Source: https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-michigan-great-ape-laws
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 10:06:46+00:00

Document:
Summary: The following discussion begins with a general overview of the various Michigan state statutes and regulations affecting Great Apes. It then analyzes the applicability of those laws to the possession and use of apes for specific purposes, including their possession as pets, for scientific research, for commercial purposes, and in sanctuaries. The discussion concludes with a compilation of local ordinances which govern the possession and use of apes within geographic subdivisions of the state.
Under Michigan’s Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (NREPA), the import, possession, and use of Great Apes is heavily regulated because of their status as endangered or threatened species under the Federal Endangered Species Act. NREPA makes it illegal to take, import, export, possess, buy, sell, or transport endangered or threatened animals, including gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, bonobos, and gibbons. However, that same law does allow apes that originate from other states (besides Michigan), or countries, to be imported, transported, possessed, or sold with a federal permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or with an “applicable” permit from another state (besides Michigan). That exemption does not apply to apes that originated in Michigan; so it is illegal to transport, possess, or sell any ape that was born in Michigan, regardless of whether a person possesses a federal or state permit authorizing those activities. The importation, possession, and use of apes is ostensibly regulated by various state agencies. However, the extent to which those agencies have fulfilled their legislative mandates to regulate apes is somewhat limited.
Political subdivisions of the state, including counties, cities, and towns also have statutory authority to restrict and/or regulate Great Apes within their geographical boundaries. Although Michigan has a variety of state laws that restrict or regulate activities involving apes, many of those laws have not been implemented or enforced by the agencies charged with doing so. In order to fill the gaps left by state level regulation and enforcement, many cities and counties in Michigan have enacted local laws governing the possession and use of those animals. Typically, local ordinances either: (1) ban the possession of apes for certain purposes, or entirely; (2) regulate activities involving apes; or (3) set minimum standards for the care and treatment of apes.
Although Michigan does not have any state statutes that specifically govern the possession, use, or treatment of apes, certain statutes that apply to a broad range of animals may be applicable to apes. Michigan’s general anti-cruelty statute applies to apes, as it does to other animals, and may be used to protect apes from neglect, cruel training methods, and physical abuse.
In Michigan, there two equally effective options for the enforcement of the state’s anti-cruelty laws.
b. Humane Officers: Any society that is incorporated in Michigan for the prevention of cruelty to animals can designate 1 or more persons in each county of the state to investigate and prosecute animal cruelty cases. The sheriff of each county may appoint those investigators as deputy sheriffs, which would give them all the powers of the sheriff in enforcing the state’s animal cruelty laws.
A violation of the state’s anti-cruelty laws may be either a misdemeanor or a felony, depending on the severity of the act, the number of animals involved, and the perpetrators past history of similar convictions. Such convictions may result in any or all of the following: (1) imprisonment; (2) fines; (3) community service; (4) liability for all costs associated with the prosecution and with caring for the animal victim(s); (5) court-ordered psychological or psychiatric counseling; (6) a ban on owning animals in the future; and (7) permanent forfeiture of the animal victim(s).
In Michigan, there are three state agencies that have been granted some level of authority to regulate the import, possession, use, and treatment of apes within the state. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNR) regulates the import and possession of native and foreign wild animals within the state. Apes are among the most strictly regulated animals in the state because of their status as endangered or threatened species under the Federal Endangered Species Act. The Michigan Department of Agriculture, Animal Industry Division (AID) is responsible for monitoring the importation of animals into the state and for ensuring the health and safety of animals residing within the state. All apes that are imported into the state fall within the purview of AID and their importation and treatment are subject to that agency’s oversight. The Michigan Department of Community Health regulates the scientific research facilities within the state, including those that use live animals for research experiments. The agency administers a registration and inspection program to ensure that animals used by those research facilities are afforded certain minimum standards of care.
