Source: https://secondcircuit.lexroll.com/arnone-v-aetna-life-ins-co-860-f-3d-97-2017/
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 05:53:29+00:00

Document:
Salvatore ARNONE, Plaintiff-Counter-Defendant-Appellant, v. AETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Counter-Claimant-Appellee.
FRANKLIN P. SOLOMON, Solomon Law Firm, LLC, Cherry Hill, NJ, for Salvatore Arnone.
MICHAEL H. BERNSTEIN (Matthew P. Mazzola, on the brief), Sedgwick LLP, New York, NY, for Aetna Life Insurance Company.
Before: Pooler, Lynch, and Carney, Circuit Judges.
settlement.1 In this appeal, we consider whether section 5-335 applies to payments made in settlement of a personal injury suit brought in a New York court by a New York resident injured in New York, even though the governing benefit plan provides that the law of a state other than New York controls the plan’s construction.In brief summary, appellant Salvatore Arnone, a New York resident, sustained serious injuries while working in New York at the site of a customer of his employer. He filed for, and received, long-term disability benefits related to the injury through his employer’s benefit plan (the “Plan”), which was governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. Aetna Life Insurance Company (“Aetna”), a Connecticut company and national insurer that is registered to do business in New York, is both the Plan’s insurer and its claims administrator.
Arnone brought a personal injury suit in New York state court against his employer’s customer and settled the suit for $850,000. In light of the settlement, Aetna reduced Arnone’s disability benefits by a portion of the settlement proceeds. Taking the position that the settlement included compensation duplicative of Arnone’s disability benefits and citing a Plan provision regarding offsetting payments from other sources, Aetna maintained that the Plan permitted it to reduce its benefit payment obligation.
Arnone sued Aetna to recover the offset benefits. In moving for summary judgment, he invoked section 5-335. The District Court (Feuerstein, J.) denied Arnone’s motion, reasoning that section 5-335 had no bearing on the amount of Arnone’s benefit entitlement in light of the Plan’s choice of law provision designating Connecticut law as controlling the Plan’s construction. Arnone appeals this determination. Aetna defends the District Court’s reasoning, and further argues that ERISA preempts section 5-335 as an impermissible state regulation of the Plan. Aetna also contends that Arnone forfeited his right to invoke section 5-335 in this lawsuit by failing to rely on it during Aetna’s claims administration process.
We conclude that, when applied, section 5-335 prohibits Aetna’s reduction in Arnone’s disability benefits. We further decide that neither ERISA’s preemptive force nor the Plan’s choice of law provision compels a different conclusion. We also reject Aetna’s issue forfeiture argument. Thus, as to Arnone’s entitlement to the past and ongoing benefits that Aetna has withheld on the ground that they are duplicative of Arnone’s personal injury settlement, the District Court erred in granting Aetna’s motion for summary judgment and denying Arnone’s motion for summary judgment. Arnone is entitled to the unpaid benefits. For these reasons, the District Court’s judgment is REVERSED IN PART, as to that issue, and the cause is REMANDED for the entry of a revised judgment consistent with this opinion.
fell about four feet, hitting his head, lower back, and neck on a cinder block wall. Arnone reported that, as a result of the fall, he experienced pain, limitations in the range of motion in his cervical and lumbar spine, radiculopathy,2 and difficulty sitting or standing for prolonged periods. Several months after the fall, Arnone returned to work, but in December 2009 he stopped working — this time permanently — because of his injuries.Konica had established for its employees a group long-term disability plan (the “Plan”) that qualified as an employee welfare benefit plan under ERISA. Konica had also purchased from Aetna a group insurance policy designed to allow Konica to fund benefits under the Plan and engaged Aetna as the Plan’s claims administrator. Arnone was a Plan participant.
Under ERISA, “benefits plans must be `established and maintained pursuant to a written instrument.'” M & G Polymers USA, LLC v. Tackett, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 926, 933, 190 L.Ed.2d 809 (2015) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1102 (a)(1)). We understand the parties to agree that the written terms of the Plan comprise the insurance policy issued by Aetna to Konica, Joint App’x (“J.A.”) 91-123, the “Booklet” apparently issued to employees as their “Certificate of Coverage,” J.A. 124-42, and the “Summary of Coverage” document accompanying it, J.A. 143-52. We accept the parties’ characterization for present purposes. See, e.g., Gibbs ex rel. Estate of Gibbs v. CIGNA Corp., 440 F.3d 571, 573 (2d Cir. 2006) (determining that the terms of a plan were expressed in an employer’s plan description and an insurer’s policy materials); Ruiz v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 400 F.3d 986, 990-91 (7th Cir. 2005) (collecting cases and holding that an employer’s disability insurance policy, together with certificates issued to employees, constituted ERISA plan documents).
