Source: http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555815882.ch77
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 12:06:23+00:00

Document:
1. Alexopoulos, C. J.,, C. W. Mims, and, M. Blackwell. 1996. Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
2. Ammann, H. A. 1999. Microbial volatile organic compounds, p. 26-1–26-17. In J. Macher,, H. A. Ammann,, H. A. Burge,, D. K. Milton, and, P. R. Morey (ed.), Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio.
3. Ammann, H. M. 1999. American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists TLV statement on bioaerosols, p. 520–521. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
4. Ammann, H. M. 1999. IAQ and human toxicosis: empirical evidence and theory, p. 84–93. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
5. Ammann, H. M. 2005. Mold toxicity: risk assessment for humans exposed indoors, p. 52–58. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi, Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health: Patho-Physiology, Clinical Effects, Exposure Assessment, Prevention and Control in Indoor Environments and Work. Fungal Research Group Foundation, Albany, N.Y.
6. Andersson, M. A.,, M. Nikulin,, U. Koljalg,, M. C. Andersson,, F. Rainey,, K. Reijula,, E.-L. Hintikka, and, M. Salkinoja-Salonen. 1997. Bacteria, molds, and toxins in water-damaged building materials. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 387– 393.
7. Anonymous. 1994. Recommendations, p. 531–538. In R. A. Samson,, B. Flannigan,, M. E. Flannigan,, A. P. VerHoeff,, O. C. G. Adan, and, E. S. Hoekstra (ed.), Health Implications of Fungi in Indoor Environments. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
8. Auger, P. L.,, P. Pépin,, J. D. Miller,, M. Gareis,, J. Doyon,, R. Bouchard,, M.-F. Pinard, and, C. Mainville. 1999. Chronic toxic encephalopathies apparently related to exposure to toxigenic fungi, p. 131–138. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
9. Batterman, S. A. 1995. Sampling and analysis of biological volatile organic compounds, p. 249–268. In H. A. Burge (ed.), Bioaerosols. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla.
10. Benaim-Pinto, C. 1992. Sensitization to basidiomycetes and to Fuligo septica (Myxomycetae) in Venezuelan atopic patients suffering from respiratory allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 89: 282– 289.
11. Benenson, A. S. 1990. Control of Communicable Disease in Man, 15th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
12. Bettina, V. 1989. Bioactive Molecules, Mycotoxins: Chemical, Biological and Environmental Aspects, vol. 9. Bioactive Molecules. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
13. Blackwell, M. 1990. Air dispersed spores of myxomycetes, p. 51–52. In E. G. Smith (ed.), Sampling and Identifying Allergenic Pollens and Molds. Blewstone Press, San Antonio, Tex.
14. Bonham, R. E. 2005. A review of the IOM report on mold. Tex. Med. 100( 12) : 55– 57.
15. Bornehag, C. G.,, G. Blomquist,, F. Gyntelberg,, B. Jarvholm,, P. Malmberg,, L. Nordvall,, A. Nielsen,, G. Pershagen, and, J. Sundell. 2001. Dampness in buildings and health: Nordic interdisciplinary review of the scientific evidence on associations between exposure to “dampness” in buildings and health effects (NORDDAMP). Indoor Air 11: 72– 86.
16. Brunekreef, B.,, D. W. Dockery,, F. E. Speizer,, J. H. Ware,, J. D. Spengler, and, B. G. Ferris. 1989. Home dampness and respiratory morbidity in children. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140: 1363– 1367.
17. Bünger, J.,, M. Muller,, K. Stalder, and, E. Hallier. 1999. Immunological biomonitoring in the assessment of exposure to airborne fungi from waste handling, p. 112–118. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
18. Burge, H. A. 1990. The fungi, p. 136–162. In P. Morey,, J. Feeley, and, J. Otten (ed.), Biological Contaminants in Indoor Environments. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
19. Burge, H. A. 1990. Bioaerosols: prevalence and health effects in the indoor environment. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 86: 687– 701.
20. Burge, H. A. 1993. Characterization of bioaerosols in buildings in the United States, p. 79–83. In IAQ ’92: Environments for People. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Ga.
21. Burge, H. A. 1995. Bioaerosols in the residential environment, p. 579–597. In C. S. Cox and, C. M. Wathes (ed.), Bioaerosols Handbook. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla.
22. Burge, H. A.,, and J. A. Otten. 1999. Fungi, p. 19-1–19-13. In J. Macher,, H. A. Ammann,, H. A. Burge,, D. K. Milton, and, P. R. Morey (ed.), Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio.
23. Burge, H. A.,, and H. A. Ammann. 1999. Fungal toxins and β-(1-3)- d-glucans, p. 24-1–24-13. In J. Macher,, H. A. Ammann,, H. A. Burge,, D. K. Milton, and, P. R. Morey (ed.), Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio.
24. Burr, M. L. 1999. Indoor fungal exposure—does it matter, and what can be done about it? Clin. Exp. Allergy 29: 1442– 1444.
25. Butcher, B. T.,, C. E. O’Neil,, M. A. Reed,, L. C. Altman,, M. Lopez, and, S. B. Lehrer. 1987. Basidiomycete allergy: measurement of spore-specific IgE antibodies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 80: 803– 809.
