Source: http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section7701&num=0&edition=prelim
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 00:45:27+00:00

Document:
The term "partnership" includes a syndicate, group, pool, joint venture, or other unincorporated organization, through or by means of which any business, financial operation, or venture is carried on, and which is not, within the meaning of this title, a trust or estate or a corporation; and the term "partner" includes a member in such a syndicate, group, pool, joint venture, or organization.
The term "corporation" includes associations, joint-stock companies, and insurance companies.
The term "domestic" when applied to a corporation or partnership means created or organized in the United States or under the law of the United States or of any State unless, in the case of a partnership, the Secretary provides otherwise by regulations.
The term "foreign" when applied to a corporation or partnership means a corporation or partnership which is not domestic.
The term "fiduciary" means a guardian, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, conservator, or any person acting in any fiduciary capacity for any person.
The term "stock" includes shares in an association, joint-stock company, or insurance company.
The term "shareholder" includes a member in an association, joint-stock company, or insurance company.
The term "Secretary of the Treasury" means the Secretary of the Treasury, personally, and shall not include any delegate of his.
The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate.
The term "delegate," in relation to the performance of functions in Guam or American Samoa with respect to the taxes imposed by chapters 1, 2, and 21, also includes any officer or employee of any other department or agency of the United States, or of any possession thereof, duly authorized by the Secretary (directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority) to perform such functions.
The term "Commissioner" means the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
The term "military or naval forces of the United States" and the term "Armed Forces of the United States" each includes all regular and reserve components of the uniformed services which are subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, or the Secretary of the Air Force, and each term also includes the Coast Guard. The members of such forces include commissioned officers and personnel below the grade of commissioned officers in such forces.
The term "withholding agent" means any person required to deduct and withhold any tax under the provisions of section 1441, 1442, 1443, or 1461.
As used in section 2516, if the husband and wife therein referred to are divorced, wherever appropriate to the meaning of such section, the term "wife" shall be read "former wife" and the term "husband" shall be read "former husband"; and, if the payments described in such section are made by or on behalf of the wife or former wife to the husband or former husband instead of vice versa, wherever appropriate to the meaning of such section, the term "husband" shall be read "wife" and the term "wife" shall be read "husband."
The term "international organization" means a public international organization entitled to enjoy privileges, exemptions, and immunities as an international organization under the International Organizations Immunities Act (22 U.S.C. 288–288f).
(xi) any regular or residual interest in a REMIC, but only in the proportion which the assets of such REMIC consist of property described in any of the preceding clauses of this subparagraph; except that if 95 percent or more of the assets of such REMIC are assets described in clauses (i) through (x), the entire interest in the REMIC shall qualify.
At the election of the taxpayer, the percentage specified in this subparagraph shall be applied on the basis of the average assets outstanding during the taxable year, in lieu of the close of the taxable year, computed under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. For purposes of clause (v), if a multifamily structure securing a loan is used in part for nonresidential purposes, the entire loan is deemed a residential real property loan if the planned residential use exceeds 80 percent of the property's planned use (determined as of the time the loan is made). For purposes of clause (v), loans made to finance the acquisition or development of land shall be deemed to be loans secured by an interest in residential real property if, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, there is reasonable assurance that the property will become residential real property within a period of 3 years from the date of acquisition of such land; but this sentence shall not apply for any taxable year unless, within such 3-year period, such land becomes residential real property. For purposes of determining whether any interest in a REMIC qualifies under clause (xi), any regular interest in another REMIC held by such REMIC shall be treated as a loan described in a preceding clause under principles similar to the principles of clause (xi); except that, if such REMIC's are part of a tiered structure, they shall be treated as 1 REMIC for purposes of clause (xi).
For the purpose of applying the provisions of section 79 with respect to group-term life insurance purchased for employees, for the purpose of applying the provisions of sections 104, 105, and 106 with respect to accident and health insurance or accident and health plans, and for the purpose of applying the provisions of subtitle A with respect to contributions to or under a stock bonus, pension, profit-sharing, or annuity plan, and with respect to distributions under such a plan, or by a trust forming part of such a plan, and for purposes of applying section 125 with respect to cafeteria plans, the term "employee" shall include a full-time life insurance salesman who is considered an employee for the purpose of chapter 21.
The term "levy" includes the power of distraint and seizure by any means.
The term "taxable year" means the calendar year, or the fiscal year ending during such calendar year, upon the basis of which the taxable income is computed under subtitle A. "Taxable year" means, in the case of a return made for a fractional part of a year under the provisions of subtitle A or under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the period for which such return is made.
The term "fiscal year" means an accounting period of 12 months ending on the last day of any month other than December.
The terms "paid or incurred" and "paid or accrued" shall be construed according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the taxable income is computed under subtitle A.
The term "trade or business" includes the performance of the functions of a public office.
The term "Tax Court" means the United States Tax Court.
The term "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" means this title, and the term "Internal Revenue Code of 1939" means the Internal Revenue Code enacted February 10, 1939, as amended.
(ii) one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust.