disability benefits under any state or federal workers’ compensation law or any other like law, which are meant to compensate the worker for any one or more of the following: loss of past and future wages; impaired earning capacity; lessened ability to compete in the open labor market; any degree of permanent impairment; and any degree of loss of bodily function or capacity.J.A. 127-28. The list of “other income benefits” also includes “[d]isability payments which result from the act or omission of any person whose action caused [the Plan participant’s] disability.” J.A. 128. In contrast, the term “other income benefits” does not include disability benefits being received from particular enumerated sources before the date of disability under the Plan, or from “individual disability income policies” or “severance pay.” J.A. 129.
Aetna approved Arnone’s claim for disability benefits effective retroactively to December 2009 (when Arnone became eligible for benefits). It calculated 60 percent of his monthly pre-disability earnings to be $4,881. (In discussing dollar amounts, we round to the nearest dollar.)Aetna reduced Arnone’s disability benefits, however, in accordance with the Plan’s “other income benefits” provision. By the time Aetna approved Arnone’s claim, Arnone had already begun to receive New York workers’ compensation benefits in the amount of $2,383 per month. As of March 12, 2010, then, Aetna calculated that Arnone was due disability benefits of $2,498 per month — $4,881 (60 percent of his pre-disability earnings) less $2,383 (his monthly workers’ compensation benefits).
An additional reduction for “other income benefits” followed. In April 2011, the Social Security Administration awarded Arnone Social Security Disability Income (“SSDI”) benefits totaling $2,414 per month. After offsetting these benefits as well, Aetna informed Arnone that he was due $114 per month under the Plan. This sum represented the Plan’s guaranteed floor — its minimum monthly disability benefit for Plan participants.
Meanwhile, in November 2009, Arnone filed a personal injury suit against Meopta in New York state court, seeking compensation for his injuries. Roughly three years later, in late 2012, Arnone settled that suit for a lump-sum payment of $850,000. In return for the payment, he executed a sweeping general release of his claims against Meopta (the “Release”).
That part of the lump sum or periodic payment that is for disability will be counted [as an other income benefit offsetting benefits otherwise due], even if it is not specifically apportioned or identified as such. If there is no proof acceptable to Aetna as to what that part reasonably is, 50% will be deemed to be for disability.J.A. 129 (emphasis added).
Relying on this language, Aetna concluded that the personal injury settlement reduced its obligation to Arnone by $275,550 (50 percent of the $551,100 net settlement amount paid by Meopta to Arnone). It prorated this sum, offsetting $1,791 per month retroactively from November 2012 (the date of the settlement, as Aetna determined it) to May 2013 (the date of Aetna’s recalculation), and prospectively until August 2025 (the date when Arnone’s disability benefit period under the Plan would end). Combined with the existing offsets, Arnone’s disability benefits going forward from May 2013 were thus again, in Aetna’s estimation, reduced to the $114 monthly minimum.
Arnone’s counsel turned to Aetna’s internal appeal process to challenge Aetna’s recalculation. In a June 2013 letter, he argued that, because the remainder of the lump-sum settlement “was not for disability, but for pain and suffering only, no such portion should be deducted from [Arnone’s] monthly benefit.” J.A. 184. In a July 2013 letter, Aetna notified Arnone that, after an internal administrative review, it had upheld its original decision.
In August 2013, Arnone filed the instant action against Aetna in New York state court, seeking, among other relief, an award of the disability benefits that Aetna withheld in light of the settlement. As relevant to this appeal, Arnone asserted his entitlement to those unpaid benefits under section 502(a)(1)(B) of ERISA, which empowers a plan participant to sue “to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan” and “to enforce his rights under the terms of the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B).
