Source: https://openjurist.org/347/us/201
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 09:48:02+00:00

Document:
Rehearing Denied April 12, 1954.
This case involves the validity of copyrights obtained by respondents for statuettes of male and female dancing figures made of semivitreous china. The controversy centers around the fact that although copyrighted as 'works of art,' the statuettes were intended for use and used as bases for table lamps, with electric wiring, sockets and lamp shades attached.
Respondents are partners in the manufacture and sale of electric lamps. One of the respondents created original works of sculpture in the form of human figures by traditional clay-model technique. From this model, a production mold for casting copies was made. The resulting statuettes, without any lamp components added, were submitted by the respondents to the Copyright Office for registration as 'works of art' or reproductions thereof under § 5(g) or § 5(h) of the copyright law,1 and certificates of registration issued. Sales (publication in accordance with the statute) as fully equipped lamps preceded the applications for copyright registration of the statuettes. 17 U.S.C. (Supp. V, 1952) §§ 10, 11, 13, 209, 17 U.S.C.A. §§ 10, 11, 13, 209; Rules and Regulations, 37 CFR, 1949, §§ 202.8 and 202.9. Thereafter, the statuettes were sold in quantity throughout the country both as lamp bases and as statuettes. The sales in lamp form accounted for all but an insignificant portion of respondents' sales.
Petitioners are partners and, like repondents, make and sell lamps. Without authorization, they copied the statuettes, embodied them in lamps and sold them.
The instant case is one in a series of reported suits brought by respondents against various alleged infringers of the copyrights, all presenting the same or a similar question.2 Because of conflicting decisions,3 we granted certiorari. 346 U.S. 811, 74 S.Ct. 49. In the present case respondents sued petitioners for infringement in Maryland. Stein v. Mazer, D.C., 111 F.Supp. 359. Following the Expert decision and rejecting the reasoning of the District Court in the Rosenthal opinion, both referred to in the preceding note, the District Court dismissed the complaint. The Court of Appeals reversed and held the copyrights valid. Stein v. Mazer, 4 Cir., 204 F.2d 472.4 It said: 'A subsequent utilization of a work of art in an article of manufacture in no way affects the right of the copyright owner to be protected against infringement of the work of art itself.' 204 F.2d at page 477.
'Can statuettes be protected in the United States by copyright when the copyright applicant intended primarily to use the statuettes in the form of lamp bases to be made and sold in quantity and carried the intentions into effect?
'If, however, Cellini designed and manufactured this item in quantity so that the general public could have salt cellars, then an entirely different conclusion would be reached. In such case, the salt cellar becomes an article of manufacture having utility in addition to its ornamental value and would therefore have to be protected by design patent.' It is publication as a lamp and registration as a statue to gain a monopoly in manufacture that they assert is such a misuse of copyright as to make the registration invalid.
Unlike a patent, a copyright gives no exclusive right to the art disclosed; protection is given only to the expression of the idea—not the idea itself.39 Thus, in Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99, 25 L.Ed. 841, the Court held that a copyrighted book on a peculiar system of bookkeeping was not infringed by a similar book using a similar plan which achieved similar results where the alleged infringer made a different arrangement of the columns and used different headings. The distinction is illustrated in Fred Fisher, Inc. v. Dillingham, D.C., 298 F. 145, 151, when the court speaks of two men, each a perfectionist, independently making maps of the same territory. Though the maps are identical each may obtain the exclusive right to make copies of his own particular map, and yet neither will infringe the other's copyright. Likewise a copyrighted directory is not infringed by a similar directory which is the product of independent work.40 The copyright protects originality rather than novelty or invention—conferring only 'the sole right of multiplying copies.'41 Absent copying there can be no infringement of copyright.42 Thus, respondents may not exclude others from using statuettes of human figures in table lamps; they may only prevent use of copies of their statuettes as such or as incorporated in some other article. Regulation § 202.8, supra, makes clear that artistic articles are protected in 'form but not their mechanical or utilitarian aspects.' See Stein v. Rosenthal, D.C., 103 F.Supp. 227, 231. The dichotomy of protection for the aesthetic is not beauty and utility but art for the copyright and the invention of original and ornamental design for design patents. We find nothing in the copyright statute to support the argument that the intended use or use in industry of an article eligible for copyright bars or invalidates its registration. We do not read such a limitation into the copyright law.
