Source: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou_be_rule38
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 19:45:53+00:00

Document:
Belgium’s Law of War Manual (1983) states that “an adversary must abstain for all acts of hostility towards” cultural property under general protection but is “liberated of its obligations if the State, in whose territory the cultural property is located, uses it for military purposes”.
Certain objects and buildings must not be attacked. Unless an order to the contrary has been given, they must be avoided. This concerns buildings with a high cultural value (churches, museums, libraries, etc.) and the persons who guard them.
Belgium, Droit de la Guerre, Manuel d’Instruction pour Officiers, Etat-Major Général, Division Opérations, 1994, p. 8; see also p. 22 and slides 6b/1 and 6b/4.
34. directing attacks against historic monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples and to which special protection has been accorded by virtue of a special arrangement, provided that there is no evidence of the adverse party having violated the prohibition of using such objects in support of the military effort, and where such objects are not located in the immediate proximity of military objectives.
Belgium, Penal Code, 1867, as amended on 5 August 2003, Chapter III, Title I bis, Article 136 quater, § 1(34).
The Penal Code further states that the following also constitute crimes under international law and shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the present title: “intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments … provided they are not military objectives”.
Belgium, Penal Code, 1867, as amended on 5 August 2003, Chapter III, Title I bis, Article 136 quater, § 1(35).
Belgium, Penal Code, 1867, as amended on 5 August 2003, Chapter III, Title I bis, Article 136 quater, § 3(1).
clearly recognized historic monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples and to which special protection has been given by special arrangement, where there is no evidence of the adverse party having violated the prohibition of using such objects in support of the military effort, and where such objects are not located in the immediate proximity of military objectives.
Belgium, Law concerning the Repression of Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, 1993, as amended in 1999, Article 1(3)(20).
20. directing attacks against historic monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples and to which special protection has been accorded by virtue of a special arrangement, provided that there is no evidence of the adverse party having violated the prohibition of using such objects in support of the military effort, and where such objects are not located in the immediate proximity of military objectives.
Belgium, Law relating to the Repression of Grave Breaches of International Humanitarian Law, 1993, as amended on 23 April 2003, Article 1 ter, § 1(20).
The Law further states that the following also constitute crimes under international law, and shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the present title: “intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments … provided they are not military objectives”.
Belgium, Law relating to the Repression of Grave Breaches of International Humanitarian Law, 1993, as amended on 23 April 2003, Article 1 ter, § 1(21).
1. making cultural property under enhanced protection the object of attack.
Belgium, Law relating to the Repression of Grave Breaches of International Humanitarian Law, 1993, as amended on 23 April 2003, Article 1 ter, § 3(1).

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