Source: https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/14/5/e2
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 22:41:16+00:00

Document:
Objective: To evaluate how transnational tobacco companies, working through their local affiliates, influenced tobacco control policymaking in Argentina between 1966 and 2005.
Methods: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents, local newspapers and magazines, internet resources, bills from the Argentinean National Congress Library, and interviews with key individuals in Argentina.
Results: Transnational tobacco companies (Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco, Lorillard, and RJ Reynolds International) have been actively influencing public health policymaking in Argentina since the early 1970s. As in other countries, in 1977 the tobacco industry created a weak voluntary self regulating code to avoid strong legislated restrictions on advertising. In addition to direct lobbying by the tobacco companies, these efforts involved use of third party allies, public relations campaigns, and scientific and medical consultants. During the 1980s and 1990s efforts to pass comprehensive tobacco control legislation intensified, but the organised tobacco industry prevented its enactment. There has been no national activity to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke.
Conclusions: The tobacco industry, working through its local subsidiaries, has subverted meaningful tobacco control legislation in Argentina using the same strategies as in the USA and other countries. As a result, tobacco control in Argentina remains governed by a national law that is weak and restricted in its scope.
Argentina has been politically unstable with periods of military dictatorships that made laws by decree; the return of democracy in 1983 reintroduced independent branches (executive, legislative, and judicial). Political power, however, has been concentrated in the presidency. The National Congress is responsible for passing federal laws that must be signed or vetoed by the president.
By the late 1970s, two transnational tobacco companies (TTC) dominated the cigarette market in Argentina: British American Tobacco (BAT), through its subsidiary Nobleza-Piccardo (N-P), and Philip Morris International (PMI), through Massalín-Particulares (M-P).7–9 In addition, Lorillard Tobacco,10 and RJ Reynolds Tobacco International11 entered the market in 1971 and 1981 through licensing agreements.
In addition to the USA and Britain, the TTC’s strategies12 to prevent tobacco control legislation have been described in other developing countries (for example, Hungary,13 Malaysia,14 Philippines,15 Singapore,16 Thailand17) and developed countries (for example, Australia,18 Finland,19 Germany,20 Hong Kong21). Despite the economic and cultural differences between Argentina and these countries, TTC have used their Argentinean affiliates to implement similar strategies as elsewhere to block meaningful tobacco control.
Between October 2003 and April 2005 we searched tobacco industry documents in the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu), the British American Tobacco Documents Archive (http://bat.library.ucsf.edu), and Tobacco Documents Online (http://tobaccodocuments.org/). Initial search terms were geographical names, Argentinean politicians and public health leaders, specific dates, TTC subsidiaries, project names, and reference (Bates) numbers near relevant documents. After identifying the first documents or words, we used a snowball strategy to locate new documents. A total of about 230 relevant documents were found.
We also used internet resources, major Argentinean newspapers, magazines, and the Argentinean National Congress Library.
We conducted interviews with congressmen, public health officials, and tobacco control advocates in Buenos Aires during December 2003. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured format according to a protocol approved by the UCSF Committee on Human Research.
In 1970, a military government promulgated Law 18.604 ending cigarette advertising on radio, television, and in movie theatres25–27 for one year.28 Both US health authorities29 and the TTC30 recognised that the government was responding to pressure by local tobacco producers to curb the increasing threat of foreign commercial competition, rather than health concerns.
The first documented involvement of the TTC in blocking tobacco control legislation came in 1973, when a bill was introduced that would have required a warning label on cigarette packages with fines from violators used to promote alternative crops and industries.31 According to N-P, “the Chamber of Tobacco Industry (CTI) [Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco, the Argentinean national tobacco manufacturers’ association] intervened informally and kept the bill from being approved”.32 When a new bill was introduced in 1974 to require a warning label and some advertising restrictions,33 lawyers from Lorillard Tobacco in New York and the law firm Merval & O’Farrell in Buenos Aires monitored it.34–37 A Lorillard representative in Buenos Aires38,39 reported to New York that they had stopped filming the new Kent commercials, “until a final decision on the effectiveness of this law is reached by Congress”.38,39 The bill passed the Senate,40 but the Lower House did not approve it.
In May 1984, the Secretary of Commerce enacted Ruling 422 placing some restrictions on tobacco advertising, prohibiting models younger than 21 years old and the association of smoking with any type of sports or physical activity.66 The industry was not concerned because “most of these restrictions, however, had already been in force de facto since 1977 under the terms of a self-regulation agreement [the industry code]”.67 By 1984, public health officials began to propose restrictions on tobacco advertising that were dominating television and targeting young people.68 Three proposed bills during this time particularly worried the tobacco industry: the Maglietti, the Neri, and the Pepe bills.
In June 1984, Representative Alberto Maglietti introduced a comprehensive bill to severely restrict tobacco advertising and sponsorship, place strong rotating health warning labels and constituent disclosure on cigarette packages, and establish smoke-free public places.69 INFOTAB tracked the bill’s evolution and reported that “company lawyers have jointly written a response to the Maglietti Bill (INFOTAB gave extensive help in gathering relevant material)”.70 A CTI presentation “Responding to a Government Bill” was made at the 1985 INFOTAB Second Latin American Workshop held in Miami.71 The industry marshalled its standard arguments that any limitations on “the freedom to advertise” would be an unacceptable infringement of rights to prevent the bill from coming to a vote.
After Law 23.344 was approved, the Court dismissed the Kattan’s lawsuit against the COMFER and the Neri Bill was shelved.
On 13 October, Menem vetoed the Neri Bill.
After securing the Neri Bill veto, the industry started to prepare new legislation as “a constructive counter-proposal”89 to protect their interests. According to PMLA’s vice president,“[the] tobacco industry maintained frequent contact with Senate Health Committee to discuss alternative proposals which culminated in the preparation of substitute bills by several senators for consideration by the committee”.89 Three bills were supported by the tobacco industry: the Molina, the Ulloa, and the Mazza bills.
Minister of Health Dr Alberto Mazza also introduced a bill166 in 1998 that was similar to the Molina Bill, weak and consistent with the industry’s code.164,167,168 The bill died in the Senate without being considered.
The industry also sought to pre-empt meaningful anti-tobacco education with its own “youth smoking prevention” programmes. The PMI’s five point “Youth Access Prevention & Education Programs”46,173–182 (including local marketing codes, sampling guidelines, minimum age of purchase laws, education and retailer programmes) were developed for Latin America by 1997, to shift the focus away from the industry’s advertising and marketing (as in other countries183).
To oppose the Garré Bill, PM in New York also sent M-P the US cigarette labelling law205 that, while requiring tobacco companies to provide a list of the ingredients added to tobacco in the manufacture of cigarettes to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, did not permit the Secretary to release any of this information to the public206–208; and the “PM USA response to Chairman [of the US House Commerce Committee Tom] Bliley regarding ammonia and the bioavailability”209 stating that PM adds ammonia compounds as processing aids and flavourings, and denying that this additive could increase the amount of nicotine absorbed or delivered to the smoker’s brain.210 The bill was not approved.
