Source: http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/454/454mass542.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 23:52:06+00:00

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Electronic Surveillance. Evidence, Wiretap. Imprisonment, Inmate telephone calls. Constitutional Law, Search and seizure, Probable cause. Search and Seizure, Warrant, Electronic surveillance, Affidavit, Probable cause. Probable Cause.
This court concluded that where, in an affidavit accompanying an application for a warrant for a wiretap, copies or sufficiently detailed descriptions of tangible or recorded oral evidence have not been included, the judge hearing a pretrial motion to suppress evidence derived from that wiretap must conduct a de novo review of the affidavit and omitted evidence to determine whether there was probable cause to authorize the wiretap, regardless of whether the failure to include the evidence in the warrant application was intentional or reckless [551-554]; thus, where a State trooper applying for a warrant for a wiretap did not attach to his affidavit recordings of the defendant's telephone conversations with persons the trooper believed to be involved in a conspiracy to hide evidence concerning the defendant's indictment, the judge did not err in making additional findings based on those recordings and in using those findings to make a determination whether probable cause existed [554-555].
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court Department on March 9, 2006, and November 1, 2006, respectively.
An application for leave to file an interlocutory appeal was allowed by Botsford, J. in the Supreme Judicial Court for the county of Suffolk, and the appeal was reported by her.
Bernard Grossberg for Deryck Long.
Kevin M. Mitchell for Paul Brown.
SPINA, J. This appeal concerns a wiretap on a telephone in a visitation booth at the Norfolk County house of correction (jail) pursuant to a warrant issued under G. L. c. 272, § 99 E and I. Late in the evening on January 9, 2006, two perpetrators shot Jamal Vaughn to death and absconded. The police investigation immediately focused on the defendant, Deryck Long. On January 10, 2006, Long was arrested in connection with several outstanding warrants and arraigned for Vaughn's murder the following day. On January 12, 2006, investigators determined that more than one shooter had shot Vaughn.
any warning to prisoners and visitors that conversations over those telephones would be recorded.
Trooper Moran sought, and a Superior Court judge authorized, a wiretap for the telephone in a specific visitation booth in the maximum security area of the jail. Neither the warrant application nor Trooper Moran's affidavit in support thereof contained copies of any of the outgoing telephone conversations referred to in Trooper Moran's affidavit. See G. L. c. 272, § 99 F 3. Long subsequently made incriminating statements using the visitation booth telephone subject to the wiretap.
After being indicted for Vaughn's murder, Long moved to suppress the wiretap evidence and the fruits thereof, arguing, among other things, that the facts alleged in Trooper Moran's affidavit did not establish that wiretapping the visitation booth telephone would lead to evidence of a designated offense in connection with organized crime, see G. L. c. 272, § 99 B 7, 99 E 2 [Note 3]; and that the affidavit did not show that normal investigative procedures had been tried and failed or reasonably appeared to be unlikely to succeed if tried, see G. L. c. 272, § 99 E 3. After reviewing the recorded, outgoing telephone conversations, Long filed a supplemental motion to suppress, contending that Trooper Moran made false, material omissions deliberately or with reckless disregard for the truth, and requested a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978).
motion to suppress the wiretap evidence, asserting the same arguments raised by Long's motions. He also requested a Franks hearing.
A Superior Court judge allowed the defendants' motions for a Franks hearing. After a hearing at which Long's outgoing telephone conversations -- relied on by Trooper Moran in his affidavit -- were admitted in evidence, the judge allowed the defendants' motions to suppress. [Note 4] She found that Trooper Moran intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth omitted important contextual details in his affidavit when he described Long's outgoing telephone conversations, from which he inferred Long was engaged in a nefarious, organized plot to intimidate or murder an eyewitness to Vaughn's murder. Taking the omitted facts into account, she ruled, inter alia, that the police failed to exhaust normal investigative procedures, and, in any event, that there was not probable cause to believe that a "designated offense," see note 3, supra, had been, was being, or would be committed as the crimes and conspiracy alleged by Trooper Moran lacked a nexus to "organized crime." See G. L. c. 272, § 99 A; Commonwealth v. Thorpe, 384 Mass. 271 , 277 (1981), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1147 (1982). A single justice of this court allowed the Commonwealth's application for leave to file an interlocutory appeal, see Mass. R. Crim. P. 15 (a) (1), as appearing in 422 Mass. 1501 (1996), and transmitted the case to the full court.
defined by G. L. c. 272, § 99 A. We disagree with the Commonwealth as to the latter two contentions, and affirm.
