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Document:
LEX_ECUADOR_MAR_05 by Estudio Juridico Vivanco y Vivanco - issuu
MARZO, 2005 MARCH, 2005
ARTICULO #1: PROCESO PENAL ECUATORIANO – GARANTIAS FUNDAMENTALES ARTICLE #1: ECUADORIAN CRIMINAL TRIAL – FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEES
ARTICULO #2:
LEGISLACION COLOMBIANA – LA INCLUSION DE LA CLAUSULA ACELERATORIA EN LOS TITULOS DE CONTENIDO CREDITICIO
COLOMBIAN LEGISLATION – INCLUSION OF THE ACCELERATION CLAUSE IN THE SECURITIES WITH CREDIT CONTENT
ARTICULO #3: HUELLAS DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DE LA REPUBLICA ARTICLE #3: TRACES OF THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC
PROCEDENCIA DEL RECURSO DE CASACIÓN ORIGIN OF THE APPEAL TO THE SUPREME COURT
NOVEDAD LEGISLATIVA: REGLAMENTO A LA LEY DE TRANSPARENCIA Y ACCESO A LA INFORMACIÓN PUBLICA LEGISLATIVE NEWS: REGULATION TO THE LAW OF TRANSPARENCY AND ACCESS TO PUBLIC INFORMACION
LEX ECUADOR 
OPINION ®
En el numero pasado de LEX ECUADOR , precisamente en esta misma sección reportamos que el Congreso Nacional, en una decisión sin precedentes, había reemplazado a todos los integrantes de la Corte Suprema de Justicia. La potestad legal que tiene el Congreso para ejecutar ese cambio es dudosa, por decir lo menos. En la entrega pasada no quisimos profundizar en este tema, pues hubiese sido un material apresurado y afectado en su imparcialidad por las circunstancias. Sin embargo, en este número les entregamos un artículo que analiza los acontecimientos en torno al cambio de los magistrados. Este artículo titulado “Huellas de la Constitución Política de la República” ha sido preparado por la Ab. María Belén Cárdenas, miembra de VIVANCO & VIVANCO, y contiene un análisis equilibrado de las circunstancias. Con el fin de guiar nuestro debate en torno a lo que muchos denominan la crisis de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en Ecuador, apreciaríamos nos hagan conocer su criterio con respecto a este artículo. Más aun cuando seguiremos tratando el tema de acuerdo a cómo vayan desarrollándose los acontecimientos. El cambio de los integrantes de la Corte Suprema, conjuntamente con una reforma constitucional que esta siendo impulsada por el Gobierno Nacional, y con la nueva normativa que entrará en vigencia cuando el Ecuador suscriba el acuerdo de libre comercio con Estados Unidos, son cambios importantes en el ordenamiento jurídico del país. LEX ECUADOR estará pendiente de todos estos cambios y los reportará oportunamente para que los mismos sean comprendidos adecuadamente.
In the last volume of LEX EQUADOR®, exactly in this same section, we reported that the National Congress, in an unprecedented decision, replaced all the members of the Supreme Court of Justice. The legal faculty that the Congress has to execute that change is doubtful, to say the least. In the previous delivery, we did not want to delve into this theme, because it would have turn into an injudicious material affected by the circumstances in its impartiality. Nevertheless, in this volume, we distribute an article that analyzes the events regarding the replacement of the judiciaries. This article entitled “Traces of the Political Constitution of the Republic” has been prepared by María Belén Cárdenas, Attorney and member of VIVANCO & VIVANCO, which contains a balanced analysis of the circumstances. With the end of leading our debate around what many call the crisis of the Supreme Court of Justice in Ecuador, we would appreciate to be acquainted with your opinion in relation to this article, since we will continue to deal with this subject according to the development of the events. The replacement of the members of the Supreme Court, jointly with a constitutional reform that is being prompted by the National Government (Gobierno Nacional), along with the new regulatory scheme that will enter into force upon Ecuador’s subscription of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States of America, constitute important changes in the legal system of the country. LEX EQUADOR will be alert to all these modifications and will report them opportunely so they will be understood effectively.
PROCESO PENAL ECUATORIANO GARANTIAS FUNDAMENTALES
ECUADORIAN CRIMINAL TRIAL FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEES
By: Dr. Marco Terán Luque
Frente al aparato de persecución penal se sitúan un conjunto de garantías que pretenden rescatar a la persona humana y su dignidad del peligro que significa el poder absoluto del Estado, para el efecto, tanto la ley fundamental como la secundaria, recoge la forma en la que se debe proceder para la búsqueda de la verdad, extrayendo la arbitrariedad, el exceso o la discrecionalidad por parte de los encargados de ejercer el iuspuniendi, de manera que en el desarrollo del conflicto, el individuo conserve sus derechos y libertades.
Before the criminal prosecution machinery, there is a group of guarantees that intend to rescue the human person and his/her dignity from the threat that implies the absolute power of the State, for that effect, the fundamental law as the secondary one, collect the form in which we should proceed for the search of the truth, extracting the arbitrariness, the excess or the discretion from the ones responsible for exercising the ius-puniendi, in a way that in the development of the conflict, the individual conserves his/her rights and liberties.
The constitutional text shows a supra-legal character, which is translated in the establishment of concrete and identifiable mandates and that, in the development of a criminal trial, should be taken into account given their binding and imperative nature, since it is in the Constitution where the fundamental rights are recognized and guaranteed as an assembly of norms that are essential within the legal system.