Both Arnone and Aetna moved for summary judgment. Arnone argued that section 5-335 precluded Aetna from offsetting half of his net settlement amount against his disability benefits. The Plan’s 50% Provision, by its text, allows offset only of the portion of the settlement that is “for disability,” Arnone contended. He pointed out the 50% Provision’s qualification: that only “[i]f there is no proof acceptable to Aetna as to what part reasonably is … for disability,” will 50 percent of the total sum be “deemed” to be such compensation. J.A. 129. New York law as stated in section 5-335 provides, however, that personal injury settlements “shall be conclusively presumed” not to include “any compensation for the cost of health care services, loss of earnings or other economic loss[es]” that “have been or are obligated to be paid or reimbursed by an insurer.” N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-335. Accordingly, Arnone argued, Aetna could not lawfully treat any part of his otherwise undifferentiated settlement amount as a payment “for disability” as required to apply the 50% Provision, and Aetna erred by reducing his disability benefits as it did. For its part, Aetna defended its application of the Plan’s provisions.The District Court denied Arnone’s motion for summary judgment and granted Aetna’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing Arnone’s complaint in its entirety and also entering judgment for Aetna on its counterclaim for $40,125. See Arnone v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., No. 13-cv-5168, 2015 WL 3915607, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. June 25, 2015). The District Court addressed New York law and section 5-335 only briefly. After observing that Arnone invoked the statute “for the first time in the action” in his motion for summary judgment, it concluded that section 5-335 was irrelevant to the reconciliation of amounts due Arnone because the Plan both specified that it would “be construed in line with the law of the jurisdiction in which it is delivered” and identified that jurisdiction as the state of Connecticut. Id. at *9 n.8.
that Arnone forfeited his argument under section 5-335. We address each argument in turn.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Fay v. Oxford Health Plan,287 F.3d 96, 103 (2d Cir. 2002). “When there exist no genuine issues of material fact in dispute, as is the case here, our task is to determine whether the district court correctly applied the law.” Pagan v. NYNEX Pension Plan, 52 F.3d 438, 441 (2d Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Arnone and Aetna agree that Aetna, as claims administrator, has discretionary authority to determine a participant’s eligibility for benefits under the Plan. When a plan gives an administrator such discretion, “a court may not overturn the administrator’s denial of benefits unless its actions are found to be arbitrary and capricious.” McCauley v. First Unum Life Ins. Co., 551 F.3d 126, 132 (2d Cir. 2008). In the ERISA context, an administrator’s decision is arbitrary and capricious if it is made “without reason,” if it is “unsupported by substantial evidence,” or, most relevant here, if it is “erroneous as a matter of law.” Id.
We begin by addressing the straightforward question whether section 5-335, if applicable to this dispute, would prohibit Aetna’s offset action — putting aside for a moment the arguments that section 5-335 should not apply. For the reasons set out below, we conclude that section 5-335 would prohibit Aetna’s offset action as a matter of law and, for that reason, would render its decision arbitrary and capricious.
does not apply here because Aetna has not filed a reimbursement or subrogation claim to recover portions of the settlement proceeds. We reject this argument. Notwithstanding the statute’s lack of a reference to offsets, we think that, by referring to “losses or expenses that have been or are obligated to be paid or reimbursed by said insurer,” id. (emphasis added), it contemplates protecting an insured’s entitlement to ongoing benefits. Even clearer still, the applicability of the first quoted paragraph, which creates a conclusive presumption that a settlement does not include amounts that an insurer could recover, is not, by its terms, limited to reimbursement and subrogation actions.If applied to this dispute, section 5-335’s conclusive presumption would bar Aetna from offsetting portions of Arnone’s settlement against his ongoing disability benefits. The statute prohibits insurers from treating settlement amounts as “compensation for the cost of health care services, loss of earnings or other economic loss.” N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-335(a). There is no dispute that Aetna’s offset falls within the reach of that statutory language. The offset is based on Aetna’s conclusion that the settlement is an “other income benefit[ ],” 50 percent of which is deemed “for disability.” J.A. 127-29. While payments “for disability” might not always be limited to compensation for “loss of earnings,” the phrase “other economic loss” in section 5-335 is quite broad. Further, the record in this case reflects that the parties understood Aetna’s offset to apply to wage replacement, and Aetna has not argued otherwise on appeal.
It therefore follows that Aetna’s decision to offset half of the net settlement amount against Arnone’s disability benefits would, under New York law, unlawfully deny him sums to which he is entitled under the Plan. Although our review of the claims determinations made by Aetna as claims administrator is “highly deferential,” Zervos v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 277 F.3d 635, 646 (2d Cir. 2002), such a denial would be “erroneous as a matter of law” under section 5-335 and, accordingly, arbitrary and capricious, McCauley, 551 F.3d at 132 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The outcome of this appeal therefore depends on whether we apply section 5-335. If we do not apply the statute, then the judgment must be affirmed: Arnone has raised no other basis for reversal. If we do apply the statute, then the judgment must be reversed as to the issue of Arnone’s entitlement to the past and ongoing benefits that Aetna has withheld on the ground that they are duplicative of amounts received from his personal injury settlement.
