Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228488488_Ethanolic_leaf_extract_of_Verbena_hastata_produces_antidiarrhoeal_and_gastrointestinal_motility_slowing_effects_in_albino_rats
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 14:28:14+00:00

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The antidiarrhoeal effects of ethanol leaf extract of Verbena hastata were evaluated in rat .Studies were investigated on castor oil-induced diarrhoea and gastrointestinal motility activity in rat. The extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) elicited a greater anti-motility than 5 mg/kg atropine (P < 0.05) and significantly (P < 0.05) protected rats against castor oil-induced diarrhoea. The frequency of defaecation as well as the wetness of faecal droppings was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. The oral LD 50 of the extract was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg in mice. The result obtained shows that the ethanol leaf extract of V. hastata may contain some biologically active principles that are active against diarrhoea and this may be the basis for management of gastrointestinal disorders.
. Effect of V. hastata (100 -400 mg/kg p.o) on intestinal motility in rats (charcoal meal study).
. Effect of V. hastata extract (100 -400 mg/kg, p.o) on castor oil-induced enteropooling in rats.
G. C. Akuodor1*, M. Idris-Usman1, T. C. Ugwu1, J. L. Akpan2, L. A. Irogbeyi3, T. C.
P. M. B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.
2Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakiliki, Nigeria.
3Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.
to be greater than 5000mg/kg in mice. The result obtained shows that the ethanol leaf extract of V.
be the basis for management of gastrointestinal disorders.
Key words: Verbena hastate, anti-diarrhoeal, gastrointestinal tract, castor oil.
medicine (Sofowora, 1993; Akah and Nwabie, 1994).
treatment of fever, dysentery and diarrhoea.
method of Awouters et al. (1978).
1985) were also followed in this study.
extract of the plant material.
The method described by Awouters et al. (1978) was followed.
were f asted for 18 h prior to the test, with free access to water.
those in group 2 receive loperamide (3 mg/kg) as positive control.
the animals were then administered with 1ml of castor oil orally.
mg/kg, p.o). Group 5 rats received atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg, p.o).
In this method, rats were fasted for 18 h prior to the experiment.
signifying that the LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg.
1626 J. Med. Plant. Res.
Table 1. Anti -diarrhoeal effect of the extract of V. hastata (100 - 400 mg/kg p.o) on castor oil- induced diarrhoea in rats.
Values are mean ± S E M, n = 5. *significant as compared to normal control P < 0.05.
Group Dose Volume of intestinal content (ml).
Values are mean ±SEM, n = 5. *significant as compared to normal control P < 0.05.
of atropine sulphate (Table 2).
et al., 2000), are also found in the extract studied.
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This study was carried out to establish the antidiarrhoeal and antioxidant properties of the ethanol leaf extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi in wistar albino rats. The effect of the ethanol extract on castor oil induced diarrhoea, motility of the GIT using the charcoal plug method and castor oil induced intestinal fluid accumulation in rats were evaluated. The antioxidant potential of the leaf extract was investigated by measuring its capability for scavenging 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The phytochemical constituents and the oral acute toxicity of ethanol leaf extract were also determined in rats. Generally, the ethanol leaf extract at all doses used, was found to posses significant (P<0.05) concentration dependent antidiarrhoeal, antimotility and antienteropooling activity. The leaf extract also exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannin, cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavoniods and saponins. The LD50 in rats was above 5000 mg/kg. The ethanol leaf extract of Pseudocedrela kotschyi has demonstrated strong antidiarrhoeal, antimotility, antienteropooling and antioxidant activities, supporting previous claims of its traditional use in the treatment of different diseases.
Combretum dolichopetalum Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the Kpando Traditional Area for treating wounds. However, it has received little attention by the scientific world. The study was designed to evaluate the wound healing potential and antioxidant activities of the plant to confirm its folkloric use. Excision wound model was used with Penicillin as the standard reference drug. Sensitivity test was carried out on the extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia using disc diffusion method. The antioxidant activity was measured by three different spectrophotometric assays. The content of total phenolics and total flavonoids were also determined. The extract significantly caused wound healing and reduced microbial load. Similarly, the methanol extract significantly inhibited the growth of S. aureus and K. pneumonia at higher doses. Almost all results from the antioxidant activity models were concentration dependent with no significant difference from the standard Ascorbic acid except at very low concentrations. Tannins and flavonoids were present whose synergistic effects may be responsible for the high antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis between the values of DPPH and TAC (r2=0.7790) indicates the viability of the two models for evaluating antioxidants from medicinal plants.
