Source: https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-state-spay-and-neuter-laws
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 18:21:28+00:00

Document:
A majority of states have enacted laws requiring releasing agencies to sterilize cats and dogs they adopt out in an effort to reduce the number of unwanted animals. Exceptions to the mandatory sterilization laws are often made for owners and for medically unfit animals. Violations are punishable both civilly and criminally.
Whether through criminal sanctions or financial incentives, a majority of states have implemented mandatory spay and neuter laws to address the issue of the overpopulation of homeless animals. The goal is to decrease the number of unwanted animals that suffer and die on the streets, decrease the risk to public health and safety, and reduce the cost to local governments for impounding and destroying animals. Exceptions to the mandatory sterilization laws are often made for owners who are reclaiming their animals and for animals that are medically unfit. Violations are punishable both civilly and criminally, with fines being the most common deterrent to non-compliance with the sterilization requirement.
1 NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (1) (“The legislature finds that the uncontrolled breeding of dogs and cats in the state results in an overabundance of puppies and kittens. More puppies and kittens are produced than responsible homes for them can be provided”); NC ST § § 19A -60 (“The General Assembly finds that the uncontrolled breeding of cats and dogs in the State has led to unacceptable numbers of unwanted dogs, puppies and cats and kittens”); West's F. S. A. 823.15 (1) (“The Legislature has determined that uncontrolled breeding of dogs and cats in the state results in the production of many more puppies and kittens than are needed to replace pet animals which have died or become lost or to provide pet animals for new owners”).
Some state legislatures specify the unwanted breeding dogs and cats acquired from public or private animal shelters, animal control agencies operated by political subdivisions of the state, humane societies, or public or private animal refuges. Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14-1 (“The General Assembly finds that the breeding of dogs and cats acquired from public or private animal shelters, animal control agencies operated by political subdivisions of this state, humane societies, or public or private animal refuges in the State of Georgia results in the birth of thousands of animals who become strays...”). Others target the animals acquired from such facilities for sterilization. West's F. S. A. 823.15 (2) (“ ... [P]rovision shall be made for the sterilization of all dogs and cats sold or released for adoption from any public or private animal shelter or animal control agency operated by a humane society or by a county, city, or other incorporated political subdivision...”).
2 NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (1). A Delaware study found that only 25-33% of the animals received at its primary animal facilities were adopted. 3 Del.C. § 8215 (1)(b), (2)(b), (3)(b), (4)(b).
3 West's F. S. A. 823.15 (1) (“This [uncontrolled breeding] leads to many dogs, cats, puppies, and kittens being unwanted, becoming strays and suffering privation and death, being impounded and destroyed at great expense to the community, and constituting a public nuisance and public health hazard.” ); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14-1 (“The General Assembly finds that the breeding of dogs and cats acquired from public or private animal shelters, animal control agencies operated by political subdivisions of this state, humane societies, or public or private animal refuges in the State of Georgia results in the birth of thousands of animals who become strays, suffer privation and death, constitute a public nuisance and health hazard, and, ultimately, are impounded and destroyed at great public expense”). See also NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (1); N.C.G.S.A. § 19A-60 ; VT ST T. 20 § 3814 (3).
4 NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (1) (“The legislature finds that the uncontrolled breeding of dogs and cats in the state results in an overabundance of puppies and kittens... This leads to many of such animals becoming stray ... and constituting a public nuisance and health hazard”); N.C.G.S.A. § 19A-60 (“These unwanted animals become strays and constitute a public nuisance and a public health hazard”). See also West's F. S. A. 823.15 (1); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14-1 .
5 Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14-1 (“The General Assembly finds that the breeding of dogs and cats acquired from public or private animal shelters, animal control agencies operated by political subdivisions of this state, humane societies, or public or private animal refuges in the State of Georgia results in the birth of thousands of animals who ... are impounded and destroyed at great public expense” ); NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (1) (“This leads to many of such animals ... being impounded and destroyed at great expense to the community...”); N.C.G.S.A. § 19A-60 (“The animals themselves ... are impounded, and most are destroyed at great expense to local governments”); VT ST T. 20 § 3814 (3) (“The general assembly finds: [m]any of these animals are ultimately euthanized ...”).
56-65% of the animals received at Delaware’s primary animal facilities were euthanized. 3 Del.C. § 8215 (1)(c), (2)(c), (3)(c), (4)(c).
6 3 Del.C. § 8215 (5).
7 3 Del.C. § 8215 (6)(b); NJ ST 4:19A-1 ; 510 ILCS 92/5 (1), 92/20.
