Source: http://masscases.com/cases/app/75/75massappct290.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 00:44:05+00:00

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COMMONWEALTH vs. JOSEPH J. RODRIGUEZ (and seventeen companion cases [Note 1]).
Present: LENK, SIKORA, & WOLOHOJIAN, JJ.
Constitutional Law, Search and seizure, Probable cause. Search and Seizure, Warrant, Affidavit, Probable cause. Controlled Substances.
A Superior Court judge erred in allowing three criminal defendants' pretrial motions to suppress cocaine, cash, firearms, ammunition, and other items seized at one defendant's apartment by police officers during the execution of a search warrant, where the affidavit in support of the search warrant, based on information from a confidential informant, sufficiently demonstrated the basis of the informant's knowledge and the reliability of the information provided [295-297]; where the affidavit provided a sufficient nexus between that defendant's drug selling activity and his residence to establish probable cause, in that the confidential informant stated, after each of two controlled drug buys, that the defendant possessed additional quantities of cocaine packaged for sale on his person [297-299]; and where the affidavit provided probable cause to search the apartment for other items listed on the warrant application, including telephone records and business records [300).
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court Department on August 16, 2006.
Pretrial motions to suppress evidence were heard by John S. McCann, J., and motions for reconsideration were heard by him.
An application for leave to prosecute an interlocutory appeal was allowed by John M. Greaney, J., in the Supreme Judicial Court for the county of Suffolk, and the appeal was reported by him to the Appeals Court.
John M. Goggins for Joseph J. Rodriguez & others.
SIKORA, J. Police have a suspected drug dealer under surveillance. They create two controlled buys from him. In the first, they monitor his travel directly from the site of the buy to his apartment. In the second, they follow his travel from the apartment directly to the site of the buy. In neither instance did he stop at any intermediate location. In both instances, the undercover buyer reported that the suspect was carrying additional packaged drugs on his person. Our issue is whether these events and observations furnish sufficient information within the "four corners" of a police affidavit for issuance of a warrant to search the apartment of the suspect.
Procedural history. On August 16, 2006, a grand jury returned indictments charging each of the defendants with three counts of unlawful possession of firearms and ammunition (in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10[h](1)), one count of improper storage of a firearm (in violation of G. L. c. 140, § 131L[a]), one count of trafficking in cocaine (in violation of G. L. c. 94C, § 32E[b]), and one count of trafficking in cocaine within a school zone (in violation of G. L. c. 94C, §§ 32A[a], 32J). The defendants filed separate motions to suppress evidence seized pursuant to a search warrant. A Superior Court judge denied the motions to suppress. The defendants moved for reconsideration. The judge allowed the motions for reconsideration, vacated the denial, and allowed suppression of the evidence. He based the suppression order upon the failure of the affidavit in support of the search warrant application to establish a nexus between the items sought and the apartment searched.
Factual background. On June 19, 2006, a clerk-magistrate of the Worcester Division of the District Court Department issued two search warrants, one for the defendant Llavar F. Hind's vehicle and one for his apartment. The warrants authorized searches for cocaine, materials related to cocaine distribution, and any documents pertaining to occupancy of the apartment or the vehicle. Officers executed the warrants on the following day. Inside the apartment, they found and seized cocaine, $1,812 in currency, firearms, ammunition, three cellular telephones, materials related to cocaine distribution, and papers apparently belonging to each of the three defendants. The officers did not seize anything from Hind's vehicle, and the defendants' motions did not address the search of the vehicle.
Our examination of a search warrant application for probable cause "always begins and ends with the 'four corners of the affidavit.' " Commonwealth v. O'Day, 440 Mass. 296 , 297 (2003), quoting from Commonwealth v. Villella, 39 Mass. App. Ct. 426 , 428 (1995). Worcester police Officer Michael Ryder signed the affidavit in support of the application. It contains the following information. Officer Ryder had been a police officer for nineteen years at the time of the application. For the preceding three years, he had worked in the vice unit in a plain-clothed investigative capacity. He had participated in numerous narcotics investigations and arrests and had experience in surveillance, undercover purchases of narcotics, and the execution of search warrants. He had also completed an eighty-hour course in drug enforcement.
