Source: http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=South%20Korea
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 05:00:00+00:00

Document:
BBC, Country Profiles: South Korea Profile, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15291408, May 23, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Amnesty International Report 2013: The State of the World’s Human Rights, p. 152, POL 10/001/2013, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 66, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, art. 3, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions 2012, p. 18, ACT 50/001/2013, Apr. 10, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions 2011, p. 18, ACT 50/001/2012, Mar. 27, 2012.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions 2010, p. 18, ACT 50/001/2011, Mar. 28, 2011.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Sentences and Executions 2009, p. 6, ACT 50/001/2010, Mar. 30, 2010.
 Amnesty Intl., Amnesty International Report 2013: The State of the World’s Human Rights, p. 152, POL 10/001/2013, May 23, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Death Penalty News March 1998, South Korea Executes 23, ACT 53/002/1998, Mar. 26, 1998.
Abusing military power,  surrendering and dereliction of duty,  escaping the base during a battle with an enemy or during war,  escaping the base with the purpose of avoiding military service or escaping to the enemy’s base,  false military conduct (giving false military signals or orders, hurting oneself with the intention of avoiding military duty, or distributing foods with toxic substance),  disobeying military orders,  assaulting superiors or soldiers during a battle with an enemy,  injuring superiors or soldiers with a deadly weapon while in a battle with an enemy,  arson  and destruction of military properties  are all punishable by death.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 301-2, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 338, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-9(1), Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 53(1), 59(1), Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 250(1), Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 164(2), Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 340(3), Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Special Act on the Punishment of Sexual Crimes, art. 9(3), Law No. 10258, Apr. 15, 2010, last amended by Law No. 11729 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-2 (2), Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 88, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-3(2), Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, art. 83(1), Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 52(1), 52-6, 58(1), 58-6, 60-5, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 324-4, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 119, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-4(3), Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013; South Korea Criminal Act, arts. 333, 334, 336, 340(1), Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-5, Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Special Act on the Punishment of Sexual Crimes, art. 3(2), Law No. 10258, Apr. 15, 2010, last amended by Law No. 11729 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, art. 84(1), Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-2(1)(2), Law No. 1744, Feb 23. 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-4(3), Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013; South Korea Criminal Act, art. 336, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 10, Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Narcotics Act, art. 58(2), Law No. 6146, Jan. 12, 2000, last amended by Law No. 11984 of Jul. 30, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 87, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 92, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, arts. 93, 94(1), Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 95, 96, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea National Security Law, arts. 3(1), 4(1), 6(2), 13, Law No. 3318, Dec. 31, 1980, last amended by Law No. 11042 of Sep. 15, 2011.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 98, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013. South Korea Military Penal Code, art. 13(1), Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, art. 14, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea National Security Law, art. 4(1), Law No. 3318, Dec. 31, 1980, last amended by Law No. 11042 of Sep. 15, 2011.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 18,19, 20, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 22, 23, 24, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 27, 28, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 30, 33, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 44, 45, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts 50, 56, 60, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 52-4, 52-5, 58-4, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 66, 67, Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Penal Code, arts. 71, 75(1), Law No. 1003, Jan. 20, 1962, last amended by Law No. 11734 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on Aggravated Punishment etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-4(3), Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 David Johnson & Franklin Zimring, The Next Frontier, p. 163, Oxford University Press, 2009, citing to Cho, Byung Sun. 2008. “South Korea’s Changing Capital Punishment Policy: The Road from De Facto to Formal Abolition.” Punishment and Society 10:171-205; Cho Kuk “Death Penalty in Korea: From Unofficial Moratorium to Abolition?” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 3(1), 2008.
