Source: http://supreme.nolo.com/us/283/465/case.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 06:12:50+00:00

Document:
1. A state can neither lay a tax on the act of engaging in interstate commerce nor on gross receipts therefrom. P. 283 U. S. 470.
2. While a state may require payment of an occupation tax by one engaged in both intrastate and interstate commerce, the exaction, in order to be valid, must be imposed solely on account of the intrastate business, without enhancement because of the interstate business done, and it must appear that one engaged exclusively in the interstate business would not be subject to the imposition, and that the taxpayer could discontinue the intrastate business without withdrawing also from the interstate business. Id.
3. The transportation of natural gas from wells outside of a state by the pipelines of producing companies to the state line, and thence, by means of the distributing company's high pressure transmission lines, to their connections with its local systems is essentially national -- not local -- in character, and is interstate commerce within as well as without the state. Id.
4. The mere fact that the title or the custody of the gas passes while it is en route from state to state is not determinative of the question where interstate commerce ends. Id.
5. Natural gas, purchased by an Ohio corporation for supply to its local consumers, was piped into, and distributed within, the state at high pressures. When it reached the company's local supply mains, the pressure was greatly reduced and the volume of the gas was greatly expanded. It there divided into many thousands of relatively tiny streams that entered the small service lines connecting the service mains with the pipes on the consumers' premises, and, so segregated in those lines and pipes, it remained in readiness, or moved forward, to serve as needed.
(1) That the treatment and division of the large compressed volume of gas is like the breaking of an original package, after shipment in interstate commerce, in order that its contents may be treated, prepared for sale, and sold at retail. P. 283 U. S. 471.
within the jurisdiction of the state, which may constitutionally be subjected to a excise tax based on the gross receipts. Id.
6. Opinion in Pennsylvania Gas Co. v. Public Service Comm'n, 252 U. S. 23, disapproved to the extent that it is in conflict with the decision here. P. 283 U. S. 472.
Appeal from a decree of the District Court of three judges refusing a preliminary injunction and dismissing the bill, in a suit to restrain collection of a state tax.
Appellees, acting under the tax laws of Ohio, assessed against appellant additional excise taxes for 1927, 1928, and 1929. The latter brought this suit to restrain collection on the ground that, when construed to cover the amounts demanded, the state legislation is repugnant to the commerce clause of the federal Constitution. Plaintiff applied to the court, consisting of three judges, for a temporary injunction, and, pursuant to stipulation made at the hearing, the case was submitted for final determination upon an agreed statement of facts. The court announced an opinion, 43 F.2d 170, sustaining the state enactments, and entered its decree dismissing the complaint.
"a sum in the nature of an excise tax, for the privilege of carrying on its intrastate business, to be computed on the amount so fixed and reported by the commission as the gross receipts of such company on its intrastate business . . . by taking one and thirty-five one-hundredths percent of all such gross receipts. . . ."
and by it transported, relieved of pressure and conducted through such mains and service pipes to consumers' appliances precisely as is West Virginia gas. The Ohio gas is gathered and conducted from the fields in that state to the high-pressure distribution lines, and thereafter treated and brought to consumers, as is the gas brought from the other states. Appellant's contracts with consumers do not specify any source from which it is to obtain gas. To an extent not disclosed by the record, appellant collects minimum charges for service and charges for readiness to serve without regard to the quantity of gas consumed. It furnishes to some communities exclusively gas from outside the state, to some only that from Ohio, and to others a mixture of that from West Virginia and Ohio.
In accordance with the statute, as then construed by the Attorney General, appellant, in its reports to the Tax Commission for the years in question, returned as receipts from interstate business all sums collected from customers receiving only gas from wells outside Ohio, treated as intrastate earnings the receipts from those using only Ohio gas and apportioned between intrastate and interstate business, on the relation of the quantity of each to the total receipts from those served by a mixture of Ohio and other gas. The commission accepted that classification, and the taxes were computed and paid on that basis. In 1930, appellees, construing the laws to require the inclusion of all receipts, without regard to the source of the gas furnished, applied the prescribed rate to the amounts theretofore treated as receipts from interstate business, and demanded from appellant payment of the sums so arrived at, together with penalties prescribed for failure to pay excise taxes when due.
Admittedly, the exaction is not a tax on property, nor in lieu of a property tax. The statute calls it, and in fact it is, a tax for the privilege of carrying on intrastate business. Receipts from interstate business are expressly excluded from the calculation. It is elementary that a state can neither lay a tax on the act of engaging in interstate commerce nor on gross receipts therefrom. Pullman Co. v. Richardson, 261 U. S. 330, 261 U. S. 338. New Jersey Tel. Co. v. Tax Board, 280 U. S. 338, 280 U. S. 346. And, while a state may require payment of an occupation tax by one engaged in both intrastate and interstate commerce, the exaction, in order to be valid, must be imposed solely on account of the intrastate business, without enhancement because of the interstate business done, and it must appear that one engaged exclusively in interstate business would not be subject to the imposition, and that the taxpayer could discontinue the intrastate business without withdrawing also from the interstate business. Sprout v. South Bend, 277 U. S. 163, 277 U. S. 170-171, and cases cited.
companies, its volume thereby is expanded to many times what it was while in the high pressure interstate transmission lines, and it is divided into the many thousand relatively tiny streams that enter the small service lines connecting such mains with the pipes on the consumers' premises. So segregated, the gas in such service lines and pipes remains in readiness or moves forward to serve as needed. The treatment and division of the large compressed volume of gas is like the breaking of an original package, after shipment in interstate commerce, in order that its contents may be treated, prepared for sale, and sold at retail. State v. Flannelly, 96 Kan. 372, 383-384, 152 P. 22; W.Va. & Md. Gas Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n, 134 Md. 137, 143-145, 106 A. 265. Cf. Atlantic Coast Line v. Standard Oil Co., 275 U. S. 257, 275 U. S. 269; Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419; Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 100. It follows that the furnishing of gas to consumers in Ohio municipalities by means of distribution plants to supply the gas suitably for the service for which it is intended is not interstate commerce, but a business of purely local concern exclusively within the jurisdiction of the state.
"With the delivery of the gas [transported from one state to another] to the distributing companies . . . , the interstate movement ends. Its subsequent sale and delivery by these companies to their customers at retail is intrastate business, and subject to state regulation. . . . In such case, the effect on interstate commerce, if there be any, is indirect and incidental. . . . [P. 265 U. S. 309]. The business of supplying, on demand, local consumers is a local business, even though the gas be brought from another state and drawn for distribution directly from interstate mains, and this is so whether the local distribution be made by the transporting company or by independent distributing companies. In such case, the local interest is paramount, and the interference with interstate commerce, if any, indirect, and of minor importance."
It does not appear that there were presented, in Pennsylvania Gas Co. v. Public Service Comm'n, to the state court or here, the considerations on which it is held that interstate commerce ends and intrastate business begins when gas flowing through pipelines from outside the state passes into local distribution systems for delivery to consumers in the municipalities served. But, however that may be, the opinion in that case must be disapproved to the extent that it is in conflict with our decision here.

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