Source: https://www.palass.org/publications/palaeontology-journal/archive/54/5/article_pp999-1024?view=references
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 13:40:26+00:00

Document:
MANDA, ., TUREK, V. 2011. Late Emsian Rutoceratoidea (Nautiloidea) from the Prague Basin, Czech Republic: morphology, diversity and palaeoecology. Palaeontology, 54, 5, 999–1024.
AGASSIZ, L. 1847. An introduction to the study of natural history, in a series of lectures delivered in the hall of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Kessinger Publishing, New York, 58 pp.
BAIRD, G. and BRETT, C. E. 2008. Late Givetian Taghanic bioevents in New York State: new discoveries and questions. Bulletin of Geosciences, 83, 357–370.
BARRANDE, J. 1848. Eine weitere Sendung von Cephalopoden aus den silurischen Schichten von Böhmen. Berichte und Mittheilungen von Freunden der Naturwissenschaften in Wien, 4, 208–211.
BARRANDE, J. 1856. Caractères distinctifs des Nautilidés, Goniatidés et Ammonidés. Établissement du genre Nothoceras. Bulletin de la Societé géologique de France, série 2, 13, 372–388.
BARRANDE, J. 1865a. Défense des colonies. III. Étude générale sur nos étages C-H avec application spéciale aux environs de Hlubo&#x10d;ep, près Prague. The author, Praha, 367 pp.
BARRANDE, J. 1865b1877. Système silurien du Centre de la Bohème, I. ère partie, Recherches paléontologiques, vol. II, Classe de Mollusques, Ordre des Céphalopodes. 1865b, Série 6, pl. 1–107; 1866, Série 7, pl. 108–244; 1867, Série 1, 712 pp.; 1868, Série 8, pl. 245–350; 1870, Série 2, 266 pp., Série 9, pl. 37 351–460; 1874, Série 3, 804 pp.; 1877, Série 4, 742 pp., Série 5, 743 pp., Supplement 1, 297 pp., supplement 2, pl. 461–544. The author, Prague/Paris.
BRETT, C. E. 2003. Durophagous predation on Paleozoic marine benthic assemblages. 401–432. In KELLEY, P. H., KOWALEWSKI, M. and HANSEN, T. (eds). Predator–prey interactions in the fossil record [Topics in Geobiology], Kluwer Academic and Plenum Publishers, New York, 484 pp.
BECKER, T. and HOUSE, M. 1994. International Devonian goniatite zonation, Emsian to Givetian, with new records from Morocco. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 169, 79–135.
BERKYOVÁ, S. 2009. Lower–middle Devonian (upper Emsian–Eifelian, serotinus-kockelianus zones) conodont faunas from the Prague Basin, the Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences, 84, 667–686.
BOU&#x10c;EK, B. 1931. O n&#x11b;kterých nových bohatých nalezi&#x161;tích zkamen&#x11b;lin ve star&#x161;ím paleozoiku st&#x159;edních &#x10c;ech. V&#x11b;da p&#x159;írodní, 12, 136–144.
BRUGUIÈRE, J. G. 1789. Histoire naturelle des vers. vol. 1, pt.1, Encyclopedie méthodique, 6. Published by Panckoucke, Paris/Liège, 757 pp.
CHAPMAN, E. J. 1857. On the occurrence of the genus Cryptoceras in Silurian rocks. Canadian Journal, New Series, 2, 264–268.
CHECA, A. and MARTIN-RAMOS, D. 1989. Growth and fiction of spines in the Jurassic ammonite Aspidoceras. Palaeontology, 32, 645–655.
