Source: http://everything.explained.today/Copyright_infringement/
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 20:33:35+00:00

Document:
The term "freebooting" has been used to describe the unauthorized copying of online media, particularly videos, onto websites such as Facebook, YouTube or Twitter. The word itself had already been in use since the 16th century, referring to pirates, and meant "looting" or "plundering". This form of the word – a portmanteau of "freeloading" and "bootlegging" – was suggested by YouTuber and podcaster Brady Haran in the podcast Hello Internet. Haran advocated the term in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than "copyright infringement", yet more appropriate than "theft".  The phrase was also the title of the episode the phrase was coined on.
Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$50 million.  Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance.
See main article: History of copyright law, Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Protect IP Act, Stop Online Piracy Act and Software copyright.
See main article: Criminal Copyright Law in the United States.
The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit." Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain." . To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.
In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally.  The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.
In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test)  to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.
The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011.  In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).
See main article: Anti-copyright and Free culture movement.
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Web site: MPAA Banned From Using Piracy and Theft Terms in Hotfile Trial. November 30, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203072723/http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20131130/15263725410/surprise-mpaa-told-it-cant-use-terms-piracy-theft-stealing-during-hotfile-trial.shtml. 3 December 2013. no.
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Dowling v. United States (1985), 473 U.S. 207, pp. 217–218.
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Web site: 17 U.S. Code § 106.
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Web site: U.S. Copyright Office – Copyright Law: Chapter 5. Copyright.gov. 2012-01-27.
Act of Jan. 6, 1897, ch. 4, 29 Stat. 481-82.
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Web site: United States of America v. David LaMacchia, Memorandum of Decision and Order on Defendant's Motion to Dismiss. 28 December 1994.
News: Your Interview: Michael Geist. 2008-04-07. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20080412063751/http://www.cbc.ca/news/yourinterview/2008/04/michael_geist.html. 2008-04-12. Downloading music for personal, non-commercial purposes is arguably legal in Canada due to the private copying levy which places a levy on blank media such as blank CDs. The private copying levy does not extend to video as it only covers sound recordings. Making a personal copy of a music CDs is also covered by the private copying levy..
News: Dozwolony użytek prywatny. January 2014. Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska.
Web site: Van Der Sar. Ernesto. Dutch Parliament: Downloading Movies and Music Will Stay Legal. TorrentFreak. 16 August 2012.
Web site: The amount of the levy payable for making private copies of a protected work may not take unlawful reproductions into account. April 10, 2014. Court of Justice of the European Union.
News: 2003-12-12. Canada deems P2P downloading legal. 2012-12-27. CNET News.
Web site: U.S. Copyright Office - Copyright Law: Chapter 12. copyright.gov.
News: Abbey House Media v. Apple Inc. 2014-12-10. Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2016-11-30.
News: It's Perfectly Legal to Tell People How to Remove DRM. EFF. Parker Higgins -. Gizmodo. en-US. 2016-11-30.
Web site: Telling people how to remove DRM isn't illegal. Engadget. 2016-11-30.
Web site: Edwards. Lilian. Waelde. Charlotte. Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement. Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). 2005. 2. PDF. September 2010.
Web site: Edwards. Lilian. Waelde. Charlotte. Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement. Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). 2005. 5–6. PDF. September 2010.
Web site: Edwards. Lilian. Waelde. Charlotte. Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement. Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). 2005. 4. PDF. September 2010.
Web site: Edwards. Lilian. Waelde. Charlotte. Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement. Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). 2005. 5. PDF. September 2010.
Book: Horten, Monica. The Copyright Enforcement Enigma – Internet Politics and the Telecoms Package. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. 104–106. 9780230321717.
Web site: Edwards. Lilian. Waelde. Charlotte. Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement. Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). 2005. 10. PDF. September 2010.
Web site: Edwards. Lilian. Waelde. Charlotte. Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement. Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). 2005. 7. PDF. September 2010.
Web site: Edwards. Lilian. Waelde. Charlotte. Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement. Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). 2005. 9. PDF. September 2010.
Berne Convention Article 10, article 10bis.
Eldred v. Ashcroft. 537. U.S.. 186. 219, 221. U.S.. 2003. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&amp;court=US&amp;vol=537&amp;page=186. in which the court describes fair use as a "free speech safeguard" and a "First Amendment accommodation"
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Web site: Case C‑360/13. Court of Justice of the European Union. Court of Justice of the European Union. 21 December 2014.
Web site: CJEU Judgment: No Copyright Infringement in Mere Web Viewing. www.scl.org. SCL - The IT Law Community (UK). 21 December 2014.
Web site: Berne Convention, article 2, section 2.
Web site: Copyright in Open Source Software – Understanding the Boundaries. Ifosslr.org. 2012-09-20.
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Ram D. Gopal and G. Lawrence Sanders. "International Software Piracy: Analysis of Key Issues and Impacts." Information Systems Research 9, no. 4 (December 1998): 380–397.
see Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act.
Web site: Creative Commons - About The Licenses. creativecommons.org.
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Book: Besides the Screen: Moving Images through Distribution, Promotion and Curation. Virginia Crisp, Gabriel Menotti Gonring. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. 9781137471031.
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Web site: Contract notice: Estimating displacement rates of copyrighted content in the EU.
Web site: Estimating displacement rates of copyrighted content in the EU.
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Web site: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Observations on Efforts to Quantify the Economic Effects of Counterfeit and Pirated Goods. Report to Congressional Committees. United States Government Accountability Office. 21 April 2014. United States Government Accountability Office. PDF. April 2010.
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Web site: Shadow Market – In Brief. 2011 BSA Global Software Piracy Study. Business Software Alliance (BSA). 21 April 2014. PDF. 2011.
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Web site: If It's May It's Time For The Press To Parrot Bogus Stats Announcement From The BSA. Techdirt. 2010-05-12. 2012-01-27.
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Aram Sinnreich, "Digital Music Subscriptions: Post-Napster Product Formats," Jupiter Research (2000).
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Copyright infringement".

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