject matter (Art. We had already earmarked this P16.delegation. the latter must specially authorize them to do so. there was between Del Rosario and Lopez III no meeting of minds.050. accordingly. This underscores the fact that there was no meeting of the minds as to the subject matter of the contract. 1992 at the Tamarind Grill. Mr. except for the executive committee. 1318. For such officers to be deemed fully clothed by the corporation to exercise a power of the Board. The complaint in fact prays for delivery of 14 films.00.050. In any event. then Exhibit “C” did not reflect what was agreed upon by the parties.950. VIVA gave us the exclusive license to show these fourteen (14) films. How then could this court compel the parties to sign Exhibit “C” when the provisions thereof were not previously agreed upon? SECOND. Delegation to officers makes the latter agents of the corporation. There was even doubt as to whether it was a paper napkin or cloth napkin. Lopez [sic] answer to question 29 of his affidavit testimony (Exh. The following findings of the trial court are instructive: A number of considerations militate against ABS-CBN’s claim that a contract was perfected at that lunch meeting on April 02. and therefore could not have been agreed upon. THIRD. which he wrote on a napkin.000. Exhibit “C” contains numerous provisions which were not discussed at the Tamarind Grill. if Lopez testimony was to be believed nor could they have been physically written on a napkin. Lopez claimed that what was agreed upon as the subject matter of the contract was 14 films. then ABS-CBN’s claim for 14 films in its complaint is false or if what it alleged in the complaint is true. But Exhibit “C” mentions 53 films as its subject matter. so as to preclude perfection thereof. FIRST. Mr.” .
Lopez testified: Q What was written in this napkin? A The total price.000.” (Exh. … Since Exhibit “C” is only a draft. . Ms.050.which gives a total consideration of P36 million (P19. the breakdown the known Viva movies. FOURTH.00 plus P16. Mrs. 1992). Concio admitted that the terms and conditions embodied in Exhibit “C” were prepared by ABS-CBN’s lawyers and there was no discussion on said terms and conditions…. Del Rosario with a handwritten note.00 equals P36.951.000.000. In fact. Now. On cross-examination Mr. testifying for ABS-CBN stated that she transmitted Exhibit “C” to Mr. As the parties had not yet discussed the proposed terms and conditions in Exhibit “C.” and there was no evidence whatsoever that Viva agreed to the terms and conditions thereof. Concio. and this court has no authority to compel Viva to agree thereto. the 7 blockbuster movies and the other 7 Viva movies because the price was broken down accordingly. which is which? P36 million or P35 million? This weakens ABS-CBN’s claim. The none [sic] Viva and the seven other Viva movies and the sharing between the cash portion and the concerned spot portion in the total amount of P35 million pesos. June 08. tsn pp. 23-24. describing said Exhibit “C” as a draft.00). not having agreed thereto. said document cannot be a binding contract. The said draft has a well defined meaning. provisional or preparatory writing prepared for discussion. “5” – Viva. The fact that Viva refused to sign Exhibit “C” reveals only two *sic+ well that it did not agree on its terms and conditions.000. Exhibit “C” could not therefore legally bind Viva. or a tentative. the terms and conditions thereof could not have been previously agreed upon by ABS-CBN and Viva.
sir. As a mere agent of Viva. Mr. (Tsn. Willets and Paterson. complaint). Q So. June 8. Del Rosario tell you that he will submit it to his Board for approval? A Yes. he was going to forward that to the board of Directors for approval? A Yes. Mr. 1992). Arnold vs. sir (Tsn. He testified: Q Now. Del Rosario “is the Executive Producer of defendant Viva” which “is a corporation. and after that Tamarinf meeting … the second meeting wherein you claimed that you have the meeting of the minds between you and Mr. The complaint. (Vicente vs. 2. Lopez shows beyond doubt that he knew Mr. pp. in fact. The above testimony of Mr. in the sense that it was subject to approval by the Board of Directors of Viva. Del Rosario had no authority to bind Viva to a contract with ABS-CBN until and unless its Board of Directors approved it. sir. p. Witness.” (par. what happened? A Vic Del Rosario was supposed to call us up and tell us specifically the result of the discussion with the Board of Directors. 42-43. 44 . Lopez understand [sic] that what he and Mr. alleges that Mr. 69. 52 SCRA 210.Geraldez. June 8.FIFTH. Vic del Rosario. Del Rosario could not bind Viva unless what he did is ratified by its Directors. Q And you are referring to the so-called agreement which you wrote in [sic] a piece of paper? A Yes. 1992) … Q Did Mr. Del Rosario agreed upon at the Tamarind Grill was only provisional.