CHIRAT, R. and RIOULT, M. 1998. Occurrence of early post-hatching Jurassic Nautilida in Normandy, France: palaeobiologic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic implications. Lethaia, 31, 137–148.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1955. Stratigrafická studie o nejstar&#x161;ích devonských vrstvách Barrandienu. Sborník Úst&#x159;edního Ústavu geologického, Oddíl geologický, 21, 91–224.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1959. Faciální vývoj a biostratigrafie b&#x159;idlic dalejských a vápenc&#x16f; hlubo&#x10d;epských (eifel) ve st&#x159;edo&#x10d;eském devonu. Sborník Úst&#x159;edního Ústavu geologického, Oddíl geologický, 25, 445–511.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1960. Stratigrafická studie o vrstvách srbských (givet) ve st&#x159;edo&#x10d;eském devonu (Stratigraphical investigation of the Srbsko Beds [Givetian] in the Devonian of Central Bohemia). Sborník Úst&#x159;edního Ústavu geologického, Oddíl geologický, 26, 143–185.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1983a. Stratigraphical position of Barrande’s paleontological localities in the Devonian of Central Bohemia. &#x10c;asopis pro Mineralalogii a Geologii, 28, 261–275.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1983b. Trilobite assemblages in the Devonian of the Barrandian area and their relations to palaeoenvironments. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 17, 45–73.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1993. Geology of the Barrandian. A field trip guide. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main, 163 pp.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1996. Neptunian dykes in the Kon&#x11b;prusy Devonian. Geological and palaeontological observations. V&#x11b;stník &#x10c;eského Geologického Ústavu, 71, 193–208.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1998. Devonian. 101–133. In CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I., HAVLÍ&#x10c;EK, V., K&#x158;Í&#x17d;, J., KUKAL, Z. and &#x160;TORCH, P. (eds). Palaeozoic of the Barrandian (Cambrian to Devonian). Czech Geological Survey, Prague, 183 pp.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. 1999. Barrande’s stratigraphic concepts, palaeontological localities and tradition comparison with the present state. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 44, 3–30.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. and KUKAL, Z. 1986. Reflection of possible global Devonian events in the Barrandian area, &#x10c;SSR. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 8, 169–179.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. and KUKAL, Z 1988. Possible global events and the stratigraphy of the Palaeozoic of the Barrandian (Cambrian–Middle Devonian, Czechoslovakia). Sborník geologických V&#x11b;d, Geologie, 43, 83–146.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. and TUREK, V. 1983. Devonian goniatites from the Barrandian area, Czechoslovakia. Rozpravy Úst&#x159;edního ústavu geologického, 46, 1–159.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I. and VAN&#x11a;K, J. 1957. Nové nálezy fauny ve vy&#x161;&#x161;ích vrstvách kon&#x11b;pruského devonu. &#x10c;asopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 2, 349–351.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I., LUKE&#x160;, P. and ZIKMUNDOVÁ, J. 1977. Barrandian 1977. A field trip guidebook. Field Conference of the International Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy. Central Geological Survey, Praha, 23 pp.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I., LUKE&#x160;, P. and ZIKMUNDOVÁ, J. 1979. The Lower/Middle Devonian boundary beds in the Barrandian area, Czechoslovakia. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 13, 125–156.
CHLUPÁ&#x10c;, I., K&#x158;Í&#x17d;, J., SCHÖNLAUB, H. P., KLAPPER, G. and ZIKMUNDOVÁ, J. 1980. Field trip E. Silurian and Devonian conodont localities of the Barrandian. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 35 (Special Volume; Second European Conodont Symposium – ECOS II), 147–180.
CULLISON, J. S. 1944. The stratigraphy of some Lower Ordovician formations of the Ozark uplift. Bulletin of the Missouri University School of Mines and Metallurgy, 15, 1–112.
DZIK, J. 1984. Phylogeny of the Nautiloidea. Palaeontologia Polonica, 45, 1–255.
DZIK, J. and KORN, D. 1992. Devonian ancestors of Nautilus. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 66, 81–98.
EVANS, D. H. 1994. Irish Silurian Cephalopods. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 113–148.
FLOWER, R. H. 1938. Devonian brevicones of New York and adjacent areas. Palaeontographica Americana, 2, 1–84.
FLOWER, R. H. 1945. Classification of Devonian nautiloids. American Midland Naturalist, 33, 675–724.
FLOWER, R. H. 1950a. Nautiloidea. In FLOWER, R. H. and KUMMEL, B. 1950. A classification of the Nautiloidea. Journal of Paleontology, 24, 604–616.
FLOWER, R. H. 1950b. Stereotoceras and Brevicoceratidae. Palaeontographica Americana, 3, 1–36.
FLOWER, R. H. 1955. Saltations in nautiloid coiling. Evolution, 9, 244–260.
FLOWER, R. H. 1957. Nautiloids of the Paleozoic. Memoirs of the Geological Society of America, 67, 829–852.
FLOWER, R. H. and TEICHERT, C. 1957. The cephalopod order Discosorida. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Mollusca, 6, 1–144.
FOERSTE, A. F. 1925a. Cephalopods from Nesnayemi and Sulmeneva Fjords in Novaya Zemlya. Reports of the Scientific Results of the Norwegian Expedition to Novaya Zemlya, 31, 1–38.
FOERSTE, A. F. 1925b. Notes on cephalopod genera, chiefly coiled Silurian forms. Denison University Bulletin, Journal of the Scientific Laboratories, 21, 1–69.
