Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/130/456/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 08:21:15+00:00

Document:
Reissued letters patent No. 4364, granted to John J. Schillinger, May 2, 1571, for an " improvement in concrete pavements," on the surrender of original letters patent No. 105,599, granted to said Schillinger, July 19, 1870, were valid.
The proper construction of the claims of the reissue stated, in view of a disclaimer filed March 1, 1875.
The questions of utility, novelty and infringement considered.
The entire profit made by the defendant from laying his pavement was given to the plaintiff because it appeared that it derived its entire value from the use of the plaintiff's invention; that if it had not been laid in that way, it world not have been laid at all, and that the profit made by the defendant was a single profit derived from the construction of the pavement as an entirety.
In equity to restrain alleged infringement of letters patent and for damages. Decree in favor of the complainants. Respondent appealed. The case is stated in the opinion.
founded on the alleged infringement of reissued letters patent No. 4,364, granted to John J. Schillinger, May 2, 1871, for an "improvement in concrete pavements," on the surrender of original letters patent No. 105,599, granted to said Schillinger, July 19, 1870. The defenses set up in the answer are the invalidity of the reissue, want of utility in the invention, want of novelty, and noninfringement.
The bill was filed in October, 1882. Salisbury having died, the suit was, so far as his interest was concerned, revived in March, 1884, in the name of Olive G. Salisbury, as administratrix. The interest of Salisbury was that he was the exclusive licensee under the reissued patent for the State of Illinois. Issue having been joined, proofs were taken on both sides, and on the 15th of May, 1884, the court entered an interlocutory decree adjudging that the reissued patent was valid, that the defendant had infringed it, and that the administratrix of Salisbury recover profits and damages from the 26th of August, 1882, the date of the license to Salisbury. The decree also ordered a reference to a master, to take an account of the profits and the damages.
The master took proofs, and on the 30th of September, 1884, filed his report to the effect that, between August 26, 1882, and May 20, 1884, the defendant had laid 70,909 feet of pavement by the use of the plaintiff's patent, for which he should be held to account, and that the plaintiffs had shown an established license fee of five cents a square foot, or $3,545.45, as damages, which amount he reported. He also reported that the defendant's profits had amounted to four cents a square foot. The defendant excepted to this report, and, on a hearing, the court held that the evidence did not establish a fixed license fee as a royalty, and that the proper amount of recovery was the defendant's profits at the rate of four cents a square foot, or $2,836.36, and it entered a final decree, on the 16th of November, 1885, for that amount. The defendant has appealed from that decree.
"Be it known that I, John J. Schillinger, of the City, County, and State of New York, have invented a new and useful improvement in concrete pavements, and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description thereof, which will enable those skilled in the art to make and use the same, reference being had to the accompanying drawing, forming part of this specification, in which drawing --"
"Figure 1 represents my pavement in plan view. Fig. 2 is a vertical section of the pavement."
"This invention relates to pavements for sidewalks and other purposes, and consists in combining, with the joints of concrete pavements, strips of tar paper, or equivalent material, arranged between the several blocks in such a manner as to produce a suitable tight joint, and yet allow the blocks to be raised separately without affecting or injuring the blocks adjacent thereto."
"In carrying out my invention, I form the concrete by maxing cement with sand and gravel or other suitable materials to form a suitable plastic composition, using about the following proportions: one part by measure of cement; one part by measure of sand, and from three to six parts by measure of gravel, using sufficient water to make the mixture plastic; but I do not confine myself to any proportions for making the concrete composition. While the mass is plastic, I lay or spread the same upon the foundation or bed of the pavement, either in moulds or between movable joists of the proper thickness, so as to form the edges of the concrete blocks, a a, &c. When the block a has been formed, I take strips of tar paper, b, of a width equal, or almost equal, to the height of the block, and place them up against the edges of the block in such a manner that they form the joints between such block and the adjacent blocks. After completing one block a I place the tar paper b, along the edge where the next block is to be formed, and I put the plastic composition for such next block up against the tar paper joint, and proceed with the formation of the new block until it is completed. In this manner, I proceed in making all the blocks, until the pavements is completed, interposing tar paper between their several joints as described. The paper constitutes a tight, waterproof joint, but it allows the several blocks to heave separately from the effects of frost, or to be raised or removed separately, whenever occasion may arise, without injury to the adjacent blocks. The paper does not adhere when placed against the edge of the fully formed block, and therefore the joints are always free between the several blocks, although adherence may take place between the paper and the plastic edges of the blocks which are formed after the paper joints are set up in place."
