Source: http://masscases.com/cases/app/76/76massappct304.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 08:23:57+00:00

Document:
Firearms. Motor Vehicle, Firearms. Practice, Criminal, Confrontation of witnesses, Assistance of counsel. Constitutional Law, Confrontation of witnesses, Assistance of counsel, Search and seizure. Evidence, Authentication, Ballistician's certificate, Firearm. Search and Seizure, Automobile, Protective frisk.
COMPLAINTS received and sworn to in the Lowell Division of the District Court Department on May 5 and December 14, 2006.
A pretrial motion to suppress evidence was heard by James H. McGuinness, J.; the cases were tried before William E. Melahn, J., and a motion for a new trial, filed on April 16, 2008, was heard by him.
Factual background. The defendant, who was driving a car with three passengers, was stopped by a State trooper for a traffic violation at approximately 10:00 P.M. on May 4, 2006, in Lowell. Following the stop of the car, a gun was discovered in the area under the driver's seat, and the defendant was taken in custody. The trooper discovered three live bullets in the gun as he was clearing it.
After a hearing, the defendant's motion to suppress the gun was denied in October, 2006, and a jury trial was held in January, 2007. [Note 3] A notice of appeal was timely filed by the defendant, but he moved for a new trial in April, 2008. The defendant's motion for a new trial was denied by the trial judge in June, 2008. The defendant timely appealed from the denial of his new trial motion, and following the entry of his appeal in this court, the two appeals were consolidated.
new trial. The defendant argued that trial counsel was ineffective in not objecting to the admission in evidence of the ballistics certificate and asserted that his right of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution as construed in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), had been violated. Noting that Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts was then pending in the Supreme Court, he argued that such an objection would have preserved the Crawford issue in this case. In his November, 2008, brief on direct appeal, the defendant acknowledged that this court, in Commonwealth v. Morales, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 587 , 588 (2008), relying on Commonwealth v. Verde, 444 Mass. 279 , 283 (2005), held that a ballistics certificate was a " 'record of a primary fact made by a public officer in the performance of [an] official duty' that did not violate the defendant's rights under the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment." [Note 4] Recognizing that Verde was controlling precedent, the defendant stated that trial counsel's failure to object should not constitute a waiver of his constitutional claim and would have been futile in any event.
The firearms crimes charged in this case require the Commonwealth to prove that the gun is a firearm, defined in G. L. c. 140, § 121, as appearing in St. 1998, c. 180, § 8; that is, it is "a pistol, revolver or other weapon of any description, loaded or unloaded, from which a shot or bullet can be discharged and of which the length of the barrel . . . is less than 16 inches." The Commonwealth is required to "present some competent evidence from which the jury reasonably can draw inferences that the weapon will fire." Commonwealth v. Nieves, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 1 , 2 (1997). General Laws c. 140, § 121A, as appearing in St. 1987, c. 300, provides that a "certificate by a ballistics expert . . . shall be prima facie evidence of his findings as to whether or not the item furnished is a firearm [emphasis added]."
The evidence submitted by the Commonwealth in this case begins and ends with the testimony of the trooper who seized the gun and found that it was loaded. Relying on the ballistics certificate, he stated that the gun had been test fired and was functioning properly. The certificate described the gun as a ".22LR caliber Llama Spanish semi automatic pistol . . . [w]ith magazine and four (4) .22LR caliber live [cartridges]." The certificate stated that the barrel length was three and eleven-sixteenths inches, that the gun had been test fired using two of the submitted cartridges, and that there were no malfunctions. Other than his observation that the gun was loaded when he seized it, the trooper offered no other observations or any opinions or evidence whether the gun was a working firearm.
without expert testimony that a loaded gun is capable of firing a bullet, Commonwealth v. Fancy, 349 Mass. 196 , 204 (1965), there is no indication that they were given any appropriate instructions in this case, and in any event, we think such a finding alone would not be conclusive. Moreover, there was no independent evidence that the gun had been recently fired. Compare Commonwealth v. Mendes, supra at 391-392 (police heard shots and soon found gun, which smelled of gunpowder as if recently fired and contained both live bullets and spent shell casings). [Note 6] Moreover, the prosecutor specifically relied on the certificate in closing argument and stated that "the certification says it does fire." See Commonwealth v. Ware, ante 53, 58 (2009).