8 510 ILCS 92/5 (1); 3 Del.C. § 8215 (6)(c).
9 3 Del.C. § 8215 (6)(d).
10 510 ILCS 92/5 (1); 3 Del.C. § 8215 (6)(e).
11 3 Del.C. § 8215 (6)(a).
12 3 Del.C. § 8215 (6)(f).
13 Targeted low-cost spay or neuter programs for dogs and cats have proven to save taxpayers money. 510 ILCS 92/5 (3) (“Controlling the dog and cat population will save taxpayer dollars by reducing the number of dogs and cats handled by county and municipal animal control agencies. Targeted low-cost spay or neuter programs for dogs and cats in select Illinois counties and other states have proven to save taxpayers money”).
14 NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (1); West's F. S. A. 823.15 (1).
15 N.C.G.S.A. § 19A-61 ; NJ ST 4:19A-1 ; 510 ILCS 92/20 . “Sterilization” is the spaying or neutering of a dog or cat. PA ST 3 P.S § 459-901-A ; OK ST T. 4 § 499.1 (5). Sterilization often entails the surgical removal of the reproductive organs. Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-1 (4); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14 -2(5); MO ST 273.400 (4); TX HEALTH & S § 828.001 (3); UT ST § 10-17-101 (7). The sterilization programs are targeted especially at those animals acquired from shelters and animal control agencies. Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14-1.
16 N.C.G.S.A. § 19A-61 (1).
17 In New Hampshire, the yearly license fee increases from $4.50 for sterilized dogs to $7 for unsterilized dogs 7 months old or older. NH ST § 466:4 (I)(a)(1), (2).
18 For example, North Carolina reimburses counties and cities for the direct costs of spay/neuter surgeries for cats and dogs made available to low-income people. N.C.G.S.A. § 19A-60 , 61(2). See also 3 Del.C. § 8216 ; VT ST T. 20 § 3814 (4); NJ ST 4:19A-1.
19 3 Del.C. § 8221 (e); Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-18 (c); UT ST § 10-17-106 (4).
20 OK ST T. 4 § 499.1 (3); TX HEALTH & S § 828.001 (2).
21 Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (a); MO ST 273.403 .1; U.C.A. 1953 § 10-17-103 (1).
22 WV ST § 19-20B-2 (a)(3)(B); 3 Del.C. § 8220 (a)(1). A sexually immature (under six months old) dog or cat may be sterilized at the discretion of a licensed veterinarian with the consent of the new owner. WV ST § 19-20B-2 (c); T. C. A § 44-17-502 (b). Applies to dogs, cat, and ferrets. M.C.L. 287.338a (1).
23 U.C.A. 1953 § 10-17-103 (2)(a)(i); WV ST § 19-20B-2 (a)(3)(B); MA § 139A ; Applies to dogs, cat, and ferrets. M.C.L. 287.338a (1). See also NMSA 1978 § 77-1-20 (C).
24 CA FOOD & AG § 30503 (a)(1)(G); MA § 139A ; Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (a); T. C. A § 44-17-502 (a)(1), (2); OK ST T. 4 § 499 .2; ND ST 40-05-19 ; MT ST 7-23-4202 (1)(a); IA ST § 162.20 (1)(a), (3)(b), (c); WV ST § 19-20B-2 (a)(1), (2); KS ST § 47-1731 (a)(1); LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(1); SC ST § 47-3-480 (A)(1); CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (1)(a); West's F. S. A. 823.15 (2)(a); Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (a)(1); PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-902-A ; MO ST 273.403 .1(1); MA § 139A .
25 IA ST § 162.20 (1); Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-1 (4); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14 -2(5); MO ST 273.400 (4); TX HEALTH & S § 828.001 (3); UT ST § 10-17-101 (7).
26 IA ST § 162.20 (1); MO ST 273.400 (4). Alternate methods may need to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration or the United States Department of Agriculture. TX HEALTH & S § 828.001 (3), 828.0045.
27 In Maine, the animal may be released if an appointment has been made with a licensed veterinarian to sterilize the animal within 30 days of accepting ownership. ME ST T.7 § 3939-A (1).
