Source: https://ja.scribd.com/document/337985399/CL-Full-Case
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 20:29:38+00:00

Document:
upon such a judgment, impeach it for want of jurisdiction of his person.
an action brought upon it in this country.
it is not entitled to full credit and credit.
own courts are not recognized as conclusive.
States and of the State of New York.
in that business, and controversies arose in the adjustment of accounts between them.
amounting to 660,847 francs, with interest, and dismissed part of Fortin & Co.'s claim.
and 12,559 francs for costs and expenses.
but that. the defendants discovered gross frauds in the accounts of Fourtin & Co. and of which Charles Fortin had been a member until shortly before the commencement of the litigation. that the plaintiffs have hitherto been unable to collect the said judgments or any part thereof. in that the privilege of crossexamination of Fortin and other persons who made statements before the arbitrator was denied to the defendants. and that. but that they were the owners of property situated in that country which would by the law of France have been liable to seizure if they did not appear in that tribunal. if they had been produced. in any suit between the same parties involving the same subject matter. and applied for affirmative relief in both courts. and third persons. if there had been a full and fair trial upon the merits of the controversies so pending before said tribunals.. The answer further alleged that the Tribunal of Commerce of the Department of the Seine was a tribunal whose judges were merchants. as hereinbefore stated. as follows:" . no judgment would have been obtained against said Stewart & Co. that without such improper evidence. were received by the arbitrator. and by the fraudulent suppression of the books and papers. and wrongfully decided against said Stewart & Co. and did make. on the contrary. the arbitrator and the courts of France "were deceived and misled in regard to the merits of the controversies pending before them. and had no property within the jurisdiction of France out of which that judgment could be collected. by their attorneys and counsel. article 181  of the Royal Ordinance of June 15." "Defendants. and of the parties. to-wit.'s books. and the allegations and proofs given by said Fortin & Co."that the said courts respectively had jurisdiction of the subject matter of the controversies so submitted to them. had been within. and persons engaged in commercial pursuits. allege that it is contrary to natural justice that the judgment hereinbefore mentioned should be enforced without an examination of the merits thereof. The answer further alleged that in the original suits brought against the defendants by Fortin & Co. that owing to the fraudulent suppression of the books and papers of Fortin & Co. and having left no property within the jurisdiction of the Republic of France out of which the said judgments might be made.. the said defendants having intervened. that the trial hereinbefore mentioned was not conducted according to the usages and practice of the common law. further answering. that said judgment. in their answer. the citations were left at their storehouse in Paris. and that the suits brought by them against Fortin & Co. or within four years before. specified in the complaint. and amounting in all to 1. that they were then residents and citizens of the State of New York. they having given up their business in Paris prior to the recovery of the said judgment on appeal. S. there was not a full and fair trial of the controversies before the arbitrator. and with Page 159 U. and that. and it is contrary to natural justice and public policy that the said judgment should be enforced against a citizen of the United States. and neither of them at that time. and that the arbitrator was deceived and misled by the false and fraudulent accounts introduced by Fortin & Co. hereinbefore mentioned. the jurisdiction of that tribunal or owed any allegiance to France. and letters and other communications in writing between Fortin & Co. that the arbitrator and the tribunal declined to compel Fortin & Co.. contracts or obligations recognized. The answer further alleged that. set forth in detail the original contracts and transactions in France between the parties and the subsequent dealings between them modifying those contracts. and to compel the production and inspection of Fortin & Co. the contracts shall stand for simple promises. by reason of the absence of the said defendants. it is provided namely:" "Judgments rendered. 1629. in that no witness was sworn or affirmed. made up their statements and accounts falsely and fraudulently. stockbrokers. upon which said judgment is founded. notwithstanding such judgments. authorized and caused an agent to appear for them in those proceedings. were entitled to recover large sums from the plaintiffs. the knowledge of which was not brought home to the defendants. to produce their books and papers for inspection. and to establish counterclaims arising out of the transactions between the parties. our subjects against whom they have been rendered may contest their rights anew before our own judges. The answer further alleged that Fortin & Co. in that Charles Fortin was permitted to make. The answer admitted the proceedings and judgments in the French courts and that the defendants gave up their business in France before the judgment on appeal. and based upon false and fraudulent accounts and statements. upon a just settlement of the accounts. upon the trial and the false statements of Fortin regarding matters involved in the controversy.122. and. and is void.783 francs in the currency of the Republic of France. would not be competent or admissible in any court or tribunal of the United States. pending that litigation. statements not under oath containing many falsehoods. and alleged that the plaintiffs had no just claim against the defendants. The defendants. 118 intent to deceive the defendants and the arbitrator and the said courts of France. and solely for the purpose of protecting that property. and that they unwillingly. without the solemnity of an oath and without cross-examination. and in order to make a proper defense.008. equivalent to $195. the defendants.47. the judgment would not have been obtained. were brought for the same purpose. The answer further alleged that without any fault or negligence on the part of the defendants. that by the laws of the Republic of France. is fraudulent. in foreign kingdoms and sovereignties. the judgment would not have been obtained against the defendants. and those courts were deceived and misled thereby. for any cause whatever shall give rise to no lien or execution in our Kingdom.. and that they sought no other affirmative relief in that tribunal. to which the defendants were neither privy nor party. and is erroneous in fact and in law. by article 546 of the Code de Procedure Civile. Thus. and in that extracts from printed newspapers." and that there are still justly due and owing from the defendants to the plaintiffs upon those said judgments certain sums. or resident or domiciled within." "And it is further provided by the laws of France. ship captains. and by the hearsay testimony given.
