Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/190/340/
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 18:02:57+00:00

Document:
After obtaining a divorce on the ground of his wife's desertion, she not opposing the decree, the husband executed and delivered a written contract by which he agreed to pay the wife a specified sum annually for her own support during her life or so long as she remained unmarried, and also to pay her a specified sum annually for the support of their minor children whose custody was awarded by the decree to the wife. Subsequently the husband was adjudged a bankrupt and discharged. The wife sued for amounts accrued prior to the discharge both for her own support and for that of her children.
Held that, as to the amount payable for her own support, it was not a contingent liability provable under the Bankruptcy Act, and the contract was not of such a nature as would permit the obligor to be discharged from the obligations thereunder by a discharge in bankruptcy.
Held that, as to the amount payable for the minor children, the contract was a recognition of liability on the part of the father to support them and, as it does not appear that the amount was unreasonable, the contract to do so could not be affected by a discharge in bankruptcy, and the fact that the money was payable to the mother did not affect the situation.
claim, for the sum of $851.60 and costs. The defendant then obtained a writ of error from this Court, directed to the Superior Court of Massachusetts, where the record remained.
The case shows these facts: the parties were husband and wife, who, in 1889, were living apart, the husband in Ohio and the wife in Massachusetts. In May, 1889, the attorney for her husband came to Massachusetts and saw Mrs. Dunbar, and told her that her husband was about to seek a divorce from her. The wife at this time had no means, and the two sons of the marriage, then respectively nine and twelve years old, were living with her. The purpose of the visit of the attorney was to obtain some assurance from her that she would not contest the case, and, if she did not, that the husband would make provision for aiding in the support of herself and her sons until they arrived of age. The wife denied any intended desertion of her husband, but the result of the negotiations after the wife had taken counsel of friends was to give assurance to the attorney that no defense would be interposed if he made some suitable provision for herself and her children.
"that the custody of the children of such marriage, one boy, Harry H. Dunbar, aged twelve years, and Willie W. Dunbar, aged nine years, be, and the same are, to remain in charge and under the control of the said Lottie E. Dunbar, the said Horace B. Dunbar to have the privilege of seeing said children at all reasonable times."
"upon the evidence adduced, that the defendant has been guilty of willful absence for more than three years last past from plaintiff, and that, by reason thereof, the plaintiff is entitled to a divorce as prayed for."
"to our children, Harry H. Dunbar and Willie W. Dunbar, the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars each, yearly, until they each attain the age of fourteen years; after that age, they are to be paid by me such extra allowance as will give them a good and sufficient education befitting their station in life, and a suitable maintenance until each attains the age of twenty-one years."
This writing was signed by the husband and acknowledged before a notary public of Hamilton, Ohio.
Payments upon this contract were made by the husband, but, in 1896, they had become somewhat in arrears, and disputes arose as to the validity of the agreement. Thereafter, another contract was entered into, and payments were made as called for in that contract until some months prior to December 2, 1898. On such last-named date, the defendant was adjudged a bankrupt, on his voluntary petition in bankruptcy, in the United States District Court in bankruptcy, Southern District of Ohio, Western Division, and on April 24, 1899, was discharged from all debts and claims provable, under the act of Congress relating to bankruptcy, against his estate, existing on the second day of December, 1898.
Alimony due up to present time.
The plaintiff, at the first meeting of the creditors in bankruptcy proceedings, which was held before a referee appointed therein, appeared by an attorney, who produced and filed his power of attorney and filed her claim for $691.63, for installments on the contract due to December 2, 1898. The husband had paid nothing on the contract since sometime before December 2, 1898, and finally the wife commenced an action to recover the amounts due thereon.
