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Timestamp: 2019-04-24 08:04:55+00:00

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Welcome to the 2015 edition of the CMS Electricity guide. This guide has been prepared by experts in CMS offices throughout Europe who have comprehensive knowledge of the electricity sector. As leading advisors in this sector, our professionals are actively engaged in implementing electricity projects, reforms, privatisations, and mergers and acquisitions, which makes them ideally placed to guide clients through the volatile and changing landscape of electricity regulation.
The following chapters are designed to assist in understanding the electricity sector across Europe and provide a general overview of each jurisdiction’s current status. Through exploration of the key features of each jurisdiction, this guide draws out similarities as well as differences across Europe. It does not attempt to offer a detailed academic analysis and legal advice is always recommended when making decisions within the sector.
The 2020 targets have fired up the various EU jurisdictions to look for ways to meet their renewable energy national targets. Most jurisdictions expect to achieve their targets with over half of the EU countries having reached their 2011 interim objectives already. As Europe looks to the 2030 framework and how it shall direct its energy mix in the future, the need for greater harmonisation and cross-border integration remains a dominant topic. The electricity sector continues to take steps toward such integration with further developments expected in the short to medium term.
The Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER), has established European Network Codes, which will endeavour to unify regulations across Europe. The codes will focus on enabling renewables, ensuring security of supply and enhancing competition to allow for better cross-border connectivity. Most jurisdictions have some interconnected capability but the trend will only be for this to increase further over the coming years.
Across the jurisdictions, attracting and securing investment has become increasingly more crucial in order to modernise inefficient infrastructure that much of the sector is now operating on. With long established fossil fuel generation closing to make way for new nuclear as well as renewable generation, issues of grid stability and security of supply have come to the forefront. The requirement for additional support for new technologies must be balanced against political desire to drive down costs through market competition. This has led to far reaching legislative changes in European jurisdictions and beyond. Thus, regulatory risk continues to be a concern for governments seeking lower costs for their consumers.
Notwithstanding the common goal that these jurisdictions are pursuing, there are considerable differences between them. This Guide serves as an overview of the structures, regulations, challenges and successes faced by individual jurisdictions and give a picture of the electricity sector as a whole. The industry is a complicated but exciting place to be as it strives against a backdrop of changing geo-political and economic conditions to become a competitive low-carbon sector. Within the sector, and even within individual areas such as renewables, the legal requirements and government arrangements vary. Our CMS experts would be delighted to expand on any aspect of these areas that may be of interest to you and would welcome the opportunity to introduce you to CMS lawyers in other jurisdictions if desired.
The chapters in this guide are divided into five sections. Each chapter provides an overview of the electricity sector in the relevant jurisdiction, explores the structure of the electricity market and its key players as well as providing relevant comments on the current issues and drivers. The chapters also consider the electricity sector in its individual components: each of the main activities in the electricity sector (generation, transmission, distribution, supply and electricity exchange/trading) is individually addressed. Our experts provide guidance on the main regulations, key legislation, incentives and recent regulatory changes and each chapter also gives a snapshot of the country’s statistics.
We hope that this guide provides a useful overview of the complex and changing regulatory landscape in the jurisdictions covered. We would like to thank everyone at CMS who has been involved in the process of drafting, editing and producing this guide. As evident from the content, the legal position is apt to change rapidly and often. If you want to make sure that you are up-to-date with the current situation in any jurisdiction of interest, please contact the relevant contributor or the central email address provided at the end of this introduction.
Should you have any questions, please feel free to direct these to our experts by emailing a central address at electricity.guide@cmslegal.com.
To read country chapters please click the requested country on the map.
To read EU chapter please scroll down.
At the bottom of this page you will find the glossary.
1.1.1	One of the key objectives of the European Union (EU) is the creation and establishment of a single European internal market.
1.1.2	The EU considers that open competition is the best way to achieve sustainably affordable electricity prices, ease of market access for new entrants and competition between market participants from different countries and between generation types. Unbundling vertically integrated utilities has therefore been an EU priority.
1.1.3	An integrated European-wide electricity market is physically restricted by cross-border transmission capacity and commercially restricted by the rules regarding access, dispatching, balancing and settlement. Regulation 347/2013 on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure sets out the conditions for identifying the projects of common interest that will be eligible for EU funding under the Connecting Europe Facility, as well as measures to facilitate the timely development and interoperability of trans-European energy networks. The Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) and the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSOE) are therefore also working towards standardised network codes across EU member states to facilitate access to cross-border capacity.
encourage greater coordination of external policies, by integrating Southern and Eastern neighbours in the EU energy market, diversifying sources and routes of energy into the EU, and central negotiation of purchase agreements with producers.