Nor do we think the subsequent registration of a work of art published as an element in a manufactured article, is a misuse of the copyright. This is not different from the registration of a statuette and its later embodiment in an industrial article.
'The copyright law, like the patent statutes, makes reward to the owner a secondary consideration.' United States v. Paramount Pictures, 334 U.S. 131, 158, 68 S.Ct. 915, 929, 92 L.Ed. 1260. However, it is 'intended definitely to grant valuable, enforceable rights to authors, publishers, etc., without burdensome requirements; 'to afford greater encouragement to the production of literary (or artistic) works of lasting benefit to the world." Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson, 306 U.S. 30, 36, 59 S.Ct. 397, 400, 83 L.Ed. 470.
The economic philosophy behind the clause empowering Congress to grant patents and copyrights is the conviction that encouragement of individual effort by personal gain is the best way to advance public welfare through the talents of authors and inventors in 'Science and useful Arts.' Sacrificial days devoted to such creative activities deserve rewards commensurate with the services rendered.
Opinion of Mr. Justice DOUGLAS, in which Mr. Justice BLACK concurs.
An important constitutional question underlies this case—a question which was stirred on oral argument but not treated in the briefs. It is whether these statuettes of dancing figures may be copyrighted. Congress has provided that 'works of art', 'models or designs for works of art', and 'reproductions of a work of art' may be copyrighted, 17 U.S.C § 5, 17 U.S.C.A. § 5; and the Court holds that these statuettes are included in the words 'works of art'. But may statuettes be granted the monopoly of the copyright?
Article I, § 8 of the Constitution grants Congress the power 'To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors * * * the exclusive Right to their respective Writings * * *.' The power is thus circumscribed: it allows a monopoly to be granted only to 'authors' for their 'writings.' Is a sculptor an 'author' and is his statute a 'writing' within the meaning of the Constitution? We have never decided the question.
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53, 4 S.Ct. 279, 28 L.Ed. 349, held that a photograph could be copyrighted.
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 23 S.Ct. 298, 47 L.Ed. 460, held that chromolithographs to be used as advertisements for a circus were 'pictorial illustrations' within the meaning of the copyright laws. Broad language was used in the latter case, '* * * a very modest grade of art has in it something irreducible, which is one man's alone. That something he may copyright unless there is a restriction in the words of the act.' 188 U.S., at page 250, 23 S.Ct. at page 300. But the constitutional range of the meaning of 'writings' in the field of art was not in issue either in the Bleistein case nor in F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, 344 U.S. 228, 73 S.Ct. 222, 97 L.Ed. 276, recently here on a writ for certiorari limited to a question of damages.
At times the Court has on its own initiative considered and decided constitutional issues not raised, argued, or briefed by the parties. Such, for example, was the case of Continental Illinois Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Chicago, Rock Island R. Co., 294 U.S. 648, 667, 55 S.Ct. 595, 601, 79 L.Ed. 1110, in which the Court decided the constitutionality of § 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C.A. § 205, though the question was not noticed by any party. We could do the same here and decide the question here and now. This case, however, is not a pressing one, there being no urgency for a decision. Moreover, the constitutional materials are quite meager (see Fenning, The Origin of the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution, 17 Geo.L.J. 109 (1929)); and much research is needed.
The interests involved in the category of 'works of art,' as used in the copyright law, are considerable. The Copyright Office has supplied us with a long list of such articles which have been copyrighted—statuettes, book ends, clocks, lamps, door knockers, candlesticks, inkstands, chandeliers, piggy banks, sundials, salt and pepper shakers, fish bowls, casseroles, and ash trays. Perhaps these are all 'writings' in the constitutional sense. But to me, at least, they are not obviously so. It is time that we came to the problem full face. I would accordingly put the case down for reargument.
