Source: http://azkurs.org/butterflies-and-skippers-of-the-afrotropical-region.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 16:49:01+00:00

Document:
Die Schmetterlinge von Europa 4: 18 (212 pp.). Leipzig.
Type-species: Papilio jasius Linnaeus, by monotypy.
= Eriboea Hübner, 1819 in Hübner, [1816-. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 46 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio etheocles Cramer, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 166 (91-293).).
Synonym based on extralimital type-species: Haridra Moore.
A large Old World genus containing 193 species, 169 of which are Afrotropical. A single Afrotropical species extends into the Palaearctic Region. Comprehensively reviewed by S. Henning (1989). Species groups follow Henning.
Papilio varanes Cramer, 1777. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America 2: 100 (151 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht.
Charaxes varanes varanes. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 81mm. Yellowwoods, Natal. 27.II.1960. K.M. Pennington. (Transvaal Museum - TM3333).
Diagnosis: Basal areas of wings whiter than in C. acuminatus and c. fulvescens (Kielland, 1990).
Distribution: Senegal (Kielland, 1990), Gambia (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Guinea, Burkina Faso (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Ghana, Togo (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Benin (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, to Central African Republic, Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Oman, to Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland.
Common name: Common pearl charaxes; pearl charaxes.
Habitat: Mainly in dry forest, open forest and dense savanna. Readily colonizes degraded wet forest (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania ssp. vologeses is found from sea-level to 2 300 m (Kielland, 1990). Rarely found in wetter forests (Larsen, 2005a).
Habits: A common charaxes. The flight is moderately fast and flapping. Males defend territories from prominent perches on trees, usually two to eight metres above the ground (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit (Pringle, et al., 1994). Males are not attracted to animal scats or carrion. Van Someren and Rogers (1928) noted that they feed from the stems of maize plants damaged by cetoniid beetles, on the Kenyan coast. Bampton observed them migrating northwards from central Tanzania, over a distance of at least 480 km, together with individuals of Charaxes candiope (Henning, 1989; Larsen, 1991; Larsen, 2005a).
Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 323 [as Charaxes Varanes (Cramer)] (C. v. varanes).
Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 406 [as Charaxes Varanes] (C. v. varanes).
“Pupa. In June 1887 I received from Colonel Bowker two living pupae of this butterfly, from which I obtained a ♂ perfect insect on June 19 (pupation 18th May), and a female on June 26th. These pupae were semi-transparent, of a uniform bright-green, with a wax-like surface; six abdominal spiracles on each side, and six caudal tubercles, black. They were very thick and swollen abdominally, but became gradually slenderer and narrower anteriorly. Head very shallowly bifid. Inferior outline, along middle line of head and thorax, almost straight; dorsal median line of thorax and inner-marginal edges of wing-cases somewhat prominently but smoothly ridged or keeled. Length, about 1 inch; greatest width and also greatest depth – across third abdominal segment – ½ inch. The band of light reddish-brown silk to which these pupae were attached completely encircled the slender stem of Cardiospermum halicacabum, on which the insects were suspended. Colonel Bowker found the larvae feeding on this widely-spread tropical climber near D’Urban, Natal, and called my attention to the general resemblance borne by the pupae to the younger somewhat heart-shaped inflated seed-vessels of the plant, which hang similarly, though by a much longer pedicel”.
Fawcett, 1903: 168. (C. v. varanes).
Van Someren and Rogers, 1928: 113. (C. v. vologeses).
Dickson, 1972: 41 [as Charaxes varanes] (C. v. varanes).
Clark, in Van Son, 1979: 143 [as Charaxes varanes varanes] (C. v. varanes).
(Probably) Rhus laevigata L. (syn. viminalis Vahl) (Anacardiaceae) [Mansel Weale, in Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 324] (C. v. varanes).
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (Sapindaceae) (exotic) [Bowker, in Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 406; Durban] (C. v. varanes).
Allophylus africanus Beauv. (Sapindaceae) [Platt, 1921: 102 (South Africa); Blandin, et al., 1975 (Ivory Coast)] (C. v. varanes and C. v. vologeses).
