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This work presents a numerical approach to the modeling of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) from the emissions of ICs and PCBs inside rectangular metallic enclosures of network devices. The ICs are modeled as small magnetic and electric dipoles. Their interaction with the enclosures is studied with the dyadic Green\'s functions. Several calculation examples of surface current density on the metallic walls are given due to dipoles parallel to all directions. A Probabilistic Model is created from magnetic probe measurements in various types of router devices. Monte Carlo simulation is applied in order to perform a worst-case analysis. The applications of the above approach in PCB design are discussed.
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A novel approach to the estimation of radiated electric field of small horizontal submodules is presented. The principle idea is to describe the radiating submodule-on-motherboard structure with a lumped-element equivalent circuit which includes both the geometrical and the electrical parameters. The electromagnetic emission from the structure is approximated by the radiation characteristics of a Hertzian dipole driven by the antenna voltage resulting from the connector equivalent circuit. Therefore, no time consuming numerical field simulations are needed to evaluate the radiated electric field. Instead, a fast frequency circuit analysis with e.g. PSPICE is sufficient. Moreover, this modeling approach provides a clear insight concerning the influence of geometrical and electrical parameters with respect to radiated emissions. Finally, the computational solutions are compared with experimental results, demonstrating a good correspondence regarding engineering purposes.
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This paper deals with the performance problem of the EMC filters. The core of this problem in EMC filter is the uncertainty of impedances that are connected to the input and output of a filter. In addition, an estimation technique is presented that gives approximate insertion loss of the filter. The performance of this technique was tested on several filters and the data obtained were checked by insertion loss measurement. The heart of the matter is based on the L C equivalent circuits, which are described by Y parameters. The estimation gives pretty good results for the 0.1 Ω/100 Ω and vice-versa systems and also for other systems.
Also discussed are system configurations with the Δ (delta) and (Y) star topologies of terminating impedances which better approximate the real situation on the input and output terminals of filter.
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Many factors that influence radiated emission measurement exist. Except of factors relative to measuring chain \"test site - antenna - receiver\" there are some factors caused by operating personnel like inappropriate configuration of tested equipment, etc. Tested equipments contain generally attached cables of different length; the longer ones shall be shortened by folding into a bundle. The aim of this paper is to analyze the behavior of such cables and its influence on results of radiated emission measurement.
CISPR 16-2-3 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 2-3 Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity - Radiated disturbance measurements. Ed.1.0, IEC, 2003.
CISPR 22 Information technique equipments - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limit and methods of measurement. 5th ed. IEC, 2005.
BITTERA, M., SMIESKO, V., KOVAC, K. Analysis of EUT cable at radiated emission measurement. In Proceeding of 1st International Conference Advances in Mechatronics AiM 2006. Trencin (Slovakia), 2006, p. 85 - 88.
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The paper deals with analysis of the influence of geometrical configuration of device cabling upon voltages induced in cable interfaces. The analyzed properties are the cable height and the cable length for common mode disturbance, and the loop width for differential mode disturbance. The analysis is solved both by analytical calculation and by numerical simulation. Achieved results are compared mutually as well as with results obtained by measurements performed according to standardized procedures. Finally the analyzed parameters are ordered in correspondence of their importance for objectivity and reproducibility of immunity tests against electromagnetic field.
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Small shielded boxes are nowadays widely used for measurement of EMS, EMI and sensitivity properties of different devices. This paper deals with an improvement of commercial small shielded box parameters for a measurement of sensitivity of small mobile devices in 650 MHz to 4 GHz frequency band. Optimization of shielded box parameters is obtained by an inner area modification. Suitable wideband equiangular spiral antenna was designed for this measurement. Parameters of antenna inside the box, such as gain, impedance, directivity etc. are discussed in the paper. Effects of antenna positions in the box for a transmission are shown and the best configuration of antennas placing for the transmission in the shielded box is chosen.
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The novel method utilizing coupled lines for the dielectric property measurement of shielding covers of composite materials is described. Characteristics of coupled lines designed by two symmetrical strip lines with a common side wall, which is made of the tested material, are mentioned. It allows measuring the dielectric property in the frequency range up to 5 octaves. The circuit analyzer with a high dynamic range is used for parameters evaluation. The method was utilized at the research of the technology of abnormally shaped shielding covers of composite materials.