In July 2004, Neri introduced the bill again231; as of July 2005 there had been no action on the bill.
As of July 2005, Congress had not ratified the FCTC.
The tobacco industry has worked successfully for almost 40 years to block tobacco control legislation in Argentina, using similar tactics used in the USA and the rest of the world.12 The CTI was organised to provide a rapid response to new proposed legislation. As in other countries14,47–52 the industry created a self regulation code, widely ignored, as a tool to avoid meaningful restrictions on tobacco advertising.
During the 1980s, efforts to pass comprehensive tobacco control legislation intensified. However, tobacco control groups were overwhelmed by the well organised tobacco industry that prevented the passage of such bills. As of 2005, the weakened 1986 Pepe Law was the only federal legislation that established limited restrictions on tobacco advertising, and all it did was codify the industry’s ineffective voluntary code. Legal restrictions on tobacco advertising are weaker than those contained in the industry’s code because the industry voluntarily stopped advertising on Argentinean television in 2003250,251 in accordance with the code’s 2001 version and the International Marketing Standards. No measures to regulate SHS have ever been implemented at the federal level and indoor smoking is widely prevalent.
Our findings complement earlier descriptions of the industry’s “Latin Project”.133,134,252 Tobacco industry representatives, together with their allies, ETS consultants, advertising agencies, and the local press, operated as an efficient and well coordinated team (similar to the Asian253 and European254 ETS consultants programmes). The veto of the Neri Bill in 1992 was the most significant success of this project and effectively deterred tobacco control legislation for over a decade. Subsequent to the Neri Bill veto, the industry and its allies proposed alternative weak bills. Even though they were not approved, these bills served to distract political and public attention so that all efforts at tobacco control legislation were neutralised.
Tobacco control in Argentina is governed by a weak 1986 national law that essentially codified the tobacco industry’s ineffective voluntary advertising code and a weak health warning on cigarette packages. No measures to regulate secondhand smoke have ever been taken at the federal level and indoor smoking is widely prevalent in the country.
Transnational tobacco companies have been highly influential in Argentina. Using similar strategies as elsewhere in the world, the tobacco industry successfully blocked, delayed, and diluted meaningful federal tobacco control bills. Public health officials and tobacco control advocates need to understand how the industry operates and work to isolate the industry and make it more difficult for policymakers to support the tobacco industry.
Strong legislation is one of the main components to curb the tobacco epidemic and associated health damage. For example, in California a large tobacco control programme financed by a tobacco tax increase, combined with smoke-free workplaces and public place policies, rapidly reduced cigarette consumption and associated heart disease260 and lung cancer.261 As in Argentina, other countries in Latin America have not yet passed strong tobacco control legislation. Brazil, the single exception, has taken the lead in the region and the world. Its success relied on a strong leadership by the federal government through a National Tobacco Control Program in partnership with a broad network of tobacco control advocates, the media, and professional associations.262,263 Federal laws have been passed ending all tobacco advertising except inside point-of-sale264 (2000), and deceptive descriptors (that is, “light” and “mild”)265 (2001), and mandating strong rotating health warning labels and images on all cigarette packages266 (2003).
Public health advocates and policymakers in Argentina—and Latin America—should be aware of TTC’s tactics in order to anticipate their moves. They need to develop stronger, more confrontational programmes designed to isolate the tobacco industry and to make it more difficult for politicians to support it. Not learning from others’ experiences will only delay the implementation of effective tobacco control legislation in these countries.
We thank Mirta Molinari, JD with the VIGI#A Program of the Ministry of Health in Argentina for her assistance; Dr Diego León Perazzo, President of the Argentinean Union Against Tobacco; Leonardo Daino, Director of the anti-tobacco campaign of the Argentinean League Against Cancer; and the library of the National Congress of Argentina for the material supplied for this research. This study was funded by grants from the Tobacco Research Network Program, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health (TW05935) and the National Cancer Institute (CA-87472). The funding agencies had no involvement in the conduct of the research or preparation of this paper.
Pan American Health Organization. Health in the Americas. Washington DC: PAHO, 2002.
MacKay J, Eriksen M, eds. The tobacco atlas. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
Miguez H. Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Buenos Aires, Argentina: CDC/ WHO; 2000, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/global/gyts/factsheets/pdf_files/argentina.pdf.
World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Report on the results of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey in United States;. 2000. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/global/gyts/factsheets/pdf_files/us.pdf.
Shafey O, Dolwick S, Guindon G, eds. Tobacco control country profile s 2003. Atlanta, Georgia: American Cancer Society, 2003.
Navas-Acien A, Peruga A, Breysse P, et al. Secondhand tobacco smoke in public places in Latin America, 2002–2003. JAMA2004;291:2741–5.
Philip Morris. [Table of Contents. Philip Morris International]. Feb 1980. Bates No. 2048127152/7196. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/edf82e00.
Philip Morris. [Table of Contents. Philip Morris International]. Apr 1981. Bates No. 2048120908/0962. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/otp92e00.
Philip Morris. Capital Appropriations Requisitor Manufacturing Facilities in Argentina. Nov 1980. Bates No. 2048130434/0532. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nak38d00.
Stevens AJ. Lorillard. Closing Memorandum Imparciales - Lorillard Transaction Trademark Purchases - License Agreements Argentina - Paraguay - Uruguay - Bolivia. 15 Apr 1971. Bates No. 87284221/4228. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vhe64c00.
[Tobacco International]. RJR at Home [History & Organisational Structure]. 5 Mar 1982. Bates No. 109877629/109877649. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hww40a99.
Saloojee Y, Dagli E. Tobacco industry tactics for resisting public policy on health. Bull World Health Organ2000;78:902–10.
Szilagyi T, Chapman S. Hungry for Hungary: examples of tobacco industry’s expansionism. Cent Eur J Public Health2003;11:38–43.
Assunta M, Chapman S. A mire of highly subjective and ineffective voluntary guidelines: tobacco industry efforts to thwart tobacco control in Malaysia. Tobacco Control2004;13 (suppl II) :ii43–50.
Alechnowicz K, Chapman S. The Philippine tobacco industry: “the strongest tobacco lobby in Asia”. Tobacco Control2004;13 (suppl II) :ii71–8.
Assunta M, Chapman S. “The world’s most hostile environment”: how the tobacco industry circumvented Singapore’s advertising ban. Tobacco Control2004;13 (suppl II) :ii51–7.
MacKenzie R, Collin J, Sriwongcharoen K, et al. “If we can just ‘stall’ new unfriendly legislations, the scoreboard is already in our favour”: transnational tobacco companies and ingredients disclosure in Thailand. Tobacco Control2004;13 (suppl II) :ii79–87.
