Source: https://openjurist.org/415/us/814
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 21:50:09+00:00

Document:
Petitioner, a previously convicted felon, was convicted of violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6), a part of the Gun Control Act of 1968, by falsely stating, in connection with the redemption from a pawnbroker of three guns petitioner had pawned, that he had not been convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment for more than a year. The pawnbroker was a federally licensed firearms dealer. The Court of Appeals affirmed. Section 922(a)(6) makes it an offense knowingly to make a false statement 'in connection with the acquisition . . . of any firearm . . . from a . . . licensed dealer' and 'intended or likely to deceive such . . . dealer . . . with respect to any fact material to the lawfulness of the sale or other disposition of such firearm . . ..' Held: Section 922(a)(6) applies to the redemption of a firearm from a pawnshop. Pp. 819-833.
(a) Petitioner's contention that the statute covers only a sale-like transaction is without merit, since 'acquisition' as used in § 922(a)(6) clearly includes any person, by definition, who 'comes into possession, control, or power of disposal' of a firearm. Moreover, the statutory terms 'acquisition' and 'sale or other disposition' are correlatives. It is reasonable to conclude that a pawnbroker might 'dispose' of a firearm through a redemptive transaction. Finally, Congress explicitly included pawnbrokers in the Gun Control Act, specifically mentioned pledge and pawn transactions involving firearms, and did not include them in the statutory exemptions. Pp. 819-823.
(b) That pawnshop firearms redemptions are covered by the challenged provision comports with the legislative history of Title IV of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 and the Gun Control Act of 1968, which are aimed at controlling access to weapons by those whose possession thereof is contrary to the public interest, through a regulatory scheme focusing on the federally licensed firearms dealer. Pp. 824-829.
(c) Section 922(a)(6) contains no ambiguity warranting a narrow construction in petitioner's favor, and application of the statute to the pawn redemptions here raises no issue of constitutional dimension. Pp. 830-833.
Harvey I. Saferstein, Los Angeles, Cal., for the petitioner.
Danny Julian Boggs, Bowling Green, Ky., for respondent.
This case presents the issue whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6),1 declaring that it is unlawful knowingly to make a false statement 'in connection with the acquisition . . . of any firearm . . . from a . . . licensed dealer,' covers the redemption of a firearm from a pawnshop.
* On October 6, 1971, petitioner, William C. Huddleston, Jr., pawned his wife's Winchester 30-30-caliber rifle for $25 at a pawnshop in Oxnard, California. On the following October 15 and on December 28, he pawned at the same shop two other firearms, a Russian 7.62-caliber rifle and a Remington .22-caliber rifle, belonging to his wife. For these he received loans of $10 and $15, respectively. The owner of the pawnshop was a federally licensed firearms dealer.
The question is derived from the statutory prohibition against a dealer's selling or otherwise disposing of a firearm to any person who 'has been convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.' 18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(1).2 Petitioner answered 'no' to Question 8b on each of the three Forms 4473. He then affixed his signature to each form's certification that the answers were true and correct, that he understood that a person who answers any of the questions in the affirmative is prohibited by federal law from 'purchasing and/or possessing a firearm,' and that he also understood that the making of any false statement with respect to the transaction is a crime punishable as a felony.
In fact, Huddleston, six years earlier, had been convicted in a California state court for writing checks without sufficient funds, an offense punishable under California law by a maximum term of 14 years.3 This fact, if revealed to the pawnshop proprietor, would have precluded the proprietor from selling or otherwise disposing of any of the rifles to the petitioner because of the proscription in 18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(1).
Huddleston was charged in a three-count indictment with violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(a)(6) and 924(a).4 He moved to dismiss the indictment, in part on the ground that § 922(a)(6) was never intended to apply, and should not apply, to a pawnor's redemption of a weapon he had pawned. This motion was denied. Petitioner then pleaded not guilty and waived a jury trial.
The Government's evidence consisted primarily of the three Treasury Forms 4473 Huddleston had signed; the record of his earlier California felony conviction; and the pawnbroker's federal license. A Government agent also testified that petitioner, after being arrested and advised of his rights, made statements admitting that he had known, when filling out the forms, that he was a felon and that he had lied each time when he answered Question 8b in the negative.