Michigan’s Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act makes it illegal to take, possess, transport, import, export, process, sell, offer for sale, buy, offer to buy, or receive for shipment any species of wildlife that is listed as threatened or endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). All gorillas, orangutans, bonobos, gibbons, and wild populations of chimpanzees are listed as endangered and captive bred chimpanzees are listed as threatened. Therefore, it is illegal to import, transport, possess, or sell any ape except with a permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) pursuant to the ESA, or with an applicable permit issued by another state. FWS does not issue permits for the importation, possession, breeding, or sale of apes for use as pets because according to the agency, “[u]sing protected species as pets is not consistent with the purposes of the Act.” Also, FWS does not issue permits of any kind for certain “threatened” captive chimpanzees; specifically, captive chimpanzees that have been born in the United States since 1976. As a result, no person would be able to obtain a federal permit for those captive chimpanzees. It is important to note that the permit exemption does not apply to apes that originated in Michigan; so it is illegal to transport, possess, or sell any ape that was born in Michigan, regardless of whether a person possesses a federal or state permit authorizing those activities.
The Department of Natural Resources and Environment has dedicated law enforcement officers, or “conservation officers,” who are employed by the agency, and who have the power and authority to conduct inspections, seize animals, and enforce all relevant provisions of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act. Conservation officers also have the authority to actually prosecute violations involving Great Apes without the sanction or participation of any prosecuting attorney.
In addition, any law enforcement officer, or deputized humane officer, as discussed in Section II(A) above, can enforce the relevant provisions of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act. The illegal import, transport, transfer, or possession of any Great Ape in violation of that law is a misdemeanor.
The Michigan Department of Agriculture’s (MDA) Animal Industry Division (AID) regulates the importation of Great Apes. Although the Animal Industry Act makes it illegal to import “any species having the potential to spread serious diseases or parasites, to cause serious physical harm, or to otherwise endanger native wildlife, human life, livestock, domestic animals, or property,” MDA maintains that this prohibition does not apply to Great Apes. While the importation of apes is not prohibited by MDA, it is prohibited by the DNR, except pursuant to a permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or by another state. Any Great Ape that is imported into the state must be accompanied by an interstate health certificate or certificate of veterinary inspection certifying that the animal is free from infectious disease, which is issued within the 30 days prior to the animal’s arrival. Interestingly, tucked within the small one-page statute regarding the importation of wild and exotic animals, is an even smaller one-and-a-half-line provision that mandates that any Great Ape imported into the state must receive housing, feeding, restraining, and care that is approved by the director of MDA. A violation of the aforementioned sections of the Animal Industry Act is a misdemeanor, and in addition to criminal penalties, may incur administrative or civil fines, as well as financial liability for prosecution costs.
MDA is responsible for regulating animal control facilities and animal protection shelters within the state and for ensuring that the animals maintained by those facilities are maintained pursuant to certain minimum standards of care. However, most of the agency’s regulations do not protect animals possessed by those facilities other than dogs and cats (i.e. housing standards; feeding requirements; cleaning and sanitation standards; heating, ventilation, and lighting requirements; record requirements;outdoor shelter standards, etc.). The few laws that are applicable to Great Apes mandate the following minimum standards of care: (1) “provisions” must be made for the removal and disposal of dead animals, animal and food waste, and bedding; (2) food and bedding must be protected against “vermin” contamination or infestation; (3) perishable food must be refrigerated; (4) excess water must be eliminated from indoor enclosures; (5) foul odors from drains should be avoided; (6) a veterinarian must be consulted when a “health hazard” arises; and (7) animals housed in the same cage must be compatible and of the same species. Any failure to comply with the aforementioned basic standards of care is a misdemeanor, and in addition to criminal penalties, may result in suspension or revocation of the facility’s registration,administrative fines, and forfeiture of the animal victim(s).
Pursuant to the Public Health Code, it is illegal to keep or use any “living, vertebrate animal,” including any ape, for “experimental purposes,” unless registered to do so by the Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH). The Bureau of Laboratories (a division of MDCH), in conjunction with the Animal Research Advisory Board,administers the registration program and regulates all registered entities to ensure compliance with minimum standards of care for animals that are maintained or used for research purposes.