The concept of fundamental rights in the criminal law environment comprehends three elements: conceptual, teleological and functional:
Conceptual Element
Los derechos fundamentales protegen al individuo en lo referente a su vida, a su libertad, a la igualdad, a la participación en la elaboración de las normas que regulan conductas punibles, sanciones y procedimientos para la aplicación de las penas, o a cualquier otro aspecto fundamental que por razón del ius puniendi, afecte el desarrollo del individuo como persona al margen de sus condiciones materiales de existencia, pues, en términos generales, de
The fundamental rights protect the individual in all that concerns his/her life, liberty, equality, participation in the elaboration of norms that regulate penalized conducts, sanctions and procedures for the application of punishments, or any other fundamental aspect that, by reason of the ius puniendi, affects the development of the individual as a person uninvolved in the material conditions of his/her existence, thus, in general terms, it has been said that the
los derechos fundamentales se ha dicho que son "un conjunto de facultades e instituciones que, en cada momento histórico, concretan las exigencias de la dignidad, la libertad y la igualdad..."
fundamental rights are "a collection of faculties and institutions that, in every historic moment, materialize the requirements of the dignity, liberty and equality..."
Teleological Element
According to this element, the rights are identified with the values or upper purposes of human dignity, liberty and equality, which materialize the significant desires of the persons, from the world of morality to the orbit of legislation and from this, to the criminal trial, reason for which it constitutes an expression of human dignity.
It means that they are constituted like fundamental rules to measure the justification of the punitive activity of the State in order that the decisions adopted in the criminal trial would be creditors to the obedience of their recipients. "In this way, the State becomes guarantor of the legal security creating a collection of defenses for its inhabitants through a series of legal and constitutional norms of ruled order so the society could develop itself within the rule of law, where the Constitution is the base of the validity of the State and, the fundamental guarantees are presented as the basic and specific support of the said security, abolishing every arbitrariness and violation, and creating efficient sanctions for those acts that infringe these guarantees, since the social rule of law to which the Political Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador refers "can be carried out only when there exists a security that the criminal author is pursued, prosecuted and punished, within the framework of the laws in force.
As main course of the criminal trial it is claimed the investigation of the circumstantial truth, without which the principle of material guilt can not be reached.
La Constitución Política del Ecuador establece en el Art. 24, un conjunto de garantías otorgándoles el carácter de derechos fundamentales que sintetizan lo que constituye el debido proceso en un estado social de derecho y que tienen fuerza vinculante dentro del proceso penal, pues comporta un derecho, en la medida que permiten en una persona ejercitarlas así como exigir su ampliación. Este conjunto de garantías, dentro de la estructura del proceso penal trascienden desde la fase de indagación previa hasta la etapa del juzgamiento y la sentencia pues, un procedimiento justo comprende la observancia de los derechos fundamentales que irradian a un debido proceso como condiciones generales propias de un estado de derecho, pues el debido proceso "envuelve comprensivamente el desarrollo progresivo de prácticamente todos los derechos fundamentales de carácter procesal o instrumental, como conjuntos de garantías de los derechos de goce cuyo disfrute satisface inmediatamente las necesidades o intereses del ser humano, es decir, de los medios tendientes a asegurar su vigencia y eficacia" , sin embargo concentra principalmente, el derecho de toda persona a ser juzgado de conformidad a las Leyes preexistentes, con la observancia de las formas propias de cada juicio y ante los jueces y tribunales competentes desarrollándose en tres grandes sentidos:
The Political Constitution of Ecuador establishes in Art. 24 a group of guarantees that are granted the character of fundamental rights that synthesize what constitutes the due process of law in a social rule of law and that have binding force inside the criminal trial, since they carry a right, to the extend that they allow a person to exercise them as well as to require their enlargement. This collection of guarantees, in the structure of the criminal trial, go beyond the stage of prior investigation to the stage of the judgment and the sentence since, a fair procedure includes the observance of fundamental rights that discharge into a due process of law as general proper conditions of a rule of law, because the due process of law "encloses comprehensively the progressive development of practically all the fundamental rights of procedural and instrumental character, as collections of guarantees of the rights of possession which enjoyment satisfies immediately the needs or interests of the human being, that is, of the means tending to assure its force and efficacy", nevertheless it concentrates mainly, the right of every person to be judged according to the pre-established Laws, under the observance of the own procedures of each trial and before the competent judges and courts, developing itself in three significant manners:
a.- The legal due process of law, adjective or formal, understood as reserve of law and according to it in the procedural sphere;
b.- El del debido proceso constitucional o debido proceso a secas, como procedimiento judicial justo todavía adjetivo o formalprocesal; y,
b.The constitutional due process of law or simply due process, as a fair judicial procedure still adjective or formal; and,
c.- The substantive due process of law or principle of reasonability.
Evidenciándose que, ante todo, el debido proceso tiene dimensiones vinculantes jurídicamente que genera exigencias
It has been shown that, above all, the due process of law has legally binding dimensions that generate fundamental
fundamentales respecto a todo procedimiento, el que debe ajustarse al " principio de juridicidad” propio del estado de derecho y excluye, por consiguiente, cualquier acción contra legem o praeter legem. Como las demás funciones del estado, la de administrar justicia está sujeta al imperio jurídico, solo puede ser ejercida dentro de los términos establecidos con antelación por normas generales y abstractas que vinculan positiva o negativamente a los servidores públicos. Estos tiene prohibida cualquier acción que no esté legalmente prevista, y únicamente pueden actuar apoyándose en una previa atribución de competencia. El derecho al debido proceso es el que tiene toda persona a la recta administración de justicia".
demands with respect to every procedure, which should be adjusted to the "principle of legality” proper of the rule of law, that excludes, consequently, any action contra legem or praeter legem. As the other functions of the state, the one of administering justice is subject to the legal empire, it can only be exercised within the terms established in advance by general and abstract norms that connect the civil servants positively or negatively. These servants are prevented to exercise any action that is not legally foreseen, and can only act by being supported in a previous attribution of competence. The right to a due process of law is the one that every person has to a straight administration of justice”.
Defender justicia
To defend and to preserve the value of justice
Essentially, the right to a due process of law has the function of defending and preserving the value of justice recognized in the preamble of the Bill of Rights, as a guarantee of the social coexistence of the members of the national community."
