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Gavrilova Yu.V.. The role of religious syncretism in the modern society // Philosophy and Culture. – 2016. – № 2. – P. 256-261. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2016.2.17812.
Review: The spiritual sphere of society is being subjected to the transformation process in modern conditions of its existence. The structure and function of both individual religions, and whole religious systems change the most actively. The main features of the present stage of the evolution of religion is its total syncretization, involving changes in the specificity of traditional, classical functions of religion. The article examines the functioning of religious syncretism at the present stage of development of society. It is noted that the syncretic religions perform all the functions of “clean” non-syncretic religions, but supplement them with a number of features. The author analyses the specific character of impact of religious syncretism on various spheres of social and spiritual life. The article reveals some peculiarities of manifestation of religious syncretism in multiethnic regions.The study of religious syncretism of functions is based on a functional approach. Attention is drawn to the fact that syncretism should be considered both as a process and as a result of this process. Therefore, the specificity of functioning of syncretic religions can be revealed by using the method of comparative analysis. Comparative approach allows comparing the functioning of religious syncretism in different conditions of its manifestation. The social role of syncretic religions emerges from functions of religious syncretism. The study of functions of religious syncretism allows concluding that religious syncretism influence on our society both positively and negatively. This feature of religious syncretism functioning in the modern conditions of society’s existence arises from factors of its origin, terms of its manifestation, and various forms of existence. It concludes that syncretization of religions in modern society increases, and the processes of formation and dissimination of syncretic religious teachings and cults acquire total character.
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Balagushkin, Yu. E.. Edward Tiryakian’s Religious Metacultures // Philosophy and Culture. – 2015. – № 1. – P. 85-97. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2015.1.10626.
Review: In his introductory article to the translation of the work written by an American sociologist and cultural philosopher Edward Tiryakian ‘Three metacultures of modernity: Cristian, Gnostic, Chthonic’, Balagushkin provides a general description of Tiryakian’s creative work (his woks are not that popular in our country) and describes the basic terms and concepts in Tiryakian’s ‘Three metacultures of modernity’ - ‘society of modernity’ and ‘metaculture’. Balagushkin also analyzes the role and the meaning of the phenomenon of culture in Edward Tiryakian’s researches, definition of ‘metaculture’ and functional features of the religious metacultures – Christianity, Gnosticism and Paganism. Based on Tiryakian, the dynamics and variety of cultures are viewed from the point of view of the cultural-historical, functional and structural-analytical approaches and the search for philosophical and anthropological aspects of works by the American philosopher. At the end of the article Balagushkin concludes that Edward Tiryakian’s concept presents an original religion-oriented version of philosophical anthropology where human is the target and actor of changes in culture and society. Human nature is the immanent ground of the socio-cultural dynamics in the historical perspective.
Keywords: Edward Tiryakian, post-modern society, modernity, metaculture, Christianity, Gnosticism, paganism, unorthodox religious views, religious pluralism, human and culture.
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Kutarev, O. V.. European Neopaganism // Philosophy and Culture. – 2014. – № 12. – P. 1801-1810. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.12.13817.
Review: Neopaganism is a relatively new phenomenon. This type of new religious movements appeared only in the 19th – 20th century. Today this phenomenon attracts attention in both social life and mass media. Neopaganism is a religion that reconstitutes these or those fragments of pre-Christian religious faiths and is based on the old texts, however, it involves new elements of ecology, esoteric teachings and psycho-practices, humanitarian ethics and etc. Despite the growing scope of the phenomenon in the modern age, scientific review of neo-Paganism is still rather scarce and difficult to understand for a nonspecialist. In his review article Kutarev examines the grounds, main trends and peculiarities of neo-Paganism movements in Europe. He analyzes such traditions as German, Celtic, Finish, Beltian, etc. Special attention is paid to Slavic neo-Paganism and its variants. Besides describing religious faiths themselves, Kutarev focuses on their history, sources, function, etc. The novelty of research is caused by the fact that the author have summarized general features and defined tendencies that were common for neo-paganism as well as analyzed the ways those religious faiths functioned and why they were in such demand. Moreover, the review has allowed to define peculiarities of each neo-Paganism movement in particular. Special emphasis should be made on the differentiation between the terms ‘neo-Paganism’ and ‘Paganism’ for which the author provides evident grounds.
Keywords: European neopaganism, modern paganism, Slavic neopaganism (Rodnovery), asatru, druidism, traditional religions, Slavic religions, new religious movements, polytheism, paganism in Russia.
