Source: https://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=1425382
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 14:53:27+00:00

Document:
Shock-tube experiments and chemical kinetics modeling were performed to further understand the ignition and oxidation kinetics of lean methane-based fuel blends at gas turbine pressures. Such data are required because the likelihood of gas turbine engines operating on CH4-based fuel blends with significant (>10%) amounts of hydrogen, ethane, and other hydrocarbons is very high. Ignition delay times were obtained behind reflected shock waves for fuel mixtures consisting of CH4, CH4∕H2, CH4∕C2H6, and CH4∕C3H8 in ratios ranging from 90/10% to 60/40%. Lean fuel/air equivalence ratios (ϕ=0.5) were utilized, and the test pressures ranged from 0.54 to 30.0atm. The test temperatures were from 1090K to 2001K. Significant reductions in ignition delay time were seen with the fuel blends relative to the CH4-only mixtures at all conditions. However, the temperature dependence (i.e., activation energy) of the ignition times was little affected by the additives for the range of mixtures and temperatures of this study. In general, the activation energy of ignition for all mixtures except the CH4∕C3H8 one was smaller at temperatures below approximately1300K(∼27kcal∕mol) than at temperatures above this value (∼41kcal∕mol). A methane/hydrocarbon–oxidation chemical kinetics mechanism developed in a recent study was able to reproduce the high-pressure, fuel-lean data for the fuel/air mixtures. The results herein extend the ignition delay time database for lean methane blends to higher pressures (30atm) and lower temperatures (1100K) than considered previously and represent a major step toward understanding the oxidation chemistry of such mixtures at gas turbine pressures. Extrapolation of the results to gas turbine premixer conditions at temperatures less than 800K should be avoided however because the temperature dependence of the ignition time may change dramatically from that obtained herein.
Lefebvre, A. H., 1999, "Gas Turbine Combustion", 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, PA.
Spadaccini, L. J., and Colket, M. B., 1994, “Ignition Delay Characteristics of Methane Fuels,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. [CrossRef], 20 , pp. 431–460.
Naber, J. D., Siebers, D. L., Di Julio, S. S., and Westbrook, C. K., 1994, “Effects of Natural Gas Composition on Ignition Delay Under Diesel Conditions,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 99 , pp. 192–200.
Flores, R. M., Miyasato, M. M., McDonell, V. G., and Samuelsen, G. S., 2001, “Response of a Model Gas Turbine Combustor to Variation in Gaseous Fuel Composition,” J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power [CrossRef], 123 , pp. 824–831.
Flores, R. M., McDonell, V. G., and Samuelsen, G. S., 2003, “Impact of Ethane and Propane Variation in Natural Gas on Performance of a Model Gas Turbine Combustor,” J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power [CrossRef], 125 , pp. 701–708.
Tsuboi, T., and Wagner, H. Gg., 1974, “Homogeneous Thermal Oxidation of Methane in Reflected Shock Waves,” Proc. Combust. Inst., 15 , pp. 883–890.
Petersen, E. L., Röhrig, M., Davidson, D. F., Hanson, R. K., and Bowman, C. T., 1996, “High-Pressure Methane Oxidation Behind Reflected Shock Waves,” Proc. Combust. Inst., 26 , pp. 799–806.
Petersen, E. L., Davidson, D. F., and Hanson, R. K., 1999, “Ignition Delay Times of Ram Accelerator CH4∕O2/Diluent Mixtures,” J. Propul. Power, 15 , pp. 82–91.
Zhukov, V. P., Sechenov, V. A., and Starikovskii, A. Yu., 2003, “Spontaneous Ignition of Methane-Air Mixtures in a Wide Range of Pressures,” Combust., Explos. Shock Waves [CrossRef], 30 , pp. 487–495.
Huang, J., Hill, P. G., Bushe, W. K., and Munshi, S. R., 2004, “Shock-Tube Study of Methane Ignition Under Engine-Relevant Conditions: Experiments and Modeling,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 136 , pp. 25–42.
