Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/273/593/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 18:00:39+00:00

Document:
1. In an indictment charging conspiracy to commit offenses against laws of the United States, an allegation that it was also to violate a treaty (prescribing no offense) may be rejected as surplusage. P. 273 U. S. 602.
2. Ignoring surplusage is not amending the indictment. P. 273 U. S. 602.
3. An indictment charging a continuous conspiracy to commit offenses against the United States by introducing and transporting liquor in the United States in violation of the National Prohibition Act, and by importing it into the United States in violation of the Tariff Act, is not bad for duplicity. P. 273 U. S. 602.
4. In determining the admissibility in a criminal case of evidence of a seizure of property and persons, questions of fact affecting the legality of the seizure are decided by the court without the jury. P. 273 U. S. 605.
5. Where the district court has jurisdiction of the offense charged, the question whether the defendants were wrongfully brought into its custody through an unlawful seizure on the high seas must be raised by a plea to the jurisdiction over their persons, and is waived by a plea of not guilty. P. 273 U. S. 606.
6. The treaty of May 22, 1924, with Great Britain, which, within limits stated, permits a British vessel in extraterritorial waters to be boarded and searched by United States authorities and, if there is reasonable cause for belief that she has committed or is committing or attempting to commit an offense against the laws of the United States prohibiting the importation of alcoholic beverages, to be seized and taken into port "for adjudication in accordance with such laws," should be construed liberally, in effectuation of its purpose, as contemplating that not only the ship, but the cargo and the persons on board may be taken in for adjudication. Pp. 273 U. S. 609, 273 U. S. 618.
7. Principle of expressio unius est exclusio alterius considered. P. 273 U. S. 611.
8. It is permissible under the treaty to prosecute the persons so seized and brought into the United States not only for illegal importation, but also for conspiracy to commit that offense, where the conspiracy charged (under Crim.Code § 37) included as overt acts actual importation and an attempt. United States v. Rauscher, 119 U. S. 407, distinguished. Pp. 273 U. S. 614-616.
9. One may be guilty as a party to a conspiracy to import liquors into the United States in violation of the Prohibition Law, followed by overt acts in this country, although he was and remained outside of its territorial jurisdiction. P. 273 U. S. 619.
Certiorari (271 U.S. 652) to a judgment of the circuit court of appeals affirming a conviction of conspiracy to import liquor into the United States in violation of the Prohibition Law. See 3 F.2d 643.
This is a review by certiorari of the conviction of George Ford, George Harris, J. Evelyn, Charles H. Belanger, and Vincent Quartararo of a conspiracy, contrary to § 37 of the Criminal Code, to violate the National Prohibition Act, title 2, §§ 3 and 27, 41 Stat. 305, 308, 316, c. 85, and the Tariff Act of 1922, § 593(b), 42 Stat. 858, 982, c. 356. The trial and conviction resulted largely from the seizure of the British vessel Quadra, hovering in the high seas off the Farallon Islands, territory of the United States, 25 miles west from San Francisco. The ship, her officers, her crew, and cargo of liquor were towed into the port of San Francisco. The seizure was made under the authority of the treaty between Great Britain and the United States, proclaimed by the President May 22, 1924, 43 Stat. 1761, as a convention to aid in the prevention of the smuggling of intoxicating liquors into the United States.
without the United States conspiring and cooperating to violate its laws with other persons who are within the United States, and to commit overt acts therein, can be prosecuted therefor when thereafter found in the United States.
the Quadra, were acquitted, and 10, including the captain and the first and second officers of the Quadra, were convicted. Of these 10, 5, including the three officers, are now before the Court as petitioners. The convictions were affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit. 10 F.2d 339.