Allophylus macrostachys Radlk. (Sapindaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 321] (C. v. vologeses).
Allophylus subcoriaceus Bak. f. (Sapindaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 321] (C. v. vologeses).
Allophylus glaucescens (Sapindaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 321].
Allophylus natalensis (Sond.) De Winter (Sapindaceae) [Dickson and Kroon, 1978: 58] (C. v. varanes).
Allophylus melanocarpus (Sond.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) [Dickson and Kroon, 1978: 58] (C. v. varanes).
Schmidelia species (Sapindaceae) [Kielland, 1990: 110].
Allophylus dregeanus (Sond.) De Winter (Sapindaceae) [Oberprieler, in Pringle, et al., 1994: 86; KwaZulu-Natal] (C. v. varanes).
Rhus longispina (Anacardiaceae) [Claassens, 2005].
Note: The population of C. varanes on Pemba Island, Tanzania appears to belong to a distinct subspecies but too few specimens are available for a description to be made (Kielland, 1990: 110).
Distribution: Mozambique (south), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province - south-east), Swaziland.
Limpopo Province – Mica (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Groot Spelonken (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Lousi Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterpoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Legalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”).
Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams).
KwaZulu-Natal – Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Estcourt (Swanepoel, 1953); Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953).
Eastern Cape Province – Port Elizabeth (Swanepoel, 1953); Suurberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Somerset East (Swanepoel, 1953); Katberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Alfred (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Stutterheim (Swanepoel, 1953); Butterworth (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953).
Western Cape Province – Wilderness (Swanepoel, 1953); Knysna (Swanepoel, 1953); Plettenberg Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Mossel Bay (Pringle, et al., 1994); Cape Peninsula (Pringle, et al., 1994; strays).
Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).
Charaxes varanes bertrami Riley, 1931. Entomologist 64: 279 (279-280).
Type locality: Oman: “Wadi Arbot; Gurgaz, N.E. of Salalah”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London.
Distribution: Oman, Yemen (extreme east) (Larsen, pers comm. 2002).
Charaxes varanes torbeni Turlin, 1999. Lambillionea 99: 181 (171-182).
Type locality: Yemen: “Wadi Dhabab, 15 Km sud de Taïz, 1100m, Nord Yemen, 23-VIII-1993.” In M.N.H.N., Paris.
Distribution: Yemen (Larsen, pers comm. 2002).
Palla vologeses Mabille, 1876. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 1: 280 (194-203, 274-281).
Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo ... Landana”.
Diagnosis: In ssp. vologeses the white markings on the upperside are broader than in the nominate subspecies (Pringle, et al., 1994).
Distribution: Senegal (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Gambia (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Guinea, Guinea- Bissau (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Burkina Faso (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Liberia, Ivory Coast (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Benin (Larsen, pers comm. 2002), Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, to Central African Republic, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia (throughout), Angola, Mozambique (north), Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north).
Sierra Leone – Freetown (Owen & Chanter, 1972).
Ghana – Atewa Range (Joly, 2003).
Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon, et al., 2001).
Nigeria – Vom (Owen, 1977); Warri (H. Boersma teste Larsen, 2005a); Kaduna (R. St Leger teste Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a).
Tanzania – widespread, including Pemba Island (the population on Pemba may represent an undescribed subspecies) (Kielland, 1990).
nigrescens Butler, 1896 (as sp. of Charaxes). Journal of the Linnean Society of London 25: 401 (348-404). Sierra Leone.
brachycauda Le Cerf, 1923 (as ?ssp. of Charaxes varanes). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris 29: 367 (360-367, 428-429). Mozambique: “Mozambique, Guenère, Haute Vallée de Pungoué”.
minor Storace, 1948 (as ab. of Charaxes varanes vologeses). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria 63: 140 (132-141). Ethiopia: “Sciotalit (Scioa, Abissinia)”.
antinorii Storace, 1948 (as ab. of Charaxes varanes vologeses). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria 63: 141 (132-141). Ethiopia: “Sciotalit (Scioa, Abissinia)”.
Charaxes varanes defulvata Joicey & Talbot, 1926. Entomologist 59: 221 (220-226).
Type locality: Sao Tome and Principe: “Sao Thomé”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London.