Chapman S, Carter SM. “Avoid health warnings on all tobacco products for just as long as we can”: a history of Australian tobacco industry efforts to avoid, delay and dilute health warnings on cigarettes. Tobacco Control2003;12 (suppl III) :iii13–22.
Hiilamo H. Tobacco industry strategy to undermine tobacco control in Finland. Tobacco Control2003;12:414–23.
Gilmore A, Nolte E, McKee M, et al. Continuing influence of tobacco industry in Germany. Lancet. 2002;360: 1255; author reply 1255–6,.
Knight J, Chapman S. “A phony way to show sincerity, as we all well know”: tobacco industry lobbying against tobacco control in Hong Kong. Tobacco Control2004;13 (suppl II) :ii13–21.
Sebrié E, Barnoya J, Pérez-Stable E, et al.Tobacco industry dominating national tobacco control policy making in Argentina, 1966–2005. San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco; May, 2005, http://repositories.cdlib.org/ctcre/tcpmi/Argentina2005.
Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. 1965.
J Antún Resca, et al. Proposed Legislation: “Obligatoriedad de una advertencia sanitaria en todos los paquetes de cigarillos”. Lower House 12 May 1966;I :358.
Onganía JC, Dagnino Pastore JM. Prohibición de dar publicidad a cigarrillos. Law 18.604. Executive Branch; 6 Feb 1970:134–135.
Onganía JC. Cigarrillos- Prohibición por el término de un año de la publicidad por televisión, radio y cine- Reglamentación de la ley 18.604. Decree 628. Executive Branch; 6 Feb 1970:504–505.
[Hargrove GC]. Report on smoking control in places of work or in public galleries. 1970. Bates No. 301058857/301058874. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hhq40a99.
Moncalvillo M. La última “onda”: aprender a no fumar. VEA1979.
US Public Health Service. Smoking And Health Programs Around The World. Jun 1970. Bates No. 968012023/2038. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cob34f00.
Kloepfer WJ. International Developments. 9 Mar 1970. Bates No. HK0461003/1003. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pvc2aa00.
Proposed Legislation: “Obligatoriedad de una leyenda sanitaria en todo tipo de envase de tabaco” Freschi PJ. Lower House; 26 Jul 1973;II :1019–1020.
Jones RW. Self-Imposed Advertising Restrictions. 18 May 1990. Bates No. 502603117/502603122. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zch30a99.
Proposed Legislation: “Normas sobre propaganda de cigarros y cigarillos” Frois DA. Senate; 3 Apr 1974;5 :4008–4009.
Holme J. Lorillard. Restrictive Advertising and Labeling Law Argentina. 1 Oct 1974. Bates No. 91007872. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pnr90e00.
Gastman MI. [Letter from M Gastman to A O’Farrell regarding a new cigarette advertising law in Argentina]. 8 Oct 1974. Bates No. 91007871. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/onr90e00.
O’Farrell AD. MARVAL & O’FARRELL. Tobacco Advertising. 14 Oct 1974. Bates No. 91007868. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tey54a00.
O’Farrell AD. MARVAL & O’FARRELL. Translation. Oct 1974. Bates No. 91007869/7870. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sey54a00.
Haines D. Lorillard. New Law on Tobacco Advertising in Argentina. 18 Sep 1974. Bates No. 91007873. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qnr90e00.
Haines D. English Version of Draft Prepared for New Cigarette Adv. Law. 5 Sep 1974. Bates No. 91007874. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rnr90e00.
Proposed Legislation: “Normas sobre propaganda de cigarros y cigarrillos Dictamen de Comisiones”. Frois DA. Senate; 4 Sep 1974:1638.
Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco. Philip Morris. INFOTAB Washington Workshop September 20, 1983. 20 Sep 1983. Bates No. 2501021546/1550. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pex19e00.
[Rubio A ]. The Situation in Argentina Regarding Attempts to Restrict Publicity. Nov 1980. Bates No. 502122397/2399. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gpb29d00.
Jones RW. Advertising Code of Practice. 18 May 1990. Bates No. 502603116. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ych30a99.
RJ Reynolds. Argentina. Warning Label Cigarettes. Feb 1985. Bates No. 506825750/5753. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eyr54d00.
Anon. Cigarette Advertising And Sampling Code Of 1964. 1964. Bates No. 947143369/3370. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gcr15f00.
Anon. Philip Morris International. Cigarette Marketing Code. 1998. Bates No. 2074188510/8547. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qgk45c00.
Chapman S. A David and Goliath story: tobacco advertising and self-regulation in Australia. BMJ1980;281:1187–90.
Mindell JS. The UK voluntary agreement on tobacco advertising: a comatose policy? Tobacco Control1993;2:209–14.
Pollay RW. Promises, promises: self-regulation of US cigarette broadcast advertising in the 1960s. Tobacco Control1994;3:134–44.
Pollay RW. Exposure of US youth to cigarette television advertising in the 1960s. Tobacco Control1994;3:130–3.
Richards J Jr, Tye J, Fischer P. The tobacco industry’s code of advertising in the United States: myth and reality. Tobacco Control1996;5:295–311.
Barbeau EM, DeJong W, Brugge DM, et al. Does cigarette print advertising adhere to the Tobacco Institute’s voluntary advertising and promotion code? An assessment. J Public Health Policy1998;19:473–88.
American Tobacco. Guidelines, The Role Of ICOSI. 13 Apr 1978. Bates No. 980037036/7037. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vkq90c00.
Anon. The Role of INFOTAB. 20 Nov 1981. Bates No. 2501029902/9918. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/blp39e00.
Walther C. Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken. [Letter regarding summary of meeting in Denham]. 17 Sep 1991. Bates No. 301124309/301124311. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wxh00a99.
Anon. ICOSI/NMA Workshop Meeting Frankfurt November 11–13 1980. 30 Oct 1980. Bates No. 502122343/2344. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ihi61c00.
Anon. ICOSI/NMA Workshop Meeting. 11–13 November, 1980– Frankfurt, Germany. General Theme: “Issues Know No Frontiers”, 13 Nov 1980. Bates No. 502122393/2396. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fpb29d00.
Philip Morris International. Philip Morris. Corporate Affairs Status Report. 1981. Bates No. 2025881685/1708. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/djd81f00.
Rubio A. INFOTAB Workshop for NMA Washington, D.C. Argentina Information Seminars. Sep 1983. Bates No. 2501021551/1563. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qex19e00.
INFOTAB. NMA Workshop Washington. September 19–22, 1983. 19 Sep 1983. Bates No. 2501021486/1489. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zex19e00.
INFOTAB. Latin America. Visit to Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil May 30–June 4. 4 Jun 1983. Bates No. 690156537/6541. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oqo93f00.
Seligman RB. Philip Morris, Tobacco Technology Group. South American Trip (Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela) January 20–February 3, 1984. 9 Feb 1984. Bates No. 2000510174/0187. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kkw56e00.