23. Thus: [T]he subsequent negotiation with ABS-CBN two (2) months after this letter was sent. but also that of the profits that the obligee failed to obtain. The evidence adduced shows that the Board of Directors of Viva rejected Exhibit “C” and insisted that the film package for 104 films be maintained (Exh. The indemnification shall comprehend not only the value of the loss suffered. 10-11). (TSN. was for an entirely different package. As a mere agent. It is as it should be because corporate power to enter into a contract is lodged in the Board of Directors. 1992. Del Rosario could not be held liable jointly and severally with Viva and his inclusion as party defendant has no legal basis. Del Rosario himself knew and understand [sic] that ABS-CBN has lost its right of first refusal when his list of 36 titles were rejected (Tsn. June 8. She stated that the list was not acceptable and was indeed not accepted by ABSCBN. 1992. 36 Phil. We shall first take up actual damages. The contention that ABS-CBN had yet to fully exercise its right of first refusal over twenty-four films under the 1990 Film Exhibition Agreement and that the meeting between Lopez and Del Rosario was a continuation of said previous contract is untenable. The testimony of Mr. 8-10). (Sec. Salmon vs. Chapter 2. Ms. Except as provided by law or by stipulation. Book IV of the Civil Code is the specific law on actual or compensatory damages. Concio herself admitted on cross-examination to having used or exercised the right of first refusal.COLTA. Corporation Code). recognized as such by plaintiff. (Salonga vs. “7-1 – Cica). (Tsn. one is entitled to compensation for actual damages only for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved. Title XVIII. 71-75). June 9. 556). II However. 88 Phil. In contracts and quasi-contracts the damages which may be awarded are dependent on whether the obligor acted with good faith or otherwise. Tan. whatever agreement Lopez and Del Rosario arrived at could not ripen into a valid binding upon Viva (Yao Ka Sin Trading vs. we find for ABS-CBN on the issue of damages. June 8. 634). 1992. the damages recoverable are those . In case of good faith. 125. Concio wrote to Viva ticking off ten films. Court of Appeals. As observed by the trial court. pp. Lopez himself admitted that the right of first refusal may have been already exercised by Ms.Phil. Warner Barnes [sic]. Without such board approval by the Viva board. Lopez and the allegations in the complaint are clear admissions that what was supposed to have been agreed upon at the Tamarind Grill between Mr. 209 SCRA 763). Lopez and Del Rosario was not a binding agreement. pp. Even Mr. Concio (as she had). ABS-CBN’s right of first refusal had already been exercised when Ms. pp.
If the obligor acted with fraud. ART. and observe honesty and good faith. Thus paragraph 12 of RBS’s Answer with Counterclaim and Cross-claim under the heading COUNTERCLAIM specifically alleges: 12. contrary to law. and 21 of the Civil Code. in the exercise of hid rights and in the performance of his duties. the defendants shall be liable for all damages which are the natural and probable consequences of the act or omission complained of. malice. . delict. ART.195. 21. or for injury to the plaintiff’s business standing or commercial credit.621. 19. ABS-CBN filed the complaint knowing fully well that it has no cause of action against RBS. wilfully or negligently causes damage to another shall indemnify the latter for the same. In crimes and quasidelicts. Every person who. Any person who wilfully causes loss or injury to another in a manner that is contrary to morals. Actual damages may likewise be recovered for loss or impairment of earning capacity in cases of temporary or permanent personal injury. he shall be responsible for all damages which may be reasonably attributed to the non-performance of the obligation. The claim of RBS for actual damages did not arise from contract. Every person must. bad faith. act with justice. As a result thereof. give everyone his due.which are the natural and probable consequences of the breach of the obligation and which the parties have foreseen or could have reasonably foreseen at the time of the constitution of the obligation. good customs or public policy shall compensate the latter for the damage.32. quasi-contract. It arose from the fact of filing of the complaint despite ABS-CBN’s alleged knowledge of lack of cause of action. or quasi-delict. 20. 20. which read as follows: ART. whether or not such damages have been foreseen or could have reasonably been foreseen by the defendant. or wanton attitude. Needless to state the award of actual damages cannot be comprehended under the above law on actual damages. RBS suffered actual damages in the amount of P6. RBS could only probably take refuge under Articles 19.
