Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/338/294/
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 11:59:08+00:00

Document:
In an action in a state court for damages under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, the trial court sustained a general demurrer to the complaint and dismissed the action. Under the state law, such a dismissal was a final adjudication barring recovery in any future state proceeding. The State Court of Appeals affirmed on the basis of a state rule of practice to construe pleadings "most strongly against the pleader."
1. The construction of the complaint by the state court in accordance with state practice is not binding on this Court, which will itself construe the allegations of the complaint in order to determine whether petitioner has been denied a right of trial granted him by Congress. Pp. 338 U. S. 295-296.
2. The complaint did set forth a cause of action, and should not have been dismissed. Pp. 338 U. S. 297-299.
77 Ga.App. 780, 49 S.E.2d 833, reversed.
A state court sustained a general demurrer to a complaint claiming damages under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, and dismissed the action. The Court of Appeals of Georgia affirmed. 77 Ga.App. 780, 49 S.E.2d 833. The Supreme Court of Georgia denied certiorari. This Court granted certiorari. 336 U.S. 965. Reversed and remanded, p. 338 U. S. 299.
Petitioner brought this action in a Georgia state court claiming damages from the respondent railroad under the Federal Employers' Liability Act. 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq.
Respondent filed a general demurrer to the complaint on the ground that it failed to "set forth a cause of action, and is otherwise insufficient in law." The trial court sustained the demurrer and dismissed the cause of action. The Court of Appeals affirmed, 77 Ga. App. 780, 49 S.E.2d 833, and the Supreme Court of Georgia denied certiorari. It is agreed that, under Georgia law, the dismissal is a final adjudication barring recovery in any future state proceeding. The petition for certiorari here presented the question of whether the complaint did set forth a cause of action sufficient to survive a general demurrer resulting in final dismissal. Certiorari was granted, 336 U.S. 965, because the implications of the dismissal were considered important to a correct and uniform application of the federal act in the state and federal courts. See Brady v. Southern R. Co., 320 U. S. 476.
"Stripped of its details, the petition shows that the plaintiff was injured while in the performance of his duties when he stepped on a large clinker lying alongside the track in the railroad yards. . . . The mere presence of a large clinker in a railroad yard cannot be said to constitute an act of negligence. . . . Insofar as the allegations of the petition show, the sole cause of the accident was the act of the plaintiff in stepping on this large clinker, which he was able to see and could have avoided."
"In the absence of allegations to the contrary, the inference arises that [the plaintiff's] vision was unobscured, and that he could have seen and avoided the clinker."
stumbled was beside the tracks due to respondent's negligence.
S.F. Ry. Co., 333 U. S. 821; cf. Lillie v. Thompson, 332 U. S. 459.
"directly and proximately caused in whole or in part by the negligence of the defendant . . . (a) In failing to furnish plaintiff with a reasonably safe place to work as herein alleged. (b) In leaving clinkers . . . and other debris along the side of track in its yards as aforesaid, well knowing that said yards in such condition were dangerous for use by brakemen working therein, and that petitioner would have to perform his duties with said yards in such condition."
duty to furnish petitioner a reasonably safe place to work. Certainly these allegations are sufficient to permit introduction of evidence from which a jury might infer that petitioner's injuries were due to the railroad's negligence in failing to supply a reasonably safe place to work. Bailey v. Central Vermont Ry., Inc., 319 U. S. 350, 319 U. S. 353. And we have already refused to set aside a judgment coming from the Georgia courts where the jury was permitted to infer negligence from the presence of clinkers along the tracks in the railroad yard. Southern Ry. Co. v. Puckett, 244 U. S. 571, 244 U. S. 574, aff'g 16 Ga. App. 551, 554, 85 S.E. 809, 811.
Here, the Georgia court has decided as a matter of law that no inference of railroad negligence could be drawn from the facts alleged in this case. Rather, the court itself has drawn from the pleadings the reverse inference that the sole proximate cause of petitioner's injury was his own negligence. Throughout its opinion, the appellate court clearly reveals a preoccupation with what it deemed to be petitioner's failure to take proper precautions. [Footnote 2] But, as that court necessarily admits, contributory negligence does not preclude recovery under the FELA.
Strict local rules of pleading cannot be used to impose unnecessary burdens upon rights of recovery authorized by federal laws.
State confers, the assertion of Federal rights, when plainly and reasonably made, is not to be defeated under the name of local practice."
Davis v. Wechsler, supra, at 263 U. S. 24. Cf. Maty v. Grasselli Chemical Co., 303 U. S. 197. Should this Court fail to protect federally created rights from dismissal because of over-exacting local requirements for meticulous pleadings, desirable uniformity in adjudication of federally created rights could not be achieved. See Brady v. Southern R. Co., 320 U. S. 476, 320 U. S. 479.
Upon trial of this case, the evidence offered may or may not support inferences of negligence. We simply hold that, under the facts alleged, it was error to dismiss the complaint, and that petitioner should be allowed to try his case. Covington & L. Turnpike Road Co. v. Sandford, supra, at 164 U. S. 596; Anderson v. Atchison T. & S.F. Ry. Co., 333 U. S. 821.