'(g) Works of art; models or designs for works of art.
Errors of classification are immaterial. See Note 19, infra.
An unreported action, Stein v. Zuckerman and DuBeshter, was pending in the Eastern District of New York. Note, 66 Harv.L.Rev. 877, 878, n. 8. We are advised that it was dismissed by consent February 24, 1953.
Stein v. Expert Lamp Co., 7 Cir., 188 F.2d 611, Stein v. Expert Lamp Co., D.C., 96 F.Supp. 97 was the first action brought. Through an accident in presentation, the trial court determined the case as though the copyright was on a statuette with lamp attachments. It held the statuettes not copyrightable because this 'was evidence of the practical use' intended. 96 F.Supp. at page 98. On petition for reconsideration, it held the presence or absence of the attachments immaterial. Stein v. Mazer, D.C., 111 F.Supp. 359, 361; Rosenthal v. Stein, 9 Cir., 205 F.2d 633, 634. The Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed on the ground that the Copyright Act 'does not refer to articles of manufacture having a utilitarian purpose nor does it provide for a previous examination by a proper tribunal as to the originality of the matter offered for copyright * * *.' Stein v. Expert Lamp Co., 188 F.2d 611, 613.
Stein v. Rosenthal, D.C., 103 F.Supp. 227, was a second infringement case. It was there held 'Protection is not dissipated by taking an unadulterated object of art as copyrighted and integrating it into commercially valuable merchandise.' 103 F.Supp. at page 230. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed, saying 'The theory that the use of a copyrighted work of art loses its status as a work of art if and when it is put to a functional use has no basis in the wording of the copyright laws and there is nothing in the design-patent laws which excludes a work of art from the operation of the copyright laws.' Rosenthal v. Stein, 9 Cir., 205 F.2d 633, 635.
In Stein v. Benaderet, 109 F.Supp. 364, 365, a district court of Michigan held that it is the 'intent and purpose' of the designer which determines whether an object is copyrightable as a work of art. The court said plaintiffs should have applied for a design patent and held for defendants. An appeal is pending now in the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
The opinions in the above cases and those of the District Court and the Court of Appeals in the present litigation deserve careful reading.
In this case the Register of Copyrights participated as amicus curiae and supported respondents. Through the Solicitor General he has also filed a brief in this Court, and participated in the oral argument. 346 U.S. 882, 74 S.Ct. 143.
We do not reach for constitutional questions not raised by the parties. Chicago & G.T.R. Co. v. Wellman, 143 U.S. 339, 345, 12 S.Ct. 400, 402, 36 L.Ed. 176; People of the State of New York ex rel. Rosevale Realty Co. v. Kleinert, 268 U.S. 646, 651, 45 S.Ct. 618, 619, 69 L.Ed. 1135; C.I.O. v. McAdory, 325 U.S. 472, 475, 65 S.Ct. 1395, 1397, 89 L.Ed. 1741. The fact that the issue was mentioned in argument does not bring the question properly before us. Herbring v. Lee, 280 U.S. 111, 117, 50 S.Ct. 49, 51, 74 L.Ed. 217.
No question of our jurisdiction emerges. Chicot County Drainage Dist. v. Baxter State Bank, 308 U.S. 371, 60 S.Ct. 317, 84 L.Ed. 329. Compare Kalb v. Feuerstein, 308 U.S. 433, 60 S.Ct. 343, 84 L.Ed. 370, and Continental Illinois Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Chicago, R.I. & P.R. Co., 294 U.S. 648, 667, 55 S.Ct. 595, 601, 79 L.Ed. 1110.
Compare on the constitutional question the following: Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53, 4 S.Ct. 279, 28 L.Ed. 349, upheld the copyright of a photograph unanimously. It was said: 'By writings in that clause is meant the literary productions of those authors, and congress very properly has declared these to include all forms of writing, printing, engravings, etchings, etc., by which the ideas in the mind of the author are given visible expression.' 111 U.S. at page 58, 4 S.Ct. at page 281.
