Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/153/436/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 08:22:22+00:00

Document:
If several railroad corporations, each existing under the laws of separate states, consolidate into one corporation, a statute of one of the states imposing a charge upon the new consolidated company of a percentage on its entire authorized stock as the fee to the state for the filing of the articles of consolidation in the office of the secretary of the state, without which filing it could not possess the powers, immunities, and privileges which appertain to a corporation in that state, is not a tax on interstate commerce or the right to carry on the same, or the instruments thereof, and its enforcement involves no attempt on the part of the state to extend its taxing power beyond its territorial limits.
A state, in permitting a foreign corporation to become one of the constituent elements of a consolidated corporation organized under its laws, may impose such conditions as it deems proper, and the acceptance of the franchise implies a submission to the conditions without which the franchise could not have been obtained.
In Ohio: The Toledo and Western; capital stock, $700,000.
In Michigan: The Detroit and State Line Wabash; capital stock, $300,000.
In Indiana: The Wabash Eastern, of Indiana; capital stock, $9,000,000.
In Illinois: The Wabash Eastern, of Illinois; capital stock, $12,000,000.
In Missouri: The Wabash Western; capital stock, $30,000,000.
"The Secretary of State shall hereafter charge and collect the following fees for official services:"
"1. For filing the articles of incorporation of any corporation whose capital stock is ten thousand dollars or under, ten dollars; of a corporation whose capital stock is over ten thousand dollars, one-tenth of one percent upon the authorized capital stock of such corporation."
"2. For filing a certificate of increase of the capital stock of any corporation having a capital stock where the amount of the increase is ten thousand dollars or under, ten dollars; where the amount of increase is over ten thousand dollars, one-tenth of one percent upon the proposed amount of increased capital."
"3. For filing articles of agreements of consolidation of corporations having a capital stock, the following fees shall be collected by the Secretary of State: said articles of agreements of consolidation shall be treated as the articles of incorporation of the new consolidated corporations created by such articles or agreements of consolidation, and the fees for filing such articles or agreements of consolidation shall be the same in each case as is hereinbefore set forth for the filing of articles of incorporation of a corporation having the same amount of capital stock as is provided for by the articles or agreements of consolidation for the new consolidated corporation, created by any such articles or agreement of consolidation, and in fixing the amount of such fees, no credit shall be allowed for fees previously paid by any of the constituent corporations, parties to such consolidation, but the same shall be determined solely by the amount of capital stock of the new corporation created by such articles or agreements of consolidation."
fees to be collected under the foregoing law were required to be paid by the Secretary of State into the Treasury.
The plaintiffs in error presented their articles of consolidation, for filing, to the Secretary of State, and tendered $700, that being one-tenth of one percent on the capital stock of the Toledo and Western Railroad, the only Ohio corporation which had entered into the consolidation. The secretary refused to file the proffered articles for that amount, and demanded $52,000, or one-tenth of one percent of the par value of the entire stock of the consolidated corporation. This amount was paid under protest, and suit was at once brought to recover all the excess paid over and above the $700 originally tendered, upon the ground that such excess had been collected without warrant of law; that it constituted a tax for the general purposes of revenue, and therefore its exaction was contrary to the Constitution and laws of the State of Ohio; and, moreover, that its enforcement would violate the Constitution of the United States, because it would be an attempt on the part of the State of Ohio to lay a burden on interstate commerce, or the instruments of such commerce, and to give an extraterritorial force to its taxing power.
Pending the controversy, an injunction issued restraining the Secretary of State from covering into the state treasury the sum which had been paid him under protest. The cause was ultimately taken to the Supreme Court of the State of Ohio, and by that court the judgment which maintained the validity of the charge was affirmed. The plaintiffs in error thereupon brought the cause here for review.
With the question whether the sum paid was authorized by the Ohio statutes, or constituted a fee, a license, or a tax, under the Ohio laws and Constitution, we are not concerned. The writ of error brings before us only the federal question. Watson v. Mercer, 8 Pet. 88; Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U. S. 27. Nor does the determination of the federal question render it necessary to define the nature of the charge imposed, for whether this charge be viewed as a tax, a license, or a fee, if its exaction violated the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States or involved the assertion of the right of a state to exercise its powers of taxation beyond its geographical limits, it was void, whatever might be the technical character affixed to the exaction.
Laws 183. Hence, in seeking to file its articles of incorporation, the company was applying for privileges, immunities, and powers which it could by no means possess save by the grace and favor of the Constitution of the State of Ohio, and the statutory provisions passed in accordance therewith. At the time the articles were presented for filing, the statute law of the state charged the parties with notice that the benefits which it was sought to procure could not be obtained without payment of the sum which the Secretary of State exacted. As it was within the discretion of the state to withhold or grant the privilege of exercising corporate existence, it was, as a necessary resultant, also within its power to impose whatever conditions it might deem fit as prerequisite to corporate life. The act of filing, constituting, as it did, a claim of a right to the franchise granted by the state law, carried with it a voluntary assumption of any burden with which the privilege was accompanied, and without which the right of corporate existence could not have been procured. We say "voluntary" assumption because, as the claim to the franchise was voluntary, the assumption of the privilege which resulted from it partook necessarily of the nature of the claim for corporate existence. Having thus accepted the act of grace of the state and taken the advantages which sprang from it, the company cannot be permitted to hold on to the privilege or right granted and at the same time repudiate the condition by the performance of which it could alone obtain the privilege which it sought.