1.3.1	The source of EU law is a set of international treaties between EU member states pending enactment of an EU constitution.
1.3.2	Amendment of treaties requires the agreement and ratification of every signatory according to their national procedures. The Treaty on European Union (TEU) and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) have been repeatedly amended by other treaties since they were first signed.
1.3.3	To achieve the treaty goals, implementing laws are enacted by the EU institutions, some of which have direct effect on national law without further implementation and others require transposition into domestic law through the national legislative process.
Treaties Legally binding on EU member states on ratification and have direct effect in areas which are within the competency of the EU.
Regulations Have general application and are directly applicable in EU member states. No national implementation legislation is required. National governments are not required to ratify them to give effect.
Directives Only bind EU member states in respect of the result to be achieved and the deadline for implementation. National governments choose the implementation means.
Decisions From the Council or the EC and used to give rulings on specific matters, addressed to specified parties and have a specified deadline for compliance. Decisions are binding on those addressed.
Recommendations/Opinions From the EC and have no binding legal force and are advisory.
Commission Communications Not legally binding and are used to express general or specific plans and work programmes.
1.3.4	The EC is responsible for ensuring that EU law is correctly applied and directives are fully transposed by the required deadline. If a member state fails to comply with EU law, the EC has powers to begin an action for noncompliance and may refer the case to the European Court of Justice.
1.4.1	EU policy for an internal electricity market (IME) has been introduced in three packages of legislation in 1996, 2003 and 2009. Each package has repeated (and built on) the requirements of its predecessor. The packages have included parallel legislation in respect of the natural gas industry.
1.4.2	Each package has required increased separation of generation and supply functions from the natural monopolies of transmission and distribution. The aim of this “unbundling” is to ensure owners/operators of transmission systems cannot favour their own generation or supply assets over those of their competitors which do not own or operate a network.
the creation of the ENTSO-E.
1.4.3	Various transmission ownership models are permitted under the Third Energy Package, outside of full ownership unbundling provided safeguards are in place. New entrants must comply with the full ownership unbundling model (see paragraphs 2.2.7 and 2.2.8 below).
2.1.1	The EU market is fully opened to new entrants. At this level, member states must adopt a transparent, nondiscriminatory authorisation procedure for commissioning new generation capacity. See paragraph 3.5 below on renewables policy.
2.1.5	The Large Combustion Plants Directive18 (and relevant provisions of the Industrial Emissions Directive19) require combustion plants (such as fossil fuel power stations, metal works and refineries) with a rated thermal input of 50MW or greater to comply with strict emission limit values to restrict the emission of waste gases containing sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particles. Member states may opt out a limited number of plants which breach these limits provided a transitional national plan for the progressive reduction of emissions is in place. As a result, many large coal fired power stations will be decommissioned by 2015.
2.2.2	The First Energy Package obliged each member state to designate a TSO to ensure operation, maintenance and development of the transmission system and interconnections with other systems. Designation required functional unbundling of transmission activities from other activities not relating to the transmission system.
2.2.4	In the Third Energy Package, a vertically integrated undertaking “means an electricity undertaking or a group of electricity undertakings where the same person or the same persons are entitled, directly or indirectly, to exercise control, and where the undertaking or group of undertakings perform at least one of the functions of transmission or distribution, and at least one of the functions of generation or supply of electricity”.
2.2.5	The Second Energy Package imposed an obligation on TSOs within VIUs to be independent in terms of their legal form, organisation and decision-making from nontransmission related activities by 1 July 2004.
2.2.6	The Third Energy Package requires transmission ownership unbundling, so that transmission is separately owned from generation and supply.
2.2.7	However, derogations from the Full Ownership Unbundling (FOU) model have been permitted in some cases for TSOs that have direct or indirect interests in generation and/or supply assets where the authorities consider that the TSO cannot realistically prefer its generation or supply assets due to the small size or remote location of the generating interests.
2.2.8	Further exemptions to full ownership unbundling may apply where a transmission system was owned by a VIU on 3 September 2009 (the date of the Third Energy Package) provided one of the alternative accepted models is met. The alternative acceptable models are illustrated in Table 3 below.
