Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/225/501/
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 10:47:22+00:00

Document:
Where appellant, as complainant below, attacked as unconstitutional a state statute under which the sale of his product was interfered with by the state officer enforcing the statute, and a general demurrer for want of equity is sustained, this Court has jurisdiction of the appeal; nor will the appeal be dismissed because the bill, in one of its allegations, asserted that complainant's product was not one of those specified in the act, if, as in this case, the bill also alleged that the proper state officer had construed the statute as applicable thereto.
Sales made in one state to be delivered free on board at a point therein, to be delivered to consumers in another state in the original unbroken packages, freight to be paid by purchaser, constitutes interstate commerce.
Commerce among the states is not a technical legal conception, but a practical one drawn from the course of business. Protection accorded to interstate commerce by the federal Constitution extends to the sale by the receiver of the goods in the original packages.
An attack by state authorities upon purchasers of goods manufactured in and shipped from another state inflicts injury upon the manufacturer by reducing the interstate sales, and if this result can only be prevented by complying with illegal demands, under an unconstitutional state statute, equity will grant relief.
Regulating the sale of food for domestic animals is properly within the scope of the state police power, and the vendors of such food are not deprived of their property without due process of law by a regulation requiring disclosure of ingredients and minimum percentage of fat and proteins, disclosure of the formula for combination not being required, and so held as to the statute of Indiana of 1907.
Quaere whether a state can require disclosure of formulas for trade secret for mixture of a harmless article whose value depends upon the mixture.
While the state cannot, under cover of exerting its police power, directly regulate or burden interstate commerce, a police regulation which has real relation to the proper protection of the people, and is reasonable in its terms, and does not conflict with any valid act of Congress, is not unconstitutional because it may incidentally affect interstate commerce.
Where a state police statute involving inspection of goods is enforced by the affixing of stamps, it will not be held unconstitutional as a revenue measure in disguise if the bill does not allege any facts to show that the charge for stamps is unreasonable and the total sale is so much in excess of the cost of inspection as to impute bad faith.
One whose sales are so large as to require stamps far in excess of the minimum amount to be issued is not prejudiced by the requirement to purchase such minimum amount of stamps.
No state statute which even affects incidentally interstate commerce is valid if it is repugnant to the Federal Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, the object of which is to prevent adulteration and misbranding and keep adulterated and misbranded articles out of interstate commerce.
Where an act of Congress relating to a subject on which the state may act also, limits its prohibitions, it leaves the subject open to state regulation as to the prohibitions which are unenumerated.
entire scheme must be considered, and that which needs must be implied has no less force than that which is expressed.
The intent of Congress to supersede the exercise by the states of their police power will not be inferred unless the Act of Congress, fairly interpreted, is in actual conflict with the law of the state.
The statute of Indiana regulating the sale, and requiring formula of ingredients of, concentrated commercial food for stock is a proper and reasonable exercise of legislative police authority for the protection of the people of the state. The act is not unconstitutional as depriving a vendor of such food who lives in another state and ships it therefrom to Indiana either as a regulation of, or burden upon, interstate commerce, as depriving any vendor thereof of his property without due process of law, or as a revenue measure beyond the power of the state, nor does the requirement for publishing the ingredients conflict in any manner with the Food and Drugs Act of 1906.
Although the Food and Drugs Act prohibits misbranding, it does not require publication of ingredients, and in that respect the field is left open for state legislation.
in the United States; that, on investigations made by the United States Internal Revenue Department, it was determined that the preparation was not feeding stuff nor a condimental stock food, but was a proprietary or patent medicine within the meaning of the revenue laws of 1863 and 1898, and that subsequent to the enactment by Congress of the food and drugs Act of 1906 (June 30, 1906, 34 Stat. 768, c. 3915), the administrative officers of the United States government duly determined that it was a medicine, and not a food, within the meaning of that act.
"and has stated and declared to your orator, and now threatens that, unless your orator has attached in a conspicuous place on the outside of each package of your orator's said medicinal preparation offered for sale within the State of Indiana, a printed statement, clear and truthful, certifying, among other things, the name of the manufacturer and shipper, the place of manufacture, the place of business, and chemical analysis, stating the percentage of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber contained in said preparation, and have all its constituents determined by the methods adopted by the session of official agricultural chemists, and shall also state upon said package the names of each ingredient of which said preparation is composed, he will cause the arrest and prosecution of every person dealing or trading in the medicinal preparation of your orator within the State of Indiana."
throughout the State of Indiana to dealers and others who are customers, directly or indirectly, of complainant, many thousand circular letters warning them against the sale of said preparation, and threatening that prosecution will be instituted against all persons engaged in the sale thereof unless and until the complainant shall have complied with the provisions of said act.
"in the State of Indiana are made at the City of Minneapolis, State of Minnesota, to be delivered free on board of cars at Minneapolis, Minnesota, and delivered to purchasers and consumers within the State of Indiana in the original unbroken packages, freight being paid thereon by the consumers and purchasers."