1. Facts. We recite the facts contained in Trooper Moran's affidavit, as well as any reasonable inferences therefrom. See Commonwealth v. O'Day, 440 Mass. 296 , 297-298 (2003). As discussed infra, we find no error in the motion judge's consideration of Long's recorded telephone conversations in their entirety, and therefore summarize her findings of fact not contained in Trooper Moran's affidavit.
On January, 9, 2006, Vaughn was with Lyndia Lewis, Taneisha James-Pagan, and Cory Gibbons at James-Pagan's apartment in Quincy. Shortly before midnight, Vaughn went to his motor vehicle to retrieve a pack of cigarettes and was shot multiple times. When Lewis heard gunfire, she rushed outside and saw Long, whom she knew through her roommate, Janet Ojo, running from where Vaughn had been shot. Vaughn was rushed to Quincy Medical Center where he was pronounced dead. Crime scene investigators recovered several shell casings and a palm print on the hood of a car parked in the area where the shell casings were found. At this point, the police did not know that there was a second shooter.
assault and battery, and distribution of a class D substance. Long was arrested on those outstanding warrants that afternoon.
On January 11, 2006, Long was arraigned in the Quincy Division of the District Court Department on a charge of murder. By this time it also had been determined that the palm print recovered from the murder scene did not match Long's palm print.
During another interview on January 11, Ojo told Trooper Moran that Long's nephew, Richard Long (Richard), and another individual known as "Casino," were the only friends of Long's whom she knew. Subsequent interviews of James-Pagan's neighbors revealed that Casino had telephoned two women who lived in the same building as James-Pagan late and unexpectedly on the evening of the murder. One of the women gave Casino's Nextel "direct connect" cellular number to the State troopers who interviewed her. [Note 6] Nextel Communications identified Courtney Forde as the subscriber for the direct connect number provided to the State troopers. The records for Forde's direct connect number indicated that a cellular telephone tower in South Quincy, where the apartment was located, was used for a direct connect transmission at 9:44 P.M. on January 9, 2006, which was around the time that Long and Vaughn fought, and that at 11:58 P.M., about the time of Vaughn's murder, a cellular telephone tower located approximately one-half mile from the murder scene was utilized for a direct connect transmission.
On January 12, a State trooper with the ballistics section informed Trooper Moran that the bullets retrieved from Vaughn's body came from two different firearms. A surveillance recording from a store located directly behind James-Pagan's building, acquired on the same day, had captured the shooting and showed two distinct muzzle flashes coming from separate locations within the same general area.
The following day, Trooper Moran went to the jail and spoke with Reilly. Reilly played recordings of Long's outgoing telephone conversations with his girl friend, Newsome, for Trooper Moran. In one conversation, Long told Newsome that regarding "the visitor thing . . . I would love to see you as soon as possible . . .
I need to politic with you outside this airway." In another conversation, Long told Newsome he "needs for [Richard] or [Newsome] . . . if you don't mind to see me within a certain time because if I get indicted it's a wrap . . . you know what I'm saying . . . but you know if . . . one of you all at least can come see me . . . I mean . . . I'll be able to save that indictment." During one of these conversations, Newsome and Long acknowledged that they knew that Lewis claimed she saw Long running from the murder scene.
On January 17, Trooper Moran returned to the jail to listen to another recording of a telephone call between Long and Newsome. Long had telephoned Newsome, who then telephoned Forde. In this three-way conversation, Forde told Long that he was "laying low" and that he had people submit requests to visit Long at the jail. [Note 7] Long told Forde to "fall back . . . way back."
A criminal background check of Forde indicated that he had a significant criminal history, including a conviction of possession of a firearm, and four open cases for "drug violations and threatening." Given Long's association with Forde, Forde's conviction of possession of a firearm, and the proximity of the direct connect transmissions from Forde's telephone to two women residing in the same building where the murder took place, Trooper Moran concluded that there was probable cause to believe that Forde was the second shooter.
