Source: http://magiran.com/magtoc.asp?mgID=6346&number=701
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 00:02:01+00:00

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In the present work synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Alyssum homalocarpum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Boiss. extract has been considered. The methanolic extract of A. homalocarpum was concentrated and analyzed using Gas Chromatogra. Also silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the bio-reduction of silver nitrate solution (1 mm) using the methanol extract. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)، and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)، have been used to determine physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles. α-Glucosidase inhibition assay، α-amylase inhibition activity، and IC50 test have been performed and the results reported. Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods have been used to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract. Six bacteria and four fungi were used to measure antimicrobial of extract. 9،12،15-Octadecatrien-1-ol، n-Hexadecanoic acid، 2-Pyrazoline، 2،4-Decadienal، and 9،12-Octadecadienoic acid as most important compounds have been determined. The extract showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (18.01 µg/mL) and also DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 64 μg/mL). The maximum antibacterial activity was investigated against Salmonella typhi (30.9 mm).
Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a perennial herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as a food flavouring agent، and well known medicinally for its powerful antimutagenic، antibacterial and chemopreventive properties. The most applicable method for extraction of essential oil is water distillation (WD) and steam distillation (SD). It is a traditional technique which is used in most industrious companies. The essential oil from the leaves rosemary obtained by Microwave assisted water distillation (MAWD) on 440W، 770W and 1100W has been compared with those obtained by conventional WD and SD. The total yield of the volatile fractions obtained through WD was 1.30%، SD was 0.54% and MAWD in 440W was 0.45%، 770 W was 0.50% and 1100 W was 0.55%، respectively.Essential oils samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS، the oils revealed the presence of 28 to 35 compounds in the essential oils obtained through HD، SD and MAWD، respectively. Main components in WD method were camphene 33.08%، γ-terpinene 8.62% and verbenene 8.57%، in SD were camphene 31.71%، WD، γ-terpinene 8.92%، and verbenene 8.74%، and by Microwave-assisted water-distillation (MAWD) on 440W were linalool acetate 28.67% cis-sabinene hydrate acetate 20.59% and terpin-4-ol 11.56%، on 770W were camphene 15.88%، γ-terpinene 14.61% and cis-sabinene hydrate acetate 10.28%، and on 1100W were camphene 28.22%، γ-terpinene 13.66% and β-pinene 8.42%، respectively.
Over loading of iron oxide nanoparticles can causes the liver injury through overproduction of free radicals. Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Lamiaceae) has been used for many years in folk medicine due to its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This study evaluates -for the first time- the effect of Z. multiflora essential oil (EO) against iron oxide nanoparticles hepatotoxicity in rat model. Male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 4 groups; control group (C)، non-treated control group (NT)، treatment groups، nanoparticles plus Z. multiflora EO at 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. In following، the liver and blood tissue were collected for estimating antioxidant / oxidative stress parameters including lipid peroxidation (LP)، glutathione (GSH)، glutathione-S-transferase (GST)، and liver enzyme asparate transaminase (AST) and also histopathological examinations. Iron oxide nanoparticles toxicity produced a significant increase in the levels of LP، ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)، and AST activity concomitant with decrease in the levels of GSH and GST activity compared to the control group. However، in the treatment groups received Z. multiflora EO، the levels of LP and AST activity reduced together with increasing in GSH content and GST activity were significantly reported. Histopathological studies also supported the biochemical assessments indicating hepatic improvements induced by nanoparticles. Z. multiflora EO protected the liver from injuries induced by iron oxide nanoparticles which can be correlated with its antioxidant activities. This can be a valuable candidate in modulating the oxidative hepatic injuries.
In this project، total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the aqueous extract of Laurus nobilis L. leaves were evaluated by colorimetric methods. These natural products which are found in plants extracts، can be considered as reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Regarding to high amounts of these compounds in the extract، silver nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous extract of Laurus nobilis L. leaves through a simple and eco-friendly route. Characterizations of nanoparticles were evaluated by using Ultra Violet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis)، Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR)، X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD)، Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of nanoparticles and the average size of synthesized silver nanoparticles were found 19.65±13.49 (nm) by TEM analysis. Radical scavenging activity of the extract and silver nanoparticles were also evaluated by DPPH (1،1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhedrazyl) assay. The extract showed the best results in comparison with silver nanoparticles and BHT (Butylated Hydroxyl Toluene) as a reference antioxidant.