after proper personal service of the process of said courts is made thereon in this country.. would have been relevant and competent if the plaintiffs in error are not concluded by the result of those litigations. that both partners were citizens and residents of the City and State of New York during the entire period mentioned in the complaint. and he did appear in the proceedings before it. to the duly rendered judgments of courts of competent jurisdiction of the United States against citizens of France. to provisions to the contrary. To that bill a plea was filed setting up the French judgments." Judgments rendered by foreign tribunals shall be capable of execution in France only in the manner and in the cases set forth by articles 2123 and 2128 of the Civil Code. Among the matters which the defendants alleged and offered to prove in order to show that the French judgments were procured by fraud were that Fortin & Co. and presented to the defendants. and neither of them had been. have been liable to seizure if they had not appeared to answer in those suits. The answer concluded by demanding that the plaintiffs' complaint be dismissed. composed of Stewart and Libbey. that the discovery and inspection of those books were necessary to determine the truth of the controversies ." The defendants. and the application was opposed by Fortin & Co. as well as the suits brought by the defendants in France. unless a treaty to the contrary effect exists between the said Republic of France and the country in which such judgment is obtained.. 1876. and the merits of the controversies upon which the said judgments are based are examined anew.942. and that their motion to compel an inspection of the plaintiffs' books. and upon a hearing. Stewart & Co. and contained excessive and fraudulent charges against the defendants in various particulars. that they had a purchasing agent and a storehouse in Paris.. domiciled or resident within the jurisdiction of those courts. amounting to $102. and denied by the tribunal. residents of that state.91. authorized an agent to appear. with intent to deceive and defraud the defendants. and solely for the purpose of protecting their property within the jurisdiction of the French tribunal. and Hilton and Libbey formed a partnership to continue the business under the same firm name. when sued upon in said courts of France. contained in public laws and treaties. and which. in like manner. the firm of Alexander T. to allow their account books and letter books to be inspected by the defendants." "And it is further provided by the laws of France. and that in April. The defendants. and the arbitrator and the courts of France. according to the laws of France." "[And by article 2128 of that Code: 'Contracts entered into in a foreign country cannot give a lien upon property in France if there are no provisions contrary to this principle in public laws or in treaties. by way of counterclaim and in detail. but the defendants were. admitted that most of these offers "were offers to prove matters in support of the defenses and counterclaims set up by the defendants in the cases tried before the French courts. on June 22. which was in New York. and alleged that none of the plaintiffs had since 1881 been residents of the State of New York. various matters arising out of the dealings between the parties. that the defendants made due application to the Tribunal of Commerce to compel Fortin & Co. either on the ground that the French judgments are only prima facie evidence of the correctness of those judgments. within four years prior to the commencement of those suits. From the decree dismissing the bill an appeal was taken. filed a bill in equity against the plaintiffs setting forth the same matters as in their answer to the action at law and praying for a discovery and for an injunction against the prosecution of the action. but they were the owners of property there which would. and became the owners of all the property and rights of the old firm. were necessary by way of defense or counterclaim to the suits there brought by the plaintiffs against them." The answer further set up. offered to prove that they were residents and citizens of the State of New York. It was admitted by both parties that for several years prior to 1876. which is the second case now before this Court. and that the defendants have judgment against them upon the counterclaims.']" "That the construction given to said statutes by the judicial tribunals of France is such that no comity is displayed towards the judgments of tribunals of foreign countries against the citizens of France. but only as a means or facility to aid in the transaction of their principal business. denying its allegations and setting up in bar thereof the judgment sued on. and have now the right to try those issues. 42 F. and to the French courts. the bill was dismissed. specified. that they unwillingly. or on the ground that the case is within the exception of a judgment obtained by fraud. including the allegations as to the law and comity of France. 1888. by article 2128  of the Code de Procedure Civile [Civil Code]:" " A lien cannot. in their brief filed in this Court. in order to show that they should not be concluded by having appeared and litigated in the suits brought against them by the plaintiffs in the French courts. and they were never otherwise engaged in business in France. with branches in other cities of America and Europe. and the plaintiffs put in the records of the proceedings and judgments in the French courts. That the tribunals of the Republic of France give no force and effect. The action at law afterwards came on for trial by a jury. by the terms or effect of which the judgments of either country are prevented from being examined anew upon the merits. The plaintiffs. when sued upon in the courts of the country other than that in which it is obtained. entered in their books. The plaintiffs filed a replication to so much of the answer as made counterclaims. accounts bearing upon the transactions in controversy which were false and fraudulent. and always had been. without prejudice. Stewart died. That no treaty exists between the said Republic of France and the United States. and also proved the title of Guyot as liquidator. conducted their business as merchants in the City of New York. that neither of them owed allegiance to France. arise from judgments rendered in any foreign country. save only as they have been declared in force by a French tribunal. or most of which. within the jurisdiction of the said country. and evidence that the jurisdiction of those courts was as alleged in the complaint and that the practice followed and the method of examining the witnesses were according to the French law. or within the jurisdiction of that state. however. The defendants made numerous offers of evidence in support of all the specific allegations of fact in their answer. 249.
