Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/137/310/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 17:47:27+00:00

Document:
(1) The instructions of the Treasury Department gave the importer all the rights to which he was entitled, and were not repugnant to that provision of §§ 2902 and 2930 which required the use of "all reason able ways and means," in appraising, and the proper rights of the importer were accorded to him in this case.
(2) The question of the dutiable value of the merchandise was not to be tried before the appraisers as if it were an issue in a suit in a judicial tribunal.
(3) In a suit to recover back duties paid under protest, the valuation of merchandise made by the appraisers is, in the absence of fraud, conclusive on the importer, and the question as to the actual valve of the merchandise cannot be tried.
(4) The merchant appraiser was not an officer within the meaning of Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution so as to require him to be appointed by the President or a court of law or the head of a department.
(5) Section 2930 of the Revised Statutes was not unconstitutional in making the decision of the appraisers final.
This is an action at law, brought by Clement A. Auffmordt. John F. Degener, William Degener, and Adolph William von Kessler, composing the firm of C. A. Auffmordt & Co. against Edward L. Hedden, collector of the port of New York, in the Superior Court of the City of New York and removed by the defendant into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York, to recover an alleged excess of duties, paid under protest, on goods imported into the port of New York from Bremen by the steamer Main, and entered at the custom house at New York on March 13, 1886. After issue joined, the case was, on the application of the plaintiffs, separated into two causes of action, the present one covering all questions of law and fact involved in the importation except those which concerned the rates of duty affecting it, and the trial involved in the case now before us proceeded on that basis. It was had before Judge Wheeler and a jury, and resulted in a verdict for the plaintiffs for $10, for which amount, with interest and costs, judgment was entered in July, 1887. The plaintiffs brought a writ of error, claiming that the verdict should have been for a larger sum.
The valuation of the goods on entry was 7,070 francs, on which a duty of 50 percent was paid. Afterwards, the appraisers raised the valuation by adding 440 francs 10 centimes to the 7,070 francs, making a total valuation of 7,510 francs 10 centimes. On a reappraisement by a merchant appraiser and a general appraiser, under section 2930 of the Revised Statutes, the same result was reached, and, on this valuation of 440 francs 10 centimes, a duty of 50 percent was paid, amounting to $42. The controversy in the case relates to this $42.
There is no foundation for the suggestion made in the brief for the plaintiffs that they paid any duty upon nondutiable charges.
"If the importer, owner, agent, or consignee of any merchandise shall be dissatisfied with the appraisement, and shall have complied with the foregoing requisitions, he may forth with give notice to the collector, in writing, of such dissatisfaction, on the receipt of which the collector shall select one discreet and experienced merchant to be associated with one of the general appraisers wherever practicable, or two discreet and experienced merchants, citizens of the United States, familiar with the character and value of the goods in question, to examine and appraise the same, agreeably to the foregoing provisions, and if they shall disagree, the collector shall decide between them, and the appraisement thus determined shall be final, and be deemed to be the true value, and the duties shall be levied thereon accordingly."
In the present case, the plaintiffs filed protests and appeals to the Secretary of the Treasury on the 29th of April, 1886.
"I, the undersigned, appointed by the collector of the district of New York to appraise a lot of manufactures of silk and cotton imported per steamship Main from Bremen, the importer having requested a new appraisement thereof in accordance with law, do hereby solemnly swear diligently and faithfully to examine and inspect said lot of manufactures of silk and cotton, and truly to report, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the actual market value or wholesale price thereof at the period of the exportation of the same to the United States, in the principal markets of the country from which the same was imported into the United States, in conformity with the provisions of the several acts of Congress providing for and regulating the appraisement of imported merchandise. So help me God."
The plaintiffs were notified by the collector, on the 20th of April, 1886, to pay the additional duty. This was after the reappraisement, and the additional duty was paid, they having previously paid $10 for the merchant appraiser's compensation.