 South Korea Act on Aggravated Punishment etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 5-8, Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Crimes, art. 1, Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013. South Korea Special Act on the Punishment of Sexual Crimes, Law No. 10258, Apr. 15, 2010, last amended by Law No. 11729 of Apr. 5, 2013; South Korea National Security Law, arts. 3, 4, 6, 13, Law No. 3318, Dec. 31, 1980, last amended by Law No. 11042 of Sep. 15, 2011. South Korea Narcotics Act, art. 58(2), Law No. 6146, Jan. 12, 2000, last amended by Law No. 11984 of Jul. 30, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 53, Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Military Court Act, art. 379(1), Law No. 3993, Dec. 4, 1987, last amended by Law No. 11572 of Dec. 18, 2012.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, ICCPR, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Dec. 16, 1966, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Aug. 28, 2013.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3, Nov. 20, 1989, http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-11.en.pdf, last accessed Aug. 28, 2013.
 Constitution of the Republic of Korea, art. 6, Law No. 10, Oct. 29, 1987.
 South Korea Juvenile Act, art. 59, Law No. 4057, Dec. 31, 1988, last amended by 11005 of Aug. 4, 2011.
 South Korea Criminal Procedure Act, art. 469, Law No. 341, Sep. 23, 1954, last amended by Law No. 11572 of Dec. 18, 2012.
 Roger Hood & Carolyn Hoyle, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective, p. 195, Oxford University Press, 2008.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 10(1), Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 South Korea Criminal Act, art. 10(2), Law No. 293, Sep. 18, 1953, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, ICCPR, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Dec. 16, 1966, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Aug. 27, 2013.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, Optional Prot. to the ICCPR, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Dec. 16, 1966, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Aug. 27, 2013.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, Second Optional Prot. to the ICCPR, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty, 1642 U.N.T.S. 414, Dec. 15, 1989, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Aug. 27, 2013.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, Second Optional Prot. to the ICCPR, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty, 1642 U.N.T.S. 414, Dec. 15, 1989, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Aug. 27, 2013..
Article 34 of the constitution states that all citizens are entitled to a life worthy of human beings.  The constitution makes no exception whereby the State may deprive an individual of the right to life.
South Korea is classified as a de facto abolitionist country as it has not executed any person since 1997. However, conflicting views on capital punishment at the national level make it difficult to assess whether South Korea is moving towards or away from abolition.
 Constitution of the Republic of Korea, art. 34, Law No. 10, Oct. 29, 1987.
 South Korea Act on Aggravated Punishment etc. of Specific Crimes, Law No. 1744, Feb. 23, 1966, last amended by Law No. 11731 of Apr. 5, 2013; South Korea Special Act on the Punishment of Sexual Crimes, Law No. 10258, Apr. 15, 2010, last amended by Law No. 11729 of Apr. 5, 2013.
 David Johnson & Franklin Zimring, The Next Frontier, p. 181, Oxford University Press, 2009; Aggravated Punishment for Crimes Concerning Narcotics, 2002Hun-Ba24, Constitutional Court of Korea, 2003.
 U.N.G.A., Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Republic of Korea - Addendum, para. 6, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/22/10/Add.1, Jan. 16, 2013.
 U.N.G.A., Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Republic of Korea - Addendum, para. 18, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/22/10/Add.1, Jan. 16, 2013.
 David Johnson & Franklin Zimring, The Next Frontier, p. 148, Oxford University Press, 2009, Cho Kuk, “Death Penalty in Korea: From Unofficial Moratorium to Abolition?” p. 2, Asian Journal of Comparative Law 3(1), 2008.
 Kim Eun-jung, Constitutional Court rules in favor of death penalty, Yonhap News, http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2010/02/25/0200000000AEN20100225009600315.HTML, last accessed Sep. 3, 2013, Cho Kuk, “Death Penalty in Korea: From Unofficial Moratorium to Abolition?” p. 2, Asian Journal of Comparative Law 3(1), 2008.
 Ser Myo-ja, Debate over death penalty reignited, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2959321, Sep. 12, 2012.
 Cho Kuk, “Death Penalty in Korea: From Unofficial Moratorium to Abolition?” p. 1, Asian Journal of Comparative Law 3(1), 2008.