Distribution: Sao Tome and Principe (island of Sao Tome).
Note: C. defulvata Joicey & Talbot, 1926 is treated as a subspecies of varanes (Cramer, 1777) by Van Someren (1974: 480). Henning (1989: 40) treats defulvata as a distinct species on the authority of Plantrou (1983). Plantrou’s paper is, however, an unpublished thesis; thus the taxonomic change is, strictly speaking, not valid.
Palla varanes var. fulvescens Aurivillius, 1891. Entomologisk Tidskrift 12: 216 (193-228).
Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia.
Kielland (1990) gives the Comoro Islands (in error?).
Common name: Forest pearl charaxes.
Habitat: Dense evergreen forest at low to moderate altitudes. In Tanzania at altitudes of 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990).
Habits: A reasonably common species that often settles on tree trunks and on the underside of thick branches (Larsen, 2005a). It usually flies in the forest understorey, rather than the canopy.
Van Someren and Van Someren, 1926: 336 [ssp. monitor].
Henning, 1989: 43 [ssp. monitor].
Allophylus macrobothrys Gilg. (Sapindaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 321].
Allophylus africanus Beauv. (Sapindaceae) [Blandin, et al., 1975 (Ivory Coast); Henning, 1989: 43].
Allophylus macrostachys Radlk (Sapindaceae) (exotic) [Henning, 1989: 43].
Allophylus subcoriaceus Baker (Sapindaceae) [Henning, 1989: 43].
Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Nigeria – Kagoro (Larsen, 2005a: 321).
ocellatus Schultze, 1917 (as ab. of Charaxes fulvescens). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1 (12): 588 (511-597). Cameroon: “Süd-Kamerun Molundu”.
Charaxes fulvescens imenti Plantrou, 1989. In: Henning, 1989. The Charaxinae butterflies of Africa 43 (457 pp.). Johannesburg. Type locality: Kenya: “Imenti, Mt Meru”. Holotype male in the Natural History Museum, London.
Kenya – lower Meru Forest on Mt Kenya; Nyambeni (=Imenti) Hills (Larsen, 1991).
Charaxes fulvescens marialuisae Canu, 1989. In: Henning, 1989. The Charaxinae butterflies of Africa 41, 42 (457 pp.). Johannesburg. Holotype (male) in the collection of Dr J.G. Canu.
Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Bioko”.
Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island).
Charaxes fulvescens monitor Rothschild, 1900 in Rothschild and Jordan, 1900. Novitates Zoologicae 7: 361 (287-524). Type in the Natural History Museum, London.
Charaxes fulvescens monitor. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 79mm. Entebbe, Uganda. 27-11-68. Rev. H. Falke. (Henning collection - H251).
Type locality: Uganda: “Fajao, Unyoro”.
Distribution: Central African Republic, Sudan (south), Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia (north-west).
Tanzania – From Mpanda to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990).
Zambia – A single record from Ikelenge (Heath and Fisher) (Heath, et al., 2002).
stonehami Jeffery, 1931 (as ssp. of Charaxes fulvescens). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (4):  ([1 p.]). Kenya: “Kitale”.
Charaxes fulvescens senegala van Someren, 1975. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 32: 103 (65-136).
Type locality: Senegal: “Foret classée Santiaba-Mandjak”. Holotype (male) in the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris.
Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon, et al., 2001), Nigeria (west).
Senegal – Santiaba-Mandjak (TL); Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a).
Ivory Coast – Bossematie (Fermon teste Larsen, 2005a).
Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001).
Nigeria – Warri (H. Boersma teste Larsen, 2005a).
maesseni Plantrou, 1989 (as ssp. of Charaxes fulvescens). In: Henning, 1989. The Charaxinae butterflies of Africa 42 (457 pp.). Johannesburg. Holotype (male) in the Muséum nationale d’Histoire naturelle de Paris. Type locality: Ghana: “Anfoega”. Synonymized with C. fulvescens senegala van Someren, 1975 by Larsen, 2005a, syn. nov.
Charaxes saperanus Poulton, 1926. Internationaler Entomologen-Kongress 2: 569 (518-575).

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.