26. Buttner, M. P.,, P. Cruz-Perez,, P. J. Garrett, and, L. D. Stetzenbach. 1999. Dispersal of fungal spores from three types of air handling system duct material. Aerobiologia 15: 1– 8.
27. Carroll, G. C.,, and D. T. Wicklow. 1992. The Fungal Community, Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Update: pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants—Cleveland, Ohio, 1993–1996. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 49: 180– 184.
29. Chapman, J. A. 1999. Update on airborne mold and mold allergy. Allergy Asthma Proc. 20: 289– 292.
30. Ciegler, A.,, H. R. Burmeister,, R. F. Vesonder, and, C. W. Hesseltine. 1981. Mycotoxins: occurence in the environment, p. 1–50. In R. C. Shank (ed.), Mycotoxins and N-Nitroso Compound Environmental Risk, vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
31. Cole, R. J.,, and R. H. Cox. 1981. Handbook of Toxic Metabolites. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
32. Coombs, R. R. A. 1975. Classification of Allergic Reactions for Clinical Hypersensitivity and Disease. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, United Kingdom.
33. Corrier, D. E. 1991. Mycotoxicosis: mechanism of immunosuppression. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 30: 73– 87.
34. Cox-Ganser, J. M.,, S. K. White,, R. Jones,, K. Hilsbos,, E. Storey,, P. L. Enright,, C. Y. Rao, and, K. Kreiss. 2005. Respiratory morbidity in office workers in a water-damaged building. Environ. Health Perspect. 113: 485– 490.
35. Creasia, D. A.,, J. D. Thurman,, R. W. Wannemacher, Jr., and, D. L. Bunnder. 1990. Acute inhalation toxicity of T-2 mycotoxin in rat and guinea pig. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14: 54– 59.
36. Croft, W. A.,, B. B. Jarvis, and, C. S. Yatawara. 1986. Airborne outbreak of trichothecene toxicosis. Atmos. Environ. 20: 549– 552.
37. Dales, R. E.,, R. Burnett, and, H. Zwaneburg. 1991. Adverse health effects among adults exposed to home dampness and molds. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143: 505– 509.
38. Dangman, K. H.,, A. L. Bracker, and, E. Storey. 2005. Work-related asthma in teachers in Connecticut: association with chronic water damage and fungal growth in schools. Conn. Med. 69: 9– 17.
39. Davis, W. E.,, W. E. Horner,, J. E. Salvaggio, and, S. B. Lehrer. 1988. Basidiospore allergens: analysis of Coprinus quadrifidus spore, cap, and stalk extracts. Clin. Allergy 18: 261– 267.
40. Dearborn, D. G.,, I. Yike,, W. G. Sorenson,, M. J. Miller, and, R. A. Etzel. 1999. Overview of investigations into pulmonary hemorrhage among infants in Cleveland, Ohio. Environ. Health Perspect. 107( S3) : 495– 499.
41. DeKoster, J. A.,, and P. S. Thorne. 1995. Bioaerosol concentrations in noncompliant, compliant, and intervention homes in the midwest. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 56: 573– 580.
42. Dietrich, R.,, E. Johanning,, M. Gareis,, E. Schneider,, E. Usleber, and, E. Märtlbauer. 1999. Immunological detection of mycotoxins associated with stachybotryotoxicosis, p. 482–493. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
43. Dill, I.,, C. Trautmann, and, R. Szewzyk. 1997. Mass development of Stachybotrys chartarum on decomposable plant-pots made of recycling paper. Mycosis 40: 110– 114.
44. Dillon, H. K.,, J. D. Miller,, W. G. Sorenson,, J. Douwes, and, R. R. Jacobs. 1999. Review of methods applicable to the assessment of mold exposure to children. Environ. Health Perspect. 107( Suppl. 3) : 473– 480.
45. Dungy, C. I.,, P. P. Kozak,, J. Gallup, and, S. P. Galant. 1986. Aeroallergen exposure in the elementary school setting. Ann. Allergy 56: 218– 221.
46. Elidemir, O.,, G. N. Colasurdo,, S. N. Rossmann, and, L. L. Fan. 1999. Isolation of Stachybotrys from the lung of a child with pulmonary hemosiderosis. Pediatrics 104: 964– 966.
47. Etzel, R. A.,, E. Montana,, W. G. Sorenson,, G. J. Kullman,, T. M. Allan, and, D. G. Dearborn. 1998. Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 152: 757– 762.
48. Ezeonu, I. M.,, D. L. Price,, R. B. Simmons,, S. A. Crow, and, D. G. Ahearn. 1994. Fungal production of volatiles during growth on fiberglass. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 4172– 4173.
49. Fatterpekar, G.,, S. Mukherji,, A. Arbealez,, S. Maheshwari, and, M. Castillo. 1999. Fungal diseases of the paranasal sinuses. Semin. Ultrasound CT MR 20: 391– 401.
50. Fischer, G.,, T. Muller,, R. Schwalbe,, R. Ostrowski, and, W. Dott. 2000. Exposure to airborne fungi, MVOC and mycotoxins in biowaste-handling facilities. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 203: 97– 104.
