Source: http://kirschenbaumesq.com/article/d-w-cent-station-alarm-co-inc-v-yep-126-misc2d-37-480-nys2d-1015-nycity-civct-oct-24-1984-no-31988-81
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 22:42:18+00:00

Document:
Queens County, Trial Term, Part 6.
Sou YEP, d/b/a 1930's F.M. Boutique, Defendant.
because of unconscionability as a matter of law.
Commercial Code § § 2-302, 2-302(1) comment.
inferences against plaintiff which opposing evidence would permit.
Gerard Wisla, East Meadow, for defendant.
preponderance of the credible evidence.
the effective operational date of the system).
paragraph is usually known as an "acceleration clause".
bargaining position by virtue of his knowledge of the contents of his agreement.
383, 389, 429 N.Y.S.2d 181, 406 N.E.2d 1075).
owner was intent upon demolishing the building.
it most difficult to read. (See CPLR Sec. 4544; General Obligations Law Sec.
plaintiff" when she was required to move her business.
clauses are quite common and are generally enforced according to their terms"
the clause is neither unconscionable nor contrary **1017 to public policy.
must be enforced in accordance with its terms."
vice-president, the son of the plaintiff corporation's owner and president.
initiated by plaintiff and not by defendant.
within six months of its removal from defendant's store on August 31, 1981.
unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result."
Heat & Power Co., Inc., 280 N.Y. 50, 54 [19 N.E.2d 676].
'the prevention of oppression and unfair surprise ...' " (Emphasis added ).
and an affront to this Court's sense of justice.
or responsibility for her after she would vacate her leased business premises.
Manufacturing, Inc. v. Stillman, 103 A.D.2d 475, 480 N.Y.S.2d 528).
Accordingly, judgment for defendant, and plaintiff's complaint is dismissed.
Civil Court, City of New York,Queens County, Trial Term, Part 6.
D & W CENTRAL STATION ALARM CO., INC., Plaintiff,v.Sou YEP, d/b/a 1930's F.M. Boutique, Defendant.
Action was brought for breach of contract for rental of burglar alarm equipment. The Civil Court, Queens County, Trial Term, Part 6, Nat H. Hentel, J., held that crucial five-year term and acceleration clause were unenforceable because of unconscionability as a matter of law.
Under equitable principles, crucial five-year term and acceleration clause printed in ultra-fine print in contract for rental of burglary alarm equipment signed by oriental shop owner who could not speak English would be denied enforcement as being unconscionable as a matter of law. McKinney's Uniform Commercial Code § § 2-302, 2-302(1) comment.
In action for breach of burglary alarm contract, failure of plaintiff to produce its vice-president and sales representative in support of its position or to controvert defendant's testimony at trial warranted court to draw strongest inferences against plaintiff which opposing evidence would permit. *37 **1015 Kenneth Kirschenbaum, Garden City, for plaintiff; Jay Press, of counsel.
After non-jury trial, judgment for defendant; plaintiff's cause of action dismissed for failure to prove defendant's alleged breach of contract by a fair preponderance of the credible evidence.
The facts simply are that an agreement for installation and rental of certain specified burglar alarm equipment was signed by plaintiff and defendant on April 29, 1980. Paragraph 2 of the said agreement calls for defendant to pay an $80 installation fee, plus installments of $35 per month, or a total of $420 for "each year of the term ... as rent for the use of said electrical protection apparatus."
The dollar amounts, and the monthly installments filled-in spaces are occupied by handwritten letters in ink much larger than the surrounding printed agreement terms, and are easily legible. Then, in ultra-fine print, the agreement states in Paragraph 2 following the filled-in blanks that such monthly or annual payments are "terminable on the fifth anniversary of the *38 effective date this system is operative." (Parenthetically, the proof at trial fails to establish the effective operational date of the system).
Buried in the same size ultra-fine print of paragraph 3 of the agreement is the clause: "In the event of a default in the payment of the above mentioned installments ... the entire balance for the entire term herein shall immediately become due and payable and the subscriber shall be liable therefor". This paragraph is usually known as an "acceleration clause".
