Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/113/135/
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 10:59:44+00:00

Document:
A municipal bond issued under the authority of law for the payment at all events to a named person or order a fixed sum of money at a designated tune therein limited, being endorsed in blank, is a negotiable security within the law merchant.
Its negotiability is not affected by a provision of the statute under which it was issued that it should be "payable at the pleasure of the district at any time before due."
Consistently with the Act of March 3, 1875, determining the jurisdiction of the circuit court of the United States, the holder may sue thereon without reference to the citizenship of any prior holder and unaffected by the circumstance that the municipality may be entitled to make a defense based upon equities between the original parties.
"An act to authorize independent school districts to borrow money and issue bonds therefor for the purpose of erecting and completing schoolhouses, legalizing bonds heretofore issued, and making school orders draw six percent interest in certain cases"
is not in violation of the provision in the Constitution of that state which declares that "every act shall embrace but one subject and matters properly connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title."
This was a suit to recover principal and interest claimed to be due the defendant in error on negotiable bonds issued by the plaintiff in error.
issuing negotiable bonds of the independent district, to run any period not exceeding ten years, drawing a rate of interest not exceeding ten percent, which interest may be paid semiannually, which indebtedness shall be binding and obligatory on the independent school district for the use of which said loan shall have been made."
"If a majority of the votes cast on that question be in favor of such loan, then said school board shall issue bonds to the amount voted, . . . due not more than ten years after date, and payable at the pleasure of the district at any time before due, which said bonds shall be given in the name of the independent district issuing them, and shall be signed by the president of the board and delivered to the treasurer, taking his receipt therefor, who shall negotiate said bonds at not less than their par value and countersign the same when negotiated."
ndependent School District, Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa"
"The Independent School District of Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa, promises to pay to Foster Brothers, or order at the Hardin County Bank at Eldora, Iowa, on the first day of May, 1872, five hundred dollars for value received, with interest at the rate of ten percent per annum, said interest payable semiannually, on the first day of May and November in each year thereafter at the Hardin County Bank at Eldora, on the presentation and surrender of the interest coupons hereto attached."
"This bond is issued by the board of school directors by authority of an election of the voters of said school district held on the 23d day of August, 1869, in conformity with the provisions of chapter 98, acts 12, General Assembly of the State of Iowa."
signed by the President and secretary, this first day of November, 1869."
"President of the Board of Directors"
"Secretary of the Board of Directors"
"F. EGGERT, Treasurer School District"
"Treasurer of Independent School District, Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa, will pay the holder hereof, on the 1st day of November, 1874 at the Hardin County Bank at Eldora, Iowa, twenty-five dollars, for interest due on school house bond No. 8."
"[Signed] W. H. ROBERTS, President"
The defendant in error (plaintiff below), who is averred to be a citizen of New York, became the holder of eight of these obligations with interest coupons attached, each one being endorsed in blank by Foster Brothers, the original payees. This suit was brought to recover the amount due thereon, without any averment in the pleadings as to the citizenship of the payees. The district made defense upon various grounds. The case was tried by the court without the intervention of a jury, and there was a general finding for the plaintiff, upon which a judgment was entered against the district. To that finding and judgment the defendant excepted (but without preserving, by bill of exceptions, the evidence upon which the court acted), and brought this writ of error.
"Notes in writing made and signed by any person promising to pay to another person or his order or bearer, or to bearer only, any sum of money are negotiable by endorsement or delivery in the same manner as inland bills of exchange, according to the custom of merchants,"
while the transfer of "bonds, bills, and all instruments in writing by which the maker promises to pay to another, without words of negotiability, a sum of money" is declared to be subject to any defense or counterclaim which the maker or debtor had against any assignor thereof before notice of assignment, thus showing that, equally in respect of negotiable promissory notes and negotiable bonds, the rights of the parties are determinable by the law merchant. Iowa Code of 1873, §§ 2082-2084.
pay is to the holder. The decisions of this Court are numerous to the effect that municipal bonds in the customary form, payable to bearer, are commercial securities possessing the same qualities and incidents that belong to what are strictly promissory notes, negotiable by the law merchant. There is no reason why such bonds, issued under the authority of law and made payable to a named person or order, should not, after being endorsed in blank, be treated by the courts as having like qualities and incidents. That they are so regarded by the commercial world cannot be doubted. Manufacturing Co. v. Bradley, 105 U. S. 180.