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SCHEJBAL, V., BEZOUSEK, P., CERMAK, D., NEMEC, D., FISER, O., HAJEK, M. UWB propagation through walls. Radioengieering. 2006, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 17 - 24.
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There are some suitable methods for the measurement of ultra-short solitary electromagnetic pulses that can be generated by high power pulsed generators. The measurement methods properties have to correspond to the fact whether we want to measure pulses of voltage, current or free-space electromagnetic wave. The need for specific measurement methods occurred by the development of high power microwave pulse generator. Applicable methods are presented in this paper. The method utilizing Faraday\'s induction law allows the measurement of generated current. For the same purpose the magneto-optic method can be utilized, with its advantages. For measurement of output microwave pulse of the generator the calorimetric method was designed and realized.
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The UWB (ultra wide band) radar output signals can be substantially affected due to electromagnetic wave propagation through obstacles (such as walls) and multipath effects, too. Multipath effects are analyzed and simulated numerically for various cases with several antenna heights and distances. Delays (due to propagation through walls and various paths of direct and reflected rays) and the ringing (similar to UWB propagation through wall) can be clearly observed and analyzed. Moreover, frequency spectra analyses can demonstrate both UWB interferences and susceptibility from electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) viewpoint.
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The presented paper deals with matrix converters pulse width modulation strategies design with emphasis on the electromagnetic compatibility. Matrix converters provide an all-silicon solution to the problem of converting AC power from one frequency to another, offering almost all the features required of an ideal static frequency changer. They possess many advantages compared to the conventional voltage or current source inverters. A matrix converter does not require energy storage components as a bulky capacitor or an inductance in the DC-link, and enables the bi-directional power flow between the power supply and load. The most of the contemporary modulation strategies are able to provide practically sinusoidal waveforms of the input and output currents with negligible low order harmonics, and to control the input displacement factor. The perspective of matrix converters regarding EMC in comparison with other types of converters is brightly evident because it is no need to use any equipment for power factor correction and current and voltage harmonics reduction. Such converter with proper control is properly compatible both with the supply mains and with the supplied load. A special digital control system was developed for the realized experimental test bed which makes it possible to achieve greater throughput of the digital control system and its variability.
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In this paper, we propose a robust adaptive minimum mean square error (MMSE) Rake receiver for asynchronous DS-CDMA systems. The receiver uses the modified MMSE criterion that incorporates the differential detection and the amplitude compensation for interference cancellation in a time-varying multipath fading channel. We investigate that the proposed Rake receiver can achieve the higher output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) than the conventional adaptive Rake receiver, since the modified MMSE criterion does not attempt to track the time-varying MMSE solution. Computer simulations verify that the performance of the proposed Rake receiver is better than those of the conventional and the adaptive Rake receiver.
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The paper describes the methodology of the automated creation of neural models of microwave structures. During the creation process, artificial neural networks are trained using the combination of the particle swarm optimization and the quasi-Newton method to avoid critical training problems of the conventional neural nets.
In the paper, neural networks are used to approximate the behavior of a planar microwave filter (moment method, Zeland IE3D). In order to evaluate the efficiency of neural modeling, global optimizations are performed using numerical models and neural ones. Both approaches are compared from the viewpoint of CPU-time demands and the accuracy. Considering conclusions, methodological recommendations for including neural networks to the microwave design are formulated.
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This paper deals with synthesis based on new autonomous circuit using two current feedback operational amplifiers. Four possible second-order structures are derived and several active RC filters are described. One new circuit of the band-pass filter is introduced in detail. Its parameters are studied symbolically, tested by simulations and confirmed by measurements.
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The problem of increasing the gain of directional multiband antennas is solved in the paper. A single-fed multiband (wideband) planar dipole is combined with cascaded (sandwiched) reflectors made of frequency selective surfaces. Each of those reflectors is placed in a quarter-wavelength distance from the dipole at the frequency of operation.
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Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is an important concept in statistical signal processing. In this paper, we evaluate an on-line algorithm for PCA, which we denote as the Exact Eigendecomposition (EE) algorithm. The algorithm is evaluated using Monte Carlo Simulations and compared with the PAST and RP algorithms. In addition, we investigate a normalization procedure of the eigenvectors for PAST and RP. The results show that EE has the best performance and that normalization improves the performance of PAST and RP algorithms, respectively.
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