Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/288/152/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 08:04:14+00:00

Document:
1. Where one corporation has legally enforceable control of substantially all of the stock of another, the two are "affiliated," and must make a consolidated return under § 1331, Revenue Act of 1921, and § 24D, Revenue Act of 1918. P. 288 U. S. 153.
2. In determining whether the control is of substantially all of the stock, there is no ground for excluding preferred stock outstanding with voting rights, even though it be redeemable at any time and have a limited interest in dividends. P. 288 U. S. 154.
3. Ownership by the one corporation of all the common stock and none of the preferred stock of the other, giving control of only 77% of all stock outstanding, held insufficient for affiliation. P. 288 U. S. 156.
Certiorari, 287 U.S. 582, to review a judgment reversing the Board of Tax Appeals, 15 B.T.A. 1084, and sustaining a ruling of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
Act of 1921 (42 Stat. 319), as applicable to the year 1917, and § 240 of the Revenue Act of 1918 (40 Stat. 1081, 1082). The Circuit Court of Appeals, reversing the order of the Board of Tax Appeals (15 B.T.A. 1084), upheld the ruling of the Commissioner that the corporations were not affiliated, and must make separate returns. 57 F.2d 186. The case comes here on certiorari.
The following facts were found by the Board of Tax Appeals: the petitioner, Atlantic City Electric Company, is a public service corporation. During the years in question, it had outstanding 12,500 shares of common stock, of the par value of $100 per share, and 3,702 shares of preferred stock. Holders of preferred stock were entitled to vote, and that stock was preferred to the extent of an annual cumulative dividend of 6 percent and on final liquidation. The preferred stock was redeemable at any time, and had no interest in dividends except as above stated. The American Gas & Electric Company was a holding company. It owned all the common stock of the Atlantic City Electric Company and none of its preferred stock. 655 to 761 shares of that preferred stock were owned by stockholders of the American Gas & Electric Company, but the finding is that the control exercised by that company resulted "from its absolute ownership of the entire common stock of its subsidiaries, and not from control or ownership of preferred stock by its stockholders." Of the total outstanding stock of the Atlantic City Electric Company, preferred and common, the American Gas & Electric Company owned approximately 77 percent.
without binding force. There must be a control that is legally enforceable. Handy & Harman v. Burnet, 284 U. S. 136, 284 U. S. 140-141. And it must be control of "substantially all the stock." In Handy & Harman v. Burnet, supra, legally enforceable control of somewhat more than 75 percent of the stock was held to be insufficient. The question, then, is whether, in the instant case, the entire voting stock, preferred and common, should be considered in determining whether there was affiliation, or the common stock alone.
"based upon the principle of levying the tax according to the true net income and invested capital of a single business enterprise, even though the business is operated through more than one corporation."
In establishing ownership or control of substantially all the stock as the criterion of a business unit, the statute made no distinction between preferred and common stock. It referred simply to "stock," and we perceive no ground upon which stock with voting right can be treated as excepted. The Treasury Regulations under the Revenue Act of 1918 regarded the statutory requirement as relating to the "outstanding voting capital stock (not including stock in the treasury) at the beginning of and during the taxable year." Regulations No. 45, Art. 633. The same construction was given by the Department to the corresponding provision of the Revenue Act of 1921. Regulations No. 62, Art. 633. The Congress, in the Revenue Act of 1924, embodied this construction in the statute itself. [Footnote 2] Section 240(c)(1), 43 Stat. 288. See also Revenue Act of 1926, § 240(c)(d), 44 Stat. 46; Revenue Act of 1928, § 141(d), 45 Stat. 831; Revenue Act of 1932, § 141(d), 47 Stat. 213. Compare Schlafly v. United States, 4 F.2d 195, 200; Ice Service Co. v. Commissioner, 30 F.2d 230, 231; United States v. Cleveland, P. & E. R. Co., 42 F.2d 413; Commissioner v. City Button Works, 49 F.2d 705.
Realty Co., 39 F.2d 830; United States v. Cleveland, P. & E. R. Co., 42 F.2d 413. Despite redeemability and the limitation of dividends, the owners of the preferred stock were not in the position of creditors, but were stockholders with a proprietary interest in the corporate undertaking and with a corresponding relation, through the voting right, to the direction of that undertaking. The voting right remained unimpaired until actual redemption. The statute is not concerned with a failure to exercise existing rights, but with what is deemed to be a more certain and adequate test of a unitary enterprise. According to this test, petitioner failed to show affiliation. Burnet v. Howes Brothers Hide Co., 284 U.S. 583, 584.
"Affiliated Corporations. -- The provision of the statute requiring affiliated corporations to file consolidated returns is based upon the principle of levying the tax according to the true net income and invested capital of a single business enterprise, even though the business is operated through more than one corporation. Where one corporation owns the capital stock of another corporation or other corporations, or where the stock of two or more corporations is owned by the same interests, a situation results which is closely analogous to that of a business maintaining one or more branch establishments. In the latter case, because of the direct ownership of the property, the invested capital and net income of the branch form a part of the invested capital and net income of the entire organization. Where such branches or units of a business are owned and controlled through the medium of separate corporations, it is necessary to require a consolidated return in order that the invested capital and net income of the entire group may be accurately determined. Otherwise opportunity would be afforded for the evasion of taxation by the shifting of income through price-fixing, charges for services, and other means by which income could be arbitrarily assigned to one or another unit of the group. In other cases, without a consolidated return, excessive taxation might be imposed as a result of purely artificial conditions existing between corporations within a controlled group."
With respect to this provision, the report of the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives said: "The requirement that the stock held must be voting' stock merely embodies in the law the present rule of the Treasury Department." House Rep. No. 179, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 24.

References: § 1331
 § 24
 § 240
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 Art. 633
 Art. 633
 § 240
 § 141
 § 141
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