Based on his twelve years of training and experience, and the facts that Long had a conviction of intimidation of a witness, knew the identity of the eyewitness, and wanted to speak with his associates without the conversation being recorded before being indicted so he could prevent his indictment, Trooper Moran opined that Long planned to use the visitation booth telephones at the jail to mastermind a plan to prevent Lewis from testifying against him, possibly even instructing visitors to murder Lewis. Trooper Moran also stated that there was probable cause to believe that information concerning Vaughn's murder, such as the identity of the second shooter and the location of the firearms used, would be communicated by Long over the visitation booth telephone.
After reviewing, in their entirety, the outgoing telephone conversations mentioned in Trooper Moran's affidavit, the motion judge found that Trooper Moran failed to mention that during one conversation with Richard, whom Trooper Moran had implicated in Long's plans concerning Lewis, neither Richard nor Long made any statement tending to support Trooper Moran's belief that Richard was part of a plot to intimidate or murder Lewis. [Note 8] She also found that Trooper Moran had completely omitted any reference to Long's conversation with his friend Gillian Gibbs, whom Trooper Moran had implicated in Long's conspiracy to prevent his indictment, and that that conversation provided no indication of any plot to harm Lewis or conceal evidence.
The judge also found that Trooper Moran omitted important contextual information in his description of Long's discussion of Lewis with Newsome. She noted that Long discussed Lewis only after Newsome pressed him for an assurance that he would not be indicted for Vaughn's murder, and that Long described Lewis as having no credibility and being a prostitute.
relevant to establishing probable cause, and that even though he did not attach to the warrant application the compact discs containing all of Long's outgoing telephone conversations, he would have had "no problem with doing that" and would have obtained any information requested by the judge from whom authorization had been sought.
"3. Upon a showing by the applicant that normal investigative procedures have been tried and have failed or reasonably appear unlikely to succeed if tried"
(emphasis added). A designated offense includes: "the following offenses in connection with organized crime as defined in the preamble: arson, assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, extortion, bribery, burglary, embezzlement, forgery, gaming in violation of [G. L. c. 271, § 17], intimidation of a witness or juror, kidnapping, larceny, lending of money or things of value in violation of the general laws, mayhem, murder, any offense involving the possession or sale of a narcotic or harmful drug, perjury, prostitution, robbery, subornation of perjury, any violation of this section, being an accessory to any of the foregoing offenses and conspiracy or attempt or solicitation to commit any of the foregoing offenses" (emphasis added).
described designated offense has been, is being, or is about to be committed." G. L. c. 272, § 99 F 2 a. General Laws c. 272, § 99 F 3, set out in its entirety in the margin, [Note 10] further provides, in pertinent part: "If the applicant's information and belief is derived from tangible evidence or recorded oral evidence, a copy or detailed description thereof should be annexed to or included in the application."
a. General Laws c. 272, § 99 F 3. The Commonwealth, analyzing the motion judge's consideration of those portions of Long's recorded telephone conversations not attached to or described in detail in Trooper Moran's affidavit under the rubric of Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978), asserts that Trooper Moran's omissions were not deliberately false or made with reckless disregard for the truth. In making this argument, the Commonwealth assumes that Franks v. Delaware, supra, governs a motion to suppress wiretap evidence based on an affiant's omissions concerning recorded oral evidence.
the affidavit, purged of false material, establishes probable cause. See Franks v. Delaware, supra; Commonwealth v. Valdez, supra at 71; Commonwealth v. Assad, 393 Mass. 418 , 422 (1984). In contrast, where an omission forms the basis for a Franks challenge, the judge considers whether the affidavit, supplemented by the omitted information, furnishes probable cause. See Commonwealth v. Ramos, supra at 777-779; Commonwealth v. Dion, supra at 173-174; United States v. Rumney, supra at 720. See also Commonwealth v. Corriveau, supra. In either case, if probable cause is found to be lacking, the warrant is voided, and the evidence and fruits thereof may be suppressed. Franks v. Delaware supra.