The term "foreign estate" means an estate the income of which, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includible in gross income under subtitle A.
The term "foreign trust" means any trust other than a trust described in subparagraph (E) of paragraph (30).
(B) meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (19) of this subsection (relating to definition of domestic building and loan association).
(B) A corporation engaged as a common carrier in the furnishing or sale of transportation of gas by pipe line, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
(C) A corporation engaged as a common carrier (i) in the furnishing or sale of transportation by railroad, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board, or (ii) in the furnishing or sale of transportation of oil or other petroleum products (including shale oil) by pipe line, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or if the rates for such furnishing or sale are subject to the jurisdiction of a public service or public utility commission or other similar body of the District of Columbia or of any State.
(D) A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of telephone or telegraph service, if the rates for such furnishing or sale meet the requirements of subparagraph (A).
(E) A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of transportation as a common carrier by air, subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Transportation.
(F) A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of transportation by a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49.
(G) A rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49, if (i) substantially all of its railroad properties have been leased to another such railroad corporation or corporations by an agreement or agreements entered into before January 1, 1954, (ii) each lease is for a term of more than 20 years, and (iii) at least 80 percent or more of its gross income (computed without regard to dividends and capital gains and losses) for the taxable year is derived from such leases and from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. For purposes of the preceding sentence, an agreement for lease of railroad properties entered into before January 1, 1954, shall be considered to be a lease including such term as the total number of years of such agreement may, unless sooner terminated, be renewed or continued under the terms of the agreement, and any such renewal or continuance under such agreement shall be considered part of the lease entered into before January 1, 1954.
(H) A common parent corporation which is a common carrier by railroad subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49 if at least 80 percent of its gross income (computed without regard to capital gains or losses) is derived directly or indirectly from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. For purposes of the preceding sentence, dividends and interest, and income from leases described in subparagraph (G), received from a regulated public utility shall be considered as derived from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive, if the regulated public utility is a member of an affiliated group (as defined in section 1504) which includes the common parent corporation.
The term "regulated public utility" does not (except as provided in subparagraphs (G) and (H)) include a corporation described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive, unless 80 percent or more of its gross income (computed without regard to dividends and capital gains and losses) for the taxable year is derived from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. If the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that (i) its revenue from regulated rates described in subparagraph (A) or (D) and its revenue derived from unregulated rates are derived from the operation of a single interconnected and coordinated system or from the operation of more than one such system, and (ii) the unregulated rates have been and are substantially as favorable to users and consumers as are the regulated rates, then such revenue from such unregulated rates shall be considered, for purposes of the preceding sentence, as income derived from sources described in subparagraph (A) or (D).
The term "enrolled actuary" means a person who is enrolled by the Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries established under subtitle C of the title III of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.
The term "tax return preparer" means any person who prepares for compensation, or who employs one or more persons to prepare for compensation, any return of tax imposed by this title or any claim for refund of tax imposed by this title. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the preparation of a substantial portion of a return or claim for refund shall be treated as if it were the preparation of such return or claim for refund.
(iv) prepares a claim for refund for a taxpayer in response to any notice of deficiency issued to such taxpayer or in response to any waiver of restriction after the commencement of an audit of such taxpayer or another taxpayer if a determination in such audit of such other taxpayer directly or indirectly affects the tax liability of such taxpayer.
The term "joint return" means a single return made jointly under section 6013 by a husband and wife.
The term "Indian tribal government" means the governing body of any tribe, band, community, village, or group of Indians, or (if applicable) Alaska Natives, which is determined by the Secretary, after consultation with the Secretary of the Interior, to exercise governmental functions.
The term "TIN" means the identifying number assigned to a person under section 6109.
The term "transferred basis property" means property having a basis determined under any provision of subtitle A (or under any corresponding provision of prior income tax law) providing that the basis shall be determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis in the hands of the donor, grantor, or other transferor.
The term "exchanged basis property" means property having a basis determined under any provision of subtitle A (or under any corresponding provision of prior income tax law) providing that the basis shall be determined in whole or in part by reference to other property held at any time by the person for whom the basis is to be determined.
The term "nonrecognition transaction" means any disposition of property in a transaction in which gain or loss is not recognized in whole or in part for purposes of subtitle A.
In determining whether there is a collective bargaining agreement between employee representatives and 1 or more employers, the term "employee representatives" shall not include any organization more than one-half of the members of which are employees who are owners, officers, or executives of the employer. An agreement shall not be treated as a collective bargaining agreement unless it is a bona fide agreement between bona fide employee representatives and 1 or more employers.
A vehicle shall not be treated as a highway vehicle if such vehicle is specially designed for the primary function of transporting a particular type of load other than over the public highway and because of this special design such vehicle's capability to transport a load over the public highway is substantially limited or impaired.
For purposes of clause (i), a vehicle's design is determined solely on the basis of its physical characteristics.
(D) registered by the Food and Drug Administration to collect blood.
An individual shall not cease to be treated as a United States citizen before the date on which the individual's citizenship is treated as relinquished under section 877A(g)(4).
