Source: https://openjurist.org/318/f2d/187
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 22:23:09+00:00

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PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION et al., Appellees.
Certiorari DeniedMay 13, 1963, See 83 S.Ct. 1304.
Mr. Harold Leventhal, Washington, D.C., with whom Messrs. Leonard N. Bebchick and Leonard S. Goodman, Washington, D.C., were on the brief, for appellants.
Mr. George F. Donnella, Counsel, Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia, with whom Messrs. Chester H. Gray, General Counsel, and Andrew G. Conlyn, Counsel, Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia, were on the brief, for appellee Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia.
Mr. Harvey M. Spear, Washington, D.C., with whom Mr. Owen J. Malone, Washington, D.C., was on the brief, for appellee, D.C. Transit System, Inc.
Mr. Harold Smith, Washington, D.C., also entered an appearance for appellee, D.C. Transit System, Inc.
Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, and EDGERTON, WILBUR K. MILLER, FAHY, WASHINGTON, DANAHER, BASTIAN, BURGER and WRIGHT, Circuit Judges, sitting en banc.
FAHY, Circuit Judge, with whom BAZELON, Chief Judge, and EDGERTON, WASHINGTON and WRIGHT, Circuit Judges, join.
On March 2, 1960, the Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia, after a hearing which is not challenged procedurally, by order No. 4631 authorized an increase in the cash fare of Transit users from 20 cents to 25 cents, effective March 6, 1960. The Commission denied Transit's petition for a greater increase, thus continuing the token rate of five tokens for a dollar, the 10 cent school fare and other transportation charges not relevant to a discussion or decision of this case. On March 31, 1960, the Commission issued its opinion, setting forth the reasons for its action. Transit in the meantime had placed in effect the increase in cash fare by a new tariff of March 6, 1960.
The Commission used the year ending September 30, 1959, as the period for determining Transit's past earnings, and the calendar year 1960 was selected as the test period for future earnings, account being taken of changes in the level of revenues and expenses. No question is made as to the appropriateness of the test periods.
Present appellants in this court, whose standing to challenge the order was upheld in Bebchick v. Public Utilities Commission, 109 U.S.App.D.C. 298, 287 F.2d 337 (1961), appealed to the District Court under 43-705, D.C.Code.1 The District Court dismissed the appeal and affirmed the order of the Commission. The case is before us on appeal from this action of the District Court. A division of our court, one judge, dissenting, affirmed the order of the District Court, followed, however, by grant of appellants' petition for rehearing en banc. There ensued reargument and submission of the appeal to the full court, which brings us to the present posture of the case. A majority of the court now decide that the order of March 2, 1960, must be set aside insofar as it granted an increase in the cash fare to 25 cents.
We consider first Transit's suggestion that the case is moot due to supersession of the order of March 2, 1960, by the Commission's order No. 4735 of January 18, 1961. The latter order, however, continues in effect a cash fare of 25 cents. A rate order such as the one before us is not mooted by another which has the effect of keeping the controversy alive. Southern Pacific Terminal Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 219 U.S. 498, 31 S.Ct. 279, 55 L.Ed. 310 (1911); Eastern Airlines, Inc. v. Civil Aeronautics Board, 87 U.S.App.D.C. 331, 185 F.2d 426 (1950). Moreover, the validity of the order of March 2, 1960, during the time it was in effect before it was superseded, remains in controversy; for the disposition of any excess funds which might have accumulated prior to January 18, 1961, by reason of the invalidity of the increase, remains for decision. So we hold that the case is not moot.
Our difficulty with the foregoing is that because of errors in two respects to be discussed the net operating income is made by the Commission to appear less than the amount which was actually available therefor. A third defect in the decision might cause the inaccuracy to be still greater. Correction of the errors would show a substantially greater amount available as net operating income, with corresponding increase in the rates of return.
In this manner the Commission gave consideration to the reduced purchase price paid by Transit. The farepayers will receive benefit in the form of reduced depreciation in the total amount of $10,339,041, to be written off annually in the amount of $1,033,904.
This brings us to the three matters which lead us to conclude that the order of the Commission should be set aside.