In the criminal sphere, the due process of law includes not only the guarantee of the burden of proof and its verification, but also the opportunity that the defendant has to the counter-evidence and its confrontation, as well as the pre-existence of the Criminal Law that defines the crime and indicates the punishment, the legality of the instruction, accusation and judgment in which the defense is completely confident since the due process of law in the criminal sphere rests on the hypothesis of the presumption of innocence, which has to be invalidated by the State making a conviction possible, that can only come from a minimum proof that reveals that a damage has been caused and it has to start from the relationship of existing causality between the damage and the concrete act or omission.
Equilibrio procesales
Equilibrium among individuals within a process
In order to guarantee the equilibrium among the individuals in a process, the Rules of Criminal Procedure, have a preliminary chapter entitled: "Fundamental Principles" which contains a collection of guarantees that reproduce the constitutional provisions, situated on top of the rights and guarantees, constituting themselves in principal norms, turning their application obligatory in the process forwarded in any or other case. The omission in any action constitutes a violation of the due process of law, therefore its observance is mandatory, given that in its material sense, the due process of law is an advancement in the stages of the process and the fulfillment of the different judicial actions, with subjection to the legal and constitutional guarantees, as a boundary to the punitive function of the State.
Hay debido proceso, si se respetan los fines superiores, como la libertad, la justicia, la dignidad humana, la igualdad y la seguridad jurídica, y los derechos fundamentales, como la legalidad, la controversia, la defensa, la celeridad, la publicidad, la prohibición de la reformatio in pejus, pues frente a la sentencia penal impugnada únicamente por el acusado, no se podrá empeorar su situación jurídica, tomando en cuenta que los recursos tienen por objeto el que el superior de aquel que dictó la resolución pueda reveerla, de ser procedente, en aquellos puntos que pueden ser desfavorables al recurrente. Se ha de pensar, por tanto, que quien impugna un fallo judicial, lo hace de aquello que le causa agravio, más no de lo que es favorable. Interponer un recurso significa ir en busca del mejoramiento de la condición jurídica en la que le ha colocado a una persona la resolución del juez, más no correr el riesgo de que tal situación sea agravada, por que de no ser así, un recurso no tendría razón de ser y se limitaría la interposición de los recursos franqueados por la ley.
The due process of law exists if the upper purposes are respected, such as liberty, justice, human dignity, equality and legal security, and fundamental rights, such as legality, controversy, defense, celerity, publicity, prohibition of the reformatio in pejus, since before a criminal judgment challenged only by the defendant, it is impossible to worsen his/her legal situation, taking into account that the objective of the remedies is that the Superior of the one who pronounced the resolution would be able to revise it, if it is appropriate, in those points that can be unfavorable to the petitioner. It should be considered, therefore, that who challenges a sentence, does it from that which is causing him/her a damage, but not from what is favorable to him/her. To bring an action means to seek the improvement of the legal status in which the decision of a judge has placed a person, but never take the risk that such situation will be aggravated, because otherwise, a remedy will not have a reason to exist and the interposition of the appeals recognized by law would be limited.
The formal sense
The due process of law is based on the fact that nobody can be judged if there is no accordance with the solemnities established previously, without the accomplishment of the maxim that no one can be condemned without being heard and defeated in trial with the completeness of the legal formalities; this implies the prior existence of investigation and judgment procedures to which the accused should be subjected, and through which the competences, forms and solemnities that should preside the execution of every criminal action are set.
LA INCLUSION DE LA CLAUSULA ACELERATORIA EN LOS TITULOS DE CONTENIDO CREDITICIO
INCLUSION OF THE ACCELERATION CLAUSE IN THE SECURITIES WITH CREDIT CONTENT
By: Jorge Suescún Melo
Uno de los temas que más suscitan dudas y generan debates dentro del régimen de los títulos-valores, es el de la viabilidad jurídica de incluir en los mencionados títulos, en particular en aquellos de contenido crediticio, cuyo pago debe hacerse por cuotas, cláusulas que otorguen al acreedor, esto es, al tenedor del respectivo título, la facultad de declarar vencida, anticipadamente, la totalidad de la obligación, dando así por extinguido el plazo convenido y haciendo exigibles de inmediato los instalamentos pendientes. Dicha facultad, usualmente denominada "cláusula aceleratoria", puede ejercerse en diferentes hipótesis, pero generalmente se prevé para cuando el obligado cambiario en el pago de una o varias de las cuotas de cargo. Por ello, la Superintendencia Bancaria ha expresado que el principal efecto de dicha cláusula "es general el vencimiento de cuotas que gozarían de plazo para el pago si
One of the subjects that cause more doubts and generate debates within the regime of the securities, is that of the legal viability to include in the above-mentioned titles, particularly in those with credit content, which payment should be done by quotas, clauses that offer the creditor, that is, to the holder of the respective security, the faculty to declare expired, in advance, the whole obligation, considering as extinguished the conveyed time limit and making the installment payments immediately exactable. The abovementioned faculty, usually called "Acceleration Clause", can be exercised in different hypothesis, but it is generally foreseen for when the indebted has not made the payment of one or several quotas of the credit. Therefore, the Superintendence of Banks has expressed that the main effect of the mentioned clause "is to generate the expiration of quotas that would enjoy the time limit for the payment if it would not have been
no fuere porque la tardanza en el cumplimiento de la obligación permite anticipar el vencimiento de las cuotas y tratarlas como exigibles , vencidas o en mora".
for the delay in the fulfillment of the obligation that allows to anticipate the expiration of the quotas and to treat them as exactable, of extinguished time or in default".
