Source: http://www.textbooksfree.org/Managing%20the%20United%20States%20Constatution.htm
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 22:20:20+00:00

Document:
Age of Enlightenment philosophers like. He argued that each man had natural rights of equality, liberty, property, the necessity of consent, and limited government. These beliefs began a U.S. political discussion which centered on minimal state liberalism (today's conservatism) vs. active state liberalism (today's liberalism).
The US constitution was seen as very important because republican government had not succeeded due to an inability to limit majority power. Our Founding Fathers designed the constitution to promote political stability and control majority factions. Change would not be easy.
Controls included Separation of Powers in that authority was divided among three branches of government, the legislature, the President, and the courts. Within the legislature, power was again separated such that the Senate could stop a bill passed by the House of Representatives which initiates all revenue legislature. The President could veto a Congressional bill, Congress could override said veto with a 2/3 vote, and the Supreme Court soon found it could stop the President and Congress by declaring a law unconstitutional. See Marshals 1803 Power Grab which created a third separate power. These checks and balances among government branches were to protect minority rights from majority factions.
Americas Democracy had a difficult political beginning because of the violence and anarchy of the 1789-99 French Revolution. Many Americans were uneasy about their republican democracy. This helped Federalist and their active state liberalism ruled to control national politics.
A new tax was the first of many major controversies. It came when Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton orchestrated the 1789 import tax. Many believers in minimum state liberalism were unhappy. The tax revenue was needed to pay Revolutionary War debt of both state and federal governments. Relative to GDP, it was the largest federal debt to exist until 1933 when revenue collapsed causing D3 (deep-do-do). Thus Hamilton began the continuing practice of increasing taxes (though not enough) to pay for war. Repayment of resulting long-term debt was spread over many years allowing repayment in cheaper inflated dollars. This minimized, some would say postponed, the Nation's financial sacrifice.
A new practice of refinancing principal with new bonds to pay maturing bonds began after WWI. Some call this passing debt to our children but it has been seventy-five years and none has been paid. In terms of today's dollars, the WW2 created debt could be considered minimal.
The practice of lowering taxes during war began when Bush II cut taxes while starting two wars.
He also expanded the social safety net by creating Medicare Part D. This added to our large future liability compared to Social Security because changing demographics will solve potential SS liabilities.
Hamilton began the practices of the federal government paying state debt.
This dismayed Jefferson since Virginia had paid state debt.
Philosophical change, which would happen often, began with Jefferson when he purchased Louisiana even though he believed in minimal state liberalism. Others, Jackson being the most notable, followed minimal state liberalism. Then Lincoln used a strong federal government to preserve the Union. This lasted until the end of reconstruction when limited government helped by the Supreme Court fostered the Jim Crow Laws and the Gilded Age. The court did so by making owner property rights more important than worker personal liberties.
The new century brought Progressivism from Teddy Roosevelt and Windrow Wilson. Both believed in active state liberalist. The First Red Scare and unionism following WW I brought back minimal state liberalism. The Great recession allowed FDR to use active state liberalism to tame our Greatest Depression. Active state liberalism ended with the Second Red Scare.
We need guns not butter. The Korean War and The Cold War contributed to the feeling we needed security more than individual liberty. The 1962 Kennedy assassination gave LBJ the support needed to pass The Great Society anti-poverty programs. Active state liberalism was back. Stagflation of the 1970's allowed Ronald Regan to reverse course. He blamed active state liberalism for creating excess government regulation which slowed the economy.
A new century brought back Active State Liberalism. First another Scare, this time from terrorism made maximize public safety more important than. Active State Liberalism returned to solve the Great Recession which required government corporate bailouts and health care expansion.
which is not natural to the Human Brain.
and the Reptile Brain. This leads to dissatisfaction.
Important Items need special attention.
abortion attitudes have not changed.
Abortion is thus, by definition, an Important Item.
between individual and relegiouse rights to each state.