Book IV of the Civil Code. thereof which reads: (10) Acts and actions referred to in Articles 21. Notably. Title XVIII. the law is clear that in the absence of stipulation. Article 2217 thereof defines what are included in moral damages. ABS-CBN cannot be held responsible for the premium RBS paid for the counterbond. ABS-CBN had not yet filed the required bond. while Article 2219 enumerates the cases where they may be recovered. as a matter of fact. still attorney’s fees may not be awarded where no sufficient showing of bad faith could be reflected in a party’s persistence in a case other than an erroneous conviction of the righteousness of his cause. 28. attorney’s fees may be recovered as actual or compensatory damages under any of the circumstances provided for in Article 2208 of the Civil Code.It may further be observed that in cases where a writ of preliminary injunction is issued. and equitable justification. 27. Article 2220 provides that moral damages may be recovered in breaches of contract where the defendant acted fraudulently or in bad faith. 29. As regards attorney’s fees. 32. but because of the plea of RBS that it be allowed to put up a counterbond. As to moral damages the law is Section 1. The general rule is that attorney’s fees cannot be recovered as part of damages because of the policy that no premium should be placed on the right to litigate. 34 and 35. a writ of preliminary injunction on the basis of its determination that there existed sufficient ground for the issuance thereof. Even when a claimant is compelled to litigate with third persons or to incur expenses to protect his rights. it asked for reduction of the bond and even went to the Court of Appeals to challenge the order on the matter. In this case. Clearly then. RBS’s claim for moral damages could possibly fall only under item (10) of Article 2219. legal. Hence. The RTC issued a temporary restraining order and later. . Neither could ABS-CBN be liable for the print advertisements for “Maging Sino Ka Man” for lack of sufficient legal basis. it was not necessary for RBS to file a counterbond. They are not to be awarded every time a party wins a suit. Chapter 3. 30. the damages which the defendant may suffer by reason of the writ are recoverable from the injunctive bond. The power of the court t award attorney’s fees under Article 2208 demands factual. the RTC did not dissolve the injunction on the ground of lack of legal and factual basis. 26.
PNB*67+ that a corporation may recover moral damages if it “has a good reputation that is debased. while Article 21 deals with acts contra bonus mores. prejudice.Moral damages are in the category of an award designed to compensate the claimant for actual injury suffered and not to impose a penalty on the wrongdoer. experience physical suffering and mental anguish. temperate. 20. since RBS is a corporation. . if the defendant acted in a wanton. Book IV of the Civil Code. it has no feelings. but to enable the injured party to obtain means. reckless. or compensatory damages. It is aimed at the restoration. (2) which is exercised in bad faith. and has the following elements: (1) there is an act which is legal. On this score alone the award for damages must be set aside. They are recoverable in criminal cases as part of the civil liability when the crime was committed with one or more aggravating circumstances. in addition to moral. or quasi-delict. they should exercise balanced restrained and measured objectivity to avoid suspicion that it was due to passion. The statement in People v. and (3) and it is done with intent to injure. The elements of abuse of right under Article 19 are the following: (1) the existence of a legal right or duty. Manero and Mambulao Lumber Co. Hence. in quasidelicts. which can be experienced only by one having a nervous system. The award is not meant to enrich the complainant at the expense of the defendant. no senses. therefore. oppressive. Title XVIII. or malevolent manner. resulting in social humiliation” is an obiter dictum. and in contracts and quasi-contracts. if the defendant acted with gross negligence. The basic law on exemplary damages is Section 5 Chapter 3. Article 20 speaks of the general sanction for all provisions of law which do not especially provide for their own sanction. Trial courts must then guard against the award of exorbitant damages. It may be reiterated that the claim of RBS against ABS-CBN is not based on contract. liquidated. good custom. public order. and 21 of the Civil Code. delict. being an artificial person and having existence only in legal contemplation. the claims for moral and exemplary damages can only be based on Articles 19. no emotions. diversion. and (3) for the sole intent of prejudicing or injuring another. These are imposed by way of example or correction for the public good. of the spiritual status quo ante. It cannot. and should be proportionate to the suffering inflicted. or amusements that will serve to obviate the moral suffering he has undergone. v. fraudulent. The award of moral damages cannot be granted in favor of a corporation because. (2) but which is contrary to morals. quasi-contract. within the limits of the possible. or corruption or the part of the trial court. or public policy.
