Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/152/301/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 08:50:39+00:00

Document:
Action brought in a court of the state of Missouri by the state for the use of the collector of Scotland County against the Keokuk & Western Railroad Company to enforce an alleged lien for taxes. Judgment was rendered for plaintiff, and was affirmed by the supreme court of the state. 99 Mo. 30. Defendant brings error.
1886, and by other deeds of conveyance made by the Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska Railway Company and by the Central Trust Company of New York.
1. That the Alexandria and Bloomfield Railroad Company was chartered by Special Act of February 9, 1857, to build a railroad from Alexandria, Missouri, in the direction of Bloomfield in the state of Iowa, to the northern boundary of the state of Missouri. The act further provided that the construction of the road should be commenced within ten years after the passage of the act, and completed within ten years thereafter, and that "the stock of said company shall be exempt from taxation for a period of twenty years after its completion." By a subsequent Act of February 19, 1866, the corporate name of such railroad company was changed to the Alexandria and Nebraska City Railroad Company. It appeared upon the trial that the road was completed to the state line in December, 1872.
"whose stock shall be so consolidated, under such terms and conditions and stipulations as may be mutually agreed between them, in accordance with the laws of the adjoining state in which the road is located, with which connection is thus formed."
"Any such consolidated company shall be subject to all the liabilities, and bound by all the obligations of the company within this state, which may be thus consolidated with one in the adjacent state as fully as if such consolidation had not taken place, and shall be subject to the same duties and obligations to the state, and be entitled to the same franchises and privileges under the laws of this state, as if the consolidation had not taken place."
line from Alexandria, on the Mississippi, to a point in the state of Iowa near Nebraska City, on the Missouri River.
3. Subsequently, and on August 19, 1886, the Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska Railway Company was sold under a decree of foreclosure entered in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Iowa, to Morris K. Jesup and Henry C. Thatcher, who subsequently, and in December of the same year, conveyed the same to the Keokuk and Western Railroad Company, defendant.
4. Defendant further set forth in its answer, by way of estoppel, that in 1873, plaintiff brought suit against the Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska Company to recover the taxes for the year 1872 upon the property described in the petition in this action; that defendant answered, claiming the exemption provided by the ninth section of the original Alexandria and Bloomfield charter; that such suit was decided in favor of the railroad company and affirmed upon appeal to the Supreme Court of Missouri, and reported in 65 Mo. 123.
5. Defendant also pleaded by way of further estoppel that in 1881, one Secor and other stockholders of the Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska Company filed a bill in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Missouri, praying an injunction against said company paying the taxes alleged to be due upon their property in Scotland, Clarke, and Schuyler Counties, and to enjoin the county court and the collectors of revenue from claiming such taxes for the year 1881 or any previous years; that a temporary injunction was granted, which was made final and perpetual, and which is still in full force and effect; that in such suit, complainant claimed the same exemption contained in the Alexandria and Bloomfield charter, which the court held to be valid, and that such case was reported in 9 F. 809.
until they shall expire by their own limitation, or be amended or repealed by the general assembly.'"
"Article 11, § 16. No property, real or personal, shall be exempt from taxation, except such as may be used exclusively for public schools, and such as may belong to the United States, to this state, to counties, or to municipal corporations within this state."
Upon the hearing of this case, the Circuit Court of Scotland County denied the exemption claimed by the defendant, and rendered judgment against it for the taxes in question, which judgment was affirmed on appeal by the supreme court of the state, 99 Mo. 30, whereupon, after an unsuccessful motion for a rehearing, defendant sued out this writ of error.
The question in this case is whether the defendant, the Keokuk and Western Railroad Company, was entitled to the exemption of its property from taxation contained in the original charter to the Alexandria and Bloomfield Railroad Company, of which road it is the successor in interest.
of the road in 1872 had such consolidation not taken place is, for the purpose of this case, conceded. Indeed, it was so held by the supreme court of the state in State v. Macon Co., 41 Mo. 453. The court, construing sections 3 and 14 of article 11 of the constitution, held the provisions of section 14 to be a limitation upon the future power of the general assembly, and not intended to retroact so as to have any controlling application to laws in existence when the constitution was adopted. See also State v. Cape Girardeau & St. Louis R. Co., 48 Mo. 468; State v. Coffee, 59 Mo. 59; Atlantic & Pacific R. Co. v. City of St. Louis, 66 Mo. 228.
"except upon that portion of the permanent and fixed works which might be in the State of Maryland." A general rule was laid down in this case, to which this Court has steadily adhered, that the taxing power of the state should never be presumed to be relinquished unless the intention to do so be declared in clear and unambiguous terms. This case was subsequently reaffirmed in the Delaware Railroad Tax, 18 Wall. 206.
"if in the statute there be no words of grant of corporate powers, it is difficult to see how a new corporation is created. If it is, it must be by implication, and it is an unbending rule that a grant of corporate existence is never implied."