In the two weeks prior to the application for the warrant, Ryder had conversed with a confidential informant (CI) about the sale of unlawful narcotics in Worcester. He had met CI approximately two weeks prior to the application. He knew the true identity and home address of CI, but he did not identify CI in the affidavit. Approximately one month before the warrant application, CI had provided information to Worcester police which resulted in issuance of a search warrant. Through execution of that warrant, police seized cocaine and materials related to cocaine distribution and arrested the target of the warrant. A charge of possession of a class B substance with intent to distribute was pending against the target of that warrant at the time of Officer Ryder's affidavit.
On or about June 9, 2006 (eleven days prior to execution of the warrant), Officer Ryder and CI conducted a controlled purchase of cocaine from Big. Prior to the purchase, Ryder showed CI a picture of Hind, and CI identified Hind as Big. In Ryder's presence, CI called the telephone number which he had previously provided to Ryder. CI spoke to Big and arranged to meet him at a specified location. At that location, Ryder and other members of the vice unit observed a red Ford Explorer approach CI. The Explorer's license plate matched the previously provided registration number. The Explorer drove away after a brief meeting with CI. Members of the vice unit followed the Explorer to 23 Shelby Street. They observed a large, African American male, approximately six feet, three inches tall, get out of the vehicle and enter 23 Shelby Street.
After the purchase, Officer Ryder observed CI until they were able to reconvene at a prearranged location. CI gave a quantity of cocaine to the officer and stated that he had purchased the cocaine from Hind. Ryder intentionally withheld the quantity of cocaine purchased to protect CI's identity. CI stated that Hind had on his person an additional amount of cocaine packaged for sale.
of apartment 2 at 23 Shelby Street. He watched as this man exited the building, entered the red Ford Explorer bearing the previously provided registration number, and drove away. Members of the vice unit followed the Explorer to the prearranged location, where the vehicle briefly met CI. After the meeting, officers followed the Explorer for a short time until they lost it in traffic.
Officer Ryder observed CI's uninterrupted drive to the buy location, his meeting with the Ford Explorer, and his drive from the buy site to a predetermined meeting point. As before, CI gave a quantity of cocaine to Officer Ryder and stated that he had purchased the cocaine from Hind. Also as before, CI stated that Hind had on his person an additional amount of cocaine packaged for sale. Once again in his affidavit, Officer Ryder intentionally withheld the quantity of cocaine purchased.
of his information." Commonwealth v. O'Day, supra at 301, quoting from Commonwealth v. Blake, 413 Mass. 823 , 827 (1992). See Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 110-115 (1964); Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 412-419 (1969).
1. Reliability of informant. First, the defendants argue that Officer Ryder's affidavit did not supply probable cause to search Hind's apartment because it did not demonstrate sufficiently CI's basis of knowledge or his credibility. Some of the information in the affidavit came from police observations. These facts include: (i) CI's use of a specified telephone number to contact Big; (ii) Hind's status as the registered owner of the Explorer; (iii) Hind's height, weight, birth date, and address as revealed through record checks; (iv) the brief meetings between CI and the Explorer; (iv) CI's acquisition of cocaine from an occupant of the Explorer; (v) the Explorer's travels to and from the controlled buys; and (vi) Hind's presence in his apartment and subsequent entry into the Explorer shortly after CI's call for the second buy. The use of these factual elements in the probable cause determination does not depend on CI's basis of knowledge and credibility. However, other facts crucial to the probable cause determination depend on CI's status as a reliable informant. These are: (i) a history of numerous cocaine purchases by CI from Hind through the method described by CI; (ii) CI's identification of Hind as Big; (iii) CI's statements that Hind sold him the cocaine during each controlled buy; and (iv) CI's statement that Hind possessed additional quantities of cocaine packaged for sale during each controlled buy.
packaged for sale during the controlled buys. CI's statements and his identification of Hind have the support of a sufficient basis of knowledge because he based them on his own observations. See Commonwealth v. Montanez, 410 Mass. 290 , 300 (1991) (basis of knowledge requirement satisfied because "informants' knowledge was based on personal observations"); Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 49 Mass. App. Ct. 664 , 668 (2000) ("It is well established that an informant's basis of knowledge may be satisfied simply by his or her personal observation").
