Source: http://www.childrenslegalrightsjournal.com/childrenslegalrightsjournal/volume_36_issue_2?pg=7
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 16:01:12+00:00

Document:
6 See Jay N. Giedd, et al., Brain Development During Childhood and Adolescence: a Longitudinal MRI Study, 2 NATURE NEUROSCIENCE 861 (1999) (reporting on the results of pediatric neuroimaging studies and finding differences in the brain’s architecture between pre-adolescence and adolescence).
7 See REFORMING JUVENILE JUSTICE: A DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH 91 (Richard J. Bonnie, Robert L. Johnson, Betty M. Chemers & Julie A. Schuk eds., 2013) (noting that empirical evidence suggests that children and adults differ in three essential ways: self-regulation in emotionally charged situations; heightened sensitivity to peer influence; and a lesser ability to make decisions based on future ramifications). See also Jeffrey Arnett, Reckless Behavior in Adolescence: A Developmental Perspective, 12 DEV. REV. 339 (1992).
8 See MACARTHUR FOUNDATION RESEARCH NETWORK ON ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT & JUVENILE JUSTICE, Our Purpose, http://www.adjj.org/content/about_us.php (last visited Feb. 2, 2016).
9 See, e.g., Laurence Steinberg & Elizabeth S. Scott, Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence: Developmental Immaturity, Diminished Responsibility, and the Juvenile Death Penalty, 58 AM. PSYCHOL. 1009 (2003). This article was cited by the U.S. Supreme Court in its decision in Roper v. Simmons, invalidating the juvenile death penalty as a violation of the Eighth Amendment’s cruel and unusual punishment prohibition. See Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 569 (2005).
10 See, e.g., Thomas Grisso, et al., Juveniles’ Competence to Stand Trial: A Comparison of Adolescents’ and Adults’ Capacities as Trial Defendants, 27 L. AND HUM. BEHAV. 333 (2003).
11 Thomas A. Loughran, et al., Differential Effects of Adult Transfer on Juvenile Offender Recidivism, 34 LAW. AND HUM. BEHAV. 476–88 (2010).
12 Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 569–70 (2005) (invalidating capital punishment for juveniles as cruel and unusual punishment and identifying developmental differences between juveniles and adults as central to its decision to prohibit the execution of persons under the age of eighteen).
13 Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48 (2010) (banning the use of life without parole sentences for juveniles not convicted of murder); Miller v. Alabama and Jackson v. Hobbs, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012) (invalidating mandatory life without parole sentences and noting that adolescence is a time of “transient rashness, proclivity for risk, and an inability to assess consequences”); Montgomery v. Louisiana, 136 S.Ct. 6 (2015) (holding that the decision in Miller v. Alabama finding mandatory juvenile life without parole unconstitutional applies retroactively).

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