1. Accruals as operating expenses of the estimated cost of track removal and repaving.
'Provision for track removal and repaving in the amount of $1,044,196 represents the annual provision for the cost of track removal and repaving estimated at a total cost of $10,441,958, said total cost to be provided equally over a ten-year period from August 15, 1956. The estimated total cost of track removal and repaving is based on the average of a Company estimate of $11,883,916 and an estimate by the staff of the Commission of $9,000,000, in both instances contemplating complete removal of the entire track structure.
These provisions contemplate that Transit's program of track removal and repaving shall be coordinated with the highway development plans of the District of Columbia, resulting in economies implicit in such coordination. And the Appropriation Act of 1942 referred to in Section 7, while it obligates Transit to pay the entire cost of removing such tracks as are removed, and to repave the area when the street is not being paved, requires it to pay only onehalf the cost of repaving the track areas when roadway repaving is there being carried out by the Highway Department pursuant to its road maintenance program. No allowance is made by the Commission for these important factors which would reduce he cost to Transit of track removal and repaving. In recognition that its estimates of the total cost might prove to be either excessive or deficient the Commission expressed its intention to keep the matter under study with a view to making such adjustments as might be found appropriate. This is not a sufficient justification for an increase in the cash fare on March 6, 1960, on the assumption that the full estimated cost would be incurred or, if so, would fall entirely upon Transit. At the time of the order there had already accumulated more than $3,000,000 as a reserve for track removal and repaving. Only $61,338 had been expended for that purpose in 1958 and 1959. A large part of the program could be borne by this reserve while the Commission gained greater experience in aid of making adjustments.2 The existing reserve was available well into the future. While it was being utilized experience could be gained with respect to economies due to coordination of the program with the highway development plans of the District of Columbia, and with respect also to economies due to recapping tracks instead of removing them. We think in these circumstances it was unreasonable for the Commission in March, 1960, to authorize an increase in fare on the theory that all tracks would be removed and the area they had occupied repaved and, also, that Transit alone would be required to meet the full cost of such a program.
We are not advised by the record or in the Commission's decision of any thorough inquiry about the economies contemplated by the Franchise Act.3 Such inquiry would have enabled the Commission to reach an informed judgment with regard to such economies, removing much of the speculation upon which the fare increase rests. In any event the Commission could have provided that the increase, insofar as it was based upon the cost of track removal and repaving, was conditioned upon the need therefor as this might appear upon review of the situation before the large reserve available in March, 1960, approached exhaustion. It simply cannot be said that the record then showed the need for an increase in fare to provide annually over a ten year period for more than a million dollars as an operating expense for this item of track removal and repaving. The order should have taken into account the probability that economies would make the actual cost much less; for it was clearly contemplated by the Franchise Act that all taxpayers, through plans shared by the District of Columbia, with perhaps Federal assistance, would assume some of the cost. Yet the present order proceeds on the theory that the entire cost would fall upon Transit. In some reasonable manner the situation we have outlined should have been reflected in the decision of the Commission. It is no answer to say that the company might at some unforeseeable future time be obliged to remove tracks which might currently be paved over. The increase is during a ten year period which is still current. While we recognize there were uncertainties in the situation, in our view it was not consistent with consumer interests to resolve so many of the doubts in favor of a fare increase not shown to have been necessary. Since something less than complete and total removal and repaving would be an operating expense of Transit the Commission could not reasonably act on the basis that Transit would be obliged to remove all tracks and also bear the cost of all repaving.
2. The allowance of depreciation for buses.
Depreciation for buses was allowed on the basis of a study made by the Commission in 1953. The company was allowed to accrue depreciation annually at seven per cent of the original cost of the buses to the first owner who put them into public service. This gave each bus a service life of fourteen years. The Commission used the 'group method.' This method rests on the theory that although some buses would be used and depreciated for more than fourteen years, others for one reason or another would not last out fourteen years and thus the average life of the buses would approximate fourteen years. But depreciation on this theory cannot be squared with the facts of the present case. Depreciation continued to be allowed on so many buses beyond the theoretical service life of fourteen years as to distort this item of operating expense. By 1959 the reserve accumulated in this manner had resulted in an excess accrual of approximately $1,200,000 over and above the original cost of the buses. Accruals on the same basis were made also during the test period and charged against Transit's gross revenues as operating expense, thereby understating Transit's net income. The justification offered is that no change should be made from the group method until a complete study of the problem had been undertaken. Although no doubt such a study would be advisable this did not justify in March, 1960, the continuation of this deduction from gross revenues in arriving at the net operating income actually available.4 The record fails by far to demonstrate that the average theory was working.
