Source: https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/227/131.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 11:26:17+00:00

Document:
Messrs. John B. Stanchfield, George S. Graham, and Frederick Allis for petitioner.
[227 U.S. 131, 137] Assistant Attorney General Denison and Messrs. Henry L. Stimson and Felix Frankfurter for respondent.
U.S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3678. [227 U.S. 131, 140] matter of the present indictment, and that therefore he was exempted from liability by the act of February 25, 1903, chap. 755, 32 Stat. at L. 854, 904, U. S. Comp. Stat. Supp. 1911, p. 1313, as amended June 30, 1906, chap. 3920, 34 Stat. at L. 798, U. S. Comp. Stat. Supp. 1911, p. 1319. There was a replication; issue was joined; a trial was had upon the plea, in which the court directed a verdict for the government (175 Fed. 852); leave was given to plead over; a premature attempt was made to bring the case before this court ( 217 U.S. 423 , 54 L. ed. 821, 30 Sup. Ct. Rep. 539), and then there was a trial on the merits in which the petitioner was found guilty on the sixth count. The circuit court of appeals affirmed the judgment ( 112 C. C. A. 615, 192 Fed. 83). Whereupon a writ of certiorari was granted by this court.
The petitioner contended that, as soon as he had testified upon a matter under the Sherman act, he had an amnesty by the statute from liability for any and every offense that was connected with that matter in any degree; or, at least, every offense towards the discovery of which his testimony led up, even if it had no actual effect in bringing the discovery about. At times the argument seemed to suggest that any testimony, although not incriminating, if relevant to the later charge, brought the amnesty into play. In favor of the broadest construction of the immunity act, it is argued that when it was passed there was an imperious popular demand that the inside working of the trusts should be investigated, and that the people and Congress cared so much to secure the necessary evidence that they were willing that some guilty persons should escape, as that reward was necessary to the end. The government, on the other hand, maintains that the statute should be limited as nearly as may [227 U.S. 131, 142] be by the boundaries of the constitutional privilege of which it takes the place.
There is no need to consider exactly how far the parallelism should be carried. It is to be noticed that the testimony most relied upon was the summary made from the books of the company by its servants, at the petitioner's direction, and simply handed over by him; that apart from the statute the petitioner could not have prevented the production of the books or papers of the company, such as the summary was when made, or refused it if [227 U.S. 131, 143] he had the custody of them, and that the decisions that established the duty to produce go upon the absence of constitutional privilege, not upon the ground of statutory immunity in such a case. Wilson v. United States, 221 U.S. 361 , 377, et seq, 55 L. ed. 771, 778, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 538, Ann. Cas. 1912D, 558; Dreier v. United States, 221 U.S. 394, 400 , 55 S. L. ed. 784, 785, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 550; Baltimore & O. R. Co. v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 221 U.S. 612, 623 , 55 S. L. ed. 878, 884, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 621; Wheeler v. United States, Jan. 6, 1913 [ 226 U.S. 478 , 57 L. ed . --, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 158]; Grant v. United States, Jan. 20, 1913 [ 227 U.S. 74 , 57 L. ed. --, 33 Sup. Ct. Rep. 190]. But this consideration does not stand alone, for the evidence given in the former proceeding did not concern the present one, and had no such tendency to incriminate the petitioner as to have afforded a ground for refusing to give it, even apart from the statute and the fact that it came from the corporation books. Taking all these considerations together we think it plain that the petitioner could take nothing by his plea.
The evidence did not concern any matter of the present charge. Not only was the general subject of the former investigation wholly different, but the specific things testified to had no connection with the facts now in proof much closer than that all were dealings of the same sugar company. The frauds on the revenue were accomplished by a secret introduction of springs into some of the scales in such a way as to diminish the apparent weight of some sugar imported from abroad. The table of meltings by the year had no bearing on the frauds, as it was not confined to the sugar fraudulently weighed, and it does not appear how the number of pounds was made up. The mere fact that a part of the sugar embraced in the table was the sugar falsely weighed did not make the table evidence concerning the frauds. The same consideration shows that it did not tend to incriminate the witness. It neither led nor could have led to a discovery of his crime. So the admission of his signature to certain checks, although it furnished a possible standard of the petitioner's handwriting if there had [227 U.S. 131, 144] been any dispute about it, which there was not, in the circumstances of this case, at least, had neither connection nor criminating effect. When the statute speaks of testimony concerning a matter it means concerning it in a substantial way, just as the constitutional protection is confined to real danger, and does not extend to remote possibilities out of the ordinary course of law. Brown v. Walker, 161 U.S. 591, 599 , 600 S., 40 L. ed. 819, 821, 822, 5 Inters. Com. Rep. 369, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 644. See 5 Wigmore, Ev. 2281, p. 238. Other questions would have to be dealt with before the petitioner could prevail upon his plea; but as we consider what we have said sufficient, we shall discuss it at no greater length. There was no dispute as to the facts, and a verdict upon it for the government properly was directed by the court.
The other matters complained of would not have warranted the issue of the writ of certiorari, and may be dealt with in few words. The petitioner was denied a separate trial, and this is alleged as error. But it does not appear that the discretion confided to the trial judge was abused. United States v. Ball, 163 U.S. 662, 672 , 41 S. L. ed. 300, 303, 16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1192. Again it is said that if the evidence proved the petitioner guilty of a conspiracy, it proved him guilty of the substantive offense. It may be that there has been an abuse of indictment for conspiracy, as suggested by Judge Holt in United States v. Kissel, 173 Fed. 823, 828, but it hardly is made clear to us that this is an instance. At all events, the liability for conspiracy is not taken away by its success,-that is, by the accomplishment of the substantive offense at which the conspiracy aims. Brown v. Elliott, 225 U.S. 392 , 56 L. ed. 1136, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 812; Reg. v. Button, 11 Q. B. 929, 18 L. J. Mag. Cas. N. S. 19, 12 Jur. 1017, 3 Cox. C. C. 229; Rex v. Spragg, 2 Burr. 993, 999.
An objection is urged to the admission of certain books, called the pink books, in evidence,-they being the books in which were entered weights given by one set of weighers,-the city weighers,-the weighers not having been called. These weights were the higher ones and were introduced as evidence of the discrepancy. They appear [227 U.S. 131, 145] to have been accepted by the company, were checked by the company's tallyman, who testified, and if other evidence than that of the men who made the entries was necessary, it was produced. See 2 Wigmore, Ev. 1521, 1530. Another objection to evidence concerned the admission of testimony that the same course of conduct was going on long before the date in the indictment when it is alleged that the defendants conspired. The indictment, of course, charged a conspiracy not barred by the statute of limitations, but it was permissible to prove that the course of fraud was entered on long before and kept up. Wood v. United States, 16 Pet. 342, 360, 10 L. ed. 987, 994; Standard Oil Co. v. United States, 221 U.S. 176 , 55 L. ed. 619, 651, 34 L.R.A.(N.S.) 834, 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 502, Ann. Cas. 1912D, 734. The acts and directions of earlier date tended to show that the same conspiracy was on foot. The petitioner was there. The time of his becoming a party to it was uncertain. The longer it had lasted the greater the probability that he knew of it, and that his acts that helped it were done with knowledge of their effect. We think it unnecessary to discuss the suggestion that the evidence did not warrant leaving the case to the jury, or to add further to the discussion that the case received below.

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