Source: https://www.radioeng.cz/papers/2014-3.htm
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 05:54:59+00:00

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Keywords: Optical wireless (OW), network information theory (NIT), optical wireless relay channel (OWRC), channel capacity, energy per bit Eb.
We have developed a data transparent optical packet switch prototype employing wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing. The switch is composed of an electro-optical control unit and an all-optical switching segment. To achieve higher switching efficiencies, Ge-doped silica suspended-core and chalcogenide arsenicselenide single-mode fibers were experimentally evaluated and compared to conventional highly-nonlinear fiber. Improved connectorization technology has been developed for Ge-doped suspended-core fiber, where we achieved connection losses of 0.9 dB. For the arsenic-selenide fiber we present a novel solid joint technology, with connection losses of only 0.25 dB, which is the lowest value presented up-to-date. Conversion efficiency of -13.7 dB was obtained for the highly-nonlinear fiber, which is in perfect correlation with previously published results and thus verifies the functionality of the prototype. Conversion efficiency of -16.1 dB was obtained with arsenic-selenide fiber length reduced to five meters within simulations, based on measurement results with a 26 m long component. Employment of such a short arsenic-selenide fiber segment allows significant broadening of the wavelength conversion spectral range due to possible neglection of dispersion.
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We report about design, fabrication and properties of flexible polymer optical planar waveguides made of Epoxy Novolak Resin as planar waveguides deposited on various foil substrates. The design of the presented planar waveguides was realized on the bases of modified dispersion equation and was schemed for 633 nm, 850 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm wavelength. Propagation optical loss measurements were done by the fibre probe technique at wavelegnth 633 nm (He-Ne laser) and samples have optical losses lower than 2 dB/cm. Unlike the up-to-now presented structures our constructin is fully flexible what makes it possible to be used in innovative photonics structures.
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Herein, a new methodology using a 3D Electromagnetic (EM) simulator-based Support Vector Regression Machine (SVRM) models of base elements is presented for band-pass filter (BPF) design. SVRM models of elements, which are as fast as analytical equations and as accurate as a 3D EM simulator, are employed in a simple and efficient Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) to optimize an ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip BPF. CSA performance is verified by comparing it with other Meta-Heuristics such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). As an example of the proposed design methodology, an UWB BPF that operates between the frequencies of 3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz is designed, fabricated and measured. The simulation and measurement results indicate in conclusion the superior performance of this optimization methodology in terms of improved filter response characteristics like return loss, insertion loss, harmonic suppression and group delay.
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This paper presents an approach to improve the efficiency of an array aperture by interleaving two different arrays in the same aperture area. Two sub-arrays working at different frequencies are interleaved in the same linear aperture area. The available aperture area is efficiently used. The element positions of antenna array are optimized by using Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) to reduce the peak side lobe level (PSLL) of the radiation pattern. To overcome the shortness of traditional methods which can only fulfill the design of shared aperture antenna array working at the same frequency, this method can achieve the design of dual-band antenna array with wide working frequency range. Simulation results show that the proposed method is feasible and efficient in the synthesis of dual-band shared aperture antenna array.
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The paper presents a frequency reconfigurable slot dipole antenna. The antenna is capable of being switched between single-band, dual-band or triple-band operation. The antenna incorporates three pairs of pin-diodes which are located within the dipole arms. The antenna was designed to operate at 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz using the aid of CST Microwave Studio. The average measured gains are 1.54, 2.92 and 1.89 dBi for low, mid and high band respectively. A prototype was then constructed in order to verify the performance of the device. A good level of agreement was observed between simulation and measurement.
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JOSEPH, S., PAUL, B., MRIDULA, S., MOHANAN, P. A novel planar fractal antenna with CPW-feed for multiband applications. Radioengineering, December 2013, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 1262–1266.
LI, Y., ZHANG, Z., FENG, Z., ISKANDER, M. F. Design of penta-band omnidirectional slot antenna with slender columnar structure. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2014, vol. 62, no. 2, p. 594–601.
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Keywords: Frequency reconfigurable antenna, slot antenna.