We hold that the substantial inflation of operating costs due to excessive depreciation of buses is unlawful.
3. Depreciation accruals on abandoned rail properties.
The Commission's treatment of depreciation on abandoned rail properties is not supported by the record. The record discloses that the net undepreciated cost of Transit's rail facilities as of December 31, 1959, was.$5,121,644, and further that Transit, by January 3, 1960, had abandoned 49.40 per cent of its rail facilities. These factual findings are accepted by us. Transit contended that it should be allowed to recover the entire cost during the remaining 43.5 months of the conversion period, that is, from January 1, 1960, through August 15, 1963. The staff agreed that Transit was entitled to recover this cost over some future period but thought that to increase the normal depreciation rates so that depreciation could be completed within the remaining conversion period would unduly burden Transit's customers. The staff recommended and the Commission approved an additional annual depreciation allowance of $295,500 based upon the track facilities actually abandoned by Transit on January 3, 1960. The undepreciated cost of these facilities would amount to $2,530,092. Pending further study the Commission declined to make any further provision for extraordinary retirement loss beyond this annual provision of $295,500.
'It thus becomes relevant to determine whether or not investors have, during the useful life of this (abandoned) property, been compensated for assuming the risk that it would become inadequate or obsolete before the investment in it was entirely recovered.
In this case the conversion from a street railway system to buses brings into play the same principle as though the matter were one of obsolescence. The present decision of the Commission does not meet the requirements of Baker. The allowance for depreciation of abandoned rail properties is not supported by a finding, in turn supported by evidence, that the 'risk of obsolescence (abandonment) * * * was borne by the investor in the past and (he was not) compensated for it.' It is not merely a question of findings. It is, more importantly, a matter of substance. It is our view that the requirements of Baker must be met in any new order.
The Commission found that for the future test period the net operating income of $1,143,249 which would result from the authorized increase in fare would provide a fair rate of return as measured by the gross operating revenue method or by the rate base-rate method. As we have said, it found that a net operating income of $1,143,249 provided a rate of return of 4.10% On gross operating revenues or 7.14% On the rate base of $16,016,810, and that this rate of return fell within a range the Commission considered to be fair, enabling the Company 'to meet its interest requirements, to pay reasonable dividends, to permit retention of a reasonable proportion of earnings in the business, to provide a margin for unforeseen contingencies, and to attract the necessary capital to meet its future capital requirements.'5 In reaching these conclusions the Commission also found that without the increase in fare the net operating income would be only $660,146, insuring a rate of return of only 2.47% On gross operating revenues and of 4.12% On the rate base. For the reasons we have given in discussing the expense items for track removal and repaving and for bus depreciation, items deducted by the Commission in arriving at net operating revenues, the errors in these items are reflected in the findings of the Commission of net operating income of only $1,143,249 with the increase, and of only $660,146 absent the increase. Accordingly we cannot accept those findings of net operating income. The calculations of net operating income, and resulting rates of return, would be shown to be substantially larger but for the errors referred to. This is aside from the result which might follow reconsideration of the depreciation accruals on abandoned rail properties. The present record accordingly does not support the reasonableness of the end result reached by the Commission.
We come to our conclusion not without awareness that we are not the regulatory body having primary responsibility for utility rate regulation in this jurisdiction. Yet in the performance of our review responsibility we cannot on this record find adequate basis for an increase on March 6, 1960, of Transit's cash fare to 25 cents.
We do not enter our judgment simultaneously with the issuance of this opinion. The parties are requested within ten days to submit memoranda of their views as to the form of judgment appropriate to carry out this opinion.
I dissent for the reasons stated in what was the majority opinion when filed July 12, 1962, but which has now been vacated pursuant to our en banc action. That original majority opinion, which had not been reported, is set forth below and represents the views of Judge MILLER, Judge DANAHER and Myself.
'This is an appeal from a judgment of the District Court, dismissing an appeal from an order of the Public Utilities Commission of the District of Columbia determining the rates to be charged in the District of Columbia by appellee D.C. Transit System, Inc.
