Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/315/447/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 05:13:54+00:00

Document:
D'Oench, Duhme & Co., Inc. v.
arise under the laws of the United States."
Federal Reserve Act, § 12B. P. 315 U. S. 455.
2. Whether the doctrine of Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., 313 U. S. 487, requiring a federal District Court to follow the conflict of law rules of the State in which it sits, is applicable where federal jurisdiction is not based on diversity of citizenship need not be decided where the issue is a federal question. P. 315 U. S. 456.
3. In view of the federal policy evinced by the Federal Reserve Act, § 12B(s) and former subdivision (y), to protect the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the public funds which it administers against misrepresentations of the assets of banks which it insures or to which it makes loans, the maker of a note which was part of the assets of a state bank when the Corporation insured it and was acquired later by the Corporation as part of the collateral furnished by the bank for a subsequent loan is estopped to defend against the Corporation upon the ground that the note was accommodation paper, given without consideration and upon an understanding that it would not be collected, in order to enable the bank to carry it as a real asset in lieu of defaulted paper and thereby deceive the public examiners. Pp. 315 U. S. 459, 315 U. S. 461.
4. Although the maker of the note here involved did not know that it was to be used to deceive the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which had not then been created, yet the permission which the maker gave the bank to carry the note as a real asset was a continuing one, and had not been revoked when the Corporation acquired the paper, and that permission must be presumed to have included authority from the maker to treat the note as genuine for the purposes of examination by public authorities, as well as for general banking activities. P. 315 U. S. 459.
5. Inasmuch as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was authorized to insure a state bank only on a certificate from state authority that the bank was solvent, it is presumed that, in this case, such certificate was given. P. 315 U. S. 460.
6. The inability of the accommodation maker to plead the defense of no consideration does not depend upon the commission of a penal offense in violation of § 12B(s) of the Federal Reserve Act, but upon whether the note was designed to deceive the creditors or the public examining authority, or would tend to have that effect. P. 315 U. S. 460.
since a note may be nonetheless an asset though it is charged off, and the suit here is to protect the rights of the Corporation as insurer. The right to recover on the note is not dependent upon proof of loss or damage caused by the fraudulent practice. P. 315 U. S. 460. 117 F.2d 491, affirmed.
Certiorari, 314 U.S. 592, to review the affirmance of a judgment holding the present petitioner liable to the respondent on a promissory note.
District of Missouri on a demand note for $5,000 executed by petitioner in 1933 and payable to the Belleville Bank & Trust Co., Belleville, Illinois. Respondent insured that bank January 1, 1934, and it acquired the note in 1938 as part of the collateral securing a loan of over $1,000,000 to the bank, made in connection with the assumption of the latter's deposit liabilities by another bank. Since 1935, the note had been among the charged off assets of the bank. The note was executed by petitioner in renewal of notes which it had executed in 1926. Petitioner, who was engaged in the securities business at St. Louis, Missouri, had sold the bank certain bonds which later defaulted. The original notes were executed to enable the bank to carry the notes and not show any past due bonds. Proceeds of the bonds were to be credited on the notes. [Footnote 1] The receipts for the notes contained the statement, "This note is given with the understanding it will not be called for payment. All interest payments to be repaid." Respondent had no knowledge of the existence of the receipts until after demand for payment on the renewal note was made in 1938. Certain interest payments on the notes were made prior to renewal for the purpose of keeping them "as live paper." Petitioner's president, who signed the original notes, knew that they were executed so that the past due bonds would not appear among the assets of the bank, and that the purpose of the interest payments was "to keep the notes alive." The original notes were signed in St. Louis, Missouri, were payable at petitioner's office there, and were delivered to the payee in Illinois. The evidence does not disclose where the note sued upon was signed, though it was dated at Belleville, Illinois, and payable to the bank there.