In-vitro Antioxidant and Wound Healing Properties of Combretum dolichopetalum Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae).
The ulcer protective and antimicrobial effects of the ethanolic leaf extract of Verbena hastata, a popular herbal traditional medicine in southern Nigeria, were assessed using ethanol and indomethacine induced gastric ulcer in rats and against some disease causing microorganisms, respectively. The extract (100-400 mg/kg, p.o) exerted ulcer-protective activities against ethanol and indomethacine-induced ulceration in rats with maximum anti-ulcer effect observed at 400 mg/kg. In addition, V. hastata leaf extract (2.00 mg/ml) showed absence of antimicrobial effects against all the tested organisms. The oral LD 50 values obtained were greater than 5000 mg/kg in mice. The results clearly indicate that V. hastata leaf extract possesses potent ulcer protective properties. It might be a useful contribution to highlight the mechanism of action of this plant as anti-ulcer agent.
Dicliptera verticillata (Forssk) Ch. (Acanthaceae) (leaf) is used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria and diarrhoea in Burkina Faso and among the Ibibios of southern Nigeria. This study was aimed at evaluating the antiplasmodial activities of the ethanol leaf extract of Dicliptera verticillata in Plasmodium berghei infected mice and antidiarrhoeal activity in rats. Suppressive, repository and curative tests were used in determining the antiplasmodial activities in mice following oral administration of the extract (290, 580 and 870 mg/kg). Chloroquine (5 mg/kg) and Pyrimethamine (1.2 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs. The antidiarrhoeal activity of the extract (290, 580, and 870 mg/kg) was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea, fluid accumulation and intestinal transit models. Loperamide (3 mg/kg) and atropine (3 mg/kg) were used as positive controls. The extract showed a dose dependent antiplasmodial activity in the suppressive, repository and curative tests. The mean survival time of the groups treated with extract increased in a dose dependent fashion from 14.33 to 19.33 days compared to control. These results were statically significant (p<0.001) compared to the control. Also, there was a dose-dependent reduction in castor oil–induced diarrhoea and this reduction was significant (P<0.001). A significant (P<0.05 – 0.01) and dose-dependent decrease in intestinal transit and castor oil–induced fluid accumulation was observed. The antiplasmodial and antidiarrhoeal activities of the extract may be due to the presence of alkaloids, saponnins, tannins and flavonoids in the extract. The results of this study confirm the ethnobotanical use of this plant as a malarial and diarrhoeal remedy.
The antidiarrhoeic activity of the bark of Sclerocarya birrea was investigated. The lyophilized decoction demonstrated antidiarrhoeic activity in experimental models of diarrhoea induced by magnesium sulphate and sodium picosulphate. This antidiarrhoeic activity was related to an inhibition of intestinal transit rather than to inhibition of net secretion of fluid and electrolytes provoked by the laxative agents. A condensed tannin was isolated from the crude drug which produced inhibition in intestinal motility, and the monomer of which was identified as procyanidin.
Drug effects on the intestine are traditionally explained in terms of action on the muscle layers and the nerves that control them. This is particularly true in the case of the opioids but research starting two decades ago has identified the intestinal mucosa as the site of action of the antidiarrhoeal opioids. Continued research using the intestinal mucosa offers a fresh approach to solving some old problems. For example it could lead to more confident predictions to be made about the wanted and unwanted effects of opioid drugs on the intestine and may help to find better drug treatments for alleviating withdrawal diarrhoea in addicts. Eventually it may help to explain how the general process of opioid dependence occurs at a cellular level.
Forty-four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds were tested for possible effects on castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats. A small but significant delay of intestinal evacuations was found with all compounds. Quantitatively, the oral doses required to delay diarrhoea beyond the first hour after castor oil challenge reflected the acute anti-inflammatory potency of the tested compounds. Qualitatively, the evolution of the effective doses with increasing delay was linear for potent inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The evolution for less potent compounds was markedly different and suggested the earlier occurrence of non-specific drug effects. Suprofen, the most potent of the series of compounds, produced the 1 h delay at an oral dose of 1.11 mg kg-1; the ED50 increased linearly to 115 mg kg-1 for a 4 h delay. Compared with other compounds the activity pattern of suprofen was consistent with that of a very potent, short-acting inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, which maintains its specific action over a wide dose range. It is concluded that delay of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in rats allows a detailed characterization of aspirin-like compounds, and that inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis is insufficient to suppress the intestinal effects of the oil.