'On November 6, 1959, Transit filed with the Commission a petition for change in its schedule of rates. At that time the rates, for other than school fares, were a cash fare of 20cents, or a token fare of 20cents in units of $1.00. Transit asked for a cash fare of 25cents during rush hours1 and 20cents for other times, these fares to be effective until November 1, 1960, after which the rate asked was 25cents to apply at all times.
'After lengthy hearings, the Commission determined on March 2, 1960, that the twelve-month period ended September 30, 1959, was a proper period for determining Transit's actual level of earnings for a past test period, and that the twelve-month period ending December 31, 1960, was a proper period for measuring the company's estimated level of earnings for a future test period, after giving effect to appropriate adjustments for changes in the level of revenues and expenses.
'The Commission further found that the estimates of operating results for 1961 and 1962 were not sufficiently reliable to serve as a basis for providing, at the time of its order, for an increase in rates to become effective on November 1, 1960, as Transit proposed. The Commission proceeded to find that the system operating revenues applicable to mass transportation operations for the future test period were estimated to be $26,708,655; that the system rate base applicable to mass transportation operations for the future test period, determined by giving equal weight to net original cost and to purchase price of the property, is $16,016,810; and that the net operating income from systemwide transportation operations for the future test period ending December 31, 1960, estimated to be $66,146, would provide Transit with a return of 2.47% On gross operating revenues of $26,708,655 and a return of 4.12% On the rate base of $16,016,810.
'The Commission further found that, under the fare structure proposed by its staff, a 25cents cash fare, tokens at five for $1.00, and a 10cents school fare, together with a comparable increase in fares from the company's other mass transportation operations, would produce net operating income of $1,143,249 for the future test period; and that this would result in a return of 4.10% On adjusted gross operating revenues of $27,872,478 under the fare structure proposed by the staff, and a return of 7.14% On the rate base of $16,016,810.
'The District Court dismissed appellants' original complaint on the ground that they were without standing to bring the appeal. We reversed. Bebchick v. Public Utilities Commission, 109 U.S.App.D.C. 298, 287 F.2d 337 (1961). On remand, and after certain preliminary proceedings, the District Court, with the administrative record before it, denied appellants' motion for summary judgment, granted the Commission's motion to dismiss, and on June 5, 1961, affirmed the order complained of.
'The court thereupon concluded that the findings of the Commission were supported by the record and were not unreasonable, arbitrary or capricious, and that the conclusions and decision of the Commission were not erroneous as a matter of law.
'At the outset of the hearing before us, appellees urged that the case is moot as a subsequent order, based on a further petition for change in rates, has been entered by the Commission and that the new order, No. 4735, supersedes Order No. 4631. We find no merit in this claim. As contended by appellants, judicial review could in this way be avoided by the initiating of proceedings regarding outstanding rates and the entering of new orders prior to the hearing of an appeal. Cf. Southern Pacific Terminal Co. v. Interstate Commerce Comm'n, 219 U.S. 498, 31 S.Ct. 279, 55 L.Ed. 310 (1911).
'We think, however, that the decision of the Commission is based on a 'suitably complete statement' of its reasons for its conclusions,4 as will hereinafter appear.
'Appellants say in effect that, although the Commission gave lip service to the direction of Congress to encourage the shift to a gross operating revenue method, it in fact used the system rate base method and, in doing so, made many errors.
'Using this method the Commission found that, for the test period (the year ending December 31, 1960), the rate schedule provided would produce net operating income of $1,143,249, or a rate of return of 4.10%, which rate of return the Commission found reasonable. The Commission, however, further determined that the system rate base applicable to mass transportation operations provided a useful means of checking the reasonableness of the result obtained from the use of the gross operating revenue method.
'Despite the Commission's actual use of the gross operating revenue method, appellants insist that the Commission in fact made use of the system rate base method and that the Commission erred in its rate base determinations. This is not correct. The Commission made use of the system rate base method as one of the ways of testing the reasonableness of the gross operating base method. It may well be that, if the Commission erred in its rate base determinations, it may have used data which did not properly test the reasonableness of the gross operating revenue method. While that would not necessarily make invalid the Commissionhs determinations, it is a matter which we should pursue and, if material errors are demonstrated, the proceedings might be remanded to the Commission to test the reasonableness of the gross operating revenue base in accordance with the proper method of testing.