the decision appealed from should be. it follows that the conclusion drawn therefore from is. William F. The defendants. answering the plaintiff's complaint. No. In as much as the alleged absence of a cause of action against Mrs. Schenker is premised upon the alleged lack of jurisdiction over the person of Schenker." The record shows that sometime in 1952. has not been actually served with summons in the Philippines. disrepute and contempt as a man and a businessman". Admittedly. according to plaintiff. respectfully aver". Schenker had caused to be published some allegations thereof and other matters. Gemperle commenced the present action against the Schenkers for the recovery of P300. In other words. HELEN SCHENKER and PAUL SCHENKER as her husband CONCEPCION. in connection with said complaint. Moreover. a complaint — which was docketed as Civil Case No. which cannot be sustained. empowered to represent him in suits filed against him.000 counterclaim for damages set up in said answer. 1894. in addition to praying for a judgment ordering Mrs. P30. one of which was lack of jurisdiction over the person of Schenker. Wherefore.: Appeal. A reconsiderating thereof having been denied. particularly in a case. and costs. being the amount of the French judgment and interest. GEMPERLE vs. which is allegedly a general appearance amounting to a submission to the jurisdiction of the court. likewise. Nevertheless. L-18164 January 23. G. and an answer having been filed in this case. put in evidence by the plaintiffs. untenable. Gemperle. Alleging that. good name and credit of Gemperle. sued out a writ of error. integrity and reputation" and of bringing him "into public hatred. The first question for determination therein is whether or not the lower court had acquired jurisdiction over the person of Schenker. Mrs. Gemperle interposed the present appeal. 1967 WILLIAM F. because he is beyond the reach of the magistracy of the Philippine courts. thereafter. and the exercise of his alleged pre-emptive rights to the then unissued original capital stock of said corporation and the increase thereof. In due course. he. rendered the decision above referred to. in her aforementioned representative capacity. that before the Tribunal of Commerce. Schenker had been served personally upon her in the Philippines. 1894. which were impertinent. J. that in respect to them the defendants were concluded by the judgment sued on and given in evidence. Q-2796 thereof — against herein plaintiff William F. residing in Zurich. as well as for an accounting and damages. also. Paul Schenker-hereinafter referred to as Schenker — acting through his wife and attorney-in-fact. It is urged by plaintiff that jurisdiction over the person of Schenker has been secured through voluntary appearance on his part. . he not having made a special appearance to assail the jurisdiction over his person. from a decision of the Court of First Instance of Rizal dismissing this case for lack of jurisdiction over the person of defendant Paul Schenker and for want of cause of action against his wife and co-defendant. and directed a verdict for the plaintiffs in the sum of $277. aside from being false and derogatory to the reputation. and incompetent. thus negating the alleged waiver of this defense. by direction of the Court. were reargued in April.between the parties. said answer contained several affirmative defenses. although the summons address to him and Mrs. showed that all the matters now relied on to show fraud were contested in and considered by those courts. for the enforcement of Schenker's allegedly initial subscription to the shares of stock of the Philippines-Swiss Trading Co. by counsel. Gemperle. before a full Bench. which apparently was filed at her behest. immaterial.000 as attorney's fees.R. Schenker "to retract in writing the said defamatory expressions". and they were not protected from the effect of Fortin's statements by the privilege of crossexamining him under oath. so that she was. not including her husband. Q-2796. and that the defendants could not deny those statements. Helen Schenker — herein-after referred to as Mrs. and had actually sued on behalf of her husband. before the Tribunal of Commerce during the trial before it.000 as damages. It is so ordered. like the of the one at bar. by a P225. is hereby. C. Mrs. Schenker alone. if proved. the lower court. discredit. concerning their dealings was not intended by the parties to be operative according to its terms. "with the only purpose of attacking" his" honesty. Schenker had authority to sue. The writ of error in the action at law and the appeal in the suit in equity were argued together in this Court in January. taken by plaintiff. and that the French judgments were based upon false and fraudulent accounts presented and statements made by Fortin & Co. through service of the summons addressed to him upon Mrs. because Stewart was dead. Inc. and falsely represented that a certain written contract made in 1873 between Stewart & Co. Schenker — filed with the Court of First Instance of Rizal. The records of the judgments of the French courts. irrelevant and immaterial to said case No. and. would be a defense to this action upon that judgment.775. having duly excepted to the rulings and direction of the court. Switzerland. We hold that the lower court had acquired jurisdiction over said defendant. and Fortin & Co. stating that "the defendants. and the case remanded to the lower court for proceedings. Q-2796. a Swiss citizen. Schenker. with the costs of this instance defendantsappellees. and in support of that false representation made statements as to admissions by Stewart in a private conversation with him. which is consequence of the action brought by her on his behalf. and that none of those matters.44. The plaintiffs objected to all the evidence offered by the defendants on the grounds that the matters offered to be proved were irrelevant. confirmed. The court declined to admit any of the evidence so offered by the defendants. Charles Fortin was permitted to and did give in evidence statements not under oath relating to the merits of the controversies there pending. reversed.. but this counterclaim was set up by Mrs. Helen Schenker said Paul Schenker "being in no position to be joined with her as party defendant. it appearing from said answer that she is the representative and attorney-in-fact of her husband aforementioned civil case No.
Process from the tribunals of one State cannot run into another State and summon a party there domiciled to respond to proceedings against him. or his principal clerk. declares that. but has property therein. and who did not appear. and in pursuance of their written stipulation filed in the case. . 714 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON Syllabus 1. The State. means a course of legal proceedings according to those rules and principles which have been established by our jurisprudence for the protection and enforcement of private rights. H. in like manner. 8. The parties respectively claimed title as follows: Neff under a patent issued to him by the United States. is sufficient to inform a nonresident of the object of proceedings taken where property is once brought under the 5. rendered Feb. The term "due process of law. there is nothing upon which her tribunals can adjudicate. personally or at their residence. Whilst the courts of the United States are not foreign tribunals in their relations to the State courts. that is. 19." -. and a special verdict given. the cause was tried by the court. and her tribunals may inquire into his obligations to the extent necessary to control the disposition of that property. Process sent to him out of the State. appears that a cause of action exists against the defendant. and it. and set up a title in himself. in his answer. the substituted service of process by publication allowed by the law of Oregon and by similar laws in other States where actions are brought against nonresidents is effectual only where.1866. and no title to property passes by a sale under an execution issued upon such a judgment. or where the judgment is sought as a means of reaching such property or affecting some interest therein. may hold and appropriate it to satisfy the claims of her citizens against him. where the action is in the nature of a proceeding in rem. property in the State is brought under the control of the court and subjected to its disposition by process adapted to that purpose. and are bound to give a judgment of a State court only the same faith and credit to which it is entitled in the courts of another State. such court or judge may grant an order that the service be made by publication of summons . and process published within it. when service cannot be thus made.and that proof of such publication shall be "the affidavit of the printer. By consent of parties. Substituted service by publication. after due diligence. or by some other direct proceeding. having within her territory property of a nonresident. and that the provision as to proof of the publication is satisfied when the affidavit is made by the editor of the paper. Neff was then a nonresident of Oregon. to the satisfaction of the court or judge thereof. . such service upon him is ineffectual for any purpose. If he has no property in the State. but where the suit is brought to determine his personal rights and obligations. are equally unavailing in proceedings to establish his personal liability. where it is merely in personam. Pennoyer. or by his voluntary appearance. and the defendant. in an action wherein he was defendant and J. by affidavit. but upon whom no personal service of process within the State was made. and cannot be urged to impeach the judgment collaterally. they are tribunals of a different sovereignty. 95 U. in connection with process against the person for commencing the action. To give such proceedings any validity.the order to designate a newspaper of the county where the action is commenced in which the publication shall be made -. cannot be found within the State. or in any other authorized form. Mitchell was plaintiff. 7. and in those wherein that mode of service may be considered to have been assented to in advance. in other words. and Pennoyer by virtue of a sale made by the sheriff of said county. by the Circuit Court for said county.S. March 19. A statute of Oregon. . NEFF. and if that involves merely a determination of the personal liability of the defendant. upon which judgment was rendered in favor of Neff. or his foreman. 714 (1878) 95 U. and the court has jurisdiction of the subject of the action. after providing for service of summons upon parties or their representatives. he must be brought within its jurisdiction by service of process within the State. 3. there must be a competent tribunal to pass upon their subject matter. 4. and publication of process or of notice within the State in which the tribunal sits cannot create any greater obligation upon him to appear. 6. denied Neff's title and right to possession. Oregon.control of the court by seizure or some equivalent act." Held. and "that fact appears. PENNOYER V. under an execution sued out upon a judgment against Neff. when the defendant is not a resident of the State. that defects in the affidavit for the order can only be taken advantage of on appeal. 1866. This action was brought by Neff against Pennoyer for the recovery of a tract of land situated in Multnomah County. whereupon Pennoyer sued out this writ of error. Except in cases affecting the personal status of the plaintiff. A personal judgment is without any validity if it be rendered by a State court in an action upon a money demand against a nonresident of the State who was served by a publication of summons.S." when applied to judicial proceedings. or that he is a proper party to an action relating to real property in the State. 2.