The main point of controversy here revolves around the question as to what law is applicable. The District Court held that Illinois law was applicable and that petitioner was liable. The Circuit Court of Appeals applied "general law" to determine that the note was an Illinois, rather than a Missouri, contract, and it decided that, under Illinois law, respondent was the equivalent of a holder in due course, and entitled to recover. 117 F.2d 491. Petitioner contends that, under the rule of Klaxon Company v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., 313 U. S. 487, a federal court sitting in Missouri must apply Missouri's conflict of law rules; that if, as was the case here, Illinois law was not pleaded or proved, a Missouri court would have ascertained Illinois law from Missouri decisions, since, in such a case, Illinois law would be presumed to be the same as the Missouri law, and that the District Court was bound to follow that same course. We granted the petition for certiorari, 314 U.S. 592, because of the asserted conflict between the decision below and Klaxon Company v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., supra.
Reserve Act, 12 U.S.C. § 264(j), 48 Stat. 162, 168, 172, 49 Stat. 684, 692. And see 28 U.S.C. § 42, 43 Stat. 941. Whether the rule of the Klaxon case applies where federal jurisdiction is not based on diversity of citizenship, we need not decide. For we are of the view that the liability of petitioner on the note involves decision of a federal, not a state, question under the rule of Deitrick v. Greaney, 309 U. S. 190.
Petitioner, in its answer, alleged that the note was given without any consideration whatever, and with the understanding that no suit would be brought thereon, and that respondent was not a holder in due course. Respondent, in its reply, alleged that petitioner was estopped to assert those defenses on the grounds that the note was executed for the purpose of permitting the bank to avoid having its records show any past due bonds; that this constituted a misrepresentation which would deceive the creditors of the bank, the state banking authorities and respondent; that petitioner participated in the misrepresentation not only by reason of its knowledge as to the purpose which the note would serve, but also by reason of its payment of interest in order to make the notes appear as a good asset. The District Court held that respondent was an innocent holder of the note in good faith and for value, and that petitioner was estopped to assert want of consideration as a defense.
it to be false, or willfully overvalues any security, shall be punished by a fine of not more than $5,000, or by imprisonment for not more than two years or both."
"The defendant may not have intended to deceive any person, but, when she executed and delivered to the plaintiff bank an instrument in the form of a note, she was chargeable with knowledge that, for the accommodation of the bank, she was aiding the bank to conceal the actual transaction. Public policy requires that a person who, for the accommodation of the bank, executes an instrument which is in form a binding obligation, should be estopped from thereafter asserting that simultaneously the parties agreed that the instrument should not be enforced."
Furthermore, the fact that creditors may not have been deceived or specifically injured is irrelevant. As we held in the Deitrick case (309 U.S. p. 309 U. S. 198), it is the "evil tendency" of the acts to contravene the policy governing banking transactions which lies at the root of the rule. See 7 Zollman, Banks & Banking (1936) § 4783.
Those principles are applicable here because of the federal policy evidenced in this Act to protect respondent, a federal corporation, from misrepresentations made to induce or influence the action of respondent, including misstatements as to the genuineness or integrity of securities in the portfolios of banks which it insures or to which it makes loans. Those principles call for an affirmance of the judgment below.
included authority for the bank to treat the note as genuine for purposes of examination at the hands of the public authorities, as well as for its general banking activities.
the bank and prior to the time when it acquired the note under the loan is immaterial. A note may be nonetheless an asset though it is charged off. And respondent is suing here to protect its rights as an insurer, a relationship with the bank which was created prior to the time when the note was charged off. The fact that, subsequently, respondent learned that the note had been charged off certainly was not notice that the note was spurious. It is indeed clear that at no time prior to the demand for payment did respondent know that the note was not genuine. It needs no argument to demonstrate that the integrity of ostensible assets has a direct relation to solvency. And it is no more a defense here than it was in the Deitrick case that no damage was shown to have resulted from the fraudulent or unlawful act. The federal policy expressed in the Act, like its counterpart in state law, is not dependent on proof of loss or damage caused by the fraudulent practice.
no less clear or emphatic than the federal policy of outlawing purchases by a bank of its own stock involved in the Deitrick case. Cf. Rinaldi v. Young, supra; Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Woods, 34 F.Supp. 296.
The bank sold some of the bonds in 1937 for $100 and credited this amount to interest due on the note. This credit paid interest to May 1, 1933. No later payments were made on the note.
