Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/279/582/
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 16:06:17+00:00

Document:
1. Where legislative action is within the scope of the police power, fairly debatable questions as to it reasonableness, wisdom, and propriety are not for the determination of courts, but for that of the legislative body on which rest the duty and responsibility of decision. P. 279 U. S. 584.
2. The court takes judicial notice that gasoline and kerosene stored in large quantities are dangerously inflammable. Id.
3. A city ordinance requiring that all tanks with a capacity of more than ten gallons, used within the city limits for the storage of gasoline and kerosene, be buried at least three feet under ground held a legitimate exercise of the police power in the interest of public safety, and not violative of the Fourteenth Amendment. P. 279 U. S. 585.
4. Legislation may not be held invalid merely because compliance with it is burdensome. P. 279 U. S. 586.
Certiorari, 278 U.S. 596, to review a decree of the circuit court of appeals which reversed a decree of the district court, entered in two consolidated cases, enjoining the City of Marysville, and city officials, from enforcing by prosecution of the plaintiff companies, an ordinance requiring that tanks for storage of petroleum products be buried underground.
This case is here on certiorari, to review a judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversing a decree of the District Court for Kansas which enjoined the enforcement of an ordinance of respondent the city of Marysville as in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. 27 F.2d 478.
The ordinance, No. 350, of October 8, 1923, requires that all tanks within the city limits used for the storage of petroleum products or other inflammable liquids shall be buried at least 3 feet underground. Tanks of a capacity of 500 gallons or less, if used for the storage of crude oil, distillate, or fuel oil, and of less than 10 gallons, if used for the storage of gasoline, kerosene, or naphtha, are exempted from this requirement. Violation of the ordinance is punishable by a fine of $25 for each day of its continuance. Petitioners, who are dealers in petroleum products licensed under a former ordinance, have each for many years maintained within the city limits two tanks for the storage of gasoline and kerosene of approximately 12,000 gallons capacity each. They assert that compliance with the ordinance will impose upon them a large and unnecessary expense, and that the ordinance is so arbitrary and capricious as applied to them as to deprive them of their property without due process of law.
of petroleum products above and beneath the surface of the earth and their relative likelihood of ignition, and danger to life and property in the vicinity if ignited, when so stored. The master made elaborate findings of fact from which he inferred generally that it is more dangerous, from the standpoint of public safety, to store underground than above, gasoline or kerosene in quantities of 10 gallons or more. From this he drew the legal conclusion, adopted by the district court, that the ordinance was so arbitrary and capricious as not to be a permissible exercise of the police power.
We need not labor the point, long settled, that, where legislative action is within the scope of the police power, fairly debatable questions as to its reasonableness, wisdom, and propriety are not for and determination of courts, but for that of the legislative body on which rests the duty and responsibility of decision. Zahn v. Board of Public Works, 274 U. S. 325, 274 U. S. 328; Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 239 U. S. 394, 239 U. S. 408-414-414; Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 U. S. 365, 272 U. S. 388; Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U. S. 11, 197 U. S. 30; Laurel Hill Cemetery v. San Francisco, 216 U. S. 358, 216 U. S. 365; Cusack Co. v. City of Chicago, 242 U. S. 526, 242 U. S. 530; Price v. Illinois, 238 U. S. 446, 238 U. S. 451. To determine that the present ordinance was a permissible exercise of legislative discretion, as thus defined, we need not go beyond those findings of the master to which petitioners offer no serious challenge.
storage stations had occurred in Kansas, in two of which gasoline tanks had exploded, in one case striking and burning a building 475 feet away, killing 9 people, wounding 26 more, and burning several other houses. His findings show that, within an even smaller radius from petitioners' tanks, or within the same or adjacent blocks, there are many buildings, including residences, a hotel, warehouses, and garages, some of wooden structure, and gasoline and kerosene storage tanks of 75,000-gallon capacity, and that the principal business street of the town is within two blocks of the Standard tanks. From local conditions and recent public improvements, the master found it reasonable to conclude that there would be increased residential building in the vicinity.
in compliance with the ordinance would rest on a level below the sewers; that there were no wells in the vicinity, and that the soil there had been shown by experiment to be impervious to gasoline. It was also found that the danger from fire or explosion due to lightning, which causes many fires in gasoline storage, and from static electricity, is less with underground than above-ground tanks, and that the base rate of insurance on storage tanks of gasoline and kerosene underground is 50 percent of that for tanks above.
The facts that the tanks of petitioners within the city limits have been operated successfully above-ground; that appliances used by them are of the best type; that fires in connection with their many tanks located elsewhere have been relatively infrequent, and numerous others found by the master, were properly for the consideration of the city council in determining whether the ordinance should be enacted, but they fall far short of withdrawing the subject from legislative determination or establishing that the decision made was arbitrary or unreasonable. The passage of the ordinance was within the delegated powers of the city council, Cities Service Oil Co. v. Marysville, 117 Kan. 514, and it acted within its constitutional province in dealing with the matter as one affecting public safety, Pierce Oil Corp. v. City of Hope, supra. From the facts as found, it might, in the exercise of a reasonable judgment, have at least concluded that danger of ignition to the tanks placed underground, under the conditions prevailing at Marysville, was no greater than when placed above-ground, and that, in the event of ignition, the danger to life and property was very much less.
We may not test in the balances of judicial review the weight and sufficiency of the facts to sustain the conclusion of the legislative body, nor may we set aside the ordinance because compliance with it is burdensome. Chicago & Alton R. Co. v. Tranbarger, 238 U. S. 67, 238 U. S. 77; Hadacheck v. Sebastian, supra; 240 U. S. Van Deman & Lewis Co., 240 U.S.
342. It does not preclude petitioners from locating their storage tanks without the city limits. Hence, the burden imposed upon them cannot be greater or otherwise more objectionable than that imposed by the enforced removal from cities by legislative action of dangerous or offensive trades or businesses. See Pierce Oil Corp. v. City of Hope, supra; Hadacheck v. Sebastian, supra; Reinman v. Little Rock, 237 U. S. 171; Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., supra; Fischer v. St. Louis, 194 U. S. 361; Laurel Hill Cemetery v. San Francisco, supra.
We have considered, but do not discuss, other objections to the ordinance which are without merit.

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