The validity of the indictment is attacked first because it charges that the conspiracy was to violate the treaty, although the treaty creates no offense against the law of the United States. This is true, but that part of the indictment is merely surplusage, and may be rejected. Bailey v. United States, 5 F.2d 437; Remus v. United States, 291 F. 591; United States v. Weiss, 293 F. 992, 995; United States v. Drawdy, 288 F. 567, 570. The trial court took this view. But it is contended that this is to amend the indictment, and comes within the inhibition of the principle of Ex parte Bain, 121 U. S. 1. That decision condemns the striking out of words from an indictment. The action here complained of is merely a judicial holding that a useless averment is innocuous, and may be ignored. Goto v. Lane, 265 U. S. 393, 265 U. S. 402; Salinger v. United States, 272 U. S. 542. Next it is said that the indictment is bad for duplicity. It charges a continuous conspiracy by the defendants at the Bay of San Francisco, between January 1, 1924, and the date of finding the indictment, to import into the United States intoxicating liquor in violation of its laws. It mentions two of such laws, and, as § 37 of the Criminal Code requires, it describes several overt acts in pursuance of the conspiracy alleged. The charge is unitary in relating to one continuous conspiracy, although in proof of it different circumstances constituting it and overt acts in pursuance of it are disclosed. This does not constitute duplicity. Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U. S. 204, 249 U. S. 210; Joplin Co. v. United States, 236 U. S. 531, 236 U. S. 548.
On October 12, 1924, the United States Coast Guard cutter Shawnee, on the lookout for vessels engaged in the illicit importation into the United States of intoxicating liquor, saw the Quadra, a British steamer of Canadian register, near the Farallon Islands. As the Shawnee bore down on her to investigate, she turned and began to move off shore. The captain of the Shawnee signaled her to stop, and she complied. As the Shawnee approached her, a motorboat, C-55, was seen just after the boat had left the Quadra. The Shawnee captain signaled the boat to stop, and, because it did not do so, fired a shot across its bow, whereupon it rounded about and came alongside. It had two men and a number of sacks of intoxicating liquor, as well as a partly filled case of beer bottles. It was made fast to the Shawnee, and the two men were placed under arrest. The Shawnee captain then sent two officers aboard the Quadra to examine her papers. Ford, her captain, one of the convicted defendants, refused to show his papers or to give any information until he had consulted counsel. The Shawnee officers then took charge of her. She was found to contain a large quantity of intoxicating liquor, and, on refusal of Ford to take her by steam into San Francisco, the Shawnee towed her to that port and turned her cargo over to the United States customs officers, while her officers and crew, including Ford, were arrested.
called the Consolidated Exporters' Corporation, Limited, of Canada, and loaded at Vancouver, British Columbia, with large cargoes of miscellaneous liquors; that the Malahat left Vancouver in May, officially destined to Buenaventura, Colombia; that the Coal Harbour left the same port in July, with a similar cargo officially destined to La Libertad, San Salvador, and the Quadra left there in September, officially destined to La Libertad. The captains of these vessels, while hovering near the Farallones, were constantly in touch with the convicted defendants Quartararo and Belanger at San Francisco, and acted to some extent under their orders and directions. Quartararo was the most active agent of the conspiracy on shore. Belanger was a director of the Canadian corporation above named. He arranged for and had sent from San Francisco to the Malahat burlap containers to be used for landing the bottled liquor, thence to be transferred to the Quadra, and also gave the orders to transfer liquor from one vessel to another, and to bring designated liquor from the vessels' cargoes to the shore. The Quadra was supplied with fuel oil from the shore pursuant to prearrangement. None of the seagoing vessels above named proceeded to their destinations officially described in their ship's papers, but cruised up and down between the Farallones and the Golden Gate, where the exchanges of liquor and sacks were made, and where the needed oil was delivered, and from which the liquor was carried by small boats to a landing place called Oakland Creek in San Francisco. The evidence of the conspiracy, the landing of the liquor, and the complicity of the convicted defendants therein was ample, and practically undenied.
against its use as evidence against them under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the federal Constitution. The motion was heard by the district court without a jury, and was denied in an opinion reported in U.S. v. Ford, 3 F.2d 643. The evidence of the government showed that the Quadra was seized at a distance from the Farallon Islands of 5.7 miles, and a test made later of the speed of the motor boat C-55 caught carrying liquor from her showed that it could traverse 6.6 miles in an hour. There was a conflict as to the exact position of the Quadra at the time of the seizure. It was further objected that the speed of the motor boat was not made under the same conditions as those which existed at the time of the seizure.