(discussing holding of Commonwealth v. Perez-Baez, supra, and noting that affiant's "allegation regarding seizure of narcotics" allowed the magistrate to infer that the informant had previously told officers that narcotics were at a particular location and that officers had confirmed the informant's tip). Therefore the magistrate could use the information supplied by CI to determine whether Officer Ryder's affidavit provided probable cause to search Hind's apartment.
2. Nexus. The defendants argue that Officer Ryder's affidavit did not sufficiently establish the necessary connection between cocaine distribution and Hind's apartment. Where police seek to search a residence for evidence of drug distribution, "there must be specific information in the affidavit, and reasonable inferences a magistrate may draw, to provide 'a sufficient nexus between the defendant's drug-selling activity and his residence to establish probable cause to search the residence.' " Commonwealth v. Pina, 453 Mass. at 440-441, quoting from Commonwealth v. O'Day, 440 Mass. at 304. "The connection between the items to be seized and the place to be searched does not have to be based on direct observations; it may be found by looking at the type of crime, nature of the items, the suspect's opportunity to conceal items, and inferences as to where the items are likely to be hidden." Commonwealth v. Olivares, 30 Mass. App. Ct. 596 , 600 (1991), citing Commonwealth v. Cinelli, 389 Mass. 197 , 213, cert. denied, 484 U.S. 860 (1983).
In addition to cocaine, the officers sought "[a]ll materials, products, and equipment of any kind . . . used or intended for use, in . . . delivering . . . [or] distribution . . . [of] cocaine. All books, records, and documents . . . used or intended for use in violation of [the drug laws]. . . [and] [a]ll money used or intended for use, in the procurement and/or illegal distribution of cocaine, and any documents pertaining to the occupancy of [Hind's apartment]." We conclude that Officer Ryder's affidavit provided probable cause to believe that the items sought were within Hind's apartment. The two controlled purchases, the officers' collective observations of Hind, and CI's statements established the "substantial basis" necessary for a determination of probable cause. See Commonwealth v. Pina, 453 Mass. at 440 (affidavit "must provide a substantial basis for" conclusion that officers will find items sought in specified premises).
The facts of this case bear a resemblance to those of both Commonwealth v. Smith, 57 Mass. App. Ct. 907 (2003), and Commonwealth v. Pina, supra. In Commonwealth v. Smith, 57 Mass. App. Ct. at 908-909, we reversed the denial of a motion to suppress in circumstances in which police had observed the defendant drive from his home to a drug sale on one occasion and, on another occasion, return to his home from a drug sale. We concluded that "the observations by the police of the defendant driving, either to or from his home, without more, established no connection between his home and the controlled buys." Id. at 908. [Note 5] In Commonwealth v. Pina, 453 Mass. at 442-443, the Supreme Judicial Court affirmed the allowance of a motion to suppress in an instance in which police had applied for a search warrant three days after observing the defendant drive from his apartment to a controlled buy. The court cited the analysis of Commonwealth v. Smith, supra, and agreed with it. Commonwealth v. Pina, supra at 441. It noted that "[t]he only particularized information contained in the affidavit connecting the defendant's observed drug activity with the apartment in which he lived was a single observation of the defendant driving from the apartment to a location where he sold an unspecified quantity of cocaine to the informant." Id. at 441- 442.