La mencionada cláusula es de común utilización, razón por la cual ha venido cobrando una señalada importancia, en especial en ciertas operaciones mercantiles como en las ventas a plazos y en créditos amortizables por cuotas, que son prácticamente todas las concedidas por el sector financiero, por lo que numerosas entidades, en particular bancos, corporaciones financieras, corporaciones de ahorro, compañías de financiamiento comercial, etc., suelen incluir este tipo de cláusulas en los formatos de los pagares que ellas emplean y suscriben sus clientes, pues la cláusula aceleratoria se ha convertido en un instrumento necesario para preservar la confianza y la seguridad de los acreedores. Sin embargo, de tiempo atrás se ha venido discutiendo si la citada cláusula puede en efecto incluirse válidamente en los títulos valores, o si su presencia en ellos los desnaturaliza, generándose la nulidad o la ineficacia del título como tal; o produciéndose, en el mejor de los casos, tan solo la nulidad o la ineficacia de la cláusula, quedando desprovisto el acreedor, en este último evento de la facultad de declarar el vencimiento anticipado de la obligación si el deudor retarda el pago de uno o varios instalamentos.
The above mentioned clause is commonly used, reason by which it has become increasingly important, especially in certain commercial operations such as credit sales and amortizable credits by quotas, that are practically all which are granted by the financial sector, for which numerous companies, particularly banks, financial corporations, investment corporations, companies for commercial financing, etc., use to include this kind of clauses in their formats of the promissory notes that they utilize and that their clients subscribe, since the Acceleration Clause has become a necessary instrument to preserve the confidence and security of the creditors. Nevertheless, given that some time ago, it has been discussed if the said clause would, in fact be able to be included validly in the securities, or if its presence within them would change their nature, generating the nullity or the inefficiency of the security as such; or producing, in the best of the situations, only the nullity or the inefficiency of the clause, remaining the creditor devoid, in this last event, of the faculty of declaring the anticipated expiration of the obligation if the debtor is delayed in paying one or several installment payments.
Gran debate El debate que así se ha planteado, y que aún se desarrolla, no es de poca monta, pues, como se advirtió, si llegare a prosperar la tesis de de que la cláusula aceleratoria riñe con las características esenciales de los títulosvalores de contenido crediticio, los acreedores que la incluyan pueden llegar a verse privados, inclusive, de los beneficios y prerrogativas que les otorgan los títulosvalores, lo que llanamente significaría que se quedarían con un documento de deuda en su poder, pero sin que tal documento pueda ser
Great debate The debate that has been presented, and that is still developing is not simple, because, as it was established, if it achieves to prosper the thesis that the Acceleration Clause disagrees with the essential characteristics of the securities with credit content, the creditors that include it could be deprived, inclusive, of the benefits and prerogatives that the securities offer them, what would simply mean that they would keep a document of debt in their possession, but without considering such document as a bill of exchange or a
considerado como una letra de cambio o un pagaré, según el caso, lo que les dificultaría grandemente hacer efectivos judicialmente sus créditos. Las deudas al respecto provienen en buena parte del silencio del Código de Comercio en cuanto a la posibilidad de incluir la cláusula en los títulos valores, y la incertidumbre se ha incrementado por las posiciones divergentes que sobre este tema se encuentran en las pocas jurisprudencias que se conocen al respecto y en los comentarios de autores nacionales, quienes, ocasionalmente, se han referido a este aspecto, pero lo han hecho en forma trangencial, limitándose, generalmente, a hacer afirmaciones en uno u otro sentido, pero sin presentar argumentos convincentes y sin respaldar sus posiciones en análisis jurídicos adecuados.
or a promissory note, depending on the case, what would complicate extensively to make their credits judicially effective. The respective debts mainly come from the silence of the Commercial Code regarding the possibility to include the clause in the securities, and the uncertainty has been increased by the divergent positions that we can find in the few jurisprudences that exist in relation to this subject and in the commentaries of national authors, who, occasionally, have referred to this issue, but have done it in an inconsequential manner, limiting themselves, generally to make affirmations in one or other sense without presenting convincing arguments and without supporting their positions in adequate legal analysis.
La cláusula aceleratoria debe mirarse como una cláusula penal, al explicar: "...la obligación penal (el pago de la totalidad de la deuda) no nace sino en virtud de la ocurrencia del hecho previsto como condición. Consecuentemente, antes de quedar en mora el deudor, no puede el tenedor, demandar la obligación principal y la pena, sino la simple obligación principal (Art.1594 del Código Civil). Conforme al citado precepto es asimismo evidente que, constituido en mora del deudor -al darse el incumplimiento-, el acreedor no puede demandar a un tiempo la obligación principal y la pena sino cualquiera de las dos cosas a su arbitrio. "Como también lo expreso en mi obra (Los Títulos Valores en el Código de Comercio), la comentada cláusula (la Aceleratoria) es de diáfano carácter punitivo y desvirtúa una de las exigencias de los títulos valores de contenido crediticio: que tengan vencimiento cierto, salvo el caso de la letra a la vista, que sujeta la exigibilidad a un acto del tenedor, la presentación de la letra, pero no obstante la obliga a hacer tal presentación dentro de un plazo a término prefijado por el legislador.
The acceleration clause should be regarded as a penal clause, when explaining that: "...the penal obligation (the payment of the totality of the debt) is not born other than by virtue of the happening of the fact foreseen as condition. Consequently, before the debtor is declared in default, the holder can not sue the main obligation and the punishment, only the simple principal obligation (Art. 1594 Ecuadorian Civil Code). In relation to the cited provision it is likewise evident that, once the debtor is declared in default – when a breach occurs the creditor can not demand at the same time the main obligation and the punishment, but any of the two things according to his/her own free will. "As I also express it in my work (Securities in the Commercial Code), the commented clause (the Acceleration one) has a transparent punitive character and it lessens one of the requirements of the securities with credit content: that have a certain expiration, save for the case of the sight bill of exchange, that conditions its enforcement to an act of the holder that is the presentation of the bill, notwithstanding it compels the holder to make that presentation within a certain time period predetermined by the legislator.
The referred author concludes by expressing that not corresponding the acceleration clause with none of the forms of expiration of securities predicted in the Commercial Code, its inclusion prevents the effects to be produced and the own prerogatives of those securities to be given.
