Source: http://www.pfaw.org/report/the-roberts-court-conservatives-efforts-to-override-precedent/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 15:06:47+00:00

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Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr., and Judge Neil M. Gorsuch in the Justices’ Conference Room, Supreme Court Building.
Far Right extremists are counting on President Trump’s Supreme Court nominee to eventually cast the fifth vote to overrule Roe v. Wade, Obergefell v. Hodges, and other foundational decisions protecting our basic rights and liberties. Others on the right have their eyes on precedents recognizing Americans’ ability to act through our government to impose reasonable limits on powerful corporations, including through federal administrative agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Labor Relations Board, and the Food and Drug Administration. Our rights have been recognized and protected in Supreme Court precedents established before many voters were even alive.
No doubt the nominee will be coached in how to persuasively say they will respect precedent, just as other members of the Court did at their own confirmation hearings. In the case of Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Thomas, Alito, and Gorsuch (as with Justices Scalia and Kennedy), their records, once confirmed to their lifetime positions, speak louder than their assurances beforehand. They have not shied away from overruling precedent they disapprove when they can get a majority, and urging for such action when they don’t yet have that majority.
As the examples below show, they have overruled no fewer than eight precedents across numerous issue areas since 2007.1 2 They have also frequently overruled cases without acknowledging that that’s what they are doing. In still other instances, the conservative justices have signaled their desire to overrule precedent but lack the votes to do so.
One of the most infamous and debilitating examples is Citizens United v. FEC. In an aggressively political act, the majority chose not to decide the case before them, but instead to have the parties argue a new issue not raised in their pleadings. This positioned them to be able to overrule two important precedents limiting the influence of corporate money on our elections. In a 5-4 ruling, the conservatives overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 494 U.S. 652 (1990), which had upheld a state ban on corporate independent expenditures, and the part of McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93 (2003), that had upheld restrictions on corporate independent expenditures. Corporations can now spend unlimited amounts to affect elections.
Writing about the concept of precedent in a concurring opinion, the Chief Justice wrote that its “greatest purpose is to serve a constitutional ideal—the rule of law. It follows that in the unusual circumstance when fidelity to any particular precedent does more to damage this constitutional ideal than to advance it, we must be more willing to depart from that precedent.” Of course, such a general statement does nothing to signal when that point is reached, to say nothing about whether a precedent was wrongly decided in the first place.
In a 5-4 ruling by Justice Alito, the conservatives overruled a seminal 1977 case on the rights of working people (Abood v. Detroit Board of Education). The Court struck down requirements that public sector employees who are not members of the unions that are required by law to represent them pay “fair share” fees to cover the costs of that representation. According to the majority, those requirements force non-members to pay for speech on public matters (government spending) that they disagree with, an assertion rejected by conservative legal writers such as Eugene Volokh and William Baude. Other conservatives outside the Court were much more frank in stating that their goal was to destroy public sector unions in order to eliminate their impact on elections.
Justice Kagan’s dissent (joined by the other three moderates) called Alito and his fellow conservatives out for weaponizing the First Amendment to impose their own policy choices on the nation, with Janus just being the latest example.
Speech is everywhere—a part of every human activity (employment, health care, securities trading, you name it). For that reason, almost all economic and regulatory policy affects or touches speech. So the majority’s road runs long. And at every stop are black-robed rulers overriding citizens’ choices. The First Amendment was meant for better things. It was meant not to undermine but to pro­tect democratic governance—including over the role of public-sector unions.
Writing for the moderates, Justice Breyer criticized the majority for relying on a set of economic theories that have been well known for nearly 50 years, and which Congress had repeatedly found insufficient grounds for amending the Sherman Act to override Dr. Miles.
In a 5-4 ruling, the conservative majority struck down federal limits that capped aggregate campaign contributions during a single election cycle — limits that the Court had upheld in 1976 in Buckley v. Valeo. But rather than acknowledge that the Court was overruling precedent, Chief Justice Roberts wrote for the four-Justice plurality that Buckley was not controlling because that section of the decades-old opinion was not long enough and the parties at the time had not devoted enough time separately addressing that specific issue among all the many complex issues involved in that seminal campaign finance case. (It was a plurality because Justice Thomas concurred only in the judgment, writing that Buckley should be overruled.) Writing in dissent, Justice Breyer criticized the conservatives for overruling the aggregate contributions holding of Buckley based not on a factual record, but on its own view of the facts instead.
In an extremely destructive 5-4 ruling, the conservatives struck down the Voting Rights Act’s formula for determining which states were subject to the preclearance requirement of Section 5. The majority concluded that the formula was outdated and therefore violated the equal sovereignty of the states. The majority did not frame its decision as overruling precedent, but that is exactly what it did. In South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966), the Supreme Court upheld the preclearance requirement. Katzenbach held that the concept of equal sovereignty “applies only to the terms upon which States are admitted to the Union, and not to the remedies for local evils which have subsequently appeared.” Katzenbach further held that—regardless of the powers ordinarily reserved to the states—Congress could use “any rational means to effectuate the constitutional prohibition of racial discrimination in voting. Dissenting in the Shelby County case, Justice Ginsburg observed that the conservative majority did not follow the “rational means” test, yet did not purport to alter the precedent mandating that deference to Congress in this area.