Cheng, R. K., and Oppenheim, A. K., 1984, “Autoignition in Methane-Hydrogen Mixtures,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 58 , pp. 125–139.
Lifshitz, A., Scheller, K., Burcat, A., and Skinner, G. B., 1971, “Shock-Tube Investigation of Ignition in Methane-Oxygen-Argon Mixtures,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 16 , pp. 311–321.
Krishnan, K. S., Ravikumar, R., and Bhaskaran, K. A., 1983, “Experimental and Analytical Studies on the Ignition of Methane-Acetylene Mixtures,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 49 , pp. 41–50.
Crossley, R. W., Dorko, E. A., Scheller, K., and Burcat, A., 1972, “The Effect of Higher Alkanes on the Ignition of Methane-Oxygen-Argon Mixtures in Shock Waves,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 19 , pp. 373–378.
Eubank, C. S., Rabinowitz, M. J., Gardiner, W. C., and Zellner, R. E., 1981, “Shock-Initiated Ignition of Natural Gas-Air Mixtures,” Proc. Combust. Inst., 18 , pp. 1767–1774.
Zellner, R., Niemitz, K. J., Warnatz, J., Gardiner, W. C., Eubank, C. S., and Simmie, J. M., 1983, “Hydrocarbon Induced Acceleration of Methane-Air Ignition,” Prog. Aeronaut. Astronaut., 88 , pp. 252–272.
Frenklach, M., and Bornside, D. E., 1984, “Shock-Initiated Ignition in Methane-Propane Mixtures,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 56 , pp. 1–27.
Higgin, R. M. R., and Williams, A., 1969, “A Shock-Tube Investigation of the Ignition of Lean Methane and n-Butane Mixtures With Oxygen,” Proc. Combust. Inst., 12 , pp. 579–590.
Griffiths, J. F., Coppersthwaite, D., Phillips, C. H., Westbrook, C. K., and Pitz, W. J., 1990, “Auto-Ignition Temperatures of Binary Mixtures of Alkanes in a Closed Vessel: Comparisons Between Experimental Measurements and Numerical Predictions,” Proc. Combust. Inst., 23 , pp. 1745–1752.
Jones, H. R. N., and Leng, J., 1994, “The Effect of Hydrogen and Propane Addition on the Oxidation of a Natural Gas-Fired Pulsed Combustor,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 99 , pp. 404–412.
Li, S. C., and Williams, F. A., 2002, “Reaction Mechanisms for Methane Ignition,” J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power [CrossRef], 124 , pp. 471–480.
Petersen, E. L., Davidson, D. F., and Hanson, R. K., 1999, “Kinetics Modeling of Shock-Induced Ignition in Low-Dilution CH4∕O2 Mixtures at High Pressures and Intermediate Temperatures,” Combust. Flame [CrossRef], 117 , pp. 272–290.
Westbrook, C. K., 1979, “An Analytical Study of the Shock Tube Ignition of Mixtures of Methane and Ethane,” Combust. Sci. Technol., 20 , pp. 5–17.
Westbrook, C. K., and Pitz, W. J., 1983, “Effects of Propane on Ignition of Methane-Ethane-Air Mixtures,” Combust. Sci. Technol., 33 , pp. 315–319.
Gardiner, W. C., Lissianski, V. V., and Zamanski, V. M., 1995, “Reduced Chemical Reaction Mechanism of Shock-Initiated Ignition of Methane and Ethane Mixtures With Oxygen,” "Shock Waves at Marseille II, Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Shock Waves", R.Brun, and L.Z.Dumitrescu, (eds.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 155–160.
Khalil, E. B., and Karim, G. A., 2002, “A Kinetic Investigation of the Role of Changes in the Composition of Natural Gas in Engine Applications,” J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power [CrossRef], 124 , pp. 404–411.