Petitioner's assault on the statute under which he was convicted is two pronged. First, it is argued that both the statute's language and its legislative history indicate that Congress did not intend a pawnshop redemption of a firearm to be an 'acquisition' covered by the statute. Second, it is said that even if Congress did intend a pawnshop redemption to be a covered 'acquisition,' the statute is so ambiguous that its construction is controlled by the maxim that ambiguity in a criminal statute is to be resolved in favor of the defendant.
On its face, this argument might be said to have some force. A careful look at the statutory language and at complementary provisions of the Act, however, convinces us that the asserted ambiguity is contrived. Petitioner is mistaken in focusing solely on the term 'acquisition' and in enshrouding it with an extra-statutory 'legal title' or 'ownership' analysis. The word 'acquire' is defined to mean simply 'to come into possession, control, or power of disposal of.' Webster's New International Dictionary (3d ed., 1966, unabridged); United States v. Laisure, 460 F.2d 709, 712 n. 3 (CA5 1972). There is no intimation here that title or ownership would be necessary for possession, or control, or disposal power, and there is nothing else in the statute that justifies the imposition of that gloss. Moreover, a full reading of § 922(a)(6) clearly demonstrates that the false statements that are prohibited are those made with respect to the lawfulness of the sale 'or other disposition' of a firearm by a licensed dealer. The word 'acquisition,' therefore, cannot be considered apart from the phrase 'sale or other disposition.' As the Government suggests, and indeed as the petitioner implicitly reasoned at oral argument, Tr. of Oral Arg. 11, if the pawnbroker 'sells' or 'disposes' under § 922(a)(6), the transferee necessarily 'acquires.' These words, as used in the statute, are correlatives. The focus of our inquiry, therefore, should be to determine whether a 'sale or other disposition' of a firearm by a pawnbroker encompasses the redemption of the firearm by a pawnor.
Clearly, a redemption is not a 'sale' for the simple reason that a sale has definite connotations of ownership and title. Some 'other disposition' of a firearm, however, could easily encompass a pawnshop redemption. We believe that it does.
'(A) any person engaged in the business of selling firearms or ammunition at wholesale or retail, (B) any person engaged in the business of repairing firearms or of making or fitting special barrels, stocks, or trigger mechanisms to firearms, or (C) any person who is a pawnbroker.' 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(11) (emphasis supplied).
It defines a 'pawnbroker' as 'any person whose business or occupation includes the taking or receiving, by way of pledge or pawn, of any firearm or ammunition as security for the payment or repayment of money.' 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(12) (emphasis supplied).
These definitions surely suggest that a 'sale or other disposition' of a firearm in a pawnshop is covered by the statute. This, of course, does not of itself resolve the question as to exactly what 'other disposition' by a pawnbroker is included. It should be apparent, however, that if Congress had intended to include only a pawnbroker's default sales of pledged or pawned goods, or his wholesale and retail sales of nonpawned goods, and to exclude the redemption of pawned articles, then the explicit inclusion of the pawnbroker in the definition of 'dealer' would serve no purpose, since part (A) of the definition, covering wholesale and retail sales, would otherwise reach all such sales. United States v. Rosen, 352 F.Supp. 727, 729 (D.C. Idaho 1973). At oral argument counsel suggested that the specific reference to a pawnbroker might have been intended to include 'disposition' by barter, swap, trade, or gift. Tr. of Oral Arg. 5-7. This interpretation strains belief. Trades or gifts are not peculiar to pawnbrokers. Wholesalers and retailers may indulge in such dispositions. There is nothing in the legislative history to indicate that this interpretation prompted the specific mention of a pawnbroker in part (C) of the definition. To the contrary, the committee reports indicate that part (C) 'specifically provides that a pawnbroker dealing in firearms shall be considered a dealer.' H.R.Rep.No.1577, 90th Cong., 2d Sess., (1968) (emphasis supplied). See also S.Rep.No.1501, 90th Cong., 2d Sess., 30 (1968), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1968, p. 4417.