It is objected that the question of the validity of the seizure should have been submitted to the jury. So far as the objection relates to the admission of evidence, it has already been settled by this Court that the question is for the court, and not for the jury. Steele v. United States, 267 U. S. 505, 267 U. S. 5111; Gila Valley Railroad Co. v. Hall, 232 U. S. 94, 232 U. S. 103; Bartlett v. Smith, 11 Mees. & W. 483; Doe dem. Jenkins v. Devies, 10 Adol. & E. (N.S.) 314; Cleave v. Jones, 7 Exch. 421, 425; 5 Wigmore on Evidence (2d ed.) p. 556, § 2550.
that the illegal seizure of the defendant therein violated neither the federal Constitution nor a federal law nor a treaty of the United States, and so that the validity of their trial after alleged seizure was not a matter of federal cognizance. Here, a treaty of the United States is directly involved, and the question is quite different.
But there is a reason why this assignment of error cannot prevail. The issue whether the ship was seized within the prescribed limit did not affect the question of the defendants' guilt or innocence. It only affected the right of the court to hold their persons for trial. It was necessarily preliminary to that trial. The proper way of raising the issue of fact of the place of seizure was by a plea to the jurisdiction. A plea to the jurisdiction must precede that plea of not guilty. Such a plea was not filed. The effect of the failure to file it was to waive the question of the jurisdiction of the persons of defendants. Dowdell v. United States, 221 U. S. 325, 221 U. S. 332; Albrecht v. United States, ante, p. 273 U. S. 1; Gardner v. United States, 5 Indian Territory 150, 156; Regina v. Stone, 23 Ont. 46, 50; In re Paul, 5 Alberta Law 442; State v. Bishop, 7 Conn. 181; State v. Watson, 20 R.I. 354; State v. Kinney, 41 Iowa, 424; In re Roszcynialla, 99 Wis. 534, 538; State ex rel. Brown v. Fitzgerald, 51 Minn. 534; In re Brown, 62 Kan. 648; State v. Browning, 70 S.C. 466; Hollibaugh v. Hehn, 13 Wyo. 269; In re Blum, 9 N.Y.Misc. 571; 1 Bishop Crim.Proc. (2d ed.) §§ 730, 744 and 746; 1 Chitty Criminal Law (5th Am. ed.) p. 438. It was not error, therefore, to refuse to submit to the jury on the trial the issue as to the place of the seizure.
was laid at the Bay of San Francisco, which was within the jurisdiction of the court. The conspiracy charged was undoubtedly a conspiracy to violate the laws of the United States under § 37 of the Criminal Code. The court had jurisdiction to try the offense charged in the indictment, and the defendants were in its jurisdiction because they were actually in its custody.
The defendants contend that, on the face of the indictment and the treaty, they are made immune from trial. This requires an examination and construction of the treaty.
"The high contracting parties declare that it is their firm intention to uphold the principle that 3 marine miles extending from the coast-line outwards and measured from low water mark constitute the proper limits of territorial waters."
"(1) His Britannic Majesty agrees that he will raise no objection to the boarding of private vessels under the British flag outside the limits of territorial waters by the authorities of the United States, its territories. or possessions in order that enquiries may be addressed to those on board and an examination be made of the ship's papers for the purpose of ascertaining whether the vessel or those on board are endeavoring to import or have imported alcoholic beverages into the United States, its territories, or possessions in violation of the laws there in force.
When such enquiries and examination show a reasonable ground for suspicion, a search of the vessel may be instituted."
"(3) The rights conferred by this article shall not be exercised at a greater distance from the coast of the United States, its territories, or possessions than can be traversed in one hour by the vessel suspected of endeavoring to commit the offense. In cases, however, in which the liquor is intended to be conveyed to the United States, its territories, or possessions by a vessel other than the one boarded and searched, it shall be the speed of such other vessel, and not the speed of the vessel boarded, which shall determine the distance from the coast at which the right under this article can be exercised."
no part of such liquors shall at any time or place be unladen within the United States, its territories, or possessions."
"Any claim by a British vessel for compensation on the grounds that it has suffered loss or injury through the improper or unreasonable exercise of the rights conferred by Article II of this treaty or on the ground that it has not been given the benefit of Article III shall be referred for the joint consideration of two persons, one of whom shall be nominated by each of the high contracting parties."