We previously have not considered whether the Franks case controls where a defendant seeks suppression of wiretap evidence based on the use of truncated excerpts of oral recordings to establish probable cause and complete copies of that evidence have not been attached to the wiretap warrant application in accordance with G. L. c. 272, § 99 F 3 a. For the reasons that follow, we hold that where copies or sufficiently detailed descriptions of tangible or recorded oral evidence have not been included in an application for a wiretap warrant, see G. L. c. 272, § 99 F 3, the motion judge ordinarily need not be concerned with the Franks requirements, but shall, pursuant to G. L. c. 272, § 99 E & 99 F, conduct a de novo review of the affidavit and omitted evidence to determine whether there was probable cause to authorize a wiretap.
General Laws c. 272, § 99, was "designed to ensure that unjustified and overly broad intrusions on rights of privacy are avoided." Commonwealth v. Vitello, 367 Mass. 224 , 231 (1975). Its preamble cautions that "the uncontrolled development and unrestricted use of modern electronic surveillance devices pose grave dangers to the privacy of all citizens of the commonwealth." G. L. c. 272, § 99 A. For this reason, "[t]he use of such devices by law enforcement officials must be conducted under strict judicial supervision and should be limited to the investigation of organized crime" (emphasis added). Id. In addition to limiting the circumstances in which a wiretap may be sought to organized crime, the statute requires a showing that "normal investigative procedures have been tried and have failed or reasonably appear unlikely to succeed if tried." G. L. c. 272, § 99 E 3.
Construing G. L. c. 272, § 99, as whole, the statutory admonition that "a copy or detailed description [of tangible evidence or recorded oral evidence] should be annexed to or included in the application" evinces a strong legislative preference to provide that evidence to the judge from whom a warrant is sought to ensure that the limited circumstances in which a wiretap warrant may be sought are present. Although this provision is couched in precatory language, we think it entitles defendants to review any tangible evidence or recorded oral evidence that directly or indirectly bears on probable cause when those materials have not been attached to the warrant application. A defendant need not establish that the failure to include copies or detailed descriptions of that evidence was intentional or reckless. In these specific circumstances and in a departure from our jurisprudence limiting review of probable cause to issue a search warrant to the four corners of an affidavit, see Commonwealth v. O'Day, 440 Mass. 296 , 297 (2003), we conclude that a motion judge should make a de novo probable cause determination based on the affidavit accompanying an application for a wiretap warrant and any omitted tangible or recorded oral evidence, regardless of whether the failure to include that evidence in the warrant application was intentional or reckless.
b. Probable cause and nexus to organized crime. This case comes to us in a somewhat unique procedural posture in that the motion judge, after properly conducting a de novo review of the application for a wiretap warrant and the omitted telephone conversations, determined that there was not probable cause to believe that a "designated offense has been, is being, or is about to be committed." G. L. c. 272, § 99 E 2. Determining our standard of review is further complicated by the fact that the motion judge made credibility findings concerning Trooper Moran's testimony at the Franks hearing. See note 9, supra. Because those credibility findings are not essential to the motion judge's probable cause determination, we review the motion judge's probable cause determination de novo. Cf. United States v. Kelley, 482 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 877 (2008), and cases cited (no deference owed to issuing judge where affidavit in support of search warrant has been partially redacted); State v. Rabon, 930 A.2d 268, 276 (Me. 2007) (de novo review where magistrate did not have opportunity to make probable cause determination following redaction of affidavit); 2 W.R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 4.4 (c), at 551 (4th ed. 2004).
among highly organized and disciplined groups to engage in supplying illegal goods and services." G. L. c. 272, § 99 A. See Commonwealth v. Thorpe, 384 Mass. 271 , 277 (1981). Requiring a nexus with organized crime, which is not a prerequisite under the cognate Federal statute, id. at 277-278 n.6, operates as a limitation on the circumstances in which a wiretap may be sought. Id. at 279-281. See Commonwealth v. Lykus, 406 Mass. 135 , 141 (1989). In determining whether the requisite connection to organized crime exists, we consider whether the materials supporting an application for a wiretap warrant demonstrate an objectively reasonable suspicion grounded in "articulable facts from which a reasonable person could conclude that interception would lead to evidence of a designated offense" in connection with organized crime. Commonwealth v. Thorpe, supra at 281. See Commonwealth v. D'Amour, 428 Mass. 725 , 737 (1999); Commonwealth v. Lykus, supra at 141-142.