'These findings, we think, show this photograph to be an original work of art, the product of plaintiff's intellectual invention, of which plaintiff is the author, and of a class of inventions for which the constitution intended that congress should secure to him the exclusive right to use, publish, and sell, as it has done by section 4952 of the Revised Statutes.' 111 U.S. at page 60, 4 S.Ct. at page 282.
See also Schreiber v. Thornton, D.C., 17 F. 603, reversed on other grounds, Thornton v. Schreiber, 124 U.S. 612, 613, 8 S.Ct. 618, 31 L.Ed. 577.
See Fenning, The Origin of the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution, 17 Geo.L.J. 109; 2 Story, Constitution 5th ed.), c. XIX.
Trade-Mark Cases, 100 U.S. 82, 94, 25 L.Ed. 550. Congress had passed a trade-mark act under the Patent and Copyright Clause. A unanimous Court held this effort to protect trade-marks was unconstitutional.
See as to commerce, 100 U.S. at pages 95—98; Robert, Commentary on the Lanham Trade-Mark Act, 15 U.S.C.A. (§§ 81—1113, 1948) p. 265.
National Licorice Co. v. National Laber Relations Board, 309 U.S. 350, 357, note 2, 60 S.Ct. 569, 574, 84 L.Ed. 799; General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co., 304 U.S. 175, 546, 58 S.Ct. 849, 82 L.Ed. 1273; Crown C. & S. Co. v. Ferdinand Gutmann Co., 304 U.S. 159, 58 S.Ct. 842, 82 L.Ed. 1265, and cases cited; Gunning v. Cooley, 281 U.S. 90, 50 S.Ct. 231, 74 L.Ed. 720. The policy is incorporated in Rule 38(2), Revised Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States, 28 U.S.C.A., and the practice of bringing 'additional questions into a case' has been condemned recently in Irvine v. California, 347 U.S. 128, 129, 74 S.Ct. 381.
Ball, Law of Copyright and Literary Property (1944), 390; Howell, Copyright Law (1952), 130; 1 Ladas, The International Protection of Literary and Artistic Property (1938), 247; Weil, Copyright Law (1917), 227; Derenberg, Copyright No-Man's Land: Fringe Rights in Literary and Artistic Property, 1953 Copyright Problems Analyzed (CCH) 215; Pogue, Borderland—Where Copyright and Design Patent Meet, 52 Mich.L.Rev. 33; Notes, 21 Geo.Wash.L.Rev. 353; 66 Harv.L.Rev. 877; 27 Ind.L.J. 130. See Report of the Copyright Committee, Board of Trade, October 1952, Artistic Copyright and Industrial Designs, pp. 82 et seq.
13 Stat. 540. Between 1789 and 1904, there were in all some twenty-five laws dealing with copyrights. Salberg, Copyright in Congress (1905), 89—93.
§ 86, 16 Stat. 212. This Act also vested control of records relating to copyrights in the Librarian of Congress and provided he should administer the law. Id., § 85.
'SEC. 2. Section 5(k) of the Act entitled 'An Act to amend and consolidate the Acts respecting copyright' approved March 4, 1909, is hereby amended to read: '(k) Prints and pictorial illustrations including prints or labels used for articles of merchandise." 53 Stat. 1142. This was an amendment to § 5(k) of the Act of 1909, 35 Stat. 1077. It is to be noted, however, that the 1909 Act did not conform to the 1874 language, but the present Act, 17 U.S.C.(Supp. V, 1952) § 5(k), 17 U.S.C.A. § 5(k), does contain the amendatory language of the 1939 Act.