A novel three-pole tunable bandpass filter using varactor-loaded quarter-wavelength combline and asym-metric half-wavelength resonators is proposed in this paper. A nearly constant 3-dB absolute bandwidth is 150 ± 13 MHz (10.7%~6.9% fractional bandwidth) within the tuning range of 1.4-2.0 GHz (42.8%). The filter is designed on a Rogers substrate with relative permittivity 2.2 and h=1 mm with its insertion loss varying from 3.6 dB to 2.8 dB and return loss better than 10 dB over the entire tuning range. The creation of two transmission zeros near the passband edges is analyzed by the even-odd-method. By using dissimilar resonators, the proposed tunable filter could obtain > 33 dB rejection levels at the second harmonics. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones.
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Keywords: Three-pole tunable filters, combline resonators, modified combline resonators, constant absolute bandwidth (CABW), transmission zeros (TZs), varactor-tuned.
This paper deals with the user hand influence on impedance matching and radiation pattern of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). In the text, the PIFA structure is discussed in order to achieve broadband and multiband capability. Then, the dual-band PIFA antenna for operation at frequencies of GSM900 and GSM1800 systems is designed. In the next step we investigate the user influence in data mode (the user is typing a message or browsing with a phone). For this purpose the phantom hand was made from an agar based material. The first author’s right hand was used as a template for the phantom. Numerical model was created by 3D scanning of the fabricated phantom. Finally, the comparison of the differences between simulations and measurement is presented.
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Keywords: Dual-band antenna, PIFA, user influence, human tissue, phantom hand.
Near sea-surface line-of-sight (LoS) radiowave propagation at 5 GHz was investigated through narrowband measurements in this paper. Results of the received signal strength with a transmission distance of up to 10 km were examined against free space loss model and 2-ray path loss model. The experimental results have good agreements with the predicted values using the 2-ray model. However, the prediction ability of 2-ray model becomes poor when the propagation distance increases. Our results and analysis show that an evaporation duct layer exists and therefore, a 3-ray path loss model, taking into consideration both the reflection from sea surface and the refraction caused by evaporation duct could predict well the trend of LoS signal strength variations at relatively large propagation distances in a tropical maritime environment.
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In high frequency (HF) hybrid sky-surface wave radar, the first-order sea clutter broadening is very complex and serious under the influence of ionosphere and bistatic angle, which affects the detection of ship target. This paper analyzes the space-time characteristics based on the HF sky-surface wave experimental system. We first introduce the basic structure, working principle and position principle based on our experimental system. Also analyzed is the influence of ionosphere and bistatic angle on the space-time coupling characteristics of broadening first-order sea clutter and the performance of space-time adaptive processing (STAP). Finally, the results of theoretic analysis are examined with the experimental data. Simulation results show that the results of experiment consist with that of theoretic analysis.
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In this paper the impact of complex indoor environment in the deployment and energy consumption of a wireless sensor network infrastructure is analyzed. The variable nature of the radio channel is analyzed by means of deterministic in-house 3D ray launching simulation of an indoor scenario, in which wireless sensors, based on an in-house CyFi implementation, typically used for environmental monitoring, are located. Received signal power and current consumption measurement results of the in-house designed wireless motes have been obtained, stating that adequate consideration of the network topology and morphology lead to optimal performance and power consumption reduction. The use of radioplanning techniques therefore aid in the deployment of more energy efficient elements, optimizing the overall performance of the variety of deployed wireless systems within the indoor scenario.
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Keywords: Radioplanning, Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy consumption, ray launching, CyFi.
By combining adaptive modulation (AM) and automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol as well as user scheduling, the cross-layer design scheme of multiuser MIMO system with imperfect feedback is presented, and multiple outdated estimates method is proposed to improve the system performance. Based on this method and imperfect feedback information, the closed-form expressions of spectral efficiency (SE) and packet error rate (PER) of the system subject to the target PER constraint are respectively derived. With these expressions, the system performance can be effectively evaluated. To mitigate the effect of delayed feedback, the variable thresholds (VTs) are also derived by means of the maximum a posteriori method, and these VTs include the conventional fixed thresholds (FTs) as special cases. Simulation results show that the theoretical SE and PER are in good agreement with the corresponding simulation. The proposed CLD scheme with multiple estimates can obtain higher SE than the existing CLD scheme with single estimate, especially for large delay. Moreover, the CLD scheme with VTs outperforms that with conventional FTs.