(iii) the individual is not a resident of the United States at any time during the next calendar year.
(ii) it is established that for the current year such individual has a tax home (as defined in section 911(d)(3) without regard to the second sentence thereof) in a foreign country and has a closer connection to such foreign country than to the United States.
(ii) such individual took other steps to apply for status as a lawful permanent resident of the United States.
(ii) such individual was unable to leave the United States on such day because of a medical condition which arose while such individual was present in the United States.
(II) present in the United States during the period beginning with the first day of such 31-day period and ending with the last day of the election year (hereinafter referred to as the "testing period") for a number of days equal to or exceeding 75 percent of the number of days in the testing period (provided that an individual shall be treated for purposes of this subclause as present in the United States for a number of days during the testing period not exceeding 5 days in the aggregate, notwithstanding his absence from the United States on such days).
(B) An alien individual who meets the requirements of subparagraph (A) shall, if he so elects, be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to the election year.
(C) An alien individual who makes the election provided by subparagraph (B) shall be treated as a resident of the United States for the portion of the election year which begins on the 1st day of the earliest testing period during such year with respect to which the individual meets the requirements of clause (iv) of subparagraph (A).
(D) The rules of subparagraph (D)(i) of paragraph (3) shall apply for purposes of determining an individual's presence in the United States under this paragraph.
(E) An election under subparagraph (B) shall be made on the individual's tax return for the election year, provided that such election may not be made before the individual has met the substantial presence test of paragraph (3) with respect to the calendar year immediately following the election year.
(F) An election once made under subparagraph (B) remains in effect for the election year, unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
(III) which utilizes volunteers for substantially all of the work performed in carrying out such event.
(iii) being a member of the immediate family of an individual described in clause (i) or (ii).
(ii) who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.
An individual shall not be treated as an exempt individual by reason of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) for the current year if, for any 2 calendar years during the preceding 6 calendar years, such person was an exempt person under clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (A). In the case of an individual all of whose compensation is described in section 872(b)(3), the preceding sentence shall be applied by substituting "4 calendar years" for "2 calendar years".
(e) Treatment of certain contracts for providing services, etc.
(F) the total contract price does not substantially exceed the rental value of the property for the contract period.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "qualified solid waste disposal facility" means any facility if such facility provides solid waste disposal services for residents of part or all of 1 or more governmental units and substantially all of the solid waste processed at such facility is collected from the general public.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "cogeneration facility" means a facility which uses the same energy source for the sequential generation of electrical or mechanical power in combination with steam, heat, or other forms of useful energy.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "alternative energy facility" means a facility for producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power.
For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "water treatment works facility" means any treatment works within the meaning of section 212(2) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
(iv) the service recipient (or a related entity) has an option to purchase, or may be required to purchase, all or a part of such facility at a fixed and determinable price (other than for fair market value).
For purposes of this paragraph, the term "related entity" has the same meaning as when used in section 168(h).
(ii) any allocation of any financial burden or benefits in the event of any change in any law.
(B) at least 80 percent of the units in such property are leased to low-income tenants (within the meaning of section 167(k)(3)(B)) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990).
(B) the lessee shall not be treated as the owner of the property subject to an agreement during any period such agreement is in effect.
The term "qualified motor vehicle operating agreement" means any agreement with respect to a motor vehicle (including a trailer) which meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) of this paragraph.
(ii) which clearly and legibly states that the lessee has been advised that it will not be treated as the owner of the property subject to the agreement for Federal income tax purposes.
For purposes of this subsection, the term "terminal rental adjustment clause" means a provision of an agreement which permits or requires the rental price to be adjusted upward or downward by reference to the amount realized by the lessor under the agreement upon sale or other disposition of such property.
The term "terminal rental adjustment clause" also includes a provision of an agreement which requires a lessee who is a dealer in motor vehicles to purchase the motor vehicle for a predetermined price and then resell such vehicle where such provision achieves substantially the same results as a provision described in subparagraph (A).
(iii) under the terms of the debt obligations referred to in clause (ii) (or underlying arrangement), payments on such debt obligations bear a relationship to payments on the debt obligations (or interests) referred to in clause (i).
(C) subject to section 401(k)(4)(B) and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(e)(3), contributions to the Thrift Savings Fund shall not be treated as distributed or made available to an employee or Member nor as a contribution made to the Fund by an employee or Member merely because the employee or Member has, under the provisions of subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5, United States Code, and section 8351 of such title 5, an election whether the contribution will be made to the Thrift Savings Fund or received by the employee or Member in cash.
Paragraph (1) shall not be construed to provide that any amount of the employee's or Member's basic pay which is contributed to the Thrift Savings Fund shall not be included in the term "wages" for the purposes of section 209 of the Social Security Act or section 3121(a) of this title.
For purposes of this subsection, the terms "Member", "employee", and "Thrift Savings Fund" shall have the same respective meanings as when used in subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5, United States Code.
(2) no deduction shall be allowed under any provision of this title (or of any tax law of a State or political subdivision thereof) to such officer or employee by reason of having such payment made to such organization.