2.2.9	TSOs and Distribution System Operators (DSOs) must procure the energy they use to cover losses and reserve capacity, where they have such a procurement function, according to transparent, non-discriminatory and market based procedures. Any rules adopted by TSOs (and DSOs if relevant) for balancing the system must be objective, transparent and non-discriminatory, including rules for charging users for energy imbalance.
The VIU owner of a transmission system may make a proposal for designation as an independent system operator (ISO).21 The ISO is required to meet the ownership separation requirements instead of the owner.
The ISO may not control a generation/supply undertaking, with restrictions on overlapping board members and rights to appoint board members. “Control” is defined for the purposes of the Third Energy Package therein. In the ISO Model, the owner must not be responsible for authorising the ISO’s investments, but must finance them, which may explain the ISO Model’s unpopularity.
The owner entity of the VIU must comply with the requirements of the Third Energy Package and be independent in terms of its legal form, organisation and decisionmaking from other activities of the VIU not relating to transmission. The ISO, and not the owner, must manage third-party access to the transmission system.
An operator which wishes to be designated as a “TSO complying with the ITO Model” must meet a list of requirements intended to safeguard its independence from the VIU. It must own the assets and employ the personnel necessary for the activity of transmission. The operator may not lease services from other parts of the VIU, although it may provide services to the VIU where such services, available to all system users provided by the regulator, do not negatively impact competition. It must not, in its corporate identity, communication, branding and premises, create confusion in respect of the separate identity.
Financial arrangements between the VIU, the operator and its senior staff must be approved by the regulator. The operator must have a compliance officer and a supervisory body, the latter providing the VIU owner with influence over the longerterm financial plans but not the daytoday affairs of the operator.
2.2.10	Entities from outside the EU may control a transmission system or a TSO if they comply with the unbundling requirements. In such cases, certification of a TSO must demonstrate that the security of energy supplies in the member state and the EU generally will not be put at risk.
2.2.11	Member states have chosen different models depending on their pre-existing domestic circumstances, with many transmission systems applying for certification under the ITO Model and fewer choosing the ISO Model.
2.2.12	The certification and continuous monitoring of a TSO’s compliance with one of the models is determined by the national regulator, taking into account the Commission’s opinion. The Cross-Border Regulation 2009 also contains additional rules for the unbundling provisions of the Third Energy Package relating to the procedure for certification of TSOs.
2.2.13	Designated TSOs under the IME packages are responsible for ensuring the system meets reasonable demands for the transmission of electricity, contributing to security of supply through adequate transmission capacity and reliability, managing energy flows on the system, ensuring the availability of necessary ancillary services, ensuring fairness between system users, providing system information and granting third-party access.24 Additional tasks apply under the ITO Model.
2.2.14	These tasks are not required of a TSO which has delegated the tasks to an operator where the TSO has been certified and designated “transmission system operator” in name only for the purposes of the Third Energy Package.
2.2.16	The EC has called for investment in infrastructure to grow transmission capacity, interconnection between key locations and solutions for small isolated systems.
2.3.5	DSOs are required to maintain a secure, reliable and efficient distribution system with due regard for the environment and not to discriminate between individual system users or classes.
2.4.1	The IME packages have not been prescriptive on procedures for appointing retail market participants. There is no requirement for open procedures for new entrants (unlike generation) or certification procedures (unlike transmission and distribution).
2.4.8	EU member states are also obliged to protect final customers by protecting vulnerable customers from disconnection, and those in remote areas, and ensuring transparency regarding contractual terms and conditions.42 Each member state shall define the concept of vulnerable customers which may refer to energy poverty and, inter alia, to the prohibition of disconnection of such customers in critical times.
2.4.9	An annex to the Second Energy Package, amended in the Third Energy Package, comprises a list of minimum measures for customer protection under retail contracts.
2.5.1	The IME packages require wholesale competition across EU electricity markets, but have not been prescriptive in respect of the form of trading arrangements that must be adopted.
2.5.3	The First Energy Package had permitted three methods for suppliers, generators and other customers to access the transmission and distribution systems. EU member states which had a single buyer model for the sale and purchase of electricity could retain this model but with some safeguards or choose either a system of regulated third party access or negotiated third party access. The Second Energy Package retained only the regulated third party access procedure, and the Third Energy Package has not changed this.
2.5.4	There is currently no single market for the trade of electricity in the EU. The interconnection of European countries is not yet sufficient to support this. The Second Energy Package and Third Energy Package have attempted to improve this (see paragraph 3.1.11 below).
2.5.5	The EC monitors the traded volume of power on European trading platforms and cross-border physical power flows in the EU.
