Source: https://www.legalcrystal.com/case/85526/doolan-vs-carr
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 17:01:17+00:00

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The proper Circuit Court of the United States has jurisdiction, irrespective of the citizenship of the parties, of an action in ejectment, in which the controversy turns upon the validity of a patent of land from the United States.
Want of power in an officer of the Land Office to issue a land patent may be shown in an action at law by extrinsic evidence, although the patent may be issued with all the forms of law required for a patent of public land.
land," if it was described by specific boundaries, or if it was known or described by a name by which it could be identified; but if it was described as a specific quantity within designated outboundaries containing a greater area, only so much land within the outboundaries as is necessary to cover the specific quantity granted was excluded from the grant to the railroad companies.
Official documentary evidence of a Mexican grant which has been confirmed by the proper authorities of the United States is admissible on the trial of an action in ejectment to show a want of power in the Land Office to issue a patent for the same land as "public land" under the statutes granting "public land" to aid in the construction of the Pacific Railroads.
It would seem also that parol testimony is admissible to identify the land as coming within the terms of the grant.
Ejectment. Verdict for the plaintiff and judgment on the verdict. Defendants sued out this writ of error. The case is stated in the opinion.
"the east half of section 27, township 2, range 1 east of the Mount Diablo base and meridian of the public land surveys of the United States of America in the State of California,"
and he had judgment for the land. No citizenship of either party is alleged, and this is urged as a ground of reversal in this Court, to which the case has been brought by a writ of error. It however appears very clearly that the controversy turns upon the validity of the patent from the United States under which plaintiff claims title, and which was denied by the defendants. The Circuit Court for the District of California therefore had jurisdiction of the case as one arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States within the meaning of the Act of March 3, 1875, 18 Stat. 470.
of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes, and the Act of March 3, 1865,"
and in accordance with the laws of the State of California by which the Central Pacific Railroad Company and the Western Pacific Railroad Company were consolidated. Although the introduction of this patent was objected to by the defendants, it appears upon its face to be valid, and it was therefore properly admitted as evidence. The plaintiff also introduced a deed of conveyance from the Central Pacific Railroad Company to himself, and, after further evidence as to the use and occupation of the land, its value, and that the amount in controversy was over $10,000, rested.
"That on, to-wit, April 10 A.D. 1839, the Mexican government granted to Jose Noriega and Robert Livermore a certain tract of land known by the name 'Las Pocitas,' and which embraced all the land within the following boundaries, viz., bounded on the north by the Loinas de las Cuevas on the east by the Sierra de Buenos Ayres, on the south by the dividing line of the establishment of San Jose, and on the west by the rancho of Don Jose Dolores Pacheco, containing in all two square leagues, provided that quantity be contained within the said boundaries, and if less than that quantity be found to be contained therein, then that less quantity, and all of said described tract of land."
"That the Departmental Assembly of the Mexican Nation confirmed said grant to said Noriega and Livermore on, to-wit, May 22, 1840."
to said Noriega and Livermore, their heirs and assigns, and the decree of confirmation, so made to said Mexican grant, by said board of land commissioners described the boundaries thereof to be on the north by the Lomas de las Cuevas, on the east by the Sierra de Buenos Ayres, on the south by the dividing line of the establishment of San Jose, and on the west by the rancho of Don Jose Dolores Pacheco, provided that within the same no greater quantity than two square leagues were found to be contained, and if a less quantity should be found therein, then that less quantity was confirmed, and all of said described tract of land."
"That the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, on appeal to it from said decree of the board of land commissioners, duly confirmed said Mexican grant on, to-wit, February 18, A.D. 1859, to the same extent, and by the same description, and under the same conditions, as said board of land commissioners had done, and the Supreme Court of the United States at the December term, A.D. 1860, affirmed the said decree of said United States district court, and every part thereof."