In order to investigate the effect of micronutrients foliar application on seed yield and essential oil of black cumin، a field experiment was conducted based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at the farmlocated in Naqadeh city، West Azerbaijan province، Iran، during 2015-2016 growing season. Treatments were separate application of Nano-Iron، Nano-Zinc and Nano-Manganese and double and triple combined treatment of them (Fe+Mn، Fe+Zn، Zn+Mn، Fe+Zn+Mn) and control. Treatments were applied at 2 g/L twice at stem elongation and early flowering stages. Different traits such as plant height، number of follicle per plant، number seed per follicle، 1000- seed weight، biological yield، seed yield، essential oil percentage and yield were measured. The results showed that foliar application of micronutrients had a significant effect on all studied traits and improved yield components and essential oil yield as compared to control. Yield components، seed yield، essential oil percentage and essential oil yield were enhanced by foliar application compared with control. Therefore، combined usage of micronutrients (Nano-Fe+ Nano-Zn+ Nano-Mn) showed the greatest increase in studied traits than their individual usage. The highest seed yield (706.67 kg.ha-1) and essential oil yield (8.66%) were obtained from Fe+Zn+Mn treatment. In general، the results of the present study revealed that the foliar spraying of Nano-micronutrients plays a remarkable role in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin as a medicinal plant.
Water stress and soil nutrients affect the growth of medicinal herbs as well as the quantity and quality of their essential oils. The effect of drought stress and different fertilizers on yield and morphological traits of Ajowan was studied in a split-plot experiment on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in Qaen، Iran. The main plot was devoted to irrigation at three levels (full or weekly irrigation in the whole period of growth-C، weekly irrigation until the beginning of stem elongation and after that every other week irrigation-S1 and weekly irrigation until the beginning of flowering and after that every other week irrigation-S2). The sub-plot was devoted to fertilization at five levels (control، NPK chemical fertilizer، Nitroxin biofertilizers+Barvar 2، organic fertilizer، and cattle manure). It was found that irrigation significantly affected seed yield، branch number per plant، umbel number per plant، umbellet number per umbel، seed number per umbellet and plant height. Seed yield was reduced by 37.8% under the treatment of S1 as compared to full irrigation. The influence of fertilization treatments was significant on seed yield، umbellet number per umbel، seed number per umbellet and plant height. The treatment of chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest seed yield. In total، full irrigation accompanied with the treatment of chemical fertilizer produced the maximum seed yield. However، since chemical fertilizers are not recommended to be applied especially for medicinal herbs، it can be recommended to use biofertilizer (Nitroxin+Barvar 2) given the fact that its yield had no significant difference with that of chemical fertilizer.
Increasing attention is being paid to use of organic fertilizers such as manure and vermicompost which can increased yield and protect the environment. Replacing chemical fertilizers with manures has the benefit of low production cost and imparts beneficial effects on soil. Then an experiment was conducted during 2013 to measure effects of organic fertilizers on essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Use of organic fertilizers beneficially affected seed yield، percent of essential oil، and essential oil yield. Essential oil percent was highest due to treatment with compost tea applied to the soil compared to foliar application. The combination of 20 t∙ha-1 of manure and 7 t∙ha-1of vermicompost، without compost tea،producedthe maximum essential oil yield (23.85 kg∙ha-1). The GC-MS analysis of dill essential oil indicated 94% of essential oil compounds were made up of: carvone، α-phellandrene، p-cymene، dillapiole and trans-dihydrocarvone. The maximum value of carvone (73.58%) was obtained by application of 20 t∙ha-1 of manure and 15 t∙ha-1of vermicompost and compost tea in form of soil application.
Fennel، Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) is an aromatic plant، with medicinal and culinary applications، widely naturalized worldwide، especially near the see coasts and riversides. Fennel has long been used in Iran as a traditional remedy against gout. The objective of our study was to uncover the scientific basis of this traditional gout therapy. Different plant parts were extracted by methanol and used in phytochemical assessment and examined for possible inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase -the main enzyme responsible for uric acid accumulation in blood. FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assays، total anthocyanin، carotenoids، soluble sugars، phenolics and flavonoids content were measured spectrophotometrically، while caffeic acid، chlorogenic acid and quercitin contents were measured by HPLC. The experiments were performed using a 3-stage nested statistical design with three biological replications. Results showed that the flower extract exhibited the most xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect (80% of Allopurinol)، the highest amounts of total phenol، flavonoid and cafeic acid (53.55، 7.71 and 0.049 mg gdw-1،respectively)، as well as significant antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals. These results suggest that flower extract of fennel is a natural source of valuable compounds against xanthine oxidase activity، with potential therapeutic applications in human gout treatment.
