Source: http://parkertaxpublishing.com/public/Research_Tax_Credit_Claim.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 03:07:58+00:00

Document:
The United States Research and Experimentation Tax Credit (hereinafter “RTC”) Program was added to the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (hereinafter “I.R.C.”) in 1981 to incentivize qualified research and development activities conducted within the United States and its possessions (e.g., United States Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Guam, etc.). As a direct result of the overwhelming success of this program at the Federal-Level, most states currently offer a research tax incentive (e.g., credit or deduction) as well. These combined Federal and Multi-State research tax incentives significantly assist companies in tax effecting their actual expenditures incurred when designing and developing their next generation “best in class” products as well as their manufacturing process improvements.
While the RTC serves as a highly valuable tax incentive for business entities conducting qualified research and development activities it is imperative that the RTC be methodically documented on a contemporaneous basis both from a qualitative and quantitative perspective to ensure a sustainable result should an Internal Revenue Service (hereinafter “the Service”) and / or state level examination come to fruition. To that end, it is critical to design and implement a methodology that is in full compliance with all applicable statutory, administrative and judicial interpretations to ensure a sustainable tax return filing positon per Circular 230. This article will serve as a practical guide to identifying, gathering and documenting a sustainable RTC claim.
The research must be undertaken for the purposes of discovering information that is technological in nature. As provided in Treas. Reg. § 1.41-4(a)(4), information is technological in nature if the process of experimentation used to discover such information fundamentally relies on principles of the physical or biological sciences, engineering, or computer science. A taxpayer may employ existing technologies and may rely on existing principles of the physical or biological sciences, engineering, or computer science to satisfy this requirement. The regulations further provide that a taxpayer need not seek to obtain information that exceed, expands or refines the common knowledge of skilled professionals in the particular field of science or engineering, nor is the taxpayer required to succeed in developing a new or improved business component as set forth under Treas. Reg. § 1.41-4(a)(3)(ii).
Identify and conduct a process for evaluating the alternatives.
Expenditures attributable to research activities must be eligible to be treated as research expenses under I.R.C. § 174. As described under Treas. Reg. § 1.174-2(a), expenditures are costs “incurred in connection with the taxpayer’s trade or business that represent research and development costs in the experimental or laboratory sense.” Pursuant to I.R.C. § 174(c), expenditures generally include all costs incident to the development or improvement of a product, but not expenditures for the acquisition or improvement of land or depreciable property.
Pursuant to I.R.C § 41(D)(3), research is not considered to be conducted for a “qualified purpose” if it relates to style, taste, cosmetic, or seasonal deign factors commonly referred to as mere aesthetics.
The aforementioned requirements described above are applied separately to each business component. Noting, I.R.C. § 41(d)(2)(c) provides that any plant, process, machinery, or technique for commercial production of a business shall be treated as a separate business component, and not as part of the business component (i.e., inventory) being produced. In cases involving development of both a product and a manufacturing process improvement for that product, research activities relating to the product are not “qualified research” unless the requirements described above are met for the research activities to the product without taking into account the activities related to their development of the manufacturing process improvement as discussed under Treas. Reg. § 1.41-4(b).
Treas. Reg. § 1.41-4(a)(6) provides that, if 80% or more of a taxpayer’s research activities with respect to a business component constitute elements of a process of experimentation for a qualified purpose, the substantially all requirement is satisfied even if the remaining 20% or less of a taxpayer’s research activities with respect to that business component does not constitute elements of a process of experimentation for a qualified purpose. However, in no event may activities be treated as “qualified research” if such activities do not fall within the scope of I.R.C. § 174 or if such activities are specifically excluded under I.R.C. § 41-(d)(4).