Any “person” or facility wishing to maintain or use Great Apes for scientific research must: (1) be “qualified by professional training;” (2) submit a completed registration application to MDCH; and (3) demonstrate that the applicant’s laboratory animal facility and procedures for the care and use of the animals are in “substantial conformance”with all applicable regulations and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide).
As a condition of registration, all registrants must comply with the minimum standards of care set forth in the Guide. In addition, all registrants must comply with the following MDCH rules: (1) “careful consideration” must be given to the physical comfort and welfare of the animals; (2) registrants must arrange for “humane handling” of animals while they are being transported within a facility or between facilities; (3) “painful procedure[s]” that are conducted without the use of anesthetics, analgesics, or tranquilizers must be supervised by a “responsible scientist;” (4) registrants must attempt to minimize pain, discomfort, and the consequences of any disability suffered by an animal as a result of scientific experiments; (5) any animal that cannot live without permanent pain or prolonged discomfort resulting from an experiment must be humanely and painlessly killed; and (6) registrants must ensure that an animal is dead before discarding his or her body.
All registrants are subject to an annual inspection, or more frequently at MDCH’s discretion. If an inspection uncovers evidence of violations of the foregoing standards or rules, a registrant may be placed on probation and given a “reasonable amount of time” to achieve “substantial compliance.” If a registered facility subsequently fails to achieve that compliance, then MDCH may suspend or revoke the registration. Any person that maintains or uses apes for scientific experimentation in violation of the Public Health Code is guilty of a misdemeanor.
The statutes and regulations that are discussed in Section 2 all govern certain aspects of the import, possession, use, or treatment of captive apes that are possessed for various purposes. The laws are not uniformly applicable to all apes; instead, they vary according to the particular purpose for which an ape is possessed. In the U.S., captive apes are generally possessed for use as pets, scientific research subjects, for exhibition or other commercial purposes, or they are retired and live in sanctuaries. The remainder of this section discusses how the state’s laws affect apes that are possessed for those purposes.
Pursuant to Michigan’s Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, it is illegal to take, possess, transport, import, export, process, sell, offer for sale, buy, offer to buy, or receive for shipment, any species of wildlife that is listed as threatened or endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA), except pursuant to a permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), or pursuant to an applicable permit issued by another state. All species of apes are listed as either threatened or endangered under the ESA, and it is illegal to conduct any of the aforementioned activities with any ape in Michigan without such a permit. The permit exemption does not include apes that were born in Michigan, regardless of whether a person possesses a federal or state permit to possess those animals. So, it is illegal to transport, possess, or sell any ape that was born in Michigan for any purpose, including for use as pets. Therefore, in order to legally possess an ape as a pet in Michigan, a person would have to obtain the animal from another state and possess an “applicable” permit issued by another state (because FWS does not issue federal permits to import, transport, or sell apes for use as pets). However, federal laws make it illegal to transport many apes across state lines for commercial purposes without a FWS permit, so even with an “applicable” permit issued by another state, a person still may be unable to actually import that animal into Michigan legally. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNR) is responsible for ensuring that apes are not imported, transported, possessed, bought, or sold for use as pets in violation of the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act..
