Source: http://www.annalsofhealthlaw.com/annalsofhealthlaw/vol__24_issue_1?pg=153
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 12:27:10+00:00

Document:
2. Is there a Nexus Between the Actions of the Marketplaces and the State Power?
439. Metzger, supra note 403, at 1411.
440. Id. at 1412 (quoting Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 52 (1999)). The Court has used various tests and formulations to determine when private action is attributable to the state. See Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167, 184 (1961) (quoting United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299, 326 (1941)), and has admitted that these cases “have not been a model of consistency.” Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co., 500 U.S. 614, 632 (1991) (O’Connor, J., dissenting).
441. See Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501, 506-07 (1946) (dictum) (providing examples of owners of privately held bridges, ferries, turnpikes and railroads and a corporations use of a four lane highway that discriminates against interstate commerce); Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649, 660-61 (1944) (discussing the exclusion of African-Americans to vote in state primary elections).
442. See Burton v. Wilmington Parking Auth., 365 U.S. 715, 721-22 (1961).
443. Lombard v. Louisiana, 373 U.S. 267 (1963) (Declaring decisions enforced by the executive, absent legislative action, to constitute “state action”; Id.(Douglas, J., Concurring) (stating executive, legislative ,and judicial enforcement of racial segregation to constitute “state action”).
444. Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1005 (1982) (“the required nexus may be present if the private entity has exercised powers that are traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the State”).
445. 42 U.S. C. A. § 18082.
446. 42 U.S. C. A. § 18081(f)(1)( A)-( B); 45 C.F.R. § 155.405 (West, WestlawNext through Nov. 6, 2014; 79 FR 66265).
447. Metzger, supra note 403, at 1412.

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