whereupon said court made said order. and appears to have been given without the appearance of the defendant in the action or personal service of the summons upon him. to the introduction of which papers the plaintiff objected because. . affidavit of service by publication. The finding of the court in regard to the facts bearing upon the asserted jurisdiction of the State court is as follows: -. as required by law. When service of the summons cannot be made as prescribed in the last preceding section. and. and the court has jurisdiction of the subject of the action. therefore. and he cannot be found in this State. referred to in said order. and cannot.' a weekly newspaper of general circulation published in Multnomah County. is a nonresident of this State. Mitchell. or that he is a proper party to an action relating to real property in this State." That the affidavit of plaintiff. and contained facts tending to prove that. and particularly to authorize it to find and state that Neff's residence was unknown to Mitchell. Mitchell and Dolph. say that the defendant. Marcus Neff. and ever since has been." That the complaint in said action was verified and filed on Nov. and is. as follows. order for publication of summons. and the defendant. that his place of residence is unknown to plaintiff. In either case." That the entry of judgment in said action contained the following averments: "And it appearing to the court that the defendant was. the defendant shall appear and answer by the first day of the term following the expiration of the time prescribed in the order for publication. when said court made said order for publication. 1863. at that date. and it further appearing that he has property in this State." "and it appearing to the satisfaction of the court that the defendant cannot. on Nov. to wit:" "Now comes the plaintiff. and upon the affidavit of plaintiff. and by his attorneys. if no newspaper be published in the county. and that Neff had notice of the pendency of said action by the publication of the summons as aforesaid. be found in this State. the affidavit thereof being made by the "editor" of the "Pacific Christian Advocate. 1865. after due diligence. he being a nonresident. be ascertained by him. That said complaint. Mitchell applied to said Circuit Court. the only evidence it had before it to prove the facts necessary to give it jurisdiction therefor. and it also appears that a cause of action exists against the defendant. at this day. and entry of judgment. after due diligence. &c. J. 4. . with reasonable diligence. 13. directed to the defendant. 1865. the last issue of which was more than twenty days before the first day of this term. so far as appears by the said roll and the records and files of the said court. 1. affidavit of Mitchell and of the "editor" of the "Advocate" aforesaid. that plaintiff has a just cause of action against defendant for a money demand on account. performed "between Jan. said Mitchell had a cause of action against said Neff for services as an attorney. were in the judgment roll." "SECT. In case of publication. be ascertained by him. Neff. cannot be found within the State. it is ordered and adjudged by the court that service of the summons in this action be made by publication for six weeks successively in the 'Pacific Christian Advocate. State of Oregon. with reasonable diligence.In Mitchell v. The order shall direct the publication to be made in a newspaper published in the county where the action is commenced.That. and May 15. not less than once a week for six weeks. but the order for publication of the summons aforesaid was not placed in said roll by said clerk. made up by the clerk in the case. summons." "3. jurisdiction of Neff was obtained by service of summons by publication. and. by affidavit. and this action is continued for such service. upon his own affidavit of that date. either in rem or personam. being first duly sworn. but has property therein. and that defendant has property in this county and State. by his attorneys. said judgment is not in rem. and when that fact appears. and the judgment in that case. and motion for an order of publication of summons. it appears from said papers that no proof of service by publication was ever made. nor can. moves the court for an order of publication of summons against defendant. H. be ascertained by him. for an order allowing the service of the summons in said action to be made upon Neff by publication thereof. at his place of residence. in the words following: "Now. if he . personal service of a copy of the summons and complaint out of the State shall be equivalent to publication and deposit in the post office. to the satisfaction of the court or judge thereof. and that the plaintiff has a cause of action of action against defendant. or justice in an action in a justice's court.. the court or judge shall also direct a copy of the summons and complaint to be forthwith deposited in the post office. 3. that the defendant has property in this county and State. When publication is ordered. and while he was a nonresident of the State." The court admitted the evidence subject to the objections. comes the plaintiff in his proper person. do not show jurisdiction to give the judgment alleged. but remains on the files of said court. or his foreman or principal clerk. Oregon. is in the words following: "I. and. at the time of the commencement of this action. 3. 55. said copies of complaint. and that defendant had notice of the pendency of this action by publication of the summons for six successive weeks in the 'Pacific Christian Advocate. summons. 56." That the affidavit showing the publication of the summons in the "Advocate" aforesaid was made as stated therein by the "editor" of that paper." The statute of Oregon at the time of the commencement of the suit against Neff was as follows: -"SECT. and gave said judgment against Neff. and that he is a nonresident thereof. a nonresident of this State." and not by "the printer. that he resides somewhere in the State of California. 1862. When the defendant is not a resident of the State.' a weekly newspaper published in Multnomah County. 2. with reasonable diligence. unless it shall appear that such residence is neither known to the party making the application. and for such length of time as may be deemed reasonable. and that. and files affidavit of plaintiff. the said complaint and affidavits of Mitchell and the editor of the "Advocate. 1. void. such court or judge or justice may grant an order that the service be made by publication of summons in either of the following cases: . was. said judgment is in personam. that this court has jurisdiction of such action. and could not. at what place affiant knows not. and therefore constitutes no basis of title in the defendant. Pennoyer offered in evidence duly certified copies of the complaint. then in a newspaper to be designated as most likely to give notice to the person to be served. herewith filed.