We also cannot ignore the explicit reference to a firearm transaction 'by way of pledge or pawn' in the statutory definition of 'pawnbroker' in § 921(a)(12). Had Congress' desire been to exempt a transaction of this kind, it would have artfully worded the definition so as to exclude it. We are equally impressed by Congress' failure to exempt redemptive transactions from the prohibitions of the Act when it so carefully carved out exceptions for a dealer 'returning a firearm' and for an individual mailing a firearm to a dealer 'for the sole purpose of repair or customizing.' § 922(a)(2)(A). Petitioner contends that a redemptive transaction is no different from the return of a gun left for repair. His argument is that the pawned weapon is simply 'returned' to the individual who left it and represents a mere restoration to its original status. We believe, however, that it was not unreasonable for Congress to choose to view the pawn transaction as something more than the mere interruption in possession typical of repair. The fact that Congress thought it necessary specifically to exempt the repair transaction indicates that it otherwise would have been covered and, if this were so, clearly a pawn transaction likewise would be covered.
In sum, the word 'acquisition,' as used in § 922(a)(6), is not ambiguous, but clearly includes any person, by definition, who 'come[s] into possession, control, or power of disposal' of a firearm. As noted above, 'acquisition' and 'sale or other disposition' are correlatives. It is reasonable to conclude that a pawnbroker might 'dispose' of a firearm through a redemptive transaction. And because Congress explicitly included pawnbrokers in the Act, explicitly mentioned pledge and pawn transactions involving firearms, and clearly failed to include them among the statutory exceptions, we are not at liberty to tamper with the obvious reach of the statute in proscribing the conduct in which the petitioner engaged.
The legislative history, too, supports this reading of the statute. This is apparent from the aims and purposes of the Act and from the method Congress adopted to achieve those objectives. When Congress enacted the provisions under which petitioner was convicted, it was concerned with the widespread traffic in firearms and with their general availability to those whose possession thereof was contrary to the public interest. Pub.L. 90-351, § 1201, 82 Stat. 236, as amended by Pub.L. 90-618, § 301(a)(1), 82 Stat. 1236, 18 U.S.C.App. § 1201. Congress determined that the ease with which firearms could be obtained contributed significantly to the prevalence of lawlessness and violent crime in the United States. S.Rep. No. 1097, 90th Cong., 2d Sess., 108 (1968) U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1968, p. 2112. The principal purpose of the federal gun control legislation, therefore, was to crub crime by keeping 'firearms out of the hands of those not legally entitled to possess them because of age, criminal background, or incompetency.' S.Rep. No. 1501, 90th Cong., 2d Sess., 22 (1968). U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1968, p. 4410.
Title IV of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 and the Gun Control Act of 1968 are thus aimed at restricting public access to firearms. Commerce in firearms is channeled through federally licensed importers, manufacturers, and dealers in an attempt to halt mail-order and interstate consumer traffic in these weapons. The principal agent of federal enforcement is the dealer. He is licensed, §§ 922(a)(1) and 923(a); he is required to keep records of 'sale . . . or other disposition,' § 923(g); and he is subject to a criminal penalty for disposing of a weapon contrary to the provisions of the Act, § 924.
Section 922(a)(6), the provision under which petitioner was convicted, was enacted as a means of providing adequate and truthful information about firearms transactions. Information drawn from records kept by dealers was a prime guarantee of the Act's effectiveness in keeping 'these lethal weapons out of the hands of criminals, drug addicts, mentally disordered persons, juveniles, and other persons whose possession of them is too high a price in danger to us all to allow.' 114 Cong.Rec. 13219 (1968) (remarks of Sen. Tydings). Thus, any false statement with respect to the eligibility of a person to obtain a firearm from a licensed dealer was made subject to a criminal penalty.