"A franchise is a right, privilege, or power of public concern which ought not to be exercised by private individuals at their mere will and pleasure, but should be reserved for public control and administration. . . . Under our system, their existence and disposal are under control of the legislative department of the government, and they cannot be assumed or exercised without legislative authority. . . .
No private person can take another's property, even for public use, without such authority, which is the same as to say that the right of eminent domain can only be exercised by virtue of a legislative grant. This is a franchise. No persons can make themselves a body corporate and politic without legislative authority. Corporate capacity is a franchise. The list might be continued indefinitely."
"The right or privilege to be a corporation, or to do business as such body, is one generally deemed of value to the corporation or it would not be sought in such numbers as at present. It is a right or privilege by which several individuals may unite themselves under a common name and act as a single person, with a succession of members, without dissolution or suspension of business, and with a limited individual liability. The granting of such right or privilege rests entirely within the discretion of the state."
These citations only reiterate principles established beyond controversy by a series of decisions. Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet. 519; Lafayette Insurance Co. v. French, 18 How. 404; Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall. 168; Ducat v. Chicago, 10 Wall. 410.
Nor is the question at issue affected by the fact that some of the constituent elements which entered into the consolidated company were corporations owning and operating property in another state. The power of corporations of other states to become corporations or to constitute themselves a consolidated corporation under the Ohio statutes, and thus avail of the rights given thereby, is as completely dependent on the will of that state as is the power of its individual citizens to become a corporate body, or the power of corporations of its own creation to consolidate under its laws. Bank of Augusta v. Earle, supra; Insurance Co. v. French, supra; 75 U. S. Virginia, 8 Wall. 168, 75 U. S. 181.
for certain designated purposes as a single individual, and exempting them (unless otherwise specially provided) from individual liability. The corporation, being the mere creation of local law, can have no legal existence beyond the limits of the sovereignty where created. As said by this Court in Bank of Augusta v. Earle, '[i]t must dwell in the place of its creation, and cannot migrate to another sovereignty.' The recognition of its existence, even by other states, and the enforcement of its contracts made therein depend purely upon the comity of these states -- a comity which is never extended where the existence of the corporation or the exercise of its powers are prejudicial to their interests, or repugnant to their policy. . . . At the present day, corporations are multiplied to an almost indefinite extent. There is scarcely a business pursued requiring the expenditure of large capital or the union of large numbers that is not carried on by corporations. It is not too much to say that the wealth and business of the country are to a great extent controlled by them. And if, when composed of citizens of one state, their corporate powers and franchises could be exercised in other states without restriction, it is easy to see that with the advantages thus possessed, the most important business of those states would soon pass into their hands. The principal business of every state would in fact be controlled by corporations created by other states."
to impose. They may exclude the foreign corporation entirely. They may restrict its business to particular localities, or they may exact such security for the performance of its contracts with their citizens as in their judgment will best promote the public interest."
"The state could have built the road itself and charged any rate it chose, and could thus have filled the coffers of its treasury without being questioned therefor. How does the case differ, in a constitutional point of view, when it authorized its private citizens to build the road and reserved for its own use a portion of the earnings? We are unable to see any distinction between the two cases. In our judgment, there is no solid distinction. If the state, as a consideration of the franchise, had stipulated that it should have all the passenger money, and the corporation should have only the freight for the transportation of merchandise, and the corporation had agreed to those terms, it would have been the same thing. It was simply the exercise by the state of absolute control over its own property and prerogatives."
be obliged to impose. The stipulated payment in this case, indeed, is nothing more or less than a bonus."
"The only difference between the statute of Virginia and that of Illinois is that the later is more onerous to the companies than the former. The difference is in degree, not in principle."
That was a case in which an insurance company was not only required to comply with the general law of the State of Illinois, but also to pay a portion of its premium to the City of Chicago as a condition of doing business therein.
"This Pennsylvania corporation came into the State of New York to do business, by the consent of the state, under this act of 1853, with a license granted for a year, and has received such license annually, to run for a year. It is within the state, for any given year, under such license, and subject to the conditions prescribed by statute. The state, having the power to exclude entirely, has the power to change the conditions of admission at any time, for the future, and to impose as a condition the payment of a new tax or a further tax as a license fee. If it imposes such license fee as a prerequisite for the future, the foreign corporation, until it pays such license fee, is not admitted within the state or within its jurisdiction. It is outside at the threshold, seeking admission, with consent not yet given."
Insurance Co. v. New York, 134 U. S. 594; Maine v. Grand Trunk Railway, 142 U. S. 217.
The question here is not the power of the State of Ohio to lay a charge on interstate commerce or to prevent a foreign corporation from engaging in interstate commerce within its confines, but simply the right of the state to determine upon what conditions its laws as to the consolidation of corporations may be availed of.
Considering, as we do, that the payment of the charge was a condition imposed by the State of Ohio upon the taking of corporate being or the exercise of corporate franchises, the right to which depended solely on the will of that state, and hence that liability for the charge was entirely optional, we conclude that the exaction constituted no tax upon interstate commerce, or the right to carry on the same, or the instruments thereof, and that its enforcement involved no attempt on the part of the state to extend its taxing power beyond its territorial limits.

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