INFOTAB. Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco. Impacto Económico (Economic Impact). 26 Jun 1984. Bates No. 690155005/5007. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qgl02d00.
Giambroni A. Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco. [Copies of Booklet on Economic Impact of Argentine Tobacco Industry]. 4 Apr 1984. Bates No. TI09930614. DOJ CIVIL. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rza40c00.
Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco. Impacto Económico [Economic Impact]. 1984. Bates No. TI09930615/0616. DOJ CIVIL. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qza40c00.
Publicidad de cigarrillos- Pautas. Ruling 422. Campero R. Secretaría de Comercio; 23 May 1984.
Anon. INFOBRIEF Issues and Trends Vol.2 No.3 [Recent Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Restrictions]. Jul 1985. Bates No. 10415237/5241. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/esq4aa00.
Anon. Tobacco Alert Vol. 1, No. 1. Mar 1984. Bates No. 10416613/6618. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jqr4aa00.
Proposed Legislation:“Régimen regulador de la publicidad, venta, distribución y consumo de tabaco, cigarros y cigarrillos, y de las actividades relacionadas con el hábito de fumar y sus consecuencias dañosas para la salud” Maglietti AR. Lower House; June 1984.
Corti A. A. Corti Report on Visits to Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Mexico (November 22– December 7). 7 Dec 1984. Bates No. 2023272522/2526. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/szu71f00.
INFOTAB. Second Latin American Workshop; Doral Hotel and Country Club; Miami, U.S.A.; July 29–31, 1985. 29 Jul 1985. Bates No. TIMN0289347/9600. Minnesota AG. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jpr62f00.
Tobacco Documentation Center. [Bill for Smoking Control Act]. 8 May 1994. Bates No. 500826925. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qgb30a99.
Tobacco Institute. Tobacco Institute Newsletter Number 393. 29 Oct 1985. Bates No. 950309124/9129. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cxi34f00.
Bunoski A. Tobacco Institute Newsletter. 1 Oct 1985. Bates No. 505482252/2258. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ymr15d00.
Bonasegna C. Argentina’s tobacco ads might be banned. Advertising Age 14 Oct, 1985; Sec.International p.56.
Philip Morris. Country News in Brief. Nov 1985. Bates No. 2501109730/9731. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bxq22e00.
Philip Morris. Country News in Brief. 4 May 1986. Bates No. 2501109742/9743. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gcu39e00.
Philip Morris. Country News in Brief. 1 Feb 1986. Bates No. 2501109737/9739. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/exq22e00.
Brailovsky AE. ed. El negocio de envenenar. Buenos Aires: Editorial Fraterna, 1988.
Ely R. Discussions with Jorge Basso Dastugue, Millbank, 22 February 1986. 24 Feb 1986. Bates No. 503133475/503133478. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zki40a99.
Gilderdale R. [Telefax from RF Gilderdale to JJ Mostyn regarding the Kattan lawsuit against the COMFER]. 1986. Bates No. 503133473/503133474. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yki40a99.
Restricciones en la publicidad de tabacos, cigarrillos, cigarros u otros productos destinados a fumar- Leyenda que deberán llevar los envases Law 23.344. Pepe LA. Lower House; 21 Aug 1986.
Proposed Legislation: “Limitaciones para la publicidad de tabacos, cigarros, cigarrillos u otros objetos destinados a fumar y sus envases” Pepe LA. Lower House; March 1984.
Adlkofer F, Alford P, Corner R, et al. Tobacco Institute. INFOTAB International Workshop Brussels Hilton Hotel Brussels Belgium. October 13–16, 1986. 16 Oct 1986. Bates No. 2501446636/7080. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/alr02a00.
CLACCTA. Jul–Aug–Sep, 1989 Report No. :8.
Anon. Philip Morris. Antismoking Legislation in Argentina. 1991. Bates No. 2503002518. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cwp19e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. [Labor Pathology Congress- World Antismoking Conference- Antismoking Legislation- Neri’s Antismoking Bill]. 1991. Bates No. 2503002520/2524. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ewp19e00.
Proposed Legislation: “Ley de Control del Tabaquismo” Law 24.152. Neri AC. Lower House; 27 Sep 1990.
Rodriguez C. Philip Morris. Veto of Anti Tobacco Law Case Analysis: Argentina, 1992. Bates No. 2046436807/6872. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qoa65e00.
Nobleza-Piccardo. [Public Affairs Review 1993 Latin America & Caribbean- Argentina]. 1992. Bates No. 500830568/500830588. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yeg00a99.
Anon. Philip Morris. Neri’s Antismoking Bill. 1991. Bates No. 2503002519. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dwp19e00.
World Health Organization. Tobacco company strategies to undermine tobacco control activities at the World Health Organization. Geneva: WHO, 2000.
Muggli ME, Hurt RD. Tobacco industry strategies to undermine the 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health. Tobacco Control2003;12:195–202.
Anon. Anti-Smoking Conference, Buenos Aires. 25 Feb 1992. Bates No. 2503002514/2515. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sma42e00.
Rodriguez C. Philip Morris International. Actions in Preparation of the 8th World Conference. 3 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002511/2513. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rma42e00.
Anon. Buenos Aires Conference- March 30/ April 3, 1992, Work Project. 1992. February Bates No. 300504231/300504263. http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/14400/14453/index.html.
Anon. 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health. Building A Tobacco-Free World, March 30- April 3, 1992, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 30 Mar 1992. Bates No. 950186691/6699. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hzd54f00.
Anon. 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health: Building a Tobacco-Free World Sheraton Hotel Buenos Aires, Argentina Dates: March 30–April 3. 4 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2025807764/7774. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/isn14e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. Monitors Notes. 1992. Bates No. 2500121044. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mxk19e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. Personalities and Organisation - 8th WCTH. 1992. Bates No. 2500121045/1048. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nxk19e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. Auspicios Internacionales International Sponsors. 1992. Bates No. 2500121049/1050. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ece42e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. Schedule of Keynote Speakers. 1992. Bates No. 2500121051. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fce42e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. List of Leading Activists. 1992. Bates No. 2500121052/1053. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gce42e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. [List of Participants to the 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health]. 1992. Bates No. 2500121054/1058. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hce42e00.
Gonzalez A. Philip Morris International. 8th World Conference. 25 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002479. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kwp19e00.
Gonzalez AM. Philip Morris International. Monitoring 8th World Conference - Buenos Aires. 25 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002480/2481. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/owp19e00.
Gonzalez AM. Philip Morris International. 8th World Conference. 20 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002482. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lma42e00.
Vives J. Octava Conferencia. 19 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002483. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mma42e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. Posters. Tuesday March 31. 31 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002484/2487. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nma42e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. Posters. Wednesday April 1. 19 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002488/2491. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/oma42e00.
