Source: https://www.kiddom.co/standards/1120-massachusetts-history-and-social-science-curriculum-framework/grade-9
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 08:15:53+00:00

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Define each of the productive resources (natural, human, capital) and explain why they are necessary for the production of goods and services.
Formulate a savings or financial investment plan for a future goal (e.g., college or retirement).
Explain how consumers and producers confront the condition of scarcity, by making choices that involve opportunity costs and tradeoffs.
Identify and explain the broad goals of economic policy such as freedom, efficiency, equity, security, growth, price stability, and full employment.
Describe how people respond predictably to positive and negative incentives.
Predict how interest rates act as an incentive for savers and borrowers.
Recognize that voluntary exchange occurs when all participating parties expect to gain.
Compare and contrast how the various economic systems (traditional, market, command, mixed) try to answer the questions: What to produce? How to produce it? And for whom to produce? E.1.8 Describe how clearly defined and enforced property rights are essential to a market economy.
Use concepts of price elasticity of demand and supply to explain and predict changes in quantity as price changes.
Explain how financial markets, such as the stock market, channel funds from savers to investors.
Describe the role of buyers and sellers in determining the equilibrium price.
Describe how prices send signals to buyers and sellers.
Recognize that consumers ultimately determine what is produced in a market economy (consumer sovereignty).
Explain the function of profit in a market economy as an incentive for entrepreneurs to accept the risks of business failure.
Demonstrate how supply and demand determine equilibrium price and quantity in the product, resource, and financial markets.
Identify factors that cause changes in market supply and demand.
Demonstrate how changes in supply and demand influence equilibrium price and quantity in the product, resource, and financial markets.
Demonstrate how government wage and price controls, such as rent controls and minimum wage laws, create shortages and surpluses. E.2.10 Use concepts of price elasticity of demand and supply to explain and predict changes in quantity as price changes.
Compare and contrast the following forms of business organization: sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation.
Identify skills individuals need to be successful in the workplace.
Identify the three basic ways that firms finance operations (retained earnings, stock issues, and borrowing), and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Recognize the role of economic institutions, such as labor unions and nonprofit organizations in market economies.
Identify the basic characteristics of monopoly, oligopoly, and pure competition.
Explain how competition among many sellers lowers costs and prices and encourages producers to produce more.
Demonstrate how firms with market power can determine price and output through marginal analysis.
Explain ways that firms engage in price and nonprice competition.
Illustrate how investment in research and development, equipment and technology, and training of workers increases productivity.
Describe how the earnings of workers are determined by the market value of the product produced and workers productivity.
Explain how government responds to perceived social needs by providing public goods and services.
Analyze how the Federal Reserve uses monetary tools to promote price stability, full employment, and economic growth.
Describe major revenue and expenditure categories and their respective proportions of local, state, and federal budgets.
Identify laws and regulations adopted in the United States to promote competition among firms.
Describe the characteristics of natural monopolies and the purposes of government regulation of these monopolies, such as utilities.
Define progressive, proportional, and regressive taxation.
Describe how the costs of government policies may exceed their benefits because social or political goals other than economic efficiency are being pursued.
Predict how changes in federal spending and taxation would affect budget deficits and surpluses and the national debt.
Analyze how the government uses taxing and spending decisions (fiscal policy) to promote price stability, full employment, and economic growth.
Define aggregate supply and demand, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), economic growth, unemployment, and inflation.
Explain how Gross Domestic Product (GDP), economic growth, unemployment, and i nflation are calculated.
Analyze the impact of events in United States history, such as wars and technological developments, on business cycles.
Identify the different causes of inflation, and explain who gains and loses because of inflation.
Recognize that a countrys overall level of income, employment, and prices are determined by the individual spending and production decisions of households, firms, and government.
Illustrate and explain how the relationship between aggregate supply and aggregate demand is an important determinant of the levels of unemployment and inflation in an economy.
Explain the basic functions of money (e.g., medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account).
Identify the composition of the money supply of the United States.
Explain the role of banks and other financial institutions in the economy of the United States.
Describe the organization and functions of the Federal Reserve System.
Compare and contrast credit, savings, and investment services available to the consumer from financial institutions.
Research and monitor financial investments such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.
Formulate a credit plan for purchasing a major item such as a car or home, comparing different interest rates.
Explain the benefits of trade among individuals, regions, and countries.
