Source: https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-22-23-28756
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 12:16:18+00:00

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Here we present an approach for creating full-color digital rainbow holograms based on mixing three basic colors. Much like in a color TV with three luminescent points per single screen pixel, each color pixel of initial image is presented by three (R, G, B) distinct diffractive gratings in a hologram structure. Change of either duty cycle or area of the gratings are used to provide proper R, G, B intensities. Special algorithms allow one to design rather complicated 3D images (that might even be replacing each other with hologram rotation). The software developed (“RainBow”) provides stability of colorization of rotated image by means of equalizing of angular blur from gratings responsible for R, G, B basic colors. The approach based on R, G, B color synthesis allows one to fabricate gray-tone rainbow hologram containing white color what is hardly possible in traditional dot-matrix technology. Budgetary electron beam lithography based on SEM column was used to fabricate practical examples of digital rainbow hologram. The results of fabrication of large rainbow holograms from design to imprinting are presented. Advantages of the EBL in comparison to traditional optical (dot-matrix) technology is considered.
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Fig. 1 Four (from five in total) images of a three-dimensional scene taken at various camera-angles, the angles differing by 5deg.
Fig. 2 Splitting of the initial color image into three (monochromatic) standard R, G, B images (the image corresponds to yellow ball in the initial image).
Fig. 3 Graphic presentation of the data for drawing gratings of “red” color (therefore all the gratings are of the same period).
Fig. 4 Fragment of the data from Fig. 3 approximately corresponding to the yellow ball area in Fig. 2. Also shown are several gratings and two individual gratings of various duty cycles. Due to the proximity effect the grating with a low duty cycle (shown in gray color, low-left) should be exposed with a higher dose, brown color of the low-right grating corresponds to a lower dose due to automatic proximity correction procedure applied.
Fig. 5 Graphic presentation of lithographic data for the creation of all the five color images (Fig. 1) in the area of the ball. All 15 elementary gratings fill less than 20% of the available area.
Fig. 6 Each vertical set of three gratings determines the color of an individual pixel and corresponds to one of the five initial images.
Fig. 7 Photos showing two examples of rainbow holograms resulting from diffraction effects in nanoscaled grating structures, which are produced in a thin resist layer using e-beam lithography. At a certain angle a colored 3D image (right) and a flower (left) are visible.
Fig. 8 Optical microscope image of the grating structures in a 400 nm thin PMMA layer fabricated with e-beam lithography.
Fig. 9 SEM micrograph of the electroplated nickel stamp. The grating structure shows features in the submicron and nanometer ranges.
Fig. 10 Detailed view of the electroplated nickel nanostructures (300 nm high and approx. 150 nm wide).
Fig. 12 Scene geometry of rainbow hologram projected from the observer viewpoint.
(1) I I 0 = 1 2 [ 1 − cos ( 2 π h d ) ] .
(2) γ x ≅ 2 λ a x ; γ y ≅ 2 λ a y .

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