Anon. Posters. Thursday April 2. 19 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002492/2495. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gwp19e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. Videos. Thursday April 2. 19 Mar 1992. Bates No. 2503002496/2497. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hwp19e00.
Boyse S. BATCo Millbank. Visit to Argentina, 29–30 July 1991 and Update on Activities in South America. 8 Aug 1991. Bates No. 304004032/304004034. http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/bin/showalldata.cgi?page=../html/14900/14967/index.html.
Bugna M. 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health. 23 Oct 1991. Bates No. 2023545716/5720. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rav78e00.
Unión Antitabáquica Argentina. 8a Conferencia Mundial Sobre Tabaco O Salud. Oct 1991. Bates No. 2023545721. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sav78e00.
Basso Dastugue JR. 8th World Conference on Smoking & Health [Letter from J.R. Basso Dastugue to S. Boyse]. 14 Jun 1991. Bates No. 304004077/304004078. http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/14900/14969/index.html.
Anon. 8th International Conference on Tobacco and Health. Proposed possible action to take against it. 1991. Bates No. 300504152/300504157. http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/14400/14451/index.html.
Dietrich P. [Letter from Paul Dietrich to Aurora Gonzales regarding Proposed Argentina Project for Children’s Vacination]. 6 Sep 1991. Bates No. 300516109/300516111. http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/14400/14482/index.html.
Gonzalez AM. Philip Morris International. 8th Anti-Smoking World Conference. 9 Aug 1991. Bates No. 2503002530/2531. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zvp19e00.
May R. Philip Morris. World Conference on Smoking and Health. 13 May 1991. Bates No. 2028463229. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sco56e00.
Anon. Unión Antitabáquica Argentina. Invitation. 19–24 April, 1992 -Buenos Aires, Argentina. 8th World Conference on Smoking and Health. 1991. Bates No. 2028463230/3231. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tco56e00.
Anon. Philip Morris. VIII World Conference on Tobacco or Health. 1991. Bates No. 2503002517. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bwp19e00.
Anon. La historia de una coima. Call Money 15 Oct 1992.
Anon. Britos nego haber cobrado una coima. El Cronista 16 Oct 1992.
Anon. Ley antitabaco. Britos: “No pedí coima”, Página 12 16 Oct 1992.
Anon. Britos negó una grave acusación en su contra. La Nación 16 Oct, 1992;Sec.Economía.
Romero Feris JA. La ley contra el tabaquismo es anticonstitucional. El Cronista 4 Oct, 1992;Sec. Opinión :13.
Anon. Disparidad oficial de criterios sobre la norma antitabáquica. Romero Feris fundamentó su oposición. La Nación 2 Oct, 1992;Sec. Ciudad :19.
Paredes EJ. Temen efectos económicos por la ley antitabaco. El Cronista. 1992;Sec. Política :5.
Anon. Golpe al cigarrillo. Publicidad prohibida. El Cronista 1 Oct 1992.
Anon. Polémica por la sanción de las restricciones para fumar. Varios sectores se preparan para lanzar una campaña contra la ley antitabaco. Clarín 6 Oct, 1992;Sec. Información General :34–35.
Anon. Desacuerdo con la regulación de la publicidad sobre cigarrillos. La Nación 11 Oct 1992.
Barnoya J, Glantz S. Tobacco industry success in preventing regulation of secondhand smoke in Latin America: the “Latin Project”. Tobacco Control2002;11:305–14.
Aguinaga Bialous S, Shatenstein S. Profits over People: Tobacco Industry Activities to Market Cigarettes and Undermine Public Health in Latin America and the Caribbean: PAHO; 2002. http://www.paho.org/English/HPP/HPM/TOH/profits_over_people.pdf.
Alvarez CB. Instituto de las Clínicas Cardiovasculares. [Letter from CB Alvares to J Rupp regarding the scientific arguments of the relation between ETS and diseases]. 12 Nov 1992. Bates No. 300543203. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yoi00a99.
Davies PS. Covington & Burling. [Letter from P Davies to J Basso Dastugue and J Vives regarding CB Alvarez’ fees]. 3 Dec 1992. Bates No. 300543199. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uoi00a99.
Rupp JP. Covington & Burling. [Letter from J Rupp to J Basso Dastugue and J Vives regarding the ETS Consultancy Program in Argentina]. 23 Nov 1992. Bates No. 2023591387/1389. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kwf46e00.
Rupp JP. Covington & Burling. Meetings in Buenos Aires Relating to the ETS Consultants Program. 13 Nov 1992. Bates No. 2503011668/1677. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zmk02a00.
Ruiz Nuñez H. Por qué se vetó la ley antitabaco. La conexión Menem-Caserta-Philip Morris. HUMOR. 1992 Oct.
Proposed Legislation:“Programa Nacional Permanente de Prevención y Lucha contra el Tabaquismo” Molina PE. Senate; 3 Nov 1992.
Massalin-Particulares. National Anti Tobacco and Prevention Program (Molina Law). 1 Nov 1997. Bates No. 2065326489/6501. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kuo63c00.
Segura D, Basso Dastugue JR. Anti-Tobacco Litigation. 10 May 1995. Bates No. 503133426/503133429. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/awe80a99.
Pepe LA, Corchuelo Blasco JM. Proposed Legislation: “Obligatoriedad de consignar en los envases comerciales de productos destinados a fumar, su contenido en nicotina y alquitran”. Lower House; Aug 1995.
Gonzalez AM. Philip Morris. Argentina. 3 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2061682612. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cto67d00.
Vives J. Philip Morris Latin America. [Letter from J Vives to A Gonzalez regarding Nobleza-Piccardo’s Press Conference on “Regulatory Framework of Tobacco in Argentina”]. 3 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2061682613. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dto67d00.
Basso Dastugue J. Nobleza-Piccardo. Nobleza-Piccardo Incluye los Contenidos de Nicotina y Alquitran en sus Marquillas. 3 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2061682614/2615. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eto67d00.
Leiber C. Philip Morris International. Facsimile Cover Sheet. 4 Oct 1997. Bates No. 2065329162. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ugp63c00.
Vives J. Philip Morris Latin America. [Letter from J Vives to A Gonzalez regarding Nobleza-Piccardo’s Press Conference on “Regulatory Framework of Tobacco in Argentina”]. 3 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329163. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xfp63c00.
Basso Dastugue J. Nobleza-Piccardo. Simultaneously with the Launching of Kent Super Lights Nobleza-Piccardo Includes Nicotine and Tar Contents on Labels. 3 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329164/9165. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yfp63c00.
Basso Dastugue J. Nobleza-Piccardo. Nobleza-Piccardo to Include Content of Nicotine and Tar in Its Brands. 3 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329166/9168. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zfp63c00.
Leiber C. Philip Morris International. Facsimile Cover Sheet. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329186. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hgp63c00.