In the course of the trial, the plaintiffs proposed to show by Mr. McCreery that at the time he acted as merchant appraiser in the present case, he acted as such at the same time in other cases. This testimony being objected to by the defendant as irrelevant, it was excluded, and the plaintiffs excepted. The court, however, admitted in evidence the fact that some other appraisals were going on at the same time with the one in the present case, although it excluded, under the exception of the plaintiffs, testimony as to how many of them there were.
The plaintiffs also, for the purpose of raising the point that the merchant appraiser should have been selected by virtue of the classification of employees in the classified customs service, as certified to by the Secretary of the Treasury under section 882 of the Revised Statutes, being the classification provided for by section 6 of the Act of January 16, 1883, c. 27, 22 Stat. 405, offered such classification in evidence, but it was excluded by the court under the objection of the defendant as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant, and the plaintiffs excepted.
They also offered to show that the merchant appraiser was not appointed under the civil service rules under the said act of 1883, but the court excluded the evidence, and the plaintiffs excepted.
They also offered in evidence sundry depositions of witnesses taken before the reappraisers in this case in regard to market value, but they were excluded by the court on the objection of the defendant, and the plaintiffs excepted.
They also offered to show by a witness the true and actual market value and wholesale price of the goods in question, and of goods identical with them, in the principal markets of the country from which they were exported at the time of their exportation, in March, 1886, but, on the objection of the defendant that the testimony was immaterial, incompetent, and irrelevant, it was excluded, and the plaintiffs excepted.
the question whether or not there was any lawful appraisement or reappraisement in the case. The court refused so to do, but directed a verdict for the defendant except as to the $10, to which action of the court the plaintiffs excepted.
"The Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments,"
claiming that the merchant appraiser was an inferior officer within the meaning of that provision, and was not appointed in accordance therewith. The court denied the motion, and the plaintiffs excepted.
They then requested the court to submit all of the testimony to the jury, with proper instructions as to what constituted an appraisement or a reappraisement, which request was refused, and the plaintiffs excepted.
They also requested the court to submit all of the evidence to the jury touching the value upon which the duty was assessed, and the value declared on entry, on the ground that section 2930 of the Revised Statutes was unconstitutional, that the plaintiffs had the right to have submitted to the jury, under proper instructions, on the evidence, all questions touching the imposition of duty, and that, by withholding the evidence from the jury, by virtue of an unconstitutional statute which declared the conclusions of the reappraisers to be final, the plaintiffs were deprived of their constitutional right to a trial by jury, in a case where, by the common law, it obtained, under Article VII of the amendments of the Constitution. This request was denied, and the plaintiffs excepted.
of the merchandise under appraisal, "at the time of exportation, and in the principal markets of the country whence the same has been imported into the United States," and, by section 2930, it is made the duty of the general appraiser and the merchant appraiser to examine and appraise the goods "agreeably to the foregoing provisions."
the fact that the importer was not informed who the witnesses were, and what they testified to, and given an opportunity to cross-examine them, and an opportunity to meet it, does not constitute a valid objection against the reappraisement."
The contention of the plaintiffs is that under the instructions of the Treasury Department and the evidence, the question in issue as to the dutiable value of the merchandise could not be reasonably heard at all on the reappraisement, because (1) the importer or his agent was practically excluded from the reappraisement; (2) was not afforded opportunity to support his oath on entry, or within proper limits to confront the opposing witnesses by testimony in his own behalf; (3) or to sift evidence secretly or openly heard in opposition to him; (4) or to have the aid of counsel, if he desired; and, particularly, that the rule of "reasonable ways and means" could not exist in a tribunal which proceeded to examine an issuable matter under a rule which excluded lawyers.
"the duty of all officers of the customs to execute and carry into effect all instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury relative to the execution of the revenue laws, and in case any difficulty shall arise as to the true construction or meaning of any part of the revenue laws, the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury"
is made conclusive and binding.