FOERSTE, A. F. 1926. Actinosiphonate, trochoceroid and other cephalopods. Denison University Bulletin, Journal of the Scientific Laboratories, 22, 285–383.
FRÝDA, J., FERROVÁ, L., BERKYOVÁ, S. and FRÝDOVÁ, B. 2008. A new Early Devonian palaeozygopleurid gastropod from the Prague Basin (Bohemia) with notes on the phylogeny of the Loxonematoidea. Bulletin of Geosciences, 83, 93–100.
FURNISH, W. M. and GLENISTER, B. F. 1964. Nautiloidea–Tarphycerida. 343–368. In MOORE, R. C. (ed.). Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part K, Mollusca 3. Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, Boulder and Lawrence, 519 pp.
GOLDFUSS, A. 1833. Petrefacta Germaniae tam ea, quae in Museo Universitatis Regiae Borussicae Fridericiae Wilhelmiae Rhenanae Servantur quam alia quaecunque in Museis Hoeninghusiano Muensteriano aliisque extant, Iconibus et Descriptionibus Illustrata. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der Petrefacten Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Lnder unter Mitwirkung des Herrn Grafen Georg zu Münster, Lieferung 4. Arnz, Düsseldorf, 68 pp.
GRAUS, R. R. 1974. Latitudinal trends in the shell characteristics of marine gastropods. Lethaia, 7, 303–314.
HALL, J. 1861. Report of the superintendant of the Wisconsin Geological Survey, exhibiting the process of the work, January 1, 1861. Wisconsin Geological Survey, Madison, 52 pp.
HALL, J. 1892. Natural History of New York, Palaeontology, Vol. 5, Part 2, Plates containing figures of the Gasteropoda, Pteropoda and Cephalopoda. Geological Survey of the State of New York, Albany, 63 pls.
HANU&#x160;, F. 1923. Moje sbírka zkamen&#x11b;lin z &#x10d;eského Barrandienu. &#x10c;asopis Národního musea, &#x159;ada p&#x159;írodov&#x11b;dná, 97, 1–13, 73–85, 105–116.
HAVLÍ&#x10c;EK, V. and KUKAL, Z. 1990. Sedimentology, benthic communities, and brachiopods in the Suchomasty (Dalejan) and Acanthopyge (Eifelian) Limestones of the Kon&#x11b;prusy area (Czechoslovakia). Sborník geologických v&#x11b;d, Paleontologie, 31, 105–205.
HEWITT, R. A. and WATKINS, R. 1980. Cephalopod ecology across a late Silurian shelf tract. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palontologie, Abhandlungen, 160, 96–117.
HLADIL, J., KOPTÍKOVÁ, L., R&#x16e;&#x17d;I&#x10c;KA, M. and KULAVIAK, L. 2007. Experimental effects of surfactants on the production of stromatactis-shaped cavities in artificial carbonate sediments. Bulletin of Geosciences, 82, 37–50.
HLADIL, J., R&#x16e;&#x17d;I&#x10c;KA, M. and KOPTÍKOVÁ, L. 2006. Stromatactis cavities in sediments and the role of coarsegrained accessories. Bulletin of Geosciences, 81, 123–146.
HOUSE, M. 1985. Correlation of mid-Palaeozoic ammonoid evolutionary events with global sedimentary perturbations. Nature, 313, 17–22.
HOUSE, M. 2002. Strength, timing, setting and cause of mid-Palaeozoic extinctions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 181, 5–25.
HYATT, A. 18831884. Genera of fossil cephalopods. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 22, 273–338.
HYATT, A. 1894. Phylogeny of an acquired characteristic. American Philosophical Society Proceedings, 32, 349–647.
HYATT, A. 1900. Cephalopoda. 502–592. In ZITTEL, K. A. and EASTMAN, C. R. (eds). Textbook of palaeontology, Vol. 1. Macmillan and Co, Boston, 839 pp.
JABLONSKI, D. 1996. Body size and macroevolution. 256–289. In JABLONSKI, D., ERWIN, D. H. and LIPPS, J. H. (eds). Evolutionary paleobiology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London, 484 pp.
KATZER, F. 1895. Beitrge zur Palaeotologie des lteren Palaeozoicums in Mittelböhmen. Verlag der könig. Böhmischen Gessellschaft der Wissenschaften, 14, 1–17. Prag.
KLUG, C. 2002. Quantitative stratigraphy and taxonomy of late Emsian and Eifelian ammonoids of the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 238, 1–109.