Vives J. Philip Morris International. [Memorandum from J Vives to A Gonzalez regarding Nobleza-Piccardo’s decision to disclose tar and nicotine content on cigarette packs]. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329187/9188. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/igp63c00.
Anon. Philip Morris International. Los Cigarrillos Indicarán Contenidos de Nicotina y Alquitrán. 3 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329189. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jgp63c00.
Anon. Clarín. Paquetes de Cigarillos. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329190. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hfp63c00 (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Anon. La Prensa. Las Tabacaleras Brindarán Información sobre Toxinas. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329191. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ifp63c00.
Anon. Ambito Financiero. Novedosa Medida en Cigarillos. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329192. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jfp63c00.
Anon. La Nación. Informan sobre Nicotina en Atados de Cigarrillos. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329193. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kfp63c00.
Anon. Diario Popular. Puchos para Pensar. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329194. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lfp63c00.
Anon. Página 12. No Todo es Tabaco en un Cigarillo. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329195. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mfp63c00.
Anon. Cuarto Poder. Cigarrillos: Imprimirán Niveles de Nicotina, 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329196. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nfp63c00.
Anon. Buenos Aires Herald. Nobleza Leapfrogs Congress. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329197. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ofp63c00.
Anon. El Economista. Nobleza ahora compite en información. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329198. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pfp63c00.
Anon. El Cronista. Nobleza-Piccardo se Anticipó a la Norma. 4 Oct 1996. Bates No. 2065329199. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/fkt83c00.
Otálora E. Interview with Ernesto M Sebrié. In: Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2003.
Proposed Legislation: “Reproducción del proyecto de ley sobre creación del programa nacional permanente de prevención y lucha contra el tabaquismo” Ulloa RA. Senate; 12 May 1998.
Proposed Legislation:“Proyecto de ley sobre la creación del programa nacional permanente de prevención y lucha contra el tabaquismo” Mazza AJ. Senate; Oct 1998.
Sainz C. Philip Morris. For Your Information. 1998. Bates No. 2072522324A. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/udb06c00.
Mazza A. Bertrand Languages. Argentina Republic National Senate. 1998. Bates No. 2072522325/2337. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vdb06c00.
Samuels BE, Begay ME, Hazan AR, et al. Philip Morris’s failed experiment in Pittsburgh. J Health Polit Policy Law1992;17:329–51.
Dearlove JV, Bialous SA, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry manipulation of the hospitality industry to maintain smoking in public places. Tobacco Control2002;11:94–104.
Nobleza-Piccardo. Reporte Social 2001–2002. Buenos Aires; 2002. http://www.noblezapiccardo.com/oneweb/sites/NOB_58LMXM.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/476356E94317D0A180256C0500654DEEopendocument&SID=6ADDAEC69CD10AA463E10F23AE7B93DC&DTC=20050426 (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Nobleza-Piccardo. Balance Social. Newsletter No.2. Buenos Aires; Dec, 2002. http://www.noblezapiccardo.com/oneweb/sites/NOB_58LMXM.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/A83BB99C6FBD781E80256C950047E443opendocument&SID=6ADDAEC69CD10AA463E10F23AE7B93DC&DTC=20050426 (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Leiber CL. Philip Morris International. Latin America Report: Youth Access Prevention and Education Programs, 28 Aug 1997. Bates No. 2074188891/8892. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ajk45c00.
[Leiber C]. Philip Morris Latin America. Youth Access Prevention and Education Programs. Aug 1997. Bates No. 2074188893. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bjk45c00.
Leiber CL. Philip Morris International. Latin America Youth Access Prevention and Education Programs. 28 Aug 1997. Bates No. 2074188894. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cjk45c00.
[Leiber C. Philip Morris Latin America. [Latin America Youth Access Prevention and Education Programs]. Aug 1997. Bates No. 2074188895. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/djk45c00.
[Leiber C]. Philip Morris International. Cigarette Marketing Code. 17 Apr 1997. Bates No. 2074188896/8925. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ejk45c00.
Leiber CL. Philip Morris International. Latin America Youth Access Prevention & Education Initiatives. 1 Oct 1998. Bates No. 2074188506/8507. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ogk45c00.
Leiber CL. Philip Morris Latin America. Youth Access Prevention and Education Initiatives. Sep 1998. Bates No. 2074188508/8509. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pgk45c00.
Anon. Philip Morris International. [1998 Youth Smoking Prevention Initiatives. A Review of Programs]. 1998. Bates No. 2072128521/8550. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/esj27d00.
Bible GC. Philip Morris Latin America. Youth Smoking Prevention 1999–2000. 1999. Bates No. 2080005047/5086. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ktq80c00.
[Hendrys PW ]. Philip Morris International. Global Youth Smoking Prevention Programs. 2000. Bates No. 325128344/325128361. http://bat.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pqi61a99.
Landman A, Ling PM, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry youth smoking prevention programs: protecting the industry and hurting tobacco control. Am J Public Health2002;92:917–30.
Leiber CL. Philip Morris Latin America. Yo Tengo Poder. Jun 1998. Bates No. 2069582763/2767. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rqw32d00.
Anon. Philip Morris. Advertising Code Comparison. May 1993. Bates No. 2500114689/4696. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uhd42e00.
Gembler A. PMI Guidelines for Approaching Tobacco Regulatory Issues. Jan 1998. Bates No. 2072522354/2356. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eeb06c00.
British American Tobacco. Cigarette Advertising and Promotion Code of Practice. Nov 1996. Bates No. 2072664716/4717. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ltg42c00.
Sainz HC. Philip Morris. The Marketing Code of the Chamber of Tobacco in Argentina. 6 Nov 1997. Bates No. 2072522372/2373. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jeb06c00.
Sainz HC. Philip Morris. [Memorandum from C Sainz regarding the Argentinean industry marketing code]. 6 Nov 1997. Bates No. 2072522371. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ieb06c00.
Tilley K. Philip Morris. [Memorandum from K Tilley to C Sainz regarding the Argentinean industry marketing code]. 30 Oct 1997. Bates No. 2072554669. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cqd42c00.
Tilley K. Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco. Código para la promoción, venta y publicidad de cigarrillos. 30 Oct 1997. Bates No. 2072554671/4672. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bqd42c00.
Sainz HC. Philip Morris. [Memorandum from C Sainz regarding the Argentinean industry marketing code]. 6 Nov 1997. Bates No. 2072554674. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/aqd42c00.
Sainz HC. Philip Morris. [Memorandum from C Sainz regarding the Argentinean industry marketing code]. 6 Nov 1997. Bates No. 2072554663. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dqd42c00.
Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco. Código para Promoción, Venta y Publicidad de Productos del Tabaco; 2001. http://www.noblezapiccardo.com/oneweb/sites/NOB_58LMXM.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/80256B88005D664880256B87005E447Fopendocument&SID=E73D03887F82EC6337E49F3CB31A77A2&DTC=20050105 (Accessed Nov 2004).