'The existing statutes attempt specifications which are unfortunate because necessarily imperfect and requiring frequent additions to cover new forms or new processes. The bill in its general definition substitutes a general term, 'all the works of an author.' The term used in the constitution is 'writings.' But Congress has always construed this term broadly, and in doing so has been uniformly supported by judicial decision. It has, for instance, interpreted it as authorizing subject-matter so remote from its popular significance as photographs, paintings, statuary, and dramas, even if unwritten.
'As thus interpreted, the word 'writings would to-day in popular parlance be more nearly represented by the word 'works'; and this the bill adopts; referring back, however, to the word 'writings' by way of safe anchorage, but regarding this as including 'all forms of record in which the thought of an author may be recorded and from which it may be read or reproduced."
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 1884, 111 U.S. 53, 4 S.Ct. 279, 28 L.Ed. 349, has held that photographs were copyrightable in spite of the argument that the Constitution only specified protection for 'writings' of an 'author.' This decision made clear that 'writings' was not limited to chirography and typography.
Weil, Copyright Law (1917), 214; Howell, The Copyright Law (3d ed. 1952), 8.
H.R.Rep.No.2222, 60th Cong., 2d Sess. 10. The report is not very clear on the point, however.
'Provided, nevertheless, That the above specifications shall not be held to limit the subject-matter of copyright as defined in section four of this Act, nor shall any error in classification invalidate or impair the copyright protection secured under this Act.' 35 Stat. 1076.
Subsection (k) was amended by the addition of the words 'including prints or labels used for articles of merchandise' in 1939. 53 Stat. 1142. See note 14, supra. Two more classes '(l) Motion-picture photoplays' and '(m) Motion pictures other than photoplays' were added in 1912. 37 Stat. 488.
Title 17 of the United States Code entitled 'Copyrights' was codified into positive law in 1947 without change in the pertinent provisions. 61 Stat. 652, 17 U.S.C.(Supp. V., 1952) §§ 4, 5, 17 U.S.C.A. §§ 4, 5.
'Productions of the industrial arts utilitarian in purpose and character are not subject to copyright registration, even if artistically made or ornamented.' Rules and Regulations for the Registration of Claims to Copyright, Bulletin No. 15 (1910), 8.
'The protection of productions of the industrial arts, utilitarian in purpose and character, even if artistically made or ornamented depends upon action under the patent law; but registration in the Copyright Office has been made to protect artistic drawings notwithstanding they may afterwards be utilized for articles of manufacture.' 37 CFR, 1939, § 201.4(7).
Great Northern R. Co. v. United States, 315 U.S. 262, 275, 62 S.Ct. 529, 534, 86 L.Ed. 836.
United States v. Perry, 146 U.S. 71, 74, 13 S.Ct. 26, 27, 36 L.Ed. 890.
Arguments before the Committees on Patents of the Senate and House of Representatives, conjointly, on S. 6330 and H.R. 19853, To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 59th Cong., 1st Sess., June 6—9, 1906, p. 11. The statement is applicable to the 1909 Act since §§ 5(g) and (h) of the 1909 Act are identical with the same sections of S. 6330 and H.R. 19853. Although there were other hearings and reports (see 51 House Committee Hearings before Committee on Patents (1906—1912), on Consolidating and Revising the Copyright Laws; H.R.Rep.No.2222, 60th Cong., 2d Sess. 3), this statement of Mr. Putnam is the only explanation of the change in statutory language, though S.Rep.No. 6187, 59th Cong., 2d Sess., p. 11, refers to 'works of art' as a new designation and mentioned the deletion of 'fine' from the category.
Cf. H. C. White Co. v. Morton E. Converse & Son Co., 2 Cir., 20 F.2d 311.
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53, 60, 4 S.Ct. 279, 282, 28 L.Ed. 349; Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 250, 23 S.Ct. 298, 300, 47 L.Ed. 460; Louis De Jonge & Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co., C.C., 182 F. 150, 152; F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, 1 Cir., 193 F.2d 162, 164; see same case, 344 U.S. 228, 73 S.Ct. 222, 97 L.Ed. 276; Yuengling v. Schile, C.C., 12 F. 97, 100; Schumacher v. Schwencke, C.C., 25 F. 466; Pellegrini v. Allegrini, D.C., 2 F.2d 610.
