Source: http://www.studyapush.com/2009/12/chapter-40-stalemated-seventies-1968.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 19:59:59+00:00

Document:
Germany and Japan had modernized plants, America had not.
"Vietnamization" - withdraw the 540,000 US troops from S Vietnam over time => Nixon Doctrine: honor existing defense commitments, but in the future, other countries had to fight their own wars.
Nixon speech Nov. 1969 - "silent majority" supported the war. VP Spiro Agnew went after anti-war media and protesters.
Vietnam War - long, costly, draftees were lower class (many blacks), low morale. To end war quicker, Nixon ordered attack on Cambodia.
April 1970, Nixon (w/o Congress) ordered US forces to clean out enemy sanctuaries in Cambodia => nationwide protests: arson, rock-throwing. Some killed in turmoil by National Guard.
Nixon withdrew troops from Cambodia June 1970, 2 months later.
Senate repealed Gulf of Tonkin "blank check." Gov reduced draft and period of draftability. 26th amendment - lowered voting age to 18.
1971 New York Times published top-secret Pentagon Papers -lies of Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Leaked by Daniel Ellsberg.
Feb 1972 - Nixon went to China - improved relations. May 1972 Nixon went to USSR - they were in need of food and afraid of US backed by China. The decided to back US, détente.
Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) treaty - limited each nation to 2 clusters of defense missiles. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) - freeze # of nuclear missiles for 5 years.
(1965) Griswold v. Connecticut - right to use contraceptives - "privacy"
(1964) NY Times v. Sullivan - could only sue for libel if they could prove malice was intended.
(1962) Engel v. Vitale and (1963) School District of Abington Township v. Schempp - against required prayer and Bible-teaching in schools.
(1964) Reynolds v. Sims - state legislatures must be reapportioned according to human population.
1969 - Nixon nominated Warren E. Burger to replace retiring Warren, by 1971 Nixon had appointed 4/9 conservative justices => new court actually remained quite liberal.
Philadelphia Plan of 1969: construction-trade unions needed timetables for hiring black people -> extended to all federal contracts. Affirmative action was taken to the next level. Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) - prohibited intelligence tests that might be used to exclude minorities.
1970 - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) - reduced auto emissions and cleaned waterways. Rachel Carson - 1962 - Silent Spring.
Inflation! 1971 - 90-day wage and prize freeze. Took US off gold standard and devalued dollar.
"Southern strategy" for election of 1972.
1972 - N Vietnam invaded through DMZ w/ tanks -> Nixon launched bombing on cities and harbors. This stopped N Vietnamese offensive.
Democrats: George McGovern -> pull troops out in 90 days - tried to appeal to leftists and youth.
Republicans: Nixon -> winding down the war (had gone from 540,000 to 30,000 troops). "Peace is at hand"
Nixon won 520 to 17. Congress was Democrat majority.
Met for peace, no settlement agreed, fighting -> Nixon launched intense 2-week bombing of N Vietnam to get 'em back to conference table.
Jan 1973 - cease-fire arrangements. US was to withdraw remaining troops, S Nam could still get support but no more troops. N Nam allowed to keep troops in S Nam.
Republican Committee for Re-election of the Prez - CREEP - raised $ unlawfully, sabotage against Democrats. 5 CREEPers arrested at Watergate.
White House aids and advisors in on the fraud. Illegal use of FBI and CIA and IRS to audit or harass political opponents. White House "enemies list"
1973-1974: TV hearings. John Dean (former White House lawyer) testified that top dogs, including Nixon were involved in covering up Watergate.
VP Spiro Agnew forced to resign for taking bribes. 25th amendment. Gerald Ford replaced Agnew.
Oct 1973 "Saturday Night Massacre" - Archibald Cox ("Special prosecutor" for Nixon) issued subpoena for tapes. Fired Cox.
Nixon continued to bomb Cambodia after 1973 cease-fire -> compromised to end bombing and get approval next time.
Cambodia torn from blasts, economy, Pol Pot "killing fields"
Nov 1973 - War Powers Act - Prez must report to Congress 48 hours after committing troops or enlarging combat.
Draft had ended. Congress wanted to reduce troops abroad (Europe). Nixon said no.
Oct 1973 - Syrian and Egyptian attacks on Israel. Nixon had $2 billion in war materials air-lifted to Israel - worked!
Arab made oil embargo on US and Israel lovers.
=> Energy crisis. Alaska pipeline, national speed limit.
Pardoned Nixon - "buddy deal" accusers said. He just wanted to get on w/ it.
1975 - Helsinki, Finland - détente agreements. Legitimizes Sov boundaries in exchange for more people and info exchange.
Sovs didn't suffice. One-way street. Criticized.
Longest war. $118 billion. 56,000 dead. America lost face :( Pride wounded.
1972 - Title IX - prohibited sexism in fed-assisted education programs/activities -sports.
1972 Equal Rights Amendments (ERA) - ratified by many states, but not enough to Consitutionalize. Phyllis Schlafly opposed. ERA died 1982.
Family values? Divorces, baby-slaughter, yikes!
(1974) Milliken v. Bradley - ruled integration couldn't require students to move cross school-district lines => "white flight"
Affirmative action controversial. (1978) Allan Bakke didn't get into med school cuz they favored minorties. Supreme court rule no preference to any group - colorblind.
Democrats: James "Jimmy" Carter -> "I'll never lie to you." Georgian, Baptist, uncorrupt, "outsider"
Carter won 297 to 240. South and blacks. Democratic Congress.
Sept 1978 - Camp David, Maryland - Israel (Begin), Egypt (Sadat), and Carter (mediator). Signed accord: Israel agreed to relinquish territory from 1967 war, Egypt promised to respect Israel's borders.
Cuban and Sov commies went to Africa to support uprisings.
Bank loans had 20% interest - small biz and construction failed.
Carter called for legislation for energy conservation (including stop makin gas guzzling cars). People and Congress didn't give a damn, so they didn't do anything.
1979 Muslim extremists overthrew the westernized/secular Iranian gov. - hated US -no oil.
Fired 4 secretaries in Cabinet. Got more Georgians.
June 1979, Carter met w/ Sov leader Leonid Brezhnev to sign SALT II agreements - limist level of lethal weapons - stalled in Congress.
Nov 1979 - Islamo-crazies stormed US embassy in Iran and took occupants hostage - wanted exiled Shah back.
Sov army invaded Afghanistan - they fought back - Sov's Vietnam.
Carter wanted to negociate w/ Iran, but there was no government. -> Rescue mission - equipment failure, planes ran into each other, 8 rescuers died. Fail blog would have a field day with this.

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