"All suits of a civil nature at common law or in equity to which the Corporation shall be a party shall be deemed to arise under the laws of the United States: Provided, That any such suit to which the Corporation is a party in its capacity as receiver of a State bank and which involves only the rights or obligations of depositors, creditors, stockholders and such State bank under State law shall not be deemed to arise under the laws of the United States."
And see S.Rep. No. 1007, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 5.
These provisions of subdivision (y) were dropped when § 12B was amended by the Banking Act of 1935. 49 Stat. 684. See S.Rep. No. 1007, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 9.
Subdivision (y) also gave respondent power to prescribe rules and regulations for the further examination of such bank. Though subdivision (y) was revised in 1935, as indicated in note 3 supra, subdivision (k)(2) of the amended Act gave respondent's examiners power "to make a thorough examination of all the affairs" of such banks and, in doing so, "to administer oaths and to examine and take and preserve the testimony of any of the officers and agents thereof." They were directed to make a "full and detailed report of the condition of the bank to the Corporation." 12 U.S.C. § 264(k)(2).
THE CHIEF JUSTICE and I concur in the result on the ground that, in the circumstances of this case, respondent is entitled to recover, whatever law be deemed controlling. If Illinois law governs, respondent is admittedly entitled to recover as a holder in due course. If Missouri law governs, petitioner is estopped to assert the defenses on which it now relies. Whether the case is governed by the law of one state or the other, or by "federal common law" drawn here from one state or the other, the result is the same.
When the original accommodation notes were executed in 1926, petitioner fully knew that the whole transaction was aimed at giving the bank an appearance of assets where there were none. Petitioner's representative admitted that the bank "suggested that we issue a note to the Bank," which would enable it "to carry this note and not show any past due paper." He had been in the investment security business since 1910; he "knew what the bank meant," and that it was subject to periodic examinations by the state bank examiner, and he assumed the bank did not want past due paper. On these facts, the trial judge held that petitioner is estopped to assert absence of consideration as a defense.
Nothing in Missouri statutes or decisions brought to our notice would warrant us in setting aside this ruling. A case decided in 1901, Chicago Title & Trust Co. v.
"The facts in this case inevitably suggest the question [of estoppel] we have discussed in this paragraph. Counsel for respondent, however, have not raised it, being deterred, doubtless, by the decision in Title & Trust Co. v. Brady, 165 Mo.197, 65 S.W. 303, where a contrary doctrine is countenanced, and we therefore refrain from ruling upon the proposition. We have touched upon it for the reason that, if the Brady case, supra, is considered as announcing 'the Missouri rule' upon this topic, as some commentators have said, that rule is apparently in conflict with numerous and respectable authorities, and its soundness may admit of question."
No subsequent decision was cited, nor have we found any, to show that the court has since reverted to the doctrine of the Brady case. It cannot be said, therefore, that, in holding petitioner estopped, the trial judge departed from Missouri law.
U.S. 92, decided the same day as Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U. S. 64, Illinois or Missouri law would furnish the governing principles. See Board of Comm'rs v. United States, 308 U. S. 343; Royal Indemnity Co. v. United States, 313 U. S. 289, 313 U. S. 296; Just v. Chambers, 312 U. S. 383, 312 U. S. 387.
We are unable to find an estoppel created by federal statute. Reliance is placed upon Deitrick v. Greaney, 309 U. S. 190. But that case rested on a plain violation of an explicit provision of a federal statute in force at the time of its occurrence. This is not true here. An accommodation note deposited in a bank before an act of Congress is on the books can hardly become a violation of the act after it is passed merely because the note remains in the bank. One cannot violate a statute before it comes into being. Insofar as the statute may apply to arrangements whereby the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation might have been misled to its detriment into insuring an insolvent bank, the record is barren of any indication that the $5,000 note in question had any relation to the bank's solvency or to the Corporation's undertaking as an insurer.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is bringing this suit as pledgee. As to the note sued upon, it is in no different position than would be any other pledgee. Indeed, from the business point of view, its position is less favorable. For it became pledgee only in 1938, three years after the note had been charged off on the books of the bank. The Corporation had since 1934 been making a regular annual examination of the bank's books, which showed this fact, and the schedule of collateral given to respondent when it became pledgee made it perfectly clear that the note had been charged off.
federal common law having no statutory roots. For we have put to one side, as unnecessary to the disposition of this case, the duty of this Court to make law "interstitially" (as Mr. Justice Holmes put it in Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U. S. 205, 244 U. S. 221) in controversies arising in the federal courts outside their diversity jurisdiction.
