Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/325/327/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 18:09:21+00:00

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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 325 › Sinclair & Carroll Co., Inc. v. Interchemical Corp.
1. In suits in the federal courts for infringement of patents, the better practice usually is for the court to inquire fully into the validity of the patent. P. 325 U. S. 330.
2. It is essential to the validity of a patent that the subject matter reveal "invention," "more ingenuity . . . than the work of a mechanic skilled in the art." P. 325 U. S. 330.
3. Patent No. 2,087,190, claims 3, 10, 11, 12 and 13, to Gessler, for a printer's ink which is nonvolatile at room temperature and highly volatile when heated, which involved merely the selection of a known compound to meet known requirements, held invalid for want of invention. P. 325 U. S. 334.
Certiorari, 323 U.S. 705, to review a decree which, upon appeal from a decree holding a patent invalid and not infringed, 50 F.Supp. 881, held the patent valid and infringed.
ink which is substantially nondrying at ordinary temperatures and dries instantly on heating of the printed matter, consisting of coloring matter dispersed in an organic viscous vehicle consisting of a liquid component and a solid component completely dissolved in the liquid component in sufficient quantity to give the ink the consistency of an ordinary oil-varnish printing ink -- the solid component being a member of the group consisting of natural and synthetic resins and cellulose compounds, substantially all of the liquid component having a vapor pressure at 20 C. as low as that of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether at 20 C., and the major part of the liquid component having vapor pressure which at 150 C. approximates that of ethyl alcohol at ordinary temperatures and forming a stable solution with the solid component."
In other words, Gessler claims to have invented an ink which will not dry at room temperature but which will dry instantly upon the application of heat after printing. Such an ink is of no particular value in the printing of newspapers or other publications which use absorbent paper. This can be done acceptably with ordinary inks containing linseed oil which is nonvolatile at all relevant temperatures. The paper absorbs the ink when one side is printed, and the other side can be printed immediately without danger of smudging.
oil inks, and delay of from one to twenty-four hours was necessary before printing was sufficiently dry to allow the sheets to be worked upon again.
Many efforts were made to eliminate the necessity for delay. The problem was complicated by the fact that the presses used in this kind of printing are equipped with a long series of ink-distributing rollers to spread out the ink to the optimum thin film before it is applied to the type. Hence, when inks with volatile components were used, they would dry on the rollers before they got to the type. And if inks with nonvolatile ingredients -- like linseed oil -- were used, they would not dry except by slow oxidation. Other approaches to the solution of the problem included the exposure of sheets printed from linseed-oil inks to ozone, but that process was dangerous and not wholly satisfactory. Gessler's ink combines the qualities of an ink which does not dry on the rollers and one which dries quickly after printing when heat is applied to it.
presses which are furnished with heating devices, without interruption for drying.
The District Court held Gessler's patent invalid because anticipated by the prior art, and held that the petitioner's inks did not infringe. Interchemical Corp. v. Sinclair & Carroll Co., 50 F.Supp. 881. The Circuit Court reversed, holding the patent valid and infringed. Interchemical Corp. v. Sinclair & Carroll Co., 144 F.2d 842. We granted certiorari. 323 U.S. 705.
There has been a tendency among the lower federal courts in infringement suits to dispose of them where possible on the ground of noninfringement, without going into the question of validity of the patent. Irvin v. Buick Motor Co., 88 F.2d 947, 951; Aero Spark Plug Co. v. B.G. Corp., 130 F.2d 290; Franklin v. Masonite Corp., 132 F.2d 800. It has come to be recognized, however, that, of the two questions, validity has the greater public importance, Cover v. Schwartz, 133 F.2d 541, and the District Court in this case followed what will usually be the better practice by inquiring fully into the validity of this patent.
the advancement of the arts and sciences. [Footnote 1] Its inducement is directed to disclosure of advances in knowledge which will be beneficial to society; it is not a certificate of merit, but an incentive to disclosure. See Hartford Empire Co. v. United States, 323 U. S. 386. Consequently it is not concerned with the quality of the inventor's mind, but with the quality of his product.