"What I claim as new and desire to secure by letters patent is --"
"The arrangement of tar paper or its equivalent between adjoining blocks of concrete, substantially as and for the purpose described."
"Figure 1 represents a plan of my pavement. Fig. 2 is a vertical section of the same. Similar letters indicate corresponding parts."
"This invention relates to a concrete pavement, which is laid in sections, so that each section can be taken up and relaid without disturbing the adjoining sections. With the joints of this sectional concrete pavement are combined strips of tar paper or equivalent material arranged between the several blocks or sections in such a manner as to produce a suitable tight joint and yet allow the blocks to be raised separately without affecting the blocks adjacent thereto."
"In carrying out my invention, I form the concrete by mixing cement with sand and gravel or other suitable material to form a plastic compound, using about the following proportions: one part by measure of cement, one part by measure of sand, and from three to six parts by measure of gravel, with sufficient water to render the mixture plastic; but I do not confine myself to any definite proportions or materials for making the concrete composition. While the mass is plastic, I lay or spread the same on the foundation or bed of the pavement, either in moulds or between movable joists of the proper thickness, so as to form the edges of the concrete blocks a a, one block being formed after the other. When the first block has set, I remove the joists or partitions from between it and the next block to be formed, and then I form the second block, and so on, each succeeding block being formed after the adjacent blocks have set, [and since the concrete, in setting, shrinks, the second block, when set, does not adhere to the first, and so on,] and when the pavement is completed, each block can be taken up independent of the adjoining blocks. Between the joints of the adjacent blocks are placed strips b of tar paper or other suitable material in the following manner: after completing one block a, I place the tar paper b along the edge where the next block is to be formed, and I put the plastic composition for such next block up against the tar paper joint and proceed with the formation of the new block until it is completed. In this manner I proceed until the pavement is completed, interposing tar paper between the several joints, as described. The paper constitutes a tight waterproof joint, but it allows the several blocks to heave separately from the effects of frost or to be raised or removed separately whenever occasion may arise, without injury to the adjacent blocks. The paper, when placed against the block first formed, does not adhere thereto, and therefore the joints are always free between the several blocks, although the paper may adhere to the edges of the block or blocks formed after the same has been set up in its place between the joints. [In such cases, however, where cheapness is an object, the tar paper may be omitted and the blocks formed without interposing anything between their joints, as previously described. In this latter case, the joints soon fill up with sand or dust, and the pavement is rendered sufficiently tight for many purposes, while the blocks are detached from each other, and can be taken up and relaid, each independent of the adjoining blocks.]"
"1. A concrete pavement laid in detached blocks or sections, substantially in the manner shown and described."
"2. The arrangement of tar paper, or its equivalent, between adjoining blocks of concrete, substantially as and for the purpose set forth."
"To the Commissioner of Patents: Your petitioner John J. Schillinger, of the City and County and State of New York, represents that letters patent of the United States, reissue No. 4,364, bearing date May 2, 1871, were granted to him for an improvement in concrete pavements. That he has reason to believe that, through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, the specification and claim of said letters patent are too broad, including that of which your petitioner was not the first inventor, and he therefore hereby enters his disclaimer to the following words: 'And since the concrete, in setting, shrinks, the second block, when set, does not adhere to the first, and so on,' and which occurs near the middle part of the said specification, and to the following words near the end of the specification:"
"In such cases, however, where cheapness is on object, the tar paper may be omitted, and the blocks formed without interposing anything between their joints, as previously described. In this latter case the joints soon fill up with sand or dust, and the pavement is rendered sufficiently tight for many purposes, while the blocks are detached from each other, and can be taken up and relaid, each independent of the adjoining blocks."
Kings, Queens, and Richmond, New York state; Hartford County, Connecticut; the District of Columbia; the States of New Jersey, Georgia, Maryland, Louisiana, Texas, Ohio, Michigan, Missouri, and Illinois, which above-named states and places comprise all the territory for which he has sold or granted exclusive licenses or rights in or under said patent, to the best of his recollection, knowledge, and belief."
The words specifically disclaimed by the disclaimer are embraced in brackets in the copy of the specification of the reissue above set forth.