That, unless restrained, the defendant will continue to annoy and intimidate the numerous persons engaged in selling the preparation in Indiana by threats of criminal prosecution, and will report to the various prosecuting attorneys of the state the sales that may come to his notice, and instigate prosecutions of the sellers as violators of the statute, thereby obstructing the complainant in the conduct of his business in the State of Indiana and interfering with his property rights, to his irreparable injury, for which there is no adequate legal remedy. That many hundreds of persons engaged in selling the preparation have already discontinued their purchases and sales because of the fear of criminal prosecution induced by the defendant's threats, and that large numbers of those who are still handling it will be induced by such threats to discontinue its sale.
"that the only nutritive substance or ingredients . . . are employed as diluents in so small an amount as to produce no feeding effect whatever, but for the sole purpose of rendering medicinal bitter roots, herbs, barks, and seeds more acceptable to the animal stomach;"
that directions for use accompany each package, and in every case there is a statement plainly showing that the preparation is to be used to cure disease, and not in place of or as a substitute for any grain or feed. That nevertheless, the defendant, who, in his official capacity, is charged by law with the enforcement of the statute, has construed it to apply to complainant's product.
That, under § 3 of the statute of Indiana, the state chemist is to register the facts set forth in the certificate required by § 1 as a permanent record, and to furnish stamps or labels, showing such registration, to manufacturers or agents desiring to sell the concentrated commercial feeding stuff so registered in amounts not less than the value of five dollars or multiples of five dollars for any one such product; that, by § 5, the state chemist is to receive one dollar for each one hundred stamps, and that the proceeds thus derived are to be paid into the treasury of the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, to be expended in carrying out the provisions of the statute and for any other expenses of such station, as authorized by law.
of law, whether such preparation contain any poisonous or deleterious element or ingredient, to disclose the formulae by which they are compounded, and the ingredients and proportions thereof, which embody valuable trade secrets, and that, if the act is enforced against the complainant, he will be deprived of his property contrary to the said Amendment.
That the statute also violates § 8 of Article I of the Constitution of the United States as an unreasonable interference with interstate commerce in which the complainant is engaged.
That further, the statute is invalid under § 19 of Article IV of the Constitution of the State of Indiana in that the title does not express the requirement that manufacturers or dealers shall disclose the formulae by which their products are manufactured, or the ingredients or proportions.
That, for many years, the complainant's preparation has been offered for sale in packages of different sizes, holding respectively 24 ounces, 3 pounds, 6 pounds, and 25 pounds; that, under the terms of the statute, the complainant would be required to pay the same amount of tax for a package of 24 ounces that other commodities and manufacturers thereof pay for a package of one hundred pounds, and that this discrimination is unreasonable and unconstitutional.
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection law.
The bill prays that the defendant may be enjoined from taking any action against the complainant, interfering with his right to vend and convey his preparations in the State of Indiana, from instituting any proceedings to punish him for failure to comply with the defendant's demands, from giving out orally or in writing to the various prosecuting officers of the state, or to any other agents thereof charged with the enforcement of its law, or to the public, any threats of prosecution, or information upon which prosecutions are requested or may be based, and from otherwise seeking to prevent the conduct of the complainant's business in the state, or to discredit the reputation of his remedy.
The defendant demurred to the bill upon the ground that it was wholly without equity, and that the court was without jurisdiction. Upon the former ground, the bill was dismissed.
The principal contention in support of this appeal is that the statute of Indiana (Acts 1907, chapter 206), the provisions of which have been set forth, is an unconstitutional interference with the complainant's right to engage in interstate commerce.
A preliminary question arises with respect to the jurisdiction of this Court, by reason of the allegation of the bill that the complainant's product is not a "concentrated commercial feeding stuff" within the true meaning of the act, and that, so interpreted, the statute would not apply. But it was also alleged that the state chemist, who was authorized to enforce the statute, had construed it to be applicable to the commodity which is commercially known as "International Stock Food," and, thus charged by the officer with the duty of obedience, the complainant in his bill challenged the constitutionality of the legislation. The grounds for the attack were not found in the conclusions reached by the officer as to the nature of the article, in administering an act otherwise conceded to be valid (Arbuckle v. Blackburn, 191 U. S. 405, 191 U. S. 414), but in the provisions of the statute itself, as applied to the articles within its purview while in the course of interstate commerce. A general demurrer, for want of equity, was sustained, and in view of the substantial character of the contention, the case must be regarded as one in which the law of a state is claimed to be in contravention of the Constitution of the United States. Act of March 3, 1891, c. 517, § 5; Penn. Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Austin, 168 U. S. 685, 168 U. S. 694; Loeb v. Columbia Township, 179 U. S. 472, 179 U. S. 478; Lampasas v. Bell, 180 U. S. 276, 180 U. S. 282.
It is said that the complainant is not entitled to invoke the constitutional protection, in that he fails to show injury.
