Source: http://ukjpb.com/article_details.php?id=427
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 06:46:53+00:00

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Chemical Constituents From the Aerial Roots of Ficus benghalensis L., Leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and Roots of Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. et Hook. f.
Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) is anative to tropical Asia. Its aerial roots are styptic and taken to alleviate biliousness, dysentery, liver inflammation, jaundice, spermatorrhoea, syphilis and obstinate vomiting. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae) is distributed in the eastern Asia including India, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand and Indonesia. Its leaves are used to treat acidity, asthma, bronchitis, cough, dyspepsia, fevers, hypertension, malaria, menstrual cramps, piles, rheumatism, sciatica, snake bites, strangury and to expel intestinal worms. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. et Hook. f. (Asteraceae) is a native to southeastern North America and one of the most common weeds in northern India after the rainy season. Its roots are used to cure bladder inflammation and also as a blood purifier. The air-dried plant parts were exhaustively extracted with methanol individually in a Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated methanol extracts were adsorbed on silica gel for column and chromatographed over silica gel column separately. The columns were eluted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol successively to isolate the phytoconstituents. Phytochemical investigation of the aerial roots of F. benghalensis afforded n-tritriacontan-10-one (1), 30-lauryloxy- urs-12-en-3β-olyl butyrate (30-lauryloxy-α-amyrin 3-butyrate, 2) and urs-12-en-23,6α-olide 3β-olyl palmitate (3-palmityl α-amyrin-23,6α-olide, 3). The leaves of N. arbor-tristis furnished two vanillyl glycosidic disters characterized as oleiyl-O-α-D-xylopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-α-D-xylopyranosyl-2b-vanillyl-4b-caproate (oleiyl-O-α-D-dixylosyl vanillyl caproate, 4) and oleiyl-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl--(2b→1c)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl--(2c→1d)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl-2d-vanillyl-4d-caproate (oleiyl-O- α-D-tetra-arabinosyl vanillyl caproate, 5). The roots of V. encelioides produced tetracosan-1-oyl 1-tetradecanoate (lignoceryl myristate, 6), β-amyrin palmitate (7), urs-12-en-3β-olyl oleate (β-amyrin oleate, 8) and β-amyrin stearate (9). The structures of these phytoconstituents have been established on the basis of spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
Ficus benghalensis L., syn.F. banyana Oken, F. indica L., F. proceraSalisb., Urostigma benghalense (L.) Gasp. (Moraceae), known as bargad, bar and Indian banyan, is anative to tropical Asia from India through Myanmar, Thailand, southern China and Malaysia. It is a large, fast growing, evergreen to deciduous tree up to 30 m tall, with spreading branches and many aerial roots; leaves stalked, ovate-cordate, 3-nerved, entire; petiole with a broad smooth greasy gland at the apex, compressed, downy; female flowers sessile, small; gall flowers numerous, pedicellate; fruits in axillary pairs, of a cherry size, pinkish-red, round and downy1. The leaves are used as an aphrodisiac, astringent, diaphoretic and to treat abdominal pain, abscesses, biliousness, cuts, dysentery, diarrhoea, fever, inflammation, ulcer, vaginal complaints and vomiting. The plant latex is aphrodisiac, maturant, tonic and vulernary; useful to relieve bruises, dysentery in children, fever, gonorrhea, inflammations, lumbago, mumps, nose-diseases, piles, rheumatism, ringworm, cracked soles, spermatorrhoea, toothache and wounds. The fruits are regarded as an aphrodisiac, refrigerant and tonic. The aerial roots are styptic and taken to alleviate biliousness, dysentery, inflammation of liver, jaundice, spermatorrhoea, syphilis and obstinate vomiting. The bark is antidiabetic, astringent, diuretic and tonic; effective to cure leucorrhoea. The fruit is ingested as a refrigerant and tonic. The stem bark with the fruits of Embelia ribes is given to prevent pregnancy. An infusion of the twigs is drunk as a remedy for haemoptysis2-4. A stem decoction is drunk to cure dysentery5.
The leaves of F. benghalensis contained quercetin-3-galactoside, rutin, catechin , genistein, friedelin, taraxoseterol, lupeol, β-amyrin, psoralen, bergapten, proteins and β-sitosterol 3,4,6. The bark yielded 5,7-dimethyl ether of anthocyanidins, perlagonidin, long chain aliphatic ketones, β-sitosterol- α-D-glucose, phytosterols, meso-inositol, linolyl and oleiyl glucosides, keto-n-cosanyl stearate, hydroxypentacosanyl palmitate and phenyl tetradecanyl oleiate7-9. Taraxasterol tiglate was isolated from the heart wood 3,4. The seeds afforded lectins10. The seed oil was consisted of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, vernolic, stearic, malvalic, sterculic, lauric and myristic acids11. The aerial roots possessed flavonoids, bengalensinone, benganoic acid, lupanyl acetate, 3-acetoxy-9(11),12-ursandiene, stigmasterol, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxymellein and p-coumeric acid12,13. The leaf essential oil was composed mainly of α-cadinol, germacrene-D-4-ol, γ-cadinene and α-muurolene14.
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., syn. N. dentata Blume, N. tristis Salisb., Bruschia macrocarpa Bertol., Scabrita triflora L. (Oleaceae), known as parijat, har singar, night-flowering jasmine and queen of the night, is distributed in the eastern Asia including India, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand and Indonesia. It is a shrub or a small tree up to 10 m tall, with flaky grey bark; leaves are opposite, simple, with an entire margin; flowers fragrant, corolla white with an orange-red centre, in clusters of two to seven; fruits brown, cordate capsule with two sections each containing a single seed15. The leaves are bitter tonic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, hypotensive, laxative and respiratory stimulant; used to treat congestion caused by asthma, dry cough, bronchitis, acidity, dyspepsia, fevers, hypertension, malaria, menstrual cramps, piles, rheumatism, sciatica, snake bites and strangury. A leaf extract is given to children to expel roundworms and threadworms15,16. The flowers are emmenagogue and consumed to provoke menstruation. The flower essential oil is effective to relieve dandruff, irritation, swellings associated with arthritis, stress, muscle tension, rheumatism, sore muscles, headaches, injuries, lice infection, menstrual pains, pimples, rashes, sciatica, vertigo and wounds2,15 .
The leaves of N. arbor-tristis contained β-sitosterol, hentriacontane, astragalin, nicotiflorin, nyctanthine, nyctanthic acid, ß-amyrin, friedelin, lupeol, oleanolic, tannic, ascorbic and fatty acids, methyl salicylate, resin, volatile oil, carotene, D-mannitol, glucose, fructose, iridoids, benzoic acid and arborsides A – D15, 17-19. The leaf epicuticular wax was consisted of higher aliphatic hydrocarbons20. The flowers yieded nyctanthin, D-mannitol, tannins, glucose, carotenoids, α-crocetin glycosides, rengyolone, 6-O -trans-cinnamoyl-7 O-acetyl-6-β-hydroxyloganin and iridoid glucosides21. The flower oil was composed of α-pinene, p-cymene, 1-hexanol, methyl heptanone, phenyl acetaldehyde, 1-decenol, phytol, 2-methyl octadecane, nonadecane, methyl myristate, cis-9-tricosene, geranyl geraniol and anisaldehyde15,19, 22-24. The seeds possessed lipids, nyctanthic acid, 3,4-secotriterpene acid, a polysaccharide, β-sitosterol, arbortristosides A, B, D and E and 6-β- hydroxyloganin25. The stems furnished naringenin -4′-0-β-glucapyranosyl-α-xylopyranoside and β-sitosterol26.
Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. et Hook. f., syn. V. australis Baker, V. scabra Benth., Ximenesia encelioides Cav. (Asteraceae), known as golden crownbeard, gold weed, wild sunflower, cowpen daisy, butter daisy, American dogweed and South African daisy, is a native to southeastern North America and parts of Central and South America. It is naturalized in the Middle East, Spain, Argentina, India, Australia, the Pacific islands and other warm regions of the world27. It is one of the most common weeds in northern India, germinating after the rainy season and invading crop fields28. It is an annual herb, up to 150 cm high; with short-hairy stem, alternate, lanceolate to triangular-ovate leaves, bases broadly cuneate to truncate, dull green, 3-veined, with dentate margin, and strigose-canescent hairs; inflorescence has 1-many heads, ray flowers orange-yellow, disk flowers yellow to light brown; achenes grayish brown, obovate, flattened, with wide wing29,30. The plant is used to treat cancer, fevers, gastro-intestinal disturbance, itch, gum sores, piles, skin problems, snake and spider bites and warts. The roots are used for retention of water, bladder inflammation and also as a blood purifier. Leaf juice is taken as a laxative, a leaf paste is applied to cure rheumatism. It is a toxic plant for livestock31,32 .
V. encelioides plant contained ceryl alcohol, galegine, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, their 3-β-D-glucosides, β-sitosterol galactoside, hentriacontol, α- and β-amyrins, benzyl-2, 6-dimethoxy benzoate, bornyl ferulate, p-coumaric, linoleic and linolenic acids, phytol, taraxasterol acetate, pseudotaraxasterol, its acetate, pseudotaraxastenone, 16β-hydroxy-pseudotaraxasterol-3β-palmitate and quercetin-3-O-β-D - galactopyranoside33-36. The flowers yielded quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin-3-galactoside-7-glucoside and quercetin-3-xyloside-7-glucoside37,38. The flower essential oil was composed of pseudolimonene, γ-cadinene, 9-epicaryophyllene, γ-eudesmol, δ-3-carene, and viridiflorol; the leaf essential oil was consisted of γ-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene, germacrene–D, γ- cadinene , δ-elemene and borneol as the major constituents39. Keeping in view the high reputation and wide application of herbal drugs F. benghalensis, N. arbor-tristis and V. encelioides in many indigenous medicinal systems, it has been aimed to describe establishment of structures of the phytoconstituents isolated from these plants.
Melting points were determined on a Perfit melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. UV spectra were measured on Shimadzu-120 double beam spectrophotometer with methanol as a solvent. IR spectra were recorded in KBr pellet on a Shimadzu FTIR-8400 spectrophotometer. The 1H NMR (300 MHz) and 13C NMR (75 MHz) spectra were scanned on a Bruker DRX instruments using TMS as an internal standard and coupling constants (J values) are expressed in Hertz (Hz). Mass spectra were recorded by affecting electron impact ionization at 70 eV on a Jeol SX-102 mass spectrometer equipped with direct inlet prob system. The m/z values of the more intense peaks are mentioned and the figures in bracket attached to each m/z values indicated relative intensities with respect to the base peak. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (60-120 mesh; Qualigen, Mumbai, India). TLC was run on silica gel G 60 F254 precoated TLC plates (Merck, Mumbai, India). Spots were visualized by exposing to iodine vapors and UV radiations (254 and 366 nm) and spraying with ceric sulphate solution.
The aerial roots of Ficus benghalensis were procured from a tree located in Ghaziabad (U.P.), India. The leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis were purchased from a local market of Khari Baoli, Delhi. The roots of Verbesina encelioides were collected from the Inderprasth Park, Delhi. The plant materials were authenticated by Prof. M. P. Sharma, Taxonomist, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. The voucher specimens of these plant parts are preserved in the herbarium of the Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi.
Elution of the column with petroleum ether furnished colorless powder of 1, 208 mg, recrystallized from chloroform-methanol (1:1), m. p. 109 - 110 °C, UV λmax (MeOH): 213 nm; IR γmax (KBr): 2921, 2854, 1710, 1635, 1462, 1377, 1260, 1196, 1096, 804, 726 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 2.53 (2H, m, H2-9), 2.15 (2 H, m, H2-11), 1.72 (2 H, m, CH2), 1.63 (2 H, m, CH2), 1.33 (2 H, m, CH2), 1.27 (6 H, br s, 3 x CH2), 1.25 (44 H, br s, 22 x CH2), 0.87 (3 H, t, J = 6.1 Hz, Me-1), 0.83 (3 H, t, J = 6.3 Hz, Me-33); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 193.65 (C-10), 31.19 (CH2-11), 30.31 (CH2-8), 29.94 (25 x CH2), 28.62 (CH2), 26.32 (CH2), 22.67 (CH2), 19.16 (Me-1), 13.55 (Me-33); ESI MS m/z (rel. int.): 478 [M]+ (C33H66O) (26.3), 351 (2.3), 323 (29.6), 155 (5.7), 127 (4.6).
Elution of the column with chloroform gave colourless crystals of 2, recrystallized from acetone, 167 mg, m. p. 129 - 130 °C; UV lmax (MeOH): 215 nm (log ε 4.9); IR γmax (KBr): 2921, 2853, 1732, 1641, 1463, 1375, 1247, 1182, 1028, 757 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 5.34 (1H, d, J = 5.1 Hz, H-12), 4.15 (2H, d, J = 7.2 Hz, H2-30), 4.06 (1H, dd, J = 4.7, 7.5 Hz, H-3β), 2.33 (2H, t, J = 5.7 Hz, H2-2′), 2.29 (2H, t, J = 4.6 Hz, H2-2′′), 2.23 - 1.20 (43H, m, 5 CH, 19 x CH2), 1.07 (3H, brs, Me-23), 0.98 (3H, brs, Me-25), 0.95 (3H, brs, Me-27), 0.93 (3H, d, J = 6.2 Hz, Me-29), 0.90 (3H, brs, Me-24), 0.88 (3H, brs, Me-28), 0.86 (3H, brs, Me-26), 0.83 (3H, t, J = 6.1 Hz, Me-4′), 0.79 (3H, d, J = 6.2 Hz, Me-12′′); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 38.27 (C-1), 27.29 (C-2), 81.04 (C-3), 38.81 (C-4), 55.24 (C-5), 18.31 (C-6), 33.26 (C-7), 39.12 (C-8), 47.36 (C-9), 38.16 (C-10), 23.24 (C-11), 124.40 (C-12), 139.86 (C-13), 52.76 (C-14), 27.91 (C-15), 23.49 (C-16), 36.78 (C-17), 42.13 (C-18), 42.85 (C-19), 30.71 (C-20), 29.57 (C-21), 36.94 (C-22), 28.36 (C-23), 15.98 (C-24), 15.51 (C-25), 17.21 (C-26), 17.16 (C-27), 27.32 (C-28), 24.27 (C-29), 64.31 (C-30), 174.03 (C-1Ê¹), 55.92 (C-2Ê¹), 31.44 (C-3′), 14.26 (C-4Ê¹), 171.12 (C-1Ê¹Ê¹), 40.09 (C-2Ê¹Ê¹), 32.15 (C-3Ê¹Ê¹), 30.18 (C-4Ê¹Ê¹), 29.69 (C-5Ê¹Ê¹), 29.46 (C-6′′), 29.18 (C-7′′, C-8′′ ), 28.59 (C-9′′), 25.11 (C-10′′), 22.68 (C-11′′), 14.21 (C-12Ê¹Ê¹); ESI MSm/z(rel.int.): 694 [M]+ (C46H78O4) (25.6), 623 (5.3), 511 (9.2), 416 (12.8), 278 (11.3), 207 (21.7), 199 (23.4), 191 (8.1), 183 (34.8).