In Michigan, it is illegal to take, possess, transport, import, export, buy, sell, or receive for shipment, any species of wildlife that is listed as threatened or endangered under theFederal Endangered Species Act (ESA), except pursuant to a permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or pursuant to an “applicable” permit issued by another state. All species of apes are listed as either endangered or threatened under the ESA, so based upon a strict reading of those laws, it is illegal to import, possess or maintain any apes for research purposes, except as authorized by one of those permits. The permit exemption does not apply to apes that were born in Michigan, so it is illegal to transport, possess, or sell those apes, for scientific research or any other purpose, regardless of whether a facility holds a federal or state permit for those animals. Also, FWS does not issue permits for captive chimpanzees that have been born in the United States since 1976.Otherwise, that agency may issue permits to import, transport, sell, or “take” other chimpanzees and all other species of apes for scientific research under limited circumstances. For more information on the issuance of permits by FWS pursuant to the Endangered Species Act, see the discussion of the Federal Endangered Species Act. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNR) is responsible for ensuring that any research facility that imports, possesses, transports, buys, sells, or “takes” any ape for research purposes has a valid U.S. Fish and Wildlife permit (or an “applicable” permit issued by another state) authorizing those activities.
The Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA), Animal Industry Division (AID) regulates the importation of apes for research purposes. Any ape that is imported pursuant to a FWS permit must be accompanied by an interstate health certificate or certificate of veterinary inspection certifying that the animal is free from infectious disease. In addition, any facility that is permitted to import any exotic or wild animal, including an ape, must comply with MDA’s approved standards for the housing, feeding, restraining, and care of those animals.
Any facility that maintains or uses Great Apes for scientific research is regulated by the Michigan Department of Community Health, Bureau of Laboratories (MDCH). As discussed in Section II(B)(iii) above, it is illegal for any research facility within the state to maintain or use any ape for experimental purposes without being registered with MDCH. In addition to registering those facilities, MDCH is responsible for inspecting the facilities to ensure compliance with the Public Health Code and the agency’s rules and standards for the maintenance and use of apes for scientific research. Any violation of the relevant provisions of the Public Health Code is a misdemeanor, and MDCH may revoke a facility’s registration for uncorrected violations.
Although the state’s anti-cruelty statutes, as discussed in Section II(A) above, make it a felony to knowingly, “kill, torture, mutilate, maim, or disfigure” apes, there is an exemption for the lawful killing or use of those animals for scientific research. However, because all species of apes are listed as endangered or threatened under the Federal Endangered Species Act, Michigan’s Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act makes it illegal to “take” (meaning harm, wound, or kill) those animals without a permit issued by FWS (or an “applicable” permit issued by another state). That law applies to research facilities; as a result, it is illegal to use apes in any scientific experiments that involve harming, wounding, or killing those animals, except pursuant to a permit that authorizes those activities. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNR) is responsible for ensuring that research facilities do not harm, wound, or kill apes without a valid permit authorizing the “take” of those animals.
The commercial use of apes generally includes breeding, sale, display, and exhibition of those animals. Pursuant to Michigan’s Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act, it is illegal to take, possess, transport, import, export, buy, sell, or receive for shipment any ape for commercial purposes, except as authorized by a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) permit, or pursuant to an “applicable” permit issued by another state. The permit exemption does not apply to apes that were born in Michigan, so it is illegal to transport, possess, or sell those apes, for exhibition, sale, or other commercial purposes, regardless of whether a facility holds a federal or state permit for those animals. Also, FWS will not issue permits to breed or sell apes for use as pets, nor will the agency issue permits for captive chimpanzees that have been born in the United States since 1976. Otherwise, FWS may issue permits to import, transport, breed, sell, or “take” other chimpanzees and all other species of apes for commercial purposes under limited circumstances. For more information on the issuance of permits by FWS pursuant to the Endangered Species Act, see the discussion of the Federal Endangered Species Act. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNR) is responsible for ensuring that any person or facility that imports, possesses, transports, buys, sells, or “takes” any ape for commercial purposes has a valid U.S. Fish and Wildlife permit (or an applicable permit issued by another state) authorizing those activities.