"and delivered to purchasers and consumers within the State of Indiana in the original unbroken packages, freight being paid thereon by the consumers and purchasers."
article within the state, and had distributed broadcast throughout the state warning circulars. If the statute of Indiana, as applied to sales by importing purchasers in the original packages, constitutes an unwarrantable interference with interstate commerce in the complainant's product, he had standing to complain, and was entitled to relief against enforcement by the defendant of the illegal demands. Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S. 107, 165 U. S. 112; Ex Parte Young, 209 U. S. 125, 209 U. S. 159-160; Ludwig v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 216 U. S. 146; Hopkins v. Clemson College, 221 U. S. 636, 221 U. S. 643-645; Philadelphia Co. v. Stimson, 223 U. S. 605, 223 U. S. 620-621.
We are thus brought to the examination of the statute. The question of its constitutional validity may be considered in two aspects: (1) independently of the operation and effect of the Act of Congress of June 30, 1906, c. 3915, 34 Stat. 768, known as "The Food and Drugs Act," and (2) in the light of this federal enactment.
First. The statute relates to the sale of various sorts of food for domestic animals, embraced in the term "Concentrated commercial feeding stuff," as defined in the act. It requires the filing of a statement and a sworn certificate, the affixing of a label bearing certain information, and a stamp.
per cent of protein, and the maximum percentage of crude fiber which the manufacturer or person offering the article for sale guarantees it to contain, these constituents to be determined by the methods recommended by the association of official agricultural chemists of the United States. The state chemist is to register the facts set forth in the certificate in a permanent record (§ 3).
Section 2 provides that there shall be affixed to every package or sample of the article a tag or label which shall be accepted as a guaranty of the manufacturer, importer, dealer, or agent, and shall have plainly printed thereon (a) the number of net pounds of feeding stuff in the package, (b) the name, brand, or trademark under which it is sold, (c) the name of the manufacturer, (d) the location of the principal office of the manufacturer, and (e) the guaranteed analysis, stating the minimum percentage of crude fat and crude protein, determined as described in § 1, and the ingredients from which the article is compounded.
A stamp purchased from the state chemist, showing that the article has been registered and that the inspection tax has been paid, is to be affixed for each one hundred pounds or fraction thereof, special provision being made for the delivery of an equivalent number of stamps on sale in bulk. By an amendment of 1909, stamps are to issued by the state chemist to cover twenty-five, fifty, and one hundred pounds (Acts 1909, chapter 46, p. 106). He is not required to sell stamps in less amount than to the value of five dollars, or multiples thereof, for any one feeding stuff, or to register any certificate unless accompanied by an order and fees for stamps to the amount of five dollars, or some multiple of that sum (§ 3). Sworn statements are to be filed annually of the number of net pounds of each brand of feeding stuff sold or offered for sale in the state (§ 4).
"in meeting all necessary expenses in carrying out the provisions of this act, including the employment of inspectors, chemists, expenses in procuring samples, printing bulletins giving the results of the work of feeding-stuff inspection, as provided for by this act, and for any other expenses of said Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, as authorized by law."
A classified report of the receipts and expenditures is to be made to the governor of the state annually (§ 5).
Anyone selling, or offering for sale any feeding stuff which has not been registered and labeled and stamped as required by the act, or which is found by an analysis made by the state chemist, or under his direction, to contain "a smaller percentage of crude fat or crude protein than the minimum guaranty," or is "labeled with a false or inaccurate guaranty," and anyone who adulterates any feeding stuff "with foreign mineral matter or other foreign substance, such as rice hulls, chaff, mill sweepings," etc., "or other materials of less or of little or no feeding value without plainly stating on the label hereinbefore described, the kind and amount of such mixture," or who adulterates with any substances injurious to the health of domestic animals, or alters the state chemist's stamp, or uses it a second time, or fails to make the sworn statement as to annual sales as required, is guilty of a misdemeanor and is subject to fine (§ 6).
"the registration of any feeding stuff under a name which would be misleading as to the materials of which it is made, or when the percentage of crude fiber is above or the percentage of crude fat or crude protein below the standards adopted for concentrated commercial feeding stuffs."
The evident purpose of the statute is to prevent fraud and imposition in the sale of food for domestic animals -- a matter of great importance to the people of the state. Its requirements were directed to that end, and they were not unreasonable. It was not aimed at interstate commerce, but, without discrimination, sought to promote fair dealing in the described articles of food. The practice of selling feeding stuffs under general descriptions gave opportunity for abuses which the Legislature of Indiana determined to correct, and, to safeguard against deception, it required a disclosure of the ingredients contained in the composition. The bill complains of the injury to manufacturers if they are forced to reveal their secret formulas and processes. We need not here express an opinion upon this question, in the breadth suggested, as the statute does not compel a disclosure of formulas or manner of combination. It does demand a statement of the ingredients, and also of the minimum percentage of crude fat and crude protein, and of the maximum percentage of crude fiber -- a requirement of obvious propriety in connection with substances purveyed as feeding stuffs.