 Cho Kuk, “Death Penalty in Korea: From Unofficial Moratorium to Abolition?” p. 13, Asian Journal of Comparative Law 3(1), 2008.
 Ha Suk, Constitutional Court Rules Article 13 of National Security Law Unconstitutional, HanGeuRae, http://www.hani.co.kr/section-005000000/2002/11/005000000200211282057466.html, Nov. 28, 2002.
 Capital Punishment Case, p. 2, 2006 Hun-Ka 13, Constitutional Court of Korea, 2010.
 Kim Eun-jung, Constitutional Court rules in favor of death penalty, Yonhap News, http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2010/02/25/0200000000AEN20100225009600315.HTML, last accessed Aug. 28, 2013.
 Capital Punishment Case, pp. 2, 3, 2006 Hun-Ka13, Constitutional Court of Korea, 2010.
 David Johnson & Franklin Zimring, The Next Frontier, p. 181, Oxford University Press, 2009.
 Amnesty Intl., When the State Kills, p. 163, Amnesty Intl. Publications, 1989.
 Constitution of the Republic of Korea, art. 79(1), Law No. 10, Oct. 29, 1987.
 Constitution of the Republic of Korea, art. 79(2), Law No. 10, Oct. 29, 1987.
 David Johnson & Franklin Zimring, The Next Frontier, p. 100, Oxford University Press, 2009. South Korea Law Regarding the People’s Participation in Criminal Trials, art. 12(1), Law No. 8495, Jun. 1, 2007, last amended by Law No. 11690 of Mar. 23, 2013.
 U.S. Dept. of State, 2012 Human Rights Report: Republic of Korea, Denial of Fair Public Trial, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204212, Apr. 19, 2013. South Korea Law Regarding the People’s Participation in Criminal Trials, art. 12(1), Law No. 8495, Jun. 1, 2007, last amended by Law No. 11690 of Mar. 23, 2013.
 U.S. Dept. of State, 2012 Human Rights Report: Republic of Korea, Denial of Fair Public Trial, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204212, Apr. 19, 2013. South Korea Law Regarding the People’s Participation in Criminal Trials, art. 46, Law No. 8495, Jun. 1, 2007, last amended by Law No. 11690 of Mar. 23, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., When the State Kills, p. 163, Amnesty Intl. Publications, 1989; South Korea Criminal Procedure Act, art. 349, Law No. 341, Sep. 23, 1954, last amended by Law No. 11572 of Dec. 18, 2012.
 South Korea Military Court Act, art. 442(7), Law No. 3993, Dec. 4, 1987, last amended by Law No. 11572 of Dec. 18, 2012.
 Constitutional Court Act, art. 69(1), Law No. 4017, Aug. 5, 1988, last amended by Law. No. 10546 of Apr. 5, 2011.
However, the Human Rights Committee in its 2006 concluding observations recommended that South Korea eliminate torture and ill-treatment such as the use of manacles, chains, face masks, and extended periods of punitive isolation to discipline prisoners,  practices which could affect prisoners on death row.
By the end of our research, we found reports of one foreign national on death row. On December 8, 2000, a 24-year-old Chinese national, Wang Liwei, was sentenced to death for robbing and murdering two women and robbing and severely injuring eight other women.  The Suwon District Court ruled that he threatened public safety and order and caused pain to the victims’ families by brutally damaging the lives and safety of innocent women to satisfy his greed and sexual curiosity.  Wang, citing depression, appealed to the Seoul High Court, but was denied on June 12, 2001.  The judge asserted that the motive and methods of the crimes were despicable and inhumane.  He also rejected the defendant’s claim that he was in a state of unsound mind at the time of the crimes, as expert opinions showed that the defendant’s depression was not severe enough to affect his reason.  In September 2001, the Supreme Court of Korea again upheld Wang Liwei’s death sentence.  As far as we know, Wang is still on death row in Korea.
By the end of our research, we found no reports or records of any women on death row.