Further elution of the column with chloroform gave colourless crystals of 3, recrystallized from acetone, 216 mg, m. p. 191 - 193 °C; UV lmax (MeOH): 221 nm (log ε 5.1); IR γmax (KBr): 2925, 2855, 1736, 1640, 1459, 1372, 1245, 1162, 1029, 758 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 5.12 (1H, t, J = 3.6 Hz, H-12), 4.51 (1H, ddd, J = 4.6, 4.8, 5.7 Hz, H-6β), 4.13 (1H, dd, J = 5.6, 8.3 Hz, H-3β), 2.30 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H2-2′), 2.26 (2H, d, J = 7.6 Hz, H2-11), 2.23 - 1.31 (19H, m, 5 x CH, 7 x CH2), 1.29 (8H, brs, 4 x CH2), 1.27 (8H, brs, CH2), 1.25 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.23 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.13 (3H, brs, Me-25), 1.06 (3H, brs, Me-24), 1.01 (3H, brs, Me-26), 0.97 (3H, brs, Me-28), 0.91 (3H, brs, Me-27), 0.87 (3H, d, J = 6.1 Hz, Me-29), 0.84 (3H, J = 6.0 Hz, Me-30), 0.79 (3H, t, J = 6.6 Hz, Me-16′); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 38.87 (C-1), 25.90 (C-2), 80.07 (C-3), 37.80 (C-4), 54.60 (C-5), 80.05 (C-6), 33.09 (C-7), 40.84 (C-8), 46.95 (C-9), 36.12 (C-10), 22.95 (C-11), 123.66 (C-12), 138.88 (C-13), 41.38 (C-14), 28.39 (C-15), 27.50 (C-16), 38.94 (C-17), 59.55 (C-18), 39.08 (C-19), 37.02 (C-20), 30.57 (C-21), 36.92 (C-22), 169.96 (C-23), 15.12 (C-24), 16.24 (C-25), 16.94 (C-26), 22.70 (C-27), 20.86 (C-28), 20.69 (C-29), 20.43 (C-30), 170.11 (C-1Ê¹), 59.34 (C-2Ê¹), 32.44 (C-3′), 30.57 (C-4Ê¹), 29.56 (C-5Ê¹), 29.41 (C-6Ê¹), 29.27 (C-7Ê¹), 30.18 (C-8Ê¹), 29.69 (C-9Ê¹), 29.46 (C-10′), 29.18 (C-11′), 28.56 (C-12′), 25.43 (C-13′), 24.28 (C-14′), 22.64 (C-15′), 13.64 (C-16Ê¹); ESI MSm/z(rel.int.): 692 [M]+ (C46H76O4) (5.4), 473 (20.1), 453 (11.4), 436 (23.7), 256 (12.8), 239 (7.5), 234 (14.2), 218 (6.2).
Elution of the column with chloroform-methanol (19 : 1) afforded pale yellow crystals of 4, purified from chloroform-methanol (1:1), 258 mg, m. p. 116 - 117 °C, UV λmax (MeOH): 210 nm (log ε 3.6); IR λmax (KBr): 3510, 3405, 3365, 2922, 2853, 1730, 1629, 1522, 1458, 1375, 1272, 1170, 1097, 985, 769 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 5.36 (1H, m, H-9), 5.32 (1H, m, H-10), 2.34 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H2-2), 2.05 (2H, m, H2-8), 2.01 (2H, m, H2-11), 1.82 (2H, m, CH2), 1.55 (2H, m, H2-3), 1.29 (8H, m, 4 x CH2), 1.25 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.21 (8H, m, 4 x CH2), 0.86 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz, Me-18), 5.02 (1H, d, J = 6.4 Hz, H-1a), 4.34 (1H, dd, J = 6.4, 7.2 Hz, H-2a), 4.17 (1H, m, H-3a), 4.15 (1H, m, H-4a), 3.63 (2H, d, J = 9.3 Hz, H2-5a), 4.95 (1H, d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-1b), 4.63 (1H, dd, J = 6.7, 7.6 Hz, H-2b), 4.13 (1H, m, H-3b), 4.20 (1H, m, H-4 b), 3.80 (2H, d, J = 9.1 Hz, H2-5b), 7.50 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz, H-2Ê¹), 6.73 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-5Ê¹), 6.83 (1H, dd, J = 1.2, 8.5 Hz, H-6Ê¹), 3.67 (3H, br s, OMe), 2.29 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H2-2′′), 1.53 (2H, m, H2-3′′), 1.27 (2H, m, H24′′), 1.18 (2H, m, H2-5′′), 0.84 (3H, t, J = 6.3 Hz, Me-6′′); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 173.89 (C-1), 52.01 (C-2), 37.19 (C-3), 33.83 (C-4), 31.93 (C-5), 29.70 (C-6), 29.46 (C-7), 48.03 (C-8), 129.51 (C-9), 124.83 (C-10), 47.16 (C-11), 29.37 (C-12), 29.27 (C-13), 29.21 (C-14), 29.16 (C-15), 27.21 (C-16), 22.70 (C-17), 14.98 (C-18),101.07 (C-1a), 74.51 (C-2a), 71.90 (C-3a), 64.71 (C-4a), 61.83 (C-5a), 97.21 (C-1b), 79.55 (C-2b), 71.90 (C-3b), 81.03 (C-4b), 60.29 (C-5b), 145.69 (C-1Ê¹), 138.08 (C-2Ê¹), 153.72 (C-3Ê¹), 152.18 (C-4Ê¹), 137.13 (C-5Ê¹), 131.39 (C-6Ê¹), 172.15 (C-7′), 56.01 (OMe), 169.22 (C-1Ê¹Ê¹), 55.08 (C-2Ê¹Ê¹), 37.16 (C-3Ê¹Ê¹), 29.37 (C-4Ê¹Ê¹), 29.27 (C-5Ê¹Ê¹), 14.13 (C-6Ê¹Ê¹); ESI MS m/z (rel. int.): 794 [M]+ (C42H66O14) (1.6), 627 (11.6), 397 (12.1), 281 (8.2), 230 (9.7), 167 (9.3).