"Controversies having arisen concerning the agreement heretofore made between Horace B. Dunbar and Lottie E. Dunbar in September, 1889, in consideration of said Lottie E. Dunbar's forbearance of suit on such controversies, and in settlement of all such controversies, and in substitution of said agreement of September, 1889, and in further consideration of the release by Lottie E. Dunbar and in satisfaction of all claims under said original agreement, Horace B. Dunbar agrees with the said Lottie E. Dunbar as follows:"
"That said Horace B. Dunbar will pay to Lottie E. Dunbar during her life, or until she marries, for her maintenance and support, yearly, the sum of five hundred dollars, and will pay to her yearly for the support and maintenance of her child, Harry H. Dunbar, the sum of four hundred dollars until he shall attain the age of twenty-one years, and shall pay to her yearly for the support and maintenance of her child, Willie W. Dunbar, the sum of four hundred dollars until he shall attain the age of twenty-one years, all said sums to be paid in equal monthly installments between the first and tenth of each and every month, the first installment being for the month of May, 1896, shall be paid between the first and tenth of June, 1896."
"And, in addition to the foregoing, said Horace B. Dunbar agrees to pay the further sum of one hundred dollars between the first and tenth of July, 1896, over and above the installment otherwise due for said month."
"And the said Lottie E. Dunbar hereby agrees that she has not, nor shall she have, any other claim or demand against Horace B. Dunbar for contribution to her support and maintenance, or for the support, maintenance, or education of said children, save and except as fixed and limited by this agreement."
Properly signed by both parties and witnessed.
Horace B. Dunbar to Lottie E. Dunbar, Dr.
Horace B. Dunbar to Lottie E. Dunbar Dr.
The defendant pleaded his discharge in court of the state held that it was not good.
event, we think the contract as to the support of the wife is not of such a nature as to be discharged by a discharge in bankruptcy.
Conceding that the Bankruptcy Act provides for discharging some classes of contingent demands or claims, this is not, in our opinion, such a demand. Even though it may be that an annuity dependent upon life is a contingent demand within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898, 30 Stat. 544, yet this contract, so far as regards the support of the wife, is not dependent upon life alone, but is to cease in case the wife remarries. Such a contingency is not one which, in our opinion, is within the purview of the act, because of the innate difficulty, if not impossibility, of estimating or valuing the particular contingency of widowhood. A simple annuity which is to terminate upon the death of a particular person may be valued by reference to the mortality tables. Mr. Justice Bradley, in Riggin v. Magwire, 15 Wall. 549, speaking for the Court, said that, so long as it remained uncertain whether a contract or engagement would ever give rise to an actual duty or liability, and there was no means of removing the uncertainty by calculation, such contract or engagement was not provable under the Bankruptcy Act of 1841. The fifth section of that act gave the right to prove "uncertain and contingent demands," but it was held that a contract such as above described was not within that section.
It was remarked by the Justice in that case that, if the contract had come within the category of annuities and debts payable in future, which are absolute and existing claims, that the value of the wife's probability of survivorship after death of her husband might have been calculated on the principle of life annuities.
But how can any calculation be made in regard to the continuance of widowhood when there are no tables and no statistics by which to calculate such contingency? How can a valuation of a probable continuance of widowhood be made? Who can say what the probability of remarrying is in regard to any particular widow? We know what some of the factors might be in the question: inclination, age, health, property, attractiveness, children.
These would at least enter into the question as to the probability of continuance of widowhood, and yet there are no statistics which can be gathered which would tend in the slightest degree to aid in the solving of the question.
In many cases where actions are brought for the violation of contracts, such as Pierce v. Tennessee Coal &c. Railroad Company, 173 U. S. 1; Roehm v. Horst, 178 U. S. 1, and Schell v. Plumb, 55 N.Y. 592, it is necessary to come to some conclusion in regard to the damages which the party has sustained by reason of the breach of the contract, and in such cases resort may be had to the tables of mortality and to other means of ascertaining as near as possible what the present damages are for a failure to perform in the future; but we think the rules in those cases are not applicable to cases like this, under the Bankruptcy Act.
Taking the liability as presented by the contract, if the mortality tables were referred to for the purpose of ascertaining the value so far as it depended upon life, the answer would be no answer to the other contingency of the continuance of widowhood, and if, having found the value as depending upon the mortality tables, you desire to deduct from that the valuation of the other contingency, it is pure guesswork to do it.