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Keywords: Multiuser MIMO, cross-layer design, imperfect feedback, multiple estimates, variable thresholds.
The purpose of this paper is to compare the turbo-coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and turbo-coded Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) systems under the effects of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO), Symbol Timing Offset (STO) and phase noise in wide-band Vogler-Hoffmeyer HF channel model. In mobile communication systems multi-path propagation occurs. Therefore channel estimation and equalization is additionally necessary. Furthermore a non-ideal local oscillator generally is misaligned with the operating frequency at the receiver. This causes carrier frequency offset. Hence in coded SC-FDE and coded OFDM systems; a very efficient, low complex frequency domain channel estimation and equalization is implemented in this paper. Also Cyclic Prefix (CP) based synchronization synchronizes the clock and carrier frequency offset.The simulations show that non-ideal turbo-coded OFDM has better performance with greater diversity than non-ideal turbo-coded SC-FDE system in HF channel.
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It is well known that iterative channel estimation and OFDM signals detection can significantly improve the performance of communication system. However, its performance is poor due to the modelling error of basis expansion model (BEM) being large enough and can not being ignored in rapidly time-variant channels. In this paper, channel estimation and OFDM signals detection are integrated into a real non-linear least squares (NLS) problem. Then the modified Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (MBFGS) algorithm is adopted to search the optimal solution. In addition, Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) for our proposed approach is derived. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the superiority of the proposed approach.
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A GNSS-based navigation system relies on externally received information via a space-based Radio Frequency (RF) link. This poses susceptibility to RF Interference (RFI) and may initiate failure states ranging from degraded navigation accuracy to a complete signal loss condition. To guarantee the integrity of the received GNSS signal, the receiver should either be able to function in the presence of RFI without generating misleading information (i.e., offering a navigation solution within an accuracy limit), or the receiver must detect RFI so that some other means could be used as a countermeasure in order to ensure robust and accurate navigation. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify an interference occurrence and not to confuse it with other signal conditions, for example, indoor or deep urban canyon, both of which have somewhat similar impact on the navigation performance. Hence, in this paper, the objective is to investigate the effect of interference on different GNSS receiver observables in two different environments: i. an interference scenario with an inexpensive car jammer, and ii. an outdoor-indoor scenario without any intentional interference. The investigated observables include the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) measurements, the digitized IF (Intermediate Frequency) signal levels, the Delay Locked Loop and the Phase Locked Loop discriminator variances, and the Carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) measurements. The behavioral pattern of these receiver observables is perceived in these two different scenarios in order to comprehend which of those observables would be able to separate an interference situation from an indoor scenario, since in both the cases, the resulting positioning accuracy and/or availability are affected somewhat similarly. A new Running Digital Sum (RDS) -based interference detection method is also proposed herein that can be used as an alternate to AGC-based interference detection. It is shown in this paper that it is not at all wise to consider certain receiver observables for interference detection (i.e., C/N0); rather it is beneficial to utilize certain specific observables, such as the RDS of raw digitized signal levels or the AGC-based observables that can uniquely identify a critical malicious interference occurrence.
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This paper deals with a single-input multiple-output biquadratic filter providing three functions (low-pass, high-pass and band-pass) based on voltage differencing differential input buffered amplifier (VD-DIBA). The quality factor and pole frequency can be electronically tuned via the bias current. The proposed circuit uses two VD-DIBAs and two grounded capacitors without any external resistors, which is suitable to further develop into an integrated circuit. Moreover, the circuit possesses high input impedance, providing easy voltage-mode cascading. It is shown that the filter structure can be easily extended to multi-input filter without any additional components, providing also all-pass and band-reject properties. The PSPICE simulation and experimental results are included, verifying the key characteristics of the proposed filter. The given results agree well with the theoretical presumptions.