'The appellants' witness before the Commission recommended a rate base of $12,041,217,6 based on the net investment in road and equipment as of September 30, 1959, adjusted to exclude the undepreciated cost of rail facilities as of December 30, 1959, in the amount of.$5,121,644 (Exhibit 10-A, J.A. p. 48).
'Chief among other points raised, and most vigorously pressed before us, is that unreasonable operating expenses were allowed by the Commission in connection with the system rate base test, these expenses consisting of (1) erroneous allowance of accruals for track removal and repairs, 2(a) unlawful depreciation of rail properties, and 2(b) unlawful depreciation of bus properties.
'It is claimed that the Commission's order unlawfully permits Transit to accrue annually $1,044,196 over a ten-year period from August 15, 1956, to cover the cost of track removal.
'By virtue of the provisions of Section 7 of the Franchise Act, Transit is required to remove its tracks and to repair the streets upon such terms and conditions as the Commission determines. After investigation, the Commission arrived at the figure of $10,441,958 as the cost of the program of track removal, and directed that that cost be provided by annual accruals over a ten-year period, that is $1,044,196 per year. There is evidence in the record justifying these figures. Appellants claim that the Commission should have treated the item of $10,441,958 as a capital item and not as an operating expense.
'We think the Commission's reasoning justifies its position, and we are not at liberty to substitute our judgment for that of the Commission. Of course, the Commission will be bound, as it states, to continue to study actual figures and to make such adjustments as would be fair in the light of actual experience.
'There being a reasonable basis for this finding, we find no error.
'Appellants also claim that the Commission erred in the treatment of the matter of depreciation for buses. It appears that the witness produced by appellants proposed that the unit method of depreciation be applied with respect to buses more than fourteen years of age, in lieu of the group method of depreciation presently in effect.
"* * * (The witness) has proposed that the unit method of depreciation be applied with respect to buses that are more than 14 years of age, in lieu of the group method of depreciation presently in effect. Under the group method of depreciation, which method is used extensively in utility regulation, rates are based upon average service lives for the various classes of property. These rates are applied to the original cost of depreciable property so long as the property remains in service, the assumption being that accruals on property lasting beyond the estimated service life will offset deficiencies in accruals on property retired prior to reaching the average service life.
'We believe that, in all of the items attacked by appellants, the Commission acted well within the limits of its expertise; that the reasons given for its actions were adequate; and that we should not disturb its findings in these respects.
'It goes without saying that the present situation is a most unusual one, resulting, as it does, from the cancellation of an old franchise and the granting of a new one; and much must be left to the expertise of the Commission, whose duty it is, in the first instance, to pass upon the many questions which will necessarily arise. There must be periods for trial-- and error-- but the Commission has promised to, and undoubtedly will, continue to study the situation and make such adjustments as time may require. As of the time of the order under consideration, we are unable to say that the Commission has been unreasonable or arbitrary in the performance of its duties.
BURGER, Circuit Judge, with whom WILBUR K. MILLER, Circuit Judge, joins (dissenting).
While this appeal was pending in this court, the Transit Company made application to the recently reconstituted transit authority asking for a rate increase to 25cents for tokens as well as cash fares. This development, apart from all other factors, suggests there is no need to remand the present case. Whether this development renders the instant appeal moot in the strict legal sense, is beside the point. For practical purposes the entire matter of transit rates is now once again under review.
As I see it, the only genuine issue is the treatment of the track removal cost. The majority rests its remand on the Commission's failure to give proper weight to 'the probability that economies (from cooperative plans with the District's new highway programs) would reduce the cost (removal) called for.' In using the term 'probability' the majority assumes as a fact something on which this court has not enough information to hazard even a vague guess. The majority thus reaches a firm conclusion on a subject which the Commission said was too speculative and uncertain to act on. In short, at the time of the rate order, which affected cash fares only, the experts did not know and could not estimate what economies might develop by cooperation between the Transit Company's program for track removal and the District's highway program. The needless character of the remand is further emphasized by the fact that, as has now been discovered, track removal may turn out to be either not feasible or not necessary; all this can be fully explored in the new rate case now pending.