"Effect shall be given to the recommendations contained in any such joint report. If no joint report can be agreed upon, the claim shall be referred to the Claims Commission established under the provisions of the agreement for the settlement of outstanding pecuniary claims signed at Washington the 18th August, 1910, but the claim shall not, before submission to the tribunal, require to be included in a schedule of claims confirmed in the manner therein provided."
adjudication as the ship. If they committed an offense against the United States and its liquor importation laws, they cannot escape conviction unless the treaty affirmatively confers on them immunity from prosecution. There certainly are no express words granting such immunity. Why should it be implied? If it was intended by the parties, why should it not have been expressed?
It is urged that the principle of interpretation expressio unius est exclusio alterius requires the implication from the reference to the adjudication of the vessel alone. This maxim properly applies only when, in the natural association of ideas in the mind of the reader, that which is expressed is so set over by way of strong contrast to that which is omitted that the contrast enforces the affirmative inference that that which is omitted must be intended to have opposite and contrary treatment. But here, as we have already pointed out, the obvious and necessary association of the seizure and the taking to port of the cargo and those on board with that of the vessel naturally carries the same association with the step of adjudication. This destroys the idea of contrast, so that the inference based on the maxim cannot here by drawn. The ship, on the one hand, and those on her and her cargo, on the other, are not, in the natural reading of the words, set over against each other. The words "for adjudication" are arranged as incidental to the seizure and taking into port in which the persons on board and the cargo must be included. Why, then, should they be excluded from the last of the three steps described in the disposition of the vessel?
The maxim of interpretation relied on is often helpful, but its wise application varies with the circumstances. United States. v. Barnes, 222 U. S. 513, 222 U. S. 518-519; City of New York v. Davis, 7 F.2d 566, 575; Saunders v. Evans, 8 H.L. C. 721, 729; London Joint Stock Bank v. Mayor, 1 C.P.D. 1, 17; Colquhoun v. Brooks, 21 Q.B.Div.
"It will, however, be proper to observe, before proceeding to give instances in illustration of the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, that great caution is requisite in dealing with it for, as Lord Campbell observed in Saunders v. Evans, it is not of universal application, but depends upon the intention of the party as discoverable upon the face of the instrument or of the transaction; thus, where general words are used in a written instrument, it is necessary in the first instance to determine whether those general words are intended to include other matters besides such as are specifically mentioned, or to be referable exclusively to them, in which latter case only can the above maxim be properly applied."
"It is often a valuable servant, but a dangerous master to follow in the construction of statutes or documents. The 'exclusio' is often the result of inadvertence or accident, and the maxim ought not to be applied, when its application, having regard to the subject matter to which it is to be applied, leads to inconsistency or injustice."
treaty to discourage. The owner of the vessel would thus alone be subjected to penalty, and he would suffer for the primary guilt of the immunized owner of the liquor. Such implication of immunity leads to inconsistency and injustice. The palpable incongruity contended for is such that, without express words, we cannot attribute to the high contracting parties intention to bring it about.
"As you are doubtless aware, the British schooner Francis E., of Nassau, was seized by a United States revenue cutter of April 24th last, and was later escorted into the port of Mobile, Alabama, where her master and crew were arrested and charged with conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Laws."
still awaiting trial, and that the long delay, added to their uncertainty as to the future, is causing them considerable suffering."
The request was then made that the trial be expedited, and this was followed by a similar request in October, 1925, but there was no claim that there was any immunity from trial secured by the treaty to those who were brought in on the vessel seized.
that he might be brought before such judges or other magistrates, respectively, to the end that the evidence of criminality might be heard and considered, and if, on such hearing, the evidence be deemed sufficient to sustain the charge, it should be the duty of the examining judge or magistrate to certify the same to the proper executive authority that a warrant could issue for the surrender of such fugitive. The court held that a defendant thus extradited could not be tried for any offense other than the one for which he was extradited. The case was decided at the end of a prolonged controversy between Great Britain and the United States, through their state Departments, on the same issue presented in several cases.