"All governments, in all times, have found it necessary to adopt stringent measures for the collection of taxes and to be rigid in the enforcement of them. These measures are not judicial; nor does the government resort, except in extraordinary cases, to the courts for that purpose. The revenue measures of every civilized government constitute a system which provides for its enforcement by officers commissioned for that purpose. In this country, this system for each state, or for the federal government, provides safeguards of its own against mistake, injustice, or oppression in the administration of its revenue laws. Such appeals are allowed to specified tribunals as the lawmakers deem expedient. Such remedies, also, for recovering back taxes illegally exacted as may seem wise are provided. In these respects, the United States have, as was said by this Court in Nichols v. United States, 7 Wall. 122, enacted a system of corrective justice, as well as a system of taxation, in both its customs and internal revenue branches. That system is intended to be complete. In the customs department, it permits appeals from appraisers to other appraisers, and in proper cases to the Secretary of the Treasury, and, if dissatisfied with this highest decision of the executive department of the government, the law permits the party, on paying the money required with a protest embodying the grounds of his objection to the tax, to sue the government through its collector, and test in the courts the validity of the tax."
It was said also in that case (p. 89) that the government "has the right to prescribe the conditions on which it will subject itself to the judgment of the courts in the collection of its revenues." One of those conditions is and always has been that the determination of appraisers as to the dutiable value of goods shall be conclusive and not reexaminable in a suit at law, provided the appraisers are selected in conformity with the statute, and, in appraising, act within the scope of the powers conferred upon them. See also State Railroad Tax Cases, 92 U. S. 575, 92 U. S. 613; Snyder v.
Marks, 109 U. S. 189, 109 U. S. 193-194; Hilton v. Merritt, 110 U. S. 97; Arnson v. Murphy, 115 U. S. 579, 115 U. S. 585-586; Oelbermann v. Merritt, 123 U. S. 356, 123 U. S. 361.
In Hilton v. Merritt it was distinctly held that the valuation of merchandise made by the appraisers was, in the absence of fraud, conclusive on the importer; that the right of appeal to the Secretary of the Treasury when duties were alleged to have been illegally or erroneously exacted and the right to a trial by jury in case of an adverse decision by the Secretary of the Treasury did not relate to alleged errors in the appraisement of goods, whether by a merchant appraiser or otherwise, and that it was not allowable, in a suit to recover back duties, for the plaintiff to put in evidence the records of the proceedings before the merchant appraiser and the general appraiser, including the testimony and the various documents before the appraisers, or to try before the jury the question as to the actual value of the goods, and whether the appraisers followed the evidence before them or disregarded it. The evidence ruled out in that case was evidence which tended only to show carelessness and irregularity in the discharge of their duties by the appraisers, but not that they had assumed powers not conferred by the statute.
Although by section 29 of the Act of June 10, 1890, c. 407, entitled "An act to simplify the laws in relation to the collection of the revenues," sections 2902 and 2930 of the Revised Statutes are expressly repealed, section 10 of that act provides that it shall be the duty of the appraisers of the United States, "by all reasonable ways and means," to appraise the actual market value and wholesale price of imported goods in the principal markets of the country whence the same have been imported, and section 13 of that act provides that the decision of the appraiser or that of the general appraiser in cases of reappraisement, or that of the board of general appraisers on review, shall be final and conclusive as to the dutiable value of the merchandise, against all parties interested therein.
not free to perform their duties properly, as required by the statute. The reappraisers appraised the goods in the appraisers' room in the public store. On the day before the reappraisement took place, the agent of the plaintiffs received due notice of it, and he attended and was called by the reappraisers before them. The merchant appraiser had then and there samples of the plaintiffs' goods, and the general appraiser asked the agent for his statement in the case, and it was made. The samples were on the table before the merchant appraiser, and the cases of goods were in the adjoining room. The agent made no objection as to the proceedings, and testifies that he was allowed to make a full statement concerning the value of the plaintiffs' goods, and the evidence fails to show that any request was made on behalf of the plaintiffs which was refused, except the request to find the value which the plaintiffs desired to be found.