The acceleration clause can be included in the text of the securities
Entre los autores nacionales hay también quienes consideran que la cláusula aceleratoria bien puede incluirse en el texto de los títulos-valores, pues su presencia en ellos está autorizada por la Ley, tal posición se encuentra respaldada en argumentos del siguiente tenor: "Este tipo de aceleración del pago se da cuando en forma expresa del deudor del pagaré y el tomador del mismo acuerdan en el texto del instrumento que en caso de que se den determinados hechos estipulados, el tomador o tenedor del pagaré quedan plenamente autorizados para dar por extinguido el plazo concedido al deudor para el pago y exigir el importe del pagaré junto con los intereses moratorios; estos hechos que dan lugar con su acaecimiento a la aceleración del pago pueden ser en el otorgamiento de un pagaré, en el que se han pactado abonos parciales a capital e intereses, seguros, comisiones por estudio y vigilancia del crédito, etc., la mora en el pago de alguno de estos dará lugar a exigir por la vía judicial el pago total de la obligación o de la parte no pagada.
Among the national authors there are those who consider that the acceleration clause can be included in the text of the securities, because its presence in them is authorized by Law, such position is supported by arguments of the following style: "This kind of acceleration of the payment is given when both the debtor and the payee of the promissory note agree in express form in the text of the mentioned security that in the event that determined stipulated facts take place, the payee or holder of the promissory note are fully authorized to extinguish the period granted to the debtor for the payment and to demand the value of the promissory note along with the default interests; these facts that with their happening cause the acceleration of the payment can be in the granting of the promissory note, in which it has been conveyed instalment payments to the capital and interests, insurances, study and credit surveillance fees, etc., the default in the payment of any of these, which will raise a requirement in the judicial way to exact the total payment of the obligation or the unpaid part.
Otros opinan lo siguiente: "En los títulos valores cuyo pago se pacta por cuotas periódicas o por instalamentos es dable pactar la cláusula de aceleración de vencimiento de la totalidad de la obligación, para el caso de incumplimiento de oportuno pago en las cuotas de capital y de interés. Ello no resta certeza al documento y el mismo derecho cambiario lo tolera cuando un título-valor con vencimiento fijo no es aceptado o solo lo es parcialmente. En tal evento se puede hacer exigible la obligación con prescindencia del vencimiento, mediante el ejercicio de
Others believe that: "In the securities which payment is negotiated for periodic quotas or for instalment payments it is possible to convey the acceleration clause regarding the expiration of the totality of the obligation, in the case of a breach of timely payment of the quotas of capital and interest. This does not subtract certainty to the document and the same law of exchange tolerates it when a fixed expiration date security is not accepted or it is only partially agreed. In that case the obligation can turn enforceable even without expiration, by means of the exercise of the
la acción cambiaria conforme la autoriza el artículo 780 del Código de Comercio.
exchange action according to what is authorized by article 780 of the Commercial Code.
The previous statements, in favour of the inclusion of the acceleration clause do not resolve, nevertheless, the doubts and uncertainties that this topic generates; in fact, the authors of the above-transcribed paragraphs have limited themselves to explain us in what consists the acceleration clause and how it works, however they do not analyze in depth if the said clause is opposed or if it contravenes the essential and basic principles of the securities, or if on the contrary it complements them. The mentioned authors note that the Law of Exchange authorizes or tolerates the acceleration clause, but being clear in stating that the alleged authorization is not express, they do not teach us in what do they support that deduction, that is not, therefore, but a simple affirmation.
It is inferred from what has been explained that the topic that occupies us, in spite of possessing a special importance in diverse transactions, has not been studied thoroughly and adequately. The jurisprudences and the commentators have adopted diverse positions, but they are generally superficial and often based on wrong analysis.
HUELLAS DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DE LA REPUBLICA
TRACES OF THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC
Por: Ab. Maria Belén Cárdenas Estudio Jurídico VIVANCO & VIVANCO
By: Ab. Maria Belén Cárdenas VIVANCO & VIVANCO Law Firm
“La Constitución -como el Estado- existe en función del grupo humano. Todo ciudadano, y mas aún los que ejercen roles políticos o funciones de gobierno, deben tener la convicción de la obligatoriedad de las normas constitucionales y en consecuencia acatarlas, esta es la función de legitimidad que la Constitución posee. De su voluntario cumplimiento dimana el orden político y la paz social.”
“The Constitution -as the State- exists in function of the human group. Every citizen, and above all the ones that exercise political roles or governmental functions, should have the conviction of the binding nature of the constitutional norms and consequently obey them, this is the function of legitimacy that the Constitution possesses. Political order and social peace come from its voluntary execution.”
Los últimos acontecimientos en el país han provocado en la conciencia colectiva de los Ecuatorianos una suerte de indignación, repudio e intolerancia. Las funciones del Estado con más frecuencia y repetidamente han sido absorbidas por actos inconstitucionales y ajenos a la legalidad.
The last events in the country have produced in the collective awareness of the Ecuadorians a sort of indignation, denial and intolerance. The functions of the State with more frequency and repeatedly have been absorbed by alien and unconstitutional acts to legality.
Es mas, que los Ecuatorianos reclamemos por la cuestionable designación de los Vocales del Tribunal Constitucional, del Tribunal Supremo Electoral, los Magistrados de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, y estos últimos a los miembros del Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura, no es mas que la demostración de nuestra inconformidad y rechazo al rompimiento del orden constitucional y legal, aunque en el sentido práctico no remedie los errores y faltas a la Constitución que vienen suscitándose mucho tiempo atrás al gobierno del ahora Presidente Ingeniero Lucio Gutiérrez.