From this outline of the Act, it is apparent that the focus of the federal scheme is the federally licensed firearms dealer, at least insofar as the Act directly controls access to weapons by users. Firearms are channeled through dealers to eliminate the mail order and the generally widespread commerce in them, and to insure that, in the course of sales or other dispositions by these dealers, weapons could not be obtained by individuals whose possession of them would be contrary to the public interest. Thus, the conclusion we reached above with respect to the language and structure of the Act, that firearms redemptions in pawnshops are covered, is entirely consonant with the achievement of this congressional objective and method of enforcing the Act.
'Title IV, the concealed weapons amendment, is a very limited, stripped-down, bare-minimum guntraffic control bill, primarily designed to reduce access to handguns for criminals, juveniles, and fugitives . . .. I can fairly say that this concealed weapons amendment does not significantly inconvenience hunters and sportsmen in any way. The people it does frustrate are the juveniles, felons, and fugitives who today can, with total anonymity and impunity, obtain guns by mail or by crossing into neighboring States with lax or no gun laws at all, regardless of the law of their own State.' 114 Cong.Rec. 13647 (1968).
'Mr. Chairman, none of us who support Federal firearms controls believe that any bill or any system of control can guarantee that society will be safe from firearms misuse. But we are convinced that a strengthened system can significantly contribute to reducting the danger of crime in the United States. No one can dispute the need to prevent drug addicts, mental incompetents, persons with a history of mental disturbances, and persons convicted of certain offenses, from buying, owning, or possessing firearms. This bill seeks to maximize the possibility of keeping firearms out of the hands of such persons.' Id., at Rec. 21784.
Petitioner urges that the intention to include pawn redemptions is so ambiguous and uncertain that the statute should be narrowly construed in his favor. Reliance is placed upon the maxim that an 'ambiguity concerning the ambit of criminal statutes should be resolved in favor of lenity.' Rewis v. United States, 401 U.S. 808, 812, 91 S.Ct. 1056, 1059, 28 L.Ed.2d 493 (1971); United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336, 347, 92 S.Ct. 515, 522, 30 L.Ed.2d 488 (1971). This rule of narrow construction is rooted in the concern of the law for individual rights, and in the belief that fair warning should be accorded as to what conduct is criminal and punishable by deprivation of liberty or property. United States v. Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. 76, 95, 5 L.Ed. 37 (1820); United States v. Bass, supra, 404 U.S., at 348, 92 S.Ct., at 522-523. The rule is also the product of an awareness that legislators and not the courts should define criminal activity. Zeal in forwarding these laudable policies, however, must not be permitted to shadow the understanding that '[s]ound rules of statutory interpretation exist to discover and not to direct the Congressional will.' United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 317 U.S. 537, 542, 63 S.Ct. 379, 383, 87 L.Ed. 443 (1943). Although penal laws are to be construed strictly, they 'ought not to be construed so strictly as to defeat the obvious intention of the legislature.' American Fur Co. v. United States, 2 Pet. 358, 367, 7 L.Ed. 450 (1829); United States v. Wiltberger, supra; United States v. Morris, 14 Pet. 464, 475, 10 L.Ed. 543 (1840); United States v. Lacher, 134 U.S. 624, 10 S.Ct. 625, 33 L.Ed. 1080 (1890); United States v. Bramblett, 348 U.S., at 510, 75 S.Ct. at 508; United States v. Bass, 404 U.S., at 351, 92 S.Ct., at 524.
We perceive no grievous ambiguity or uncertainty in the language and structure of the Act. The statute in question clearly proscribes petitioner's conduct and accorded him fair warning of the sanctions the law placed on that conduct. Huddleston was not short of notice that his actions were unlawful. The question he answered untruthfully was preceded by a warning in boldface type that 'an untruthful answer may subject you to criminal prosecution.' The question itself was forthright and direct, stating that it was concerned with conviction of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year and that this meant the term which could have been imposed and not the sentence actually given. Finally, petitioner was required to certify by his signature that his answers were true and correct and that he understood that 'the making of any false oral or written statement . . . with respect to this transaction is a crime punishable as a felony.' This warning also was in boldface type. Clearly, petitioner had adequate notice and warning of the consequences of his action.