Elution of the column with chloroform - methanol (9 : 1) gave a pale yellow crystals of 5, recrystallized from chloroform-methanol (1:1), 307 mg, m. p. 125 - 127 °C, UV λmax (MeOH): 213 nm (log ε 2.8); IR λmax (KBr): 3523, 3420, 3364, 2926, 2855, 1732, 1717, 1630, 1517, 1442, 1374, 1277, 1173, 1036, 862, 767 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 5.35 (1H, m, H-9), 5.31 (1H, m, H-10), 2.30 (2H, t, J = 7.6 Hz, H2-2), 2.19 (2H, m, H2-8), 2.06 (2H, m, H2-11), 1.53 (2H, m, H2-3), 1.51 (2H, m, H2-7), 1.49 (2H, m, H2-12), 1.27 (4H, m, 2 x CH2), 1.25 (8H, brs, 4 x CH2), 0.86 (3H, t, J = 6.3 Hz, Me-18), 5.03 (1H, d, J = 3.6 Hz, H-1a), 4.20 (1H, dd, J = 3.6, 5.3 Hz, H-2a), 3.97 (1H, m, H-3a), 3.89 (1H, m, H-4a), 3.74 (2H, d, J = 8.2 Hz, H2-5a), 4.91 (1H, d, J = 4.4 Hz, H-1b), 4.17 (1H, dd, J = 4.4, 5.8 Hz, H-2b), 395 (1H, m, H-3b), 3.87 (1H, m, H-4 b), 3.72 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, H2-5b), 4.89 (1H, d, J = 6.4 Hz, H-1c), 4.15 (1H, dd, J = 6.4, 6.8 Hz, H-2c), 3.94 (1H, m, H-3c), 3.86 (1H, m, H-4 c), 3.70 (2H, d, J = 7.8 Hz, H2-5c), 4.81 (1H, d, J = 4.8 Hz, H-1d), 4.22 (1H, dd, J = 4.8, 6.7 Hz, H-2d), 3.92 (1H, m, H-3d), 4.03 (1H, m, H-4d), 3.76 (2H, d, J = 10.4 Hz, H2-5d), 7.33 (1H, d, J = 1.2 Hz, H-2Ê¹), 6.78 (1H, d, J = 7.5 Hz, H-5Ê¹), 7.50 (1H, dd, J = 1.2, 7.5 Hz, H-6Ê¹), 3.78 (3H, br s, OMe), 2.21 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H2-2′′), 1.49 (2H, m, H2-3′′), 1.23 (4H, m, H24′′, H2-5′′), 0.82 (3H, t, J = 6.1 Hz, Me-6′′); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ d 171.56 (C-1), 56.35 (C-2), 39.20 (C-3), 38.76 (C-4), 33.91 (C-5), 29.66 (C-6), 29.52 (C-7), 48.01 (C-8), 129.98 (C-9), 127.64 (C-10), 48.01 (C-11), 37.83 (C-12), 31.92 (C-13), 29.11 (C-14), 27.20 (C-15), 26.26 (C-16), 22.69 (C-17), 14.96 (C-18),108.79 (C-1a), 79.07 (C-2a), 74.75 (C-3a), 64.75 (C-4a), 60.19 (C-5a), 102.69 (C-1b), 79.03 (C-2b), 72.47 (C-3b), 69.58 (C-4b), 61.12 (C-5b), 101.15 (C-1c), 75.63 (C-2c), 72.40 (C-3c), 64.75 (C-4c), 61.09 (C-5c), 97.15 (C-1d), 86.89 (C-2d), 64.73 (C-3d), 84.50 (C-4d), 64.69 (C-5d), 147.19 (C-1Ê¹), 130.25 (C-2Ê¹), 153.75 (C-3Ê¹), 152.51 (C-4Ê¹), 127.64 (C-5Ê¹), 114.52 (C-6Ê¹), 170.44 (C-7′), 51.99 (OMe), 170.42 (C-1Ê¹Ê¹), 55.92 (C-2Ê¹Ê¹), 37.15 (C-3Ê¹Ê¹), 34.39 (C-4Ê¹Ê¹), 29.69 (C-5Ê¹Ê¹), 14.87 (C-6Ê¹Ê¹); ESI MS m/z (rel. int.): 1058 [M]+ (C52H82O22) (1.5), 529 (8.3), 397 (21.8), 281 (2.8), 230 (7.3), 167 (11.6), 99 (1.9).
Elution of the column with petroleum ether – chloroform (1 : 1) furnished a colourless mass of 6, yield 161 mg, recrystallized from chloroform-methanol (1:1), m. p. 63 - 65 °C; IR γmax (KBr) : 2919, 2851, 1739, 1641, 1464, 1374, 1167, 724 cm­­­­­­-1; 1H NMR (CDCl­3): δ 4.06 (2H, t, J = 7.1 Hz, H2 -1′), 2.27 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H2 -2), 2.03 (2H, m, CH2-3), 1.53 (2H, m, CH2-2′), 1.29 (6H, brs, 3 x CH2), 1.25 (56H, brs, 28 ´ CH2 ), 0.88 (3H, t, J = 5.7 Hz, Me-14), 0.84 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz, Me-24′); 13C NMR (CDCl3): d 172.98 (C-1), 68.41 (C-1′), 32.81 (CH2), 29.60 (30 x CH2), 27.69 (CH2), 25.24 (CH2), 22.62 (CH2), 14.19 (Me - 14), 14.16 (Me - 24′); ESI MS m/z (rel.int.): 564 [M]+ (C38H76O2) (13.1), 353 (63.9), 337 (8.5), 308 (8.2), 227 (7.6), 211 (28.7).
