Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/290/227/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 14:31:38+00:00

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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 290 › Miller v. Union Pacific R. Co.
Miller v. Union Pacific R. Co.
can plainly be seen for a distance of 2,000 feet, either fails to look, or takes a chance on beating the train over the crossing, is guilty of contributory negligence as matter of law; and, in an action for damages for his death, the trial court properly may take the case from the jury and dismiss the petition on the merits with prejudice. P. 290 U. S. 231.
2. The doctrine that the negligence of the driver of a vehicle is imputed to a passenger has been abandoned in England, rejected by the great weight of authority in this country, and distinctly repudiated by this Court. P. 290 U. S. 231.
3. Whether a right of recovery may be denied on the ground of contributory negligence in the case of a passenger or guest who suffers personal injury or death in a public or private conveyance over the movement of which he has no control depends upon his own failure to exercise a proper degree of care, and not upon that of the driver. This applies as well where the passenger is the wife of the driver as in other cases. P. 290 U. S. 232.
4. The rule in the federal courts is settled that the burden of proving contributory negligence rests upon the defendant. P. 290 U. S. 232.
5. Where contributory negligence is established by the plaintiff's own evidence, the defendant may have the benefit of it. P. 290 U. S. 232.
6. Where there is no evidence which speaks one way or the other with respect to contributory negligence of a decedent, the presumption is that there was no such negligence. P. 290 U. S. 233.
7. Where the evidence establishes that an accident to an automobile at a railroad crossing, killing both the driver and his passenger, was due to the concurrent negligence of the railroad in operating its train at an unusual and unlawful speed and without sounding whistle, and of the driver of the automobile in attempting to cross the track, and where there is no evidence of how the passenger acted in the emergency, the passenger cannot be held guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law, nor can his death be attributed to the negligence of the driver alone as the sole proximate cause. P. 290 U. S. 233.
8. Where injury is caused by the concurring negligence of the defendant and a third person, the defendant is liable to the same extent as though it had been caused by his negligence alone. P. 290 U. S. 236.
Certiorari to review a judgment affirming a judgment dismissing on the merits with prejudice an action against the railroad company for deaths by wrongful act.
The case had been removed from a state court on the ground of diversity of citizenship.
In December, 1927, decedents, Marcus Andlauer and his wife, Ellanore Andlauer, while attempting to cross respondent's railroad track at a highway intersection within a few feet of the easterly boundary line of the city of St. Marys, Kansas, were killed as the result of a collision between a train of respondent and the automobile in which they were riding. The wife sat in the front seat with her husband, who was driving. The automobile had been driven westerly along a highway parallel to the railroad track to a point about 71 feet south of the railroad track, where it was turned into a road running northerly across the track, and driven thence without change of speed at the rate of 12 or 15 miles per hour until the accident. The day was clear. The crossing was a familiar one to decedents, and, from the point where the automobile was turned to a point beyond the crossing, trains from the east were in plain view for a distance of 2,000 feet. The train which caused the accident came from the east at a speed of from 50 to 60 miles an hour. There was evidence that the whistle was not sounded, that the train was about an hour late, that it usually slowed down in approaching the crossing to about 25 or 30 miles per hour, and that a city ordinance limited the speed of trains within the city to 20 miles per hour. The rear wheels of the automobile were on or very near the south rail of the track when the collision occurred.
The trial court took the case from the jury and dismissed the petition on the merits with prejudice, holding that both decedents were guilty of contributory negligence as matter of law. This judgment the Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. 63 F.2d 574.
"that, if proper precautions were taken, they could not have failed to prove effectual, the court has no right to assume, especially in face of all the oral testimony, that such precautions were taken. . . . Judging from the common experience of men, there can be but one plausible solution of the problem how the collision occurred. He did not look, or, if he looked, he did not heed the warning, and took the chance of crossing the track before the train could reach him. In either case, he was clearly guilty of contributory negligence."
Authority for this view was found especially in Railroad Co. v. Houston, 95 U. S. 697, 95 U. S. 702.
abandoned in England (The Bernina, 12 Pro.Div. 58), was never generally accepted in this country. Followed by a few state decisions, it was rejected by the great weight of American authority, and, after full consideration, distinctly repudiated by this Court. Little v. Hackett, 116 U. S. 366. And see Union Pac. Ry. Co. v. Lapsley, 51 F. 174. Whether a passenger or guest in a public or private conveyance, having no control over its movement, may be denied a right of recovery for personal injury or death on the ground of contributory negligence depends upon his own failure to exercise a proper degree of care, and not upon that of the driver. This is true where the passenger is the wife of the driver as in other cases. Chicago, R.I. & P. Ry. Co. v. Fanning, 42 F.2d 799, 803. And, while the state decisions are not uniform on the subject, the federal rule is definitely settled that the burden of proving such contributory negligence rests, in all cases, upon the defendant, Railroad Co. v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401, 82 U. S. 406-407; Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Volk, 151 U. S. 73, 151 U. S. 77-78; Central Vermont Ry. v. White, 238 U. S. 507, 238 U. S. 512, although, if such negligence be established by plaintiff's evidence, it hardly seems necessary to add, defendant may have the benefit of it, Washington & Georgetown R. Co. v. Harmon, 147 U. S. 571, 147 U. S. 580-581; Indianapolis & St.L. R. Co. v. Horst, 93 U. S. 291, 93 U. S. 298-299.