Rollo. J. Malice or bad faith implies a conscious and intentional design to do a wrongful act for a dishonest purpose or moral obliquity. 134-161. and Pardo. Kapunan. It was honestly convinced of the merits of its cause after it had undergone serious negotiations culminating in its formal submission of a draft contract. 49-60. 62  Per Judge Efren N. malice or bad faith is at the core of Articles 19. WHEREFORE. The challenged decision of the Court of Appeals in CAG. .  RTC Decision. JJ.Verily then. Rollo.R. Inc. and 21.. CV No. Martinez. concur. There is no adequate proof that ABS-CBN was inspired by malice or bad faith.  Per Adefuin-De la Cruz. for the law could not have meant impose a penalty on the right to litigate.. No pronouncement as to costs. Melo. Ambrosio. Rollo. Such must be substantiated by evidence. Settled is the rule that the adverse result of an action does not per se make the action wrongful and subject the actor to damages. it is damnum absque injuria. 146-149. 20.  Rollo. concurring. 44125 is hereby REVERSED except as to unappealed award of attorney’s fees in favor of VIVA Productions. with Lantin and Tamayo-Jaguros. JJ. If damages result from a person’s exercise of a right. the instant petition is GRANTED. SO ORDERED..
OR shall refer to the record of this case.  Id. 398-402. Q-92-12309.  Id.. 217-220.  Vol 1. Hereafter.. 1. 184-216. 170-173. 453-454. 406-409.  Id.. 27-28.  Id. upon approval by the Securities and Exchange Commission of the change in corporate name on 20 February 1996. 1. 331-332.  Vol. 403-404.  Id.. 369. Civil Case No.  Vol. OR. .... now GMA Network Inc.  Id.. This should be Republic Broadcasting System.. 222-228 (RBS).  Id. Original Rrecord (OR). 177-183 (VIVA and Del Rosario). 397.  Id. OR.
464.  Id.  Citing Auyong Hian v. 2. . 134-161. 465-484. 55. 913-928.  Id. 134. Rollo.  Rollo.  Vol.  Citing Tan. 2030-2035. Court of Tax Appeals. 134 . Vol. 252 SCRA 127. 1140-1166. 2. 59 SCRA 110.  238 SCRA 602 .  244 SCRA 320 ..  250 SCRA 523 . OR. 404 .. v. Court of Appeals. OR..  Id. 131 SCRA 197.  65 SCRA 352 . v.  Citing Francel Realty Corp. Court of Appeals.
1996). 179 SCRA 5 .  See IV ARTURO M.). Inc. COMMENTARIES AND JURISPRUDENCE ON THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 63. .  Art.  Supra note 31. Court of Appeals. Court of Appeals. National Housing Corp. 96-97 . 183 SCRA 360 . 1305. Civil Code.  I ARTURO M. v. TOLENTINO. v. Manero. 256 SCRA 649 .  Citing People v. 1318.  Rollo. at 329. COMMENTARIES AND JURISPRUDENCE ON THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 450 (6th ed. Court of Appeals.  Toyota Shaw. Civil Code. TOLENTINO. Citing Ilocos Norte Electric Company v.. 94 SCRA 786 . 218 SCRA 85. citing Simex International (Manila) Inc. Inc.  See Gonzales v. 66 (1983 ed. v. 191. Court of Appeals.  Art.  16 SCRA 321 . Supra note 24. Servicewide Specialist.