The opinion of the Court was delivered by Mr. Justice Miller, and his conclusions were based first on the ground that, according to the doctrine of publicists and writers on international law, the country receiving the offender against its laws from another country, in the absence of treaty, has no right to proceed against him for any other offense than that for which he had been delivered up; second, that the enumeration of the offenses in the treaty there involved marked such a clear line in regard to the magnitude and importance of those offenses that it was impossible to give any other interpretation to it than the exclusion of the right of extradition in others; third, the provisions of the treaty giving a party an examination before a judicial tribunal in which before he should be delivered up, the offense for which he was to be extradited must be proven to the satisfaction of the tribunal, left no doubt that the purpose of the treaty was that the person delivered up should be tried for that offense, and no other; and, fourth, that the provisions of §§ 5272 and 5275 of the Revised Statutes required such course in the trial of extradited persons.
of the smugglers or would-be smugglers or the contraband cargo in the case before us. If it were attempted to try the defendants or to forfeit the cargo that was brought into port for smuggling of forbidden opium, a different question might possibly be presented. But here, the subjecting of the defendants and the cargo by the seizure of the vessel to the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States is for a conspiracy to do the smuggling of liquor, which was the ground for the vessel's seizure. This destroys any real analogy between the Rauscher case and this. More than this, the strength of the provisions of the treaty in the Rauscher case as detailed in the opinion to establish the sound application of the exclusio maxim of interpretation shows how weak, by contrast, is its application to the circumstances of this case.
It is next objected that the convicted defendants taken from the Quadra were not triable under the indictment because it charges an offense against them for which, under the treaty, neither they nor the Quadra could have been seized in the prescribed limit. It is very doubtful whether the objection was made in time, and was not waived by the plea of not guilty; but we shall treat it as having been duly made. The contention of counsel on this point is that the treaty permits seizure only for the substantive offense of importing or attempting to import liquor illegally, and not for a conspiracy to do so.
These defendants were indicted under § 37 of the Criminal Code of the United States for having conspired at the Bay of San Francisco to violate the National Prohibition Act and the Tariff Act of 1922. Section 37 of the Criminal Code provides that, if two or more persons conspire to commit an offense against the United States, and one or more of such parties commit any act to effect the object of he conspiracy, each shall be punished.
"No person shall on or after the date when the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States goes into effect, manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish, or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized in this Act, and all the provisions of this Act shall be liberally construed to the end that the use of intoxicating liquor as a beverage may be prevented."
The Tariff Act of September 21, 1922, 42 Stat. c. 356, § 593(b), provides that if any person fraudulently or knowingly imports or brings into the United States, or assists in doing so, any merchandise contrary to law, he shall be fined or imprisoned. The importation of liquor into the United States is contrary to law, as shown by the Prohibition Act.
The indictment charged as overt acts that the defendants and each of them, on the 10th and 29th of September, and October 11th, by small boats from the Quadra, landed illegally in San Francisco substantial quantities of liquor, and on the 12th of October, the day of the seizure, attempted to land another lot of liquor, but were defeated by the seizure.
an offense against the laws of the United States, . . . prohibiting the importation of alcoholic beverages."
those under the others. The Tariff Act and the conspiracy section each imposes a maximum penalty of two years, while that of the Prohibition Act is only six months, with a lower maximum of fine.
The differences are clearly not sufficient to affect the construction. The substantive offense of importing liquor is, in law, a different one from the preparatory offense of conspiring to import liquor; but where, as here, the overt acts of the conspiracy include an actual importation of liquor and an attempt, it would seem to be quite absurd to hold that the conspiracy set forth does not come within the scope of the treaty. This is not a case for keeping within the technical description of a particular offense. It is not a formal extradition treaty, where it is necessary in protection of the persons to be extradited and carried from one country to another that the crime for which they are to be tried should be described with nicety and precision to permit the operation of the principles recognized and enforced in the Rauscher case. Any law the enforcement of and punishment for which will specifically prevent smuggling of liquor should be regarded as embraced by the treaty. The British government has advanced no contrary view. In the letter from the British Embassy of June 30, 1925, already referred to, the fact that the master and crew of the British schooner Francis E., of Nassau, were arrested and charged with conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Laws, was not made the basis of complaint or protest, but only of a request that the trial be expedited. The error assigned upon this point cannot be sustained.
so could commit no offense against it. What they are charged with is conspiring "at the Bay of San Francisco" with the defendants Quartararo and Belanger illegally to import liquor, and the overt acts of thus smuggling and attempting to smuggle it. The conspiracy was continuously in operation between the defendants in the United States and those on the high seas adjacent thereto, and, of the four overt acts committed in pursuance thereof, three were completed and took effect within the United States, and the fourth failed of its effect only by reason of the intervention of the federal officers. In other words, the conspiring was directed to violation of the United States law within the United States, by men within and without it, and everything done was at the procuration and by the agency of each for the other in pursuance of the conspiracy and the intended illegal importation. In such a case, all are guilty of the offense of conspiring to violate the United States law, whether they are in or out of the country.
he had been present at the effect, if the state should succeed in getting him within its power. Commonwealth v. Smith, 11 Allen 243, 256, 259; Simpson v. State, 92 Ga. 41; American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co., 213 U. S. 347, 213 U. S. 356; Commonwealth v. Macloon, 101 Mass. 1, 6, 18. We may assume, therefore, that Daily is a criminal under the laws of Michigan."