28 NMSA 1978 § 77-1-20 (F).
29 West's Ann.Cal.Food & Agric.Code § 30503 (b)(5); MO ST 273.405 .2; MT ST 7-23-4202 (2); IA ST § 162.20 (3)(c). Louisiana requires the certificate to be from a Louisiana licensed veterinarian. LA R.S. § 2474 . Pennsylvania provides an example of a Written Statement of Licensed Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-904-A . In Utah, the “proof of sterilization” must specify the animal that has been sterilized, the date on which the sterilization was performed, and the location where the sterilization was performed. UT ST § 10-17-101 (4)(a)-(c). Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama require that this proof be provided within seven days of sterilization. GA ST § 4-14-3 (c); SC ST § 47-3-480 (D); Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (d). The timeframe may be longer. For example, proof that a dog was sterilized must be provided within 14 business days of that certification in California. CA FOOD & AG § 30503 (b)(4).
30 NMSA 1978 § 77-1-20 (A); TX HEALTH & S § 828.002 ; ME ST T.7 § 3939-A (1); OK ST T. 4 § 499 .2, § 499 .4; ND ST 40-05-19 ; I. C. A. § 162.20 (1)(b); WV ST § 19-20B-2 (a)(3)(B); PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-902-A , § 459-904-A ; T. C. A. § 44-17-502 (a)(3); MT ST 7-23-4202 (1)(b); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 3(a)(2); Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (a)(2); IA ST § 162.20 (1)(b); T. C. A § 44-17-502 (a)(3)(A); SC ST § 47-3-480 (A)(2); MO ST 273.403 .1(2); CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (b)(1); Louisiana-licensed vet only. LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2); The adopting person must agree to have an alteration performed on the dog, cat, or ferret in Michigan. M.C.L. 287.338a (1).
31 U.C.A. 1953 § 10-17-103 (2)(a); I. C. A. § 162.20 (1)(b); WV ST § 19-20B-2 (a)(3)(B); OK ST T. 4 § 499 .4.; PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-902-A , § 459-904-A ; T. C. A. § 44-17-502 (a)(3); MT ST 7-23-4202 (1)(b); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 3(a)(2); Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (a)(2); IA ST § 162.20 (1)(a); T. C. A § 44-17-502 (a)(3)(A); SC ST § 47-3-480 (A)(2); MO ST 273.403 .1(2); CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (b)(1); TX HEALTH & S § 828.001 (4). In Louisiana, the vet must be licensed in Louisiana. LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2).
32 NMSA 1978 § 77-1-20 (D), (F); West's F. S. A. 823.15 (2)(b); LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2)(d)(i); V. A. M. S. 273.403. 1 (2)(e)(a), (b); TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (b)(1); WV ST § 19-20B-2 (a)(3)(A); NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (2)(b), (c); U.C.A. 1953 § 10-17-103 (2)(a)(i); T. C. A. § 44-17-502 (a)(3)(A); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 3(a)(2); Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (a)(2); T. C. A § 44-17-502 (a)(3)(A); SC ST § 47-3-480 (A)(2); Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (a).
33 CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (b)(1).
34 NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (2)(b), (c); LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2)(d)(ii); V. A. M. S. 273.403. 1 (2), (2)(e)(b); WV ST § 19-20B-2 (a)(3)(B); U.C.A. 1953 § 10-17-103 (2)(a)(ii); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 3(a)(2); Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (a)(2); T. C. A § 44-17-502 (a)(3)(B); SC ST § 47-3-480 (A)(2); Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (a). Texas distinguishes between females and males, stating “the 30th day after a specified date estimated to be the date an adopted infant female animal becomes six months old or an adopted infant male animal becomes eight months old” TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (b)(2).
35 Oklahoma and Pennsylvania mandate that the sterilization agreement must be in substantially the same form as provided in the statute. OK ST T. 4 § 499 .4, PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-904-A .
36 LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2)(a); V. A. M. S. 273.403. 1 (2)(a); TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (a)(1); OK ST T. 4 § 499 .4; PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-904-A ; MO ST 273.403 . 1(2)(a); Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-16 (2).
37 TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (a)(4); PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-904-A ; Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (2); MO ST 273.403 .1(2); LA R.S. § 2472 (B).
38 LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2)(c); V. A. M. S. 273.403. 1 (2)(c); TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (a)(3); OK ST T. 4 § 499 .4; PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-904-A ; Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (2); MO ST 273.403 .1(2)(c).
39 Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-16 (2); PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-904-A . See also U.C.A. 1953 § 10-17-103 (2)(b), MT ST 7-23-4202 (1)(b).
40 MO ST 273.403 .1(2)(b); IA ST § 162.20 (3)(a); Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (2); LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2)(b); TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (a)(2); I. C. A. § 162.20 (3)(a); V. A. M. S. 273.403. 1 (2); PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-904-A ; OK ST T. 4 § 499 .4.
