Source: http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/410/410mass586.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 18:59:50+00:00

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INDICTMENT found and returned in the Superior Court Department on August 3, 1988.
The case was tried before Charles R. Alberti, J.
LIACOS, C.J. The defendant, Delmariato Grice, was convicted by a Suffolk County jury of armed robbery, and was sentenced to a term of from four to seven years at the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Cedar Junction. The defendant appealed; we granted his application for direct appellate review. The defendant argues that the judge erred when he failed to question prospective jurors individually on the issue of racial prejudice. We affirm.
of prospective jurors is the most effective way of excluding those jurors who are racially biased. [Note 4] The judge denied the motion explaining that "I am not persuaded that in this case there is any cause for me to exercise my discretion in having a[n individual] voir dire. I am prepared to ask the jury in one form or another about all the questions as set out by the defense counsel and may tailor them to what is more specific for appropriate questions."
Under G. L. c. 234, Section 28, the judge must examine the jurors individually when it appears that issues extraneous to the case might affect the jury's impartiality. Commonwealth v. Hobbs, 385 Mass. 863 , 873 (1982). Ordinarily, it is for the judge to determine whether the jury might be influenced by an extraneous issue, and we will not disturb that determination "unless the complaining party demonstrates that there was a substantial risk that the case would be decided in whole or in part on the basis of extraneous issues." Commonwealth v. Mahoney, 406 Mass. 843 , 850-851 (1990), quoting Commonwealth v. Sheline, 391 Mass. 279 , 290-291 (1984).
to the discretion of the judge. We decline, therefore, to include interracial armed robberies within the class of crimes that as matter of law require individual voir dire of the panel because of a reasonable possibility that the jury will be swayed by extraneous issues. See Commonwealth v. Young, supra at 398.
concluding that there was no need for an individual voir dire of the prospective jurors on the issue of racial prejudice.
[Note 1] During the trial, the defendant relied on the defense of misidentification.
[Note 2] The second paragraph of G. L. c. 234, Section 28, provides, in part, as follows: "For the purpose of determining whether a juror stands indifferent in the case, if it appears that, as a result of the impact of considerations which may cause a decision or decisions to be made in whole or in part upon issues extraneous to the case, including, but not limited to, community attitudes, possible exposure to potentially prejudicial material or possible preconceived opinions toward the credibility of certain classes of persons, the juror may not stand indifferent, the court shall, or the parties or their attorneys may, with the permission and under the direction of the court, examine the juror specifically with respect to such considerations, attitudes, exposure, opinions or any other matters which may, as aforesaid, cause a decision or decisions to be made in whole or in part upon issues extraneous to the issues in the case."
[Note 3] "4. The complaining witness is white and Mr. Grice is black. Do you have any feelings about blacks or whites which could affect your judgment in this case?
"5. Would the fact that Mr. Grice is black make it more difficult for you to render a verdict in his favor than if he were white?
"6. Are you now a member of any organization or private club that excludes minority persons as members?
"7. Have you ever had an experience involving a black which left you with a feeling of prejudice concerning members of that race?"
[Note 4] Defense counsel, during the hearing on the motion, told the judge that "this case involves a white complainant and a black defendant. The questions [requested by the defendant's motion] are of a very personal nature on the whole, inquiring of people's feelings about race, a very sensitive issue, particularly in the City of Boston where the case is being tried, and in my experience and the experience of other attorneys . . . individuals are unwilling to bring these kinds of feelings to the attention of the court while they are in the group, in the venire, and I would ask they be asked individually and if that's [not] going to happen, that they be asked publicly, of the group, the questions contained in the motion."
[Note 5] Our holdings in Sanders, Hobbs, and Young were not based on a constitutional mandate, but were based instead on our general superintendence powers, and in furtherance of the policy expressed in Section 28. See Commonwealth v. Young, supra at 398; Commonwealth v. Hobbs, supra at 873; Commonwealth v. Sanders, supra at 640. An individual voir dire is not constitutionally mandated unless the "racial issues are `inextricably bound up with the conduct of the trial,'" Commonwealth v. Young, supra at 399, quoting Ristaino v. Ross, 424 U.S. 589, 597 (1976). The defendant in this case does not argue that he had a constitutional right to individual voir dire.
1. "The complaining witness is white and the defendant is black. Are there any among you who by virtue of that believe that they could not fairly and impartially try the case and try it solely on the evidence presented in this courtroom tending to establish innocence or guilt?"
2. "[T]he complaining witness in this case is white and Mr. Grice is black. Are there any of you by virtue of that that find it impossible for you to try this case solely on the evidence presented in the courtroom tending to establish innocence or guilt?"
3. "Are any of you members of any organization or private club that excludes as a matter of policy persons who are members of minority groups?"
None of the prospective jurors responded to these questions.

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