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Timestamp: 2019-04-19 11:20:15+00:00

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An investigation was carried out on the polarization attraction (PA) of a polarization-scrambled 10.7-GBaud NRZ-BPSK signal in a 1-km-long highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). For the back-to-back case, PA on an ASE-loaded signal yielded a receiver sensitivity penalty of ≈ 14.5 dB at the ITU-T G.975.1.I3 FEC threshold of 3.5 × 10−3, relative to matched-filter reception theory. After long-haul 100-GHz DWDM transmission in a recirculating loop, PA on the output signal was found to achieve approximately the same receiver sensitivity performance, as that of the back-to-back case. From these experiments, it is concluded that the Gordon-Mollenauer effect due to propagation in the HNLF during PA dominates other impairments including those arising from the long-haul 100-GHz DWDM recirculating loop transmission.
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Fig. 1 Block diagram for the first experiment, in which polarization attraction is attempted for a signal, ASE-loaded after the transmitter. The polarization attraction module was described in . (ASE: amplified spontaneous emission, HNLF: highly nonlinear fiber, CW: continuous-wave).
Fig. 2 Block diagram for the second experiment, in which polarization attraction was attempted post-transmission. The Gaussian passband −3-dB-bandwidth of the 100-GHz AWG was ≈ 0.45 nm. (DWDM: dense wavelength-division multiplexing, AWG: arrayed waveguide grating, CW: continuous-wave).
Fig. 3 Experimental setup for the observation of polarization attraction by propagating a scrambled ASE-loaded 10.7 GBaud NRZ-BPSK signal through a HNLF. The counter-propagating CW laser enabled polarization attraction, when required (OBPF: optical band-pass filter, MPC: mechanical polarization controller, Δα: variable optical attenuator (VOA), LNF-EDFA: low-noise-figure EDFA, HP-EDFA: high-power EDFA, HNLF: highly non-linear fiber, OSNR: optical signal-to-noise ratio measurement, DOP: degree of polarization).
Fig. 4 The Keysight Technologies coherent receiver used in all the experiments. The inbound signal is represented symbolically as ħω.
Fig. 5 NRZ-BPSK constellations at the output of the HNLF, captured on a coherent receiver, and as a function of average launched signal power Adaptive equalization was used and optimized for each of the four cases. The signal at the HNLF input had an OSNR of ≈ 16 dB/0.1 nm. The received OSNR was close to 16 dB/0.1 nm and the received power was approximately 0 dBm. The average launch power into the HNLF was (a) 0.1 W, (b) 0.2 W, (c) 0.32 W, and (d) 0.4 W.
Fig. 6 NRZ-BPSK constellations captured on a coherent receiver, at the input (1st row), and the output (2nd row) of the HNLF, and as a function of OSNR. Adaptive equalization was used and optimized for each case, and the HNLF signal launch power was 0.32 W. (a) HNLF input at the highest OSNR, (b) HNLF input at an OSNR of 16 dB/0.1 nm, (c) HNLF output when the input was at the highest OSNR, (d) HNLF output when the input OSNR was 16 dB/0.1 nm.
Fig. 7 Constellations at the FEC BER threshold for (a) polarization-scrambled baseline NRZ-BPSK, and (b) ASE-loaded polarization attraction of polarization-scrambled NRZ-BPSK. Adaptive equalization was engaged for both cases.
Fig. 8 Receiver sensitivity measurements when the signal was polarization-scrambled, ASE-loaded, and polarization attraction was employed (red squares), compared against the baseline, with the HNLF bypassed (solid circles). The “Theory” represents Eq. (1).
Fig. 9 Polarization attraction at highest OSNR, in the absence of polarization recovery, and adaptive equalization. (a) Pump on, and (b) Pump off.
Fig. 10 Receiver sensitivity measurements for ASE-loaded polarization attraction (circles), compared against HNLF propagation alone (squares). Also shown is the Gordon-Mollenauer theory or Eq. (3); and the Exact Theory or Eq. (4).
Fig. 11 Experimental setup for the DWDM transmitter (LNF-EDFA: low-noise figure EDFA, BPG: bit pattern generator).
Fig. 12 Experimental setup for the recirculating loop. (OSA: optical spectrum analyzer, Δα: variable optical attenuator (VOA), AOS: Acousto-optic switch, PS: polarization scrambler, WSS: wavelength-selective switch, SSMF: standard single-mode (G.652) fiber, DCF: dispersion-compensating fiber). The Transmitter is the DWDM transmitter shown in Fig. 11. The label “To LNF-EDFA” implies the direction of the center-channel towards the LNF-EDFA of Fig. 3.
Fig. 13 Q2 vs. logarithmic scrambling speed of the polarization scrambler. Q2 values were measured after a transmission distance of > 5,000 km.
Fig. 14 BER vs. per channel launch power, for the center-channel (1547.715 nm), measured after 7,321.5 km of transmission, where the FEC BER threshold is shown as a blue dashed line.
Fig. 15 Approximate adaptive equalization tap optimization at −10.5 dBm launch power.
Fig. 16 BER vs. distance for the center-channel (1547.715 nm), for a launch power ≈-10.5 dBm. Adaptive equalization was optimized at each distance.
Fig. 17 Receiver sensitivity measurements for NRZ-BPSK after transmission in the recirculating loop (red squares), compared against the baseline (black squares). The “Theory” represents Eq. (1).
Fig. 18 Poincare spheres for (a) ASE-loaded polarization attraction, and (b) long-haul transmission followed by polarization attraction. The traces were captured for the center-channel (1547.715 nm) using a trigger-capable polarization analyzer.
Fig. 19 DOP as a function of recirculating loop transmission distance, when the DOP was measured after the polarization attraction module. One circulation is equivalent to 162.7 km. The data was captured using a trigger-capable polarization analyzer.
Fig. 20 Received spectrum at a resolution bandwidth of 0.1 nm, prior to AWG filtering, and polarization attraction in the HNLF. The transmission distance in the recirculating loop was 2,340.8 km (14 circulations).
Fig. 21 Receiver sensitivity measurements for post-transmission PA (red circles), compared against the ASE-loaded PA (blue circles), the baseline transmission (red squares), and the back-to-back (or baseline) configuration (black squares). The post-transmission PA data were taken after 8-15 circulations (1,301.6 – 2,440.5 km). The “Theory” represents Eq. (1).
Fig. 22 Constellations at the FEC BER threshold for (a) baseline, (b) transmission, (c) ASE-loaded polarization attraction, and (d) polarization attraction post-transmission. The OSNR from (a) to (d) was ≈5.9 dB/0.1nm, 10 dB/0.1nm, 16.5 dB/0.1nm, and 17.7 dB/0.1nm.
Table 2 Recirculating loop characteristic lengths (L: physical length, LW: walk-off length, LD: dispersion length). The table also shows the measured PMD (σT) for each span.
(3) OSNR≥ R 4 B o ( 1+4 〈 Φ NL 〉 2 ) ( erfc −1 ( 2BER ) ) 2 .
(40) BER= 1 2 erfc( Q MF ) .
Recirculating loop characteristic lengths (L: physical length, LW: walk-off length, LD: dispersion length). The table also shows the measured PMD (σT) for each span.

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