The petitioner suggests, lastly, that the application of § 922(a)(6) to a pawn redemption would raise constitutional questions of some moment, and that these would not arise if the statute were narrowly construed. We fail to see the presence of issues of that import. There was no taking of Huddleston's property without just compensation. The rifles, in fact, were not his but his wife's. Moreover, Congress has determined that a convicted felon may not lawfully obtain weapons of that kind. Nor were petitioner's false answers in any way coerced. United States v. Knox, 396 U.S. 77, 79, 90 S.Ct. 363, 364-365, 24 L.Ed.2d 275 (1969); Bryson v. United States, 396 U.S. 64, 72, 90 S.Ct. 355, 360, 24 L.Ed.2d 264 (1969). Finally, no interstate commerce nexus need be demonstrated. Congress intended, and properly so, that §§ 922(a)(6) and (d)(1), in contrast to 18 U.S.C.App. § 1202(a)(1), see United States v. Bass, supra, were to reach transactions that are wholly intrastate, as the Court of Appeals correctly reasoned, 'on the theory that such transactions affect interstate commerce.' 472 F.2d, at 593. See also United States v. Menna, 451 F.2d 982, 984 (CA9 1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 963, 92 S.Ct. 1170, 31 L.Ed.2d 238 (1972), and United States v. O'Neill, 467 F.2d 1372, 1373-1374 (CA2 1972).
This case presents a minor version of the problem confronting the Court in Rosenberg v. United States, 346 U.S. 273, 73 S.Ct. 1152, 97 L.Ed. 1607. That case involved an ambiguity in a criminal law, an ambiguity that normally would be resolved in favor of life. A split Court in a tense period of American history unhappily resolved the ambiguity against life—a break with history which the conscience of our people will sometime rectify.
'(d) It shall be unlawful for any . . .
Cal.Penal Code § 476a (1970). The California complaint against Huddleston was in six counts and contained an allegation that he had been convicted previously in the State of Iowa of an offense which, if committed in California, would have been a violation of § 476 of the California Penal Code. He was eventually sentenced on the check charge to 30 days in jail.
Huddleston at first testified that his California attorney and his probation officer there told him that when he completed his probation period and made restitution, 'it would go on record as a misdemeanor,' and that the attorney had told him he 'couldn't get over a year.' App. 37, 39. Upon inquiry by the court, he testified that when he was arraigned he thought he 'could get more than one year' and was so informed. Id., at 41.
In agreement with the Ninth Circuit's decision is United States v. Beebe, 467 F.2d 222 (CA10 1972). To the contrary is United States v. Laisure, 460 F.2d 709 (CA5 1972).
Mr. Bennett concluded his testimony with the observation, 'No responsible and thoughtful citizen can, in my opinion, seriously object to measures which would discourage youngsters, the mentally ill, and criminals from coming into possession of handguns.' Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 14, pp. 3369, 3377 (1963).
'Mr. Donohue. Do you not think, Mr. Attorney General, to attain the real objective and purpose of this bill, it should not only deal with the sale, but whoever sells or delivers?
'Mr. Clark. Well, generally through the bill when you talk about—well, it would be unlawful for any licensed importer to sell or deliver. Any licensed dealer to sell or deliver.
'Mr. Donohue. It is not restricted to just sale for consideration?
'Mr. Clark. No. The delivery, too.' Hearings on an Anti-Crime Program before Subcommittee No. 5 of the House Committee on the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., 260 (1967).
It should be apparent from these statements that Congress was not so much concerned with guaranteeing no interference with the ownership of weapons as it was in distinguishing between law-abiding citizens and those whose possession of weapons would be contrary to the public interest. Hunting, target practice, gun collecting, and the legitimate use of guns for individual protection are not proscribed by the Act. Ownership of a weapon, however, may be interfered with by seizure and forfeiture under the Act for any violation of its provisions. Section 924(d) incorporates the seizure and forfeiture provisions of the Internal Revenue Code when there is no violation of the provisions of the chapter or any rule or regulation thereunder. The Act itself thus contemplates interference with the ownership of weapons when those weapons fall into the hands of juveniles, criminals, drug addicts, and mental incompetents.