Moreover, the fact that we, the Ecuadorians claim for the dubious designation of the Members of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Electoral Court, the Judiciaries of the Supreme Court of Justice, and these last to the members of the National Counsel of the Judgeship, is not more than the demonstration of our disagreement and refusal regarding the breaking of the constitutional and legal order, although in the practical sense it does not redress the errors and failure to comply with the Constitution that have taken place long time before the government of the current President Engineer Lucio Gutiérrez.
Es importante por lo tanto analizar desde este punto de vista, desde cuando se han producido estas desastrosas violaciones a la Constitución Política de la República, que, queramos o no se han convertido en una costumbre que se repite cada año y con cada gobierno y que han dado lugar a una especie de circulo vicioso de engaños, salidas desesperadas y remiendos a la misma:
Therefore, it is important to make an analysis from this point of view, ever since these disastrous violations to the Political Constitution of the Republic have taken place, that, we want it or not, have turn into a tradition that is repeated yearly and with each government and that have raised a kind of vicious circle of deceits, desperate exits and amendments to it:
El 5 de Febrero de 1997, el Congreso Nacional, presidido por Franco Romero Loayza, en calidad de Presidente encargado, en un acto por demás ilegal cesó en sus funciones al Presidente Constitucional de la República elegido democráticamente Abdalá Bucaram, al amparo de lo dispuesto en el literal d) del Artículo 100 de la Constitución Política de la República de 1978, vigente a esa fecha, el cual establecía como causal para cesar a un Presidente en sus funciones, la incapacidad mental. Causal que no constituyó mas que una salida aparentemente constitucional para disfrazar lo que se ha vuelto común en nuestro medio “botar al Presidente” y que dio lugar a hechos aun mas inconstitucionales como la designación del Dr. Fabián Alarcón en calidad de Presidente
On February 5 , 1997, the National Congress, presided by Franco Romero Loayza, as entrusted President, in an extremely illegal act dismissed the democratically elected Constitutional President of the Republic, Abdalá Bucaram, under the protection of what is established in Article 100 d) of the Political Constitution of the Republic of 1978, in force at that moment, which established mental incapacity as a reason to discharge a President in his/her functions. This reason did not constitute more than an apparently constitutional exit to disguise what has become familiar in our environment “to depose the President” and that raised even more unconstitutional events as the designation of Dr. Fabián Alarcón as Temporary President of the Republic for a year, leaving aside the
Interino de la República por un año, dejando de lado la subrogación del mandato por parte de quien en esa época ostentaba el cargo de Vicepresidenta de la República la Dra. Rosalía Arteaga, por un aparente vacío legal, secundado por la mayoría del Congreso, como consta de las resoluciones del mismo publicadas en el Registro Oficial No.23 de Viernes 14 de Marzo de 1997.
subrogation of the office to whom at that time showed the position of Vice-president of the Republic Dr. Rosalía Arteaga, due to an apparent legal vacuum, supported by the majority of the Congress, as it is established in its resolutions published in the Official th Registry No. 23 on Friday 14 of March, 1997.
Años mas tarde el 21 de Enero de 2000, tras un fallido Golpe de Estado, presidido por el Coronel Lucio Gutiérrez, el actual Ministro de Bienestar Social, Antonio Vargas y ex el Presidente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Carlos Solórzano, nuevamente se rompió el orden constitucional, desestabilizando la Democracia que dio lugar a la aparente renuncia o abandono como lo calificó el Congreso del Presidente también elegido democráticamente Jamil Mahuad, solo que en este caso tras la reforma a la Constitución en la Asamblea Constituyente de 1998, se dio paso a la subrogación del mandato que se concretó en la persona de Gustavo Noboa, Vicepresidente de la República.
Years later on January 21 , 2000, after a failed coup d'état, presided by Colonel Lucio Gutiérrez, the current Minister of Social Welfare, Antonio Vargas and the former President of the Supreme Court of Justice, Carlos Solórzano, the constitutional order was broken again, destabilizing the Democracy that produced the apparent resignation or abandonment as qualified by the Congress of the also democratically elected President Jamil Mahuad, only that in this case after the reform of the Constitution in the Constitutional Assembly (Asamblea Constituyente) of 1998, it was lead to the subrogation of the office in the person of Gustavo Noboa, Vice-president of the Republic.
En este punto, resulta irónico, que recordando las continuas violaciones a la Constitución Política de la República, no encontremos que quien rompió el orden constitucional liderando un seudo golpe de Estado desestabilizando por completo el orden democrático, sea en la actualidad Presidente del Ecuador, elegido por votación popular.
At this point, it results ironic, that recalling the continuous violations to the Political Constitution of the Republic, we do not find that who broke the constitutional order leading a pseudo coup d'état destabilizing completely the democratic order, is currently President of Ecuador, elected by popular ballot.
Diciembre del 2004, una mayoría parlamentaria, claramente definida como a fin al gobierno, en sesión extraordinaria convocada por el Presidente de la República, nombró nuevos Magistrados de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, cesando en sus funciones a los anteriores Magistrados, sustentada en la Vigésima Quinta Transitoria de la Constitución Política de 1998, la cual deja entrever que los Magistrados de la Corte debieron desempeñar sus funciones hasta enero del 2003, lo cual para efectos de controlar el poder resultó efectivo a quienes
In December 2004, a parliamentary majority, clearly defined as akin to the government, in an extraordinary session summoned by the President of the Republic, named new Judiciaries of the Supreme Court of Justice, ceasing the former Magistrates in their functions, based on the Twenty-fifth Transitory Provision (Vigésima Quinta Transitoria) of the Political Constitution of 1998, which allows us to catch a glimpse at the Judiciaries of the Court, who should have to perform their functions until January 2003, which for the end of controlling the power resulted effective to
ostentaban un contacto directo con la mal llamada Administración de Justicia.
those who showed a direct contact with the wrongly called Administration of Justice.
Todos estos hechos no son mas que evidencias de lo frágil y susceptible que ha sido nuestra Constitución a los continuos manoseos, interpretaciones y aplicaciones.
