Source: http://www.joeldufresnecase.com/us-supreme-court-decisions/gideon-v-wainright
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 19:08:18+00:00

Document:
"The right to be heard would be, in many cases, of little avail if it did not comprehend the right to be heard by counsel. Even the intelligent and educated layman has small and sometimes no skill in the science of law. If charged with crime, he is incapable, generally, of determining for himself whether the indictment is good or bad. He is unfamiliar with the rules of evidence. Left without the aid of counsel, he may be put on trial without a proper charge, and convicted upon incompetent evidence, or evidence irrelevant to the issue or otherwise inadmissible. He lacks both the skill and knowledge adequately to prepare his defense, even though he have a perfect one. He requires the guiding hand of counsel at every step in the proceedings against him. Without it, though he be not guilty, he faces the danger of conviction because he does not know how to establish his innocence."
Of the many such cases to reach this Court, recent examples are Carnley v. Cochran, 369 U. S. 506 (1962); Hudson v. North Carolina, 363 U. S. 697 (1960);Moore v. Michigan, 355 U. S. 155 (1957). Illustrative cases in the state courts are Artrip v. State, 136 So.2d 574 (Ct.App.Ala.1962); Shafer v. Warden, 211 Md. 635, 126 A.2d 573 (1956). For examples of commentary, see Allen, The Supreme Court, Federalism, and State Systems of Criminal Justice, 8 De Paul L.Rev. 213 (1959); Kamisar, The Right to Counsel and the Fourteenth Amendment: A Dialogue on "The Most Pervasive Right" of an Accused, 30 U. of Chi.L.Rev. 1 (1962); The Right to Counsel, 45 Minn.L.Rev. 693 (1961).
E.g., Gitlow v. New York, 268 U. S. 652, 268 U. S. 666 (1925) (speech and press); Lovell v. City of Griffin, 303 U. S. 444, 303 U. S. 450 (1938) (speech and press); Staub v. City of Baxley, 355 U. S. 313, 355 U. S. 321 (1958) (speech); Grosjean v. American Press Co., 297 U. S. 233, 297 U. S. 244 (1936) (press);Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U. S. 296, 310 U. S. 303 (1940) (religion); De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U. S. 353, 299 U. S. 364 (1937) (assembly); Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U. S. 479, 364 U. S. 486, 488 (1960) (association); Louisiana ex rel. Gremillion v. NAACP, 366 U. S. 293, 366 U. S. 296 (1961) (association);Edwards v. South Carolina, 372 U. S. 229 (1963) (speech, assembly, petition for redress of grievances).

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.