Having determined that, if applied, section 5-335 would prohibit Aetna’s offset action, we turn now to Aetna’s arguments as to why section 5-335 does not apply to this dispute. For the reasons set out below, we find them unpersuasive.
Aetna contends that ERISA preempts section 5-335 because giving section 5-335 any effect here would be “entirely inconsistent with ERISA’s core congressional goal of uniformity of plan administration.” Appellee’s Br. at 35. This argument is flatly foreclosed, however, by our recent holding in Wurtz v. Rawlings Co., 761 F.3d 232 (2d Cir. 2014).
is to “avoid a multiplicity of regulation in order to permit the nationally uniform administration of employee benefit plans.” Concerned Home Care Providers, Inc. v. Cuomo,783 F.3d 77, 88 (2d Cir. 2015).But ERISA does not preempt all state laws that “relate to” an ERISA plan. ERISA’s so-called “savings clause” exempts from preemption, as relevant here, “any law of any State which regulates insurance.” 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A). The Supreme Court has left no doubt that “[a]n insurance company that insures a plan” — such as Aetna does for Konica — “remains an insurer for purposes of state laws purporting to regulate insurance” and “is therefore not relieved from state insurance regulation.” FMC Corp. v. Holliday, 498 U.S. 52, 61, 111 S.Ct. 403, 112 L.Ed.2d 356 (1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). An ERISA plan is “bound by state insurance regulations insofar as they apply to the plan’s insurer.” Id.
Because Aetna acts as an insurer here as well as the claims administrator, the only remaining question with respect to its preemption argument is whether section 5-335 can be said to “regulate insurance” such that it falls within ERISA’s savings clause. In Wurtz, we left no doubt that it does: “N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-335 is saved from express preemption under ERISA … as a law that `regulates insurance.'” 761 F.3d at 236. Thus, even if Aetna is correct that section 5-335 “relate[s] to” the Plan in some sense — a question we need not decide here — our precedent calls for us to treat it, notwithstanding ERISA, as a permissible regulation of New York’s insurance markets, in which Aetna is an established participant.
Aetna also objects that applying the statute to Arnone’s settlement stands in tension with Congress’s general goal of uniform administration of ERISA plans in every jurisdiction in which a plan has participants. This is not, however, a novel, avoidable, or dispositive concern: “Such disuniformit[y]… [is] the inevitable result of the congressional decision to `save’ local insurance regulation.” Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724, 747, 105 S.Ct. 2380, 85 L.Ed.2d 728 (1985); see also Wurtz, 761 F.3d at 244 (“Allowing plaintiffs’ state-law claims under section 5-335 to proceed will not disturb ERISA’s goal of providing national uniformity.”).
Aetna’s argument is especially unconvincing because the structure of Konica’s Plan invites the very disuniformity Aetna warns of: the Plan requires offset of “[d]isability, retirement, or unemployment benefits required or provided for under any law of a government,” including state governments. J.A. 127. These benefits can be expected to vary considerably by jurisdiction. The Plan, then, by its design, embraces the same sort of “dissimilar outcomes on identical claims submitted by claimants from different states,” Appellee’s Br. at 37-38, that Aetna contends warrant disregarding section 5-335. Aetna’s resort to the specter of disuniformity thus fails to persuade us to revisit our holding in Wurtz in order to find ERISA preemption here.
presented here, that provision is insufficient to bind this court to apply the full breadth of Connecticut law, to the exclusion of another jurisdiction’s law, in fields other than the interpretation of the language in this contract.Contractual choice of law provisions are generally enforceable under both New York law and federal common law.7 See Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Great Am. Ins. Co. of N.Y., 822 F.3d 620, 641 (2d Cir. 2016); Buce v. Allianz Life Ins. Co., 247 F.3d 1133, 1149 (11th Cir. 2001); Wang Labs., Inc. v. Kagan, 990 F.2d 1126, 1128-29 (9th Cir. 1993). But as we have previously observed, “[t]he effect of [a] choice-of-law clause depends on … its scope,” and New York courts are “reluctan[t] to read choice-of-law clauses broadly.” Fin. One Pub. Co. v. Lehman Bros. Special Fin., Inc., 414 F.3d 325, 332, 335 (2d Cir. 2005); see also Critchlow v. First UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 378 F.3d 246, 256 (2d Cir. 2004) (“In developing federal common law in an area, the courts may look to state law….”). We may apply Connecticut law to issues within the scope of the Plan’s choice of law provision and another jurisdiction’s law to issues outside the provision’s scope. See Fieger v. Pitney Bowes Credit Corp., 251 F.3d 386, 397 (2d Cir. 2001).
