Source: https://casetext.com/case/starks-v-lewis-2
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 18:11:09+00:00

Document:
Appeal from the United States District Court of the Western District of Oklahoma, Vicki Miles-LaGrange, J.
Walter L. Starks, LCF-Lawton, Lawton, OK, pro se.
Ronald A. Anderson, Oklahoma Dept. of Corrections, Oklahoma City, OK, Don G. Pope, Don G. Pope Associates, Norman, OK, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before O'BRIEN, McKAY, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
TERRENCE L. O'BRIEN, Circuit Judge.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties' request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed.R.App.P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Walter Starks, an Oklahoma prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court's dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights complaint against Tom Lewis, a supervisor at Oklahoma Correctional Industries (Factory #66) and Warden David Miller. The district court dismissed Starks' claims against Lewis without prejudice for failure to exhaust administrative remedies and Starks' claims against Warden Miller for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. We AFFIRM.
We liberally construe pro se pleadings and appellate briefs. Ledbetter v. City of Topeka, Kan., 318 F.3d 1183, 1187 (10th Cir. 2003).
Walter, you screwed-up and it cost you your job, I think it is time you stop crying about how you've been treated and face the fact that you are the reason you were terminated; no-one "snitched" you off. You did this to yourself period. Naming other people in your request to staff; now that's being a snitch! There's one other issue you raise in your request to staff, I will not dignify with a response, I'll simply let others who know me testify to that. . . .
Starks then filed an appeal to the Administrative Review Authority. On December 12, 2005, Starks received notice his appeal was not procedurally compliant. Specifically, Starks presented more than one issue in his claim — "fired from [Oklahoma Correctional Industries]; inmate typing response and inmate read response; placing life in danger" — and he failed to recommend a definite action to be taken by the reviewing authority. (R. Doc. 1, Ex. 7.) The notice informed Starks he had "ten calendar days from date of receipt to properly submit the grievance." ( Id.) Starks did not submit a corrected appeal.
After a referral of the matter to a magistrate judge, Lewis and Miller filed sepa-rate motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or, in the alternative, motions for summary judgment. The magistrate issued a thorough report recommending the claims against Lewis be dismissed without prejudice because Starks had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies and the claims against Miller be dismissed with prejudice because Starks failed to allege Miller was personally involved in the alleged constitutional violation. Over Starks' objections, the district court adopted the recommendations of the magistrate and dismissed Starks' claims.
We review de novo the district court's finding of failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Jernigan v. Stuchell, 304 F.3d 1030, 1032 (10th Cir. 2002). Starks concedes he did not resubmit his grievance to the Administrative Review Authority after he received his noncompliance notice. He maintains, however, his appeal contained only one issue. Because he provided the reviewing authority the opportunity to review his claim but it erroneously refused to consider it, he exhausted his administrative remedies under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA). He is mistaken.
The PLRA provides, "No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). An inmate who begins the grievance process but does not complete it is barred from pursuing a § 1983 claim under the PLRA for failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. Jernigan, 304 F.3d at 1032. Starks' belief the reviewing authority improperly rejected his grievance is irrelevant. The rejection notice, rightly or wrongly, directed Starks to the deficiencies he needed to cure and invited him to do so within ten calendar days. Contrary to Starks' assertions, this administrative remedy remained available. He simply chose not to take advantage of the opportunity to clarify any misunderstanding that, in his opinion, the reviewing authority entertained. As we have stated before, an inmate "may not successfully argue that he had exhausted his administrative remedies by, in essence, failing to employ them and since he may now be time barred from pursuing them, they are exhausted by default." Id. at 1033.
"Because the sufficiency of a complaint is a question of law, we review de novo the district court's grant of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), applying the same standards as the district court." Russell v. United States, 551 F.3d 1174, 1178 (10th Cir. 2008) (quotations omitted).
In the Rule 12(b)(6) context, we look for plausibility in the complaint. In particular, we look to the specific allegations in the complaint to determine whether they plausibly support a legal claim for relief. Rather than adjudging whether a claim is improbable, factual allegations in a complaint must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.
Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214, 1218 (10th Cir. 2007) (citations and quotations omitted).
"Under certain circumstances, a district court may, notwithstanding failure to exhaust, proceed to the merits of the claim and dismiss with prejudice if it concludes a party would be unsuccessful even absent the exhaustion issue." Fitzgerald v. Con. Corp. of Am., 403 F.3d 1134, 1139 (10th Cir. 2005); see also 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c)(2) ("In the event that a claim is, on its face, frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, or seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief, the court may dismiss the underlying claim without first requiring the exhaustion of administrative remedies."). This is the approach taken by the district court in regards to Starks' claims against Warden Miller.
Starks points to Choate v. Lockhart, for the proposition that "[s]upervisors can incur liability for cruel and unusual punishment in two ways: they can be liable for their personal involvement in a constitutional violation, or when their corrective inaction amounts to deliberate indifference to or tacit authorization of the violative practices." 7 F.3d 1370, 1376 (8th Cir. 1993) (citations and quotations omitted). Starks contends when Miller received his grievance against Lewis and failed to address his retaliation claims, Miller demonstrated his tacit authorization of Lewis' actions.
Under § 1983, government officials are not vicariously liable for the misconduct of their subordinates. There is no concept of strict supervisor liability under § 1983. This does not mean that a supervisor may not be liable for the injuries caused by the conduct of one of his subordinates. It does mean that his liability is not vicarious, that is, without fault on his part.
Supervisors are only liable under § 1983 for their own culpable involvement in the violation of a person's constitutional rights. To establish supervisor liability under § 1983, it is not enough for a plaintiff merely to show a defendant was in charge of other state actors who actually committed the violation. Instead, the plaintiff must establish a deliberate, intentional act by the supervisor to violate constitutional rights. In short, the supervisor must be personally involved in the constitutional violation, and a sufficient causal connection must exist between the supervisor and the constitutional violation.
In order to establish a § 1983 claim against a supervisor for the unconstitutional acts of his subordinates, a plaintiff must first show the supervisor's subordinates violated the constitution. Then, a plaintiff must show an affirmative link between the supervisor and the violation, namely the active participation or acquiescence of the supervisor in the constitutional violation by the subordinates. In this context, the supervisor's state of mind is a critical bridge between the conduct of a subordinate and his own behavior. Because mere negligence is not enough to hold a supervisor liable under § 1983, a plaintiff must establish that the supervisor acted knowingly or with deliberate indifference that a constitutional violation would occur.
To the extent Starks is claiming Miller violated the Eighth Amendment in breaching his "duty to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of other prisoners," his complaint must meet the standards in Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994) (citation omitted). Starks must plead (1) a substantial risk of serious harm (objective prong) and (2) [Miller's] deliberate indifference to that risk (subjective prong). Id. at 834, 114 S.Ct. 1970. Starks' complaint fails both prongs.
"It is not . . . every injury suffered by one prisoner at the hands of another that translates into [a] constitutional liability. . . ." Id. To be deliberately indifferent a prison official must know of and disregard "an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference." Id. at 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970.
Starks' grievance contained only the charge that Lewis allowed an inmate to type and read the response to Starks and, as a result, Starks feared for his life because inmates who have been caught stealing "have been looking at [Starks] as if [he] is the cause of them losing their jobs." (R. Doc. 1, Ex. 4.) He does not claim Miller received any other information regarding Starks' circumstances or was aware of the "threats" he alleges in his complaint. These allegations are insufficient to notify Miller of any ongoing constitutional violation, let alone establish Miller's deliberate indifference to alleged unconstitutional activity. Warden Miller is under no duty to personally conduct a full investigation into an inmate's complaint that the other inmates are "looking" at him. This is hardly a claim of "excessive risk to safety" or notice of a "substantial risk of serious harm." The district court correctly dismissed Starks' claims against Miller.

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