v. Lykus, supra at 142; Commonwealth v. Thorpe, supra at 281; Commonwealth v. Abdul-Kareem, 56 Mass. App. Ct. 78 , 80 (2002). While "the class of people subject to wiretaps includes more than 'full-time professional criminals,' " Commonwealth v. D'Amour, supra at 736, quoting Commonwealth v. Thorpe, supra at 278 n.6, coordination of efforts among cohorts standing alone is insufficient. See Commonwealth v. D'Amour, supra at 737. See also Commonwealth v. Jarabek, 384 Mass. 293 , 296 (1981) (scheme between two municipal officials to extort kickback from single contractor did not constitute organized crime).
For a conspiracy to commit an offense enumerated in G. L. c. 272, § 99 B 7, to rise to the level of organized crime, there must, at the very least, be an organized plan from which one reasonably may infer the existence of an ongoing criminal operation. See Commonwealth v. D'Amour, supra at 736-737; Commonwealth v. Lykus, supra at 142 (ransom note referred to more than one kidnapper and indicated awareness that victim's parents had contacted police, and nature of kidnapping "len[t] itself to inferences of discipline and organization"); Commonwealth v. Thorpe, supra at 281 (requisite discipline and organization reasonably could be inferred given confidentiality and inaccessibility of sergeant's promotional examination); Commonwealth v. Abdul-Kareem, supra.
to engage his friends and family to help him cover up evidence of his involvement in Vaughn's murder.
Furthermore, putting to one side the pecuniary motivation typically underlying organized crime, even if one infers that Long's requests for visits from Newsome, Forde, Gibbs, and Richard were to solicit help in covering up his involvement in Vaughn's murder, including discouraging or preventing Lewis from testifying, such a conspiracy falls short of a plan from which it reasonably could be inferred that they collectively participated in an ongoing, multi-transactional criminal enterprise. The other hallmarks of organized crime -- discipline, organization, and a continuing nature -- were utterly lacking. Based on the affidavit and omitted recordings of Long's outgoing telephone conversations, it can only reasonably be inferred that Vaughn's brutal murder was an isolated event and that Long intended to enlist his friends to help him conceal evidence linking him to it. The entire alleged conspiracy revolved around a single, albeit heinous, crime motivated by revenge. At most, those conspiratorial efforts amounted to coordination among cohorts. [Note 15] This was insufficient to establish a nexus to organized crime. See Commonwealth v. D'Amour, supra at 737. [Note 16] Accordingly, there was no probable cause to believe that a designated offense had been, was being, or was about to be committed. G. L. c. 272, § 99 E 2. The motion judge properly suppressed the wiretap evidence and evidence resulting therefrom.
3. Conclusion. For the foregoing reasons, the order allowing the defendants' motions to suppress is affirmed.
[Note 2] At the beginning of each telephone call, the caller and party to whom the telephone call was placed were advised that the telephone calls were being monitored. Neither defendant challenges this policy. See Commonwealth v. Boyarsky, 452 Mass. 700 , 705-706 (2008).
"The term 'designated offense' shall include the following offenses in connection with organized crime as defined in the preamble: arson, assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, extortion, bribery, burglary, embezzlement, forgery, gaming in violation of [G. L. c. 271, § 17], intimidation of a witness or juror, kidnapping, larceny, lending of money or things of value in violation of the general laws, mayhem, murder, any offense involving the possession or sale of a narcotic or harmful drug, perjury, prostitution, robbery, subornation of perjury, any violation of this section, being an accessory to any of the foregoing offenses and conspiracy or attempt or solicitation to commit any of the foregoing offenses."
The preamble defines "organized crime" as "consist[ing] of a continuing conspiracy among highly organized and disciplined groups to engage in supplying illegal goods and services." G. L. c. 272, § 99 A.
[Note 4] The record on appeal contains only selected transcripts of Long's recorded outgoing telephone calls. Recordings of outgoing telephone conversations that were before the motion judge but not transcribed have not been included in the record on appeal. With one exception, see note 8, infra, the Commonwealth does not contend that the motion judge's findings are clearly erroneous. Having no record from which we may review findings based on the untranscribed, outgoing telephone calls, we accept those findings as true.