The Schillinger patent has been before several of the circuit courts of the United States, and also before this Court, for adjudication. In the Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York, before Judge Shipman, in February, 1877, in Schillinger v. Gunther, 14 Blatchford 152, 2 Ban. & Ard.Pat.Cas. 544, and 11 Off.Gaz. 831, and in the same case, before Judge Blatchford in August, 1879, 17 Blatchford 66, 4 Ban. & Ard.Pat.Cas. 479, and 16 Off.Gaz. 905; in the Circuit Court for the District of California, before Judge Sawyer, in May, 1881, in Paving Co. v. Molitor and Same v. Perine, 7 Sawyer 190, 8 F. 821, and 20 Off.Gaz. 813; in the Circuit Court for the Northern district of New York before Judge Blatchford, in July, 1883, in Schillinger v. Greenway Brewing Co., 21 Blatchford 383, 17 F. 244, and 24 Off.Gaz. 495, and in the Circuit Court for the Southern District of Ohio, before Judge Sage, in June, 1884, in Kuhl v. Mueller, 21 F. 510, 28 Off.Gaz. 541, the patent was sustained. In the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, in general term, in July, 1885, in Schillinger v. Cranford, 4 Mackey 450, 37 Off.Gaz. 1349, it was held void on the question of novelty. It was also interpreted by Judge Sawyer, in the Circuit Court for the District of California, in Paving Co. v. Freeborn, in January, 1883, 8 Sawyer 443, 17 F. 735, and by Judge Deady, in the Circuit Court for the District of Oregon, in August, 1887, in Schillinger v. Middleton, 31 F. 736.
The patent was before this Court in California Paving Co. v. Molitor, 113 U. S. 609, in March, 1885, but only on a question of contempt, and in California Paving Co. v. Schalicke, 119 U. S. 401, in December, 1886.
We are of opinion that the proper construction of the reissued patent is that the invention consists in dividing the pavement into blocks, so that one block can be removed and repaired without injury to the rest of the pavement; the division being effected by either a permanent or a temporary interposition of something between the blocks. Concrete pavement had been laid before in sections without being divided into blocks. The effect of the disclaimer was to leave the patent to be one for a pavement wherein the blocks are formed by interposing some separating material between them. To limit the patent to the permanent interposition of a material equivalent to tar paper would limit the actual invention. The use of a bottom layer of coarse cement, and placing on it a course of fine cement, and dividing the upper course into blocks by a trowel run partially or wholly through the upper course while it is plastic, in a line coincident with the joints between the sections in the lower layer, accomplishes the substantial results of Schillinger's invention in substantially the way devised by him, and is within the patent as it stands after the disclaimer. The disclaimer took out of the first claim of the reissue only so much thereof as claimed a concrete pavement made of the plastic material laid in detached blocks, without interposing anything in the joints in the process of formation, leaving that claim to be one for such a pavement laid in detached blocks, when free joints are made between the blocks, by interposing permanently or temporarily between them, in the process of their formation, tar paper, or its equivalent.
block could be taken out and a new one put in its place without disturbing or injuring an adjoining block. The specification makes it essential that the pavement shall be so laid in sections 'that each section can be taken up and relaid without disturbing the adjoining sections.' Again, it says that the joint between the blocks"
"allows the several blocks to heave separately, from the effects of frost, or to be raised or removed separately, whenever occasion may arise, without injury to the adjacent blocks."
"This is essential, and in all the cases where infringement has been held to have been established, there have been blocks substantially separate, made so by the permanent or temporary interposition of a separating medium or a cutting instrument, so that one block could upheave or be removed without disturbing the adjoining blocks. The patentee, in the disclaimer, expressly disclaimed 'the forming of blocks from plastic material without interposing anything between their joints while in the process of formation.' It appears that the defendant laid his pavement in strips from the curb of the sidewalk inward to the fence, in one mass, and then marked the strip cross-wise with a blunt marker -- which is made an exhibit -- to the depth of about one-sixteenth of an inch. But it is not shown that this produced any such division into blocks as the patent speaks of, even in degree. There were no blocks produced, and, of course, there was nothing interposed between blocks. The mass underneath was solid, in both layers, laterally. So far as appears, what the defendant did was just what the patentee disclaimed. The marking was only for ornamentation, and produced no free joints between blocks, and the evidence as to the condition of the defendant's pavements after they were laid shows that they did not have the characteristic features above mentioned as belonging to the patented pavement."
In its decision in the present case, which was made before that in the Schalicke case, the court said that the case was in no way different, so far as infringement was concerned, from the cases against Perine and Molitor and the case against the Greenway Brewing Company.