The term "economic substance doctrine" means the common law doctrine under which tax benefits under subtitle A with respect to a transaction are not allowable if the transaction does not have economic substance or lacks a business purpose.
The term "transaction" includes a series of transactions.
(1) Singular as including plural, section 1.
(2) Plural as including singular, section 1.
(3) Masculine as including feminine, section 1.
(5) Oath as including affirmation, section 1.
(6) County as including parish, section 2.
(7) Vessel as including all means of water transportation, section 3.
(8) Vehicle as including all means of land transportation, section 4.
(9) Company or association as including successors and assigns, section 5.
Part A and part B of title I of the Housing Act of 1949, referred to in subsec. (a)(19)(C)(vi), which were classified generally to part A (§1450 et seq.) and part B (§1469 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 8A of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, were omitted from the Code pursuant to section 5316 of Title 42, which terminated authority to make new loans and grants under title I of that Act after Jan. 1, 1975.
Section 103 of the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, referred to in subsec. (a)(19)(C)(vi), which was classified to section 3303 of Title 42, was omitted from the Code pursuant to section 5316 of Title 42, which terminated authority to make new loans and grants under title I (§101 et seq.) of that Act after Jan. 1, 1975.
The Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsec. (a)(29), is act Feb. 10, 1939, ch. 2, 53 Stat. 1 , as amended. Prior to the enactment of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], the 1939 Code was classified to former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was redesignated The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095 . For table of comparisons of the 1939 Code to the 1986 Code, see Table I preceding section 1 of this title.
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (a)(35), is Pub. L. 93–406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829 , as amended. Subtitle C of title III of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 is classified to subtitle C (§1241 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 18 of Title 29, Labor and amended subsec. (a)(35) of this section. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 29 and Tables.
The Indian Tribal Governmental Tax Status Act of 1982, referred to in subsec. (a)(40)(B), is title II of Pub. L. 97–473, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2607 , as amended, which is classified principally to subchapter C (§7871) of chapter 80 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1983 Amendments note set out under section 1 of this title and Tables.
2018-Subsec. (a)(19)(A). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(b)(54), struck out "either (i) is an insured institution within the meaning of section 401(a) of the National Housing Act (12 U.S.C., sec. 1724(a)), or (ii)" after "which".
"(ii) is subject by law to supervision and examination by State or Federal authority having supervision over such institutions, and".
Subsec. (a)(36)(B). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(331), substituted "shall not be a" for "shall not be an" in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (e)(5)(B). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(332), substituted "Reconciliation" for "Reconcilation".
2017-Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 115–97, §11051(b)(4), substituted "section 2516" for "sections 682 and 2516" and substituted "such section" for "such sections" wherever appearing.
Subsec. (b)(5)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 115–97, §13304(a)(2)(F), amended cl. (iv) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iv) read as follows: "a professional athlete who is temporarily in the United States to compete in a charitable sports event described in section 274(l)(1)(B)."
2014-Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 113–295 substituted "chapter 21." for "chapter 21, or in the case of services performed before January 1, 1951, who would be considered an employee if his services were performed during 1951."
2010-Subsec. (a)(47). Pub. L. 111–312 amended subsec. (a) to read as if amendment by Pub. L. 107–16, §542(e)(3), had never been enacted.
2008-Subsec. (a)(50). Pub. L. 110–245, §301(c)(1), added par. (50).
Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 110–245, §301(c)(2)(B), inserted concluding provisions.
Subsecs. (n) to (p). Pub. L. 110–245, §301(c)(2)(C), redesignated subsecs. (o) and (p) as (n) and (o), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (n) which related to special rules for determining when an individual is no longer a United States citizen or long-term resident.
2007-Subsec. (a)(36). Pub. L. 110–28, §8246(a)(1)(A), which directed the striking out of "income" in heading, was executed by substituting "Tax" for "Income tax" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Pub. L. 110–28, §8246(a)(1)(A), struck out "income" before "tax return preparer" in subpar. (A) and in introductory provisions of subpar. (B).
Subsec. (a)(36)(A). Pub. L. 110–28, §8246(a)(1)(B), substituted "this title" for "subtitle A" in two places.
2006-Subsec. (a)(49). Pub. L. 109–280, §1207(f), added par. (49). See Codification note above.
Subsecs. (o), (p). Pub. L. 109–280, §1222, added subsec. (o) and redesignated former subsec. (o) as (p). See Codification note above.
"(2) provides a statement in accordance with section 6039G."
2004-Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 108–311 substituted "682" for "152(b)(4), 682,".
Subsec. (a)(19)(C)(xi). Pub. L. 108–357, §835(b)(10), struck out "and any regular interest in a FASIT," after "residual interest in a REMIC," and struck out "or FASIT" after "entire interest in the REMIC" and after "such REMIC" in two places.
Subsec. (a)(48). Pub. L. 108–357, §852(a), added par. (48).
Subsec. (i)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–357, §835(b)(11), struck out "or a FASIT" after "other than a REMIC" in introductory provisions.
Subsecs. (n), (o). Pub. L. 108–357, §804(b), added subsec. (n) and redesignated former subsec. (n) as (o).