The other points relied on by the majority seem to ignore the inherent nature of rate making. Rate making is predicated on estimates of future factors, often described as 'educated guesses.' That some of the hypotheses do not develop as assumed does not undermine a rate order. The regulatory authority is always in control and adjustments can be made. We were not ordained to engage in rate making or to 'second guess' rate markers on factual and technical matters, and we have neither the competence nor the facilities to do so. All that is needed now to do substantial justice-- which is all any rate making can ever do-- is to take notice judicially that the entire matter of future rates is now before the recently reconstituted rate authority where all these problems can be re-examined. The burdens attending the challenged increase of 5cents in cash fares poses problems, remedial and procedural in nature, which are not warranted by the amounts involved. I find it difficult to see how the cash fare rate payers who paid the increased 5cents during the brief pperiod of the order will regard themselves as benefited if the bulk of the 'savings' is consumed by litigation expenses, as it very likely will be.
In compliance with the request set forth in the opinion of the court of January 31, 1963, the parties have submitted their views as to the judgment appropriate to carry out the opinion.
Our judgment will direct the District Court to set aside Order No. 4631 issued by the Commission March 2, 1960, insofar as it granted an increase in the cash fare to be charged its customers by D.C. Transit System, Inc., from 20 cents to 25 cents. Said order was superseded by Commission Order No. 4735 of January 18, 1961. The latter order has not been reviewed by this court, although proceedings with respect to it are now pending in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Since our present decision extends only to Order No. 4631, our judgment, in addition to ordering that order to be set aside, will be limited to a disposition of the problem created by its invalidation, namely, the disposition of the amount received by Transit due to the charge of the additional 5 cents in cash fare during the period between March 6, 1960 (the effective date of the increase in fare) and January 18, 1961.
It is not feasible to require refunds to be made to individuals who paid the increase. Nevertheless, the amount realized by Transit from the increase must be utilized for the benefit of the class who paid it, that is, those who use Transit. To accomplish this Transit will be required to establish a fund in an amount equal to the 5 cent increase collected during the specified period, in other words, 5/25 or 20 per cent of the total cash fares collected. Since the actual amount received may have been utilized by Transit and hence is not presently available in cash, the District Court on our remand may require the establishment, to the extent the cash is not available, of a special account or reserve on the books of Transit, with appropriate offsetting adjustments in other Transit accounts if deemed desirable. The utilization and disposition of the fund, or the special account or reserve, as the case may be, shall be left to the discretion of the Commission having regulatory authority with respect to Transit, provided such discretion is exercised consistently with the purpose of benefiting Transit users in any rate proceedings pending or hereafter instituted. For example, the fund might be used to cover costs which otherwise might lead to an increase in fares, or might be used to aid in determining whether fares should be reduced now or hereafter.
Since, notwithstanding our decision holding the Commission Order invalid insofar as it increases the cash bus fare from 20 cents to 25 cents, Transit continues to charge the 25 cent cash fare under Commission Order No. 4735, this court, under its supervisory jurisdiction and, also, to determine whether further action is necessary or desirable to make the review jurisdiction of the courts effective in light of a superseding order or superseding orders of the Commission, will entertain a motion to require Commission Order No. 4735 to be stayed insofar as it authorizes the collection of a 25 cent cash fare.
It is also our view that reasonable attorneys' fees for appellants and others who have been counsel for the class benefited, reasonable expert witness fees, and appropriate litigation expenses, should be paid by Transit and charged to the fund or reserve, though taxable costs are not to be so charged. Such payments of fees and expenses accord with established equitable principles obtaining in such cases. See Sprague v. Ticonic National Bank, 307 U.S. 161, 59 S.Ct. 777, 83 L.Ed. 1184 (1939); Washington Gas Light Co. v. Baker, 90 U.S.App.D.C. 98, 195 F.2d 29 (1951).
Our judgment is without prejudice to the right of the Washington Metropolitan Transit Commission to exercise consistently with our opinions and judgment in this cause any powers it may have.
The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the proceedings are remanded to that court with directions to enter judgment in accordance with the foregoing and to take such further action as may be consistent therewith.
WILBUR K. MILLER, and DANAHER and BASTIAN, Circuit Judges, dissent.
BURGER, Circuit Judge, dissents for the reasons stated in his opinion of January 31, 1963.

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