probable cause to search his residence . . . it may, with additional evidence . . . link a defendant's drug-selling activity to his residence") (emphasis supplied); Commonwealth v. Luthy, 69 Mass. App. Ct. 102 , 108 (2007) (affidavit established sufficient nexus between cocaine distribution and defendant's residence in circumstances in which defendant operated cocaine delivery service through use of cellular telephone, officers observed defendant leave residence prior to controlled buy and return to it after, and affidavit contained informant's description of defendant's method of operation). Contrast Commonwealth v. Chongarlides, 52 Mass. App. Ct. 366 , 370 (2001) (where affidavit indicated defendant had used heroin three days earlier at another location, no probable cause to search for drugs at location that was allegedly defendant's residence); Commonwealth v. Olivares, 30 Mass. App. Ct. at 600-601 (no probable cause to search defendant's residence; affidavit described drug transaction at defendant's business).
The presence of packaged inventory has multiple significance. Inventory requires storage. A residence is a far more secure storage site than an automobile. Packaged inventory also indicates enterprise. An enterprise requires instrumentalities and generates records. They are far more likely to be located in a residence than in an automobile. The value and readily fungible nature of cocaine packaged for sale make it unlikely that Hind would store his inventory in his vehicle. See Commonwealth v. Luthy, 69 Mass. App. Ct. at 107 ("It was a reasonable inference that the drugs were stored someplace other than the automobile, particularly given that [the defendant] was engaged in a drug distribution business, and the quantity of the drugs involved"). Compare Commonwealth v. O'Day, 440 Mass. at 303 (because defendant likely conducted frequent drug sales inside his home, "it was unlikely that the defendant would keep so large a supply of drugs in the truck while at home"). The lack of any observation of Hind carrying anything from the Explorer into his apartment, or vice versa, does not support a necessary inference that Hind left his inventory in the Explorer. The magistrate could have inferred that Hind kept the cocaine on his person. See ibid. ("valuable quantities of crack and powdered cocaine are transported and sold in small bags that can be concealed easily on one's person").
provided probable cause to search Hind's apartment for cocaine and other evidence of a cocaine distribution business. Police observations and CI's statements established a necessary linkage between cocaine distribution and the apartment. We reverse the order allowing the defendants' motions to suppress evidence and remand the case to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[Note 1] Five of the companion cases are against Joseph J. Rodriguez, six are against Angelo T. Rodriguez, and six are against Llavar F. Hind.
[Note 2] In his affidavit, Officer Ryder deliberately withholds CI's gender. For ease of reference, we refer to CI as "he."
[Note 3] Worcester police department records indicated also that, approximately eight months before the warrant application, the police had received a call for a reported heroin overdose at Hind's address. Authorities found an unconscious person in the apartment's bathroom and transported her to a local hospital for treatment.
[Note 4] Ryder may have done so to protect CI's identity. However the omission of such information permits the magistrate to make a subtraction from the supporting information of the affidavit. If the circumstances do not threaten exposure of the confidential informant, the better practice is to include identification of the prior prosecution. If they do, the affidavit should explain the risk. In this instance, the subsequent observation of the controlled buys superseded any deficit caused by the omission.
[Note 5] The judge in this case first denied the defendants' motions to suppress. He conscientiously reconsidered that ruling in light of the Smith decision and allowed the motion. The Smith case presents a generically similar surveillance of a suspect engaged in controlled buys. On closer inspection of the present record (a task far easier by appellate review than by original ruling), an important distinction becomes visible: the present suspect's possession of inventory at the scenes of the controlled buys.
[Note 6] We note that "[e]ven if the warrant were considered invalid as to the search for drugs, . . . it does not follow that the drugs and other items seized need be suppressed." Commonwealth v. Turner, 71 Mass. App. Ct. at 670. If officers seized the items in "plain view 'within the scope and intensity of the search permitted under the terms of the valid portions of the warrant,' . . . they need not be suppressed." Ibid, quoting from Commonwealth v. Lett, 393 Mass. 141 , 147 (1984). In other words, if the warrant were valid as to the noncocaine evidence of cocaine distribution, and if the officers found the cocaine in plain view while searching for the other evidence, suppression of the cocaine would not be required.

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