Michigan’s anti-cruelty statutes, as discussed in Section II(B) above, generally protect apes that are possessed for entertainment and other commercial purposes. According to those laws, apes must be given “sufficient” food, water, shelter, sanitary conditions, exercise, and medical care in order to maintain the animals “in a state of good health.” The requirement for the provision of sufficient exercise is particularly important because the Federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA), which also regulates the treatment of apes that are possessed for commercial purposes, does not expressly mandate that apes be given “sufficient” exercise. So, this requirement affords apes a higher standard of care than the AWA provides. Also, the state’s anti-cruelty laws include minimum standards for the transportation of apes in vehicles. All apes must be transported in secure enclosures or cages that are large enough for the animals to stand, turn around, and lie down. The state’s law requires larger transport cages than the AWA, which mandates that cages be just large enough for apes to turn around freely and sit up without their heads hitting the top of the cage. The AWA also allows larger apes to be more restricted in transport cages for the safety of the animals, handlers, or other humans. Such cages, although in compliance with the AWA, are not in compliance with the state’s law, so individuals and facilities that transport apes in vehicles within Michigan must utilize transport cages or enclosures that meet the larger minimum size requirements of the state’s law.
Both the anti-cruelty statutes and the Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Act (discussed in Section II(B)(i), above) protect apes from being overworked or physically abused. The former law makes it illegal to cruelly drive, work, beat, torture, mutilate, maim, or disfigure any ape. The latter law makes it illegal to “take” (meaning harm, wound, or kill) all species of apes without a permit issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (or an “applicable” permit issued by another state). These laws may be used to protect apes that are overworked or that are trained or induced to perform for public entertainment with chemical, electrical, mechanical, and manual devices that inflict physical or psychological injuries.
In Michigan, there are no state-level laws that define or regulate wild or exotic animal sanctuaries. This means that any facility can label itself a “sanctuary,” regardless of whether it operates for profit or maintains apes for commercial purposes. Any facility that calls itself a “sanctuary” is subject to the same laws and regulations as facilities that use apes for commercial purposes (discussed in Section III(C) above).
Certain provisions within Michigan’s state statutes authorize counties and local municipalities to prohibit or regulate the local possession and use of Great Apes, regardless of whether a would-be possessor has secured a federal permit to keep those animals. There are many local ordinances in Michigan that directly and indirectly govern the possession, use, and treatment of apes. The following list of ordinances is not exhaustive; rather, it is a partial list of local laws that demonstrates how some towns, cities, and counties in Michigan have addressed the issue.
Bad Axe 3-51 et seq.: It is illegal to import, buy, sell, or possess a Great Ape within the city limits. The ban does not apply to zoos, educational or scientific institutions, museums, circuses, animal exhibitions, and pet shops.
Burton 133.05: It is illegal to keep, harbor, or own any Great Ape. The ban does not apply to AZA accredited zoos, wildlife sanctuaries, nature preserves, circuses, and scientific, medical, or educational research facilities.
Center Line 10-32: It is illegal to possess, breed, exchange, buy, sell, or attempt or offer to buy or sell Great Apes within the city limits. The ban does not apply to Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) accredited zoos, wildlife sanctuaries, circuses, and scientific or educational facilities.
Clayton Township 4.15: It is illegal to keep any “wild animal” (not a domestic animal or not a usual pet) within the township.
Davison 612.02: It is illegal to keep or house any animal that is not commonly classified as a pet.
Grand Rapids 8.505, 8.582, 5.16.02: It is illegal to keep or possess any animal that is not a “domestic animal” or a farm animal. Great Apes are not included within either exemption and so are banned within the city limits. Additionally, it is illegal for any facility to breed, raise, train, sell, or treat apes.
Ironwood 6-4: It is illegal to possess, keep, or maintain any “wild or exotic” animal within the city limits.
Kalamazoo 7-7: It is illegal to keep or maintain any ape within the city limits. The ban does not apply to publicly maintained and supervised zoos, and certain circuses, educational institutions, and medical or pharmaceutical laboratories.
Middleville 14-177: It is illegal to keep, maintain, or display any “wild animal” in any residential district or dwelling. A local permit is required to possess such animals in other districts within the village. The permit requirement does not apply to zoos and circuses.
Montrose 15.14: It is illegal to keep any animal that is not normally considered a household pet.