case. He has no general functions, nor any employment which has any duration as to time, or which extends over any case further than as he is selected to act in that particular case. He is an executive agent, as an expert assistant to aid in ascertaining the value of the goods, selected for the particular case on the request of the importer, and selected for his special knowledge in regard to the character and value of the particular goods in question. He has no claim or right to be designated, or to act except as he may be designated. The statute does not use the word "appoint," but uses the word "select." His position is without tenure, duration, continuing emolument, or continuous duties, and he acts only occasionally and temporarily. Therefore, he is not an "officer," within the meaning of the clause of the Constitution referred to. United States v. Maurice, 2 Brock. 96, 102-103; United States v. Hartwell, 6 Wall. 385, 73 U. S. 393; United States v. Germaine, 99 U. S. 508, 99 U. S. 510-511; Hall v. Wisconsin, 103 U. S. 5, 103 U. S. 8-9; United States v. Mouat, 124 U. S. 303, 124 U. S. 307; United States v. Smith, 124 U. S. 525, 124 U. S. 532.
himself for examination. He may make fifty of these examinations in a year or none. He is required to keep no place of business for the public use. He gives no bond and takes no oath unless by some order of the commissioner of pensions of which we are not advised. No regular appropriation is made to pay his compensation, which is two dollars for every certificate of examination, but it is paid out of money appropriated for paying pensions in his district, under regulations to be prescribed by the commissioner. He is but an agent of the commissioner, appointed by him and removable by him at his pleasure, to procure information needed to aid in the performance of his own official duties. He may appoint one or a dozen persons to do the same thing. The compensation may amount to five dollars or five hundred dollars per annum. There is no penalty for his absence from duty or refusal to perform except his loss of the fee in the given case. If Congress had passed a law requiring the commissioner to appoint a man to furnish each agency with fuel at a price per ton fixed by law high enough to secure the delivery of the coal, he would have as much claim to be an officer of the United States as the surgeons appointed under this statute."
This case does not present any question like that of substituting a new merchant appraiser for one already selected, as in Greely v. Thompson, 10 How. 225; nor is it a case where the appraiser did not see the original packages, as in Greely's Administrator v. Burgess, 18 How. 413; nor a case where it was offered to show that the merchant appraiser was not a person having the qualification prescribed by the statute, as in Oelbermann v. Merritt, 123 U. S. 356, and in Mustin v. Cadwalader, 123 U. S. 369; nor a case where it was contended that the appraisers did not open, examine, and appraise the packages designated by the collector, as in Oelbermann v. Merritt; nor a case where to the admitted market value of an importation there was added such additional value as was equal to a reduction made in the valuation of the cases containing the goods, as in Badger v. Cusimano, 130 U. S. 39. Those were instances of errors outside of the valuation itself, and outside of the appraisement prescribed by the statute.
Nor is there anything in the objection that section 2930 of the Revised Statutes is unconstitutional in making the decision of the appraisers final, and that the plaintiffs had a right to have the question of the dutiable value of the goods passed upon by a jury. As said before, the government has the right to prescribe the conditions attending the importation of goods, upon which it will permit the collector to be sued. One of those conditions is that the appraisal shall be regarded as final, and it has been held by this Court, in Arnson v. Murphy, 109 U. S. 238, that the right to bring such a suit is exclusively statutory, and is substituted for any and every common law right. The action is, to all intents and purposes, with the provisions for refunding the money if the importer is successful in the suit, an action against the government for moneys in the Treasury. The provision as to the finality of the appraisement is virtually a rule of evidence to be observed in the trial of the suit brought against the collector. The uniform course of legislation and practice, in regard both to the mode of selection of the merchant appraiser and as to the conclusive effect of the appraisal, are entitled to great weight. Stuart v. Laird, 1 Cranch 299, 5 U. S. 309; Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304, 14 U. S. 352; Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264, 19 U. S. 418, 19 U. S. 421; Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How. 299, 53 U. S. 315; Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U. S. 53, 111 U. S. 57; The Laura, 114 U. S. 411, 114 U. S. 416.
