Source: http://www3.ce9.uscourts.gov/jury-instructions/node/529
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 19:05:28+00:00

Document:
Second, the defendant knowingly [used] [carried] [brandished] the [specify firearm] during and in relation to that crime.
A defendant [used] [carried] [brandished] a firearm "during and in relation to" the crime if the firearm facilitated or played a role in the crime.
In United States v. Thongsy, 577 F.3d 1036, 1043 n.5 (9th Cir.2009), the Ninth Circuit held that the former version of this instruction "should be revised to clarify there are two ways to prove an offense under § 924(c): the defendant either (1) used or carried a firearm ‘during and in relation to’ a crime or (2) possessed a firearm ‘in furtherance of’ a crime." Use this instruction when the defendant is charged with using, carrying, or brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime. When the defendant is charged with possessing a firearm in furtherance of a crime, use Instruction 8.72 (Firearms—Possession in Furtherance of Crime of Violence or Drug Trafficking Crime).
The trial judge may want to consider having separate instructions regarding using and brandishing a firearm, depending on how the case is charged.
If the crime of violence or drug trafficking crime is not charged in the same indictment, the elements of the crime must also be listed and the jury must be instructed that each element must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
The Supreme Court has construed the term "use" to require proof that "the defendant actively employed the firearm during and in relation to the predicate crime." Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 150 (1995). "The active-employment understanding of ‘use’ certainly includes brandishing, displaying, bartering, striking with, and, most obviously, firing or attempting to fire a firearm." Id. at 148. "[A] reference to a firearm calculated to bring about a change in the circumstances of the predicate offense is a ‘use,’ just as the silent but obvious and forceful presence of a gun on a table can be a ‘use.’" Id. Although a person uses a firearm when he or she trades it for drugs, Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 241 (1993), a person does not "use" a firearm when he or she receives it in trade for drugs, Watson v. United States, 552 U.S. 74, 83 (2007).
The Supreme Court has construed the term "carry" to include carrying on a person or vehicle. Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 130-33(1998). "‘Carry’ implies personal agency and some degree of possession .　.　.　." Id. at 134. However, the firearm need not be "immediately accessible." Id. at 138; see also id. at 126-27 (carrying "applies to a person who knowingly possesses and conveys firearms in a vehicle, including in the locked glove compartment or trunk of a car, which the person accompanies"); United States v. Long, 301 F.3d 1095, 1106 (9th Cir.2002).
"[T]he term ‘brandish’ means, with respect to a firearm, to display all or part of the firearm, or otherwise make the presence of the firearm known to another person, in order to intimidate that person, regardless of whether the firearm is directly visible to that person." 18 U.S.C. §　924(c)(4). The "brandishing" of a firearm is a type of "use", but carries a greater penalty. Compare id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (setting statutory minimum penalty for "use" at five years) with id. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii) (setting statutory minimum penalty for "brandishing" at seven years). See also United States v. Carter, 560 F.3d 1107, 1114 (9th Cir.2009) (remanding for re-sentencing when it was unclear whether court found the defendant "used" or "brandished" a firearm).
Discharging a firearm is another type of "use" that carries a penalty greater than that for brandishing. See 18 U.S.C. §　924(c)(1)(A)(iii) (setting statutory minimum penalty for "discharge" of a firearm at ten years).Therefore, when discharging is alleged, this instruction should be modified accordingly. The statute does not contain a definition of the term "discharge." The Supreme Court has held that discharge of a firearm does not require proof of intent to discharge. Dean v. United States, 556 U.S. 568, 577 (2009) (discharge of firearm does not require separate proof of intent; "10-year mandatory minimum applies if a gun is discharged in the course of a violent or drug trafficking crime, whether on purpose or by accident").
Whether the defendant brandished or discharged a firearm is a question that must be submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt. See Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2155 (2013) (holding that "any fact that increases the mandatory minimum [sentence] is an ‘element’ that must be submitted to the jury").
Similarly, whether the defendant used, carried, or brandished any of the firearm types listed in 18 U.S.C. §　924(c)(1)(B) is an element of a separate, aggravated crime to be proved to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Castillo v. United States, 530 U.S. 120, 131 (2000); United States v. O’Brien, 560 U.S. 218, 231-35 (2010) (fact that firearm is a machinegun is an element of offense to be proved to jury beyond a reasonable doubt). In appropriate cases, a special interrogatory may be used to determine the jury’s findings as to whether the defendant used, carried, or brandished particular firearm types listed in 18 U.S.C. §　924(c)(1)(B). See Castillo, 530 U.S. at 128.
Whether a particular crime is a crime of violence is a question of law. See United States v. Amparo, 68 F.3d 1222, 1226 (9th Cir.1995) (crime of violence); 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(2) (drug trafficking crime).
See United States v. Potter, 630 F.3d 1260, 1261 (9th Cir. 2011) (defendant charged under §　924(c)(1)(A) was not entitled to a "Second Amendment defense" instruction).

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