KLUG, C. 2007. Healed injuries on the shells of Early Devonian cephalopods from Morocco. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52, 799–808.
KLUG, C. and LEHMKUHL, A. 2004. Soft-tissue attachment structures and taphonomy of the Middle Triassic nautiloid Germanonautilus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 49, 243–258.
KLUG, C., KRÖGER, B., KORN, D., RUCKLIN, M., SCHEMM-GREGORY, M., DE BAETS, K. and MAPES, R. 2008. Ecological change during the early Emsian (Devonian) in the Tafilat (Morocco), the origin of the Ammonoidea, and the first African pyrgocystid, edrioasteroids, machaerids and phyllocarids. Palaeontographica, A283, 1–176.
KLUG, C., KRÖGER, B., KIESSLING, W., MULLINS, G. L., SERVAIS, T., FRÝDA, J., KORN, D. and TURNER, S. 2010. The Devonian nekton revolution. Lethaia, 43, 445–456.
K&#x158;Í&#x17d;, J. 1999. Geologické památky Prahy. Czech Geological Survey, Praha, 278 pp.
KRÖGER, B. 2005. Adaptive evolution in Paleozoic coiled Cephalopods. Paleobiology, 32, 253–268.
KRÖGER, B. 2008. Nautiloids before and during the origin of ammonoids in a Siluro-Devonian section in the Tafilalt, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 79, 1–112.
KRÖGER, B. and ZHANG, Y. B. 2009. Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 273, 174–183.
KUMMEL, B. 1964. Nautiloidea-Nautilida. 383–457. In MOORE, R. C. (ed.). Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part K, Mollusca 3. Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, Boulder and Lawrence, 519 pp.
LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, Edito Decima. Published by Lars Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp.
MANDA, &#x160;. 2001. Some new or little known cephalopods from the Lower Devonian Pragian carbonate shelf (Prague Basin, Bohemia) with remarks on Lochkovian and Pragian cephalopod evolution. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 46, 269–286.
MANDA, &#x160;. 2007a. Late Silurian events and cephalopod extinctions in the Prague Basin. In Abstract Volume, Seventh International Symposium Cephalopods Present and Past. Palaeontological Society of Japan, Sapporo, 138 pp.
MANDA, &#x160;. 2007b. New Silurian nautiloids Phragmoceras Broderip, 1839 and Tubiferoceras Hedström, 1917 from the Prague Basin (Bohemia). Bulletin of Geosiences, 82, 119–131.
MANDA, &#x160;. 2008. Palaeoecology and palaeogeographic relations of the Silurian phragmoceratids (Nautiloidea, Cephalopoda) of the Prague Basin (Bohemia). Bulletin of Geosciences, 83, 39–62.
MANDA, &#x160;. and TUREK, V. 2009a. Revision of Pragian Rutoceratoidea Hyatt, 1884 (Nautiloida, Oncocerida) from the Prague Basin. Bulletin of Geosciences, 84, 127–148.
MANDA, &#x160;. and TUREK, V. 2009b. Minute Silurian oncocerids with unusual colour patterns (Nautiloidea). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 54, 503–512.
MANDA, &#x160;. and Frýda, J. 2010. Silurian-Devonian boundary events and their influence on cephalopod evolution: evolutionary significance of cephalopod egg size during mass extinctions. Bulletin of Geosciences, 85, 513–540.
MERGL, M. 2008. Lingulate brachiopods from the Acanthopyge Limestone (Eifelian) of the Barrandian, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences, 83, 281–291.
MERGL, M. and FERROVÁ, L. 2009. Lingulate brachiopods from the Chýnice Limestone (upper Emsian, Barrandian; Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences, 84, 525–546.
MOJSISOVICS, E. von. 1902. Zum Gebirge um Hallstatt, I. Die Cephalopoden der Hallsttter Kalke. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen Reichsanstalt, 6, 175–356.
MURCHISON, R. I. 1839. The Silurian system, founded on geological researches in the counties of Salop, Hereford, Radnor, with descriptions of the coal fields and overlying formations, Part 1. John Murray, London, 768 pp.
PETRÁNEK, J. and KOMÁRKOVÁ, E. 1953. The orientation of the shells of cephalopods in the limestones of the Barrandian and its paleogeographical significance. Sborník Úst&#x159;edního Ústavu geologického, Oddíl geologický, 20, 129–148.
PRELL, H. 1921. Die biologische Bedeutung der Mündungsverengung bei Phragmoceras. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palontologie für, 1921, 305–315.
ROHLICH, P. 2007. Structure of the Prague Basin. The deformation diversity and its causes (the Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences, 82, 175–182.