All these facts are not more than evidences of how fragile and susceptible has been our Constitution to the continuous handlings, interpretations and applications.
Sin embargo, cabe preguntarnos en este punto si todos los Ecuatorianos no hemos sido corresponsables, con el gobierno, los diputados, y los jueces de la realidad nacional, si en nuestras manos tenemos el poder de decisión para elegir Presidentes, Diputados, Alcaldes, Prefectos, etc.
Nevertheless, we can ask ourselves at this point if all the Ecuadorians have not been jointly liable, along with the government, the legislature, and the judges of the national reality, if in our hands we have the power of decision to elect Presidents, Legislators, Mayors, Governors, etc.
La Constitución no puede dejar huellas de su existencia solo cuando a uno u otro nos interesa que exista, actuar apegados a la leyes a buenas leyes debe ser un modo de vida de todos quienes creemos en el Progreso, la capacidad y el Futuro.
The Constitution can not leave traces of its existence only if its existence interests one or another person, to act attached to the laws, to fair laws, it should be a way of life of all those who believe in Progress, capacity and the Future.
ORIGIN OF THE APPEAL TO THE SUPREME COURT
El 6 de Julio de 2004, la Tercera Sala de lo Civil y Mercantil de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, resolvió la causa 242-2002, rechazando el Recurso de Hecho y consecuentemente el Recurso de Casación interpuesto por el demandado basado en las cinco causales contempladas en el Art. 3 de la Ley de Casación. La resolución de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, hace una aclaración importante y necesaria sobre la procedencia y fundamentación del Recurso de Casación, la cual deja entrever el error en el que aún incurren los profesionales del Derecho al momento de plantear este recurso pese a que su interposición se lleva a cabo desde 1993 con la expedición de la Ley de Casación. La aclaración es precisa cuando señala que la casación procede respecto de la sentencia ejecutoriada y sus efectos, más no del
On July 6 , 2004, the Third Room of the Civil and Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of Justice, resolved the case 242-2002, rejecting the Remedy of Fact and consequently the appeal to the Supreme Court interposed by the respondent based on the five grounds established in Art. 3 of the Law of Annulment. The resolution of the Supreme Court of Justice, makes an important and necessary explanation with regards to the origin and basis of the Appeal to the Supreme Court, which allows to perceive the error in which the professionals of law still encounter themselves at the moment of presenting this remedy despite that its interposition is carried out since 1993 with the issue of the Law of Annulment. The explanation is stated precisely when it is established that the annulment proceeds in
proceso, y que principalmente el objeto de la misma no es enmendar el perjuicio o agravio inferido a particulares o a la vulneración del interés privado, cuanto atender a la recta, verdadera y uniforme aplicación de las leyes o las normas doctrinarias.
in relation to the final judgement and its effects, although not from the process, and that mainly its object is not to amend the damage or wrong inferred to individuals or the violation of the private interest, as much as to attend to the straight, true and uniform application of the laws or the norms of the doctrine.
Por otra parte, la resolución establece las condiciones especificas que debe seguir la interposición del recurso, así como sus formalidades, por lo que dicho recurso debe ser motivado desde el momento mismo de su interposición, para lo cual es necesario vincular el contenido de las normas infringidas con los hechos a que se refiere la infracción, la vaga o mera enunciación de las causales no constituye fundamentación del mismo, lo cual en la mayoría de los casos como en este, produce que el recurso sea desechado.
On the other hand, the resolution establishes the specific conditions that should follow the interposition of the remedy as well as its formalities, for which the said remedy should be motivated since the beginning of it, since it is necessary to link the content of the norms infringed with the facts to which the infraction refers, the vague or mere enunciation of the grounds does not constitute its basis, which in most cases as in the present one, produces the rejection of the resource.
Fuente: R.O. 510 24 de Enero de 2005.
Source: O.R. 510 24 January, 2005.
REGLAMENTO A LA LEY DE TRANSPARENCIA Y ACCESO A LA INFORMACION PUBLICA
REGULATION TO THE LAW OF TRANSPARENCY AND ACCESS TO PUBLIC INFORMACION
Con el objeto de garantizar la correcta aplicación de la Ley Orgánica de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública, se ha expedido el Reglamento a dicha ley, el cual contiene normas que permiten afianzar el cumplimiento efectivo del derecho constitucional a solicitar información pública y el libre acceso a las fuentes de información.
With the aim of ensuring the correct application of the Basic Law of Transparency and Access to Public Information, the Regulation to the said law has been issued, which contains norms that allow guaranteeing the effective fulfilment of the constitutional right to request public information and free access to the sources of information.
Las disposiciones de la Ley Orgánica de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información y este nuevo Reglamento a la misma, se aplican a todos los organismos, entidades e instituciones del sector público.
The provisions of the Basic Law of Transparency and Access to Information and this new Regulation to it are applied to all the agencies, companies and institutions of the public sector.
Este Reglamento establece los lineamientos y requisitos para hacer efectivo este derecho
This Regulation establishes the features and requirements to make this constitutional right
constitucional de acceso a la información, razón por la que consideramos importante señalar los puntos importantes y novedosos del mismo:
of access to information effective, motive for which we consider important to point out its novel and important aspects:
1.- Toda petición o recurso de acceso a la información pública es gratuito y por lo tanto está exento del pago de tasas.
1. Every petition or remedy of access to public information is free and therefore it is exempt of the payment of rates.
2.- Todas las instituciones públicas que se encuentran sometidas al ámbito de la Ley antes aludida y este Reglamento, tienen la obligación de difundir permanentemente a través de su página web, la información mínima actualizada de cada una de ellas. Este portal web, debe ser implementado por cada institución hasta el 18 de Mayo del 2005 y en base a las especificaciones que determine la Comisión Nacional de Colectividad.