It was held that the act did not work the dissolution of the existing corporations and at the same time the creation of a new company, the court giving, among other reasons, that there was no provision for the surrender of the certificates of stock of the shareholders of the Central, and none for the issue of other certificates to them. It will be observed in this case that the road whose charter contained the exemption from taxation was preserved intact by the consolidation, and it was held that its exemption continued, while the other road was undoubtedly intended to go out of existence, and, as the Macon road held its property and franchise subject to taxation, the Central, succeeding to the franchises and property, held them alike subject. Other cases to the same effect, and holding that the act of consolidation did not operate as a dissolution of the constituent companies, are Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Co. v. Virginia, 94 U. S. 718; Green County v. Conness, 109 U. S. 104, 3 Sup. Ct. 69; and Tennessee v. Whitworth, 117 U. S. 139.
"a mere alliance or confederation of the two. If it had been, each would have preserved its separate existence as well as its corporate name. But the act authorized the consolidation of the stocks of the two companies, thus making one capital in place of two. It contemplated, therefore, that the separate capital of each company should go out of existence as the capital of that company."
In St. Louis &c. R. Co. v. Berry, 113 U. S. 465, a like effect was given to the consolidation of two roads by an agreement which provided that all the property of each company should be taken and deemed to be transferred to the consolidated company "as such new corporation without further act or deed." It was held that this created a new corporation with an existence dating from the time the consolidation took effect, and that it was subject to constitutional provisions with reference to taxation in force at that time. See also McMahan v. Morrison, 16 Ind. 172.
"such consolidation shall not be made unless the terms and provisions thereof shall be approved by a majority of the stock, or the holders of a majority of the capital stock in each of said companies whose stock shall be consolidated;"
that by section three, the board of directors were authorized to adopt by resolution a new corporate name for the consolidated company, and call in the certificates of stock then outstanding in each company, and exchange them for stock in the new company, and providing that a copy of the consolidation agreement, and the name adopted for the new company, "shall be filed with the secretary of state, and shall be conclusive evidence of such consolidation, and of the corporate name of the consolidated company." It is difficult to see how the legislature could provide more clearly for the extinguishment of the prior companies and the formation of a new one than by providing that the two companies shall become one; that new certificates of stock shall be issued in exchange for the stock of the constituent companies; and that the consolidation agreement shall be recorded with the secretary of state as the charter of a new company. In our opinion, this was the effect of the act in question.
"shall be deemed and taken to be one corporation, possessing within the state all the rights, privileges, and franchises, and subject to all the restrictions, liabilities, and duties of such corporations of this state so consolidated,"
"It [the consolidation] could not occur without their consent. The consolidated company had then no existence. It could have none while the original corporations subsisted. All -- the old and the new -- could not coexist. It was a condition precedent to the existence of the new corporation that the old ones should first surrender their vitality, and submit to a dissolution. This being done, eo instante the new corporation came into existence."
See also Memphis & Little Rock R. Co. v. Commissioners, 112 U. S. 609; Shields v. Ohio, 95 U. S. 319; Louisville & Nashville R. Co. v. Palmes, 109 U. S. 244.
"All statute laws of this state now in force not inconsistent with this Constitution shall continue in force until they shall expire by their own limitation, or be amended or repealed by the General Assembly."
This referred to statutes in force at the time the constitution was adopted, the operation of which is continued, notwithstanding the constitution. In this case, however, the exemption contained in section 9 of the charter of the Alexandria and Bloomfield Railway Company ceased to exist not by the operation of the constitution, but by the dissolution of the corporation to which it was attached.
It is further insisted, however, that under section 4 of the Act of March 2, 1869, there was a further provision that the consolidated company should be "subject to all the liabilities, and bound by all the obligations of the company within this state," and "be entitled to the same franchises and privileges under the laws of this state as if the consolidation had not taken place." Whether under the name "franchises and privileges" an immunity from taxation would pass to the new company may admit of some doubt in view of the decisions of this Court, which, upon this point, are not easy to be reconciled. In Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Miller, 114 U. S. 176, it was held that an immunity from taxation enjoyed by the Covington and Ohio Railway Company did not pass to a purchaser of such road under foreclosure of a mortgage, although the act provided that "said purchaser shall forthwith be a corporation," and "shall succeed to all such franchises, rights, and privileges . . . as would have been had . . . by the first company but for such sale and conveyance." It was held, following in this particular Morgan v. Louisiana, 93 U. S. 217, that the words "franchises, rights, and privileges" did not necessarily embrace a grant of an exemption or immunity. See also Picard v. East Tennessee V. & G. R. Co., 130 U. S. 637. Upon the other hand, it was held in Tennessee v.