The plaintiffs complain of the exclusion, as evidence, of a paper, Exhibit No. 14, being a report received by the collector at New York from the United States consul at Horgen, in Switzerland, dated February made by one Schmid, a government made by one Schmid, a government silk expert, concerning certain under valuations of merchandise covered by invoices of goods to C. A. Auffmordt & Co. which embraced the goods in question. The paper was excluded by the court on the objection of the defendant that it was immaterial and irrelevant, and the plaintiffs excepted. It does not appear that the paper was used upon either of the appraisals, and if it had been, it would have been proper to use it, as advising the officers of the government of the cost of the goods in question. It was properly excluded.
The other questions discussed at the bar have been fully considered, but it is not considered necessary to comment on them.
"Art. 459. It is lawful for the appraisers, or the collector and naval officer, as the case may be, to call before them and examine, upon oath or affirmation, any owner, importer, consignee, or other person touching any matter or thing which they may deem material in ascertaining the true market value or wholesale price of merchandise imported, and to require the production, on oath or affirmation, to the collector, or to any permanent appraiser, of any letters, accounts, or invoices in his possession relating to the same, for which purpose they are authorized to administer oaths and affirmations. Such persons are not entitled to compensation. S. 335. And all testimony in writing or depositions thus taken will be filed in the collector's office, preserved for future use or reference, and transmitted to the Secretary of the Treasury whenever he may require the same."
Article 462 provides for the giving of a written notice by the collector to the importer of any addition to value made and certified by the appraisers, and provides for the form of such notice.
"Art. 463. If the importer be dissatisfied with the appraisement, he may, if he has complied with the legal requirements, give notice of such dissatisfaction in writing to the collector. This notice must be given in all cases within 24 hours, or before the end of the official day after the day on which the collector gave the notice prescribed in the foregoing article, and may be in the following form, (R.S. § 2930):"
"Importer's Notice to Collector Claiming Reappraisement"
"Sir: As I consider the appraisement made by the United States appraisers too high on _____, imported by _____, in the _____ from _____, I have to request that the same may be reappraised pursuant to law with as little delay as your convenience will permit."
"_______ _______, Collector of the Customs."
Articles 464 and 465 provide for a special report of the local appraisers to be made after such notice claiming a reappraisement is given.
"Art. 466. On the receipt of this report, the collector will select one discreet and experienced merchant, a citizen of the United States, familiar with the character and value of the goods in question, to be associated with an appraiser at large, if the attendance of such officer be practicable, to examine and appraise the same according to law. R.S. § 2930. The selection of merchant appraisers should not be confined exclusively to those connected with foreign imports, but, when the requisite knowledge exists, should be extended so as to embrace domestic manufactures and producers, and other citizens acting as merchants, although not dealing in foreign merchandise. S. 6111. The merchant thus selected will be notified by the collector of his appointment, and of the time and place of the reexamination. The appraiser at large will be notified of the appeal, of the time fixed for reappraisement, and of the name of the merchant appraiser. The importer will be notified of the time and place, but not of the name of the merchant selected to assist in the reappraisement. If the attendance of an appraiser at large be impracticable, the collector will select an additional merchant, qualified as aforesaid, for the performance of the service."
"Art. 467. The notice of the appointment of the merchant appraiser will be in the following form:"
"Sir: You are hereby appointed to appraise _____, which has been entered at this port, the importer having requested a new appraisement thereof in accordance with the provisions of the several acts of Congress providing for and regulating the appraisement of imported merchandise and you are requested to appear at _____ at __ o'clock on the ___ day of _____, 18__, to appraise the said goods pursuant to law."
"Before entering upon the duty indicated in the above appointment, you will please call at this office to take the requisite oath."
"Art. 468. The oath to be taken by the merchant appraiser will be in the following form:"
"I, the undersigned, appointed by the collector of _____ to appraise _____, imported per _____, from _____, the importer having requested a new appraisement thereof in accordance with law, do hereby solemnly swear diligently and faithfully to examine and inspect said lot of _____, and truly to report, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the actual market value or wholesale price thereof at the period of the exportation of the same to the United States, in the principal markets of the country from which the same was imported into the United States, in conformity with the provisions of the several acts of Congress providing for and regulating the appraisement of imported merchandise."