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This paper introduces a new approach for enhancing the bandwidth of a low voltage CMOS current mirror. The proposed approach is based on utilizing body effect in a MOS transistor by connecting its gate and bulk terminals together for signal input. This results in boosting the effective transconductance of MOS transistor along with reduction of the threshold voltage. The proposed approach does not affect the DC gain of the current mirror. We demonstrate that the proposed approach features compatibility with widely used series-resistor technique for enhancing the current mirror bandwidth and both techniques have been employed simultaneously for maximum bandwidth enhancement. An important consequence of using both techniques simultaneously is the reduction of the series-resistor value for achieving the same bandwidth. This reduction in value is very attractive because a smaller resistor results in smaller chip area and less noise. PSpice simulation results using 180 nm CMOS technology from TSMC are included to prove the unique results. The proposed current mirror operates at 1Volt consuming only 102 µW and maximum bandwidth extension ratio of 1.85 has been obtained using the proposed approach. Simulation results are in good agreement with analytical predictions.
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In this paper, an on-chip self-calibrated 8-bit R-2R digital-to-analog converter (DAC) based on digitally compensated input offset of the operational amplifier (OPAMP) is presented. To improve the overall DAC performance, a digital offset cancellation method was used to compensate deviations in the input offset voltage of the OPAMP caused by process variations. The whole DAC as well as offset compensation circuitry were designed in a standard 90 nm CMOS process. The achieved results show that after the self-calibration process, the improvement of 48% in the value of DAC offset error is achieved.
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The memristor was proposed to characterize the flux-charge relation. We propose the generalized flux-charge relation model of memristor with neural network of smooth hinge functions. There is effective identification algorithm for the neural network of smooth hinge functions. The representation capability of this model is theoretically guaranteed. Any functional flux-charge relation of a memristor can be approximated by the model. We also give application examples to show that the given model can approximate the flux-charge relation of existing piecewise linear memristor model, window function memristor model, and a physical memristor device.
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The topic of memristive circuits is a novel topic in circuit theory that has become of great importance due to its unique behavior which is useful in different applications. But since there is a lack of memristor samples, a memristor emulator is used instead of a solid state memristor. In this paper, a new simple floating voltage-controlled memductor emulator is introduced which is implemented using commercial off the shelf (COTS) realization. The mathematical modeling of the proposed circuit is derived to match the theoretical model. The proposed circuit is tested experimentally using different excitation signals such as sinusoidal, square, and triangular waves showing an excellent matching with previously reported simulations.
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National Semiconductor. LM13700 Dual Operational Transconductance Amplifiers with Linearizing Diodes and Buffers, datasheet.
A simple method for approximation of all-pole recursive digital filters, directly in digital domain, is described. Transfer function of these filters, referred to as Ultraspherical filters, is controlled by order of the Ultraspherical polynomial, nu. Parameter nu, restricted to be a nonnegative real number (nu ≥ 0), controls ripple peaks in the passband of the magnitude response and enables a trade-off between the passband loss and the group delay response of the resulting filter. Chebyshev filters of the first and of the second kind, and also Legendre and Butterworth filters are shown to be special cases of these allpole recursive digital filters. Closed form equations for the computation of the filter coefficients are provided. The design technique is illustrated with examples.
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In this paper we propose for the real and two independent quadrature carrier case, a closed-form approximated expression for the achievable residual Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) that depends on the step-size parameter, equalizer’s tap length, equalized output gain, input signal statistics, channel power and SNR. This expression is valid for blind adaptive equalizers, where the error that is fed into the adaptive mechanism which updates the equalizer‘s taps can be expressed as a polynomial function of order three of the equalized output and where the gain between the input and equalized output signal is less than or equal to one, as is in the case of Godard (gain = 1) and WNEW (gain < 1) algorithm. Since the channel power is measurable or can be calculated if the channel coefficients are given, there is no need to carry out simulation with various step-size parameters in order to reach the required residual ISI. In addition, we show two new equalization methods (gain dependent), which have shown to have improved equalization performance compared to Godard and WNEW.
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