The state cannot, under cover of exerting its police powers, undertake what amounts essentially to a regulation of interstate commerce, or impose a direct burden upon that commerce. Hannibal & St. J. R. Co. v. Husen, 95 U.S.
465, 95 U. S. 474; Walling v. Michigan, 116 U. S. 446; Bowman v. Chicago &c. Ry. Co., 125 U. S. 465; Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 100; Minnesota v. Barber, 136 U. S. 313; Brimmer v. Rebman, 138 U. S. 78; Scott v. Donald, 165 U. S. 58; Schollenberger v. Pennsylvania, 171 U. S. 1, 171 U. S. 13; Houston & Texas Central R. Co. v. Mayes, 201 U. S. 321; Atlantic Coast Line v. Wharton, 207 U. S. 328; Adams Express Co. v. Kentucky, 214 U. S. 218. But when the local police regulation has real relation to the suitable protection of the people of the state, and is reasonable in its requirements, it is not invalid because it may incidentally affect interstate commerce, provided it does not conflict with legislation enacted by Congress pursuant to its constitutional authority. Plumley v. Massachusetts, 155 U. S. 461; Hennington v. Georgia, 163 U. S. 299, 163 U. S. 317; N.Y., N.H. & H. R. Co. v. New York, 165 U. S. 628; Chicago, M. & St.P. Ry. Co. v. Solan, 169 U. S. 133; Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry. Co. v. Haber, 169 U. S. 613; Patapsco Guano Co. v. North Carolina, 171 U. S. 345; Reid v. Colorado, 187 U. S. 137; Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Hughes, 191 U. S. 477; Crossman v. Lurman, 192 U. S. 189; McLean v. Denver & Rio Grande R. Co., 203 U. S. 38, 203 U. S. 50; Asbell v. Kansas, 209 U. S. 251, 209 U. S. 254-256; Chicago, R.I. & P. Ry. Co. v. Arkansas, 219 U. S. 453.
compels the sale of oleomargarin for what it really is by preventing its sale for what it is not. Can it be that the Constitution of the United States secures to anyone the privilege of manufacturing and selling an article of food in such manner as to induce the mass of people to believe that they are buying something which, in fact is wholly different from that which is offered for sale? Does the freedom of commerce among the states demand a recognition of the right to practice a deception upon the public in the sale of any articles, even those that may have become the subject of trade in different parts of the country? . . . Such legislation may indeed indirectly or incidentally affect trade in such products transported from one state to another state. But that circumstance does not show that laws of the character alluded to are inconsistent with the power of Congress to regulate commerce among the [several] states."
been complied with, and any such fertilizer as shall be ascertained by analysis not to contain the ingredients and percentage set forth as above provided shall be liable to seizure and condemnation."
A charge of twenty-five cents per ton on such materials was laid for the purpose of defraying the expenses connected with the inspection, and the department of agriculture was authorized to establish an experiment station and to employ an analyst whose duty it was to analyze such fertilizers and products as might be required by the department and to aid so far as practicable in suppressing fraud in their sale.
"Whenever inspection laws act on the subject before it becomes an article of commerce, they are confessedly valid, and also when, although operating on articles brought from one state into another, they provide for inspection in the exercise of that power of self-protection commonly called the police power."
of inspection and payment of its cost bring the act into collision with the commercial power vested in Congress? Clearly this cannot be so as to foreign commerce, for clause two of section ten of article one expressly recognizes the validity of state inspection laws and allows the collection of the amounts necessary for their execution, and we think the same principle must apply to interstate commerce. In any view, the effect on that commerce is indirect and incidental, and 'the Constitution of the United States does not secure to anyone the privilege of defrauding the public.'"
It cannot be doubted that, within the principle of these decisions, and of the others above cited, the State of Indiana -- assuming for the present that there was no conflict with federal legislation -- was entitled, in the exercise of its police power, to require the disclosure of the ingredients contained in the feeding stuffs offered for sale in the state, and to provide for their inspection and analysis. The provisions for the filing of a certificate, for registration and for labels were merely incidental to these requirements, and were appropriate means for accomplishing the legitimate purpose of the act. It is said that the statute permits the state, through its officials, to set up arbitrary standards governing conditions of manufacture. But it does not appear that any arbitrary standard has been set up, or that there has been any attempt to enforce one against the complainant. See Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Richmond, 224 U. S. 160, 224 U. S. 168. The complainant has declined to file the statement and to affix the labels containing the disclosure of ingredients for which the statute provides, and instead he resorts to this suit.
and certainly it cannot be said that aught appears "to justify the imputation of bad faith and change the character of the act." Patapsco Guano Co. v. Board of Agriculture, supra; McLean v. Denver & Rio Grande R. Co., supra; Red "C" Oil Co. v. North Carolina, 222 U. S. 380, 222 U. S. 393. With respect to the requirement of an advance payment for stamps, to the value of five dollars, to accompany the certificate, we need not say more than that the complainant is plainly not prejudiced in view of the alleged extent of his sales.