2001-Subsec. (a)(47). Pub. L. 107–16, §542(e)(3), added par. (47) which defined the term "executor".
2000-Subsecs. (m), (n). Pub. L. 106–554 added subsec. (m) and redesignated former subsec. (m) as (n).
1997-Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 105–34, §1151(a), inserted before period at end "unless, in the case of a partnership, the Secretary provides otherwise by regulations".
Subsec. (a)(30)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 105–34, §1601(i)(3)(A), substituted "persons" for "fiduciaries".
Subsec. (b)(7)(A). Pub. L. 105–34, §1174(b)(2), substituted ", (C), or (D)" for "or (C)".
Subsec. (b)(7)(D). Pub. L. 105–34, §1174(b)(1), added subpar. (D).
1996-Subsec. (a)(19)(C)(xi). Pub. L. 104–188, §1621(b)(8), amended cl. (xi) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (xi) read as follows: "any regular or residual interest in a REMIC, but only in the proportion which the assets of such REMIC consist of property described in any of the preceding clauses of this subparagraph; except that if 95 percent or more of the assets of such REMIC are assets described in clauses (i) through (x), the entire interest in the REMIC shall qualify."
Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 104–188, §1402(b)(3), struck out ", for the purpose of applying the provisions of section 101(b) with respect to employees' death benefits" after "health plans".
Subsec. (a)(30)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 104–188, §1907(a)(1), struck out "and" at end of subpar. (C), added subpars. (D) and (E), and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: "any estate or trust (other than a foreign estate or foreign trust, within the meaning of section 7701(a)(31))."
Subsec. (a)(31). Pub. L. 104–188, §1907(a)(2), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The terms 'foreign estate' and 'foreign trust' mean an estate or trust, as the case may be, the income of which, from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includible in gross income under subtitle A."
Subsec. (i)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–188, §1621(b)(9), inserted "or a FASIT" after "a REMIC" in introductory provisions.
1995-Subsec. (a)(33)(B). Pub. L. 104–88, §304(e)(1), substituted "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission" for "Federal Power Commission".
Subsec. (a)(33)(C)(i). Pub. L. 104–88, §304(e)(2), substituted "Surface Transportation Board" for "Interstate Commerce Commission".
Subsec. (a)(33)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 104–88, §304(e)(3), substituted "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission" for "Interstate Commerce Commission".
Subsec. (a)(33)(F). Pub. L. 104–88, §304(e)(4), substituted "a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49" for "common carrier by water, subject to the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission under subchapter III of chapter 105 of title 49, or subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Maritime Board under the Intercoastal Shipping Act, 1933".
Subsec. (a)(33)(G). Pub. L. 104–88, §304(e)(5), substituted "rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV" for "railroad corporation subject to subchapter I of chapter 105".
Subsec. (a)(33)(H). Pub. L. 104–88, §304(e)(6), substituted "part A of subtitle IV" for "subchapter I of chapter 105".
1994-Subsec. (b)(5)(C)(i), (D)(i)(II). Pub. L. 103–296 substituted "(J) or (Q)" for "(J)".
1993-Subsecs. (l), (m). Pub. L. 103–66 added subsec. (l) and redesignated former subsec. (l) as (m).
1992-Subsec. (j)(1)(C). Pub. L. 102–318 substituted "402(e)(3)" for "402(a)(8)".
1991-Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 102–90 amended last sentence generally. Prior to amendment, last sentence read as follows: "For purposes of this subsection, a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress shall be treated as an officer or employee of the Federal Government and a Senator or officer (except the Vice President) or employee of the Senate shall not be treated as an officer or employee of the Federal Government."
1990-Subsec. (e)(5)(B). Pub. L. 101–508, §11812(b)(13), inserted before period at end "(as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconcilation [sic] Act of 1990)".
Subsec. (j)(1)(C). Pub. L. 101–508, §11704(a)(34), substituted "(C) subject to section 401(k)(4)(B) and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(a)(8)," for "(C) subject to, section 401(k)(4)(B), and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(a)(8),".
1989-Subsecs. (k), (l). Pub. L. 101–194 added subsec. (k) and redesignated former subsec. (k) as (l).
1988-Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 100–647, §1006(t)(25)(A), inserted at end "For purposes of determining whether any interest in a REMIC qualifies under clause (xi), any regular interest in another REMIC held by such REMIC shall be treated as a loan described in a preceding clause under principles similar to the principles of clause (xi); except that, if such REMIC's are part of a tiered structure, they shall be treated as 1 REMIC for purposes of clause (xi)."
Subsec. (a)(19)(C)(xi). Pub. L. 100–647, §1006(t)(12), substituted "are assets described" for "are loans described".
Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 100–647, §1011B(e), substituted "and 106" for "106, and 125" and inserted "and for purposes of applying section 125 with respect to cafeteria plans," before "the term".
Subsec. (a)(29). Pub. L. 100–647, §1(c), substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954".
Subsec. (b)(5)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 100–647, §1018(g)(3), substituted "section 274(l)(1)(B)" for "section 274(k)(2)".