60. But it was also contended in that court. or of his appearance in the action in which it was rendered and that the premises in controversy could not be subjected to the payment of the demand of a resident creditor except by a proceeding in rem. gives as one of the definitions of an editor. and did not appear therein. situated in the State of Oregon. But the title to property sold upon execution issued on such judgment to a purchaser in good faith shall not be thereby affected. but only in enforcement of a personal judgment." "SECT. that the judgment in the State court against the plaintiff was void for want of personal service of process on him. following this ruling. observing that. that. under the act of Congress of Sept. Reed. 27. 57. where the action is for the recovery of money or damages. Mitchell. be allowed to defend after judgment. or have property therein. Any attempt to exercise authority beyond those limits would be deemed in every other forum." Bunce v. 16 Barb. or his personal representatives. for the attachment of the property of the nonresident. the Supreme Court of California held that an affidavit made by a "publisher and proprietor" was sufficient. we were confined to the rulings of the court below upon the defects in the affidavits mentioned. of the alleged value of $15. on application and sufficient cause shown. and cannot be urged to impeach the judgment collaterally. Proof of the service of summons shall be. but has property therein. a person "who superintends the publication of a newspaper. And it also declares that no natural person is subject to the jurisdiction of a court of the State "unless he appear in the court. having no relation to the property. or his principal clerk. from which the Oregon law is borrowed. for the purpose of making the required proof. 721 MR. The majority of the court are also of opinion that the provision of the statute requiring proof of the publication in a newspaper to be made by the "affidavit of the printer. inasmuch as the statute requires. (N. and the defendant against whom publication is ordered. the plaintiff here. or his representatives. JUSTICE FIELD delivered the opinion of the court. The Supreme Court of New York so held in one case. The plaintiff asserts title to the premises by a patent of the United States issued to him in 1866. but held that the judgment was invalid from defects in the affidavit upon which the order of publication was obtained and in the affidavit by which the publication was proved. or his foreman. and is insisted upon here. 165. at any time before judgment. The There is some difference of opinion among the members of this Court as to the rulings upon these alleged defects." "SECT. Ketchum et al. in an action for money or damages where a defendant does not appear in the court. The term "printer. only to the extent of such property at the time the jurisdiction attached. for less than $300. in the last case. that certain facts shall appear by affidavit to the satisfaction of the court or judge. and upon such terms as may be proper. showing the same.he does not usually have a foreman or clerks -." authority of every tribunal is necessarily restricted by the territorial limits of the State in which it is established. and..) 350. and within one year after the entry of such judgment. at the time the action was commenced and the judgment rendered. 1866. if the defence be successful. nor in any way brought under the jurisdiction of the court. Page 95 U. or be found within the State." It is principally since that time that the business of an editor has been separated from that of a publisher and printer. and that the judgment was entered upon his default in not answering the complaint. and be resisted as mere abuse. The defendant claims to have acquired the premises under a sheriff's deed. upon good cause shown. an illegitimate assumption of power." in their judgment. shall be allowed to defend the action. or his foreman. Webster. S. It also provides. The defendant against whom publication is ordered. as has been said by this Court. and. usually included not only the person who wrote or selected the articles for publication. and is not found within the State. Daugney. If.it is rather used as synonymous with publisher. 11 How. and is not a resident thereof. and has become an independent profession. the summons shall specify the time prescribed in the order for publication. on such terms as may be just. The court below did not consider that an attachment of the property was essential to its jurisdiction or to the validity of the sale. 512. Its first connection with the case was caused by a levy of the execution. upon a constructive service of summons by publication. is there used not to indicate the person who sets up the type -. In the case against the plaintiff. or his principal clerk" is satisfied when the affidavit is made by the editor of the paper. The term "editor. This is an action to recover the possession of a tract of land. the declaration expresses a principle of general. and the judgment or any part thereof have been collected or otherwise enforced. in an action brought by him upon a demand for services as an attorney. that is. in favor of J.does not. if not universal. H. rendered against a nonresident without service of process upon him in the action or his appearance therein. the defendant therein. The majority are of opinion that. Sharp v. or by some other direct proceeding. The case turns upon the validity of this judgment. law. . It was not. such restitution may thereupon be compelled as the court shall direct. made upon a sale of the property on execution issued upon a judgment recovered against the plaintiff in one of the circuit courts of the State. in case of publication. disposed of pursuant to any adjudication. In case of personal service out of the State. The Code of Oregon provides for such service when an action is brought against a nonresident and absent defendant who has property within the State. in an early edition of his Dictionary." as used when the statute of New York was passed. for an order of publication. judgment may be taken against him for want thereof. publishers were "within the spirit of the statute. therefore. the jurisdiction of the court extends only over such property. 33 Cal. 1850. the property here in controversy sold under the judgment rendered was not attached. including costs. D'Arcy v. usually known as the Donation Law of Oregon. It appears from the record that the judgment was rendered in February. but the person who published the paper and put it into circulation. was a nonresident of the State. the affidavit of the printer. therefore.000. defects in such affidavit can only be taken advantage of on appeal. And. we should be unable to uphold its decision." Construing this latter provision to mean that. Y. or be a resident thereof. that he was not personally served with process. may in like manner.