"That during the year 1865, an official survey of the lands so confirmed to said Noriega and Livermore was made by or under the directions of the Surveyor General of the United States for the State of California, and which was duly approved by said surveyor general in the year A.D. 1866, and which survey included the half section of land described in the complaint herein. That said survey was set aside by the Secretary of the Interior in the year A.D. 1868, and a new survey ordered to be made of said Mexican grant, within the boundaries set forth in said decrees, which should contain but two square leagues of land, or thereabouts."
general on, to-wit, May 11, 1870, and the said survey was approved by the Commissioner of the General Land Office on, to-wit, March 1, 1871, and said survey was finally approved by the Secretary of the Interior on to-wit, June 6, 1871, and on said last-named date the surplus (or sobrante) of the land embraced within the boundaries contained in said grant and in said decrees became freed and discharged from the claims and reservation of said Mexican grant, and became public land of the United States, and a part of the public domain thereof."
"That the entire half section of land described in the complaint herein is located and embraced within the boundaries stated and tract described in and confirmed by the said decree of the board of land commissioners of the United States district court and of the Supreme Court of the United States, but it was not included within the tract so surveyed in March, 1869, and finally approved on June 6, A.D. 1871, as aforesaid, as the final survey of said Mexican grant, and said half section of land described in the complaint herein was held and claimed as a part and parcel of said Mexican grant, and was reserved as such continually from the 10th day of April, A.D. 1839, down to the 6th day of June, A.D. 1871, and on said last-named day it became for the first time public land of the United States."
said railroad or of said railroad company. That said railroad was completed prior to the year 1870."
"that the United States patent cannot be collaterally attacked in this action; that it can be attacked by bill in equity only; that the said United States patent, and the recitals therein contained, are conclusive evidence in this action that the legal title of the lands therein described was granted and transferred by the United States to the grantee named in said patent, and, taken in connection with the deed from the railroad company to the plaintiff, is conclusive evidence of the plaintiff's right to recover."
"The patent title to this land to the Central Pacific Railroad Company is conclusive in this case. It cannot be attacked in a collateral manner. If it can be attacked at all, it is only by a direct proceeding for the purpose of vacating the patent, and, without further remark upon this one way or the other, it may be sufficient to say that I charge you the law is that so far as this case is concerned, the patent from the government to the railroad company -- the first patent introduced here -- is conclusive of the rights of the parties in this case."
To this charge the defendants excepted, and the case before us turns upon the correctness of the ruling of the court on the proposition that in this action at law, none of the evidence offered by the defendants could be received to impeach the validity of the patent, and that such an issue as that attempted to be raised by the defendants could only be made by a suit in equity to set it aside.
however at all times to the inquiry whether such officers had the lawful authority to make a conveyance of the title. But if those officers acted without authority, if the land which they purported to convey had never been within their control or had been withdrawn from that control at the time they undertook to exercise such authority, then their act was void -- void for want of power in them to act on the subject matter of the patent -- not merely voidable; in which latter case, if the circumstances justified such a decree, a direct proceeding, with proper averments and evidence, would be required to establish that it was voidable, and should therefore be avoided. The distinction is a manifest one, although the circumstances that enter into it are not always easily defined. It is nevertheless a clear distinction, established by law, and it has been often asserted in this Court that even a patent from the government of the United States, issued with all the forms of law, may be shown to be void by extrinsic evidence if it be such evidence as by its nature is capable of showing a want of authority for its issue.
The decisions of this Court on this subject are so full and decisive that a reference to a few of them is all that is necessary. Polk's Lessee v. Wendall, 9 Cranch 87; New Orleans v. United States, 10 Pet. 730; Wilcox v. Jackson, dem. McConnell, 13 Pet. 509; Stoddard v. Chambers, 2 How. 317; Easton v. Salisbury, 21 How. 428; Reichart v. Felps, 6 Wall. 160; Best v. Polk, 18 Wall. 117; Leavenworth Railroad v. United States, 92 U. S. 733 ; Newhall v. Sanger, 92 U. S. 761 ; Sherman v. Buick, 93 U. S. 209 ; Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 636 ; Steel v. Smelting Co., 106 U. S. 447 ; Kansas Pacific Railway Co. v. Dunmeyer, 113 U. S. 642 ; Reynolds v. Iron Silver Mining Co., 116 U. S. 689 .