41 MO ST 273.403 .1(2)(b); LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2)(b); I. C. A. § 162.20 (3)(a); Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-16 (2); TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (a)(2); PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-904-A . The signature of the representative of the pound or animal shelter may also be acceptable. IA ST § 162.20 (3)(a); OK ST T. 4 § 499 .4.
42 LA R.S. § 2472 (A)(2)(e); TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (a)(5); MO ST 273.403 .1(2)(d).
43 TX HEALTH & S § 828.003 (a)(5).
44 NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (2)(c) (“The written agreement shall require that the animal shelter, pound, dog control officer, humane society, dog or cat protective association or society for the prevention of cruelty to animals from which the dog or cat is adopted bear the cost of the spay or neuter procedure”).
45 Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (c); NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (2)(c); Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (a); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 3(b); IA ST § 162.20 (2); 3 Del.C. § 8221 (c)(3). For example, the owner pays a fifty dollar recovery fee. AZ ST § 11-1022 (F)(5). See also MT ST 7-23-4202 (2) (“Upon receipt of the completed certificate verifying that the animal has been spayed or neutered, the humane society or publicly operated animal shelter or pound shall forward the deposit to the veterinarian who performed the procedure”).
46 UT ST § 10-17-101 (6); PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-902-A ; OK ST T. 4 § 499 .2; ND ST 40-05-19 . See also U.C.A. 1953 § 10-17-103 (2)(b), NMSA 1978 § 77-1-20 (A); CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (b)(1).
47 AZ ST § 11-1022 (C).
48 CA FOOD & AG § 30503 (b)(2).
49 ME ST T.7 § 3939-A (1).
50 AZ ST § 11-1022 (C); MT ST 7-23-4202 (1)(b).
51 KS ST § 47-1731 (a)(2).
52 West's F. S. A. 823.15 (2)(b).
53 OK ST T. 4 § 499 .2.
54 NMSA 1978 § 77-1-20 (B).
55 NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (2)(b); Pennsylvania sets a different fee for dogs and cats: $30 for a dog and $20 for a cat. PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-902-A .
56 CA FOOD & AG § 30503 (b)(1).
57 ME ST T.7 § 3939-A (1). Sterilization must occur within 5 months of the date of adoption in Delaware. 3 Del.C. § 8220 .
58 AZ ST § 11-1022 (C); CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (b)(II); West's F. S. A. 823.15 (2)(b); KS ST § 47-1731 (a)(2); NMSA 1978 § 77-1-20 (E), (F); MA § 139A ; CA FOOD & AG § 30503 (b)(3).
59 West's Ann.Cal.Food & Agric.Code § 30503 (b)(6).
60 Sterilization must occur within sixty days. MA ST 140 § 139A .
61 Owners have six months to reclaim the deposit in Kansas. KS ST § 47-1731 (a)(2).
62 AZ ST § 11-1022 (D)(1).
63 West's Ann.Cal.Food & Agric.Code § 30503 (d).
64 AZ ST § 11-1022 (D)(3).
65 AZ ST § 11-1022 (D)(2).
66 MI ST 287.339 (1).
67 LA R.S. § 2475 (D).
68 MO ST 273.405 (5).
69 LA R.S. § 2475 (A); Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (b)(1); TX HEALTH & S § 828.013 (1); CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (3)(a); MO ST 273.405 (3); Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-2 (b); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 3(2); OK ST T. 4 § 499 .9.
70 MI ST 287.339 (3).
71 KS ST § 47-1731 (d).
72 W. Va. Code, § 19-20B-6 .
73 T. C. A § 44-17-505 .
74 AZ ST § 11-1022(A) .
75 LA R.S. § 2475 (D).
76 AZ ST § 11-1022 (F)(5).
77 NMSA 1978 § 77-1-20 (F).
78 Ferrets are included in the exemption. M.C.L. 287.338a (4)(1)(b).
79 Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (b)(iii). Sexually immature usually means under the age of 6 months. See 3 Del.C. § 8220 (b)(2)(a).
80 NY AGRI & MKTS § 377-a (5); 3 Del.C. § 8220 (b)(1); C.G.S.A. § 22-380e (7).
81 PA ST 3 P.S. § 459-906-A ; Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (b)(ii); MT ST 7-23-4202 (6); SC ST § 47-3-480 (A)(2). A telephone report is also acceptable in Louisiana. LA R.S. § 2472 (B).