If the requirement of qualified research cannot be satisfied when applied first at the level of the product or process that is to be held for sale, lease, or license, or used by the taxpayer in its own trade or business, then such requirements should be applied at the most significant subset of elements of the product or process. This “shrinking back” of the business component is continued until either a subset of elements of the business that satisfies the requirement of “qualified research” is reached, or the most basic element of the product is reached and the requirements of “qualified research” are not met as set forth under Treas. Reg. § 1.41-4(b)(2). To that end, even though a taxpayer’s research activities, viewed in their entirety, for a new or improved product (i.e., an aircraft) may not satisfy the “substantially all” test or other requirements for “qualified research”, activities related to developing or improving a portion of the product (i.e., the flight actuation system) may still be eligible for the RTC.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4) specifically excludes the subsequent activities from being treated as “qualified research” and therefore are ineligible for the RTC.
Activities conducted after the beginning of commercial production of a business component generally do not constitute qualified research if such activities are conducted after the component is developed to the point where it is ready for commercial sale or use. However, even after a product meets the taxpayer’s basic functional requirements, activities relating to the manufacturing process still may constitute qualified research under Treas. Reg. § 1.41-4(c)(2).
Activities related to adapting an existing business component to a particular customer’s requirements are ineligible for the RTC. As set forth under Treas. Reg. § 1.41-4(c)(3), this exclusion does not apply, however, merely because a business component is intended for a specific client.
Ordinary Testing or Inspections for Quality Control.
Research conducted outside the United States or its possessions such as Puerto Rico and Guam may not be treated as qualified research.
To the extent research is funded by another person or government entity (i.e., by grant, contract, or otherwise), such research may not be treated as qualified research. There are limited exceptions to this general rule in cases where overtures are incurred that are not funded. For example, if an Aerospace & Defense Company (hereinafter “A&D Company”) had a Cost Plus Contract with a client and this contract was funded up to $ 5 Million to develop a flight actuation system and that A&D Company incurred $ 6 Million to develop the flight actuation system then the $ 1 Million overture could potentially be claimed as part of RTC assuming the A&D Company had substantially all of the rights to the research (e.g., not needing to make a royalty payment to use that technology on a carryforward basis to the company that originally funded the research) and had the economic risk of loss.
Expenditures that qualify for the RTC generally include: (1) in-house research expenses for wages paid to employees for the performance of “qualified services”; (2) amounts paid for supplies used in the performance of qualified services; and (3) certain “qualified research expenses” paid to third parties. The term “qualified services” includes the services of employees who are actually engaged in qualified research and the services of employees who are engaged in direct support or the first level of research activities that constitute qualified research.
Compensation for the performance of qualified research services should include only compensation treated as wages for income tax withholding purposes. Therefore, in addition to regular wages, the allocation of compensation to research projects should include bonuses and the compensation element recognized on the exercise of nonqualified stock options, but should not include payments to qualified pension and profit sharing plans, including employee I.R.C. § 401(k) contributions and nontaxable fringe benefits. Practically speaking, you should be including each employee wage as documented on Form W-2, Box 1 and then multiplying it by a direct qualifying labor wage percentage. This direct qualifying labor wage percentage, for each person, should be calculated as a numerator that is directly tied to qualifying research projects by hour and a fixed denominator of 2,080 hours which can be further reduced for paid holidays and vacation / sick time. It is imperative to ensure proper and clear nexus between QRAs and QREs at this stage so that an IRS Agent is able to see the link between qualified research hours, by project, to person to expenditures.
In addition, it should be duly noted that under a special safe-harbor rule, if at least 80% of the services performed by an employee during the taxable year constitute “qualified services”, then all 100% of services performed by the employee during the taxable year may be treated as “qualified services”. In all cases, each employee and title / rank within the company should also be documented so that an IRS agent can determine whether that employee was supervising the research (e.g., Oncology Practice Leader for a Life Sciences Company), conducting the research (e.g., Bio-Chemist Researcher for a Life Sciences Company), or supporting the research (e.g., Lab Technician supporting oncology experimentation for a Life Sciences Company). It should be noted, however, that employee’s titles are not exclusive indicators in determining whether the activities performed by that employee qualify for the RTC.