Elution of the column with petroleum ether – chloroform (1 : 3) gave colourless crystalline powder of 7, recrystallized from chloroform – methanol (1 : 1), yield 189 mg, m. p. 76 - 77 °C; [α]D25° +54 (c = 1.3, benzene); UV lmax (MeOH): 209 nm (log ε 3.4); IR γmax (KBr): 2919, 2851, 1729, 1635, 1635, 1468, 1380, 1361, 1265, 1198, 1174, 1096, 989, 720 cm-1. 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 5.18 (1H, t, J = 3.6 Hz, H-12), 4.50 (1H, dd, J = 5.5, 8.8 Hz, H-3α), 2.30 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H-2′), 1.86 to 1.29 (23H, m, 3 x CH, 10 x CH2), 1.27 (2H, m, H2-3′), 1.25 (6H, brs, 3 x CH2), 1.23 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.13 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.10 (10H, brs, 5 x CH2), 1.06 (3H, brs, Me-23), 0.97 (3H, brs, Me-29), 0.95 (3H, brs, Me-30), 0.91 (3H, brs, Me-25),0.89 (3H, brs, Me-27), 0.87 (3H, brs, Me-24), 0.85 (3H, brs, Me-28), 0.83 (3H, t, J = 6.1 Hz, Me-16′), 0.80 (3H, brs, Me-26); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 38.30 (C-1), 23.58 (C-2), 80.63 (C-3), 37.82 (C-4), 55.30 (C-5), 18.21 (C-6), 34.96 (C-7), 41.76 (C-8), 48.70 (C-9), 36.90 (C-10), 23.61 (C-11), 121.71 (C-12), 145.29 (C-13), 39.86 (C-14), 26.20 (C-15), 26.98 (C-16), 32.02 (C-17), 47.60 (C-18), 47.26 (C-19), 31.17 (C-20), 32.64 (C-21), 34.79 (C-22), 28.49 (C-23), 16.13 (C-24), 17.15 (C-25), 23.68 (C-26), 23.77 (C-27), 28.13 (C-28), 33.43 (C-29), 26.05 (C-30), 173.81 (C-1′), 46.84 (C-2′), 37.21 (C-3′), 32.57 (C-4′), 29.78 (C-5′, C-6′), 29.67 (C-7′), 29.56 (C-8′), 29.47 (C-9′), 29.36 (C-10′), 29.27 (C-11′), 29.25 (C-12′), 29.16 (C-13′), 29.12 (C-14′), 22.63 (C-15′), 14.65 (C-16′); ESI MSm/z (rel.int.): 664 [M]+ (C46H80O2) (1.8), 425 (8.3), 393 (6.8), 256 (11.7), 218 (12.3), 206 (5.8), 175 (39.7), 159 (15.6).
Further elution of the column with petroleum ether- chloroform (1 : 3) produced colourless crystals of 8, recrystallized from chloroform - methanol (1 : 1), yield 138 mg, m. p. 178 - 180 °C; UV lmax (MeOH): 213 nm (log ε 3.1); IR γmax (KBr): 2943, 2850, 1735, 1645, 1457, 1374, 1246, 1025, 979, 873, 725 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 5.27 (2 H, m, H-9′, H-10′), 5.18 (1H, t, J = 3.8 Hz, H-12), 4.48 (1H, dd, J = 3.6, 8.4 Hz, H-3α), 2.27 (2H, t, J = 7.1 Hz, H2-2′), 2.05 to 1.32 (35 H, m, 3 x CH, 16 x CH2), 1.28 (8H, m, 4 x CH2), 1.25 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.20 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.15 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.12 (3H, brs, Me-23), 1.06 (3H, brs, Me-25), 0.97 (3H, brs, Me-29), 0.95 (3H, brs, Me-30),0.93 (3H, brs, Me-27), 0.90 (3H, brs, Me-26), 0.87 (3H, brs, Me-28), 0.85 (3H, t, J = 6.1 Hz, Me-18′), 0.82 (3H, brs, Me-24); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 38.49 (C-1), 24.89 (C-2), 81.04 (C-3), 38.30 (C-4), 55.43 (C-5), 18.24 (C-6), 34.78 (C-7), 41.75 (C-8), 48.68 (C-9), 36.89 (C-10), 22.63 (C-11), 121.69 (C-12), 145.19 (C-13), 39.85 (C-14), 26.96 (C-15), 27.08 (C-16), 32.06 (C-17), 47.26 (C-18), 47.61 (C-19), 31.16 (C-20), 32.62 (C-21), 34.44 (C-22), 28.47 (C-23), 15.64 (C-24), 16.85 (C-25), 23.59 (C-26), 23.77 (C-27), 28.01 (C-28), 32.56 (C-29), 26.02 (C-30), 171.15 (C-1′), 46.82 (C-2′), 37.75 (C-3′), 32.56 (C-4′), 29.23 (C-5′, C-6′), 29.66 (C-7′), 36.74 (C-8′), 118.94 (C-9′), 109.07 (C-10′), 36.72 (C-11′), 26.73 (C-12′), 29.96 (C-13′), 27.61 (C-14′), 26.06 (C-15′), 25.23 (C-16′), 22.68 (C-17′), 14.77 (C-18′); ESI MSm/z(rel.int.): 690 [M]+ (C48H82O2) (1.4), 265 (1.3), 218 (12.4), 207 (9.8), 203 (11.2), 189 (5.2), 174 (21.7).
Elution of the column with petroleum ether - chloroform (1 : 3) afforded colourless crystalline powder of 9, recrystallized from chloroform - methanol (1 : 1), yield 218 mg, m. p. 56 - 58 °C; UV lmax (MeOH): 212 nm (log ε 5.1); IR γmax (KBr): 2914, 2848, 1728, 1635, 1469, 1270, 1208, 1173, 1112, 1036, 889, 719 cm-1; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 5.18 (1H, t, J = 3.6 Hz, H-12), 4.50 (1H, dd, J = 5.5, 8.8 Hz, H-3α), 2.30 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz, H-2′), 1.86 to 1.29 (23H, m, 3 x CH, 10 x CH2), 1.27 (2H, m, H2-3′), 1.25 (6H, brs, 3 x CH2), 1.23 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.13 (4H, brs, 2 x CH2), 1.10 (10H, brs, 5 x CH2), 1.01 (3H, brs, Me-23), 0.97 (3H, brs, Me-29), 0.95 (3H, brs, Me-30), 0.91 (3H, brs, Me-25), 0.89 (3H, brs, Me-27), 0.87 (3H, brs, Me-24), 0.85 (3H, brs, Me-28), 0.83 (3H, t, J = 6.1 Hz, Me-16′), 0.80 (3H, brs, Me-26); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 38.32 (C-1), 23.54 (C-2), 80.65 (C-3), 37.83 (C-4), 55.32 (C-5), 18.34 (C-6), 34.94 (C-7), 41.78 (C-8), 47.62 (C-9), 36.92 (C-10), 23.64 (C-11), 121.72 (C-12), 145.28 (C-13), 39.88 (C-14), 26.21 (C-15), 27.01 (C-16), 32.05 (C-17), 47.30 (C-18), 47.31 (C-19), 31.15 (C-20), 32.66 (C-21), 34.81 (C-22), 28.47 (C-23), 15.63 (C-24), 16.86 (C-25), 23.69 (C-26), 23.79 (C-27), 28.15 (C-28), 33.41 (C-29), 26.03 (C-30), 173.76 (C-1′), 46.86 (C-2′), 37.23 (C-3′), 32.59 (C-4′), 29.76 (C-5′, C-6′, C-7′), 29.68 (C-8′, C-9′, C-10′), 29.57 (C-11′), 29.47 (C-12′), 29.34 (C-13′), 29.26 (C-14′), 25.24 (C-15′, C-16′), 22.78 (C-17′), 14.21 (C-18′); ESI MSm/z (rel.int.): 692 [M]+ (C48H84O2) (1.3), 425 (6.2), 284 (12.1), 218 (5.2), 207 (3.5).