Subsec. (b)(5)(D)(i)(I). Pub. L. 100–647, §1001(d)(2)(D), substituted "subparagraph (F) or (M)" for "subparagraph (F)".
Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 100–647, §1002(a)(2), made technical correction to language of Pub. L. 99–514, §201(d)(14)(B), see 1986 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (j)(1)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1011A(m)(1), inserted ", section 401(k)(4)(B)," after "the provisions of paragraph (2)" in subpar. (C), as it read before amendment by Pub. L. 100–202. See Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note below.
1987-Subsec. (j)(1)(C). Pub. L. 100–202, §101(m) [title VI, §624(a)(1)], which directed that "the provisions of paragraph (2) and" after "subject to" be struck out, was executed by striking out "the provisions of paragraph (2)" after "subject to" in view of the amendment by section 1011A(m)(1) of Pub. L. 100–647 which was effective as if it had been included in Pub. L. 99–514. See 1988 Amendment note above.
Subsec. (j)(2). Pub. L. 100–202, §101(m) [title VI, §624(a)(2)], added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "Paragraph (1)(C) shall not apply to the Thrift Savings Fund unless the Fund meets the antidiscrimination requirements (other than any requirement relating to coverage) applicable to arrangements described in section 401(k) and to matching contributions. Rules similar to the rules of sections 401(k)(8) and 401(m)(8) (relating to no disqualification if excess contributions distributed) shall apply for purposes of the preceding sentence."
1986-Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 99–514, §1842(d), inserted reference to section 2516.
Subsec. (a)(19)(C)(xi). Pub. L. 99–514, §671(b)(3), added cl. (xi).
Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 99–514, §1166(a), inserted reference to section 125.
Subsec. (a)(46). Pub. L. 99–514, §1137, inserted last sentence.
Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(l)(2), substituted "the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii)" for "the requirements of clause (i) or (ii)" in introductory provisions and added cl. (iii).
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(l)(3), added cl. (iv).
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(l)(4), added par. (4). Former par. (4) redesignated (5).
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(l)(4), redesignated par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).
Subsec. (b)(5)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(l)(5)(A), which directed that cl. (iv) be added to subpar. (4)(A), was executed by adding cl. (iv) to subpar. (5)(A) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening redesignation of par. (4) as (5) by section 1810(l)(4) of Pub. L. 99–514.
Subsec. (b)(5)(E)(i). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(l)(1), inserted last sentence.
Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(63), substituted "preceding" for "preceeding".
Subsec. (b)(6) to (11). Pub. L. 99–514, §1810(l)(4), redesignated pars. (5) to (10) as pars. (6) to (11), respectively.
Subsec. (e)(4)(A). Pub. L. 99–514, §201(d)(14)(A), substituted "section 168(h)" for "section 168(j)".
Pub. L. 99–514, §1802(a)(9)(C), inserted at end "For purposes of this paragraph, the term 'related entity' has the same meaning as when used in section 168(j)."
Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 99–514, §201(d)(14)(B), as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, §1002(a)(2), substituted "property described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) of section 1250(a)(1)(B) (relating to low-income housing)" for "low-income housing (within the meaning of section 168(c)(2)(F))".
Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(64), substituted "section 168(c)(2)(F))" for "section 168(C)(2)(F))".
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 99–514, §201(c), added subsec. (h). Former subsec. (h), relating to cross references, was successively redesignated as (i), (j), and (k).
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–514, §673, added subsec. (i). Former subsec. (i), relating to cross references, as previously redesignated, was successively redesignated as (j) and (k).
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 99–514, §1147(a), added subsec. (j). Former subsec. (j), relating to cross references, as previously redesignated, was redesignated as (k).
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 99–514, §§201(c), 673, 1147(a), successively redesignated subsec. (h), relating to cross references, as subsecs. (i), (j), and (k).
1984-Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 98–369, §474(r)(29)(K), struck out "1451," after "1443".
Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 98–369, §422(d)(3), struck out reference to sections 71 and 215.
Subsec. (a)(33)(E). Pub. L. 98–443 substituted "Secretary of Transportation" for "Civil Aeronautics Board".
Subsec. (a)(33)(G). Pub. L. 98–216 substituted "subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49" for "part I of the Interstate Commerce Act".
Subsec. (a)(34). Pub. L. 98–369, §412(b)(11), repealed par. (34) which defined estimated income tax in the case of an individual or a corporation as the estimated tax defined in section 6015(d) or 6154(c), respectively.
Subsec. (a)(37)(C). Pub. L. 98–369, §491(d)(53), struck out subpar. (C) which included a retirement bond described in section 409 within the term "individual plan".
Subsec. (a)(42) to (45). Pub. L. 98–369, §43(a)(1), added pars. (42) to (45).
Subsec. (a)(46). Pub. L. 98–369, §526(c)(1), added par. (46).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–369, §138(a), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b), relating to includes and including, redesignated (c).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369, §138(a), redesignated former subsec. (b), relating to includes and including, as (c). Former subsec. (c), relating to Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, redesignated (d).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–369, §138(a), redesignated former subsec. (c), relating to Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, as (d). Former subsec. (d), relating to cross references, redesignated (e).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–369, §31(e), added subsec. (e). Former subsec. (e), relating to cross references, redesignated (f).
