Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/238/90/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 03:43:40+00:00

Document:
Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 238 › Pyle v. Texas Transport & Terminal Co.
Whether the one receiving property from the bankrupt before the petition has cause to believe that he was receiving, and that it was intended to give to him, a preference is a matter of fact, and in an action to recover the property, the burden of proof is upon the trustee. In this case, parties who had advanced money on forged bills of lading in the belief that they represented the goods actually moving from designated points of shipment and had, just before the petition, received from the bankrupt genuine bills of lading representing the same goods, physical possession of which was in the carriers issuing the genuine bills, were entitled to possession of the goods; and, under the circumstances of this case, the substitution of the genuine for the false bills did not amount to an illegal preference under the Bankruptcy Act.
The facts, which involve the right of a trustee in bankruptcy to maintain an action for the recovery of property of the bankrupt and what constitutes a preference under that Act, are stated in the opinion.
These causes, begun at the same time, were tried and decided together in the United States District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana (192 F. 725), and also in the circuit court of appeals (203 F. 1023).
The original bills, except as to details concerning times, amounts, etc., are essentially identical; by stipulation, the evidence in each one became part of the record in the others, and all the appeals may be conveniently considered in a single opinion.
Havre, France. The Bank de Mulhouse, Comptoir D'Escompte de Mulhouse, Societe Generale, and Credit Havrais are French banks doing business at Havre, and Paul Chardin is a banker and cotton merchant in that city. The Compagnie Generale Transatlantique is an ocean carrier. It owned the steamship Texas, and Texas Transport & Terminal Company was its agent at New Orleans.
In 1909, the bankrupts engaged to consign large quantities of cotton to Scheuch & Company for sale, and the latter, on their own responsibility, arranged for reimbursement credits with the banks, who, according to established trade custom, undertook to accepts the drafts drawn on themselves by consignors for value of shipments when accompanied by proper bills of lading, insurance papers, etc., "all necessary documents." In the honest course, Steele, Miller & Company delivered 100 bales of cotton to a railroad carrier for through shipment to Havre, taking therefor a bill of lading to their own order containing marks, numbers of bales, etc., and direction to notify Scheuch & Company. The bill with accompanying documents was then annexed to a draft for the consignment's approximate market price, addressed to the Havre bank and specifying (marks being changed to meet the circumstances) "value received and charged to account R. D. A. R. 1/100 bales cotton." This was discounted and ultimately accepted and paid. Upon arrival at Havre, the drawee bank received and held the cotton until reimbursed by Scheuch & Company.
these to New Orleans, and there deliver them to an ocean carrier, receiving a port or ocean bill of lading to their own order, bearing the same identifying marks, etc. The genuine bill would then be sent by mail to Scheuch & Company with instructions to deliver to the bank holding corresponding forged one and return the latter. Such requested exchanges were made through a considerable period, the banks having been satisfied by a plausible explanation that bankrupts had made some arrangement with the carriers, and that shipments were thus expedited, given through Scheuch & Company, who, although at first ignorant of the frauds, were fully informed as early as March, 1910.
concerning the receiver's bill filed during the preceding day.
About April 20, 1910, the failure of Knight, Yancey & Company, large exporting cotton merchants at Decatur, Alabama, was announced, and shortly thereafter wide publicity was given to the fact that they had made extensive use of forged through railroad bills of lading with foreign drafts. Steele, Miller & Company suspended payment April 29th; bankruptcy proceedings were instituted against them May 4th; removal from New Orleans of cotton covered by the above-described ocean bills was enjoined in a proceeding by the receiver filed May 7, and on August 18, the instant causes were begun.
of the said valid and port or custody bills of lading for the worthless bills of lading then held, knew or should have known, and had reasonable cause to believe, that a preference was thereby given and intended, and knew or should have known that Steele, Miller & Company was at said time insolvent, and that the effect of the mailing, the receipt and acceptance and substitution of said bills of lading, was to enable the said Scheuch & Company or the said Bank of Mulhouse to obtain payment of its said draft, and your orator now charges that the effect of the act hereinabove described, if maintained and permitted by this honorable court, will be to enable the said Bank of Mulhouse or Scheuch & Company, or both of them, to obtain a greater percent of their said debt than any other creditor of said bankrupt, and that such acts should be set aside. Your orator charges the acts hereinabove complained of were performed within four months prior to the filing of the petition of involuntary bankruptcy herein, and your orator is advised that the act or acts complained of are voidable at his election, and he does now elect to avoid the same and files this his bill to avoid said transfer."