Rogers City 32-64: It is illegal to keep or house any animal that is not a common household pet.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50 et seq.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50; However, the anti-cruelty statutes do not protect Great Apes that are possessed for scientific research. Id; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50b.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.52.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.53.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50b.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50b; A court may order permanent forfeiture of the animal victims before the final disposition of the criminal charge. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.101 et seq.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.36505.
 50 C.F.R. § 17.11; 50 C.F.R. § 17.40.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.36505; 16 U.S.C.A. § 1531 et seq.
 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Act: Permits for Non-native Species or Import and Export of Non-native and Native Species, available athttp://www.fws.gov/international/DMA_DSA/pdf/esa.pdf (last visited Oct. 17, 2010).
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.1501.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.1602.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.1606.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.1602; Such prosecutions may take place in any court of competent jurisdiction in the county in which the violation occurred. The conservation officer appears on behalf of the people in lieu of a prosecutor. Id.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.36506.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.36507; Any conviction thereunder is punishable by up to 90 days imprisonment, a fine ranging from $100.00 - $1,000.00, or both. Id.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 287.701 et seq.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 287.731.
 Email from Michele Finateri, DVM, Program Manager, Michigan Department of Agriculture Animal Industry Division (Sept. 13, 2010) (on file with the author).
 The statutory text refers to any “wild animal or exotic animal species,” which includes Great Apes. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 287.731.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 287.744.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.21.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.31.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.32; Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.33.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.23.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.13.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.24.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.22.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.36.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.34.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 287.340.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 287.339b; See also, Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 287.333 et seq. (discussing general license and registration requirements for animal control facilities and animal protection shelters).
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 287.339b.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 285.151.37.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.921.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.921; “Use of animals for experimental purposes” means use of animals for the diagnosis and treatment of human and animal diseases; the advancement of veterinary, dental, medical, and biological sciences; and the testing, diagnosis, improvement, and standardization of laboratory specimens, biologic products, pharmaceuticals, and drugs. Id.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.2676; Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.922.
 The Animal Research Advisory Board is a nine-member board organized within the Department of Community Health to regulate and establish standards for the humane use of animals in research. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.2671 et.seq.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.2676.
 “Person” means any individual, laboratory, firm, association, corporation, partnership, trust, estate, educational institution, or other legal entity. Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.921.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.922. The regulations do not elaborate on the sort of “professional training” that is required in order for a person to qualify for registration.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.922.
 “Substantial conformance” is not defined or quantified within the regulations.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.922; Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Dep’t of Health, Educ., and Welfare, no. (NIH) 78-23 (1978); Copies of the guide are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., (DHEW publication (NIH) 78-23, rev. 1978) at a cost of $2.20 or from the Michigan Department of Public Health, Bureau of Disease Control and Laboratory Services, 3500 N. Martin Luther King, Jr. Blvd., P.O. Box 30035, Lansing, Michigan 48909 at a cost of $2.20. Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.925.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.923.
 Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.924; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.2675.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.2676; Mich. Admin. Code R. 325.924.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 333.1299.
 1994 Mich. Pub. Acts 41.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50b.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.36501.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50; This provision includes a clause which states that it does not prohibit the lawful use of animals by zoological parks (which are not defined). It is unclear whether the failure of zoological parks to provide adequate care would be considered a violation or would be considered a lawful use under this provision. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50(11)(d).
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50; This provision includes a clause which states that it does not prohibit the lawful use of animals by zoological parks (which are not defined). It is unclear whether the failure of zoological parks to transport apes in cages that meet the minimum size requirements would be considered a violation or would be considered a lawful use under this provision. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.50(11)(d).
 This law applies to all animals that are listed as threatened or endangered under the Federal Endangered Species Act. All species of apes are listed as either threatened or endangered. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 324.36501.
 Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 91.1; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 41.181; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 42.15; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 46.11; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 117.4i; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. Const. Art. 7 § 22; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. Const. Art. 7 § 2.

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