But it is contended that the word "negotiable" in the Iowa statute is qualified by that clause in the same enactment which provides that bonds issued under it shall be "payable at the pleasure of the district at any time before due." These words were not incorporated into the bond. But if the holder took subject to that provision, as we think he did, it is clear that this option of the district to discharge the debt, in advance of its maturity, did not affect the complete negotiability of the bonds, for by their terms they were payable at a time which must certainly arrive. The holder could not exact payment before the day fixed in the bonds. The debtor incurred no legal liability for nonpayment until that day passed. The authorities bearing upon this question are cited in Byles on Bills, Sharswood's ed., c. 7; 1 Daniel Negotiable Instruments § 43 et seq.; Chitty on Bills, 525 et seq.
defense based upon equities between the original parties. But such is not the test prescribed by the statute defining the jurisdiction of the circuit courts of the United States. If a promissory note is expressed in words of negotiability, the right of the holder of the legal title to invoke the jurisdiction of the proper circuit court of the United States is not affected by the citizenship of any prior holder or by the circumstance that the party sued asserts, or is able to make out, a valid defense to the actions.
"Every act shall embrace but one subject and matters properly connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title."
"An act to authorize independent school districts to borrow money and issue bonds therefor for the purpose of erecting and completing school houses, legalizing bonds heretofore issued, and making school orders draw six percent interest in certain cases."
"All school orders shall draw six percent interest after having been presented to the treasurer of the district and not paid for want of funds, which fact shall be endorsed upon the order by the treasurer."
As there are two kinds of school districts in Iowa -- "district township" and "independent district," the latter carved out of the former -- it is contended that the title to the act in question embraces two subjects: one relating to matters in which independent school districts alone are concerned, and the other to matters in which the township district and independent districts are concerned. That whether school orders, which may be issued for many purposes by districts of either kind, should bear interest or not is wholly foreign to the borrowing of money to build school houses in independent districts. Iowa Code of 1873, c. 9, title. 12.
contrary, the principles announced in State v. County Judge, 2 Ia. 281, show that the act before us is not liable to the objection that its title embraces more than one subject. The object of the constitutional provision, that court said, was "to prevent the union in the same act of incongruous matter, and of objects having no connection, no relation," and "to prevent surprise in legislation, by having matter of one nature embraced in a bill whose title expressed another," but that "it cannot be held with reason that each thought or step toward the accomplishment of an end or object should be embodied in a separate act," that "the unity of object is to be looked for in the ultimate end, and not in the details or steps leading to the end," and that "so long as they are of the same nature, and come legitimately under one general denomination or object," the act is constitutional. The doctrines of that case have been approved by the same court in subsequent decisions, and they are decisive against the point here raised. Morford v. Unger, 8 Ia. 83; Davis v. Woolnough, 9 Ia. 104; McAunich v. Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Co., 20 Ia. 342; Farmers' Ins. Co. v. Highsmith, 44 Ia. 334. The general subject to which this special act relates is the system of common schools. That system is maintained through the instrumentality of district schools of different kinds. Provisions in respect of those instrumentalities -- those referring to the erection and completion of school houses in independent school districts with money raised upon negotiable bonds, and others, to the rate of interest which all school orders shall bear -- relate to the same general object and are only steps toward its accomplishment. See also Montclair v. Ramsdell, 107 U. S. 153, where this subject was considered.
Other questions have been discussed by counsel, but as they are not deemed important in the determination of the case, they will not be specially noticed.

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