By the end of our research, we found reports of one Chinese national on death row.  No other death row inmate is known to be ethnically non-Korean.
Although no reports were found about the availability of lawyers for indigent prisoners on appeal, based on South Korea’s criminal justice system and the number of legal aid lawyers, it is highly likely that lawyers are available for indigent prisoners on appeal.
 Act on Executions and Treatment of Prisoners, art. 11, Law No. 8728, Dec. 21, 2007, last amended by Law No. 11005 of Aug. 4, 2011. Act on Executions in the Military and Treatment of Military Prisoners, art. 77, Law No. 9819, Nov. 2, 2009, last amended by Law No. 11005 of Aug. 4, 2011.
 U.S. Dept. of State, 2012 Human Rights Report: Republic of Korea, Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204212, Apr. 19, 2013.
 Act on Executions and Treatment of Prisoners, art. 89(1), Law No. 8728, Dec. 21, 2007, last amended by Law No. 11005 of Aug. 4, 2011.
 U.N. ICCPR, Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations: Republic of Korea, para. 13, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/KOR/CO/3, Nov. 28, 2006.
 Jun Jong-hui, Reform the Prisons (in Korean), The Hankyoreh, http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/23790.html, Nov. 21, 2008.
 Lee Su-hyang, Unforgettable Cases No. 97: An-san Chinese Apprentice’s Grotesque Actions (in Korean), Ilyo News, https://ilyo.co.kr/detail.php?number=11512&thread=02r04, Dec. 28, 2008.
 Status, Declarations, and Reservations, ICCPR, 999 U.N.T.S. 171, Dec. 16, 1966, http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4〈=en, last accessed Aug. 28, 2013. Status, Declarations, and Reservations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3, Nov. 20, 1989, http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-11.en.pdf, last accessed Aug. 28, 2013.
 Amnesty Intl., Executions of Juveniles Since 1990, http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/executions-of-child-offenders-since-1990, last accessed Aug. 30, 2013.
 U.S. Dept. of State, 2012 Human Rights Report: Republic of Korea, Denial of Fair Public Trial, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204212, Apr. 19, 2013. South Korea Criminal Procedure Act, art. 33(2), Law No. 341, Sep. 23, 1954, last amended by Law No. 11572 of Dec. 18, 2012.
 Roger Hood & Carolyn Hoyle, The Death Penalty: A worldwide Perspective, p. 223, Oxford University Press, 2008. U.N. ECOSOC, Substantive session of 2005, Capital Punishment and implementation of the safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty, p. 9, U.N. Doc. E/2005/3/Add. 1, Jul. 5-29, 2005.
 U.S. Dept. of State, 2012 Human Rights Report: Republic of Korea, Arbitrary Arrest or Detention, http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204212, Apr. 19, 2013.
 The Korean NGO Coalition, Joint NGO Submission: The 14th Session of the Universal Periodic Review on the Republic of Korea, para. 13, http://minbyun.org/english/archives/category/submissions-to-the-un-human-rights-council, Apr. 23, 2012.
By the end of our research, we found no recent decisions or observations of the Human Rights Committee regarding the death penalty in Republic of Korea. However, the HRC in its 2006 concluding observations pursuant to periodic review of human rights in the Republic of Korea recommended that South Korea eliminate torture and ill-treatment such as the use of manacles, chains, face masks, and extended periods of punitive isolation to discipline prisoners,  practices which could affect prisoners on death row.
 U.N.G.A., Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, para. 38, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/40, May 29, 2008.
 U.N.G.A., Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Republic of Korea - Addendum, p. 4, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/8/40/Add.1, Aug. 25, 2008.
 U.N.G.A., Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Republic of Korea, paras. 41, 42, 50, 72, 73, 86, 89, 94, 100, 104, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/22/10, Dec. 12, 2012.
David Johnson & Franklin Zimring, The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia (Studies in Crime and Public Policy), Oxford University Press, 2009.

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