Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/268/238/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 14:09:46+00:00

Document:
1. Acts of Congress are to be construed, if possible, so as to avoid grave doubts of their constitutionality. P. 268 U. S. 251.
gross value of his estate as a basis for fixing the transfer tax thereon, though the policies be payable to beneficiaries other than the estate, and allowing the executor to recover from such beneficiaries their proportions of such tax and making them personally responsible therefor if not paid when due, are to be construed as inapplicable to transactions antedating the passage of the Act. P. 268 U. S. 251.
3. A declaration in an Act that a provision in it shall be retroactive helps the conclusion that the same provision in an earlier Act, lacking such declaration, was not retroactive. P. 268 U. S. 252.
Error to a judgment recovered in the district court by the defendants in error in an action to recover the amount of taxes collected by duress.
for the plaintiffs for the whole sum demanded. 298 F. 803. The case was tried without a jury, and the court adopted as its findings, among others, the following facts which were agreed: Henry C. Frick died on December 2, 1919, and his will was admitted to probate on December 6. There were outstanding policies upon his life, four payable to his wife and seven to his daughter. The total amount received under them was $474,629.52, and as his estate apart from this was more than ten million dollars, an additional tax of $108,657.88, or twenty-five percent of the sum received less the statutory deduction of $40,000, was required to be paid. All the policies were taken out before the Revenue Act was passed. The largest one, for $114,000, was a paid-up policy issued in 1901, payable to Mrs. Frick without power in Mr. Frick to change the beneficiary. Another, similar so far as material, was for $50,000. Others were assigned or the beneficiary named (Frick's estate) was changed to Frick's wife or daughter before the date of the statute. All premiums were paid by Mr. Frick, and some seem to have been paid after the statute went into force.
"the value of the gross estate of the decedent shall be determined by including the value at the time of his death of all property . . . (f) To the extent of the amount receivable by the executor as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life, and to the extent of the excess over $40,000 of the amount receivable by all other beneficiaries as insurance under policies taken out by the decedent upon his own life."
These last words are the ground of the Collector's claim.
"If any part of the gross estate consists of proceeds of policies of insurance upon the life of the decedent receivable by a beneficiary other than the executor, the executor shall be entitled to recover from such beneficiary such portion of the total tax paid as the proceeds, in excess of $40,000, of such policies bear to the net estate."
"By § 409, a personal liability is imposed upon the beneficiaries if the tax is not paid when due. The defendants in error say that, if these policies are covered by the statute these sections show that the beneficiaries are taxed upon their own property, under the guise of a tax upon the transfer of his estate by Mr. Frick, and that this is taking their property without due process of law, citing Matter of Pell, 171 N.Y. 48, and other cases. In view of their liability, the objection cannot be escaped by calling the reference to their receipts a mere measure of the transfer tax. The interest of the beneficiaries is established by statutes of the states controlling the insurance, and is not disputed. It also is strongly urged that the tax would be a direct tax. In view of our conclusion, it is not necessary to state the position of the defendants in error more in detail."
to transactions taking place after it was passed, but the general principle "that laws are not to be considered as applying to cases which arose before their passage" is preserved when to disregard it would be to impose an unexpected liability that, if known, might have induced those concerned to avoid it and to use their money in other ways. Schwab v. Doyle, 258 U. S. 529, 258 U. S. 534. This case and the following ones, Union Trust Co. v. Wardell, 258 U. S. 537, Levy v. Wardell, 258 U. S. 542, and Knox v. McElligott, 258 U. S. 546, go far toward deciding the one how before us. They also indicate that the Revenue Act of 1924, c. 234, § 302(h); 43 Stat. 253, 305, making(g) (the equivalent of (f) above) apply to past transactions, does not help, but, if anything, hinders the Collector's construction of the present law. Smietanka v. First Trust & Savings Bank, 257 U. S. 602.

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