"Sworn to and subscribed before me this ___ day of _____, 18__."
"Samples, etc., to be Sent to Reappraisers"
"Art. 469. At the time fixed for reappraisement, the collector will send to the appraiser at large and merchant appraiser the invoice or invoices of the merchandise to be examined and appraised. The storekeeper or other officer having charge will deliver to them the samples or packages ordered for examination, and they will proceed to examine and appraise in the manner pointed out by law. The importer or his agent will be allowed to be present and to offer such explanations and statements as may be pertinent to the case. The valuation having been determined, the appraisers will report the same to the collector."
Article 472 provides for a compensation of five dollars a day to the merchant appraiser, while so employed, to be paid by the party taking the appeal.
"Art. 474. Merchants' appraisements should not assume the nature of a judicial inquiry where judgment is rendered in accordance with the preponderance of testimony on either side, but should be conducted as an investigation by experts, to ascertain whether the local appraiser has reported the true and proper market value of the merchandise in question. S. 2655. Application for copies of proceedings on reappraisements should be made to the general appraiser, who will exercise his discretion in regard to furnishing the same."
"Art. 475. It shall be the duty of the appraisers of the United States, and every of them, and every person who shall act as such appraiser, or of the collector and naval officer, as the case may be, by all reasonable ways and means in his or their power, to ascertain, estimate, and appraise the true and actual market value and wholesale price, any invoice or affidavit thereto to the contrary notwithstanding, of the merchandise at the time of exportation, and in the principal markets of the country whence the same has been imported into the United States, and the number of such yards, parcels, or quantities, and such actual market value or wholesale price of every of them, as the case may required."
"Art. 479. The appraisers or the collector and naval officer, as the case may be, may call before them and examine, upon oath, any owner, importer, consignee, or other person, touching any matter or thing which they may deem material in ascertaining the true market value or wholesale price of any merchandise imported, and require the production, on oath, to the collector, or to any permanent appraiser, of any letters, accounts, or invoices in his possession relating to the same. All testimony in writing, or depositions taken by virtue of this section, shall be filed in the collector's office, and preserved for future use or reference, to be transmitted to the Secretary of the Treasury when he shall require the same. R.S. 2922."
"Art. 1407. In cases of appeal, general appraisers shall pursue their inquiry into the question of the actual character and dutiable value of the goods under reexamination in such manner as they may deem most conducive to a just and equitable determination of the question. It is expected that they will arrive at that conclusion from their own knowledge and judgments, as experts, in substantially the same manner as in the case of original appraisements. See Article 474, S. 2655."
"Art. 1409. As the examinations of appraisers are made the basis of the general classification of importations for the imposition and assessment of duty, it becomes necessary that appraisers shall closely inspect the articles ordered for appraisement, and where they retain doubts concerning the quality or denomination of articles they shall submit samples thereof, with their opinions, to collectors, for transmission, in case of disagreement, to the Secretary of the Treasury. R.S. 2949."
"Art. 1410. Appraisers must rigidly exclude unauthorized persons from the rooms where goods are awaiting, or are under examination for appraisement, and forbid their subordinates to hold communication with interested persons concerning the goods under appraisement. R.S. 2949."
"Art. 1416. Appraisers are, in cases of reappraisement, to give courteous and due attention to explanations and statements of importers, in person or by representative, relating to the subject matter under examination, but they are to limit the privilege so accorded to one person in each single case of reappraisement, to receive only statements of fact, to require all facts to be stated concisely, and not argumentatively, and to pursue their inquiry into the question of the actual character and dutiable value of the goods under reexamination in such manner as they deem most conducive to a just and equitable determination of the question. Merchant appraisers appointed in cases of appeal from the decisions of the customs appraisers are also to be governed by this article."