"The defendant's pavement was made by cutting a lower course into sections with a trowel to a greater or less depth according to the character of the material, making a joint, and doing the same with an upper course, the upper joint being directly over the lower joint. Into the open joint in each case was loosely put some of the partially set material from the top of the laid course, answering the purpose of tar paper. A blunt and rounded joint marker, which was said to be one-sixteenth or one-eighth of an inch in depth, was then run over the line of the joints, making off the block. The pavement was weaker along the line of the joints than in any other place. This was held to be an infringement."
"it was held that the second claim of the reissue was infringed by a concrete pavement which had an open cut made by a trowel entirely through two courses of material, the line of cut in the upper course being directly over the line of cut in the lower course, and that the interposition of the trowel, though temporary, was an equivalent for the tar paper, even though the joint was left open after the trowel was removed, and was not made tight."
worked next to the joist so as to make a good, smooth, strong edge. When the top stuff is put on this last stone and finished over on top with a trowel, the joint between the two stones being marked on the outer joist, a trowel is drawn through the top stuff to make a joint straight, to correspond with the joint below."
upper course, coincident with the joint below would permit any action of the settling of the lower course, through frost or upheaval to extend to the top of the upper course through a joint cut in that course, of sufficient depth to prevent the tendency of the upper course to crack in its body, rather than in the line of the cut.
We are therefore of opinion that the first claim of the reissue as it stands after the disclaimer is infringed, because the defendant's pavement is a concrete pavement, laid in detached blocks or sections, substantially in the manner shown and described in the specification of the reissue, the detached blocks in the upper course being the equivalent of the detached blocks or sections of the Schillinger pavement, and that the second claim of the reissue is infringed because the temporary use of the trowel or cutting instrument to divide the upper course into blocks is the equivalent of the tar paper of the Schillinger patent, the cutting making a division which controls the cracking and facilitates the taking up and relaying of the blocks or sections in the upper course "without disturbing the adjoining sections," and the trowel being interposed to effect its object during the process of forming the pavement on the spot where it is to remain.
The invention of Schillinger was a very valuable one. The evidence is that it entirely superseded the prior practice of laying concrete pavements in a continuous adhering mass.
pleadings, and the evidence and patents put in by the defendant in it, on the question of novelty, forms part of the record in the present case.
bricks or artificial stones or wooden blocks, which are prepared and then brought to the place where they are to be laid and put down in the usual manner, and that when the blocks remain in the moulds, and are thus laid, they do not present a uniform wearing surface of concrete, or constitute a concrete pavement formed in detachable blocks by joints.
"So far as it refers to prior uses in Germany, not shown in a patent or printed publication, it was duly objected to in this case, and must be excluded. As to the cement malt floor which Row laid in Baltimore twenty-five years ago, he shows that it was not made in sections detachable by free joints. The testimony of Botzler as to a prior malt floor laid by him in Chicago is too indefinite to amount to sufficient evidence to defeat a patent."
So far as that testimony related to a pavement used in Germany, it was objected to at the time it was introduced in this case as incompetent. It was clearly inadmissible under § 4923 of the Revised Statutes, because it did not show anything that had been patented or described in a printed publication.
We do not think that the reissued patent, as it stood after the filing of the disclaimer, was open to the objection that it was not for the same invention as that of the original patent. Whatever there was of objectionable matter inserted in the specification or the first claim of the reissue when it was granted was removed by the disclaimer. The reissue was granted within ten months after the original. The single claim of the original patent was repeated in the reissue as the second claim of the latter, and the first claim of the reissue, as it stood after the disclaimer, did not expand beyond the claim of the original what was claimed in the reissue.
the defendant, and that it was right to give to the plaintiff the entire profits made by the defendant by the laying by him of this concrete flagging, in view of the testimony in the case. It clearly appears that the defendant's concrete flagging derived its entire value from the use of the plaintiff's invention, and that if it had not been laid in that way, it would not have been laid at all.
"when the entire profit of a business or undertaking results from the use of the invention, the patentee will be entitled to recover the entire profits if he elects that remedy."
This language was quoted with approval in Root v. Railway Co., 105 U. S. 189, 105 U. S. 203. As in the case of the Nicholson patent, so in the case of the Schillinger patent, the pavement was a complete combination in itself, differing from every other pavement, and the profit made by the defendant was a single profit derived from the construction of the pavement as an entirety. Callaghan v. Myers, 128 U. S. 617, 128 U. S. 665-666.
Within the decision in Garretson v. Clark, 111 U. S. 120, the proof in this case is satisfactory that the entire value of the defendant's pavement, as a marketable article, was properly and legally attributable to the invention of Schillinger.

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