2nd 965. Jr. CAMPOS. id.  165 Fed. Blg.P.  Id. 158.  B. and MARIA CLARA LOPEZ-CAMPOS. 639 .  JOSE C. at 365-366. Civil Code.  255 SCRA 626.  Article 2200. PANDECT OF COMMERCIAL LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 356 (Revised ed.. id. Inc.  Villonco Realty Company v. .).  I JOSE C.. Supra note 23. 153-156. citing Sec. 68. THE CORPORATION CODE 384-385(1990 ed. Sec.  Article 2199. Vitug.  RTC Decision. 23. 1990). Rollo. Supra note 25.. 79 Wilhston on Contracts. Bormaheco.  Supra note 26.  Article 2201.
(2) When the defendant’s act or omission has compelled the plaintiff to litigate with third person or to incur expense to protect his interest. attorney’s fees and expense of litigation. 2208. (7) In actions for the recovery of wages of household helpers. . 225. id. 1. (4) in case of a clearly unfounded civil action or proceeding against the plaintiff. In the absence of stipulation. cannot be recovered. Article 2202.  Article 2205. (6) In actions for legal support. (5) Where the defendant acted in gross and evident bad faith in refusing to satisfy the plaintiff’s plainly valid. just and demandable claim.  Vol.  Section 4 in relation to Section 8. (9) In a separate civil action to recover civil liability arising from a crime. (8) In actions for indemnity under workmen’s compensation and employer’s liability laws. (3) In criminal cases of malicious prosecution against the plaintiff. other than judicial costs. 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure. laborers and skilled workers. (10) When at least double judicial costs are awarded. Rule 58. (11) In any other case where the court deems it just and equitable that attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation should be recovered.  It reads as follows: ART. OR. id. except: (1) When exemplary damages are awarded.
Intermediate Appellate Court. Court of Appeals.  Prime White Cement Corp. De la Serna v.  Visayan Sawmil Company v. Insurance Co. Court of Appeals.  Gonzales v. Court of Appeals.  Scott Consultants & Resource Development Corporation. 233 SCRA 325.  Firestone Tire & Rubber Company of the Philippines v. 18 SCRA 356. 166 SCRA 155 . Intermediate Appellate Court. 392 ..  130 Phil. supra note 33. 219 SCRA 378. the attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation must be reasonable.  People v. 260 SCRA 714. 113-114 . Philippine Air Lines v. 358 . 129 SCRA 736 . Wenceslao. 329-330 . v. 366 . 94 SCRA 786. 193 SCRA 547. v. Ltd. Miano. 220 SCRA 103. 569 . 406 . Court of Appeals. Inc. 242 SCRA 393. Rubber and Plastic Corp.  Pagsuyuin v.  Supra note 31. at 655. Citing R & B Security. Servicewide Specialist. Intermediate Appellate Court. Ines Chaves & Co. Inc. Acme Shoe. Court of Appeals. Civil Code. LBC Express Inc. Intermediate Appellate Court. 722 . Inc. v. National Housing Corp. v. 242 SCRA 235. .  Article 2229. 555 . v. 236 SCRA 602 .. v.. Court of Appeals. citing Filinvest Credit Corp. 792 . v. 212 SCRA 560. 240 .In all cases.
217 SCRA 16. 675 . citing Saba v. Article 2230. Id. supra note 59. Court of Appeals.  Article 2232. Id  Albenson Enterprises Corp. v. Miano. 25 . 189 SCRA 50. NLRC. .  Tierra International Construction Corp. Court of Appeals. 55 .  Far East Bank and Trust Company. v. Court of Appeals. 81 . 241 SCRA 671. 211 SCRA 73. v.  Philippine Air Lines v. Id.  Article 2231.

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