"No doubt it is uncertain whether the appellant will marry again, just as the duration of any particular life is uncertain. But, though the duration of any particular life is uncertain, the expectation of life at a given age is reduced to a certainty when we have regard to a million of lives. The value of the expectation of life is arrived at by an average deduced from practical experience."
Although the English statute makes it necessary to arrive at a conclusion upon this point, yet there is no "practical experience"
"in case the wife should not lead a chaste life; in case the husband and wife should resume cohabitation, and in case the marriage should be dissolved in respect of anything done, committed, or suffered by"
the other party after the date of the deed. The annuity was also to be proportionately diminished in the event of the wife's becoming entitled to any income independent of the husband exceeding a certain amount a year. After the execution of the deed, the husband went through bankruptcy, and it was held that the value of the annuity was capable of being fairly estimated and was provable in the liquidation. In that case, speaking of the thirty-first section of the act of 1869, it was stated that "words more large and general it is impossible to conceive; they cover every species of contingency." It was also stated that it was "difficult to see how any case could arise which would not come within" the language of this act. Bramwell, Lord Justice, said: "But for the present bankruptcy act, our decision must have been the same as that in Mudge v. Rowan," L.R. 3 Ex. 85; but he said that the present bankruptcy act was very different in its terms from the act which was in force when that case was decided.
by mutual consent. It was held that this was not an annuity provable under the Bankruptcy Act of 1849, 12th and 13th Vic. c. 106, section 175; nor a liability to pay money under the 24th and 25th Vic. c. 134, section 154.
"The annuity seems to me to be so uncertain in its nature as to be impossible to be valued. In many cases, the commissioner of bankruptcy may have to deal with contingencies the value of which depend on a variety of considerations, and where the valuation is very difficult. But here I am at a loss to see any single circumstance upon which a calculation of any kind could be based."
"This contingency depends on an infinite variety of circumstances, into which it is idle to suppose a commissioner could inquire."
"The tendency of recent legislation and the course of recent decisions have been to free a debtor who becomes a bankrupt from all liability of every kind; but I do not think an order of discharge a bar to such a claim as the present. . . . I quite admit that, to bring an annuity within the act of 1849, it is not necessary to have any actual pecuniary consideration. I also feel that, in many cases, the difficulty of calculating the present value of contingencies may be very great, and yet they may be within the acts. But here it appears to me that the difficulty is insuperable."
"That cannot be such an annuity as would fall within the one hundred and seventy-fifth section, because a value cannot be put upon it. How is it possible to calculate the probability of a man and his wife, who are separated, living together again? Their doing so depends on their character, temper, and disposition, and, it may be, a variety of other circumstances. Then, is it money payable upon a contingency within the one hundred and seventy-eighth section? I think it is not."
It is only, therefore, by reason of the extraordinarily broad language contained in the thirty-first section of the English Bankruptcy Act of 1869 that the English courts have endeavored to make a fair estimate of the value of a contract based on the continuance of widowhood, even though the value was not capable of being ascertained by fixed rules, nor assessable by a jury, but was simply to be estimated by the opinion of the court or of some one entrusted with the duty.
In the Blakemore case, L.R. 5 Ch.D. 372, after the announcement of the judgment, the report states that it was then arranged that it should be referred to an actuary to ascertain the annuity as a simple life annuity, and to deduct from that value such a sum as he should estimate to be the proper deduction for the contingency of widowhood. In other words, it was left to the actuary to guess the proper amount to be deducted.
No such broad language is found in our Bankruptcy Act of 1898. Section 63a provides for debts which may be proved, which, among others, are: (1) "A fixed liability, as evidenced by a judgment or an instrument in writing, absolutely owing at the time of the filing of the petition against him, whether then payable or not, with any interest thereon which would have been recoverable at that date, or with a rebate of interest upon such as were not then payable and did not bear interest." (4) "Founded upon an open account or upon a contract, express or implied."
In section 63b, provision is made for unliquidated claims against the bankrupt, which may be liquidated upon application to the court in such manner as it shall direct, and may thereafter be proved and allowed against his estate. This paragraph b, however, adds nothing to the class of debts which might be proved under paragraph a of the same section. Its purpose is to permit an unliquidated claim, coming within the provisions of section 63a, to be liquidated as the court should direct.