51. Flannigan, B.,, E. M. McCabe, and, F. McGarry. 1991. Allergenic and toxigenic microorganisms in houses. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 79: 61S– 73S.
52. Flappan, S. M.,, J. Portnoy,, P. Jones, and, C. Barnes. 1999. Infant pulmonary hemorrhage in a suburban home with water damage and mold ( Stachybotrys atra). Environ. Health Perspect. 107( 11) : 927– 930.
53. Forgacs, J. 1972. Stachybotrys toxicosis, p. 95–128. In S. Kadis and, S. J. Agl (ed.), Microbial Toxins, vol. III. Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y.
54. Gareis, M. 1995. Cytotoxicity testing of samples originating from problem buildings, p. 139–144. In E. Johanning and, C. S. Yang (ed.), Fungi and Bacteria in Indoor Air Environments: Health Effects, Detection and Remediation. Eastern New York Occupational Health Program, Albany.
55. Gareis, M.,, E. Johanning, and, R. Dietrich. 1999. Mycotoxin cytotoxicity screening of field samples, p. 202–213. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
56. Giannini, E. H.,, W. T. Northey, and, C. R. Leathers. 1975. The allergenic significance of certain fungi rarely reported as allergens. Ann. Allergy 35: 372– 376.
57. Goodwin, W.,, C. D. Haas,, C. Fabian,, I. Heller-Bettinger, and, B. Hoogstraten. 1978. Phase I evaluation of anguidine (diacetoxyscirpenol, NSC-141537). Cancer 42: 23– 26.
58. Gordon, K. E.,, R. E. Masoti, and, W. R. Waddell. 1993. Tremorgenic encephalopathy: a role of mycotoxins in the production of CNS disease in humans? Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 20: 237– 239.
59. Gordon, W.,, E. Johanning, and, L. Haddad. 1999. Cognitive impairment associated with exposure to toxigenic fungi, p. 94–98. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
60. Gravesen, S. 1979. Fungi as a cause of allergic disease. Allergy 34: 135– 154.
61. Gravesen, S.,, J. C. Frisvad, and, R. A. Samson. 1994. Microfungi. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, Denmark.
62. Gravesen, S.,, P. A. Nielsen,, R. Iversen, and, K. F. Nielsen. 1999. Microfungal contamination of damp buildings—examples of risk constructions and risk materials. Environ. Health Perspect. 107: 505– 508.
63. Gregory, P. H. 1973. The Microbiology of Atmosphere, 2nd ed. Halstead Press, New York, N.Y.
64. Griffin, D. H. 1993. Fungal Physiology. Wiley-Liss, New York, N.Y.
65. Heinemann, S.,, H. Beguin, and, N. Nolard. 1994. Biocontamination in air-conditioning, p. 179–186. In R. A. Samson,, B. Flannigan,, M. E. Flannigan,, A. P. VerHoeff,, O. C. G. Adan, and, E. S. Hoekstra (ed.), Health Implications of Fungi in Indoor Environments. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
66. Hendry, K. M.,, and E. C. Cole. 1993. A review of mycotoxins in indoor air. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 38: 183– 198.
67. Henson, P. M.,, and R. C. Murphy. 1989. Mediators of the Inflammatory Process. Elsevier, New York, N.Y.
68. Hintikka, E. 1987. Human stachybotryotoxicosis, p. 87–89. In T. D. Wyllie and, L. G. Morehouse (ed.), Mycotoxic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicosis, vol. 3. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
69. Hintikka, E.,, and M. Nikulin. 1995. Aerosol mycotoxins: a veterinary experience and perspective, p. 31–34. In E. Johanning and, C. S. Yang (ed.), Fungi and Bacteria in Indoor Air Environments: Health Effects, Detection and Remediation. Eastern New York Occupational Health Program, Albany.
70. Hintikka, E. L. 1999. The effects of inhaled spores of mycotoxin producing fungi on animals, p. 214–220. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
71. Hocking, A. D.,, and B. F. Miscamble. 1995. Water relations of some Zygomycetes isolated from food. Mycol. Res. 99: 1113– 1118.
72. Hodgson, M. J.,, P. Morey,, W. Y. Leung,, L. Morrow,, D. Miller,, B. B. Jarvis,, H. Robbins,, J. F. Halsey, and, E. Storey. 1998. Building-associated pulmonary disease from exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 40: 241– 249.
73. Horner, W. E.,, and S. B. Lehrer. 1999. Why are there still problems with fungal allergen extracts? In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
74. Horner, W. E.,, A. G. Worthan, and, P. R. Morey. 2004. Air- and dustborne mycoflora in houses free of water damage and fungal growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 6394– 6400.
75. Horwitz, R. J.,, and R. K. Bush. 1997. Allergens and other factors important in atopic disease, p. 75–129. In R. Patterson,, L. C. Grammer, and, P. A. Greenberger (ed.), Allergic Diseases, Diagnosis and Management. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pa.
76. Husman, T. 1996. Health effects of indoor-air microorganism. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 22: 2– 13.
77. Hyvarinen, A.,, T. Reponen,, T. Husman, and, A. Nevalainen. 2001. Comparison of the indoor air quality in mould damaged and reference buildings in a subarctic climate. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health 9: 133– 139.