Pub. L. 98–369, §138(a), redesignated former subsec. (d), relating to cross references, as (e).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 98–369, §53(c), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f), relating to cross references, redesignated (g).
Pub. L. 98–369, §31(e), redesignated former subsec. (e), relating to cross references, as (f).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 98–369, §75(c), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g), relating to cross references, redesignated (h).
Pub. L. 98–369, §53(c), redesignated former subsec. (f), relating to cross references, as (g).
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 98–369, §75(c), redesignated former subsec. (g), relating to cross references, as (h).
1983-Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 98–67, §102(a), repealed amendments made by Pub. L. 97–248. See 1982 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (a)(33)(F). Pub. L. 97–449, §5(e)(1), substituted "subchapter III of chapter 105 of title 49" for "part III of the Interstate Commerce Act".
Subsec. (a)(33)(H). Pub. L. 97–449, §5(e)(2), substituted "subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49" for "part I of the Interstate Commerce Act".
Subsec. (a)(38), (39). Pub. L. 97–448, §306(b)(3), redesignated par. (38), as added by Pub. L. 97–248, §336(a), relating to persons residing outside the United States, as (39).
Subsec. (a)(41). Pub. L. 98–67, §104(d)(1), added par. (41).
1982-Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 97–248, §§307(a)(17), 308(a), provided that, applicable to payments of interest, dividends, and patronage dividends paid or credited after June 30, 1983, par. (16) is amended by substituting "1461 or 3451" for "or 1461". Section 102(a), (b) of Pub. L. 98–67, title I, Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369 , repealed subtitle A (§§301–308) of title III of Pub. L. 97–248 as of the close of June 30, 1983, and provided that the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 [now 1986] [this title] shall be applied and administered (subject to certain exceptions) as if such subtitle A (and the amendments made by such subtitle A) had not been enacted.
Subsec. (a)(38). Pub. L. 97–248, §201(d)(10), formerly §201(c)(10), added par. (38) relating to joint return.
Pub. L. 97–248, §336(a), added par. (38) relating to persons residing outside the United States.
1981-Subsec. (a)(34)(A). Pub. L. 97–34 substituted "section 6015(d)" for "section 6015(c)".
1978-Subsec. (a)(36)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 95–600, §701(cc)(2), substituted "prepares as a fiduciary a return or claim for refund for any person, or" for "prepares a return or claim for refund for any trust or estate with respect to which he is a fiduciary, or".
Subsec. (a)(37). Pub. L. 95–600, §157(k)(2), added par. (37).
1976-Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(c)(3), struck out "or Territory" after "any State".
Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(a)(57)(A), substituted definitions of "Secretary of the Treasury" and "Secretary" for "Secretary.-The term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of the Treasury".
Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(a)(57)(B), substituted definition of "or his delegate" for definition of "Secretary of his delegate".
Subsec. (a)(19), (23), (33). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.
Subsec. (a)(36). Pub. L. 94–455, §1203(a), added par. (36).
1974-Subsec. (a)(35). Pub. L. 93–406 added par. (35).
1972-Subsec. (a)(12)(B). Pub. L. 92–606 inserted reference to chapter 1.
1969-Subsec. (a)(19)(A). Pub. L. 91–172, §432(c) reenacted subpar. (A) without change.
Subsec. (a)(19)(B). Pub. L. 91–172, §432(c), struck out reference to subpar. (C).
Subsec. (a)(19)(C). Pub. L. 91–172, §432(c), substituted 60 percent for 90 percent in text preceding cl. (i), reenacted cl. (i) without change, in cl. (ii), excluded obligations the interest on which was excludible from gross income under section 103, expanded provisions of former cl. (iii) and transferred them to cl. (v), reenacted cl. (iv) without change, redesignated former cls. (v) and (vi) as cls. (viii) and (x) and added cls. (iii), (vi), (vii) and (ix), and text following cl. (x).
Subsec. (a)(19)(D) to (F). Pub. L. 91–172, §432(c), struck out subpars. (D) to (F) and text following subpar. (F) which had further qualified the assets.
Subsec. (a)(27). Pub. L. 91–172, §960(j), substituted "United States Tax Court" for "Tax Court of the United States".
Subsec. (a)(32). Pub. L. 91–172, §432(d), struck out references to subpars. (D), (E) and (F) and struck out "determined with the application of the second, third, and fourth sentences of paragraph (19)." in subpar. (B) and, in text following subpar. (B), struck out provisions relating to the deduction allowable for a reasonable addition to the reserve for bad debts.
1968-Subsec. (a)(34)(B). Pub. L. 90–364 substituted "section 6154(c)" for "section 6016(b)".
1966-Subsec. (a)(31). Pub. L. 89–809 substituted ", from sources without the United States which is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States," for "from sources without the United States".