Wheaton and Donaldson v. Peters and Grigg, 8 Pet. 591, 661, 8 L.Ed. 1055; Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal, 286 U.S. 123, 127, 52 S.Ct. 546, 76 L.Ed. 1010.
Lord Brougham and Lord St. Leonards in Jefferys v. Boosey, IV H.L.C. 815, 968, 979, 10 Eng.Rep. 681, 741, 745.
Two cases are relied upon to support the position of the petitioners. Taylor Instrument Companies v. Fawley-Brost Co., 7 Cir., 139 F.2d 98, and Brown Instrument Co. v. Warner, 82 U.S.App.D.C. 232, 161 F.2d 910. These cases hold that the Mechanical Patent Law and Copyright Laws are mutually exclusive. As to overlapping of Design Patent and Copyright Laws, however, a different answer has been given by the courts. Louis De Jonge & Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co., C.C., 182 F. 150, affirmed on other grounds in 3 Cir., 191 F. 35, and 235 U.S. 33, 35 S.Ct. 6, 59 L.Ed. 113; see also cases cited in note 37, infra.
E.g., Design Patent 170.445 Base for table lamps, a fanciful statuette of a girl standing in front of a high rock in bathing costume.
The English Copyright Act, 1911, § 22, 4 Halsbury's Statutes of England (2d ed.) p. 800, does not protect designs registrable under the Patents and Designs Act (now the Registered Designs Act, 1949, 17 Halsbury's Statutes of England (2d ed.), unless such designs are not used or intended to be used as models or patterns to be multiplied by any industrial process. The Board of Trade has ruled that a design shall be deemed to be used as a model or pattern to be multiplied by industrial process within the meaning of § 22 when the design is reproduced or intended to be reproduced in more than fifty single articles. The Copyright (Industrial Designs) Rules, 1949, No. 2367, 1 Statutory Instruments 1949, p. 1453.
See Rosenthal v. Stein, note 3, supra; In re Blood, 57 App.D.C. 351, 23 F.2d 772; Korzybski v. Underwood & Underwood, Inc., 2 Cir., 36 F.2d 727; William A. Meier Glass Co. v. Anchor Hocking Glass Corp., D.C., 95 F.Supp. 264, 267; Jones Bros. Co. v. Underkoffler, D.C., 16 F.Supp. 729; Louis De Jonge & Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co., C.C., 182 F. 150; 66 Harv.L.Rev. 884; 52 Mich.L.Rev. 33; cf. Taylor Instrument Companies v. Fawley-Brost Co., 7 Cir., 139 F.2d 98.
See, Pogue, Borderland—Where Copyright and Design Patent Meet, 52 Mich.L.Rev. 33, 58.
F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, 1 Cir., 193 F.2d 162; Ansehl v. Puritan Pharmaceutical Co., 8 Cir., 61 F.2d 131; Fulmer v. United States, 103 F.Supp. 1021, 122 Ct.Cl. 195; Muller v. Triborough Bridge Authority, D.C., 43 F.Supp. 298.
Sampson & Murdock Co. v. Seaver-Radford Co., 1 Cir., 140 F. 539. See, Annotation 26 A.L.R. 585.
Jewelers Circular Pub. Co. v. Keystone Publishing, 2 Cir., 281 F. 83, 94, 26 A.L.R. 571.
White-Smith Music Pub. Co. v. Apollo Co., 209 U.S. 1, 28 S.Ct. 319, 52 L.Ed. 655; Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 249, 23 S.Ct. 298, 299, 47 L.Ed. 460; Arnstein v. Porter, 2 Cir., 154 F.2d 464, 468—469; Alfred Bell & Co., Ltd. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc., 2 Cir., 191 F.2d 99, 103; Ansehl v. Puritan Pharmaceutical Co., supra; Christie v. Cohan, 2 Cir., 154 F.2d 827.

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