Of course, the policy expressed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Act might be violated, as the National Bank Act was violated in the Deitrick case, wholly apart from any question of estoppel or proof of loss to the Corporation. Our difficulty is that the statute cannot be stretched to fit this case. And it seems unnecessary to force such a result when a solution according to settled doctrines is available.
I think we should attempt a more explicit answer to the question whether federal or state law governs our decision in this sort of case than is found either in the opinion of the Court or in the concurring opinion of MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER. That question, as old as the federal judiciary, is met inescapably at the threshold of this case. It is the one which moved us to grant certiorari, and we could not resort to the rule announced without at least a tacit answer to it. The petitioner asserts that the decisions in Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U. S. 64, and Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., 313 U. S. 487, govern this case. If they do, we would not be free to disregard the law of Missouri and Illinois and to apply a doctrine of estoppel actually but not avowedly drawn from common law sources to effectuate the policy we think implicit in federal statutes.
or statutes of the United States otherwise require or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law, in the courts of the United States, in cases where they apply."
"All suits of a civil nature at common law or in equity to which the Corporation shall be a party shall be deemed to arise under the laws of the United States. . . . [Footnote 2/4]"
Although, by Congressional command, this case is to be deemed one arising under the laws of the United States, no federal statute purports to define the Corporation's rights as a holder of the note in suit or the liability of the maker thereof. There arises therefore the question whether, in deciding the case, we are bound to apply the law of some particular state, or whether, to put it bluntly, we may make our own law from materials found in common law sources.
seems settled that the federal courts may not resort to the common law to punish crimes not made punishable by Act of Congress, [Footnote 2/7] and that, apart from special statutory or constitutional provision, they are not bound in other fields by English precedents existing at any particular date. The federal courts have no general common law, as in a sense they have no general or comprehensive jurisprudence of any kind, because many subjects of private law which bulk large in the traditional common law are ordinarily within the province of the states, and not of the federal government. But this is not to say that, wherever we have occasion to decide a federal question which cannot be answered from federal statutes alone, we may not resort to all of the source materials of the common law or that, when we have fashioned an answer, it does not become a part of the federal nonstatutory or common law.
"whether the water of an interstate stream must be apportioned between the two States is a question of 'federal common law' upon which neither the statutes nor the decisions of either State can be conclusive."
Hinderlider v. La Plata Co., 304 U. S. 92, 304 U. S. 110.
Were we bereft of the common law, our federal system would be impotent. This follows from the recognized futility of attempting all-complete statutory codes, and is apparent from the terms of the Constitution itself.
law doctrine of consideration into the contract clause, and to restrict the protection of that clause to promises supported by consideration. Durkee v. Board of Liquidation, 103 U. S. 646, 103 U. S. 648; Pearsall v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 161 U. S. 646, 161 U. S. 667; Grand Lodge v. City of New Orleans, 166 U. S. 143, 166 U. S. 146. Compare Allegheny College v. National Chautauqua County Bank, 246 N.Y. 369, 159 N.E. 173.
is no juridical chameleon, changing complexion to match that of each state wherein lawsuits happen to be commenced because of the accidents of service of process and of the application of the venue statutes. It is found in the federal Constitution, statutes, or common law. Federal common law implements the federal Constitution and statutes, and is conditioned by them. [Footnote 2/10] Within these limits, federal courts are free to apply the traditional common law technique of decision and to draw upon all the sources of the common law in cases such as the present. Board of Commissioners v. United States, 308 U. S. 343, 308 U. S. 350.