2.5.7	The system operator in each country will balance the system and record generation and consumption, whilst power exchanges facilitate and record the trading. Markets are generally licensed by national regulators.
the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).
2.5.9	Major European wholesale markets include countries which are not in the EU but have acceded to the European Economic Area in certain limited areas, for example Nordpool comprises Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Estonia and Lithuania.
3.1.5	NRAs are required to cooperate for optimal management of the network and must coordinate the development of network codes for TSOs and European market participants.
3.1.6	On 11 November 2003, the European Regulators Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG) was established. This evolved into the Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER) and ACER in 2009 pursuant to the Third Energy Package.
3.1.8	CEER remains a complementary forum dealing with related issues.
3.1.9	ENTSO-E was established under the Third Energy Package and is the EU forum of 41 TSOs from 34 countries responsible for coordination between TSOs. Its major project is the development of the European network codes. It also provides non-binding Ten Year Network Development Plans and reports on generation adequacy from a European perspective. On 28 May 2013, ENTSO-E also called for a framework to be put in place to recognise the specific financial needs of TSOs building the transmission infrastructure required for EU policy goals to be met.
3.1.12	Under the Cross-Border Regulation 2009, ACER is providing the frameworks for unified pan-European codes, with ENTSO-E and market participants formulating the detail. Each code will become legally binding with the status of a regulation after its adoption by the EC following a consultation process.54 The network codes are detailed in Table 4 below.
an exemption of certain new interconnectors for limited periods from the requirements for unbundling of transmission,58 open third party access59 and supervision of tariffsetting by national regulators60. (this is aimed at reducing the risk profile of otherwise unfundable privately owned interconnectors).
3.1.16	The EU is keen for member states to smarten their electricity networks in a way which is compatible with a unified internal electricity market. Smart grid standards have been officially requested by the EC63 and are being developed by the three European standardisation organisations: CEN (European Committee for Standardization), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute).
3.2.1	The Nuclear Safety Directive64 requires each member state to establish and maintain a national legislative, regulatory and organisational framework and a competent regulatory authority to govern licensing and safety of nuclear installations.
3.2.3	Following the Fukushima Daiichi incident in Japan in March 2011, ENSREG and the EC conducted a review of European nuclear safety legislation and stress tests. No reactors were required to close but detailed recommendations for safety improvements were made by the EC along with a new periodic review proposal. Accordingly, a member state may impose safeguard measures in the event of a sudden crisis in the energy market and where the physical safety or security of persons, apparatus or installations or system integrity is threatened.66 However, such measures must be notified to the other member states and the EC and cannot distort competition or adversely affect trade.
3.4	As part of the 2030 policy framework, the EC’s aim is to establish competitive, affordable and secure energy. The EC proposes a set of key indicators to assess progress over time and to provide a factual base for potential policy response. These indicators relate to, for example, energy price differentials with major trading partners, supply diversification and reliance on indigenous energy sources, as well as the interconnection capacity between member states.
3.5.2	EU directives have been passed to support international agreements in respect of global climate change, and member states have also agreed ambitious environmental policies for Europe beyond global targets.
3.5.3	The EU’s main objective is to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases by 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 and to increase the share of energy from renewable sources consumed in the EU to 20% of the EU’s final consumption of energy by that date.
3.5.4	The RED is the cornerstone of the EU’s legislative drive to help the EU reach the 2020 targets. The RED had to be transposed by member states by 5 January 2010. It follows a similar structure to the first renewables directive in 2001 and requires each member state to reach a specific renewable energy target.
3.5.5	The RED required member states to submit a National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) to the EC by 30 June 2010 to set out member states’ national indicative targets for achieving the EU 2020 targets.
3.5.6	Each EU member state’s targets are set out in the annex to the RED. Progress towards these and the national indicative targets is reviewed by the EC. Although the recession which began in 2007 to 2008 has reduced the consumption of energy and amount of emissions in many countries, there are concerns that the targets may not be achieved in several member states. The EC has recently referred Austria to the Court of Justice of the European Union for failing to fully implement the RED.74 The EC has asked the Court to impose penalties of EUR 40,512 per day.
3.5.7	In January 2013, the EC published a white paper which sets out a policy framework for 2020 to 2030. The white paper is a non-binding proposal for EU action. The 2030 policy framework establishes more ambitious targets to drive further decarbonisation of the European economy, particularly for the electricity sector. In particular, key parts of the framework are the targets to reduce EU domestic greenhouse gas emissions by 40% below the 1990 level by 2030 and increase the share of renewable energy to at least 27% of the EU’s energy consumption by 2030.