In general, QRE Supply costs can be claimed if the supplies are consumed or destroyed in the research process. The term “supplies” is broadly defined to include any tangible property, other than land, improvements to land, and depreciable property. Expenditures for supplies that are indirect research expenditures or general and administrative expenses do not qualify as in-house research expenses. For example, amounts paid for electricity used for general laboratory lighting are treated as general and administrative expenses, although amounts paid for electricity used in operating high-energy equipment for qualified research (e.g., such as a laser for nuclear research) may be treated as expenditures for supplies in the conduct of qualified research as illustrated under Treas. Reg. § 1.41-2(b)(2)(ii).
The amount of third party contractor costs eligible for the RTC is computed at 65%, or 75% in cases for payments to select research consortia’s, of amounts paid to persons other than employees for services that, if performed by an employee, would constitute qualified services under I.R.C. § 41(b)(3) and Treas. Reg. § 1.41-2(e)(1). Additionally, contract research performed on behalf of a taxpayer is qualified research only if incurred pursuant to an agreement (i.e., either oral or written), entered into prior to the performance of the research, and requiring the taxpayer to bear the expenses even if the research is not successful. Any payment made by the taxpayer to a third party which is contingent upon the success of the research is considered to be paid for the product or result rather than the performance of the research, and thus, may not be treated as qualified research expenses under Treas. Reg. § 1.41-2(e)(2).
As set forth pursuant to Treas. Reg. § 1.41-4(d), taxpayers must retain records in sufficiently usable form (i.e., in an audit friendly format per the IRS Audit Technique Guidelines for research tax credit claims) and detail to substantiate claimed QREs (i.e., Wages, Supplies, & Contract Research) and QRAs (i.e., at the project level). To that effect, it is critical that sufficient contemporaneous documentation be identified, gathered, properly compiled and retained as forms of substantiation documentation to assist in ensuring that the Service does not disallow the merits of the RTC claim should an examination come to fruition.
In cases in which a company is government regulated such as with Life Science companies (e.g., Pharmaceuticals, Bio-Technology & Medical Devices) then the FDA record keeping requirements can be leveraged to support research activities. Another example, with A&D Companies then the FAA and DCAA record keeping requirements can also be leveraged to support the research activities. In cases, where companies apply for a patent or have a patent granted then these forms of contemporaneous documentation serve as the strongest forms of qualified research documentation due to the inherently arduous process to apply for a patent.
I highly recommend that the more contemporaneous documentation from the aforementioned list that can be obtained should be obtained and meticulously compiled in an audit-ready format as it will incontestably assist in strengthening the merits of the RTC claim and overall RTC filing position (i.e., always strive for “More Likely Than Not” or higher, but never file a claim unless you can get at least to “Substantial Authority” per Circular 230).
“Frivolous” Standard: Approximately a percentage less than a 10% chance of being upheld upon examination by the Service and accordingly under no circumstances should a tax professional ever render services with this level of comfort.
It should be duly noted that each of the aforementioned standards above has a relevant meaning to both the taxpayers and tax professionals when evaluating a tax position and the related disclosure requirements. Noting, the percentages listed for “More-Likely-Than-Not” and “Realistic Possibility of Success” are specifically provided for and discussed in the treasury regulations. In contrast, the percentages for “Substantial Authority”, “Reasonable Basis”, “Non-Frivolous”, “Frivolous” have been developed based upon their relative importance in the hierarchy of standards of opinion as primarily provided for in congressional committee reports. Moreover, while not mathematically calculable, the percentages are still practical in demonstrating the relative strength of one level as opposed to another level.
When identifying, gathering, and documenting a RTC claim, both from a qualitative and quantitative perspective, be sure to adhere to all applicable statutory, administrative and judicial interpretations and consult a true subject matter expert in this area of the tax law to ensure both a sustainable tax return filing position and a sustainable financial statement reporting position.

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