I concur in the Court's holding because I think that the defense asserted is nowhere admissible against the Corporation, and that we need not go to the law of any particular state as our authority for so holding.
to me to leave dependent on local law the question whether one may plead his own scheme to deceive a bank's creditors and supervising authorities as against the Corporation. Even though federal criminal sanctions might not be applicable to these facts, and even though the doctrine of Deitrick v. Greaney, 309 U. S. 190, may not fully comprehend the present case, I think we now may borrow a doctrine of estoppel from the same source from which the Court borrowed it in that case, and to reach the same result.
§ 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, 28 U.S.C. § 725.
"However true the fact may be that the tribunals of the states will administer justice as impartially as those of the nation, to parties of every description, it is not less true that the constitution itself either entertains apprehensions on this subject, or views with such indulgence the possible fears and apprehensions of suitors, that it has established national tribunals for the decision of controversies between aliens and a citizen, or between citizens of different states."
Chief Justice Marshall in Bank of United States v. Deveaux, 5 Cranch 61, 9 U. S. 87. See also Dodge v. Woolsey, 18 How. 331, 59 U. S. 354; Burgess v. Seligman, 107 U. S. 20, 107 U. S. 34; Lankford v. Platte Iron Works, 235 U. S. 461, 235 U. S. 478. But compare Friendly, The Historic Basis of Diversity Jurisdiction, 41 Harvard Law Review 483.
"The Rules of Decision Act does not apply to suits in equity. Section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, 28 U.S.C. 725, directing that the 'laws of the several states' 'shall be regarded as rules of decision' in the courts of the United States, applies only to the rules of decision in 'trials at common law' in such courts, but applies as well to rules established by judicial decision in the states as those established by statute. . . . In the circumstances, we have no occasion to consider the extent to which the federal courts, in the exercise of the authority conferred upon them by Congress to administer equitable remedies, are bound to follow state statutes and decisions affecting those remedies."
Russell v. Todd, 309 U. S. 280, 309 U. S. 287, 309 U. S. 294. In any event, the estoppel here involved seems no more an equity matter than the issue of good faith purchase involved in Cities Service Oil Co. v. Dunlap, 308 U. S. 208, where state law was held to govern.
"To sue and be sued, complain and defend, in any court of law or equity, State or Federal. All suits of a civil nature at common law or in equity to which the Corporation shall be a party shall be deemed to arise under the laws of the United States: Provided, That any such suit to which the Corporation is a party in its capacity as receiver of a State bank and which involves only the rights or obligations of depositors, creditors, stockholders and such State bank under State law shall not be deemed to arise under the laws of the United States."
In a number of respects and with varying degrees of explicitness, the Act elsewhere makes reference to state law. Specific federal criminal sanctions are provided.
A similar provision, without more, is found in many federal statutes. E.g., 15 U.S.C. § 604 (Reconstruction Finance Corporation); 12 U.S.C. § 24 (National Banks); 12 U.S.C. § 341 (Federal Reserve Banks); 12 U.S.C. § 1432 (Federal Home Loan Banks); 12 U.S.C. § 1716(c)(3) (National Mortgage Associations). This is not to suggest, however, that questions not specifically dealt with in these statutes cannot be federal questions simply because of the absence of an express provision that suits "shall be deemed to arise under the laws of the United States."
Judicial opinions discussing various aspects of the question include: Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. 591, 33 U. S. 658; Kendall v. United States, 12 Pet. 524, 37 U. S. 621; Smith v. Alabama, 124 U. S. 465, 124 U. S. 478; Bucher v. Cheshire R. Co., 125 U. S. 555, 125 U. S. 583-584; Justice Field, dissenting in Baltimore & O.R. Co. v. Baugh, 149 U. S. 368, 149 U. S. 394-395; Justices Holmes and Pitney, dissenting in Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen, 244 U. S. 205, 244 U. S. 221-222, 244 U. S. 230. See also George Wharton Pepper, The Border Land of Federal and State Decisions (1889); Frankfurter, Distribution of Judicial Power between United States and State Courts, 13 Cornell Law Quarterly 499; Warren, New Light on the History of the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789, 37 Harvard Law Review 49; von Moschzisker, The Common Law and our Federal Jurisprudence, 74 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 109, 270, 367.