3.5.9	Greenhouse gas emissions trading is one of a number of mechanisms being adopted by the EU to meet its commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions by eight percent (8%) below 1990 levels.
3.5.11	The Emissions Trading Directive requires EU member states to decide upon the total quantity of allowances to allocate for each compliance period and the number to be allocated to each operator. Operators need to calculate and verify their emissions and submit allowances equal to their emissions each year. Excess emissions allowances can be sold; if more are needed, they can be bought from other participants or brokers. For trading and compliance purposes, member states must recognise allowances issued in other member states. Non-compliance is subject to penalties.
3.5.12	At the start of Phase 3 of the EU-ETS, the surplus carbon credits stood at almost two billion allowances, double the level in 2012 created by industrial inactivity following the 2008 recession in Phase 2 of the EU-ETS (2008 to 2012).
3.5.13	As a short term measure, designed to add value back into the system and mitigate the effects of the surplus, the EC decided to postpone the auction of an additional 900 million allowances from 2013 to 2015 and 2019 to 2020 (i.e. “back-load”) when it is expected that demand for carbon credits will have recovered.
3.5.14	However, back-loading is expected to provide only temporary relief. In a draft decision78 published as part of the 2030 policy framework, the EC proposes to establish a market stability reserve. The market stability reserve is designed as an objective and rule-based mechanism on the basis of which auction volumes are adjusted in an “automatic manner” under pre-defined conditions. The proposal is to establish the market stability reserve from the start of Phase 4 in 2021 so as to provide market participants with lend-time to adapt to the introduction of the reserve and to provide sufficient regulatory certainty during Phase 3.
3.5.15	In April 2014, the EC adopted new guidelines on state aid for environmental protection and energy.79 These replace the existing guidelines on environmental aid and cover state aid to energy infrastructure, generation adequacy and energy intensive industries. The guidelines provide a framework for state aid to renewable energy sources including requirements for market based support from January 2016 and competitive bidding from January 2017.
J.M. Barroso, Energy Priorities for Europe 2011, February 2011.
EC, 2030 climate and energy goals for a competitive, secure and low carbon EU economy, 22 January 2014, [europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-54_en.htm] (accessed 10 December 2014).
Council Directive (EC) 96/92 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity (First Energy Package).
Council Decision (EC) No. 1254/96 laying down a series of guidelines for trans-European energy networks.
Council Directive (EEC) 2003/54 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing the First Energy Package (Second Energy Package).
Council Regulation (EC) No. 1228/2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross border exchanges in electricity (Cross-Border Regulation 2003).
Council Directive (EEC) 2009/72 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing the Second Energy Package (Third Energy Package).
Council Regulation (EC) No. 714/2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross border exchanges in electricity and repealing Cross-BorderRegulation (EC) No 1228/2003 (Cross-Border Regulation 2009).
Council Regulation (EC) No. 713/2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER Regulation).
Council Directive (EC) 2009/28 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (RED).
Council Directive (EC) 2009/29 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community (EU ETS Amending Directive).
Council Directive (EC) 2009/30 amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and amending Council Directive 1999/32/EC as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC (Fuel Quality Directive).
Council Directive (EC) 2009/31 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 (Carbon Capture and Storage Directive).
Council Decision (EC) No. 406/2009 on the effort of EU member states to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020 (Effort Sharing Decision).
Third Energy Package, art 7.3 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 6.1 and 7).
Third Energy Package, recital 43, art 7.2 and 8 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 6.2).
Third Energy Package, art 7.3 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 6.3).
Council Directive (EC) 2001/80 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants (Large Combustion Plants Directive).
Council Directive (EU) 2010/75 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control (Recast)) (Industrial Emission Directive).
EC, Annual Report ‘Energy Markets in the EU in 2011’, 15 November 2012, [ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/annual_reports/annual_reports_en.htm] (accessed 10 December 2014).
Third Energy Package, art 9(8)(a), 13 and 14.
Third Energy Package, art 9(8)(6) and 17 to 23.
Third Energy Package, art 9(9).
Third Energy Package, art 12 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 9 and First Energy Package, art 7).
Third Energy Package, art 32 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 20 and First Energy Package, art 16 to 18).
Council Regulation (EC) No. 680/2007 laying down general rules for the granting of Community financial aid in the field of the trans-European transport and energy networks.