1 Ves. Holman. no objection can be justly taken. and bound personally by the judgment pronounced on such process against him. Int. If the nonresident have no property in the State. for the language was perhaps not essential to the decision of the cases in which it was used. every State has the power to determine for itself the civil status and capacities of its inhabitants. secondly. pt. Otis. in an attempt to give ex-territorial operation to its laws. and the jurisdiction of . and. except so far as the property is concerned. be deemed only to bind him to the extent of such property. It must be substantially a proceeding in rem. 2. and also the regulate the manner and conditions upon which property situated within such territory. If these positions are sound. The several States of the Union are not. Justice McLean said:-"Jurisdiction is acquired in one of two modes: first. reported in the 10th of Wallace. may compel persons domiciled within its limits to execute." These citations are not made as authoritative expositions of the law. Corbett v. Thus the State. So the State. except as restrained and limited by that instrument. And that they are sound would seem to follow from two well established principles of public law respecting the jurisdiction of an independent State over persons and property. and. Thus. and property may be held by nonresidents. through its tribunals. they possess and exercise the authority of independent States. 2. the rights and obligations arising from them. 9 How. 35. and the mode in which their validity shall be determined and their obligations enforced. or to enforce an ex-territorial jurisdiction by its tribunals. and. by a procedure against the property of the defendant within the jurisdiction of the court. and incapable of binding such persons or property in any other tribunals. It is in virtue of the State's jurisdiction over the property of the nonresident situated within its limits that its tribunals can inquire into that nonresident's obligations to its own citizens. on account of his supposed or actual property being within the territory. The other principle of public law referred to follows from the one mentioned. may be acquired. 5 Mas. and is not personally subject to its laws. not served with process or voluntarily submitting to the tribunal. Swan." Story. 336. if. such a judgment must.Laws. for the plain reason. c. Confl." says Story. and that no tribunal established by it can extend its process beyond that territory so as to subject either persons or property to its decisions. 25. when it was sought to subject his property to the payment of a demand of a resident complainant. One of these principles is that every State possesses exclusive jurisdiction and sovereignty over persons and property within its territory. for his default to appear. and be resisted as usurpation. go to compel his appearance. Justice Story said:-- "Where a party is within a territory. in pursuance of their contracts respecting property elsewhere situated. 10 Wall. may subject property situated within its limits owned by nonresidents to the payment of the demand of its own citizens against them. it is true. Law. To any influence exerted in this way by a State affecting persons resident or property situated elsewhere. sect. Story. through its tribunals. Mr. "is a mere nullity. there is nothing upon which the tribunals can adjudicate. the ruling of the Circuit Court as to the invalidity of that judgment must be sustained notwithstanding our dissent from the reasons upon which it was made. process by the local laws may. where the title of the plaintiff in ejectment was acquired on a sheriff's sale under a money decree rendered upon publication of notice against nonresidents. The several States are of equal dignity and authority. it is a judgment coram non judice. These views are not new. without the jurisdiction of the court. judgment may be pronounced against him. by attachment. Where he is not within such territory. the forms and solemnities with which their contracts shall be executed. that no State can exercise direct jurisdiction and authority over persons or property without its territory. in a suit brought to enforce a contract relating to land. But in Cooper v. And so it is laid down by jurists as an elementary principle that the laws of one State have no operation outside of its territory except so far as is allowed by comity. "Any exertion of authority of this sort beyond this limit. in Picquet v. But as contracts made in one State may be enforceable only in another State. Mr. enjoyed. and transferred. Penn v. Reynolds. but as expressions of the opinion of eminent jurists. upon general principles. Nutt. In the latter case. and the principles of public law to which we have referred are applicable to them. and the exercise of this jurisdiction in no manner interferes with the supreme control over the property by the State within which it is situated. in opinions of eminent judges. and the independence of one implies the exclusion of power from all others. and cannot have the effect of a conclusive judgment in personam. 2. so far as such formalities can be complied with. in the opinion there delivered. But. would be deemed an encroachment upon the independence of the State in which the persons are domiciled or the property is situated. we have a clear statement of the law as to the efficacy of such actions. 16 Pet. it is a legitimate and just exercise of authority to hold and appropriate any property owned by such nonresidents to satisfy the claims of its citizens. Massie v. They have been frequently expressed." And in Boswell's Lessee v. or. 444. as against the person of the defendant by the service of process. Lord Baltimore. 539. that. both personal and real. many of the right and powers which originally belonged to them being now vested in the government created by the Constitution. when nonresidents deal with them. 6 Cranch 148. he may justly be subjected to its process. Watkins v. And it is immaterial whether the proceeding against the property be by an attachment or bill in chancery. As a consequence. whilst any direct exertion of authority upon them. to prescribe the subjects upon which they may contract. and the inquiry can then be carried only to the extent necessary to control the disposition of the property. Confl. that is. and the exercise of this jurisdiction in no respect infringes upon the sovereignty of the State where the owners are domiciled. with more or less distinctness. in every respect independent. it was essential to the disposition of the case to declare the effect of a personal action against an absent party. Every State owes protection to its own citizens. Wheat. instruments in such form and with such solemnities as to transfer the title.by a direct proceeding against the property for that purpose. c. the exercise of the jurisdiction which every State is admitted to possess over persons and property within its own territory will often affect persons and property without it. and have been carried into adjudications in numerous cases. 464. the defendant is not personally bound by the judgment beyond the property in question. Watts. Laws.