In this research، we investigated the antidiabetic activity of Vitis elegans rhizome، which is used as traditional treatment for diabetes mellitus. The methanol، chloroform، petroleum ether، and hexane extracts of the plant root were obtained through serial exhaustive extraction and were analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) assay was done to determine the inhibitory effects of respective extracts on GP enzyme. Total phenol content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and brine shrimp test was done to evaluate the toxicity of the extracts. Evaluation of TLC plates alone and after spraying with different reagents indicated that terpenoid was the major component of the sample followed by alkaloid and phenol. Chloroform extract applied more inhibitory effects on GP enzyme activity with percentages of 39.65 in concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. This suppression effect was higher than glucose، as a standard inhibitory agent in the body. The highest amount of phenol was found in the methanol extract، equal to 49 mg GAE g-1. Petroleum ether، chloroform and methanol extracts were considered as non-toxic solvents with LC50 values of 8.9، 3.5 and 3.7 mg/ml respectively. While hexane with 0.089 mg/ml LC50 value was classified as toxic extract. Based on the results of this study، we concluded that Vitis elegans rhizome، has the potential to be further studied for anti-hyperglycemic properties.
Allelopathy offers potential for weed control through the production and release of allelochemicals from leaves، flowers، seeds، stems and roots. In this research، allelopathy potentials of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Vinca rosea L. leaves were evaluated. Three extract concentrations، including 2.5، 5 and 10% (w/v) of both aqueous and ethanolic were prepared from a 10% w/v stock solution in a completely randomized design with three replications. Distilled water was used as negative control. The inhibitory effects of V. rosea extracts on seed germination، hypocotyl) the part of the stem of an embryo plant) and radicle (the part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root) length and seedlings growth of five plants were tested. The plants were cucumber (Cucumis sativus)، redroot amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus)، garden cress (Lepidium sativum)، scale cereal (Secale montanum) and desphia herb (Descurainia sophia). Results showed that the 10% aqueous extracts on the A. retroflexus، D. sophia and L. sativum and 10% ethanolic extracts on the five tested plants inhibited seed germination completely. The 10% aqueous extract inhibited the hypocotyls lenght of L. sativum، A. retroflexus and D. sophia completely. The 10% aqueous and ethanolic extract of V. rosea inhibited the radicle lenght of L. sativum، A. retroflexus and D. sophia completely. The inhibitory effects of the V. rosea extract may be related to the presence of allelochemicals، including alkaloids، flavonoids and phenolic acids. The use of allelopathic materials into agricultural management may reduce the use of pesticides and lessen environmental side effects.
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don is a plant which produces anticancer and anti-mitotic indole alkaloids. Colchicine is an anti-mitotic drug. Anti-mitotic effects of Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit. indole alkaloids is unknown. The study were evaluated the antimitotic effect of alkaloids of V. herbacea، Catharanthus roseus andcolchicineon mitosis and microtubule arrangement of human blood cells. In this research، alkaloids were extracted from V. herbacea (herba)and C. roseus (rose). In vitro anti-mitotic and microtubule shortening effects of different concentration of these alkaloids and colchicine were studied on peripheral blood cells. Three alkaloids include herba alkaloid (V. herbacea alkaloid) and rose alkaloid (C. roseus alkaloid) and colchicine، especially herba alkaloid with increasing concentrations (0، 5، 10 and 20 µg.ml-1) that induced mitotic block at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Mitotically blocked cells were exhibited aberrant spindles by microtubule dynamics suppression. All three alkaloids strongly suppresses the rate and extent of microtubule shortening in vitro. Our results showed V. herbacea are a novel source of anti-mitotic and anticancer compounds، probably better of C. roseus.