We do not think that, by the use of the language in section 63a, it was intended to permit proof of contingent debts or liabilities or demands the valuation or estimation of which it was substantially impossible to prove.
The language of section 63a of the act of 1898 differs from that contained in the Bankruptcy Act of 1867, and also from that of 1841. The act of 1867, section 19, 14 Stat. 517, 525, carried into the Revised Statutes as section 5068, provided expressly for cases of contingent debts and contingent liabilities contracted by the bankrupt, and permitted applications to be made to the court to have the present value of the debt or liability ascertained and liquidated, which was to be done in such manner as the court should order, and the creditor was then to be allowed to prove for the amount so ascertained.
Section 5 of the act 1841, 5 Stat. 440, provides in terms for the holders of uncertain or contingent demands coming in and proving such debts under the act. But neither the act of 1841 nor that of 1867 would probably cover the case of such a contract as the one under consideration.
Cases have been cited showing some contingent debts which were held capable of being proved under the Bankruptcy Act of 1898, among which are Moch v. Market Street National Bank, 107 F. 897, Circuit Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, 1901, and Cobb v. Overman, 109 F. 65, Circuit Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, 1901. And under former bankrupt acts, the cases of Fisher v. Tifft, 12 R.I. 56; Heywood v. Shreve, 44 N.J.L. 94, and Shelton v. Pease, 10 Mo. 473.
not due at the time of filing the petition, and it was held that, under section 63a, subdivision 4, the creditor might prove against the estate of the bankrupt after the liability had become fixed.
In Cobb v. Overman, supra, the bond of the bankrupt to secure payment to the obligee of an annuity for life was held to be properly proved under section 63a, clause 1.
These cases, it will be seen, do not come within the principle of the case at bar. The other cases arising under the acts of 1867 and 1841 do not affect this case.
"But, in Morgan v. Wordell, 178 Mass. 350, this Court assumed that such claims were not provable under the act, and we follow that view in the present case."
We think the contract, so far as it related to the payment to the wife during her life or widowhood, was not a contingent liability provable under the act of 1898.
should be discharged in that way. As his discharge would not in any event terminate his obligation to support his children during their minority, we see no reason why his written contract acknowledging such obligation and agreeing to pay a certain sum (which may be presumed to have been a reasonable one) in fulfillment thereof should be so discharged. It is true his promise is to pay to the mother, but, on this branch of the contract, it is for the purpose of supporting his two minor children, and he simply makes her his agent for that purpose.
In In re Baker, 96 F. 954, in the District Court of Kansas, it was held that a judgment in a bastardy proceeding against the putative father, adjudging him to pay a certain sum to the mother of the child for its maintenance, was not such a debt as would be released by the discharge of the father in bankruptcy, and it was put upon the ground that, by virtue of the judgment and bond given thereon, the father became liable for the maintenance of the illegitimate son the same as if he were his legitimate offspring, and that the bankruptcy law was never intended to affect the liability of the father for the support of his children.
"The Bankruptcy Act was passed to relieve persons bringing themselves within its provisions from the incubus of hopeless indebtedness, but it was not intended to, nor does it, subvert the higher rule which casts upon a parent the care and maintenance of his offspring. The welfare of the state, as also every principle of law -- statutory, natural, and divine -- demand that, so long as he has any substance at all, he shall apply it to the maintenance of his children. Creditors as well as all citizens are interested in the enforcement of this rule."
the law enjoins upon him as a duty should be released? There is no language in the act which plainly so provides, and we ought not to infer it.
The amendments to the Bankruptcy Act passed in 1903, 32 Stat. 797, contain an amendment of section 17 of the act of 1898, which relates to debts not affected by a discharge, and it provides, among those not released by a discharge in bankruptcy, a debt due or to become due for alimony or for the maintenance or support of wife or child. It is true that the provisions of the amendatory act are not to apply to cases pending before their enactment. They are only referred to here for the purpose of showing the legislative trend in the direction of not discharging an obligation of the bankrupt for the support and maintenance of wife or children.

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