Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/273/113/
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 14:49:35+00:00

Document:
1. Under Judicial Code § 238, before the Act of February 13, 1925, a decree of the district court in a suit wherein its jurisdiction was based on the sole ground that substantial constitutional questions were involved, was appealable directly to this Court. P. 273 U. S. 116.
2. Where such a decree was appealed to the Circuit Court of Appeals erroneously, but within the time allowed for direct appeal to this Court, an appeal from a decree rendered therein by the court of appeals will operate to transfer the case here, to be treated as a direct appeal from the district court. P. 273 U. S. 116.
3. On direct appeal to this Court from the district court, where the sole ground of the original jurisdiction was constitutional questions, the decision may be limited to either state or federal questions that dispose of the case. P. 273 U. S. 116.
4. Whether a royalty interest in an oil and gas lease is realty or personalty is a question of local law. P. 273 U. S. 117.
5. Under the particular facts of this case, where lands in Texas were demised for the sole purpose of drilling for gas and oil, the lessee covenanting to deliver free of charge to the lessor one-eighth of all oil or gas produced and to pay seven-eighths of all increase of tax "by virtue of oil or gas," the interest of the lessor is properly taxed as real property. P. 273 U. S. 118.
Appeal from a decree of the circuit court of appeals, 3 F.2d 962, which affirmed a decree of the district court dismissing, after trial, a bill to enjoin collection of a tax. The case is treated as on direct appeal from the district court on transfer from the circuit court of appeals.
exceeded the jurisdictional amount; that Waggoner, at the time of the assessment, January 1, 1923, was the owner of 12,000 acres of oil producing land located in Wichita County; that the land which was transferred after the assessment to appellant the Waggoner estate was subject to certain oil leases under which Waggoner, as lessor, was entitled to receive as royalties one-eighth of all the oil produced; that the board of equalization, in computing the tax upon the lessor's interest in the oil under his leases, determined that the royalty in the daily production of oil from the leased land, estimated as of January 1, 1923, would be 723 barrels per day, and that the total value of such oil was $1,000 per barrel of daily production thus estimated or $723,000. The bill assailed the tax assessed as illegal and in violation of the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment in that appellant's interest in the oil leases up to $718,300 of the assessed value had been erroneously treated for taxing purposes as real estate in Wichita County, instead of personal property taxable in Tarrant County, where the lessor resided; that, in valuing this interest, appellees had intentionally and systematically applied a higher rate than upon similar property in the county, thus denying appellants the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
valued at $450 per barrel, it was held that there was substantial basis for the difference in the rate, since the entire expense and risk incident to production were borne by the lessees.
The case comes here on appeal allowed by the circuit court of appeals. The jurisdiction of the district court was invoked on the sole ground that substantial constitutional questions were involved. Hence, a direct appeal should have been taken from the district court to this Court. Judicial Code, § 238, before amended. Union & Planters' Bank v. Memphis, 189 U. S. 71, 189 U. S. 73; Carolina Glass Co. v. Murray, 240 U. S. 305, 240 U. S. 318; Lemke v. Farmers' Grain Co., 258 U. S. 50, 258 U. S. 52. Having been erroneously brought to the circuit court of appeals, the case should have been transferred to this Court. Judicial Code, § 238(a), before the amendment of February 13, 1925. But, as the appeal to the circuit court of appeals was allowed within three months after the entry of judgment in the district court, the present appeal will operate effectively to lodge the case in this Court for its decision, without the needless ceremony of remanding the case to the circuit court of appeals to enable that court to transfer it back to us for a second consideration. Wagner Co. v. Lyndon, 262 U. S. 226; McMillan Co. v. Abernathy, 263 U. S. 438. Treating this as a direct appeal from the district court in a case where the sole ground of its jurisdiction was the construction or application of the Constitution of the United States, we may limit our decision to either federal or state questions which dispose of the case. Davis v. Wallace, 257 U. S. 478, 257 U. S. 482; Risty v. Chicago, R.I. & P. Ry., 270 U. S. 378, 270 U. S. 387.
that the board intentionally and systematically exempted from taxation other personal property in Wichita County, it is implicit in this contention that the taxing authorities, by treating these interests as realty instead of personalty, denied them the equal protection of the laws. But we find it unnecessary to deal with the constitutional aspect of the question, as we conclude that the interest was properly taxable as realty.
Whether realty or personalty is a question of local law upon which the local decisions and statutes control. Edward Hines, Trustees v. Martin, 268 U. S. 458, 268 U. S. 462. Under Art. 7510, Complete Tex.Stat. 1920, all real estate is taxable in the county where located.
It is the contention of appellants that, by the law of Texas, minerals, including oil in place in the soil, may by appropriate deed or conveyance be severed from the remainder of the land and granted in full ownership; that Waggoner, by the several leases of the lands in question, conveyed the entire interest in the oil to the lessees; hence the royalty provisions in the leases are, at most, contractual obligations of the lessees to deliver to the lessor a part of the oil when removed from the earth, and that such contractual rights are personalty, taxable in the county of the domicile of the obligee.
"To deliver to the lessor, free of charge, in the pipeline to which said lease may be connected, the equal one-eighth part of all the oil and gas produced on said premises, settlement to be made not later than the tenth day of each month for the preceding month."
"That the lessee will pay seven-eighths of all increase in taxes, by virtue of gas and oil, or either, that may be assessed against said premises."
It is to be noted that the leases contain no words of grant of the minerals as such, but the lands are demised solely for the purpose of drilling and mining. The lessees are in terms given neither title, right of appropriation, nor power of disposition of the share of the oil which is to be delivered to the lessor when severed from the soil. The covenant of the lessees to pay seven-eighths of all increase in tax "by virtue of gas and oil" is inconsistent with the contention that the lessor retained no interest in the minerals in place in the soil.
In the absence of controlling authority in the Texas courts, we can find in the terms of the leases themselves no basis for the contention that the lessor granted or conveyed away his entire interest in the oil. The case of Stephens County v. Mid-Kansas Oil & Gas Co., supra, is relied upon by appellants, but in that case, the lease, in other respects similar to those now under consideration, provided that the lessee, at his option, should pay the stipulated royalties in oil or cash. It thus conferred on the lessee the essentials of ownership -- possession, with unrestricted power of appropriation and disposition of the oil. The lessee was therefore properly taxed as owner. The considerations which led to that result lead to the conclusion here that the ownership of the royalty oil remained in the lessor who retained the power of disposition and the right to receive possession, and that his interest was properly taxed as realty.
that the lessor's right to an oil lease royalty, although not specifically mentioned, is embraced in a conveyance of the land by the lessor, so that, upon the subdivision of the land, the respective grantees acquire the right to the royalty in all oil produced on the granted land. Compare the decision of the Texas courts in Jones v. O'Brien, 251 S.W. 208, and O'Brien v. Jones, 274 S.W. 242, for the application of the statute of frauds to sales of the lessor's interest in leased lands. See also United States v. Noble, 237 U. S. 74, 237 U. S. 80; Barnsdall v. Bradford Gas Co., 225 Pa. 338, 343.

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