Investigations have demonstrated that ratio of sugars to organic acids affects the particular taste of citrus fruit and carotenoids are essential for prevent of the disease. It seems that some rootstocks enhance the ripening of fruits and stimulatethe biosynthesis of sugars and carotenoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on sugars، organic acids andcarotenoids of fruit. The content of individual sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA)، total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice was also evaluated. Total carotenoid and chlorophylls content was measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of ethylene in fruits was determined by Gas chromatograph. HPLC analysis of juice allowed to detection of 3 sugars and 2 acids. Sucrose was the dominant sugar for all rootstocks. The amount of total sugars ranged from 102.27 (mg/ml) (Flying dragon) to 118.07 (mg/ml) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of total acids changed from 6.62 (mg/ml) (Trifoliate orange) to 8.48 (mg/ml) (Flying dragon). The amount of ascorbic acid varied from 0.44 (mg/ml) (Trifoliate orange) to 0.68(mg/ml) (Orlando tangelo).The pH value ranged from 3.65 (Flying dragon) to 3.95 (Orlando tangelo)، TSS content changed from11.2 (%) (Flying dragon) to11.9 (%) (Orlando tangelo)، TSS/TA varied from15.13 (Flying dragon) to 20.88(Orlando tangelo). Juice content ranged from 49.29 (%) (Trifoliate orange) to 54.47 (%) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of fruit production changed from 12 (Kg /tree) (Flying dragon) to 83(Kg /tree) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of total carotenoid varied from 0.12 (Murcott) to 0.15(Orlando tangelo، Sour orange، Flying dragon) (mg/gr DW). Among the six rootstocks evaluated، Orlando tangelo demonstrated the maximum rate of sugars، pH، TSS، TSS/TA، juice، ascorbic acid and carotenoids. As an outcome of our investigation، we can express that the rootstocks can affect the amount of sugars، acids andcarotenoids of fruit.
Chemical insecticides application for pest control pose serious impacts on human health and environment. Nowadays، intensified efforts to find safer and environmentally friendly alternatives have resulted in identification and production of some plant-derived natural ingredients that can use against insect pests. Amongst these plants، feverfew، Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip.، from Asteraceae family is reputed to have insecticidal properties in addition to its excellent medicinal values. In this study، we quantitatively evaluated the extract of T. parthenium collected from Northern Khorasan province (Northeast of Iran) for its pyrethrin content using RP-HPLC chromatography.
Flowers and leaves of T. parthenium harvested at flowering stage were dried at cool and dark place and subjected to 3 steps maceration with (30ml) chloroform and shaking for 1 hr. followed by filtration. Pyrethrin contents were then read by chromatographic method at 230 nm wavelength against the background of calibration regression equations. Our results indicated that dry flowers contain 0.46% total pyrethrin (I+ II)، whereas leaves and stems include 0.06% pyrethrum. Pyrethrin was more concentrated in flower than stem. The wild population of T. parthenium of Northern Khorasan province demonstrates high potentiality to be commercially cultivated if it undergoes a plant-breeding program to manipulate phenotypic variation in the concentration of bioactive compounds present at harvest.
The wild mint "Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. noeana (Briq.) Briq." is an important medicinal plant which contains several worthy components like: menthone، pulegone، pipertenon، menthol، thymol، and carvone in its essential oil. This plant grows extensively in center of Asia including Iran. Because of so worthy components and its big role in traditional and modern medicine، the wild mint diversity was considered based on morphological and phytochemical variables and DNA markers (RAPD and ISSR) in South and Southeastern Iran. A total of 64 genotypes of M. longifolia subsp. noeana genotypes were col­lected from 8 distribution centers. In total، the 15 morphological and pigments variables were measured and calculated. The cluster analysis based on morphological and phytochemical variables divided populations in the 4 main groups. The fifteen RAPD primers with reproducible and score able amplifications characters were selected. Cluster analysis based on RAPD markers revealed seven main clusters in genetic distance 0.22. The nine ISSR primers with score able amplifications characters were selected. Cluster analysis based on ISSR markers revealed five main clusters in genetic distance 0.23. The results of this research showed enough genetic diversity among and inside of the studied wild mint populations which could be applied in following breeding and gene bank conservation programs.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on physiological and biochemical changes of induced NaCl-salinity stress on in vitro shoot and callus cultured of red-fleshed apple. Shoot and callus segments of the red-flesh apple of Local Iranian genotype were cultured on MS medium containing different levels of NaCl (0، 30، 60 and 90 mM) and ALA (0، 2.5، 5، 10 and 20 µM). Physiological and biochemical variations of treated explants with or without NaCl and ALA treatments were recorded. In both explants، salinity reduced chlorophyll and carotenoids contents، but the activities of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of total phenol and anthocyanin increased with increasing salinity level (90mM). Exogenous ALA in 5 and particularly in 10 µM was effective in enhancing chlorophyll and carotenoids contents، increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase، ascorbate peroxidase and accumulating of total phenol and anthocyanin. These results indicate that ALA has a powerful salinity-ameliorating potential on in vitro cultured shoot and callus of Iranian red-fleshed apple.

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