Third Energy Package, art 25 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 14 and First Energy Package, art 11).
Third Energy Package, art 26 and 29 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 15 and 17).
Third Energy Package, art 26(3).
Third Energy Package, art 29 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 17).
Third Energy Package, art 26(3) (formerly Second Energy Package, art 15(3)).
Third Energy Package, art 34 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 22 and First Energy Package, art 20).
Third Energy Package, art 25 and 28 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 14).
Third Energy Package, art 3(3) (formerly Second Energy Package, art 3(3)).
Third Energy Package, art 3(4).
Third Energy Package, art 41.
Third Energy Package, art 3(5) and 3(3).
Third Energy Package, art 3(2) (formerly Second Energy Package, art 3(2) and First Energy Package, art 3(2)).
Third Energy Package, art 3(7) (formerly Second Energy Package, art 3(5)).
Third Energy Package, art 3(9) (formerly Second Energy Package, art 3(6)).
Third Energy Package, art 15 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 11).
Cross-Border Regulation 2009, Annex I.3.2.
Third Energy Package, art 35 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 23).
Third Energy Package, art 36 and 37(6) (formerly Second Energy Package, art 23).
Third Energy Package, art 37(12) (Second Energy Package, art 23(6)).
Third Energy Package, art 37(4)(d).
Third Energy Package, art 6 and 39 and Regulation (EC) No 713/2009.
Third Energy Package, art 5 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 5).
Third Energy Package, art 5.
Cross-Border Regulation 2009, art 1 to 18 (Cross-Border Regulation 2003, art 1 to 8).
ENTSO-E introductory slides, March 2013, [www.entsoe.eu/major-projects/network-code-development/] (accessed 19 August 2013).
Commission Regulation (EU) No. 838/2010 on laying down guidelines relating to the inter-transmission system operator compensation mechanism and a common regulatory approach to transmission charging.
Cross-Border Regulation 2009, art 13 to 15 and 18 (Cross-Border Regulation 2003, art 3 to 5 and 8).
Cross-Border Regulation 2009, Annex I (Cross-Border Regulation 2003, Annex).
Third Energy Package, art 9.
Third Energy Package, art 32.
Third Energy Package, art 37(6) and 37(10).
Third Energy Package, Annex I.2.
Requests issued as Mandate M/490 for Smart Grids (March 2011), Mandate M/468 for electric vehicles (June 2010) and Mandate M441 for smart meters (March 2009), summarised in the Commission Communication COM/2011/202 “Smart Grids: from innovation to deployment”.
Council Directive (EURATOM) 2009/71 establishing a Community framework for the nuclear safety of nuclear installations. (Nuclear Safety Directive).
Commission Decision (EURATOM) 2007/530 on establishing the European High Level Group on Nuclear Safety and Waste Management.
Third Energy Package, art 42 (Second Energy Package, art 24; First Energy Package, art 23).
Council Decision (EURATOM) No. 198/2007 establishing the European Joint Undertaking for ITER and the development of Fusion Energy and conferring advantages upon it.
Fusion for Energy website, [fusionforenergy.europa.eu/] (accessed 15 December 2014).
Third Energy Package, art 31 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 19; First Energy Package, art 14).
Third Energy Package, art 10(7).
Third Energy Package, art 5 (formerly Second Energy Package, art 5).See Council Directive (EC) 98/48 amending Directive 98/34/EC laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations.
ACER, REMIT Annual Report 2014, [www.acer.europa.eu/official-documents/Acts-of-the-Agency/Publication/REMIT%20annual%20Report%202014.pdf] (accessed 10 October 2014).
Third Energy Package, art 3(2) (formerly Second Energy Package, art 3(2); First Energy Package, art 3(2)).
EC, Renewable Energy: Commission refers Austria to Court for failing to transpose EU rules, 20 November 2013 [europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1113_en.htm?locale=FR] (accessed 15 December 2015).
RED, art 15 and 16.
Directive (EC) 2003/87 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (Emissions Trading Directive).
Emissions Trading Directive, art 4 and Annex I.
EC proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the establishment and operation of a market stability reserve for the union greenhouse gas emission trading scheme and amending Directive 2003/87/EC.
In addition to the terms defined in each chapter, this glossary sets out some commonly used terms in the Electricity Guide 2015.
Decision No 1254/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 1996 laying down a series of guidelines for trans-European energy networks.
Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross border exchanges in electricity.
Regulation (EC) No 713/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators.

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