The case of Polk's Lessee v. Wendall is perhaps the earliest one in this Court where this subject received full consideration. That was an action of ejectment in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of Tennessee. On the trial, the plaintiff, who was also the plaintiff in error, introduced and relied upon a patent from the State of North Carolina, of the date of April 17, 1800, which included the land in controversy.
"In general, a court of equity is the more eligible tribunal for these questions, and they ought to be excluded from a court of law. But there are cases in which a grant is absolutely void, as where the state has no title to the thing granted or where the officer had no authority to issue the grant. In such cases, the validity of the grant is necessarily examinable at law."
In that case, the Court held that it could be shown as a defense to the patent that the entries on which it was granted were never made, and that the warrants were forgeries, in which case no right accrued under the act of 1777, and, no purchase of the land having been made from the state, the grant was void by the express words of the law, and that in rejecting the testimony of this point, the circuit court erred. The judgment was therefore reversed.
"Now to apply this. Even assuming that the decision of the register and receiver, in the absence of frauds, would be conclusive as to the facts of the applicant's then being in possession, and his cultivation during the preceding year, because these questions are directly submitted to them, yet if they undertake to grant preemptions in land in which the law declares that they shall not be granted, then they are acting upon a subject matter clearly not within their jurisdiction -- as much so as if a court whose jurisdiction was declared not to extend beyond a given sum should attempt to take cognizance of a case beyond that sum."
arises whether the defendant's title is not void. That this is a question as well examinable at law as in chancery will not be controverted. That the elder legal title must prevail in the action of ejectment is undoubted. But the inquiry here is whether the defendant has any title as against the plaintiff's, and there seems to be no difficulty in answering the question that he has not. His location was made on lands not liable to be thus appropriated, but expressly reserved, and this was the case when his patent was issued. . . . No title can be held valid which has been acquired against law, and such is the character of the defendant's title so far as it trenches on the plaintiff's. . . . The issuing of a patent is a ministerial act, which must be performed according to law. A patent is utterly void and inoperative which is issued for land that had been previously patented to another individual. . . . The patent of the defendant, having been for land reserved from such appropriation, is void, and also the survey of Coontz, so far as either conflicts with the plaintiff's title."
These principles were recognized in and governed the decision of the Court in Easton v. Salisbury. In Reichart v. Felps, which was an action of ejectment, the plaintiff claimed under two patents, of the dates of 1838 and 1853, which the Court says "exhibit conclusive evidence of title if the land had not been previously granted, reserved, or appropriated." This was permitted to be proved by the patent of Gov. St. Clair dated February 12, 1799, duly registered in 1804, with a survey made in 1798. This was held to be conclusive evidence that the land was so reserved, and defeated the patents of 1838 and 1853.
of families, to locate lands which, when so located, were to be reserved from sale or other disposition by the United States. The defendant undertook to show that the land on which he was settled, which was the subject of controversy, had been properly located by an Indian, and was therefore not liable to sale at the time that Brown purchased it of the Land Officers. The court below rejected the evidence because of certain deficiencies in the certificate made by one Edmondson, a register of the Land Office at Pontotoc, who certified that the land in question was located as a reserve by a Chickasaw Indian under the treaty in July, 1839. This Court reversed the judgment rendered in favor of plaintiff in the court below, holding that the certificate was sufficient and that it showed that under the treaty, and by the action of the Indian in settling upon it and procuring a certificate of that fact from the proper officer, the land had become reserved in the language of the treaty, and that the patent under which the plaintiff claimed was therefore void, citing also Polk's Lessee v. Wendall and Bagnell v. Broderick, 13 Pet. 436.
In the case of Reynolds v. Iron Silver Mining Co., 116 U. S. 687 , decided last year, which was an action to recover possession of part of a vein or lode of mineral deposit, plaintiff relied on a patent for a placer mine, and the contested vein was within the lines of its superficial area extended perpendicularly. The statute on which this patent was issued declared that it should not confer any right to veins known to exist within it at the time the grant was made. Defendants offered evidence to show that the vein in controversy was known to the patentee to exist at the time of his application for the patent.