Second. The question remains whether the statute of Indiana is in conflict with the Act of Congress known as the Food and Drugs Acts of June 30, 1906. For the former, so far as it affects interstate commerce even indirectly and incidentally, can have no validity if repugnant to the federal regulation. Reid v. Colorado, 187 U. S. 137, 187 U. S. 146-147; Asbell v. Kansas, 209 U. S. 251, 209 U. S. 256-257; Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Washington, 222 U. S. 370, 222 U. S. 378; Southern Ry. Co. v. Reid, 222 U. S. 424, 222 U. S. 436.
"out of the channels of interstate commerce, or, if they enter such commerce, to condemn them while being transported or when they have reached their destinations, provided they remain unloaded, unsold, or in original unbroken packages."
Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States, 220 U. S. 45, 220 U. S. 54. To determine the scope of the act with respect to feeding stuffs, we must examine its definitions of the adulteration and misbranding of food, the term "food" including "all articles used for food, drink, confectionary, or condiment by man or other animals, whether simple, mixed, or compound"
design, or device regarding it or the ingredients or substances it contains which shall be false or misleading (§ 8). But this does not cover the entire ground. It is one thing to made a false or misleading statement regarding the article or its ingredients, and it may be quite another to give no information as to what the ingredients are. As is well known, products may be sold, and in case of so-called proprietary articles frequently are sold, under tradenames which do not reveal the ingredients of the composition, and the proprietors refrain from revealing them. Moreover, in defining what shall be adulteration or misbranding for the purposes of the federal act, it is provided that mixtures or compounds known as articles of food under their own distinctive names, not taking or imitating the distinctive name of another article, which do not contain "any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients" shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded if the name be accompanied on the same label or brand with a statement of the place of manufacture (§ 8).
proprietary foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredient to disclose their trade formulas "except insofar as the provisions of this act may require to secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding" (§ 8). We have already noted the limitations of the provisions referred to. And it is clear that this proviso merely relates to the interpretation of the requirements of the act, and does not enlarge its purview or establish a rule as to matters which lie outside its prohibitions.
Is, then, a denial to the state of the exercise of its power for the purposes in question necessarily implied in the federal statute? For when the question is whether a federal act overrides a state law, the entire scheme of the statute must, of course, be considered, and that which needs must be implied is of no less force than that which is expressed. If the purpose of the act cannot otherwise be accomplished -- if its operation within its chosen field else must be frustrated and its provisions be refused their natural effect -- the state law must yield to the regulation of Congress within the sphere of its delegated power. Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Albilene Cotton Oil Co., 204 U. S. 426; Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. Washington, supra; Southern R. Co. v. Reid, supra.
U.S. 370, 222 U. S. 379; Southern Ry. Co. v. Reid, 222 U. S. 424, 222 U. S. 442.
one state to another, any livestock knowing them to be so affected. It was made the duty of the commissioner of agriculture to notify the proper officials or agents of transportation companies doing business in any infected locality of the existence of contagion, and the operators of railroads, or the owners or custodians of livestock within such infected district, who should knowingly violate the provisions of the act, were to be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by fine or imprisonment.
out of the introduction into that state of cattle so affected. And, as will be seen from the regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, that officer did not assume to give protection to anyone against such liability."
In Reid v. Colorado, supra, the question arose under a statute of Colorado which had been passed to prevent the introduction into the state of diseased animals. The statute made it a misdemeanor for anyone to bring into the state between April 1 and November 1 any cattle or horses from a state, territory, or county south of the 36th parallel of north latitude unless they had been held at some place north of that parallel at least ninety days prior to importation, or unless the owner or person in charge should procure from the state veterinary sanitary board a certificate or bill of health to the effect that the cattle or horses were free from all infectious or contagious diseases and had not been exposed thereto at any time within the preceding ninety days. The expense of any inspection in connection therewith was to be paid by the owner.
reason that, although the two statutes related to the same general subject, they did not cover the same ground, and were not inconsistent with each other.
"It should never be held that Congress intends to supersede or by its legislation suspend the exercise of the police powers of the states, even when it may do so, unless its purpose to affect that result is clearly manifested. This Court has said -- and the principle had been often reaffirmed -- that,"
offense against the United States for anyone knowingly to take or send from one state or territory to another state or territory, or into the District of Columbia, or from the District into any state, livestock affected with infectious or communicable disease. The Animal Industry Act did not make it an offense against the United States to send from one state into another livestock which the shipper did not know were diseased. The offense charged upon the defendant in the state court was not the introduction into Colorado of cattle that he knew to be diseased. He was charged with having brought his cattle into Colorado from certain counties in Texas, south of the 36th parallel of north latitude, without said cattle's having been held at some place north of said parallel of latitude for at least the time required prior to their being brought into Colorado, and without having procured from the state veterinary sanitary board a certificate or bill of health to the effect that his cattle -- in fact -- were free from all infectious or contagious diseases, and had not been exposed at any time within ninety days prior thereto to any such diseases, but had declined to procure such certificate or have the inspection required by the statute. His knowledge as to the actual condition of the cattle was of no consequence under the state enactment or under the charge made."