In the present case, as already appears, the burden was sustained as to the husband. It was not sustained as to the wife. As to her, there is an entire absence of evidence on the point. Whatever duty rested upon her under the circumstances, for aught that appears to the contrary, may have been fully discharged. It properly cannot be said from anything shown by the record before us that she did not maintain a careful lookout for the train, or that, if aware of its approach, she did not warn her husband or urge him to stop before entering upon the crossing.
Want of due care for her own safety must be proved; it cannot be presumed. The presumption is the other way. Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Gentry, 163 U. S. 353, 163 U. S. 366; Baltimore & Potomac R. v. Landrigan, 191 U. S. 461, 191 U. S. 473-474; Atchison, T. & S.F. Ry. Co. v. Toops, 281 U. S. 351, 281 U. S. 356. If, as here, there be no evidence which speaks one way or the other with respect to contributory negligence of the person killed, it is presumed that there was no such negligence. Looney v. Metropolitan R. Co., 200 U. S. 480, 200 U. S. 488.
Here, the wife was not in control of the movement of the automobile. She could only note the danger, warn her husband, and urge him to stop. She may have done so, and he, misjudging the situation or taking the chance, have gone forward nevertheless. Or she may have seen the approaching train, observed that her husband was also aware of the fact, and, relying upon her knowledge of his habits and character, trusted him, with good reason, until it became too late to interfere, to do whatever was necessary to avoid the danger. The applicable rule is found in Southern Pac. Co. v. Wright, 248 F. 261, 264. That was a case where one Wright was riding in a motor truck with an experienced chauffeur as driver. A collision occurred between the truck and a train, which resulted in Wright's death. It did not appear whether Wright saw the train before it was seen by the chauffeur. The court said that he might have seen it and yet reasonably remained silent on the assumption that, the view being unobstructed, the chauffeur also saw it and was governing himself accordingly.
and disconcerted the driver, and an instant of indecision in such a case may be fatal. Here, with the truck a half a second sooner or the train a half a second later, the tragedy would not have happened. It must be borne in mind that there was no time to reflect or reason. If the train was running only 30 miles an hour -- the speed was probably greater -- it was only about 30 seconds from the time it came into view a quarter of a mile away until it crashed into the truck."
Accordingly, it was held that the question of Wright's contributory negligence was not one of law, but one of fact for the jury.
"Believing the car was about to stop, he may have thought that warning would be needless, and, discovering too late that the car was going on, he may have thought that interference would be dangerous. These and like possibilities were to be estimate by the triers of the facts. They make it impossible to deal with the issue as a question for the court."
Bradley v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 288 F. 484, is cited by respondent to the contrary, but, to the extent that it conflicts with the view we have expressed, that case is disapproved.
nevertheless the railroad company is not liable because, under the circumstances here disclosed, the proximate cause of the wife's death was not its negligence, but the negligence of the husband in driving upon the track in the face of the approaching train. The validity of this contention depends altogether upon whether the negligence of the husband constituted an intervening cause which had the effect of turning aside the course of events set in motion by the company, and in and of itself producing the actionable result. The evidence here does not present that situation. Instead of a remote cause and a separate intervening, self-sufficient, proximate cause, we have here concurrent acts, cooperating to produce the result. As this Court pointed out in Washington & Georgetown R. Co. v. Hickey, 166 U. S. 521, 166 U. S. 525, the vice of the argument consists in the attempt to separate into two distinct causes (remote and proximate) what in reality is but one continuous cause -- that is to say, an attempt to separate two inseparable negligent acts which, uniting to produce the result, constituted mutually contributing acts of negligence on the part of the railroad company and the driver of the automobile.
the railroad company or insulate them from the accident, but concurred therewith so as to constitute in point of time and in effect what was essentially one transaction.
The rule is settled by innumerable authorities that, if injury be caused by the concurring negligence of the defendant and a third person, the defendant is liable to the same extent as though it had been caused by his negligence alone.
"It is no defense for a wrongdoer that a third party shared the guilt of the same wrongful act, nor can he escape liability for the damages he has caused on the ground that the wrongful act of a third party contributed to the injury."
Choctaw, O. & G. R. Co. v. Holloway, 114 F. 458, 462. See also Grand Trunk Ry. Co. v. Cummings, 106 U. S. 700, 106 U. S. 702; Gila Valley, G. & N. Ry. Co. v. Lyon, 203 U. S. 465, 203 U. S. 473; Union Pac. Ry. Co. v. Callaghan, 56 F. 988, 993; Chicago, R.I. & P. Ry. Co. v. Sutton, 63 F. 394, 395; Chicago, St.P. & K.C. Ry. Co. v. Chambers, 68 F. 148, 153; Shugart v. Atlanta, K. & N. Ry., 133 F. 505, 510-511; Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Hoffman, 208 F. 221, 227; Memphis Consol. Gas & Electric Co. v. Creighton, 183 F. 552, 555.
match was the other. The effect of the former had not ceased, but cooperated with that of the other in effecting the injury. In such case, an inquiry about the proximate cause is not pertinent, for both are liable."

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