1809 U.S v. Peters Supreme Court (SC) voided a State Law.
1816 Martin v. Hunter Lessee ruled supreme Law of Land SC could void state court decisions.
1819 McCulloch v. Maryland limited state power by granting implied power to the federal government.
1834 Gibbons v. Ogden declared state sponsored monopolies involving interstate commerce illegal.
using the "separate but equal" doctrine.
1905 Lochner v. New York court took control of worker hours from the states. Business was happy.
1937 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish court allowed a state minimum wage ending the Lochner-era.
infringement not individuals. Discrimination by others coming from Jim Crow Laws were legal.
3) Supreme Court as "Supreme Constitutional Authority"
1832 Worcester v. Georgia President uses federal troops to back S.C. decision.
1877 Munn v. Illinois 1877 upheld the power of government to regulate private industries.
1895 Pollock v. Farmer's unapportioned income taxes on interest, dividends and rents as direct taxes, were unconstitutional 1895 U.S. v. E.C. Knight, the "Sugar Trust Case," limited government's control of monopolies.
2010 Citizens United decision, which determined that election-spending regulations restrict the right of corporations to free speech.
1789 Washington let Treasury Hamilton borrow without the required Congressional authority.
1991 Washington used Federal troops to fight Indians without Congressional declaration of war.
1791 Washington's unauthorized proclamation, troops to stop Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion.
1803 Jefferson ignored Constitution when buying Louisiana.
1798 Alien and Seditions Act attacked anti-federal government activist by eliminating their Bill of Rights.
1801 Judiciary Act ignored the Constitution and removed Federal judges. Reversed by 1802 Judiciary Act.
even decades, and requires a ruthless disposition."
Conservatives invested heavily in organizations that would nurture and support lawyers and justices who stuck to an �originalist� interpretation of the Constitution. This means their understanding is theoretically derived from the original meaning of the Constitution at the time it was written.
"A consortium of students and professors based at Yale Law School founded the Federalist Society in 1982" to helped recruit and provide career support for bright legal minds. It provided social-professional networks to connect law students with influential senior mentors. Reagan's Attorney General Edwin Meese helped with the administration�s selection of 400 federal judges using ideological profiling that made a conservative criteria important. Meese succeeded in the selection process and convinced many they were fulfilling founding father intentions. The Institute for Justice, the Center for Individual Rights and rightward philanthropists/organizations Joseph Coors, Charles, David Koch, and the Olin Foundation contributed much money to law schools like George Mason University. Schools with supportive of conservative professor whose research and ideas would educate students.
Prelude: Conservative President L. Johnson accomplished J. Kennedy Liberal Agenda changed the game.
"Though Powell�s memo was not the sole influence, the Chamber and corporate activists took his advice to heart and began building a powerful array of institutions designed to shift public attitudes and beliefs over the course of years and decades. The memo influenced or inspired the creation of the Heritage Foundation (1972)... Cato Institute(1974) ...." There success was enhanced by the Reagan Administration�s �hands-off business� philosophy.
1972 Business Round Table created to encourages business political activity.
The Chicago Boys represented a similar consortium fostering neoliberal (conservative in US) economics.
Kennedy as the �swing vote� votes of the Supreme Court.
in doing so kept alive the Court�s non-partisan legitimacy.
how those documents were to be interpreted.
a swing vote exemplify our "managed constitution."
led to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.
by awarding it to the second place finishers Bush 2 and Cheney.
by Gaius Publius, a professional writer living on the West Coast of the United States and frequent contributor to Down With Tyranny, digby, Truthout, and Naked Capitalism.
Follow him on Twitter @Gaius_Publius, Tumblr and Facebook.
Since 1806, the Senate tradition has not restricted debate time.
Was done to protect the rights of the minority?
In 1917, it required 2/3, LATER 3/5 majority to end debate ("cloture").
So today, 40% can force continued debate, i.e. filibuster.
a simple majority can force a final vote and resolution.