The Court in inspecting the agreement finds that the filled-in notations in the blank spaces provided on the front page of the two-page contract were quite prominent as compared to the almost illegible and very small fine print in which the "five year term" of the agreement was printed. That provision blended together with all the other fine print so that the eye could not easily, without repetitive effort or patience, identify that particular, substantial, **1016 and vital element of the agreement. When the Court now looks at the agreement it notes that the eye is first led to the written fill- ins, but the "five-year term" of the agreement, not being treated in the same manner as the fill-ins, becomes a hidden trap for the unwary customer. Such customer as a result, could easily be taken advantage of by the "contractor" who is in a superior bargaining position by virtue of his knowledge of the contents of his agreement. (See State of New York v. Avco Financial Service of New York, Inc., 50 N.Y.2d 383, 389, 429 N.Y.S.2d 181, 406 N.E.2d 1075).
After the date-unspecified installation of the equipment, defendant paid all monthly installments through August 31, 1981. Prior to August 1981, defendant, the operator of a boutique in a building wherein she was a tenant, was required by Court order to vacate the premises on or before August 31, 1981, since the owner was intent upon demolishing the building.
Defendant's then attorney advised plaintiff in writing by letter dated August 28, 1981, of the tenant's imminently required vacating of the premises, and further advised plaintiff to remove its rented equipment which plaintiff accomplished on the evening of August 31, 1981. Thereafter, without even billing or otherwise making demand in writing of defendant for any monthly rental amounts allegedly due on and after September 1, 1981, or for any claimed accelerated amount for a balance due under the alleged "five-year term", plaintiff commenced this suit without further ado against defendant for forty- four months' rent at $35 per month, or $1,540, plus New York City Sales Tax of $123.20, for a total of $1,663.20. Plaintiff's summons and complaint were dated September 22, 1981.
With respect to the execution of the contract, defendant stated: "The vice- president of plaintiff's corporation approached me and suggested the installation of burglar alarm equipment in my store because of the high incidence of burglaries in my neighborhood." She advised him that "my building was going to come-down and I would have to move." The vice- president, a son of plaintiff's president and owner, however, told her "not to worry, that maybe the building would not come down for 5 or 10 years, and that the system could be installed at $35 per month until defendant moved." Defendant testified that "I trusted the vice-president, and I was never told that the agreement was for a five-year period", or, as the Court has indicated, was this provision readily revealed by the fine print in which it was buried. She thought that the agreement was "for a monthly rental, and the equipment would be removed by plaintiff" when she was required to move her business.
From this state of facts, it would appear at first blush that the lease agreement containing the acceleration clause is an enforceable contract. "[Such] clauses are quite common and are generally enforced according to their terms" (Key Int. Mfg. v. Stillman, 103 A.D.2d 475, 480 N.Y.S.2d 528; Fifty States Management Corp. v. Pioneer Auto Parks, 46 N.Y.2d 573, 415 N.Y.S.2d 800, 389 N.E.2d 113.) See opinion of Judge Seymour Lakritz, in Royal Burglar & Fire Alarm v. Chips Center, Inc., Civil Court of City of N.Y., Queens County, June 8, 1979 (unanimously affirmed, Appellate Term, 11th Judicial District), in which Judge Lakritz held: "Parties to a contract have the right to agree to such clauses, provided that the clause is neither unconscionable nor contrary **1017 to public policy. Mosler Safe Co. v. Maiden Lane Safe Deposit Co., 199 N.Y. 479 [93 N.E. 81]; Truck Rent-A-Center v. Puritan Farms, 2nd, Inc., 41 N.Y.2d 420 [393 N.Y.S.2d 365, 361 N.E.2d 1015]".
See also Fifty States Management Corp. v. Pioneer Auto Parks, Inc., 46 N.Y.2d 573, 415 N.Y.S.2d 800, 389 N.E.2d 113 and also Chemical Bank v. Queen Wire & Nail, Inc., 75 A.D.2d 999, 1000, 429 N.Y.S.2d 100, wherein it was held: "Absent a claim of fraud or exploitive overreaching on the part of the plaintiff in compelling performance of its bargained right, the agreement of the parties must be enforced in accordance with its terms."
*40 However, when we consider the surrounding circumstances under which the contract was signed, is a different duty imposed upon the Court in enforcing the acceleration clause?
(a) Defendant's business was located in plaintiff's territory serviced by a vice-president, the son of the plaintiff corporation's owner and president.
(b) The discussion concerning the installation of a burglar alarm system was initiated by plaintiff and not by defendant.
(c) Plaintiff's president who testified at the trial is an educated and articulate person, obviously well-versed in the English language. The Court assumes ("like father like son") that the vice-president who sold defendant on installing a burglar alarm system is also articulate and at ease in the English language.