The circuit court charged the jury that because the defendants had shown no right whatever to the vein, but were in possession as naked trespassers, they could not, in defense of that possession, show this defect in plaintiff's title; but this Court (the Chief Justice dissenting) held that this ruling erroneous and that, as in all other actions of ejectment, plaintiff must recover on the strength of his own title, and not on the weakness of defendants'.
With the principles so well established by these decisions of the right in an action at law to prove by competent extrinsic evidence that a patent of the United States is void for want of power in the officers to issue it, and the facts which show that want of power, we come to the case of Newhall v. Sanger, 92 U. S. 761 , which established the proposition that land covered by a Mexican claim was not public land within the meaning of the act of Congress making the grant to the railroads, but was reserved from the granting clause of those statutes.
In Leavenworth, Lawrence &c.; Railroad v. United States, 92 U. S. 733 , decided at the same time with Newhall v. Sanger, the opinions in both cases being delivered by Mr. Justice Davis, the question of the right to show this want of authority was also very fully discussed. That was a case in which the railroad company had brought suit in equity to establish its title to tracts of land lying within the Osage country, in Kansas, which had been certified to the governor of that state as part of the grant made by Congress to aid in the construction of certain railroads. This was done by the supposed authority of the Act of March 3, 1863, 12 Stat. 772, granting every alternate section of land in the State of Kansas, designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road and of each of its branches.
It also contained the usual reservation that in case it should appear, when the line or route of said railroad and branches was definitely fixed, that the United States had sold any of the land granted, or that the right of preemption or homestead settlement had attached to the same, then the right was given to select other lands, and it provided that any and all lands theretofore reserved to the United States by the acts of Congress, or in any other manner by competent authority, for the purpose of aiding in any object of internal improvement or for any other purpose whatever, "be, and the same are hereby, reserved to the United States from the operation of the act."
"A special exception of this land was not necessary in these grants because the policy which dictated them confined them to land which Congress could rightfully bestow without disturbing existing relations and producing vexatious conflicts. The legislation which reserved it for any purpose excluded it from disposal as the public lands are usually disposed of."
under which the patent whereon the appellee's title rests was issued to the railroad company."
"The acts which govern this case are more explicit, and leave less room for construction. The words 'public lands' are habitually used in our legislation to describe such as are subject to sale or other disposal under general laws. That they were so employed in this instance is evident from the fact that to them alone could the order withdrawing lands from preemption, private entry, and sale apply."
The Court then goes on to show that the status of lands included in a Spanish or Mexican claim pending before tribunals charged with the duty of adjudicating it was such that the right of private property could not be impaired by a change of sovereignty, and that such lands were not included in the phrase "public lands" of these specific railroad grants, and that until such claims were finally decided to be invalid, they were not restored to the body of public lands subject to be granted.
Those Mexican claims were often described, or attempted to be described, by specific boundaries. They were often claims for a definite quantity of land within much larger outboundaries, and they were frequently described by the name of a place or ranch. To the extent of the claim when the grant was for land with specific boundaries or known by a particular name, and to the extent of the quantity claimed within outboundaries containing a greater area, they are excluded from the grant to the railroad company. Indeed, this exclusion did not depend upon the validity of the claim asserted or its final establishment, but upon the fact that there existed a claim of a right under a grant by the Mexican government, which was yet undetermined, and to which therefore the phrase "public lands" could not attach, and which the statute did not include, although it might be found within the limits prescribed on each side of the road when located.