78. Institute of Medicine. 2000. Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
79. Institute of Medicine. 2004. Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
80. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. 1993. Monographs in the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. IARC Monogr. 56: 245– 523.
81. Jaakkola, J. J.,, B. F. Hwang, and, N. Jaakkola. 2005. Home dampness and molds, parental atopy, and asthma in childhood: a six-year population-based cohort study. Environ. Health Perspect. 113: 357– 361.
82. Jaakkola, M. S.,, H. Nordman,, R. Piipari,, J. Uitti,, J. Laitinen,, A. Karjalainen,, P. Hahtola, and, J. J. Jaakkola. 2002. Indoor dampness and molds and development of adult-onset asthma: a population-based incident case-control study. Environ. Health Perspect. 110: 543– 547.
83. Jarmai, K. 1929. Viskosusseptikamien bei alteren Fohlen und erwachsenen Pferden (Viscosussepsis in older colts and grown-up horses). Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 33: 517– 519.
84. Jarvis, B. B. 1990. Mycotoxins and indoor air quality, p. 201–214. In P. Morey,, J. Feeley, and, J. Otten (ed.), Biological Contaminants in Indoor Environments. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.
85. Jarvis, B. B.,, J. Salemme, and, A. Morais. 1995. Stachybotrys toxins. Nat. Toxins 3: 10– 16.
86. Jarvis, B. B.,, Y. Zhou,, J. Jiang,, S. Wang,, W. G. Sorenson,, E.-L. Hintikka,, M. Nikulin,, P. Parikkam,, R. A. Etzel, and, D. G. Dearborn. 1996. Toxigenic molds in water-damaged buildings: dechlorogriseofulvins from Memnoniella echinata. J. Nat. Prod. 59: 553– 554.
87. Jarvis, B. B.,, and S. F. Hinkley. 1999. Analysis for Stachybotrys toxins, p. 232–239. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
88. Johanning, E. 1995. Health problems related to fungal exposure—primarily of Stachybotrys atra, p. 169–182. In E. Johanning and, C. S. Yang (ed.), Fungi and Bacteria in Indoor Air Environments: Health Effects, Detection and Remediation. Eastern New York Occupational Health Program, Albany.
89. Johanning, E. 1999. Overview of waste management in the United States and recent research activities about composting related occupational health risks, p. 127–140. In T. Eikmann and, R. Hofmann (ed.), Stand von Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technik zu siedlungshygienischen Aspekten der Abfallentsorgung und -verwertung (Status Assessment of Science, Research and Techniques Related to Hygiene in Waste-Management and -Use), vol. 104. Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft im VDI und DIN, Band 30. Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene, Berlin, Germany.
90. Johanning, E.,, R. Biagini,, D. Hull,, P. Morey,, B. Jarvis, and, P. Landsbergis. 1996. Health and immunology study following exposure to toxigenic fungi (Stachybotrys chartarum) in a water-damaged office environment. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 68: 207– 218.
91. Johanning, E.,, M. Gareis,, K. Nielsen, and, G. Engholm. 2002. Airborne mycotoxin sampling and screening analysis, p. 1–6. In H. Levin (ed.), Indoor Air 2002. International Academy of Indoor Air Sciences, Santa Cruz, Calif.
92. Johanning, E.,, M. Gareis,, C. S. Yang,, E.-L. Hintikka,, M. Nikulin,, B. Jarvis, and, R. Dietrich. 1999. Toxicity screening of materials from buildings with fungal indoor air quality problems ( Stachybotrys chartarum). Mycotoxin Res. 14: 60– 73.
93. Johanning, E.,, P. R. Morey, and, B. B. Jarvis. 1993. Clinical-epidemiological investigation of health effects caused by Stachybotrys atra building contamination, p. 225–230. In O. Seppänen (ed.), Indoor Air ’93, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, vol. 1. Health Effects. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
94. Kaplan, J. E.,, J. L. Jones, and, C. A. Dykewicz. 2000. Protists as opportunistic pathogens: public health impact in the 1990s and beyond. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47: 15– 20.
95. Keller, R.,, K. Senkpiel, and, H. Ohgke. 1999. Use of MVOC measurements and odor perception as indicator of mould in indoor areas, p. 532–537. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
96. Kemp, S. J.,, T. H. Kuehn,, D. H. Pui,, D. Vesley, and, A. J. Streifel. 1995. Growth of microorganisms on HVAC filters under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Am. Soc. Heating Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Eng. Trans. 101( pt. 1) : 1– 12.
97. Kilpelainen, M.,, E. O. Terho,, H. Helenius, and, M. Koskenvuo. 2002. Childhood farm environment and asthma and sensitization in young adulthood. Allergy 57: 1130– 1135.
98. Korpi, A.,, J. P. Kasanen,, Y. Alarie,, V. M. Kosma, and, A. L. Pasanen. 1999. Sensory irritating potency of some microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) and a mixture of five MVOCs. Arch. Environ. Health 54: 347– 352.
99. Krogh, P. 1989. The role of mycotoxins in disease of animals and man. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. 79( Suppl.) : 99S– 204S.