Compound 1 showed IR absorption bands for carbonyl group (1710 cm-1) and long aliphatic chain (726 cm-1). Its mass spectrum displayed a molecular ion peak at m/z 478 corresponding to a molecular formula of an aliphatic ketone, C33H66O. The ion peaks generating at m/z 351 [C9 – C10 fission, CH3 (CH2)22CO] +, 127 [M – 351]+, 323 [C10 – C11 fission, CH3 (CH2)22] + and 153 [M – 323]+ suggested the presence of the carbonyl function at C10 carbon. The 1H NMR spectrum of 1 exhibited five two-proton multiplets from δ 2.53 to 1.33 and two broad singlets at δ 1.27 (6H) and 1.25 (44 H) assigned to methylene protons. Two three-proton triplets at δ 0.87 (J = 6.1 Hz) and 0.83 (J = 6.3 Hz) were accounted to terminal C-1 and C-33 primary methyl protons, respectively. The 13C NMR spectrum of 1 displayed signals for the carbonyl carbon at δ 193.65 (C-10), methylene carbons between δ 31.19 - 22.67 and methyl carbons at δ 19.16 (C-1) and 13.55 (C-33). The absence of any signal beyond δ 2.53 in the 1H NMR spectrum and between δ 193.65 - 31.19 in the 13C NMR spectrum ruled out the unsaturated nature of the molecule. On the basis of foregoing spectral data analysis, the structure of 1 has been elucidated as n-tritriacontan-10-one, a new aliphatic ketone (Fig. 1).
Compound 2, named 30-lauryloxy-α-amyrin 3-butyrate, responded to Liebermann-Burchardt test positively for triterpenoids and exhibited characteristic IR absorption bands for ester group (1732 cm-1), unsaturation (1641 cm-1) and aliphatic chain (757 cm-1). On the basis of mass and 13C NMR spectra the molecular ion peak of 2 was established at m/z 456 consistent with a molecular formula of pentacyclic triterpenic ester, C46H78O4. The mass spectrum showed important ion fragments at m/z623 [M – 71, OC(CH2)2CH3]+, 511 [M – 183, OC(CH2)10-CH3]+, and 199 [OOC(CH2)10-CH3]+ indicating that butyrate and laurate groups were linked to the triterpenic unit. The ion peaks arising at m/z 278 and 416 generated due to retro-Diels Alder fragmentation, 207 [278 - OC(CH2)2CH3]+ and 191 [278 - OOC(CH2)2CH3]+, suggested âˆ†12 olefinic linkage in ring C40, butyrate function in the ring A/B placed at C-3 on the basis of biogenetic consideration and laurate group in the ring D/E. The 1H NMR spectrum of 2 displayed a one-proton downfield doublet at d5.34 (J = 5.1 Hz) assigned to vinylic H-12 proton, a one-proton double doublet at d 4.06 (J = 4.7, 7.5 Hz) ascribed to oxymethine H-3α proton, a two – proton doublet at δ 4.15 (J = 7.2 Hz) attributed to oxymethylene H2-30, methylene and methine protons in the range from 2.33 to 1.20, six three-proton singlets at d1.07, 0.98, 0.95, 0.90, 0.88 and 0.86 associated with tertiary C-23, C-25, C-27, C-24,C-28 and C-26 methyl protons, respectively, a three-proton doublet at δ 0.93 (J = 6.2 Hz) accounted to secondary C-29 methyl protons of ursene- type triterpene, and two three-protons triplets at δ 0.83 (J = 6.1 Hz) and 0.79 (J = 6.2 Hz) allocated correspondingly to primary C-4′ and C-12′′ methyl protons. The presence of two doublets at δ 0.93 (3H, Me-29) and 4.15 (2H, CH2O-30) supported the existence of one oxymethylene function in ring E. The 13C NMR spectrum of 2 exhibited signals for forty six carbons including ester carbons at d 174.03 (C-1Ê¹) and 171.12 (C-1Ê¹Ê¹), vinylic carbons at d 124.40 (C-12) and 139.86 (C-13), oxymethine carbon at d 81.04 (C-3), oxymethylene carbon at δ 64.31 (C-30) and methyl carbons resonated from d 28.36 to 14.21. The absence of the C-30 carbon signal near δ 21.0 indicated the location of the lauryl group at C-30. The assignments of the 1H NMR and carbon chemical shifts of 2 were compared with d values of the corresponding positions of urs-12-enes40,41. On the basis of above discussion and literature values the structure of 2 was elucidated as 30-lauryloxy- urs-12-en-3β-olyl butyrate, a new α-amyrin diester (Fig. 1).
Compound 3, designated as 3-palmityl α-amyrin-23,6α-olide, 692 [M]+ at m/z 692 (C46H76O4), showed distinctive IR absorption bands for lactone ring (1736 cm-1), unsaturation (1640 cm-1) and aliphatic chain (758 cm-1). Its mass spectrum displayed important ion fragments at m/z239 [CH3-(CH2)14-CO]+, 453 [M – 239]+, 256 [CH3-(CH2)14-COOH]+ and 436 [M – 256]+ indicating that palmitic acid was esterified with the triterpenic unit. The ion peaks generating at m/z 473 and 218 due to retro-Diels Alder fragmentation and 234 [473 - 239]+ suggested the existence of âˆ†12 olefinic linkage in ring C40 and palmitate unit in the ring A/B placed at C-3 on the basis of biogenetic analogy and saturated nature of the rings D and E. The 1H NMR spectrum of 3 displayed a one-proton downfield triplet at d5.12 (J = 3.6 Hz) assigned to vinylic H-12 proton, a one-proton triple doublet at d 4.51 (J = 4.6, 4.8, 5.7 Hz) and a one - proton double doublet at δ 4.13 (J = 5.3, 8.3 Hz) attributed to α-oriented oxymethine H-6 and H-3 protons, respectively, a two-proton triplet at δ 2.30 (J = 7.6 Hz) ascribed to methylene H2-2′ protons adjacent to the ester function, other methylene protons from δ 2.26 to 1.23, five three-proton singlets at δ 1.13, 1.06, 1.01, 0.97 and 0.91 associated correspondingly with the tertiary C-25, C-24, C-26, C-28 and C-27 methyl protons, two three - protons doublets at δ 0.87 (J = 6.1 Hz) and 0.84 (J = 6.0 Hz) allocated to secondary C-29 and C-30 methyl protons, respectively, and a three - protons triplet at δ 0.79 (J = 6.6 Hz) due to primary C-16′ protons. The 13C NMR spectrum of 3 exhibited signals for forty six carbons including ester carbon at d 170.11 (C-1Ê¹), lactone carbon at δ 169.96 (C-23), vinylic carbons at d 123.66 (C-12) and 138.88 (C-13), oxymethine carbons at d 80.07 (C-3) and 80.05 (C-6) and methyl carbons from d 22.70 to 13.64. The assignments of the 1H NMR and carbon chemical shifts of 3 were compared with d values of the corresponding positions of urs-12-ene-type triterpenoids40,41. On the basis of these evidences the structure of 3 was elucidated as urs-12-en-23,6α-olide 3β-olyl palmitate, a new α-amyrin lactonic ester (Fig. 1).