2. All the public institutions that are found submitted to the scope of the abovementioned law and this Regulation have the duty to diffuse permanently through their web page, the slightest updated information of each one of them. This web entry should be implemented for every institution until May th 18 , 2005 and it is based on the specifications determined by the National Commission of the Community.
3.- La Defensoría del Pueblo es la institución encargada de garantizar, promocionar y vigilar el correcto ejercicio del derecho al libre acceso a la información pública por parte de la ciudadanía y el cumplimiento de las instituciones públicas y privadas obligadas por la ley a proporcionar la información pública.
3. The Ombudsman Office is responsible for guaranteeing, promoting and observing the correct exercise of the right to free access to public information by part of the citizenship and the fulfilment of the private and public institutions forced by law to provide public information.
4.- El recurso de acceso a la información pública no procede sobre documentos calificados motivadamente como reservados por el Consejo de Seguridad Nacional.
4. The remedy of access to public information does not proceed on documents reasonably qualified as reserved by the National Security Council.
5.- El proceso administrativo de acceso a la información se inicia mediante una solicitud dirigida al titular de la institución de la cual se requiere la información, el cual tiene el plazo de diez días para contestarla, pudiendo prorrogarse por cinco días más por causas justificadas y expuestas por el peticionario. El lugar de presentación será el que las instituciones sometidas a este Reglamento comuniquen públicamente dentro del plazo de treinta días desde la publicación de este Reglamento en el Registro Oficial.
5. The administrative process of access to information is initiated by means of a request directed to the holder of the institution of which the information is required, who has a time limit of ten days to answer it, being able to defer it for five more days by the justified and exposed causes of the petitioner. The place of presentation will be the one that the institutions subjected to this Regulation publicly communicate within the period of thirty days since the publication of this Regulation in the Official Registry.
6.- Si la autoridad ante la cual se presentó la solicitud, la niega, no la contesta dentro del plazo legal, o lo hace en forma incompleta, faculta al peticionario para presentar los
6. If the authority before whom the request was presented, denies it, does not answer it within the legal time limit, or does it in an incomplete form, the Regulation authorizes the
recursos administrativos, las acciones respectivas.
judiciales o constitucionales
Fuente: R.O. 507 del 19 de Enero del 2005
INDICADORES ECONOMICOS Reserva Internacional de libre disponibilidad Producto Interno Bruto 2005 Variación del PIB 2005 PIB Per Cápita 2005 Importaciones 2004 Exportaciones 2004
1,562,7**
3,90 2,400 3,309 *
Balanza Comercial 2004 Inflación Enero 05 % Inflación Año 2005 % Inflación Año 2004 % Tasa Interbanc. Abril % 2002 Tasa Legal % Tasa – Máximo % Convencional Tasa Activa % Tasa Pasiva % * Estimado a Noviembre (Provisional) 2004
petitioner to present the judicial, administrative remedies or the respective constitutional actions. Source: O.R. 507 19 January, 2005
ECONOMIC INDICATORS International Monetary Reserve Gross Domestic Product GDP 2005 Annual GDP Variation Rate 2005 GDP per capita 2005 Imports 2004
3,499 * Exports 2004 + 190 0,14 1.75** 1.95 3.95 8.59 12.89 10.60 3.74
Balance of Service 2004 Inflation January 05 Inflation Year 2005 Inflation Year 2004 Interbank Rate April 2002 Legal Rate Maximum Appraise Ask Rate Bid Rate
2,400 3,309 *
0,14 1.75** 1.95 3.95
8.59 12.89 10.60 3.74
* Estimated to November (Temporary) 2004 ** Estimated to December 2005
MARZO 2 y 3 “Cómo Vender más?” Organizado por: Corporación de Estudios para el Desarrollo Empresarial (CEDEM) Lugar: Salas de Capacitación CEDEM Información: (593-2)2507-450
MARCH 2 and 3 “How to sell more?” Organized By: Development Enterprising Studies Corporation Place: DESC Information: (593-2)2507-450
MARZO 15 al 18 “VI Programa Internacional de Gestión de Recursos Humanos por Competencias” Organizado por: ALIDE y Alfredo Paredes & Asociados Cía. Ltda.. Lugar: Hotel Swissotel Información: (593-2) 2260-277
MARCH 15 to 18 “VI International Management Program for Human Resources by Competences” Organized By: ALIDE and Alfredo Paredes & Asociados Cía. Ltda. Place: Swissotel Hotel Information: (593-2)2260-277
MARZO 11, 12, 15, 16, 18 y 19 “Curso para Consecución de Fondos” Organizado por: NGO University Group y Fundación Octaedro Lugar: 11 y 12 de Marzo en Fundación Octaedro – Quito 15 y 16 de Marzo en Hotel Best Western Doral – Guayaquil 18 y 19 de Marzo en Hotel Yanuncay Cuenca Información: Fundación Octaedro
MARCH 11, 12, 15, 16, 18 y 19 “Outcome Funds Training” Organized By: NGO University Group and Octaedro Foundation Place: March 11 and 12, Octaedro Foundation – Quito March 15 and 16, Best Western Doral Hotel – Guayaquil March 18 and 19, Yanuncay Hotel Cuenca Information: Octaedro Foundation
MARZO 18 y 19 “Cobrar sin perder Clientes” Organizado por: Corporación de Estudios para el Desarrollo Empresarial (CEDEM) Lugar: Salas de Capacitación CEDEM Información: (593-2)2507-450
MARCH 18 and 19 “How to collect without loosing clientes” Organized By: Development Enterprising Studies Corporation Place: DESC Information: (593-2)2507-450
LEX_ECUADOR_MAR_05
MARZO, 2005 No. 25 MARCH, 2005 NOVEDAD LEGISLATIVA: REGLAMENTO A LA LEY DE TRANSPARENCIA Y ACCESO A LA INFORMACIÓN PUBLICA 16 LEGISLATIVE NE...

References: resolución 
 resolución 
 artículo 780
 Artículo 100
 resolución 
 resolución