100. Kurup, V. P. 1999. Allergens, diagnosis, and pathogenesis, p. 620–625. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
101. Kusak, V.,, S. Jelinek, and, J. Ula. 1990. Possible role of Aspergillus flavus in the pathogenesis of Schneeberg and Jachymov disease. Neoplasm 17: 441– 449.
102. Kwon-Chung, K. J.,, and J. E. Bennett. 1992. Medical Mycology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa.
103. Lacey, J. 1981. Aerobiology of conidial fungi, p. 373–416. In G. C. Cole and, B. Kendrick (ed.), Biology of Conidial Fungi, vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
104. Lacey, J. 1991. Aerobiology and health, p. 157–185. In D. L. Hawksworth (ed.), Frontiers in Mycology. CABI, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
105. Larsen, T. O.,, and J. C. Frisvad. 1995. Characterization of volatile metabolites from 47 Penicillium taxa. Mycol. Res. 99: 1153– 1166.
106. Lehrer, S. B.,, M. Lopez,, B. T. Butcher,, J. Olson,, M. Reed, and, J. E. Salvaggio. 1986. Basidiomycete mycelia and spore-allergen extracts: skin test reactivity in adults with symptoms or respiratory allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 78: 478– 485.
107. Levetin, E. 1991. Identifications and concentration of airborne basidiospores. Grana 30: 123– 128.
108. Levetin, E. 1995. Fungi, p. 87–120. In H. A. Burge (ed.), Bioaerosols. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla.
109. Levetin, E.,, R. Shaughnessy,, E. Fisher,, B. Ligman,, J. Harrison, and, T. Brennan. 1995. Indoor air quality in schools: exposure to fungal allergens. Aerobiologia 11: 27– 34.
110. Lewis, C. W.,, J. E. Smith,, J. G. Anderson, and, Y. M. Murad. 1994. The presence of mycotoxin-associated fungal spores isolated from the indoor air of the damp domestic environment and cytotoxic to human cell lines. Indoor Environ. 3: 323– 330.
111. Llewellyn, G. C.,, and C. E. O’Rear. 1990. Biodeterioration Research, vol. 3. Mycotoxins, Biotoxins, Wood Decay, Air Quality, Cultural Properties, General Biodeterioration, and Degradation. Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.
112. Li, D.-W.,, and C. S. Yang. 2004. Fungal contamination as a major contributor of sick building syndrome, p. 31–112. In D. Strauss (ed.), Advances in Applied Microbiology, vol. 55. Sick Building Syndrome. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
113. Li, D.-W.,, and C. S. Yang. 2004. Notes on indoor fungi, I. New records and noteworthy fungi from indoor environments. Mycotaxon 89: 473– 488.
114. Lin, K.-T.,, D.-W. Li,, D. A. Denis,, R. Woodcock, and, C. S. Yang. 2005. Qualitative identification of Meruliporia incrassata using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), p. 335–342. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi, Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health: Patho-Physiology, Clinical Effects, Exposure Assessment, Prevention and Control in Indoor Environments and Work. Fungal Research Group Foundation, Inc., Albany, N.Y.
115. Lincoff, G.,, and D. H. Mitchel. 1977. Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisoning, p. 267. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, N.Y.
116. Luong, A.,, and B. F. Marple. 2004. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 4: 465– 470.
117. Macher, J. 1999. Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio.
118. Macher, J. M.,, F.-Y. Huang, and, M. Flores. 1991. A two-year study of microbiological indoor air quality in a new apartment. Arch. Environ. Health 46: 25– 29.
119. Mandell, G. L.,, J. E. Bennet, and, R. Dolin. 1995. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed., p. 2288– 2393. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. Pa.
120. Marasas, W. F. O.,, and P. E. Nelson. 1987. Mycotoxicology, p. 102. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.
121. Matossian, M. K. 1989. Poisons of the Past: Molds, Epidemics, and History. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
122. McLaughlin, C. S.,, M. H. Vaughan,, I. M. Campbell,, C. M. Wei.,, M. E. Stafford, and, B. S. Hansen. 1977. Inhibition of protein synthesis by trichothecenes, p. 263–273. In J. V. Rodrick,, C. M. Hesseltine, and, M. A. Mehlman (ed.), Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health. Pathotox, Park Forest South, Ill.
123. Miller, J. D. 1992. Fungi as contaminants in indoor air. Atmos. Environ. 26A: 2163– 2172.
124. Miller, J. D. 1993. Fungi and the building engineer, p. 147–158. In IAQ ’92: Environments for People. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Ga.
125. Miller, J. D.,, R. Dales, and, J. White. 1999. Exposure measures for studies of mold and dampness and respiratory health, p. 298–305. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bio-aerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
126. Miller, V. R.,, and H. M. Ammann. 2005. Risk assessment of fungal bioaerosols in indoor environments: current paradigms and evolving concepts, p. 474–481. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi, Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health: Patho-Physiology, Clinical Effects, Exposure Assessment, Prevention and Control in Indoor Environments and Work. Fungal Research Group Foundation, Albany, N.Y.
127. Morey, P. R.,, M. J. Hodgson,, W. G. Sorenson,, G. J. Kullman,, W. W. Rhodes, and, G. S. Visvesvara. 1984. Environmental studies in moldy office buildings: biological agents, sources and preventive measures. Ann. Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hyg. 10: 21– 35.