"Our conclusion is that the statute of Colorado, as here involved, does not cover the same ground as the Act of Congress, and therefore is not inconsistent with that act, and its constitutionality is not to be questioned unless it be in violation of the Constitution of the United States, independently of any legislation by Congress."
caused them to be inspected and passed as healthy by the proper state officials or by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Interior Department of the United States. The Court held that the statute was a valid exercise of the power of the state unless it were in conflict with the act of Congress. It appeared that, since the decision in Reid v. Colorado, 187 U. S. 137, Congress had provided that, where an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry had issued a certificate that he had inspected livestock and found them free from communicable disease, they should be transported into any state or territory without further inspection or the exaction of fees of any kind, except such as might be required by the Secretary of Agriculture. But as the law of Kansas recognized the federal certificate, a conflict with the Act of Congress was avoided, and hence the conviction under the state law was sustained.
Applying these established principles to the present case, no ground appears for denying validity to the statute of Indiana. That state has determined that it is necessary, in order to secure proper protection from deception, that purchasers of the described feeding stuffs should be suitably informed of what they are buying, and has made reasonable provision for disclosure of ingredients by certificate and label, and for inspection and analysis. The requirements the enforcement of which the bill seeks to enjoin are not in any way in conflict with the provisions of the federal act. They may be sustained without impairing in the slightest degree its operation and effect. There is no question here of conflicting standards, or of opposition of state to federal authority. It follows that the complainant's bill in this aspect of the case was without equity.
Other objections urged by the bill to the validity of the statute, save so far as they may be deemed to involve the questions that have already been considered, have not been pressed in argument, and need not be discussed.
Recurring to the contention that the product of the complainant is not within the statute, it is evident that, assuming the validity of the enactment, the complainant showed no ground for resorting to equity, as the nature of the composition must be determined according to the fact, in the course of due proceedings for that purpose.
The demurrer was properly sustained.
Acts 1907, Chapter 206, page 354, Indiana.
"An Act to Provide for the Inspection and Analysis of, and to Regulate the Sale of, Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuff in the Indiana; to Prohibit the Sale of Fraudulent or Adulterated Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs; to Define the Term 'Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs;' to Provide for Guaranties of the Ingredients of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs; for the Affixing of Labels and Stamps to the Packages Thereof, as Evidence of the Guaranty and Inspection Thereof; to Provide for the Collection of an Inspection Fee from the Manufacturers of or Dealers in Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs; to Fix Penalties for the Violation of the Provisions of This Act, and to Authorize the Expenditure of the Funds Derived from the Inspection Fees."
"Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana that, before any concentrated commercial feeding stuff is sold, offered or exposed for sale in Indiana, the manufacturer, importer, dealer, agent, or person who causes it to be sold or offered for sale, by sample or otherwise, within this state, shall file with the state chemist of Indiana at the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University, a statement that he desires to offer such concentrated commercial feeding stuff for sale in this state, and also a certificate, the execution of which shall be sworn to before a notary public or other proper official, for registration, stating the name of the manufacturer, the location of the principal office of the manufacturer, the name, brand, or trademark under which the concentrated commercial feeding stuff will be sold, the ingredients from which the concentrated commercial feeding stuff is compounded, and the minimum percentage of crude fat or crude protein, allowing one percent of nitrogen to equal six and twenty-five hundreths percent of protein, and the maximum percentage of crude fiber which the manufacturer or person offering the concentrated commercial feeding stuff for sale guarantees it to contain; these constituents to be determined by the methods recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United States."
"SEC. 2. Any person, company, corporation, or agent that shall sell or offer, or expose for sale, any concentrated commercial feeding stuff in this state, shall affix, or cause to be affixed, to every package or sample of such concentrated commercial feeding stuff, in a conspicuous place on the outside thereof, a tag or label which shall be accepted as a guaranty of the manufacturer, importer, dealer, or agent, and which shall have plainly printed thereon in the English language, the number of net pounds of concentrated commercial feeding stuff in the package, the name, brand, or trademark under which the concentrated commercial feeding stuff is sold, the name of the manufacturer, the location of the principal office of the manufacturer, and the guaranteed analysis, stating the minimum percentage of crude fat and crude protein, determined as described in section 1, and the ingredients from which the concentrated commercial feeding stuff is compounded. For each one hundred pounds, or fraction thereof, the person, company, corporation, or agent, shall also affix a stamp purchased from the state chemist, showing that the concentrated commercial feeding stuff has been registered as required by section 1 of this act, and that the inspection tax has been paid. When concentrated commercial feeding stuff is sold in bulk a tag, as hereinbefore described, and a state chemist stamp, shall be delivered to the consumer with each one hundred pounds, or fraction thereof: Provided, That for wheat bran a special stamp covering fifty pounds shall be issued on request, and one such stamp, attached to the tag hereinbefore mentioned, shall be delivered to the purchaser with each fifty pounds or fraction thereof."