(d) Defendant, a business woman of oriental extraction not born in this country, speaks English with difficulty and does not read the English language at all.
(e) The written agreement prepared by plaintiff was not shown or given to defendant in advance of its execution for her perusal or inspection. The "five-year term" and the acceleration clause were buried in a plethora of "legalese" language in such small print that it really requires magnification to read.
(f) Knowing full well that defendant would be required to move her business shortly, a circumstance beyond her control, nevertheless, defendant's vice- president told her "not to worry about any other contractual obligation if that event occurred."
(g) Plaintiff testified that the sale of the equipment when it was installed in defendant's store in or about April 1980, was $414; and that this equipment was completely salvaged it being in good condition when it was removed from defendant's store; and that such equipment was installed and used in other jobs within six months of its removal from defendant's store on August 31, 1981.
Sec. 2-302 of the Uniform Commercial Code (Unconscionable Contract or Clause ) provides: "(1) If the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result."
The "Practice Commentary" anent Sec. 2-302, subd. 1, UCC, further indicates that *41 "unconscionability is not a jury question but a question of law to be determined by the court alone." (See Buerger & O'Connor, McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York, Book 62 1/2 , Uniform Commercial Code, pages 192-193; emphasis added). And, it is recalled that "every contract implies good faith and fair dealing between the parties" O'Neil Supply Co., Inc. v. Petroleum Heat & Power Co., Inc., 280 N.Y. 50, 54 [19 N.E.2d 676].
However, as Judge Fuchsberg wrote in State of New York v. Avco Financial Service of New York, Inc., 50 N.Y.2d 383, at 389, 429 N.Y.S.2d 181, 406 N.E.2d 1075: "As a general proposition, unconscionability, a flexible doctrine with roots in equity ... requires some showing of 'an absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties together with contract **1018 terms which are unreasonably favorable to the other party' ... The concept ... is not aimed at 'disturbance of allocation of risks because of superior bargaining power' but, instead, at 'the prevention of oppression and unfair surprise ...' " (Emphasis added ).
Further, Judge Fuchsberg indicated, at page 390, 429 N.Y.S.2d 181, 406 N.E.2d 1075, that "deception ... as to (a) clause's content or existence ... or the presence of language difficulties or illiteracy affecting its execution, or any other reasons that would have made it unlikely that consent was freely and knowingly given (are factors within) the embrace of what is ... referred to as 'procedural unconscionability' " (emphasis added). Defendant has demonstrated by her proof at the trial that the not easily ascertainable finely printed clauses anent "five-year term" and "acceleration" misled her as to the type of contract she signed, and thus to enforce such contract would be unconscionable and an affront to this Court's sense of justice.
 Clearly, in this case, the execution of the printed form agreement could not qualify as a contract entered into between two "sophisticated businessmen or entrepreneurs". Defendant, not able to communicate well, relied on plaintiff vice-president's "not to worry" representations which misled her into signing an agreement which defendant mistakenly thought would have no further consequence or responsibility for her after she would vacate her leased business premises. This is one of these " 'rare cases' (where the acceleration) clause will be denied enforcement under equitable principles." (Compare Key International Manufacturing, Inc. v. Stillman, 103 A.D.2d 475, 480 N.Y.S.2d 528).
Defendant entered into the contract without having read or having understood its contents. The crucial "five-year term" of the agreement and the "acceleration clause" were not specifically pointed out to her. The Court finds that there could not have been a meeting of the minds of the parties with respect to *42 the crucial terms of the agreement. Thus, the mistake of the defendant, and the misrepresentation of the plaintiff do not spell out an enforceable contract but one that is unenforceable because of unconscionability as a matter of law. The defendant should be relieved of any further obligation under the contract.
 Finally, it should be noted that plaintiff never produced its vice- president and defendant's sales representative contact to testify in support of plaintiff's position, or to controvert defendant's testimony at the trial; nor was any proof offered by plaintiff as to the whereabouts, health or accessability of its vice-president. Thus, the Court, as trier of the facts is entitled to assume that the vice-president was indeed in a position to give relevant evidence with respect to defendant's defense testimony, and since there was no explanation for failing to call him as a witness, the Court is now entitled to infer that had the vice-president been called, his testimony would not contradict defendant's version, or would not support plaintiff's version of the execution of the alleged agreement between the parties. The Court, therefore may draw, and the Court does draw the strongest inferences against plaintiff which the opposing evidence permits. (NY PJI 1:75, Missing Witness Charge ).

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