"The law of reappraisement is precisely the same as that of original appraisement, and there is no authority or justification for the system, which it appears has grown up in your office, of treating a reappraisement as in the nature of a trial in a court of law, wherein the reappraising officers sit as judges and render decisions according to the preponderance of testimony adduced. The law provides that the merchant appraiser shall be familiar with the character and value of the goods in question, and it is presumed that the general appraiser will have or will acquire such expert knowledge of the goods he is to appraise as to enable him to intelligently perform his official duty with a due regard for the rights of all parties and independently of the testimony of interested witnesses. The functions of the reappraising board are the same as those of the original appraisers. They are themselves to appraise the goods, and not to depend for their information upon the appraisement of so-called 'experts' in the line of the goods in question. I am informed that it is the practice to hold reappraisements on certain days of the week, within the hours of twelve and three, and that, owing to the number of appeals pending, two or more cases are often heard at the same time by different merchant appraisers, all acting in conjunction with the general appraiser; that importers and witnesses are permitted to throng the general appraiser's office, in whose presence the conclusions of the appraising board are often announced, and that, if such conclusions are not satisfactory to the importer, he is allowed to protest and reargue the case, with a view to a modification of the finding, in which he is often successful. It is plain that all this is a wide departure from the methods of reappraisement contemplated by the law and regulations, and must necessarily result in injury to the revenue and general demoralization among officials and importers. The local appraisers are expected to do their full duty in ascertaining, estimating, and appraising the true and actual market value or wholesale price of imported merchandise at the time of exportation and in the principal markets of the country whence the same has been imported. When appeals are taken from the valuation so found it is expected that the general appraiser and merchant appraiser selected to act with him will reappraise the merchandise in substantially the same manner as is pursued on original appraisement. Section 2922 of the Revised Statutes authorizes appraisers to call before them and examine under oath any owner, importer, consignee, or other person, touching anything which they may deem material in ascertaining the true market value or wholesale price of any merchandise imported. It is by this law that appraisers are authorized to summon witnesses, but there is no authority for the public examination of such witnesses or their cross-examination by importers, or counsel employed by such importers. The appraising officers are entitled to all information obtainable concerning the foreign market value of goods under consideration, but such information is not public property. It is due to merchants and others called to give such information that their statements shall be taken in the presence of official persons only. It must often occur that persons in possession of facts which would be of value to the appraisers in determining market values are deterred from appearing or testifying by the publicity given to reappraisement proceedings. Article 1416 of the regulations enjoins appraisers to give courteous and due attention to the explanations and statements of importers, in person or by representative, relating to the subject matter under investigation, but they are to limit the privilege so accorded to one person in each single case of reappraisement, to receive only statements of fact, and to require all facts to be stated concisely and not argumentatively. This regulation has been so construed that attorneys at law and custom house brokers have appeared and acted as representatives of the importer on reappraisement. Such a construction is erroneous. The representative of the importer in such cases should be his employee or salesman -- some person belonging to his house familiar with the facts touching the subject matter under consideration. There is no office here for the lawyer or custom house broker, and such persons, as well as all others nor officially called before the appraisers, should be excluded. This department expects that all appraising officers, including the general appraisers, will cooperate in all proper measures for the suppression of under valuations, and be just and uniform in the appraisement of imported merchandise, to the end that the tariff laws may be strictly enforced, and fair and honorable merchants protected from loss by the dishonest practices of unscrupulous importers."
"Experts have been employed at several of the foreign consulates for the purpose of enabling the consul to obtain and transmit to appraisers information as to cost of producing silks and other merchandise, so that these officers would have the means of ascertaining the cost or value of the materials composing such merchandise, together with the expense of manufacturing, preparing, and putting up such merchandise for shipment. . . . The law (section 2902 Revised Statutes) makes it your duty to ascertain, estimate, and appraise the true and actual market value and wholesale price of the merchandise at the time of exportation, and in the principal markets of the country whence the same has been imported into the United States, and when it appears that such true and actual market value cannot be ascertained to your satisfaction, you are to ascertain the cost of production, pursuant to the ninth section of the act of 1883, referred to, and in no case to appraise the goods at less than the cost so ascertained. These statutes are plain, and the appraising officers must comply with and enforce them."

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 § 2930
 § 2930