Compound 4, named oleiyl-O- α-D-dixylosyl vanillyl caproate, gave positive tests for glycosides and showed IR absorption bands for hydroxyl groups (3510, 3405, 3365 cm-1), ester function (1730 cm-1) and unsaturation (1629 cm-1). On the basis of mass and 13C NMR spectral data, the molecular ion peak of 4 was established at m/z 794 consistent with a molecular formula of an acyl diglycosidic ester, C42H66O14. An ion peak generating at m/z 281 [O - C1 fission, C18H33O2]+ suggested that oleic acid was esterified with a diglycosidic ester unit. The ion fragments arising at m/z 397 [ C2a – O fission, C5H7O4-(C6H3-(OH)(OMe)-CO-(CH3-(CH2)4-CO)]+, 167 [C2b -O fission, C6H3-(OH) (OMe)- CO]+ and 230 [397 - 167]+ indicated the attachment of vanillyl and hexanoyl units with the second sugar moiety. The 1H NMR spectrum of 4 exhibited two one - proton multiplets at δ 5.36 and 5.32 assigned to vinylic H-9 and H-10 protons, respectively, methylene protons between δ 2.34 - 1.18 and two three - proton triplets at δ 0.86 (J = 6.8 Hz) and 0.84 (J = 6.3 Hz) ascribed to terminal C-18 and C-6′′ primary methyl protons. Two one – proton doublets at δ 5.02 (J = 6.4 Hz) and 4.95 (J = 6.7 Hz) were ascribed correspondingly to α-oriented anomeric H-1a and H-1b protons. The other sugar protons resonated as one - proton double doublets at δ 4.34 (J = 6.4, 7.2 Hz, H-2a) and 4.63 (J = 6.7, 7.6 Hz, H-2b), as one - proton multiplets from δ 4.20 to 4.13 and as two - proton doublets at δ 3.63 (J = 9.3 Hz, H2-5a) and 3.80 (J = 9.1 Hz, H2-5b). Two one - proton doublets at δ 7.50 (J = 1.2 Hz) and 6.73 (J = 8.5 Hz), a one - proton double doublet at δ 6.83 (J = 1.2, 8.5 Hz) and a three - proton singlet at δ 3.67 were accounted to aromatic meta-coupled H-2′, ortho-coupled H-5′, meta, ortho-coupled H-6′ and methoxy protons, respectively. The 13C NMR spectrum of 4 displayed signals for ester carbons at δ 173.89 (C-1), 172.15 (C-7′) and 169.22 (C-1Ê¹Ê¹), aromatic and vinylic carbons between δ 153.72 - 124.83, anomeric carbons at δ 101.07 (C-1a) and 97.21 (C-1b), remaining sugar carbons from δ 81.03 to 60.29, methylene carbons in the range of δ 52.01 - 22.70, methoxy carbon at δ 56.01 and terminal methyl carbons at δ 14.98 (C-18) and 14.13 (C-6Ê¹Ê¹). The presence of H-2a in a deshielded region as a one-proton double doublet at δ 4.34 in the 1H NMR spectrum and C-2a carbon signal at δ 74.51 suggested attachment of the second sugar unit at C-2a. The existence of H-2b and H-4b at δ 4.63 and 4.20 in further downfield field indicated the attachment of vanyllic group at C-2b and hexanoyl function at C-4b. Acid hydrolysis of 4 yielded oleic acid, Rf 0.34 (glacial acetic acid, 85%), vanillic acid, m. p. 210 – 212 °C, Rf 0.56 (benzene - acetic acid – water, 37:45:18, v/v); D-xylose, Rf 0.81 (n-butonal – pyridine – water, 6 : 4 : 3, v/v), m. p. 153 - 156 °C, [α]D20 + 91 ° (water, 10%) and caproic acid (hexanoic acid), Rf 0.82 (methanol-acetic acid-tetralin, 10: 2: 1, v/v). On the basis of above discussion, the compound 4 was structurally elucidated as oleiyl-O-α-D-xylopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-α-D-xylopyranosyl-2b-vanillyl-4b-caproate, a new acyl dixyloxyl diester (Fig. 2).
Compound 5, designated as oleiyl-O- α-D-tetra-arabinosyl vanillyl caproate, [M]+ at m/z 1058 (C52H82O22), was a tetra-arabinosyl α- homologue of 5. It showed IR absorption bands for hydroxyl groups (3523, 3420, 3364 cm-1), ester functions (1732, 1717 cm-1), unsaturation (1630 cm-1), aromacity (1517, 1036 cm-1) and long aliphatic chain (767 cm-1). The ion peaks produced at m/z 281 [O - C1 fission, C18H33O2]+ and 529 [C2b- O fission, C18(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-CO-C5H8O4- C5H8O4]+ indicated that oleiyl was linked to the sugar chain. The ion fragments arising at m/z 397 [ C2a – O fission, C5H7O4-(C6H3-(OH)(OMe)-CO-(CH3-(CH2)4-CO)]+, 167 [C2b O fission, C6H3-(OH) (OMe)- CO]+ and 230 [397 - 167]+ indicated the attachment of vanillyl and hexanoyl units with the second sugar moiety. The ion peaks generated at m/z 397 [C2c – O fission,C5H7O4-(C6H3-(OH)(OMe)-CO-(CH3-(CH2)4-CO)]+, 167 [C2d –O fission, C6H3-(OH)(OMe)-COO]+ and 230 [397 – 167]+ supported the existence of vanillyl and caproyl groups attached to the last sugar unit. Its 1H NMR spectrum displayed two one-proton multiplets at δ 5.35 and 5.31 assigned to vinylic H-9 and H-10 protons, respectively, four one proton doublets at δ 5.03 (J = 3.6 Hz), 4.91 ( J = 4.4 Hz), 4.89 (J = 6.4 Hz) and 4.81 (J = 4.8 Hz) ascribed correspondingly to α-oriented anomeric H-1a, H-1b, H-1c and H-1d protons, other sugar protons between δ 4.22 - 3.70, two one - proton doublets at δ 7.33 (J = 1.2 Hz), 6.78 (J = 7.5 Hz) and a one – proton double doublet at δ 7.50 ( J = 1.2, 7.5 Hz) due to aromatic H-2Ê¹, H-5Ê¹ and H-6Ê¹ protons, respectively, a three – proton singlet at δ 3.78 accounted to methoxy protons, two three – proton triplets at δ 0.86 (J = 6.3 Hz) and 0.82 ( J = 6.1 Hz) associated with the primary C-18 and C-6′′ primary methyl protons and the methylene protons in the range of δ 2.30 – 1.23. The 13C NMR spectrum of 5 exhibited signals for ester carbons at δ 171.56 (C-1), 170.44 (C-7′) and 170.42 (C-1Ê¹Ê¹), aromatic and vinylic carbons from δ 153.75 to 114.52, anomeric carbons in the range of δ 108.79 - 97.15, other sugar carbons between δ 86.89 - 61.09, methylene carbons from δ 56.35 - 22.65, methoxy carbon at δ 51.99 and terminal methyl carbons at δ 14.96 (C-18) and 14.87 (C-6Ê¹Ê¹). The presence of proton H-2a, H-2b and H-2c signals in the deshielded region as a one-proton double doublets from δ 4.20 to 4.15 and their respective carbon signals at δ 79.07 (C-2a), 79.03 (C-2b) and 75.63 (C-2c) suggested attachment of the sugar units through (2a→1b), (2b→1c) and (2c→1d), respectively. The existence of H-2d as a one – proton double doublet at δ 4.22 (J = 4.8, 6.7 Hz) and H-4d as a multiplet at δ 4.03 (1H) in further downfield field region indicated the attachment of vanillic group at C-2b and caproyl function at C-4b. Acid hydrolysis of 5 yielded oleic, vanillic and caproic acids (co-TLC comparable) and D-arabinose, Rf 0.77 (n-butonal - pyridine - water, 6 : 4 : 3), m. p. 162 – 164 °C, [α]D20 - 103 ° (water, 4%). On the basis of above discussion, the compound 5 was structurally elucidated as oleiyl-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl--(2b→1c)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl--(2c→1d)-O-α-D-arabinopyranosyl-2d-vanillyl-4d-caproate, a new acyl tetra-arabinosyl diester (Fig. 2).