We are not convinced that the Plan’s declaration that it will be “construed” in accordance with Connecticut law requires application of Connecticut law to the specific question posed by this litigation: whether Aetna may reduce Arnone’s benefits by amounts he received from the settlement of his personal injury suit, notwithstanding New York’s directive to the contrary. Nothing about section 5-335 “construes” the Plan in the ordinary sense of the verb. For example, Webster’s New World College Dictionary (5th ed. 2014), offers the following as its first definition of “construe”: “to analyze (a sentence, clause, etc.) so as to show its syntactic construction and its meaning.” The New York statute does not “analyze” any Plan provision. It does not define any term of art or provide any principle for resolving textual ambiguities in this or other benefit plans or contracts. Instead, it addresses personal injury settlements like Arnone’s and limits the insurance consequences of such settlements. See N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-335 (“When a person settles a claim … for personal injuries … it shall be conclusively presumed that the settlement does not include any compensation for [losses] … to be paid or reimbursed by an insurer.” (emphasis added)). It curtails insurers’ rights following an insured’s settlement, irrespective of any language that may appear in the parties’ contract or benefit plan.
State laws governing contracts do not necessarily relate to the contracts’ construction. We think it plain, for example, that Connecticut’s usury statute prohibiting “agreement[s] to receive … interest at a rate greater than twelve per cent per annum” governs contracts without saying anything about their construction. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 37-4. In contrast, it is clearly a rule of construction under Connecticut law that ambiguities in insurance contracts are resolved in favor of the insured “only when all other avenues to determining the parties’ intent have been exhausted.” R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 171 Conn.App. 61, 156 A.3d 539, 556 (2017).
382 (alterations omitted). We deemed the Lauder administrator’s defense forfeited after we concluded that the dialogue would have benefited from the administrator’s assertion of the defense, given that it was aware at the time of all the circumstances relevant to the defense. Id. As relevant here, we distinguished Lauder‘s circumstances from those of Juliano v. Health Maintenance Organization of New Jersey, Inc., in which we expressed concern that requiring administrators to raise every possible defense during the claims administration process would turn ERISA notices into “meaningless catalogs of every conceivable reason that the cost in question might not be reimbursable, instead of candid statements as to why the administrator… thinks reimbursement is unwarranted.” 221 F.3d 279, 288 (2d Cir. 2000). In Lauder, we also justified applying a forfeiture rule as discouraging “manipulative strategies” by the administrator in the claims administration process, concerned that, absent forfeiture rulings, “plan administrators … will try the easiest and least expensive means of denying a claim while holding in reserve another, perhaps stronger, defense should the first one fail.” 284 F.3d at 382.Permitting Arnone to raise the section 5-335 issue here does not implicate the concerns we identified in Lauder. We are not worried, for example, that absent a forfeiture rule for someone in Arnone’s position, the claims administration process will be undermined. Arnone has not strategically saved his best argument for last or otherwise ambushed Aetna. Even though Arnone did not expressly flag the statute during Aetna’s claims process, he certainly made to Aetna in substance the same argument that he now makes in court: he repeatedly informed Aetna that the settlement amounts it sought to offset were for “pain and suffering” and “not for disability,” J.A. 182, 308, and that “no wage replacement was included,” J.A. 182. In citing section 5-335 later, Arnone supplemented a consistently held position with legal authority, which seems to us to be permissible in this context.
