Source: http://aoot.osa.org/josaa/abstract.cfm?uri=josaa-34-2-171
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 06:31:04+00:00

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We evaluated a technique for measuring temporal contrast sensitivities to sine-wave modulation driven by S-cones and rods in the perifovea using triple silent substitution. Isolating stimuli for S-cones and rods were created using an eight-channel, four-primary LED stimulator that has been validated before. Sensitivities were measured at 10 different temporal frequencies between 1 and 28 Hz in three normal observers at 14 different retinal illuminances between 0.07 and 587 photopic troland (phot Td) and at three different retinal illuminances over the same range in one S-cone monochromat. The technique was further validated by measuring bleaching adaptation in two normal subjects, demonstrating sufficient isolation in rods. Good isolation was apparent from the differences in the temporal contrast sensitivity functions and the sensitivity-versus-retinal illuminance functions between S-cones and rods, and also from the results in the S-cone monochromats and the delayed recovery of rod sensitivities after bleaching. The results will help to determine optimal stimulus conditions in future studies. The results in the S-cone monochromat demonstrate the potential clinical value of our protocol.
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Fig. 1. tCSFs of three normal, trichromatic subjects for S-cone- (blue triangles, dotted lines) and rod-isolating stimuli (black diamonds, broken lines) at the different retinal illuminances. As a reference, the tCSFs for L-cones (red squares) and M-cones (green circles) are shown in the background .
Fig. 2. SVI curves for the S-cone-isolating stimuli at different temporal frequencies (blue triangles, dotted lines). This plot shows the averaged data of the three color normal observers (error bars: standard deviation). The SVI curves for L- and M-cones are shown for reference (L-cones, red squares; M-cones, green circles) .
Fig. 3. Parameters obtained from fits of a combined linear model to the SVI data. The fits are shown together with the SVI curves in Figs. 2 (for S-cones) and 6 (for rods). The upper plot shows the estimated Weber threshold of the model for L-, M-, and S-cones as a function of temporal frequency (L-cones, red squares; M-cones, green circles; S-cones, blue triangles). The lower plot shows the slope of the ascending portion of the combined model from L-, M- and S-cones and of a simple linear model for rods (black diamonds). The latter was chosen because the rod data were not well described by the combined linear model under most circumstances.
Fig. 4. Dark adaptation after bleaching. The contrast threshold to a sinusoidal stimulus at low mesopic retinal illuminance (mean: 0.59 phot Td) is shown as a function of time after bleaching with an intense (50,000 phot Td) white light for 4 min (subject JK; L-cones, red squares; M-cones, green circles; rods, black diamonds). Exponential functions were fit to the threshold data. The baseline thresholds before bleaching are shown as horizontal lines (L-cones, red solid line; M-cones, green dashed line; rods, black broken line).
Fig. 5. Recovery of contrast threshold with time for rod-isolating stimuli at 4 Hz and 10 Hz and at different retinal illuminances (mean: 0.59 phot Td) after bleaching with a 20,000 phot Td white light for 2 min (subject CH). Again, exponential functions were fitted to these measurements.
Fig. 6. Averaged SVI curves of the three color-normal observers for rod-isolating stimuli for different temporal frequencies (black diamonds). The combined linear model did not describe these data well. Therefore, we show a simple linear model that has been fit to the rod data. Error bars represent the standard deviation. As in Fig. 2, the SVI curves for L- and M-cones are shown for reference (L-cones, red squares; M-cones, green circles) .
Fig. 7. tCSFs to S-cone and rod-isolating stimuli at three different retinal illuminances in one subject with S-cone monochromacy (S-cones, blue triangles; rods, black diamonds). With our protocol, good measurements were possible despite severe visual disability, glare sensitivity, and fixation nystagmus. For comparison, a smoothed curve and the standard error of the mean (SEM) fitted to the tCSFs of the normal subjects is also shown.

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