128. Morgan-Jones, G.,, and B. J. Jacobsen. 1988. Notes on hyphomycetes. LVIII. Some dematiaceous taxa, including two undescribed species of Cladosporium, associated with biodeterioration of carpet, plaster and wallpaper. Mycotaxon 32: 223– 236.
129. Morrison, J.,, C. Yang,, K.-T. Lin,, R. A. Haugland,, A. N. Neely, and, S. J. Vesper. 2004. Monitoring Aspergillus species by quantitative PCR during construction of a multi-story hospital building. J. Hosp. Infect. 57: 85– 87.
130. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1994. Preventive Organic Duct Toxic Syndrome. Publication 94–102. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.
131. Nevalainen, A.,, P. Partanen,, E. Jaeaeskelainen,, A. Hyvaerinen,, O. Koskinen,, T. Meklin,, M. Vahteristo,, J. Koivisto, and, T. Husman. 1998. Prevalence of moisture problems in Finnish houses. Indoor Air S4: 45– 49.
132. Nielsen, K. F.,, S. Gravesen,, P. A. Nielsen,, B. Andersen,, U. Thrane, and, J. C. Frisvad. 1999. Production of mycotoxins on artificially and naturally infested building materials. Mycopathologia 145: 43– 56.
133. Nielsen, K. F.,, K. Huttunen,, A. Hyvarinen,, B. Andersen,, B. B. Jarvis, and, M. R. Hirvonen. 2002. Metabolite profiles of Stachybotrys isolates from water-damaged buildings and their induction of inflammatory mediators and cytotoxicity in macrophages. Mycopathologia 154: 201– 205.
134. Nikulin, M. 1999. Toxigenic Stachybotrys chartarum in Water-Damaged Building Materials: Ecology and Biology. Microbiological publication 46/1999. University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
135. Nikulin, M.,, K. Reijula,, B. B. Jarvis, and, E. L. Hintikka. 1996. Experimental lung mycotoxicosis in mice induced by Stachybotrys atra. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 77: 213– 218.
136. Noble, W. C.,, and Y. M. Clayton. 1963. Fungi in the air of hospital wards. J. Gen. Microbiol. 32: 397– 402.
137. Ohtsuki, T. 1962. Studies on the glass mould. V. On two species of Aspergillus isolated from glass. Bot. Mag. 75: 436– 442.
138. Okumurai, H.,, N. Yoshino,, Y. Sugiura, and, M. Sugamata. 1999. Trichothecenes as a potent inducer of apoptosis, p. 221–231. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
140. Paolo, N. D.,, A. Guarieri,, F. Loi,, G. Sacchi,, A. M. Mangiorotti, and, M. D. Paolo. 1993. Acute renal failure from inhalation of mycotoxins. Nephron 64: 621– 625.
141. Pasanen, A.-L.,, M. Nikulin,, M. Tuomainen,, S. Berg,, P. Parikka, and, E.-L. Hintikka. 1993. Laboratory experiments on membrane filter sampling of airborne mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys atra Corda. Atmos. Environ. 27A: 9– 13.
142. Peat, J. K.,, J. Dickerson, and, J. Lee. 1998. Effects of damp and mould in the home and respiratory health: a review of the literature. Allergy 53: 120– 128.
143. Peraica, M.,, B. Radic,, A. Lucic, and, M. Pavlovic. 1999. Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans. Bull. W. H. O. 77: 754– 766.
144. Pestka, J. J.,, M. A. Moorman, and, R. L. Warner. 1989. Dysregulation of IgA production and IgA nephropathy induced by the trichothecene vomitoxin. Food Chem. Toxicol. 27: 361– 368.
145. Pfaller, M. A. 1992. Opportunistic fungal infections, p. 287–293. In J. M. Last and, R. B. Wallace (ed.), Maxcy-Rosenau Public Health and Preventive Medicine. Appleton and Lange, East Norwalk, Conn.
146. Pfaller, M. A.,, and R. A. Fromtling. 1999. Mycology, p. 1159–1326. In P. R. Murray,, E. J. Baron,, M. A. Pfaller,, F. C. Tenover, and, R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
147. Pieckova, E.,, Z. Jesenska, and, K. Wilikins. 1999. Microscopic fungi and their metabolites in dwellings—a bioassay study, p. 351–354. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bio-aerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
148. Pitt, J. I. 1979. The Genus Penicillium and Its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaromyces, p. 634. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
149. Ponikau, J. U.,, D. A. Sherris,, E. B. Kern,, H. A. Homburger,, E. Frigas,, T. A. Gaffey, and, G. D. Roberts. 1999. The diagnosis and incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 74: 877– 884.
150. Pope, A. M.,, R. Patterson, and, H. Burge. 1993. Indoor Allergens, p. 308. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
151. Putus, T. 2005. Health effects of moisture damage associated microbes, p. 94–107. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi, Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health: Patho-Physiology, Clinical Effects, Exposure Assessment, Prevention and Control in Indoor Environments and Work. Fungal Research Group Foundation, Albany, N.Y.
152. Raper, K. B.,, and D. I. Fennell. 1977. The Genus Aspergillus, p. 686. Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Co., Malabar, Fla.