Moreover, Aetna can hardly have been surprised by the emergence of section 5-335 in its dispute with a New York resident who settled a personal injury claim arising in New York. Although we are mindful of Aetna’s concern regarding the administrative burdens involved in becoming familiar with the anti-subrogation laws of each state, we do not deal here with a local business tripped up by an unusual law from another state on an obscure topic. Aetna is a well-established and sophisticated insurer that operates nationwide, is subject to varying state laws in other aspects of its business, and cannot but be aware that anti-subrogation laws are a subject of division among the states. It is registered to conduct business in, and is regulated as an insurer by, the state of New York and doubtless many other jurisdictions. It is not entitled to insulate itself from the application of relevant state law by hoping that during the claims process its insureds — generally less knowledgeable and with fewer resources — fail to invoke by number a state law with which Aetna should already be quite familiar.
settlement could not be so applied. Aetna has identified no persuasive reason for treating the statute as inapplicable or ignoring it: in particular, the statute is not preempted by ERISA, nor does the Plan’s choice of law clause preclude this application of New York law.For these reasons, we conclude that the District Court erred in granting Aetna’s motion for summary judgment and denying Arnone’s motion for summary judgment as to the issue of Arnone’s entitlement to the past and ongoing benefits that Aetna has not paid on the ground that they are duplicative of Arnone’s personal injury settlement. Arnone is entitled to the unpaid benefits. Accordingly, the District Court’s judgment is REVERSED IN PART, as to that issue, and the cause is REMANDED for the entry of a revised judgment consistent with this opinion.
1. We note that throughout this opinion we do not use the terms “insured” and “insurer” broadly to refer to all kinds of insureds and insurers. Rather, we use those terms with reference to the positions functionally occupied by Arnone and Aetna in this case.
2. Radiculopathy is a disorder of the spinal nerve roots. See Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (28th ed. 2006).
3. In October 2012, Arnone also notified Aetna that his workers’ compensation benefits had been discontinued in August 2012. Aetna responded with an estimate that, once the workers’ compensation offset was removed, it would pay Arnone monthly disability benefits of $1261, but it requested further documentation of the discontinuation. The record is unclear as to whether Arnone ever provided sufficient documentation of the discontinuation or received any monthly payments of $1261, because soon after this exchange, Aetna and Arnone began disputing the impact of Arnone’s personal injury settlement on his disability benefits.
4. Aetna originally counterclaimed for an alleged overpayment of $61,540, but in its motion for summary judgment, Aetna clarified that the actual amount of overpayment was $40,125. These calculations were premised on the federal government’s 2011 payment of Social Security benefits to Arnone — a retroactive payment representing the total Social Security benefits he should have been receiving since December 2009. Because the start of Aetna’s disability payments predated the start of the retroactive Social Security period, Aetna had already paid him this amount without offset. Aetna thus treated the retroactive Social Security award as “other income benefits” and offset this award against its payment obligation.
5. We note further that, on appeal, Arnone relies solely on section 502(a)(1)(B) of ERISA in support of his challenge and has abandoned the theory — rejected by the District Court as preempted by ERISA — that Aetna’s offset also constituted a breach of contract. Arnone v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., No. 13-cv-5168, 2015 WL 3915607, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. June 25, 2015). We express no view as to the merits of either the latter theory or the District Court’s rejection of it.
6. In November 2013, about four months after Arnone filed this action against Aetna in New York state court, section 5-335 was amended. The amendment “primarily … replac[ed] references to a `benefit provider’ with `an insurer.'” Wurtz v. Rawlings Co., 761 F.3d 232, 236 n.1 (2d Cir. 2014). As we noted in Wurtz, the amendment applies retroactively to the period between November 12, 2009, and November 13, 2013 (the date of the amendment’s enactment). See id.; 2013 N.Y. Sess. Laws Ch. 516 (A. 7828-A) (“This act shall take effect immediately and shall apply to all settlements entered into on or after November 12, 2009.”). Because Arnone settled his personal injury suit in 2012, we conduct our analysis under the amended version of section 5-335. In any event, the amendment has no bearing on the issue before us, and we would reach the same result applying the earlier version.
7. We think it unnecessary in this case to decide whether it is New York law or federal common law that determines the effect of the Plan’s choice of law provision.
8. Aetna makes no argument independent of the Plan’s choice of law provision that any law other than New York’s should govern the insurance consequences of a settlement agreement resolving a New York lawsuit between two New York parties. Nor do we perceive any reason why New York law should not apply here. We therefore see no cause to engage in further choice of law analysis.
9. At points in its brief, Aetna frames its forfeiture argument in terms of our standard of review: it contends that its offset action cannot be deemed arbitrary and capricious on the basis of an argument — Arnone’s invocation of section 5-335 — that was not raised during the claims administration process. Fundamentally, though, Aetna is simply making a forfeiture argument.

References: v. 
 § 1001
 v. 
 § 1102
 v. 
 v. 
 § 1132
 § 5
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 5
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 1144
 v. 
 § 5
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 5
 § 37
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.