Source: https://biomedicineandprevention.com/manuscript/dual-use-molecules-yeast
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 18:19:40+00:00

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For the first time, in 2015, illicit molecules (brain acting molecules) were produced applying Synthetic Biology top-down approach to yeast cells. Concerns were raised when the ​production of codeine and ​morphine was achieved in S. cerevisiae:35,36 different groups successfully inserted genes from bacteria, opium poppy and sugar beet into yeast, reconstructing the pathway for morphine or codeine production.37,38,39 The entire biosynthetic pathway of thebaine (precursor of morphine) and hydrocodone has been achieved by inserting genes from plants, bacteria and mammals.40 The expression of the entire opiate pathway in a single yeast cell has now become a reality but could be subject to misuse because anyone with access to morphine-producing yeast strains, and with basic fermentation skills, could easily produce morphine in large quantity, starting from glucose.41 Opioids are of great pharmaceutical value because are the primary analgesic alkaloids used for pain relief; the chemical synthesis of these molecules is not commercially competitive, when compared with the extraction from the Papaver somniferum plant; so, with Synthetic Biology tools, it soon will be possible to produce cheaper, less addictive, safer and more effective analgesics. Another type of brain active molecules, which are used to inhibit inflammation and pain, are the cannabinoids, extracted from Cannabis sativa.42 Cannabinoids act on human endocannabinoid system, which is involved in a wide array of bodily processes, including appetite, memory, pain and mood. Cannabis sativa plant makes over 100 different types of cannabinoids, but the most important are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is responsible of psychoactive effects, and cannabidiol (CBD), which has solely therapeutic effects. These molecules bind to different human cannabinoid receptors: THC binds to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the brain triggering psychotropic and psychedelic effects, while the cannabidiol binding to the CB2 receptor has an anti-inflammatory effect. The obstacle to the wide use of cannabinoids in medicine is that the extraction of cannabidiol contains a small percentage of THC. The pharmaceutical industry is seeking a synthetic form of cannabis that inhibits inflammation and pain, but without the psychedelic or psychotropic effect. The advantage of using yeast to produce cannabinoids is that strains can be engineered to produce only solely therapeutic cannabinoids, like CBD, and not those that are psychedelic or psychotropic, like THC. In other words, yeast could be used to make pure products used for nutraceutical or pharmaceutical purposes: until now, using yeast cells, Germany’s Technical University of Dortmund, achieved the production of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol; Canada’s Hyasynth Bio produced cannabigerol; England’s Anandia Laboratories make cannabinoids and US BioTork LLC, cannabidiol.
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