Kalitan, D. M., Hall, J. M., and Petersen, E. L., 2005, “Ignition and Oxidation of Ethylene-Oxygen-Diluent Mixtures With and Without Silane Addition,” J. Propul. Power, 21 , pp. 1045–1056.
Petersen, E. L., Rickard, M. J. A., Crofton, M. D., Abbey, E. D., Traum, M. J., and Kalitan, D. M., 2005, “A Facility for Gas- and Condensed-Phase Measurements Behind Shock Waves,” Meas. Sci. Technol. [CrossRef], 16 , pp. 1716–1729.
Hall, J. M., Rickard, M. J. A., and Petersen, E. L., 2005, “Comparison of Characteristic Time Diagnostics for Ignition and Oxidation of Fuel/Oxidizer Mixtures Behind Reflected Shock Waves,” Combust. Sci. Technol., 177 , pp. 455–483.
Petersen, E. L., Kalitan, D. M., Simmons, S. L., Bourque, G., Curran, H. J., and Simmie, J. M., 2007, “Methane/Propane Oxidation at High Pressures: Experimental and Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling,” Proc. Combust. Inst., 31 , pp. 447–454.
Kee, R. J., Rupley, F. M., Miller, J. A., Coltrin, M. E., Grcar, J. F., Meeks, E., Moffat, H. K., Lutz, A. E., Dixon-Lewis, G., Smooke, M. D., Warnatz, J., Evans, G. H., Larson, R. S., Mitchell, R. E., Petzold, L. R., Reynolds, W. C., Caracotsios, M., Stewart, W. E., Glarborg, P., Wang, C., and Adigun, O., 2004, Chemkin Collection, Release 4.0, Reaction Design, Inc., San Diego, CA.
de Vries, J., Hall, J. M., Simmons, S. L., Rickard, M. J. A., Kalitan, D. M., and Petersen, E. L., 2007, “Ethane Ignition and Oxidation Behind Reflected Shock Waves,” Combust. Flame, in press.
Petersen, E. L., and de Vries, J., 2005, “Measuring the Ignition of Fuel Blends Using a Design of Experiments Approach,” AIAA Paper No. 2005-1165.
de Vries, J., and Petersen, E. L., 2005, “Design and Validation of a Reduced Test Matrix for the Autoignition of Gas Turbine Fuel Blends,” ASME Paper No. IMECE2005-80040.
de Vries, J., and Petersen, E. L., 2007, “Autoignition of Methane-Based Fuel Blends Under Gas Turbine Conditions,” Proc. Combust. Inst., 31 , pp. 3163–3171.
Ignition delay times for methane-only Mixture 1 at lower pressure. Comparison is with the correlation of Petersen (7) (Eq. 1) and correlation of current data.
Results for CH4-only Mixture 2 at two different average pressures: 10.8atm and 19.9atm. Comparison is with correlation of Petersen (7) (Eq. 1) and correlation of current data.
Ignition–time sensitivity spectra for two target conditions. Reactions shown are those with the largest sensitivity coefficients of the current model (32): for Mixture 2 (CH4/Air, ϕ=0.5). Sensitivity to the H+O2 chain branching step is shown for comparison.
Numerical simulations for fuel-lean, pure-CH4/air mixtures at elevated pressure. Models include GRI-Mech 3.0 (22), RAMEC (24), and that adopted by the current study (32): (a) Mixture 2, CH4/Air, ϕ=0.5, 19.9atm; and (b) Mixture 1 from Petersen (8), CH4∕O2∕Ar, ϕ=0.4, 50atm.
Model and experiment at low-pressure, high-temperature conditions. As expected, both the model adopted herein (32) and GRI-Mech 3.0 agree favorably with the data and each other at conditions where the latter model was formulated.
Petersen EL, Hall JM, Smith SD, de Vries J, Amadio AR, Crofton MW. Ignition of Lean Methane-Based Fuel Blends at Gas Turbine Pressures. ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. 2007;129(4):937-944. doi:10.1115/1.2720543.

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.