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General scheme of protein and amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle.
Intermediary metabolism of amino acids in skeletal muscle. Reaction steps referred to are as follows: 1, alanine aminotransferase; 2, leucine decarboxylation and catabolism to acetoacetate; 3, branched chain aminotransferase; 4, glutamine transaminase; 5, ω‐amidase; 6, glutaminase; 7, glutamine synthetase; 8, glutamate dehydrogenase; 9, valine and isoleucine catabolism to succinate via BCKA dehydrogenase; 10, aminotransferase; 11, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; 12, AMP deaminase.
Amino acid catabolism illustrated by CO2 production from branched chain amino acids, ammonia production, and blood urea concentration. Notice that ammonia production and CO2 production at high levels of exercise show a different pattern, suggesting that the processes are not necessarily linked at high exercise intensity. Notice also that urea production is only marked after long periods of exercise, presumably when glycogen stores are low.
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