1964-Subsec. (a)(20). Pub. L. 88–272 inserted "For the purpose of applying the provisions of section 79 with respect to group-term life insurance purchased for employees".
1962-Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 87–834, §6(c), amended par. (19) generally. Prior to such amendment, subsection read as follows: "The term 'domestic building and loan association' means a domestic building and loan association, a domestic savings and loan association, and a Federal savings and loan association, substantially all the business of which is confined to making loans to members."
Subsec. (a)(30), (31). Pub. L. 87–834, §7(h), added pars. (30), (31).
1960-Subsec. (a)(9), (10). Pub. L. 86–624, §18(i), (j), struck out reference to the Territory of Hawaii.
1959-Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 86–70, §22(g), substituted "the Territory of Hawaii" for "the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii".
Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 86–70, §22(h), substituted "Territory of Hawaii" for "Territories".
"(1) In general.-Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].
"(2) Fuel taxes.-With respect to taxes imposed under subchapter B of chapter 31 and part III of subchapter A of chapter 32, the amendment made by this section shall apply to taxable periods beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act."
Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1151(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 986 , provided that: "Any regulations issued with respect to the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to partnerships created or organized after the date determined under section 7805(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (without regard to paragraph (2) thereof) with respect to such regulations."
"(1) In general.-The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 861 and 863 of this title] shall apply to remuneration for services performed in taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997.
"(2) Presence.-The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1997."
"(D) such trust meets such other conditions as the Secretary may require."
"(B) at the election of the trustee of a trust, to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 20, 1996].
Such an election, once made, shall be irrevocable. To the extent prescribed in regulations by the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate, a trust which was in existence on August 20, 1996 (other than a trust treated as owned by the grantor under subpart E of part I of subchapter J of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986), and which was treated as a United States person on the day before the date of the enactment of this Act may elect to continue to be treated as a United States person notwithstanding section 7701(a)(30)(E) of such Code."
Pub. L. 101–194, title VI, §603, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1763 , provided that: "The amendments made by this title [amending this section, sections 31–1 and former 441i of Title 2, The Congress, and title V of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–521, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] shall take effect on January 1, 1991. Such amendments shall cease to be effective if the provisions of section 703 [5 U.S.C. 5318 note] are subsequently repealed, in which case the laws in effect before such amendments shall be deemed to be reenacted."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, §1166(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2512 , provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to years beginning after December 31, 1985."
Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1810(l)(5)(B), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2832 , provided that: "The amendments made by this paragraph [amending this section] shall apply to periods after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986]."
"(1) In general.-The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1984.
"(A) If an alien individual was not a resident of the United States as of the close of calendar year 1984, the determination of whether such individual meets the substantial presence test of section 7701(b)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as added by this section) shall be made by only taking into account presence after 1984.
"(B) If an alien individual was a resident of the United States as of the close of calendar year 1984, but was not a resident of the United States as of the close of calendar year 1983, the determination of whether such individual meets such substantial presence test shall be made by only taking into account presence in the United States after 1983.
for purposes of section 7701(b)(2)(A) of such Code (as so added), such individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States during 1984."
Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title V, §526(c)(2), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 875 , provided that: "The amendment made by this subsection [amending this section] shall take effect on April 1, 1984."
Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §336(b), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 629 , provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 3, 1982]."
Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, §1203(j), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1695 , provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting sections 6060, 6107, 6694, 6695, 6696, 7407, and 7427 of this title, renumbering former sections 7407 and 7427 as 7408 and 7428 of this title, respectively, and amending this section and sections 6109, 6503, 6504, and 6511 of this title] shall apply to documents prepared after December 31, 1976."
Pub. L. 87–870, §5(b), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1162 , provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of the Revenue Act of 1962 [Oct. 16, 1962]."
Pub. L. 87–834, §6(g)(3), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 985 , provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (c) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 16, 1962]."
Coast Guard transferred to Department of Transportation and all functions, powers, and duties, relating to Coast Guard, of Secretary of the Treasury and of other offices and officers of Department of the Treasury transferred to Secretary of Transportation by Pub. L. 89–670, §6(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 938 . Section 6(b)(2) of Pub. L. 89–670, however, provided that notwithstanding such transfer of functions, Coast Guard shall operate as part of Navy in time of war or when President directs as provided in former section 3 (now 103) of Title 14, Coast Guard. See section 108 of Title 49, Transportation.
"(a) In General.-An author or artist performing services under contract with a corporation shall be considered as an employee of the corporation for the purpose of applying the provisions specified in section 7701(a)(20) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], if, on December 31, 1977, such author or artist was a participant in one or more of the pension, profit-sharing or annuity plans of such corporation which are described in subsection (b)(2).
"(B) requires such author or artist to use his best efforts to produce work of specified types for the corporation.
"(B) had been determined by the Secretary of the Treasury (taking into account the definition described in subparagraph (A)) to be a qualified plan within part I of subchapter D of chapter 1 of subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [section 401 et seq. of this title] for all of such years.
"(c) Effective Date.-The provisions of this section shall apply to taxable years ending after December 31, 1980."

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