Define and distinguish between absolute and comparative advantage and explain how most trade occurs because of a comparative advantage in the production of a particular good or service.
Define trade barriers, such as quotas and tariffs.
Explain why countries sometimes erect barriers to trade.
Compare and contrast labor productivity trends in the United States and other developed countries.
Explain how changes in exchange rates impact the purchasing power of people in the United States and other countries.
Distinguish among civic, political, and private life.
Explain the part of Article IV, Section 4, of the United States Constitution, which says, The United States shall guarantee to every State in the Union a Republican form of Government . . .
Define the terms citizenship, politics, and government, and give examples of how political solutions to public policy problems are generated through interactions of citizens and civil associations with their government.
Describe the purposes and functions of government.
Define and provide examples of different forms of government, including direct democracy, representative democracy, republic, monarchy, oligarchy, and autocracy.
Explain how the rule of law, embodied in a constitution, limits government to protect the rights of individuals.
Explain how a constitutional democracy provides majority rule with equal protection for the rights of individuals, including those in the minority, through limited government and the rule of law.
Distinguish limited from unlimited government, and provide examples of each type of government.
Explain how civil society contributes to the maintenance of limited government in a representative democracy or democratic republic such as the United States.
Examine fundamental documents in the American political tradition to identify key ideas regarding limited government and individual rights.
Trace the colonial, revolutionary, and founding-era experiences and events that led to the writing, ratification, and implementation of the United States Constitution (1787) and Bill of Rights (1791).
Identify and explain elements of the social contract and natural rights theories in United States founding-era documents.
Define and provide examples of foundational ideas of American government, including popular sovereignty, constitutionalism, republicanism, federalism, and individual rights, which are embedded in founding-era documents.
Explain how a shared American civic identity is embodied in founding-era documents and in core documents of subsequent periods of United States history.
Define and provide examples of fundamental principles and values of American political and civic life, including liberty, the common good, justice, equality, tolerance, law and order, rights of individuals, diversity, civic unity, patriotism, constitutionalism, popular sovereignty, and representative democracy.
Identify and explain historical and contemporary efforts to narrow discrepancies between foundational ideas and values of American democracy and realities of American political and civic life.
Evaluate, take, and defend positions on issues concerning foundational ideas or values in tension or conflict. Examples: Analyze issues involving liberty in conflict with equality, liberty in conflict with authority, individual rights in conflict with the common good, or majority rule in conflict with minority rights.
Compare and contrast ideas on government of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists during their debates on ratification of the U.S. Constitution (17871788).
Compare and contrast governments that are unitary, confederate, and federal.
Explain the difference between a town and a city form of government in Massachusetts, including the difference between a representative and an open town meeting.
Compare core documents associated with the protection of individual rights, including the Bill of Rights, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution.
Use a variety of sources, including newspapers and internet web sites, to identify current state and local legislative issues and examine the influence on the legislative process of political parties, interest groups, grass roots organizations, lobbyists, public opinion, the news media, and individual voters.
Analyze and evaluate decisions by the United States Supreme Court about the constitutional principles of separation of powers and checks and balances in such landmark cases as Marbury v. Madison (1803), Baker v. Carr (1962), United States v. Nixon (1974), City of Boerne, Texas v. Flores (1997), and Clinton v. City of New York (1998).
Analyze and evaluate decisions by the United States Supreme Court about the constitutional principle of federalism in cases such as McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Texas v. White (1869), Alden v. Maine (1999).
Identify and describe provisions of the United States Constitution and the Massachusetts Constitution that define and distribute powers and authority of the federal or state government.
Explain the constitutional principles of federalism, separation of powers among three branches of government, the system of checks and balances, republican government or representative democracy, and popular sovereignty. Provide examples of these principles in the governments of the United States and the state of Massachusetts.
Explain the functions of the courts of law in the governments of the United States and the state of Massachusetts with emphasis on the principles of judicial review and an independent judiciary.
Distinguish among the enumerated and implied powers in the United States Constitution and the Massachusetts Constitution.
Explain the functions of departments or agencies of the executive branch in the governments of the United States and the state of Massachusetts.
Trace the evolution of political parties in the American governmental system, and analyze their functions in elections and government at national and state levels of the federal system.
Explain the legal, fiscal, and operational relationships between state and local governments in Massachusetts.