"SEC. 3. The state chemist shall register the facts set forth in the certificate required by section 1 of this act in a permanent record, and shall furnish stamps or labels showing the registration of such certificate to manufacturers or agents desiring to sell the concentrated commercial feeding stuff so registered at such times and in such numbers as the manufacturers or agents may desire: Provided, That the state chemist shall not be required to sell stamps or labels in less amount than to the value of five dollars ($5) or multiples of five dollars for any one concentrated commercial feeding stuff: Provided further, That the state chemist shall not be required to register any certificate unless accompanied by an order and fees for stamps or labels to the value of five dollars ($5) or some multiple of five dollars: Provided further, That such stamps or labels shall be printed in such form as the state chemist may prescribe: Provided further, That such stamps or labels shall be good until used."
"SEC. 4. On or before January 31st of each year, each and every manufacturer, importer, dealer, agent, or person, who causes any concentrated commercial feeding stuff to be sold or offered or exposed for sale in the State of Indiana shall file with the state chemist of Indiana a sworn statement, giving the number of net pounds of each brand of concentrated commercial feeding stuff he has sold or caused to be offered for sale in the state for the previous year, ending December 31st: Provided, That when the manufacturer, jobber, or importer of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff shall have filed the statement aforesaid, any person acting as agent for said manufacturer, importer, or jobber shall not be required to file such statement."
"SEC. 5. For the expense incurred in registering, inspecting, and analyzing concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, the state chemist shall receive for stamps or labels furnished one dollar per hundred: Provided, That for wheat bran, a special stamp as required by section 2 of this act shall be furnished at fifty cents per hundred. The money for said stamps, or labels, shall be forwarded to the said state chemist, who shall pay all such fees received by him to the director of the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University, by whom they shall be paid into the treasury of said Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, the board of control of which shall expend the same, on proper vouchers to be filed with the auditor of state in meeting all necessary expenses in carrying out the provisions of this act, including the employment of inspectors, chemists, expenses in procuring samples, printing bulletins giving results of the work of feeding-stuff inspection, as provided for by this act, and for any other expenses of said Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station as authorized by law. The director of said experiment station shall make to the governor, on or before February 15th of each year, a classified report showing the total receipts and expenditures of all fees received under the provisions of this act."
"SEC. 6. Any person, company, corporation, or agent that shall offer for sale, sell, or expose for sale any package or sample, or any quantity of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff which has not been registered with the state chemist as required by section 1 of this act, or which does not have affixed to it the tag and stamp required by section 2 of this act, or which is found by an analysis made by or under the direction of the state chemist to contain a smaller percentage of crude fat or crude protein than the minimum guaranty, or which shall be labeled with a false or inaccurate guaranty, or who shall adulterate any concentrated commercial feeding stuff with foreign mineral matter or other foreign substance, such as rice hulls, chaff, mill sweepings, peanut shells, corn bran, corncorb meal, oat hulls, oat clippings, or other materials of less or of little or no feeding value, without plainly stating on the label hereinbefore described, the kind and amount of such mixture, or who shall adulterate with any substance injurious to the health of domestic animals, or who shall alter the stamp, tag, or label of the state chemist, or shall use the name and title of the state chemist on a stamp, tag, or label not furnished by the state chemist, or shall use the stamp, tag, or label of the state chemist the second time, or shall refuse or fail to make the sworn statement required by section 4 of this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined in the sum of fifty dolalrs for the first offense, and in the sum of one hundred dollars for each subsequent offense. In all litigation arising from the purchase or sale of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff in which the composition of the same may be involved a certified copy of the official analysis, signed by the state chemist, shall be accepted as prima facie evidence of the composition of such concentrated commercial feeding stuff: Provided, That nothing in this act shall be construed to restrict or prohibit the sale of concentrated commercial feeding stuff in bulk to each other by importers, manufacturers, or manipulators who mix concentrated commercial feeding stuff for sale, or as preventing the free, unrestricted shipment of these articles in bulk to manufacturers or manipulators who mix concentrated commercial feeding stuff for sale, or to prevent the state chemist, or the Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station, or any person or persons deputized by said state chemist, making experiments with concentrated commercial feeding stuffs for the advancement of the science of agriculture."
"SEC. 7. The state chemist or any person by him deputized is hereby empowered to procure from any lot, parcel, or package of any concentrated commercial feeding stuff offered for sale or found in Indiana a quantity of concentrated commercial feeding stuff not to exceed two pounds: Provided, That such sample shall be drawn during reasonable business hours, or in the presence of the owner of the concentrated commercial feeding stuff, or of some person claiming to represent the owner."