Compound 6, named lignoceryl myristate, showed IR absorption bands for ester group (1739 cm-1) and long aliphatic chain (724 cm-1). Its mass spectrum exhibited a molecular ion peak at m/z 564 consistent with the molecular formula of a fatty acid ester, C38H76O2. The generation of the ion peaks at m/z 211 [C1 - O fission, CH3(CH2)12-CO]+, 353 [M - 211, O-(CH2)23-CH3]+, 227 [C1′ - O fission, CH3(CH2)12-COO]+ and 337 [M - 227, O-(CH2)23-CH3]+ indicated that a C24 lignoceryl alcohol was esterified with myristic acid. The 1H NMR spectrum of 6 displayed two triplets at δ 4.06 (J = 7.1 Hz) and 2.27 (J = 7.2 Hz) integrating for two protons each assigned to oxymethylene H2-1′ and methylene H2 -2 protons adjacent to the ester function, respectively. The remaining methylene protons appeared as two – proton multiplets at δ 2.03 and 1.53 and as broad singlets at δ 1.29 (6H) and 1.25 (56H). Two three-proton triplets at δ 0.88 (J = 5.7 Hz) and 0.84 (J = 6.8 Hz) were due to correspondingly C-14 and C-24Ê¹ primary methyl protons. The 13C NMR spectrum of 6 showed signals for ester carbon at δ 172.98 (C-1), oxymethylene carbon at δ 68.41 (C-1′), other methylene carbons between δ 32.81 - 22.62 and methyl carbons at δ 14.19 (C-14) and 14.16 (C-24′). The absence of any 1H NMR signal beyond δ 4.06 and carbon signal between δ 172.98 - 68.41 supported the saturated nature of the molecule. On the basis of the foregoing account, the structure of 6 has been formulated a tetracosan-1-oyl 1-tetradecanoate (Fig.3).
Compound 7 was a known triterpenic ester identified as β-amyrin palmitate42,43 (Fig 3).
Compound 8, named β-amyrin oleate , gave positive tests for triterpenoids and showed characteristic IR absorption bands for ester function (1735 cm-1), unsaturation (1645 cm-1) and long aliphatic chain (725 cm-1). Its molecular ion peak was determined on the basis of mass and 13C NMR spectra at m/z 690 consistent with a molecular formula of a triterpenic ester C48H82O2. The ion peaks arising at m/z 207 and 218 due to Retro-Diels Alder fragmentation of the triterpenic unit after removal of the acyl group suggested that a vinylic linkage was present at C12 carbon in ring C40. The ion peaks produced at m/z 189 [207 - H2O]+, 174 [189 - Me]+ and 203 [218 - Me]+ indicated that a hydroxyl group was present in ring A which was placed at C-3 on the basis of biogenetic consideration. The 1H NMR spectrum of 8 exhibited a two - proton multiplet at δ 5.27 and a one-proton triplet at δ 5.18 (J = 3.8 Hz) assigned to vinylic H-9′ and H-10′ and H-12 protons, respectively, a one - proton double doublet at δ 4.48 (J = 3.6, 8.4 Hz) ascribed to oxymethine H-1α proton, a two - proton triplet at δ 2.27 (J = 7.1 Hz) attributed to methylene H2-2′ protons adjacent to the ester group, other methine and methylene proton signals between δ 2.05 - 1.15, a three- proton triplet at δ 0.85 (J = 6.1 Hz) due to primary C-18′ methyl protons and eight three-protons singlets from δ 1.12 to 0.82 accounted to tertiary methyl protons, all attached to saturated carbons in an oleanene - type triterpenic framework. The 13C NMR spectrum of 8 displayed signals for ester carbon at δ 171.15 (C-1′), vinylic carbons at δ 121.69 (C-12), 145.19 (C-13), 118.94 (C-9′) and 109.07 (C-10′), oxymethine carbon at δ 81.04 (C-3), methyl carbons from δ 28.47 to 14.77 and methine and methylene carbon between δ 55.43 – 22.68. The 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of the isolated compounds were compared with the oleanene-type triterpenoids44,45 . On the basis of spectral data analysis, the structure of 8 had been formulated as urs-12-en-3β-olyl oleate. This is a new triterpenic ester (Fig. 3).
Compound 9 was a known triterpenic ester identified as β-amyrin stearate46,47(Fig 3).
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial roots of F. benghalensis afforded n-tritriacontan-10-one (1), 30-lauryloxy-α-amyrin 3-butyrate (2) and 3-palmityl α-amyrin-23,6α-olide (3).
The leaves of N. arbor-tristis furnished two vanillyl glycosidic disters characterized as oleiyl-O- α-D-dixylosyl vanillyl caproate (4) and oleiyl-O- α-D-tetra-arabinosyl vanillyl caproate (5). The roots of V. encelioides afforded lignoceryl myristate ( 6), β-amyrin palmitate(7), β-amyrin oleate (8) and β-amyrin stearate (9). This work has enhanced understanding about the phytoconstituents of these plants. These secondary metabolites can be used as analytical markers for quality control of the plants. Further research is recommended to screen bioactivities of the isolated phytoconstituents with a view for supplementing conventional drug development especially in developing countries.
The authors hereby declare that there are no conflicts of interests.
SS and SRM performed the experimental work. MA and SRM analyzed the spectral data and compiled the manuscript.
The authors are thankful to the Heads, Central Instrumentation Facility, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, and Arbro Analytical Division, New Delhi for recording spectral data of the compounds.
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