'[O]ne reading through the amendment for the first time would assume that pawnbrokers are covered by the critically important provisions of the affidavit-waiting period procedure. But, if a pawnbroker only receives secondhand weapons as security for the repayment of a loan and does not deal in new firearms, he is not transporting, shipping, or receiving a firearm in interstate or foreign commerce. Used weapons presumably will have come to rest in the hands of the borrower, and the transaction will be wholly intrastate. Such a pawnbroker would not need a Federal firearms license to conduct over-the-counter transactions in firearms. And, accordingly, he would not be a 'licensed dealer' required to comply with the affidavit-waiting period procedure for his over-the-counter sales in handguns. Now, if this analysis is correct, and I believe it is, this is no small omission. Surely the great bulk of criminally irresponsible purchasers of pistols and revolvers buy their weapons secondhand, and many of them from pawnshops. We all have seen the virtual arsenals displayed in the windows of pawnshop dealers in all of the major cities of the country. To say that we have effectively regulated traffic in firearms when we will not have touched the great bulk of these pawnbroker operations is a complete and utter hypocrisy.' 114 Cong.Rec. 13222 (1968).
title IV, on the other hand, all of these pawnbrokers would be required to be licensed—because all dealers and manufacturers must be licensed whether or not they ship, receive, or transport in commerce—and all of them would be under direct Federal sanction not to sell firearms to known criminals. I ask you, which bill is likely to be more effective?' Id., at 13223.
It must be conceded that these remarks refer to 'selling' firearms, but we do not credit this fact as significant for purposes of determining whether a pawnshop redemption is covered by the Act. The plain language of the statute as enacted prohibits a dealer from 'selling or disposing of' firearms to felons, and petitioner's counsel at oral argument intimated that a pawnbroker, under this language, could dispose of a firearm other than by sale and be covered by the Act. Tr. of Oral Arg. 4-5. References in the legislative debate, moreover, are replete with shorthand language and this is merely an instance of its use. Had the legislators been engaged in a colloquy on the actual meaning of 'sale or other disposition of,' we might be more receptive to the interpretation proffered by the petitioner.
We also note that the President of the Pawnbrokers' Association of the City of New York testified during congressional hearings that almost all firearm transactions by pawnshops are by pledge and redemption, and contended, therefore, that pawnbrokers should not be included as dealers under the Act. Hearings on a Federal Firearms Act before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., 1062-1065 (1967). Thus, informed of the fact that almost all firearms transactions by pawnbrokers were through pledge and redemption, and faced with the argument that pawnbrokers should not be considered as 'dealers,' Congress clearly chose to retain pawnbrokers as firearms dealers.
Finally, the language of the committee reports indicates that a 'sale or disposition' includes 'all types of sales or dispositions.' S.Rep. No. 1097, 90th Cong., 2d Sess., 115 (1968), U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 1968, p. 2112.
'This concealed weapons amendment does not violate any State's right to make its own gun laws. Quite the contrary, title IV provides the controls on interstate gun traffic which only the Federal Government can apply, and without which no State gun law is worth the paper it is written on. . . . Without such Federal assistance, any State gun law can be subverted by any child, fugitive, or felon who orders a gun by mail or buys one in a neighboring State which has law gun laws.' 114 Cong.Rec. 13647 (1968).
Civil cases cited by the Court, e. g. American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister, 207 U.S. 284, 293, 28 S.Ct. 72, 74-75, 52 L.Ed. 208, are wide of the mark. For application of a law that sends people to prison for years where Congress has not made it clear they should be there, United States v. Bass, supra, 404 U.S. at 346, 92 S.Ct., at 521-522, is only another device as lacking in due process as Caligula's practice of printing the laws in small print and placing them so high on a wall that the ordinary man did not receive fair warning.
'When taxes of this kind had been proclaimed, but not published in writing, inasmuch as many offenses were committed through ignorance of the letter of the law, he at last, on the urgent demand of the people, had the law posted up, but in a very narrow place and in excessively small letters, to prevent the making of a copy.' Suetonius, The Lives of the Twelve Caesars 192 (Modern Lib. ed. 1931).

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