Source: http://www.biotech-asia.org/vol15no4/role-of-green-route-synthesized-silver-nanoparticles-in-medicinal-applications-with-special-reference-to-cancer-therapy/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 00:26:55+00:00

Document:
Begum S. R, Rao D. M, Reddy P. D. S. Role of Green Route Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles in Medicinal Applications with Special Reference to Cancer Therapy. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2018;15(4).
1Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Ananthapuramu- 515002, AP, India.
2Sri KrishnaDevaraya University, Ananthapuramu- 515003, AP, India.
ABSTRACT: Nanotechnology is a blazing field for the researchers in modern branch of science along with engineering have lot of applications. Nanotechnology is an imminent field with new outlet to fight and prevent many diseases using nanoparticles. Among the most promising materials Silver nanoparticles are having antimicrobial properties which are synthesized from medicinal plant and acts against chronic diseases. Silver nanoparticles synthesized from medicinal plants have lot of applications and eco-friendly, cost effective in nature. The present review article mainly focuses on biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from medicinal plants and its role on cancer cells. Cancer is one of the most difficult health issues on globe. Although number of treatments may include radiation, chemotherapy and surgery, but these procedures not only targets tumor tissue but also normal healthy tissue. In recent years silver nanoparticles are considered as promising tool for cancer therapy. A numerous studies both in-vitro and in-vivo suggested that sliver nanoparticles can be used as cytotoxic and genotoxic agent due to their apoptotic inducing and anti-proliferative properties. However there is need to overlook the mechanism regarding the anti-cancerous activity. A silver nanoparticle deploys in every field of engineering science and medical sciences are still attracting to explore new scope of nanobiotechnology attributed with smaller size particles.
According to current scenario of medicinal plants in India, there are over ten thousand plants species being used by the people of India, among these 60% are found in high altitude regions. Medicinal plants have vide number of applications in curing many diseases by applying various technological methods. Among them nanotechnology holds a great potential by using the components ranging from 1-100nm dimensions. The demand of nanoparticles is increasing day by day.2 Nanoparticles can be synthesized either using chemical methods or physical methods which releases toxic by-products in nature. To overcome from this problems alternative method was synthesized by biological approach that is nanoparticles synthesized by using plant extracts which shows antibacterial activity, less toxicity in nature.3 Various nanoparticles can be synthesised from plant extracts namely Silver nanoparticles, Gold nanoparticles, Zinc nanoparticles and Copper oxide nanoparticles. Among these Silver nanoparticles have many advantages due to their stability, good conductivity, antimicrobial activity, eco-friendliness, non-pathogenic nature and cost-effectiveness.
Over the years, a number of approaches are available for the synthesis of nanoparticles, such as physical, chemical and biological (green route) methods and some of these methods are listed in Table.1.
Table 1: Different Methods of Nanoparticles Synthesis.
The physical methods of nanoparticles synthesis takes place at high temperature and pressure by consuming energy and time whereas chemical methods are very simple and operates at low temperature, uses toxic chemicals as reducing and stabilizing agents, results in least stable and harmful nanoparticles not suitable for medical applications. The limitations of these two methods have made researchers to look for an alternative technique which is an eco-friendly process without involving harmful chemicals and high radiation. Nowadays biological method or green route synthesis is gaining importance because of its advantages compared to physical and chemical methods. Green synthesis involves the use of plant extract from different parts like steam, leaves, roots and fruits, micro organisms (bacteria, yeast and fungi), enzymes and agricultural waste for the synthesis of nanoparticles.2 The plant extracts has drawn attention for the fabrication of nanoparticles, because of its rapid, economical, eco-friendly protocol, and provides highly stable and well characterised nanoparticles. Green synthesis using microorganisms and plants for metal nanoparticles synthesis have been suggested as valuable alternatives to chemical methods.7 Generally various plants materials are used as capping agents for the stabilization of nanoparticles. Previously, plant extracts were used to fabricate Au, Ag, Pd, Pt and many other nanoparticles. Among these, Ag and Au had many medicinal applications especially in cancer treatment. Schematic diagram representing the green route synthesis of nanoparticles is presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of green synthesis of Nanoparticles.