The patent in suit was not the product of long and difficult experimentation. Although, like other patent cases, this has an extensive record, it is hard to see wherein Gessler's invention consists. In 1930, he was asked to make an odorless ink, and he selected from a catalog of a chemical manufacturer three solvents which the catalog indicated to be relatively odorless. Their vapor pressures -- that is, their rates of evaporation at various temperatures -- were also listed. He tried inks made with each of the compounds as a solvent and decided that butyl carbitol was the most satisfactory, since it did not dry while on the rollers at ordinary temperature.
"And now, when Mr. Cray came, in the year 1932, and told me that heating units, steam-heated rollers are used on printing presses, that was the last key that I needed for the solution of the problem. I had not known that before, and I knew that, if I could apply any heat to the thin film of those inks, that they would dry almost instantaneously. With that in mind, that was the mental background, I would say, that I sent this particular ink to Mr. Cray. I did not send him a number of inks or a selection of inks, but I sent him just one specific ink."
"Q. What I want to get straight in my mind, Dr. Gessler, is this: You selected these three, is that right?"
"Q. Did you select them from a much longer list?"
"Q. And before you selected them, you tried them all out, did you?"
"A. No. You see the list is listed according to the boiling point, and if you followed on, I took it from a certain boiling point on upwards."
"Q. Oh, I see. You took them out of a long list in accordance with their boiling point?"
"A. That is correct. That was my first indication of evaporation rate."
"Q. . . . In selecting these three solvents that you referred to, butyl cellosolve, carbitol, and butyl carbitol, did you have reference to a Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Corporation catalog?"
"A. I knew them. I don't know if I had reference, but I knew naturally those solvents."
"Q. You may have referred to a catalog?"
"A. I may have, certainly. I most probably had the catalog."
"Q. You got copies of their catalogs, did you?"
"Q. On the flyleaf of the Carbide & Carbon catalog, there is a list of their products. Do you remember that list (handing to witness)?"
"Q. That gives boiling points and vapor pressures?"
"Q. And you may have selected these three solvents that we are talking about from that list?"
"A. That is possible, although I knew the solvents. I was very conversant with them. I told you a while ago why."
Hanson testified in an affidavit introduced in support of a motion for rehearing that he had worked for over a year trying to produce such an ink and, did not succeed.
"In the use of such compositions, immediately after the impression is made, heat should be applied, and most advantageously this may be accomplished by a suitable heater, electric, gas, etc., arranged on or adjacent the press, so that the delivered printed impression is subjected to a substantial degree of heat to complete the setting action."
"It is not the principal purpose of the patent laws of our country or of any nation to reward an individual. The purpose is much deeper, and the effect much wider than individual gain. It is the promotion of science and the advancement of the arts looking to the general welfare of the Nation that the patent laws hope to accomplish. The individual reward is only the lure to bring about this much broader objective. Every patent granted benefits society by adding to the sum total of human knowledge, but that is not enough, and that alone will not achieve the ultimate goal of the patent system."
TNEC Hearings, Part 3, p. 857.
"The solvents available have different boiling points ranging through a broad scale, but, unfortunately for this problem, their vapor pressure curves are nearly parallel. If we choose one from the group with a boiling point well under 250 F. (121 C.), the highest practical heat to apply to a printed sheet, we find that at room temperature its vapor pressure is still so great that drying will progress rapidly. On the other hand, if one is selected with a vapor pressure so low at room temperature that little drying takes place at 200 to 250 F., we find the boiling point hardly attained, or not even reached."
"If we could only flatten the curve of a high boiling solvent with a vapor pressure of 1 in. of mercury or less at 80 down to a point where, at 30 in., the boiling temperature would be reduced to only 150 or so, it would not take us long to compound an ink to meet the general characteristics for a plastic ink set forth above."
Sinclair & Carroll Company, Inc.

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