Source: https://openjurist.org/720/f2d/1221
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 14:22:56+00:00

Document:
Louie L. WAINWRIGHT, Etc., Respondent.
Howard W. Skinner, Asst. Federal Public Defender, Jacksonville, Fla., for petitioner.
Carolyn M. Snurkowski, Wallace E. Allbritton, Asst. Attys. Gen., Tallahassee, Fla., for respondent.
Before TJOFLAT and HILL, Circuit Judges, and SIMPSON, Senior Circuit Judge.
Dale Albert Zygadlo appeals to this court from the order of the district court denying his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Zygadlo was tried and convicted of various offenses in the Circuit Court of Putnam County, Florida. As a security measure, the trial judge ordered Zygadlo to wear leg shackles at trial. Zygadlo contends that this security measure compromised his presumption of innocence and thereby denied him a fair trial in violation of the due process clause. We conclude that the trial judge properly exercised his discretion in ordering the security measures and affirm the order of the district court.
Your honor, I would object to the shackles on the basis that it denies the Defendant a fair trial. I think it's long been recognized in our system of jurisprudence that a person coming into Court bound and chained, it makes it far more difficult for a jury to presume him innocent. And that's just--that's the objection I make on that point, Your Honor. I think it's denying him the right to a fair trial.
Zygadlo again raised the issue on direct appeal from his conviction. See Zygadlo v. State, 341 So.2d 1053 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.), cert. denied, 353 So.2d 681 (Fla.1977). The Florida appeals court noted that the record did not show that the jury observed the shackles and that Zygadlo could demonstrate no prejudice resulting from the trial judge's decision in light of the overwhelming evidence of his guilt. Id. The appeals court therefore affirmed the conviction on all counts except the charge of use of a firearm to commit robbery, which it vacated on other grounds. Id. On April 10, 1980, Zygadlo filed a petition in United States District Court for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254 (1976). The district judge referred the case to a magistrate who recommended, after an evidentiary hearing, that Zygadlo's petition be denied. The district court adopted the report of the magistrate and entered its order denying the writ from which Zygadlo appeals.
Many considerations dictate that the use of shackles to restrain a defendant at trial should rarely be employed as a security device. Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 344, 90 S.Ct. 1057, 1061, 25 L.Ed.2d 353 (1970). The constitution grants every defendant a presumption of innocence, Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 96 S.Ct. 1691, 48 L.Ed.2d 126 (1976), and the physical presence of shackles clearly erodes the presumption. Kennedy v. Cardwell, 487 F.2d 101, 104 (6th Cir.1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 959, 94 S.Ct. 1976, 40 L.Ed.2d 310 (1974); United States v. Samuel, 431 F.2d 610, 614 (4th Cir.1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 946, 91 S.Ct. 964, 28 L.Ed.2d 229 (1971). The restraints may confuse the defendant, impair his ability to confer with counsel, and significantly affect the trial strategy he chooses to follow. Kennedy, 487 F.2d at 106; Hardin v. Estelle, 365 F.Supp. 39, 46 n. 11 (W.D.Tex.), aff'd on other grounds, 484 F.2d 944 (5th Cir.1973). The shackles also are "an affront to the very dignity and decorum of judicial proceedings that the judge is seeking to uphold." Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. at 344, 90 S.Ct. at 1061.
Nevertheless, in some cases, shackles may properly be employed in order to ensure "the safe, reasonable and orderly progress of trial." United States v. Theriault, 531 F.2d 281 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 898, 97 S.Ct. 262, 50 L.Ed.2d 182 (1976). Shackles may be necessary to prevent the defendant from disrupting the trial. They may also be necessary to prevent an escape and to protect the physical well-being of the jury, lawyers, judge, and other trial participants. Since the defendant's right to be tried free of restraints may be outweighed by these considerations, both the predecessor to this circuit and other circuits have granted the trial judge reasonable discretion to decide whether to shackle or otherwise restrain the defendant. See Harrell v. Israel, 672 F.2d 632, 636 (7th Cir.1982); Theriault, 531 F.2d at 284.

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