The effects of loperamide (0.1 mg/kg orally) on net colonic water absorption, orocolonic transit time, and intestinal motility were investigated in pigs chronically fitted either with two cannulas in the proximal colon and a catheter in the duodenum and the ileum or with intraparietal electrodes on the duodenum, jejunum, caecum, and proximal colon and a duodenal catheter. Loperamide, given 20 minutes before a meal reduced significantly colonic net water absorption for 10 hours after eating. It also reduced colonic flow rate, increased orocolonic transit time, modified the postprandial intestinal motility by inducing supplementary phase 3 motor complexes and did not affect caecocolonic motility. Intraduodenal infusion of a hypertonic solution of mannitol (900 mOsm/l; 0.6 ml/minute) for the first postprandial hour strongly reduced or reversed net colonic water absorption, increased the colonic flow rate, accelerated the orocolonic transit, and induced profuse diarrhoea. After loperamide administration, all these effects were blocked and the relative colonic water absorption, expressed as the fraction of flow entering the colon, was strongly increased. Mannitol did not modify motility of the small and large intestine, and supplementary phase 3 motor complexes were observed when mannitol infusion was preceded by loperamide administration. It is concluded that in experimental osmotic diarrhoea loperamide causes a reduction in digesta flow entering into the colon, mediated by its action on small intestinal motility, and an increase in colonic water absorption.
Studies were performed to determine the role of endogenous prostaglandins (PG) in regulating mechanical and electrical activities of canine ileal circular muscles. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis blocker, enhanced the amplitude of spontaneous and acetylcholine-stimulated contractions. The increase in mechanical activity caused by indomethacin was accompanied by decreased release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the spontaneous metabolite of prostacyclin, from the muscle. The electrical mechanisms responsible for the changes in mechanical activity caused by indomethacin were investigated by intracellular measurement of electrical activity. The enhanced contractions due to indomethacin correlated with enhanced electrical slow-wave amplitude and generation of action potentials. After indomethacin treatment muscles were exposed to several exogenous prostaglandins to determine which of these compounds might reverse the mechanical effects of indomethacin. Prostacyclin reversed the effects of indomethacin, and PGE2 reversed some of the effects of indomethacin. Prostacyclin also decreased the amplitude of electrical slow waves and abolished action potentials. These electrical effects were associated with decreased contractile amplitude. It is concluded that the dominant prostaglandin responsible for the "prostaglandin effect" in canine ileal circular muscle must be inhibitory to spontaneous and acetylcholine-stimulated contractions. The mechanical effects attributed to endogenous prostaglandin appear to be due to an electrical mechanism. Based on the evidence presented prostacyclin emerges as the most likely candidate for the role of "dominant" prostaglandin, but PGE2 may also contribute as a modulator of electrical and mechanical activities.
A method for the investigation of the acute toxicity of an unknown chemical substance, with an estimation on the LD50, is described. Using this, it is possible to obtain with 13 experimental animals adequate information on the acute toxicity and on the LD50. This method has no limitations and applies to drugs, agricultural and industrial chemicals. It can be used for every route of administration.
To study the metabolic effects of hone as a monotherapy or combination therapy as a probiotic.
Toxicological evaluation of a named medicinal plant.
Determination of acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity of the plant.
Normal.dotm 0 0 1 105 604 OSU Medical Center 5 1 741 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0pc .45pc 0pc .45pc; mso-para-margin:0pc; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; ... [Show full abstract] font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; Objectives: The methanolic extract of the leaves of Bombax buonopozense was screened for antidiarrheal effects. Materials and methods: The extract was evaluated for castor oil- induced diarrhoea and enteropooling as well as intestinal transit in rats. Results: Bombax buonopozense significantly (p<0.05) and dose-dependently reduced frequency of stooling in castor oil-induced diarrhoea, castor oil- induced enteropooling and intestinal motility in rats. The oral LD50 values obtained were greater than 5000mg/kg in mice. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the methanolic extract of the leaves of B. buonopozense may contain some biologically active ingredients that are active for the treatment of diarrhoea in Nigerian herbal traditional medicine. Key words: Bombax buonopozense; Medicinal plant; Antidiarrheal activity; Castor oil.
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