The experimental procedure for the synthesis of sliver nanoparticles is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Steps involved in green synthesis of nanoparticles.
Figure 3: Schematic diagram representing Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches.
Table 2: List of Medicinal plants available in Andhra Pradesh state.
Silver nanoparticles are applicable in large number of fields such as health care, food and cosmetic industries, biomedical field as drug-gene delivery, environment, optics, chemical industries, space and energy science, light emitters, single electron transistors, non-linear optical devices, textiles industries, storage and also in many medical devices.11 The most common application of Silver nanoparticles is in wound healing. Wound healing is a multiple step process which involves integration of different tissues and cell lineages. Acticoat is first commercial wound dressing which is made up of two layers of polyamide ester members covered with nano crystalline silver ions. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) values are observed with Acticoat the chances of developing the resistance to silver by bacteria are less due to sustained release of silver particles from this product.12 The use of silver nanoparticles as wound dressing is evidenced in the treatment of various chronic non-healing wounds such as leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers. Silver nanoparticles also protect the cells of wound from bacterial contamination. Central venues catheters have wide applications in hospital practice these have potential ineffective complications to overcome from this antibiotic impregnated catheters were used to decrease the rate of infection but eventual use of this impregnated catheters leads to eventual bacterial resistance. Latest advancement is silver impregnated catheters by using inorganic silver powder.13 Now-a-days joint replacement is commonly observed by many. The bone cement which is used in this treatment is made of PMMA (Poly Methyl Meth Acrylate) which is a biomaterial developing high risk of infection in human body to overcome from this a biomaterial filled with silver nano particles have maximum antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) and other strains are used in testing. Silver nanowires are an advanced application used to provide conductive coatings for transparent conductors and flexible electronics. To enhance the plasmonic activity for sensing and imaging applications of metallic nanoparticles attached to silver nanowires function as antennas. Silver nanowires with single layers are being used to build arrays for molecule specific sensing in combination with Raman Spectroscopy. Silver nanowires have been studied as components of nanocomposites and can show high dielectric constants in such systems.
Biogenic Silver nanoparticles extracted from Sesbaniagrandiflora leaf found their cytotoxicity effect against human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7). This was the fourth generation of nanoparticles research.15 Sliver nanoparticles extracted from Alternanthera tenella leaf are rich in flavanoid component. The cytotoxic effect of these 48nm nanoparticles was examined on Human Breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and these nanoparticles have shown reduction in the migration of MCF-7 cells with Minimum Inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 42.5 µg/ml.16 Saccharina japonica extract was used to synthesize sliver nanoparticles and their cytotoxicity effect was examined on cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa). The apoptotic feature of HeLa cells was examined by using confocal laser Scanning microscopy and Fluorescence microscopy.17 The spherical and cubic sliver nanoparticles was synthesised from Alma extract with an average size of 188nm. Amla mediated sliver nanoparticles and Amla extract was used to examine the cytotoxic effect on Hep2 cell lines. Amla sliver nanoparticles shows more cytotoxic and genotoxic effect on Hep2 cancer cells than Amla extract.18 The lists of applications of plant extract used in different cancer cell lines19-39 are shown in Table.3.
Table 3: Application of plant extract on different cancer cell lines.
Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles has lot of importance and wide number of applications in treatment of many chronic diseases (especially cancer). Silver nanoparticles are eco-friendly, cost effective, stable and have wide number of applications in medicine. This current review mainly focuses on medicinal applications of silver nanoparticles synthesised from medicinal plants. Green synthesized sliver nanoparticles are beginning to a new era in the cancer diagnosis. Sliver nanoparticles might become a potential nanomedicine for cancer in the near future but still needs a lot of research. Moreover, there is a need to investigate the issues on sliver nanoparticles such as bioavailability, biocompatibility, and toxicity before it develops as potential target for cancer therapy.
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