Explain the formal process of how a bill becomes a law and define the terms initiative and referendum.
Describe how the world is divided politically, and give examples of the ways nation states interact, including trade, tourism, diplomacy, treaties and agreements, and military action.
Analyze reasons for conflict among nation states, such as competition for resources and territory, differences in system of government, and religious or ethnic conflicts.
Describe the tools used to carry out United States foreign policy. Examples: Diplomacy, economic aid, military aid, humanitarian aid, treaties, sanctions, and military intervention.
Examine the different forces that influence U.S. foreign policy, including business and labor organizations, interest groups, public opinion, and ethnic and religious organizations.
Differentiate among various governmental and nongovernmental international organizations, and describe their purposes and functions. Examples: Major governmental international organizations include the North American Treaty Organization (NATO), the World Court, and the Organization of American States (OAS), The International Red Cross, and the Catholic Relief Services are examples of nongovernmental organizations.
Use a variety of sources, including newspapers, magazines, and the internet to identify significant world political, demographic, and environmental developments. Analyze ways that these developments may affect United States foreign policy in specific regions of the world.
Evaluate, take, and defend a position about whether or not the United States should promote the spread of democracy throughout the world, or in certain parts of the world, or not at all.
Explain the meaning and responsibilities of citizenship in the United States and Massachusetts.
Practice civic skills and dispositions by participating in activities such as simulated public hearings, mock trials, and debates.
Describe roles of citizens in Massachusetts and the United States, including voting in public elections, participating in voluntary associations to promote the common good, and participating in political activities to influence public policy decisions of government.
Describe how citizens can monitor and influence local, state, and national government as individuals and members of interest groups.
Research the platforms of political parties and candidates for state or local government and explain how citizens in the United States participate in public elections as voters and supporters of candidates for public office.
Identify and explain the meaning and importance of civic dispositions or virtues that contribute to the preservation and improvement of civil society and government.
Identify specific ways for individuals to serve their communities and participate responsibly in civil society and the political process at local, state, and national levels of government.
Analyze and evaluate decisions about rights of individuals in landmark cases of the United States Supreme Court such as Whitney v. California (1927), Stromberg v. California (1931), Near v. Minnesota (1931), Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), Texas v. Johnson (1989), and Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997).
Analyze the arguments that evaluate the functions and values of voluntary participation by citizens in the civil associations that constitute civil society. Examples: Alexis de Tocqueville in Democracy in America, Volume I (1835) and Volume II (1839).
Together with other students, identify a significant public policy issue in the community, gather information about that issue, fairly evaluate the various points of view and competing interests, examine ways of participating in the decision making process about the issue, and draft a position paper on how the issue should be resolved.
Analyze the course and consequences of Americas recent diplomatic initiatives. (H, C) A. the invasion of Panama and the Persian Gulf War B. American intervention in Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo C. the attempts to negotiate a settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict D. Americas response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and on the Pentagon in Washington, D.C.
Analyze the origins of Progressivism and important Progressive leaders, and summarize the major accomplishments of Progressivism. (H, E) People A. Jane Addams B. William Jennings Bryan C. John Dewey D. Robert La Follette E. President Theodore Roosevelt F. Upton Sinclair G. President William H. Taft H. Ida Tarbell I. President Woodrow Wilson Policies A. bans against child labor B. the initiative referendum and its recall C. the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) D. the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) E. the Meat Packing Act (1906) F. the Federal Reserve Act (1913) G. the Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) H. the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 Seminal Primary Documents to Read: President Theodore Roosevelt, The New Nationalism, speech (1910).
Describe the central political, economic, and religious developments in major periods of Islamic history. (H, E) A. the sources of disagreement between Sunnis and Shiites B. the growing influence of Turkish Islam after 1000 C. the importance of the trade routes connecting the Far East and Europe and the role of the Mongols in increasing trade along these routes, including the silk routes to China D. the relationship of trade to the growth of Central Asian and Middle Eastern cities E. the sources and uses of slaves in Islamic societies as well as the extent of the Islamic slave trade across Africa from 700 AD on.
Describe the rise and achievements of the Byzantine Empire. (H) A. the influence of Constantine, including the establishment of Christianity as an officially sanctioned religion. B. the importance of Justinian and the Code of Justinian C. the preservation of Greek and Roman traditions D. the construction of the Church of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia).

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