It is objected that the testimony offered in the present case, and rejected by the court below, to prove the facts concerning the Mexican grant which would defeat the patent to the railroad company is parol, and that even conceding the right to assail the patent in an action at law founded on the title conveyed by it, this cannot be done by parol testimony. But without deciding in this case how far such testimony can be received in an action at law for that purpose, it is sufficient to say that the evidence rejected by the court below in the present case is entirely documentary, and matter of record, being the written evidence of the grant by the Mexican government of its confirmation by the Land Commission of California, of the affirmance of the award of that commission by the district court of the United States, and by this Court, and of the record of the two surveys made by the surveyor of the United States, the latter confirmed by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, showing the location and confirmation of the Mexican grant and the dates at which all those transactions occurred. We do not doubt that this evidence was admissible for the purpose for which it was offered, and if any oral testimony were necessary to identify the land in controversy as coming within the Mexican grant and the surveys of the Land Office under the decisions of the courts, we do not think it would be inadmissible, although it is not clear that any such was necessary or was offered.
The judgment is reversed and the case remanded to the circuit court for a new trial.
recognize the existence of the right to make such proof, if the person who offers it is in a position to do so, it is only necessary to refer to Simmons v. Wagner, 101 U. S. 260 , where, as the organ of the court, I announced its decision that one in possession under a certificate issued by a proper officer in the regular course of his official duty, showing that he had bought and paid for the land, might successfully defend an action of ejectment brought against him by the holder of a patent issued upon an entry by another party made long after his rights accrued, and this because, after the purchase under which he was in possession, the land was no longer a part of the public domain, and the officers of the United States had no authority in law to sell it a second time.
In my opinion, however, such proof can only be made by one who holds a right at law or in equity which is prior in time to that of the patentee, or by one who claims under the United States by a subsequent grant, or some authorized recognition of title. Unless I have misinterpreted the cases on this subject, that has always been the doctrine of this Court.
v. Buick, 93 U. S. 209 , was between the holder of a patent of the United States and the holder of a patent from the State of California, claiming under a prior grant from the United States of the same land for school purposes. The Smelting Company Cases, 104 U. S. 636 and 106 U. S. 106 U.S. 447, were between those claiming under a patent for a placer mining claim and certain occupants of lots in the townsite of Leadville which had been reserved from sale prior to the location of the claim. In Reynolds v. Iron Silver Mining Company, 116 U. S. 687 , the question was not one of admitting proof to invalidate a patent, but as to the legal effect of a patent for a placer mining claim, and it was held not to include veins or lodes within the boundaries of the claim as located on the surface, and extended vertically downwards, if known to exist when the patent was issued. In Wright v. Roseberry, 121 U. S. 488 , decided at the last term, one party held under a conveyance by the State of California of a tract of land which the state claimed under the grant by the United States of swamp and overflowed lands, and the other under a patent from the United States issued upon a preemption entry. Many more cases of a similar character might be cited, but it is needless to pursue them further. They establish beyond all question that if one holds under an older title, or if he is in a position under a junior claim to represent the title of the government, he may attack the validity of a patent in a suit at law on the ground that it was issued without proper authority.
in his patent was complete before that of the appellants commenced. It is not doubted that a patent appropriates land. Any defects in the preliminary steps which are required by law are cured by the patent. It is a title from its date, and has always been held conclusive against all those whose rights did not commence previous to its emanation. Courts of equity have considered an entry as the commencement of title, and have sustained a valid entry against a patent founded on a prior defective entry, if issued after such valid entry was made. But they have gone no further. They have never sustained an entry made after the date of the patent. They have always rejected such claims. The reason is obvious. A patent appropriates the land it covers, and that land, being no longer vacant, is no longer subject to location. If the patent has been issued irregularly, the government may provide means for repealing it, but no individual has a right to annul it, to consider the land as still vacant and appropriate it to himself."
Pp. 20 U. S. 214 . This seems to me to be the true rule, and one way the government may adopt to annul a patent which has been issued without authority of law is to grant the land to another, and thus clothe the new grantee with its own power to test the validity of the former proceedings to divest it of title. Such a grantee will thus be made to represent the United States by authority, and he may sue for the land. With such a title or something equivalent to it, the courts may properly, as has been done heretofore, allow him to assert his own title -- that is, the title of the government -- against one which was apparently granted before. Such an attack on the title would be direct, not collateral, as authority to proceed had been given by the government for that purpose.
violated the statutes of Michigan in selling the lands, after they were known, or might have been known, to contain minerals."