The cause is reversed and remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Angel v. Bullington, 330 U. S. 183; Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 U. S. 99; Garrett v. Moore-McCormack Co., 317 U. S. 239; St. Louis, S.F. & T. R. Co. v. Seale, 229 U. S. 156, 229 U. S. 157, and see same case, 148 S.W. 1099; Toledo, St.L. & W. R. Co. v. Slavin, 236 U. S. 454, 236 U. S. 457-458, and see same case, 88 Ohio St. 536, 106 N.E. 1077. Compare Brinkmeier v. Missouri P. R. Co., 224 U. S. 268, with Seaboard Air Line Ry. v. Renn, 241 U. S. 290.
"In the absence of allegations to the contrary, the inference arises that the plaintiff's vision was unobscured, and that he could have seen and avoided the clinker. . . . Insofar as the allegations of the petition show, the sole cause of the accident was the act of plaintiff in stepping on this large clinker, which he was able to see and could have avoided. It was he who, without any outside intervention, failed to look, stepped on the clinker, and fell."
77 Ga. App. 783, 49 S.E.2d 835.
Insignificant as this case appears on the surface, its disposition depends on the adjustment made between two judicial systems charged with the enforcement of a law binding on both. This, it bears recalling, is an important factor in the working of our federalism without needless friction.
Cases, 223 U. S. 1. But the courts so empowered are creatures of the States, with such structures and functions as the States are free to devise and define. Congress has not imposed jurisdiction on State courts for claims under the Act "as against an otherwise valid excuse." Douglas v. New York, New Haven & H. R. Co., 279 U. S. 377, 279 U. S. 388. Again, if a State has dispensed with the jury in civil suits or has modified the common law requirements for trial by jury, a plaintiff must take the jury system as he finds it if he chooses to bring his suit under the Federal Employers' Liability Act in a court of that State. Minneapolis & St.L. R. Co. v. Bombolis, 241 U. S. 211. After all, the Federal courts are always available.
So also, States have varying systems of pleading and practice. One State may cherish formalities more than another, one State may be more responsive than another to procedural reforms. If a litigant chooses to enforce a Federal right in a State court, he cannot be heard to object if he is treated exactly as are plaintiffs who press like claims arising under State law with regard to the form in which the claim must be stated -- the particularity, for instance, with which a cause of action must be described. Federal law, though invoked in a State court, delimits the Federal claim -- defines what gives a right to recovery and what goes to prove it. But the form in which the claim must be stated need not be different from what the State exacts in the enforcement of like obligations created by it, so long as such a requirement does not add to, or diminish, the right as defined by Federal law, nor burden the realization of this right in the actualities of litigation.
claim by denial of it. Nor can a State do so under the guise of professing merely to prescribe how the claim should be formulated. American Ry. Express Co. v. Levee, 263 U. S. 19, 263 U. S. 21.
The crucial question for this Court is whether the Georgia courts have merely enforced a local requirement of pleading, however finicky, applicable to all such litigation in Georgia without qualifying the basis of recovery under the Federal Employers' Liability Act or weighting the scales against the plaintiff. Compare Norfolk, Southern R. Co. v. Ferebee, 238 U. S. 269, with Central Vermont R. Co. v. White, 238 U. S. 507. Georgia may adhere to its requirements of pleading, but it may not put "unreasonable obstacles in the way" of a plaintiff who seeks its courts to obtain what the Federal Act gives him. Davis v. Wechsler, 263 U. S. 22, 263 U. S. 25.
rights. Neither system of courts can impair these respective rights, but both may have their own requirements for stating claims (pleading) and conducting litigation (practice).
was chargeable with neglect for the presence of the offending clinker in a yard operated by itself, as well as another carrier. I would not so read the complaint. But this does not preclude the Georgia court from taking a more constrained view. By so doing, it has not contracted rights under the Federal Act, nor hobbled the plaintiff in getting a judgment to which he may be entitled.
It is not credible that the Georgia court would be found wanting had it stated that, under Georgia rules, as a matter of pleading, it was necessary to state in so many words that the presence of the particular clinker was due to the defendant's negligence, and to set forth the detailed circumstances that made the defendant responsible, although the range of inference open to a jury was not thereby affected. This is what that court's decision says, in effect, in applying the stiff Georgia doctrine of construing a complaint most strongly against the pleader. It is not a denial of a Federal right for Georgia to reflect something of the pernicketiness with which seventeenth century common law read a pleading. Had the Georgia court given leave to amend in order to satisfy elegancies of pleading, the case would, of course, not be here. With full knowledge of the niceties of pleading required by Georgia, the plaintiff had that opportunity. Georgia Code § 81-1301 (1933). [Footnote 2/2] He chose to stand on his complaint against a general demurrer. If Georgia thereafter authorizes dismissal of the complaint, the State does not thereby collide with Federal law.
Indeed, the history of Georgia legislation and adjudication indicates that, long before there was a Federal Employers' Liability Act, that State was humane, and not harsh, in allowing recovery to railroad employees for injuries caused by the negligence of the carrier. Ga.Laws 1855-56, p. 155; Augusta & S. R. Co. v. McElmurry, 24 Ga. 75; Bodd, Administration of Workmen's Compensation 13-14 (1936).
See also Wells v. John G. Butler's Builders' Supply Co., 128 Ga. 37, 40, 57 S.E. 55, 57; Cahoon v. Wills, 179 Ga.195, 175 S.E. 563; Note, 106 A.L.R. 570, 574 (1937); Davis and Shulman, Georgia Practice and Procedure § 96 (1948).

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