153. Richerson, H. B. 1994. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, p. 139–160. In R. Rylander and, R. R. Jacobs (ed.), Organic Dusts: Exposure, Effects, and Prevention. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla.
154. Ruotsalainen, R.,, N. Jaakkola, and, J. J. K. Jaakkola. 1995. Dampness and molds in day-care centers as an occupational problem. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 66: 369– 374.
155. Rylander, R. 1994. Office and domestic environments, p. 247–255. In R. Rylander and, R. R. Jacobs (ed.), Organic Dusts: Exposure, Effects, and Prevention. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla.
156. Rylander, R. 1999. Effects after mold exposure—which are the causative agents?, p. 28–32. In E. Johanning (ed.), Bioaerosols, Fungi and Mycotoxins: Health Effects, Assessment, Prevention and Control. Eastern New York Occupational and Environmental Health Center, Albany.
157. Rylander, R.,, and R. Etzel. 1999. Introduction and summary: Workshop on Children’s Health and Indoor Mold Exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 107( Suppl. 3) : 465– 468.
158. Samson, R. A. 1992. Mycotoxins: a mycologist’s perspective. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 30( Suppl. 1) : 9– 18.
159. Samson, R. A.,, B. Flannigan,, M. E. Flannigan,, A. P. VerHoeff,, O. C. G. Adan, and, E. S. Hoekstra. 1994. Health Implications of Fungi in Indoor Environments. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
160. Samson, R. A.,, J. Houbraken,, R. C. Summerbell,, B. Flannigan, and, J. D. Miller. 2001. Common and important species of fungi and actinomycetes in indoor environments, p. 287–473. In B. Flannigan,, R. A. Samson, and, J. D. Miller (ed.), Microorganisms in Home and Indoor Work Environments. Taylor & Francis, London, United Kingdom.
161. Santilli, J.,, W. J. Rockwell, and, R. P. Collins. 1985. The significance of the spores of the basidiomycetes (mushrooms and their allies) in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Ann. Allergy 55: 469– 471.
162. Schiefer, H. B. 1990. Mycotoxins in indoor air: a critical toxicological viewpoint, p. 167–172. In D. S. Walkinshaw (ed.), Indoor Air ’90. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, vol. 1.
163. Seifert, K. A.,, and J. C. Frisvad. 2000. Penicillium on soild wood products, p. 285–298. In R. A. Samson and, J. I. Pitt (ed.), Integration of Moderan Taxonomic Methods for Penicillium and Aspergillus Classification. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
164. Sharma, R. P.,, and D. K. Salunkhe. 1991. Mycotoxins and Phytoalexins. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
165. Shelton, B. G.,, K. H. Kirkland,, W. D. Flanders, and, G. K. Morris. 2002. Profiles of airborne fungi in buildings and outdoor environments in the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 1743– 1753.
166. Singh, J. 1994. Nature and extent of deterioration in buildings due to fungi, p. 34–53. In J. Singh (ed.), Building Mycology. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom.
167. Smith, D.,, and A. H. S. Onions. 1994. The Preservation and Maintenance of Living Fungi. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom.
168. Smith, E. G. 1990. Sampling and Identifying Allergenic Pollens and Molds. Blewstone Press, San Antonio, Tex.
169. Smith, J. E.,, and M. O. Moss. 1985. Mycotoxins: Formation, Analysis and Significance. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
170. Smith, J. E.,, J. G. Anderson,, C. W. Lewis, and, Y. M. Murad. 1992. Cytotoxic fungal spores in the indoor atmosphere of the damp domestic environment. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 100: 337– 344.
171. Smoragiewicz, W.,, B. Cossette,, A. Boutard, and, K. Krzystyniak. 1993. Trichothecene mycotoxins in the dust of ventilation systems in office buildings. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 65: 113– 117.
172. Solomon, W. R.,, H. P. Burge, and, J. R. Boise. 1978. Airborne Aspergillus fumigatus levels outside and with a large clinical center. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 62: 56– 60.
173. Sorenson, W. G. 1990. Mycotoxins as potential occupational hazards. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 31: 205– 211.
174. Sorenson, W. G. 1999. Fungal spores: hazardous to health? Environ. Health Perspect. 107(S3) : 469– 472.
175. Sorenson, W. G.,, D. G. Frazier,, B. B. Jarvis,, J. Simpson, and, V. A. Robinson. 1987. Trichothecene mycotoxins in aerosolized conidia of Stachybotrys atra. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: 1370– 1375.
176. Spengler, J.,, L. Neas,, S. Nalai,, D. Dockery,, F. Speizer,, J. Ware, and, M. Raizenne. 1993. Respiratory symptoms and housing characteristics, p. 165–170. In O. Seppänen (ed.), Indoor Air ’93. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, vol. 1. Health Effects. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
177. Stetzenbach, L. D.,, H. Ammann,, E. Johanning,, G. King, and, R. J. Shaughnessy. 2004. Microorganisms, Mold and Indoor Air Quality. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
178. Storey, E.,, K. H. Dangman,, P. Schenck,, R. L. DeBernardo,, C. S. Yang,, A. Bracker, and, M. J. Hodgson. 30 September 2004, posting date. Guidance for Clinicians on the Recognition and Management of Health Effects Related to Mold Exposure and Moisture Indoors. [Online.] Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Center for Indoor Environments and Health, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn. http://www.oehc.uchc.edu/clinser/MOLD%20GUIDE.pdf.