The research of Charles Warren, leaned on heavily in Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins to discredit Swift v. Tyson, led that scholar to conclude that United States v. Hudson, 7 Cranch 32, and United States v. Coolidge, 1 Wheat. 415, establishing the above proposition, were probably wrongly decided. Warren, History of the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789, 37 Harvard Law Review 49, 73. The error, if it be one, comports, however, with the present tendency to constrict the jurisdiction of federal courts, and I think is likely to survive.
Similarly, Mr. Justice Holmes' statement that there is no "transcendental body of law outside of any particular State but obligatory within it unless and until changed by statute" was made with reference to "matters that are not governed by any law of the United States or by any statute of the State." See Black & White Taxicab Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab Co., 276 U. S. 518, 276 U. S. 533.
Thus, the Judiciary Article provides that "the judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties" made under their authority. Article 3, § 2. It does not give any definition of what are cases in law and equity; it simply assumes the existence of a jurisprudence from which the courts can ascertain the meaning of those terms.
Particularly in the clauses dealing with the rights of the individual, the Constitution uses words and phrases borrowed from the common law, meaningless without that background, and obviously meant to carry their common law implications. Thus, we find in it the following: "convicted;" "Indictment;" "Treason, Felony, and Breach of the Peace;" "Piracies and Felonies;" "Privilege of the Writ of habeas Corpus;" "Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law;" "Bribery;" "original Jurisdiction;" and "appellate Jurisdiction both as to Law and Fact." In the Bill of Rights Amendments, the necessity for resort to the common law for constitutional interpretation is even more obvious. Here we find: "unreasonable searches and seizures;" "Warrants;" "presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury;" "due process of law;" "right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury;" "in Suits at common law;" and "no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law."
For example, the common law doctrines of conflict of laws worked out in a unitary system to deal with conflicts between domestic and truly foreign law may not apply unmodified in conflicts between the laws of states within our federal system which are affected by the full faith and credit or other relevant clause of the Constitution.
12 U.S.C. § 264(i), (k), (l).
Compare Central Vermont Ry. Co. v. White, 238 U. S. 507; Southern Express Co. v. Byers, 204 U. S. 612; Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Kelly, 241 U. S. 485; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Boegli, 251 U. S. 315; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Esteve Bros. & Co., 256 U. S. 566; Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Priester, 276 U. S. 252; Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Kuhn, 284 U. S. 44; Local Loan Co. v. Hunt, 292 U. S. 234; Jenkins v. Kurn, 313 U. S. 256; Royal Indemnity Co. v. United States, 313 U. S. 289; O'Brien v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 113 F.2d 539.
Campbell v. Haverhill, 155 U. S. 610; McClaine v. Rankin, 197 U. S. 154; Chattanooga Foundry v. Atlanta, 203 U. S. 390; O'Sullivan v. Felix, 233 U. S. 318; Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. United States, 261 U. S. 299; Brown v. United States, 263 U. S. 78; United States v. Guaranty Trust Co., 293 U. S. 340; Board of Commissioners v. United States, 308 U. S. 343; Rawlings v. Ray, 312 U. S. 96; Just v. Chambers, 312 U. S. 383, 668.
The reasons given by the opinion of MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER for declining to apply the doctrine of equitable estoppel seem inadequate. To insist that the $5,000 note in question does not appear from the record to have had "any relation to the bank's solvency or the Corporation's undertaking as an insurer" is to part company with the realities of the period in question, when small banks -- and large ones as well -- were operating on perilously narrow margins of solvency, if any. To hold that the Corporation is to be judged as a mere private pledgee of a particular piece of paper is to ignore the comprehensive public character of its function. And the wrong to it was sustained when it became committed to insure the bank -- not later when as a step to working its way out of loss it took assets already equitably its own as a pledge and put up money for a plan to continue banking facilities to the community. To say that the note had been charged off is to stress the irrelevant. This was admittedly long after the Corporation had become bound as the bank's insurer. It also attributes to the "charge-off" an unwarranted significance. The classification of this paper as inadmissible for a commercial bank would have been justified by its obvious "slow" character, or may have been due to mere lack of information as to the ability of a nonresident debtor to meet it. It is no acknowledgment or notice of a legal defect in the paper.

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