"SEC. 8. Any person who shall prevent or strive to prevent the state chemist, or any person deputized by the state chemist, from inspecting and obtaining samples of concentrated commercial feeding stuff, as provided in this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in the sum of fifty dollars for the first offense, and in the sum of one hundred dollars for each subsequent offense."
"SEC. 9. The state chemist is hereby empowered to prescribe and enforce such rules and regulations relating to concentrated commercial feeding stuff as he may deem necessary to carry into effect the full intent and meaning of this act, and to refuse the registration of any feeding stuff under a name which would be misleading as to the materials of which it is made, or when the percentage of crude fiber is above or the percentage of crude fat or crude protein below the standards adopted for concentrated commercial feeding stuffs. The state chemist is further empowered to refuse to issue stamps or labels to any manufacturer, importer, dealer, agent, or person who shall sell or offer or expose for sale any concentrated commercial feeding stuff in this state, and refuse to submit the sworn statement required by § 4 of this act."
"SEC. 10. It shall be the duty of every prosecuting attorney to whom the state chemist shall report any violation of this act to cause proceedings to be commenced against the person or persons so violating the act, and the same prosecuted in the manner required by law."
"SEC. 11. The term 'concentrated commercial feeding stuff,' as used in this act, shall include linseed meals, cocoanut meals, gluten feeds, gluten meals, germ feeds, corn feeds, maize feeds, dairy feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewers' grains, malt sprouts, dried distillers' grains, dried beet refuse, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, rice bran, rice polish, peanut meals, oat feeds, corn and oat feeds, corn bran, wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat shorts and other mill byproducts not excluded in this section, ground beef or fish scraps, dried blood, blood meals, bone meals, tankage, meat meals, slaughterhouse waste products, mixed feeds, clover meals, alfalfa meals, and feeds, peavine meal, cotton seed meal, velvet bean meal, sucrine, mixed feeds, and mixed meals made from seeds or grains, and all materials of similar nature used for food for domestic animals, condimental feeds, poultry feeds, stock feeds, patented proprietary or trade and market stock and poultry feeds; but it shall not include straw, whole seeds, unmixed meals made directly from the entire grains of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat, and broom corn, nor wheat flours or other flours."
"SEC. 12. All laws and parts of laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed."
"SEC. 7. That, for the purposes of this act, an article shall be deemed to be adulterated. . . ."
"First. If any substance has been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality or strength."
"Second. If any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the article."
"Third. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted."
"Fifth. If it contain any added poisonous or other added deleterious ingredient which may render such article injurious to health: Provided, That when, in the preparation of food products for shipment, they are preserved by any external application applied in such manner that the preservative is necessarily removed mechanically, or by maceration in water, or otherwise, and directions for the removal of such preservative shall be printed on the covering or the package, the provisions of this act shall be construed as applying only when said products are ready for consumption."
"Sixth. If it consists in whole or in part or a filthy, decomposed, or putrid animal or vegetable substance, or any portion of an animal unfit for food, whether manufactured or not, or if it is the product of a diseased animal or one that has died otherwise than by slaughter."
"SEC. 8. That the term 'misbranded,' as used herein, shall apply to all drugs or articles of food, or articles which enter into the composition of food, the package or label of which shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding such article, or the ingredients or substances contained therein, which shall be false or misleading in any particular, and to any food or drug product which is falsely branded as to the state, territory, or country in which it is manufactured or produced."
"That, for the purposes of this act, an article shall also be deemed to be misbranded: . . ."
"First. If it be an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another article."
"Second. If it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser, or purport to be a foreign product when not so, or if the contents of the package as originally put up shall have been removed in whole or in part, and other contents shall have been placed in such package, or if it fail to bear a statement on the label of the quantity or proportion of any morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta eucane, chloroform, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilid, or any derivative or preparation of any of such substances contained therein."
"Third. If in package form, and the contents are stated in terms of weight or measure, they are not plainly and correctly stated on the outside of the package."
"Fourth. If the package containing it or its label shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding the ingredients or the substances contained therein, which statement, design, or device shall be false or misleading in any particular: Provided, That an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded in the following cases:"
"First. In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food, under their own distinctive names, and not an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another article, if the name be accompanied on the same label or brand with a statement of the place where said article has been manufactured or produced."
"Second. In the case of articles labeled, branded, or tagged so as to plainly indicate that they are compounds, imitations, or blends, and the word 'compound,' 'imitation,' or 'blend,' as the case may be, is plainly stated on the package in which it is offered for sale: Provided, That the term 'blend,' as used herein, shall be construed to mean a mixture of like substances, not excluding harmless coloring or flavoring ingredients used for the purpose of coloring and flavoring only: And provided further, That nothing in this act shall be construed as requiring or compelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredient to disclose their trade formulas, except insofar as the provisions of this act may require to secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding."

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 § 4