and the attached property was sold under it. The opinion treated them as being without the territorial jurisdiction of the court. The judgment. to the doctrine declared in the above citation. and no service of process on him. though the publication may have been duly made and proven in court. is not denied by the court below: but the position is assumed. The law assumes that property is always in the possession of its owner. whether he appears or not. by enforcing a contract or a lien respecting the same. or that the action would be taken as confessed and proceeded in ex parte as to them. and afterwards applied by its judgment to the satisfaction of demands against its owner. in the great majority of cases. and the grounds and extent of its authority over persons and property thus situated were considered when they were not brought within its jurisdiction by personal service or voluntary appearance. and he may add that it received the approval of all the judges. if void when rendered. and a publication may be made warning him to appear. with the added incident that the property attached remains liable. would never be seen by the parties interested. and process published within it. that is. without personal service. In considering the character of the proceeding. Publication was ordered by the court. That such is the nature of this proceeding in this latter class of cases is clearly evinced by two well established propositions: first. Process from the tribunals of one State cannot run into another State. so as not to be reached by the ordinary process of the court. or had absconded or concealed themselves so that the ordinary process of law could not reach them. a demand or claim against the defendant. nor could the costs in that proceeding be collected of defendant out of any other property than that attached in the suit. and therefore dissented from the judgment of the Court. the statute has provided a remedy. though in form a personal judgment against the defendant. Judgments for all sorts of claims upon contracts and for torts. the action was for damages for alleged false imprisonment of the plaintiff. the judgment of the court. had perished. Its jurisdiction in that respect cannot be made to depend upon facts to be ascertained after it has tried the cause and rendered the judgment. or such demands be first established in a personal action. he agreed. and the property of the nonresident be afterwards seized and sold on execution. or by his subsequent acquisition of it. answer or demur. In other words. But where the entire object of the action is to determine the personal rights and obligations of the defendants. If. If the judgment be previously void. the only effect of which is to subject the property attached to the payment of the demand which the court may find to be due to the plaintiff. In that case. are equally unavailing in proceedings to establish his personal liability. a writ of attachment may be issued and levied on any of the defendant's property. where they have no property within its limits. speaking through Mr. but they made default. and judgment was entered against them. and deprives the court of further jurisdiction. No suit can be maintained on such a judgment in the same court. and it proceeds upon the theory that its seizure will inform him not only that it is taken into the custody of the court. upon his affidavit that the defendants had fled from the State. It is the only doctrine consistent with proper protection to citizens of other States. when the public is a party. Second. they would be the constant instruments of fraud and oppression. and subject his property lying within the territorial jurisdiction of the court to the payment of that demand. or had concealed themselves. judgments in personam. in person or by agent. The writer of the present opinion considered that some of the objections to the preliminary proceedings in the attachment suit were well taken. could be upheld and enforced. But the answer to this position has already been given in the statement that the jurisdiction of the court to inquire into and determine his obligations at all is only incidental to its jurisdiction over the property. under which property would be seized. was not made a point in the decision. Substituted service by publication. obtained ex parte against nonresidents and absent parties. the cause becomes mainly a suit in personam. and summon parties there domiciled to leave its territory and respond to proceedings against them. under the control of the court. the Court. it will not become valid by the subsequent discovery of property of the defendant. to answer to any demand which may be established against the defendant by the final judgment of the court. where the suit is merely in personam. or of some interest therein. a writ of attachment was sued out against their property. which. But the plaintiff is met at the commencement of his proceedings by the fact that the defendant is not within the territorial jurisdiction. No general execution can be issued for any balance unpaid after the attached property is exhausted. it cannot occupy the doubtful position of being valid if . if they ever had any existence. it is immaterial whether the property is in the first instance brought under the control of the court by attachment or some other equivalent act. Such service may also be sufficient in cases where the object of the action is to reach and dispose of property in the State. and cannot be served with any process by which he can be brought personally within the power of the court. and that thereafter the court may proceed in the case. giving notice to them to appear and plead. The want of authority of the tribunals of a State to adjudicate upon the obligations of nonresidents. and were not nonresidents. or to partition it among different owners. or. the court in such a suit cannot proceed unless the officer finds some property of defendant on which to levy the writ of attachment. has no effect beyond the property attached in that suit. the original owner brought ejectment for its recovery. such service may answer in all actions which are substantially proceedings in rem. Process sent to him out of the State. The purchaser having been put into possession of the property. to condemn and appropriate it for a public purpose. A return that none can be found is the end of the case." The fact that the defendants in that case had fled from the State. upon mere publication of process. For this difficulty. the case becomes in its essential nature a proceeding in rem. or in any other. upon affidavit's being made of that fact. constructive service in this form upon a nonresident is ineffectual for any purpose. If the defendant appears. But if there is no appearance of the defendant. Publication of process or notice within the State where the tribunal sits cannot create any greater obligation upon the nonresident to appear. but that he must look to any proceedings authorized by law upon such seizure for its condemnation and sale. that. by the judgment of the court. but. nor can it be used as evidence in any other proceeding not affecting the attached property. where they have property within the State. Justice Miller. or in any other authorized form. when the evidence of the transactions upon which they were founded. will always remain void. It says that. Publication was had. said:-"Its essential purpose or nature is to establish.the court over them. may be sufficient to inform parties of the object of proceedings taken where property is once brought under the control of the court by seizure or some equivalent act. real or pretended. and. would be thus obtained.