82 AR ST 20-19-103 (2)(A).
83 CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (2); Gen. Laws, 1956, §4-19-16 (b)(iii); AZ ST § 11-1022 (A)(3), (F)(4); TX HEALTH & S § 828.004 (c); LA R.S. § 2472 (B); MO ST 273.403 .1(2); West's F. S. A. 823.15 (2)(b); IA ST § 162.20 (3)(b).
84 CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (2); AR ST 20-19-103 (a).
85 TX HEALTH & S § 828.004 (c); LA R.S. § 2472 (B); MO ST 273.403 .1(2).
86 TX HEALTH & S § 828.004 (c); LA R.S. § 2472 (B); MO ST 273.403 .1(2).
87 AR ST 20-19-103 (b)(1).
88 ME ST T.7 § 3939-A (2).
89 AZ ST § 11-1022 (B).
90 MA § 139A .
91 ME ST T.7 § 3939-A (2). The deposit is at least $40 in California. CA FOOD & AG § 30503 (b)(1). Delaware has a deposit of $75. 3 Del.C. § 8220 (b)(2)(a).
92 LA R.S. § 2475 (C).
93 TX HEALTH & S § 828.013 (3).
94 TX HEALTH & S § 828.013 (4)(A).
95 West's Ann.Cal.Food & Agric.Code § 30503 (e).
96 AR ST 20-19-103 (c)(1); Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 3(a)(1).
97 AZ ST § 11-1022 (A)(2), (F)(3).
98 OK ST T. 4 § 499.10 .
99 OK ST T. 4 § 499.10 .
100 OK ST T. 4 § 499.10 .
101 SC ST § 47-3-490 .
102 WV ST § 19-20B-5 ; Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-3 ; Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 4; AR ST 20-19-103 (d); LA R.S. § 2777 . A new owner that violates this chapter commits a Class C misdemeanor. TX HEALTH & S § 828.010 (a),(b).
103 LA R.S. § 2777 .
104 LA R.S. § 2777 .
105 3 Del.C. § 8221 (c)(4).
106 LA R.S. § 2777 .
107 AR ST 20-19-103 (d). $50 - $200. Ala. Code 1975 § 3-9-3 ; ME ST T.7 § 3939-B (1); fine not to exceed $200.00. Ga. Code Ann., § 4-14- 4; $100 - $500. AR ST 20-19-103 (d); $150 to $250. WV ST § 19-20B-5 .
108 Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-18 (a).
109 Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-18 (a).
110 UT ST § 10-17-106 (1)(a); 3 Del.C. § 8221 (c)(4).
111 UT ST § 10-17-106 (1)(a).
112 NJ ST 4:19A-7 (d).
113 NJ ST 4:19A-7 (d).
114 SC ST § 47-3-490 ; 3 Del.C. § 8221 (c)(5); UT ST § 10-17-105 (1), (2); Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-18 (a); IA ST § 162.20 (3)(d); CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (b)(III)(B); AR ST 20-19-103 (b)(2)(B).
115 ME ST T.7 § 3939-B (1); UT ST § 10-17-105 (3); 3 Del.C. § 8221 (c)(3); West's F. S. A. 823.15 (2)(b); Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-18 (a). In Colorado, the animal shelter must forward the amount of the forfeited deposit to the pet overpopulation fund or a local dedicated spay and neuter fund. CO ST § 35-80-106.4 (b)(III)(A).
116 UT ST § 10-17-105 (2); Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-18 (a).
117 West's F. S. A. 823.15 (2)(b). Any person who contests a civil penalty imposed against him is entitled to an administrative hearing that provides for the person's rights of due process. UT ST § 10-17-106 (3).
118 ME ST T.7 § 3939-B (2).
119 3 Del.C. § 8221 (d)(1).
120 Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-18 (b).
121 Gen. Laws, 1956, § 4-19-18 (b).

References: § 377
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 § 2472
 § 162
 § 35
 § 828
 § 2472
 § 828
 § 2472
 § 3939
 § 11
 § 139
 § 3939
 § 30503
 § 8220
 § 2475
 § 828
 § 828
 § 30503
 § 4
 § 11
 § 499
 § 499
 § 499
 § 47
 § 19
 § 3
 § 4
 § 2777
 § 828
 § 2777
 § 2777
 § 8221
 § 2777
 § 3
 § 3939
 § 4
 § 19
 § 4
 § 4
 § 10
 § 8221
 § 10
 § 47
 § 8221
 § 10
 § 4
 § 162
 § 35
 § 3939
 § 10
 § 8221
 § 4
 § 35
 § 10
 § 4
 § 10
 § 3939
 § 8221
 § 4
 § 4