RUZHENCEV, V. E., SHIMANSKY, V. N., ZHURAVLEVA, F. A., BALASHOV, Z. G., BOGOSLOVSKY, B. I. and LIBROVICH, L. S. 1962. Fundamentals of palaeontology, Cephalopods I. Academy of Science Press, Moscow, 438 pp. [In Russian].
SIGNOR, P. W. and BRETT, C. E. 1984. The mid-Paleozoic precursor to the Mesozoic marine revolution. Paleobiology, 10, 229–245.
STORM, H. 1935. Zur Kenntniss der G3-Schichten bei Hlubo&#x10d;ep (Prag). Lotos, 83, 1–15.
STRIDSBERG, S. 1981. Apertural constrictions in some oncocerid cephalopods. Lethaia, 14, 269–276.
STRIDSBERG, S. 1985. Silurian oncocerid cephalopods from Gotland. Fossils and Strata, 18, 1–165.
STRIDSBERG, S. 1988. Evolution within the Silurian cephalopod genus Inversoceras. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 62, 59–69.
STRIDSBERG, S. and TUREK, V. 1997. A revision of the Silurian nautiloid genus Ophioceras Barrande. Geologiska Föreningen Förhandlingar, 119, 21–36.
&#x160;LECHTA, O. 1996. Ostracode faunas from the Lower/Middle Devonian section in Praha Barrandov. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 71, 135–44.
&#x160;ULC, J. 1932. Report on the discovery of embryonal chambers of Orthocerata in the Hlubo&#x10d;epy Limestone. Práce geologicko-paleontologického ústavu Karlovy University v Praze za rok, 1932, 1–12.
TEICHERT, C. 1964. Morphology of hard parts. 13–53. In MOORE, R. C. (ed.). Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Part K, Mollusca, 3. Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press, Boulder and Lawrence, 519 pp.
TEICHERT, C. 1988. Main features of cephalopod evolution. 11–79. In CLARKE, M. R. and TRUEMAN, E. R. (eds). Paleontology and neontology of cephalopods. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 355 pp.
TEICHERT, C., GLENISTER, B. F. and CRICK, R. E. 1980. Biostratigraphy of Devonian nautiloid cephalopods. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 23, 259–262.
TUREK, V. 2007. Systematic position and variability of the Devonian nautiloids Hercoceras and Ptenoceras from the Prague Basin (Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences, 82, 1–10.
TUREK, V. 2008. Boionautilus gen. nov. from the Silurian of Europe and North Africa (Nautiloidea, Tarphycerida. Bulletin of Geosciences, 83, 141–152.
TUREK, V. 2009. Colour patterns in Lower Devonian cephalopods from the Barrandian area. Taphonomy and taxonomy. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 54, 491–502.
TUREK, V. and MAREK, J. 1986. Notes on the phylogeny of the Nautiloidea. Palontologische Zeitschrift, 60, 245–253.
VALENT, M. and MALINKY, J. M. 2008. Early Devonian (Emsian) hyolith Ottomarites discors (Barrande, 1867) with colour pattern. Bulletin of Geosciences, 83, 503–506.
VERMEJ, G. 1987. Evolution and escalation, an ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 527 pp.
WAHNER, F. 1916. Zur Beurteilung des Baues des mittelböhmischen Faltengebirges. Jahrbuch der kaiserlich-königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt, 68, 1–72.
WALLISER, O. H. 1984. Geologic processes and global events. Terra Cognita, 4, 17–20.
WALLISER, O. H. 1985. Natural boundaries and commission boundaries in the Devonian. Courier Forschung Institut Senckenberg, 75, 401–408.
WALLISER, O. H. 1996. Global events in the Devonian and Carboniferous. 225–250. In WALLISER, O. H. (ed.). Global events and event stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic. Springer, Berlin, 333 pp.
WARD, P. D. 1987. Natural history of Nautilus. Allen and Unwin, Boston, MA, 263 pp.
ZHURAVLEVA, F. A. 1972. Devonian nautiloids. Order Discosorida. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 134, 1–307. [In Russian].
ZHURAVLEVA, F. A. 1974. Devonian nautiloids. Orders Oncoceratida, Tarphyceratida, Nautilida. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 142, 5–142. [In Russian].
ZHURAVLEVA, F. A. 1978. Devonian Orthoceratoidei. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 168, 1–224. [In Russian].
ZHURAVLEVA, F. A. 1996. Devonian nautiloids from northern areas of Russia. Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 2, 16–24. [In Russian].

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.