Whitworth, 117 U. S. 139, that the right to have shares in its capital stock exempted from taxation within the state is conferred upon a railroad corporation by state statutes granting to it "all the rights, powers, and privileges" conferred upon another corporation named, if the latter corporation possesses by law such right of exemption; citing in support of this principle a number of prior cases. See also Wilmington & Weldon R. Co. v. Alsbrook,@ 146 U. S. 279, 146 U. S. 297.
But the decisive answer to this objection is that the legislature had no power in 1869 to extend to a new corporation created by the consolidation an exemption contained in an act passed in 1857, before the constitution was adopted, and hence that under the terms of this act, we cannot hold that immunity from taxation passed as a franchise or privilege to the consolidated corporation. The construction claimed by the defendant would be directly in the teeth of the constitutional provision that no property shall be exempted from taxation. While, as heretofore observed, an exemption from taxation contained in a charter previously granted could not be taken away by this constitutional provision without the impairment of the obligation of a contract, it doubtless applies to all corporations thereafter formed either by original charter or by the consolidation of prior corporations under the act of 1869.
and repeal, in the discretion of the legislature,"
and that on March 10, 1871, long subsequent to the charter of the Alexandria and Bloomfield road, the legislature had passed an act providing for the uniform assessment and collection of taxes upon railroad companies. On appeal to the Supreme Court of Missouri, that court held that the object of the general corporation laws of 1845 and 1855 was to confer certain powers and privileges and impose certain duties and liabilities, in the absence of any stipulations or provisions inconsistent with those contained in special charters subsequently granted; that if there were any inconsistencies in the charter of 1857 with such act, it must be understood that the restrictions of this act were intended to be removed, for reasons satisfactory to the legislature -- in other words, that one legislature could not bind its successors, and if the legislature of 1857 thought proper to disregard the provisions of the general act concerning corporations, there was no principle upon which such power could be questioned. It followed from this that the exemption from taxation contained in the charter of 1857 was valid, and was a grant which could not be taken away by the act of 1871, subjecting all railways to the payment of taxes. The question upon which the case now under consideration was subsequently decided -- namely, that the Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska Railway Company did not succeed to the exemption from taxation provided in the original charter of the Alexandria and Bloomfield Company -- was not discussed in that case, since the exemption was conceded to inure to the latter company.
"This being the reason for the rule, it follows that it can have no application except where the conveyance is made after the event out of which the estoppel arises. The principle in such cases is that the estoppel attaches itself to and runs with the land. The grantor can transfer no greater right than he himself has, and hence the title which he conveys must necessarily be subject, in the hands of the grantee, to all the burdens which rested upon it at the time of the transfer. On the other hand, nothing which the grantor can do or suffer to be done after such transfer can affect the rights previously vested in the grantee."
See also Mathes v. Cover, 43 Ia. 512; Bryan v. Malloy, 90 N.C. 508; Scates v. King, 110 Ill. 456; Dooley v. Potter, 140 Mass. 49; Coles v. Allen, 64 Ala. 98; Todd v. Flournoy, 56 Ala. 99; Shay v. McNamara, 54 Cal. 169.
"it is not believed there are any cases going to the extent that because in the prior action a different question from that actually determined might have arisen and been litigated, therefore such possible question is to be considered as excluded from consideration in a second action between the same parties on a different demand, although loose remarks looking in the direction may be found in some opinions."
conclude the parties in the second. . . . Taxes of separate years do not in any just sense grow out of the same transaction. They are like distinct claims on two promissory notes, made upon two distinct and separate, though similar, transactions between the same parties. A judgment on one of such notes, it is quite clear, would not be of any force as an estoppel in an action on the other note between the same parties. It could never be tolerated that the state should be forever barred in its collection of taxes by an erroneous decision."
Nor did the judgment in that case establish a rule of property upon which the plaintiff was entitled to rely, and upon the faith of which it claims to have purchased the road, inasmuch as it appears that the point upon which this case turns -- namely, the right of the Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska Railway Company to the exemption in the original charter -- was conceded in that case, and the only rule of property established was that the Alexandria and Bloomfield Company was entitled to such exemption notwithstanding the general act concerning corporations, enacted prior thereto, which declared that the charter of every corporation should be subject to alteration or repeal, and the act of March 10, 1871, which provided a general law for the collection of taxes from railway companies. This, if anything, was the rule of property declared in that case, and as this rule is not relied upon in this case, and the tax is defended upon a ground not put in issue there, but conceded by counsel in favor of the company, it is difficult to see how that case can be regarded as establishing any rule of property of which the defendant can avail itself in this action.
that a suit for taxes for one year is not an estoppel to a suit for taxes for a different year, there is the same absence of that privity of estate so indispensable to an effective estoppel, which we hold to be fatal in respect to the judgment in the state court. If the plaintiff herein, the Keokuk and Western Railroad Company, would not have been affected by an adverse decree in the Secor suit, it cannot take advantage of the same by way of estoppel. The operation of an estoppel must be mutual.

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