Finally, there is no merit in the Commonwealth's assertion that it is significant that the defendant never argued that the gun and ammunition did not meet the statutory definitions. "We recognize that a defendant cannot relieve the Commonwealth of its burden of proving every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt by failing to contest an essential element of that crime at trial." Commonwealth v. Gabbidon, 398 Mass. 1 , 5 (1986). Also, while the defendant asserted that he had no knowledge that the gun was in the car, "a defendant's theory of his case cannot relieve the Commonwealth of its burden of proving every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Commonwealth v. Cowans, 52 Mass. App. Ct. 811 , 821 (2001), quoting from Commonwealth v. Shea, 398 Mass. 264 , 269 (1986).
have contributed to the conviction," Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 23 (1967), quoting from Fahy v. Connecticut, 375 U.S. 85, 86-87 (1963), we also conclude that the error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The defendant's convictions must be reversed.
Because the automobile that the defendant was driving did not immediately stop when the trooper signaled for the vehicle to stop, the trooper, who was alone, sought backup. When the automobile did subsequently stop, the trooper approached the driver's side. He saw four occupants in the vehicle. He noticed that the defendant was "making movement side to side and slightly forward" and was "fumbling with an object in his lap [and] manipulating that object between his legs."
Upon the arrival of two additional troopers, the first trooper ordered the occupants to put their hands on their heads. They did not comply with the first order, but they did comply after a second order. The trooper then ordered the defendant to leave the automobile. The trooper pat frisked the defendant and found a cellular telephone. The trooper told one of the other troopers of the defendant's movements, and that trooper, observing the driver's door open, checked the area around the driver's seat and found a gun.
[Note 1] The defendant also was found responsible for a motor vehicle violation, and the charge was placed on file with the defendant's consent.
[Note 2] In view of our disposition of the case, we do not consider the order denying the motion for a new trial, which addressed the defendant's claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
[Note 3] The judge who ruled on the motion to suppress was not the trial judge.
[Note 4] The United States Supreme Court granted Morales's petition for a writ of certiorari. On June 29, 2009, the Court ordered the judgment vacated and remanded the case to this court for further consideration in light of Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 129 S. Ct. 2527 (2009). Morales v. Massachusetts, 129 S. Ct. 2858 (2009).
[Note 5] In addressing the challenge to the ballistics certificate, we do not write on a clean slate. See the following cases that have ruled on ballistics certificates under the Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, supra, and Morales v. Massachusetts, supra, decisions: Commonwealth v. Brown, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 361 (2009); Commonwealth v. Mendes, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 390 (2009); Commonwealth v. Chery, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 909 (2009); Commonwealth v. Hollister, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 729 (2009); Commonwealth v. Ware, ante 53 (2009).
We acknowledge receipt of letters from the defendant after oral argument, citing some of these and other cases.
[Note 6] For summaries of cases setting forth evidence from which a jury could draw the inference that a firearm will fire, see Commonwealth v. Nieves, supra at 2-3, and Commonwealth v. Hollister, supra at 732-733.
"After hearing & consideration, & crediting [the trooper's] testimony, I find that the stop was carried out based upon a reasonable suspicion of a moving violation & that the exit order, given the initial refusal to comply with a reasonable request to the passengers & driver to put hands on heads prompted by a concern for officer safety based upon the driver's furtive gestures was, as was the pat down & search, given all of the facts & circumstances, reasonable."
[Note 8] The defendant notes that his motion to suppress also sought suppression of statements as fruit of the poisonous tree. He makes no argument on appeal concerning the statements. Therefore, we have no occasion to consider them.

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