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Savrey, V. Ya.. The Philosophy of Religion in Origen’s Fourth Book ‘On First Principles’ // Philosophy and Culture. – 2014. – № 8. – P. 1186-1196. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2014.8.12445.
Review: The author of the article makes an attempt to explicate the theoretical grounds for the philosophical understanding of religious phenomena by one of the most distinguished philosophers of early Christianity, Origen of Alexandria. Out of all teachers of the School of Alexandria Origen was mostly discussed and debates over him and his works lasted for centuries. He was the author of the greatest number of works in ancient literature and his works had a significant influence on the development of the linguistics of the early Christian theology. One may talk not only about religious philosophy but also about philosophy of religious of both Origen and the fathers although the term ‘religion’ did not have the same meaning at that time. The author of the present article believes Origen’s fourth book ‘On First Principles’ to be the most important for philosophy of religion. Based on his interpretation of the world as a parable and a representation of Logos as the mystery of mysteries, Origen viewed all the historical forms of worshipping God as a sensual intuition of rationally understood truths. Noteworthy that unorthodox attitude of a philosopher to the Christian dogma about Resurrection predetermined the ‘dramaturgical’ nature of his vision of religious life in general.
Keywords: school of Alexandria, On First Principles, Origen, philosophy, religion, hermeneutics, exegetics, Christianity, theology, Bible.
Contact information: Savrey Valery Yakovlevich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, GSP-1, Lomonosovsky per. 27, corp. 4.
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Shults, D. N.. Relation Between the Question about Universals and Different Questions in Christian Philosophy // Philosophy and Culture. – 2013. – № 10. – P. 1470-1478. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.10.9785.
Review: The article is devoted to formation of Christian doctrines from the point of view of the medieval debate about universals. As a result of this research, it has been established that the categories of the general and particular are the corner stone for Christian theology, anthropology, soteriology and ecclesiasiology. It is shown that during formation of the religious teaching about the Trinity, Christian authors tried to avoid extremities of Realism and Nominalism in philosophy as well as extremities of absolute monotheism and polytheism in theology. As a result specific views on personality was formed and provided the basis for Christian anthropology. Different Christian doctrines about salvation can be also described as the consequence of different philosophies, for example, Catholic and Orthodox doctrines are the result of Realism paradigms and Protestant doctrine is the result of Nominalism. And finally, in the teaching about church Catholic and Orthodox positions are absolutely opposing to each other: the former is supported by Realism and the latter is supported by Nominalism. Therefore, it is very well explained by the author of the article why the debate about universals plaid such an important role in medieval philosophy. In fact, the question about the relation between the general and the particular created philosophical basis for formation of all Christian dogmata.
Keywords: Christian philosophy, debates about universals, Medieval philosophy, personality, teaching about the Trinity, teaching about church, teaching about salvation, Christology, patristics, the general and the particular.
Contact information: Shults Dmitry Nikolaevich, 614000, Russia, Perm, ul. Bukireva 15.
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Trofimova, K. P.. Peculiarities of Gypsy Religious Culture In Terms of the Balkans’ Religious Pluralism // Philosophy and Culture. – 2013. – № 9. – P. 1270-1280. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2793.2013.9.9408.
Review: Religious pluralism has been historically developed in the cultural environment of the Balkans and includes traditions of numerous ethnic groups, in particular, ethno-cultural groups of gypsies living in different parts of the region. Peculiarities of co-existence of diverse cultures and interactions between ethnic groups provide the content of religious traditions in this region. The author of the article describes forms of inter-cultural interactions that are typical for different gypsy communities and define the qualitative diversity of their religious traditions. This includes the main process of acculturation as well as assimilation and religious mimicry as its private models. The author also analyzes specific features of beliefs and practices developed in local religious traditions of gypsies such as: syncreticity and combinability and verbal or ‘folk’ nature of culture. It is noted that the current local traditions have an inter-cultural position in the religious system of the Balkan region and represent structures open for influence and transformation. Such special feature of gypsy religious culture defines the vector of its development based on socio-cultural environment and religious processes typical for South-Eastern Europe.
Keywords: religious pluralism, religious syncretism, combination, inter-cultural, acculturation, religious mimicry, assimilation, ethnic minority, gypsy, South-Eastern Europe.
Contact information: Trofimova Ksenia Pavlovna, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn. 413.
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