"that, upon the final hearing of this bill, this Court will set aside the transfer of the said 900 bales of cotton by the said bankrupt to the said Bank of Mulhouse or Scheuch & Company, or both of them, and hold the same void and of no effect, and decree that the title to the said cotton and the right of possession thereof is in your orator, and will permit your orator to take possession of said cotton and administer the same, or the proceeds thereof, for the benefit of the creditors."
positive information of the bankrupts' insolvency, any knew or should have known that they were receiving an intended preference.
In behalf of the appellee banks, it is insisted that the transactions between them and bankrupts were in the nature of sales, and by marking and shipping the cotton before bankruptcy, it was appropriated to the contracts; that bankrupts had no purpose to give a preference, and certainly the banks had no reasonable cause to believe they were receiving an intended preference.
"I am not convinced that Steele, Miller & Company intended a preference, as it seems to me they uniformly discounted drafts purporting to be secured by bills of lading for cotton, which were in reality forged, and thereafter shipped the cotton to prevent discovery of their dishonest methods, and that their transactions with the bank were in the usual course of business and without any intention on their part other than to conceal their true methods. Furthermore, while the facts on which they might be charged with notice ought to have excited the suspicion of the bank, I am not prepared to say that they had knowledge, constructive or actual, of Steele, Miller & Company's insolvency, or that a preference was intended."
The bill was accordingly dismissed, and the circuit court of appeals affirmed this action upon authority of Lovell v. Newman & Son, 192 F. 753, and Hentz & Co. v. Lovell, 192 F. 762.
"the person receiving it, or to benefited thereby, or his agent acting therein, shall have had reasonable cause to believe that it was intended thereby to give a preference."
Whether such "reasonable cause to believe" existed is a question of fact, and the burden of proof is upon the trustee. Coder v. Arts, 213 U. S. 223, 213 U. S. 240; Wright v. Sampter, 152 Fed. 196, 198; McNaboe v. Columbian Mfg. Co., 153 F. 967, 968; Tumlin v. Bryan, 165 F. 166-168; Reber v. Shulman, 183 F. 564, 565; Kimmerle v. Farr, 189 F. 295, 299-300; Mayes v. Palmer, 208 F. 97, 98, 101.
Considering the whole record, we are unable to conclude that appellee banks had reasonable cause to believe that, by transferring the genuine bills of lading to them, a preference was intended or given, and accordingly, without undertaking to decide other interesting questions raised, we must affirm the decree of the court below. Prior to May 8, 1910, the banks thought the forged bills in their keeping represented cotton actually moving from designated points of shipment. They were unaware of the bankrupts' crimes, and in the circumstances we cannot say they either believed or ought to have believed that they were receiving anything more than new receipts for their own property, physical possession of which had passed during transit from a responsible railroad to a trustworthy steamship company.
"SEC. 60a. A person shall be deemed to have given a preference if, being insolvent, he has, within four months before the filing of the petition, or after the filing of the petition and before the adjudication, procured or suffered a judgment to be entered against himself in favor of any person, or made a transfer of any of his property, and the effect of the enforcement of such judgment or transfer will be to enable any one of his creditors to obtain a greater percentage of his debt than any other of such creditors of the same class. Where the preference consists in a transfer, such period of four months shall not expire until four months after the date of the recording or registering of the transfer, if by law such recording or registering is required."
"SEC. 60b. If a bankrupt shall have given a preference, and the person receiving it, or to be benefited thereby, or his agent acting therein, shall have had reasonable cause to believe that it was intended thereby to give a preference, it shall be voidable by the trustee, and he may recover the property or its value from such person. And, for the purpose of such recovery, any court of bankruptcy, as hereinbefore defined, and any state court which would have had jurisdiction if bankruptcy had not intervened, shall have concurrent jurisdiction."

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.