Other cases in this Court which sustain the same view are Benson v. Henkle, 198 U. S. 1, In re Palliser, 136 U. S. 257, Horner v. United States, 143 U. S. 207, Burton v. United States, 202 U. S. 344, 202 U. S. 387, and Lamar v. United States, 240 U. S. 60, 240 U. S. 65, 66.
There has been much discussion of this general principle, and its application has been varied in some courts because of certain rules of the common law with respect to principals and accessories; but, in the consideration of such a case as this, we are not controlled by such considerations, and regard the principle as settled as in the passage quoted. It is supported by other authorities. Commonwealth v. Gillespie, 7 Serg. & R. 469, 478; Rex v. Brisac and Scott, 4 East, 164; State v. Piver, 74 Wash. 96; Weil v. Black, 76 W.Va. 685.
"I do not proceed upon the ground that the offense was committed beyond the jurisdiction of the court [which was the fact there], for if a man employ a conscious or unconscious agent in this country, he may be amenable to the laws of England, although at the time be was living beyond the jurisdiction."
cases show that jurisdiction exists to try one who is a conspirator whenever the conspiracy is in whole or in part carried on in the country whose laws are conspired against. In Hyde v. United States, 225 U. S. 347, and Brown v. Elliott, 225 U. S. 392, the question was whether a conspiracy could be tried not where it was carried on, but in a place where only an overt act under it was performed by one conspirator. There was strong diversity of opinion among the justices, though a majority sustained the venue following the Court of King's Bench in Rex v. Brisac and Scott, 4 East, 164. But we have no such ground for difference here, for the conspiracy was being carried on all the time by communications exchanged between the conspirators in San Francisco and on the high seas just beyond the 3-mile limit near San Francisco Bay, and the overt acts were in both places.
"The principle that a man who, outside of a country, willfully puts in motion a force to take effect in it is answerable at the place where the evil is done is recognized in the criminal jurisprudence of all countries. And the methods which modern invention has furnished for the performance of criminal acts in that manner has made this principle one of constantly growing importance, and of increasing frequency of application."
"Its logical soundness and necessity received early recognition in the common law. Thus, it was held that a man who erected a nuisance in one county which took effect in another was criminally liable in the county in which the injury was done. (Bulwer's Case, 7 Co. 2 b, 3 b.; Com.Dig. Action, N, 3, 11.) So, if a man, being in one place, circulates a libel in another, he is answerable at the latter place. (Seven Bishops' Case, 12 State Trials, p. 331; Rex v. Johnson, 7 East. 65.)"
"But, as has been shown, the doctrine of accessoryship has been abolished by statute in many jurisdictions in which it formerly prevailed, and is condemned by many writers as unnecessary and unsound. Referring to accessories before the fact, Mr. Bishop says:"
" The distinction between such accessory and a principal rests solely in authority, being without foundation either in natural reason or in the ordinary doctrines of the law. The general rule of the law is that what one does through another's agency is to be regarded as done by himself."
principle of common law qui facit per alium facit per se' is of universal application, both in criminal and civil cases."
The overt acts charged in the conspiracy to justify indictment under § 37 of the Criminal Code were acts within the jurisdiction of the United States, and the conspiracy charged, although some of the conspirators were corporally on the high seas, had for its object crime in the United States, and was carried on partly in and partly out of this country, and so was within its jurisdiction under the principles above settled.
that there was sufficient probable connection with the conspiracy already shown to allow the items of evidence to be introduced, leaving to the jury the weight of it, but that, even if in any of such instances there was error, they were merely cumulative proof of the conspiracy which was practically undenied, and their admission was harmless.

References: § 37
 v. 
 § 37
 § 593
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 37
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 2550
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 37
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 37
 § 593
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 37