"Without a nice inquiry into these statutes to ascertain whether they reserve such lands from sale, or into the disputed fact whether they were known or might have been known to contain minerals, we are of opinion that the defendant is not in a condition to raise the question on this issue. The officers of the State of Michigan, embracing the chief magistrate of the state, and who have the charge and superintendence of this property, certify this sale to have been made pursuant to law, and have clothed the purchaser with the most solemn evidence of title. The defendant does not claim in privity with Michigan, but holds an adverse right, and is a trespasser upon the land to which her title is attached. Michigan has not complained of the sale, and retains, so far as this case shows, the price paid for it. Under these circumstances, we must regard the patent as conclusive of the fact of a valid and regular sale on this issue."
"Neither the State of Coahuila and Texas nor the Republic of Texas nor the State of Texas has taken measures to cancel this grant, nor have they conferred on the defendant any commission to vindicate them from wrong. He is a volunteer. The doctrines of the Court do not favor such a litigant."
"a simple intruder, without claim or color of title. He was therefore in no position to call in question the validity of the patent of the United States . . . and require the plaintiff to vindicate the action of the officers of the Land Department in issuing it."
"A patent fraudulently obtained, or which has issued in violation of law, is void, and does not authorize a recovery against a party in possession under color of title. But a mere intruder cannot insist on the invalidity of the patent."
"A patent not void upon its face cannot be questioned, either collaterally or directly, by persons who do not show themselves to be in privity with a common or paramount source of title,"
and the court, in delivering its opinion, was careful to say, "the point here is as to the status of the party who can raise any question as to its [the patent's] validity when it is regular on its face."
I cannot but believe this is the true doctrine. If the government is satisfied with what has been done, all others must be, and it will be deemed in law to be satisfied unless it proceeds itself to correct the error or authorizes some one else to do so.
acres of the land under a claim of preemption settlement. Each of them then made and subscribed a declaratory statement of his intention to claim and preempt the land on which he had settled under the laws of the United States, and presented it to the register of the proper Land Office, but he refused to receive it on the ground of the existence of the patent to the railroad company. This is all the claim of title which they have, but the decisions are uniform to the effect that what had thus been done conferred on them no rights as against the United States. Certainly it gave them no right to represent the United States in a suit to avoid the patent which had been issued.
"the land continues subject to the absolute disposing power of Congress until the settler has made the required proof of settlement and improvement, and has paid the requisite purchase money."
For this reason, the title of Frisbie was sustained, and the bill dismissed. Yosemite Valley Case, 15 Wall. 77, is to the same effect.
It has also been held that a right of preemption can never be acquired by intrusion upon the actual possession of another. Trenouth v. San Francisco, 100 U. S. 251 ; Atherton v. Fowler, 96 U. S. 513 . In the present case, Carr alleges that he was in possession when the entry was made by Doolan and McCue, and this is not denied except by saying that Carr was not ousted at any time while he was the owner of the land.
As these parties have received from the government no recognition of their preemption entries therefor, and have not paid the purchase money, they stand before the law as mere volunteers and intruders on the possession of the patentees. They do not and cannot represent the title of the United States as against the patent, and are not entitled to be heard in opposition to it. As to them in their present situation, the land was as much segregated from the public domain by the issue of the patent as it would have been if there were no dispute about the authority for its issue.
of the United States shall issue therefor, and shall relate back to the date of the original certification or patenting, and the Secretary of the Interior, on behalf of the United States, shall demand payment from the company which has so disposed of such lands of an amount equal to the government price of similar lands, and in case of neglect or refusal of such company to make payment, as hereafter specified, within ninety days after the demand shall have been made, the Attorney General shall cause suit or suits to be brought against such company for the said amount."
I cannot believe that one whose claim to rights, under the laws of the United States, is thus ignored by Congress in what was decided in Frisbie v. Whitney, ubi supra, to be valid legislation can avail himself of a want of authority in the officers of the government to issue a patent which is valid on its face to protect himself against eviction from the patented land on which he has entered as a trespasser, and without any color of title.

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