BAT, Japan Tobacco, PMI. Estándares Internacionales para la Comercialización y Publicidad de Productos de Tabaco; 2001. http://www.noblezapiccardo.com/oneweb/sites/NOB_58LMXM.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/625E85A085D236CB48256BA700547B77opendocument&SID=E73D03887F82EC6337E49F3CB31A77A2&DTC=20050105 (Accessed 20 Feb 2005).
Proposed Legislation: “Régimen nacional de regulación de la fabricación, comercialización, publicidad, y consumo de productos que contengan tabaco” Garré NC. Lower House; Jun 1998.
Costa S. Smoking Restrictions. 24 Jun 1998. Bates No. 2072554880. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xbe42c00.
Sainz C. Philip Morris. For Your Information. Jan 1998. Bates No. 2072522357. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/feb06c00.
Sainz C. Bertrand Languages. Bill. National Law Regulating the Manufacturing, Marketing, Advertising, and Consumption of Products Containing Tobacco. Jun 29 1998. Bates No. 2072522358/2368. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/geb06c00.
Sainz C. Philip Morris. Argentina Tobacco Bill. 7 Jul 1998. Bates No. 2072522352. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ceb06c00.
Gembler A. Philip Morris International. Guidelines on Public Policy Issues. 12 Jan 1998. Bates No. 2072522353. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/deb06c00.
Sainz C. Philip Morris. [Memorandum from C Sainz regarding the draft for Argentina]. 10 Jul 1998. Bates No. 2072522338. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wdb06c00.
Sainz C. Philip Morris. Argentine Tobacco Control Bill. 10 Jul 1998. Bates No. 2072522339/2343. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xdb06c00.
Drope J, Bialous SA, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America. Tobacco Control2004;13 (suppl I) :i41–7.
Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act 15 U.S.C. §1335a. 1984.
Esteves LG, Madrigal M. Informacion WRA. 21 Jul 1998. Bates No. 2072554838. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ybe42c00.
Sainz C. Philip Morris. [Memorandum from C Sainz to L G Esteves regarding Act 15 U.S.C. §1335a]. 23 Jul 1998. Bates No. 2072522348. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/aeb06c00.
Sainz C. List of Cigarette Ingredients, Annual Submission to Secretary, Transmittal to Congress, Confidentiality. Jul 1998. Bates No. 2072522349/2351. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/beb06c00.
Sainz C. Philip Morris. Argentina Tobacco Bill. 5 Aug 1998. Bates No. 2072522344. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ydb06c00.
Liebengood H. [Attachment to March 13, 1998 letter from H Liebengood to Chairman T Bliley]. 13 Mar 1998. Bates No. 2072522345/2347. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zdb06c00.
Neri AC. Proposed Legislation: “Régimen de Control del Tabaquismo”. Lower House; 26 Sep 2002. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2002/PDF2002/TP2002/07setiembre2002/ tp144/6185-D-02 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Picazo SA. Proposed Legislation: “Prohibición de fumar en oficinas del Estado”. Lower House; 1 Mar 2002.
Polino HT. Proposed Legislation:“Régimen para la restricción del consumo del tabaco y su publicidad. Programa nacional contra el tabaco”. Lower House; 15 Mar 2002.
Monteagudo ML. Proposed Legislation:“Régimen de defensa de las personas no fumadoras”. Lower House; 19 Mar 2002.
Parentella IF, et al. Proposed Legislation:“Régimen nacional de lucha contra el tabaquismo”. Lower House; 16 May 2002. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/Periodo2002/ PDF2002/TP2002/03mayo2002/ Tp052/2430-D-02 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Osorio ML. Proposed Legislation:“Modificación del Art. 1 de la ley 23.344, régimen que propicia la inclusión de una leyenda en los envases de comercialización de tabaco”. Lower House; 31 May 2002. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2002/PDF2002/TP2002/03mayo2002/ Tp062/2956-D-02 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Narducci A, et al. Proposed Legislation:“Modificación del Art. 1 de la ley 23. 344 de envases de los cigarrillos, sobre la inclusión de una leyenda: El fumar es perjudicial para la salud”, Lower House; 15 Nov 2002. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2002/PDF2002/TP2002/09noviembre2002/ tp179/7334-D-02 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Pepe LA. Proposed Legislation:“Prohibición de fumar en ambientes donde se expenden y/o consumen comestibles”. Lower House; 18 Nov 2002. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2002/PDF2002/TP2002/09noviembre2002/ tp180/7356-D-02 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Chaya ML. Proposed Legislation:“Modificación del Art. 1 de la ley 23.344 sobre el espacio de la leyenda ‘El fumar es perjudicial para la salud’, en los envases de los productos destinados al fumador”. Lower House; 3 Mar 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/01marzo2003/ tp001/0060-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Bortolozzi de Bogado AR. Proposed Legislation:“Prohibición de toda forma directa o indirecta de publicidad, promoción o patrocinio de tabaco y sus derivados destinados a fumar”. Lower House; 3 Mar 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/01marzo2003/ tp001/0149-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Correa JC. Proposed Legislation:“Régimen para la prohibición de fumar en lugares cerrados y de atención al público en dependecias oficiales”. Lower House; 4 Mar 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/01marzo2003/ tp002/0206-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Vázquez RH, Stolbizer MR. Proposed Legislation:“Modificaciones de la ley 23.344. Régimen por el cual se procura la inclusión de la leyenda en los envases de comercialización de tabaco que advierte sobre su toxocidad y se limita la propaganda para su consume”. Lower House; 14 Mar 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/01marzo2003/ tp010/0595-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Roy I, et al. Proposed Legislation:“Régimen nacional de lucha contra el tabaquismo”. Lower House; 18 Mar 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/01marzo2003/ tp012/0675-D-02 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Lofrano EG. Proposed Legislation:“Prohibición de fumar en oficinas públicas”. Lower House; 4 Jun 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/04junio2003/ tp065/2332-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Oviedo AB, et al. Proposed Legislation:“Prohibición del uso de términos engañosos en productos y/o publicidades del tabaco”. Lower House; 19 Jun 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/04junio2003/ tp076/2786-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Oviedo AB, et al. Proposed Legislation:“Modificaciones a la ley 23.344, sobre fumar es perjudicial a la salud, con relación a los envases de productos destinados a fumar, publicidad y otras cuestiones conexas”. Lower House; 2 Jul 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/05julio2003/ tp085/3050-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Correa JC. Proposed Legislation:“Prohibición de toda forma de publicidad o patrocinio de tabaco, cigarrillos, cigarros u otros productos destinados a fumar, por cualquier medio”. Lower House; 20 Aug 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/06agosto2003/ tp118/3855-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Baladrón MJ. Proposed Legislation:“Prohibición del hábito de fumar en espacios públicos y privados de acceso al público”. Lower House; 23 Sep 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/07setiembre2003/ tp143/4483-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Martínez SV. Interview with Ernesto M Sebrié. In: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2003.