179. Strachan, D. P.,, and R. A. Elton. 1986. Relationship between respiratory morbidity in children and the home environment. Fam. Pract. 3: 137– 142.
180. Strachan, D. P.,, B. Flannigan,, E. M. McCabe, and, F. McGarry. 1990. Quantification of airborne moulds in the homes of children with and without wheeze. Thorax 45: 382– 387.
181. Streifel, A. J.,, and F. S. Rhame. 1993. Hospital air filamentous fungal spore and particle counts in a specially designed hospital, p. 161–165. In O. Seppänen (ed.), Indoor Air ’93. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, vol. 4. Particles, Microbes, Radon. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
182. Taskinen, T. M.,, S. Laitinen,, A. Nevalainen,, A. Vepsalainen,, T. Meklin,, M. Reiman,, M. Korppi, and, T. Husman. 2002. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to moulds in school-children from moisture problem schools. Allergy 57: 9– 16.
183. Tripi, P. A.,, S. Modlin,, W. G. Sorenson, and, D. G. Dearborn. 2000. Acute pulmonary haemorrhage in an infant during induction of general anaesthesia. Paediatr. Anaesth. 10: 92– 94.
184. Troller, J. A.,, and V. N. Scott. 1992. Measurement of water activity (Aw) and acidity, p. 135–151. In C. Vanderzant and, D. F. Splittstoesser (ed.), Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
185. Tuomi, T.,, K. Reijula,, T. Johnsson,, K. Hemminki,, E. L. Hintikka,, O. Lindroos,, S. Kalso,, P. Koukila-Kahkola,, H. Mussalo-Rauhamaa, and, T. Haahtela. 2000. Mycotoxins in crude building materials from water-damaged buildings. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 1899– 1904.
187. Ueno, Y. 1983. Trichothecenes—Chemical, Biological and Toxicological Aspects, p. 135– 194. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
188. VerHoeff, A. P.,, J. H. Van Wijnen,, J. S. M. Boleij,, B. Brunekreef,, E. S. Van Reenen-Hoekstra, and, R. A. Samson. 1990. Enumeration and identification of airborne viable mould propagules in houses. Allergy 45: 275– 284.
189. von Ehrenstein, O. S.,, E. von Mutius,, S. Illi,, L. Baumann,, O. Bohm, and, R. von Kries. 2000. Reduced risk of hay fever and asthma among children of farmers. Clin. Exp. Allergy 30: 187– 193.
190. Von Essen, S.,, R. A. Robbins,, A. B. Thompson, and, S. I. Rennard. 1990. Organic dust toxic syndrome: an acute febrile reaction to organic dust exposure distinct from hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Clin. Toxicol. 28: 389– 420.
191. Wady, L.,, A. Bunte,, C. Pehrson, and, L. Larsson. 2003. Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/solid phase microextraction for the identification of MVOCs from moldy building materials. J. Microbiol. Methods 52: 325– 332.
192. Wicklow, D. T.,, and O. Shotwell. 1983. Intrafungal distribution of aflatoxins among conidia and sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Can. J. Microbiol. 29: 1– 5.
193. Womble, S. E.,, L. E. Burton,, L. Kolb,, J. R. Girman,, G. E. Hadwen,, M. Carpenter, and, J. F. McCarthy. 1999. Prevalence and concentrations of culturable airborne fungal spores in 86 office buildings from the building assessment survey and evaluation (BASE) study, p. 261–266. In G. Raw,, C. Aizlewood, and, P. Warren (ed.), Indoor Air ’99. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Indoor Air and Climate, vol. 1. BRE, Garston, Watford, United Kingdom.
194. World Health Organization. 1990. Environmental Health Criteria 105: Selected Mycotoxins: Ochratoxins, Tricho-thecenes, Ergot. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
195. Wyllie, T.,, and L. G. Morehouse. 1977. Mycotoxic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicosis: an Encyclopedic Handbook, vol. I. Mycotoxic Fungi and Chemistry of Mycotoxins. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
196. Yang, C. 1996. Fungal colonization of HVAC fiber-glass air-duct liner in the U.S.A, p. 173–177. In K. Ikeda and, T. Iwata (ed.), Indoor Air ’96. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Indoor Air and Climate, vol. 3. Indoor Air ’96, Institute of Health, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan.
197. Yang, C. S. 1995. Understanding the biology of fungi found indoors, p. 131–137. In E. Johanning and, C. S. Yang (ed.), Fungi and Bacteria in Indoor Environments: Health Effects, Detection and Remediation. Eastern New York Occupational Health Program, Albany.
198. Yang, C. S.,, L.-L. Hung,, F. A. Lewis, and, F. A. Zampiello. 1993. Airborne fungal populations in non-residential buildings in the United States, p. 219–224. In O. Seppänen (ed.), Indoor Air ’93. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, vol. 4. Particles, Microbes, Radon. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
199. Zabel, R. A.,, and J. J. Morrell. 1992. Wood Microbiology. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif.

References: V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V. 
 V.