Source: https://www.scribd.com/document/321204882/William-Berkley-Jr-Carrie-L-Chance-Allen-R-Copley-Alfred-J-Carey-Harmon-H-Marks-Basil-S-Scott-William-F-Thaxton-v-The-Common-Council-of-the-C
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 12:12:25+00:00

Document:
Mary A. Hohe Timothy L. Cassel Joseph F. Clover, III Vickie M. Clover Steven A. Ebersole Linda R. Garman Arlene J. Hetzel Carol D. Hench Francis D.M. Hill, Jr. Mark A. Kantorczyk Nancy Lebo Gerald J. Maher Jeri Morris Jack H. Reefer, Jr. Thompson M. Young, II v. Robert P. Casey, Governor, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Joseph L. Zazyczny, Secretary of Administration, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania G. Davis Greene, Jr., State Treasurer, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Council 13, American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees v. Leroy S. Zimmerman, Attorney General, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Don Bailey, Auditor General, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Frederick T. Marens, Executive Director, Pennsylvania Crime Commission Kenneth R. Reeher, Executive Director, Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency William R. Shane, Chairman, Public Utility Commission Donald W. Bagenstose, Executive Director, State Public School Building Authority James H.
Alfred J. Carey; Harmon H. Marks; Basil S.
which Judge RUSSELL and Judge WIDENER joined.
Charleston, is entitled to absolute immunity from liability under 42 U.S.C. Sec.
1983 for the unconstitutional enactments and actions of its local legislature.
enactments and actions of the local legislative body.
In Monell v. New York City Dep't of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct.
immunity from liability in suits brought under section 1983.
immunity from suit under section 1983.
Civil Rights Act of 1871. Id. at 644, 100 S.Ct. at 1412.
subject to liability for the latter, but immune from liability as to the former. Id.
Id. at 647-48, 100 S.Ct. at 1413-14 (footnote omitted).
source of immunity from suit for constitutional violations.
his protected liberty interest in his "good name, reputation, honor, or integrity"
of the municipality's officers and agents."), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct.
636, 121 L.Ed.2d 567 (1992).
custom" requirement. In Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 106 S.Ct.
was formed because of the process by which the decision was reached.
municipal act capable of subjecting the city to liability."); id. at 140, 108 S.Ct.
liable for the isolated, unconstitutional acts of their legislative bodies ....");4 id.
can give rise to municipal liability).
simply "are unavailable" in a suit against a governmental entity. Kentucky v.
municipality itself is at issue").
638, 100 S.Ct. at 1409.
Court explained in Owen that the "overriding considerations of public policy,"
risk that a violation might result in an award of damages from the public treasury.
brought against the governmental entity itself.").
legislature in suits brought under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983.
challenged the Common Council's execution of a core legislative function. J.A.
extant Supreme Court precedents compel the result reached.
such inhibiting effect was being generally experienced.
ERVIN, C.J., and MURNAGHAN, J., join in this special concurrence.
I agree with and concur in Judge Wilkinson's excellent dissenting opinion.
wrongs to one's own community is injustice.
The Republic of Plato, Oxford University Press 1968-3 reprint, Chapter XII, p.
participation and representation, I respectfully dissent.
personal monetary liability. Much more is at stake.
as to the electorate. That is not how democracy was meant to function.
believed. Courts are not the place for such controversies." Tenney v.
Democracy in America 64 (P. Bradley ed. 1945).
community. Such consequences are clearly contrary both to the purpose of Sec.
with the rights of the people to representation in the democratic process."
S.Ct. 1967, 1974, 64 L.Ed.2d 641 (1980).
decision will now be subject to judicial second-guessing.
immunity, budget-making by jury trial may become the rule, not the exception.
municipal immunity in the particular context of a budgetary dispute.
U.S. 800, 816, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2737, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982).
outweigh the sense of satisfaction to be found in it.
personal damage awards. See Tenney, 341 U.S. at 376-77, 71 S.Ct. at 788.
statute." Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 242, 105 S.Ct.
specificity and so does not provide a cause of action directly against the states.
municipal immunity from punitive damages, yet did not do so in 42 U.S.C. Sec.
555, 87 S.Ct. 1213, 1218, 18 L.Ed.2d 288 (1967)).
Language in other cases addressing the subject of municipal liability under Sec.
legislative core of local government is subject to sweeping displacement.
that a municipality might be liable for the policies of its executive departments.
judicial review, and it never touched upon the budgetary process.
1408 (quoting Pierson, 386 U.S. at 555, 87 S.Ct. at 1218). The language of Sec.
interpretation...." American Fire & Cas. Co. v. Finn, 341 U.S. 6, 17, 71 S.Ct.
will be perceived as self-propelled.
policy" defense, which requires proof that the municipality actually "caused"
requisite proofs. See, e.g., Peter H. Schuck, Municipal Liability Under Sec.
1983: Some Lessons From Tort Law and Organizational Theory, 77 Geo.L.J.
Monell Sketch Becomes a Distorted Picture, 65 N.C.L.Rev. 517, 548 (1987).
faction in a budget dispute will readily waive the privilege and testify in court.
to stave off liability in the face of one-sided evidence.
individual legislators in other kinds of suits against municipalities. Baker v.
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 894 F.2d 679, 682 (4th Cir.), cert.
protections is no less compelling in the context of 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983.
"would necessarily require an examination of the Council's motive for its vote."
Rateree, 852 F.2d at 950-51.
action that crosses permissible lines.
S.C.Code Secs. 5-7-70, 15-77-230 (1979); Virginia Electric & Power Co. v.
of localities has, under our system of federalism, always fallen to the states.
balances in our democratic system.
courts. There is no more political a business than legislative appropriations.
true democracy reserved to the people the right to determine their own destiny.
DONALD RUSSELL and WIDENER, JJ., join in this dissent.
City Council passed Roberts' motion with no dissents and one abstention.
legislative in nature in Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U.S. 367, 377-78, 71 S.Ct.
Blood, Sweat and Tears from the concert program. See id. at 250-52, 101 S.Ct.
The protections afforded federal legislators are found in the Constitution itself.
from suits based on actions and statements made during the legislative process.
immunity would not protect them from suits brought under section 1983. See id.
entity are entitled to absolute immunity on reasoning of Tenney ).
provisions of Sec. 1983."); see also Goldberg, 973 F.2d at 72 (collecting cases).
judgment against them based upon a jury's speculation as to motives.
994, 1007 (4th Cir.1990) (Wilkinson, J., concurring in the judgment) ("
testifying in federal district court as to their motives in enacting legislation.
ChriMar Systems, Inc. et al. v. Cisco Systems, Inc., et al., C.A. No. 11-1050-GMS (D. Del. Mar. 6, 2013).

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