Molinari MA. Interview with Ernesto M Sebrié. In: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2003.
Neri AC, et al. Ley Nacional sobre el Tabaquismo. Lower House; 14 Jul 2004. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2004/PDF2004/TP2004/05julio2004/ tp092/4300-D-04 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Shibuya K, Ciecierski C, Guindon E, et al. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: development of an evidence based global public health treaty. BMJ2003;327:154–7.
Framework Convention Alliance. Alliance Bulletin. Geneva; February 18, 2003 Report No. 37. http://fctc.org/bulletin/Issue_37.pdf.
Anon. “Antipremio” para la Argentina en la reunión mundial antitabaco. Los campeones del “Cenicero Sucio”. Página 12 20 Feb, 2003; Sec.Sociedad. http://www.pagina12web.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-16782-2003-2-20.html (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Ferrari A. Hacia Ginebra con una posición ultra light. Página 12 15 Feb, 2003; Sec.El País. http://www.pagina12web.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-16646-2003-2-15.html (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Environics Research Group. Public support for international efforts to control tobacco: a survey in five countries. Toronto: Environics Research Group Ltd, October 2001, http://erg.environics.net/english/5countriesenglish.pdf.
Ministerio de Salud. Presidencia de la Nación. Jornadas Internacionales sobre Control del Tabaco. Implicaciones del Convenio Marco para Argentina y el MERCOSUR. Buenos Aires 2003.
Proposed Legislation:“Proyecto de Ley Ratificando el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco” Falco LA. Senate; 2 Oct 2003.
Martínez SV. Proposed Legislation:“Aprobación del Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud -OMS- para el Control del Tabaco”. Lower House; 31 Oct 2003. http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/dependencias/dsecretaria/ Periodo2003/PDF2003/TP2003/08octubre2003/ tp170/5254-D-03 pdf (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud- OMS- para el Control del Tabaco, adoptado en Ginebra, Suiza, el 21/05/2003. Kirchner N, Fernández A, Bielsa R, González García G. Senate 2004.
Unión Antitabáquica Argentina. Buenos Aires: UATA; 14 Nov, 2004 Report No. : 41, http://www.uata.org.ar/novedades/ALDIA/Uata41.doc (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Unión Antitabáquica Argentina. Buenos Aires: UATA; 29 Nov, 2004 Report No. : 42, http://www.uata.org.ar/novedades/ALDIA/Uata42.doc (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Comisión de Seguimiento y Control de la Implementación del Convenio Marco. Lopez Arias ME, Jenefes GR, Puerta FR, Escudero SM. Senate; 26 Oct 2004.
Ballatore L. Promesa de inversiones: acuerdo de una estatal china con una cooperativa jujeña. US$ 20 millones para una tabacalera. Clarín 7 Nov, 2004; Sec.El país. http://old.clarin.com/diario/2004/11/07/elpais/p-01403.htm (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Anon. Quiere dejar de fumar? Clarín 5 Nov 1979.
Daino L. Interview with Ernesto M Sebrié. In: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2003.
Anon. Report on 6th World Conference on Smoking and Health, Tokyo, November 9–12, 1987 Part I. Nov 1987. Bates No. TIMN0448463/8710. Minnesota AG. http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kbu42f00.
CLACCTA. May–Jun, 1988 Report No. :3.
Perazzo DL. Interview with Ernesto M Sebrié. In: Buenos Aires, Argentina 2003.
Abdala V. Has recorrido un largo camino, vicioso del humo. Los cigarrillos ya casi no se publicitan por la televisión en la Argentina. Página 12 2 Feb, 2002;Sec.Espectáculos. http://www.pagina12web.com.ar/diario/ espectaculos/6-1429-2002-2-2 html (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Bassani L. Apartada de la TV, la publicidad de cigarrillos se concentra en los kioscos “fashion”. Clarín 11 Dec, 2003;Sec.Marketing. http://old.clarin.com/diario/2003/12/11/t-673914.htm (Accessed 25 April 2005).
Muggli ME, Hurt RD, Blanke DD. Science for hire: a tobacco industry strategy to influence public opinion on secondhand smoke. Nicotine Tob Res2003;5:303–14.
Assunta M, Fields N, Knight J, et al. “Care and feeding”: the Asian environmental tobacco smoke consultants programme. Tobacco Control2004;13 (suppl II) :ii4–12.
Barnoya J, Glantz SA. The tobacco industry’s worldwide ETS consultants project: European and Asian components. Eur J Public Health. 2005; doi: 10.1093/eurpub/cki044.
Assunta M, Chapman S. Industry sponsored youth smoking prevention programme in Malaysia: a case study in duplicity. Tobacco Control2004;13 (suppl I) :ii37–42.
Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Youth access interventions do not affect youth smoking. Pediatrics2002;109:1088–92.
Glantz SA. Preventing tobacco use – the youth access trap. Am J Public Health1996;86:156–8.
Glantz SA. Limiting youth access to tobacco: a failed intervention. J Adolesc Health2002;31:301–2.
Ling PM, Landman A, Glantz SA. It is time to abandon youth access tobacco programmes. Tobacco Control2002;11:3–6.
Fichtenberg CM, Glantz SA. Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with declines in cigarette consumption and mortality from heart disease. N Engl J Med2000;343:1772–7.
Barnoya J, Glantz S. Association of the California tobacco control program with declines in lung cancer incidence. Cancer Causes Control2004;15:689–95.
Goldfarb LMCS. Government Leadership in Tobacco Control: Brazil’s Experience. In: De Beyer J, Brigden LW, eds. Tobacco control policy. Strategies, successes, and setbacks. Washington DC: World Bank & Research for International Tobacco Control 2003, 38–70. http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/pdf/2850-Ch03.pdf.
Cavalcante T. [The Brazilian experience with tobacco control policies]. Salud Publica Mex2004;46:549–58.
Law 10.167 [Restrictions to the use of - and publicity referring to - smoking products, alcoholic beverages, medicines, therapeutic treatments and pesticides]. 27 Dec 2000. http://www.anvisa.gov.br/eng/tobacco/law_10.167.htm (Accessed 26 April 2005).
Resolution - RDC n 46 [Establish the maximum levels allowed of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide present in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes commercialized in Brazil]. 28 Mar 2001. http://www.anvisa.gov.br/eng/tobacco/rdc_46.htm (Accessed 26 April 2005).
Resolution - RDC n° 335 [Health warnings and images on cigarette packages]. 21 Nov 2003. http://www.anvisa.gov.br/eng/legis/resol/335_03rdc.htm (Accessed 26 April 2005).
Tobacco Control 2005; 14 327-327 Published Online First: 23 Sep 2005.

References: §1335
 §1335
 Art. 1
 Art. 1
 Art. 1
 V.