The conservatives used Knox as a prelude to the Janus decision discussed above. The case was decided 7-2, but the five ultra-conservatives (without the support of any other justices) chose to address an additional issue, not raised in the petitioners’ briefing and unnecessary to deciding the case. By a 5-4 vote, they imposed a requirement that special assessments or increases in fair-share fees for public sector unions be administered on an opt-in basis, that is workers were required to affirmatively agree to the special assessments or increases. As justification, the majority wrote that fair-share fees represent such a violation of non-members’ First Amendment rights that an opt-out process for special assessments would not be acceptable. Of course, that conclusion was exactly the opposite of that established in Abood, the precedent the majority made clear they wanted to overrule, as they ultimately did on a formal basis in Janus.
Petitioners did not question the validity of our precedents, which consistently have recognized that an opt-out system of fee collection comports with the Constitution. See Davenport v. Washington Ed. Assn., 551 U. S. 177, 181, 185 (2007); Hudson, 475 U. S., at 306, n. 16; Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., 431 U. S. 209, 238 (1977); see also ante, at 12–13. They did not argue that the Constitution requires an opt-in system of fee collection in the context of special assessments or dues increases or, indeed, in any context. Not surprisingly, respondents [SEIU] did not address such a prospect.
The majority’s refusal to abide by standard rules of appellate practice is unfair to the Circuit, which did not pass on this question, and especially to the respondent here, who suffers a loss in this Court without ever having an opportunity to address the merits of the question the Court decides.
Justice Thomas wrote the opinion in this 5-4 ruling that some 100,000 service advisors who work for auto dealerships are not entitled to overtime pay under federal law. He was joined by his fellow ultra-conservatives. As Justice Ginsburg wrote in dissent, this undermined more than 50 years of Supreme Court precedent that had narrowly interpreted exemptions to overtime pay requirements and thus provided important protection to vulnerable workers.
The Court ruled 5-4 against a high school student who was suspended for holding up a sign saying “bong hits for Jesus” as the Olympic Torch was carried past his school. The conservative majority claimed this was not inconsistent with Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, which had famously held that students don’t “shed their constitutional rights . . . at the schoolhouse gate.” The conservative majority claimed this was different from Tinker, which was about core political speech (students’ right to wear black armbands opposing the Vietnam War).
Thomas wrote a concurrence saying he would overrule Tinker altogether rather than make an exception to it, based in large part on his analysis of education in colonial America.
Soon after Justice O’Connor was replaced by Justice Alito, the conservatives prevailed in a 5-4 ruling upholding the federal ban on certain types of abortions, even though it lacked an exception to protect women’s health. This contrasted with a 5-4 ruling in 2000’s Stenberg v. Carhart striking down a similar state ban, where Justice O’Connor had been with the majority.
The conservatives’ disregard for abortion rights precedent went even further. They wrote that they would “assume [the holdings of Roe, Casey, and related cases] for the purposes of this opinion,” which is at best an unusual way to frame precedent. Since Justice Kennedy later recognized them as precedent in the Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstedt case striking down TRAP laws in Texas, it seems likely that one or more of the other four conservatives would not sign on to an opinion acknowledging Roe.
Without acknowledging it, the conservative 5-4 majority overruled United States v. Miller (1939), which had held that the Second Amendment guarantees no right to keep and bear a firearm that does not have “some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well-regulated militia.” They ruled that the Second Amendment grants a personal right to firearms unrelated to military service.
In a 6-3 decision, the Court struck down Vermont’s campaign contribution and expenditure limits as violating the First Amendment. There was no majority opinion, but the plurality relied on Buckley v. Valeo. Justice Thomas concurred only in the judgment. He wrote that Buckley was wrongly decided and that contribution limits should have been subject to the same strict scrutiny as spending limits. He also would have overruled Buckley rather than follow stare decisis.
This Eighth Amendment case involved a prisoner who was denied medical treatment for Hepatitis C. The Court issued a per curiam ruling in the prisoner’s favor. In dissent, Justice Thomas called for overruling “the Court’s flawed Eighth Amendment jurisprudence.” According to Thomas, the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment should only protect individuals from serious injuries, not exposures to risks of injury.
Justice Kagan authored a 6-3 opinion (joined by the moderates plus Kennedy and Scalia) choosing not to overrule a wrongly-decided precedent called Brulotte v. Thys Co., 379 U.S. 29 (1964). Brulotte interpreted the Patent Act to prohibit parties from entering into a patent licensing agreement that provides for royalty payments to continue after the term of the patent expires. Kagan (joined by the moderates plus Kennedy and Scalia) described why stare decisis should be upheld and the precedent not overruled.
All three of the arch-conservatives still on the Court would have overruled this statutory precedent. Justice Alito wrote the dissent, joined by Roberts and Thomas. Although the Court has long had a practice of adhering to statutory precedent much more than to constitutional precedent (because Congress can fix it if the Court gets it wrong), the conservatives were nonetheless eager to overrule Brulotte. The dissenters argued that the majority placed too much weight on the fact that Congress hadn’t passed legislation overturning the result in Brulotte, since it is was hard to pass legislation at all. The conservatives also condemned Brulotte as not having been based on the Patent Act but instead being based on an economic theory that they disagreed with.
Oral arguments suggested the moderate justices wanted to retain the precedent, per SCOTUSBlog. The Court has taken the case again for the next term. It seems that the conservatives very much want to issue a ruling overruling Hall.
Just as the Court took a dramatic rightward turn when Alito replaced O’Connor, it is poised to lurch even farther rightward if the Senate allows Trump to replace Kennedy with anyone from his list of potential justices. Even more precedent would be likely to fall.

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