20th Century Court reversed Legislation about once a term.
Increased Legislation reversal led to more Nuclear Options.
It allows a simple majority to force process completion.
This leads to easier approval by a mere majority.
and more polarized court decisions.
Since the mid-1980s, largely at the urging of Justice Sandra Day O�Connor, some jurists have held that the Establishment Clause is best understood as prohibiting governments from doing things that a reasonable observer might understand to be endorsing religion.
The American Legion v. American Humanist Association involves a forty foot Latin cross erected by private citizens on private land to commemorate the 49 men from Prince George�s County, Maryland, who died in the First World War.
Due to safety concerns, Maryland took over the memorial, known as the Bladensburg cross, in 1961.
adjust as required by evolving circumstances.
Think Kennedy, Reagan, and Trump.
4) An expansion of "we the people"
continued with the addition sexuality.
oppressive government, religion, and potentially tyrannical organizations.
Some feel modern America has lost some of this space.
for writings about the U.S. constitution.
Lower the Risks of a financial elite corrupting the state.
Corporate/elite interpreted/filtered what is in the public interest.
people of their choice via issuing new currency and buying Treasury bonds.
The National Security State consisting of the FBI, CIA, NSA et al.
answer to themselves, not to the public or their representatives.
How can citizens protest their loss of representation?
of course, is to foster the illusion that elections really matter.
regardless of who's in office.
in positions to serve their own interests.
to expand the powers of the unaccountable, opaque states-within-a-state.
It does not contain much of the inflammatory language.
how there is little new about the author's complaints.
the Gilded Age caused much public reaction leading to worker protection.
protecting individual's natural rights. Which Rights?
individual economic and social equality?
Four out of five conservative Supreme Court justices were appointed by presidents who lost the popular vote.
Today�s �partisan chaos� is a direct result of Roe v. Wade, said Michael Barone. The all-out war over Brett Kavanaugh�s appointment to the Supreme Court would not be so heated if people on both sides didn�t think Roe might be at stake.
In 1973, 16 states with 41 percent of the nation�s population had already liberalized their abortion laws, and America would have had different laws in different regions, depending on the democratic process. But then seven justices delivered �an unusually sweeping� ruling that made abortion legal in almost all circumstances�and the country�s defining wedge issue.
Rather than settle the abortion debate, Roe inflamed it because neither side believes it can afford any compromise. As a direct result, every Supreme Court nominee battle has literally become a matter of life and death.
Democracy and a Republics are often used interchangeably though they represent two different political philosophies.
A Republic has "power controlled by the people."
A "Democracy begins with Majority Rule."
Minority rights are protected against factions by a separation of powers and a constitution.
who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community".
Has a U.S. Supreme Court justice ever been impeached?
A Machine That Would Go of Itself: The Constitution in American Culture.
How did the Founders view the court?
Framers devoted relatively little energy to the judiciary, leaving its powers mostly vague and undefined. Alexander Hamilton argued that the judiciary would be the "least dangerous'' branch, with the court's power resting in its prestige. Supreme Court heard only four cases. when John Jay, the first chief justice, resigned because the court lacked "energy, weight, and dignity."
With John Marshall the fourth chief justice appointed in 1801, he began carving out a more prominent role. Marbury v. Madison (1803 Marshall asserted the court's power to strike down laws passed by Congress as unconstitutional as the ".duty of the judicial department to say what the law is," It established judicial review as a keystone of constitutional law. The court repeatedly held federal laws superior to state laws. T "The constitution," an upset Jefferson wrote, "is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please."
After 34 years Marshall gave way to Roger B. Taney, who came from a family of slaveholding Maryland tobacco planters. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the court ruled against Dred Scott, an enslaved man from Missouri who sued for his freedom Scott, a black "...had no rights which the white man was bound to respect." It also ruled the federal government could not restrict slavery expansion striking down the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

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