[Note 5] James-Pagan also told Trooper Moran that while she did not see who shot Vaughn, she was sure it was Long because he had a reputation for carrying guns, was seen with ammunition at the apartment two weeks earlier, and had talked of shooting people in the past.
[Note 6] In his affidavit, Trooper Moran explained that "Nextel Cellular phones operate by transmissions from the hand-sets to and from cell towers."
[Note 7] Reilly told Trooper Moran that Althea Forde, believed to be Forde's mother, and Gillian Gibbs, believed to be Forde's aunt, submitted requests to visit Long.
[Note 8] The Commonwealth correctly notes that Trooper Moran's affidavit mentioned that he had listened to a conversation between Long and his nephew Richard.
[Note 9] The judge also found some of Trooper Moran's testimony not to be credible. In his affidavit, Trooper Moran implicated Forde and other acquaintances of Long in a conspiracy to murder Lewis. However, the judge found that his concern for Lewis's well-being was belied by the fact that the police had failed to arrest Forde, who was suspected of both having committed Vaughn's murder and being involved in the conspiracy to conceal evidence concerning the murder. In addition, Trooper Moran conceded that he had no direct knowledge of any special efforts to protect Lewis, but knew that she was "offered something" in terms of protection.
[Note 10] "Allegations of fact in the application may be based either upon the personal knowledge of the applicant or upon information and belief. If the applicant personally knows the facts alleged, it must be so stated. If the facts establishing such probable cause are derived in whole or part from the statements of persons other than the applicant, the sources of such information and belief must be either disclosed or described; and the application must contain facts establishing the existence and reliability of any informant and the reliability of the information supplied by him. The application must also state, so far as possible, the basis of the informant's knowledge or belief. If the applicant's information and belief is derived from tangible evidence or recorded oral evidence, a copy or detailed description thereof should be annexed to or included in the application. Affidavits of persons other than the applicant may be submitted in conjunction with the application if they tend to support any fact or conclusion alleged therein. Such accompanying affidavits may be based either on personal knowledge of the affiant or information and belief, with the source thereof, and reason therefor, specified." (Emphasis added.) G. L. c. 272, § 99 F 3.
[Note 11] The Commonwealth does not contest that defendant Brown has standing to seek suppression of the wiretap evidence and any evidence resulting therefrom.
[Note 12] Even where a defendant has not made a substantial preliminary showing, a judge may, in the exercise of discretion, order a Franks-type hearing. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). See Commonwealth v. Nine Hundred & Ninety-Two Dollars, 383 Mass. 764 , 775 n.12 (1981).
[Note 13] We note that this case does not present a situation where requiring the police to attach or describe in detail the pertinent tangible or recorded oral evidence would, due to its sheer volume, impose a tremendous burden on the police and be largely unhelpful to a probable cause determination. Indeed, Trooper Moran testified that he would have been willing and able to provide the issuing judge with Long's recorded, outgoing telephone conversations had she requested them.
[Note 14] We place greater significance on G. L. c. 272, § 99 A, than we have accorded other statutory preambles, see, e.g., Milk Control Bd. v. Gosselin's Dairy, Inc., 301 Mass. 174 , 179-180 (1938), because the term "designated offense" expressly incorporates the definition of "organized crime" in the preamble. G. L. c. 272, § 99 A.
[Note 15] Vaughn's murder also lacked a nexus to organized crime because, apart from the fact that there were two shooters, Trooper Moran's affidavit described no murder plot from which organized crime could reasonably be inferred. Contrast Commonwealth v. D'Amour, 428 Mass. 725 , 736-737 (1999).
[Note 16] Relying on Commonwealth v. D'Amour, supra at 737, the Commonwealth argues that the police lacked a clear picture of the players involved and that more evidence would have been necessary to make clear that Long's conduct was unrelated to organized crime. Because we agree with the motion judge that there was insufficient evidence of a nexus with organized crime, we reject the Commonwealth's argument that additional evidence was necessary to establish that Vaughn's murder and the conspiracy to conceal it were unrelated to organized crime.

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