within the State. before the levy of the execution. Whether they all resided within the territory or not does not appear." said the court. then. That was an action in the Circuit Court of the United States for Louisiana. This whole subject has been very fully and learnedly considered in the recent case of Thompson v. and not to preclude an inquiry into the jurisdiction of the court in which the judgment was rendered. was that a judgment rendered in one State. "they shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court within the United States as they have by law or usage in the courts of the State from which they are or shall or taken.property be found. "as it existed among the States in 1790. there was no personal notice. or some interest therein. and did not authorize the executions on which the land was sold. " The force and effect of judgments rendered against nonresidents without personal service of process upon them." The Lafayette Insurance Co. and the act of Congress mentioned. reported in 11th of Howard. that national comity was never thus extended. and after stating that. But this view was afterwards qualified so as to make the act applicable only when the court rendering the judgment had jurisdiction of the parties and of the subject matter. the plaintiff claimed title to land sold under judgments recovered in suits brought in a territorial court of Iowa. In Bissell v. Even if the position assumed were confined to cases where the nonresident defendant possessed property in the State at the commencement of the action. according to this position. but of the parties. 18 How. it proceeded to illustrate its position by observing. and void if there be none. 312. In the case of D'Arcy v. and. the property should be sold. but were in personam against the owners of it. reported in the 11th of Howard. was void within the foreign State. or their voluntary appearance. or to embrace judicial records of this description. where service was not obtained. without service of process. upon publication of notice under a law of the territory. 13 Pet." And the Court held that the act of Congress did not intend to declare a new rule. where the defendant had not been served with process nor had a day in court. The proceeding in such cases. assuming to bind the person of a citizen of another. as attempts have been made to enforce such judgments in States other than those in which they were rendered. so far as we are aware. that the proceeding was deemed an illegitimate assumption of power. No person is required to answer in a suit on whom process has not been served. and as having no operation beyond the disposition of the property. records. and credits in another. records. If. so far as known. and in many instances. until after the judgments. In all the cases brought in the State and Federal courts. where all the authorities are carefully reviewed and distinguished. have been the subject of frequent consideration in the courts of the United States and of the several States. but this Court reversed its decision. 18 Wall. In that case. when the defendant had not been served with process or voluntarily made defence. v. French et al. This doctrine would introduce a new element of uncertainty in judicial proceedings. without service upon them. when thus authenticated. M'Elmoyle v. effects. and that the State courts had uniformly. or upon substituted service by publication. And the reason assigned for this conclusion has been that which we have already stated -. or interests in property. without an exception. As was stated in a subsequent case. brought upon a judgment rendered in New York under a State statute.. because neither the legislative jurisdiction nor that of courts of justice had binding force. 404. and declaring that.that the tribunals of one State have no jurisdiction over persons beyond its limits. Whitman. only one of whom had been served with process. though in the form of a personal action. Reid. against two joint debtors. before the levy. "The international law. The Circuit Court held the judgment conclusive and binding upon the nonresident not served with process. where a debtor living in one State has goods. and proceedings. Cohen. In Webster v. The judgments. his creditor living in the other State may have the property attached pursuant to its laws." In the earlier cases. where attempts have been made under the act of Congress to give effect in one State to personal judgments rendered in another State against nonresidents. the defendant had or had not disposed of the property. decided by the Supreme Court of Massachusetts as early as 1813. and the conclusion above stated is not only reaffirmed. this view is stated with great clearness. it would still make the validity of the proceedings and judgment depend upon the question whether. nor an attachment or other proceeding against the land. and the court said: "These suits were not a proceeding in rem against the land. or in some other form. has been uniformly treated. held them to be void. In this case. Ketchum. but the doctrine is asserted that the record of a judgment rendered in another State may be contradicted as to the facts necessary to give the court jurisdiction against its recital of their existence. or the right of the State itself to exercise authority over the person or the subject matter. nor is it a matter of any importance. and judicial proceedings of every other State." and the act of Congress providing for the mode of authenticating such acts. that. the court must have had jurisdiction not only of the cause. 457. that it was a familiar rule that countries foreign to our own disregarded a judgment merely against the person. observing. in order to entitle the judgment rendered in any court of the United States to the full faith and credit mentioned in the Constitution. therefore. the law is stated substantially in conformity with these views. it was supposed that the act gave to all judgments the same effect in other States which they had by law in the State where rendered. nor those rules of public law which protect persons and property within one State from the exercise of jurisdiction over them by another. The contrary is the law: the validity of every judgment depends upon the jurisdiction of the court before it is rendered. that no faith and credit or force and effect had been given to such judgments by any State of the Union. and which property was brought under control of the court in connection with the process against the person. the doctrine of this Court is that the act "was not designed to displace that principle of natural justice which requires a person to have notice of a suit before he can be conclusively bound by its result. the judgment would not be binding. under the provision of the Constitution requiring that "full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts. to reach and affect which was the object of the action in which the judgment was rendered. and can inquire only into their obligations to its citizens when exercising its conceded jurisdiction over their property within its limits. as effectual and binding merely as a proceeding in rem. and the party did not voluntarily appear. Briggs. or whose property has not been attached. have the . the court considered at length the effect of the constitutional provision. not upon what may occur subsequently. are nullities. that such judgments were without any binding force except as to property. on recovering judgment. it has been held. and resisted as mere abuse. the other being a nonresident of the State.
Such are cases commenced by attachment against the property of debtors. and as an absolute nullity. 297. without service upon him or his appearance. Smith v. there must be a tribunal competent by its constitution -. In several of the cases. Except in cases affecting the personal status of the plaintiff and cases in which that mode of service may be considered to have been assented to in advance. Fitch. and are bound to give to the judgments of the State courts only the same faith and credit which the courts of another State are bound to give to them. and consequently no authority to pass upon his personal rights and obligations. he would fail because the defendant was not amenable to the court rendering the judgment. in such State. and Harris v. and that the party in whose hands the property was would be protected by the judgment in the State of the debtor against a suit for it. it was held that over the property within the State the court had jurisdiction by the attachment. To give such proceedings any validity. 24 How. 18 Iowa. and subjected to its disposition by process adapted to that purpose. if to hold a defendant bound by such a judgment is contrary to the first principles of justice -. in 1772. 15 Johns. decisions are found in all the State courts. the substituted service of process by publication. 334. but. (N.Y. this language is repeated with less frequency than formerly. Mitchell's Administrator v. was invalid. 465. he must be brought within its jurisdiction by service of process within the State. exercising a distinct and independent jurisdiction. repeating the language in that respect of Chief Justice DeGrey.. It is hardly necessary to observe that. by the law of its creation -. except so far as was necessary for the disposition of the property. But if the court has no jurisdiction over the person of the defendant by reason of his nonresidence. and to their jurisdiction. allowed by the law of Oregon and by similar laws in other States.. In Kilbourn v. and that any determination of his liability. an action of debt was brought in New York upon a personal judgment recovered in Massachusetts. in other words." It is true that. and that it could not bind the defendant. 195.to pass upon the subject matter of the suit. So far as they affect property in the State.property applied to its satisfaction. in a larger and more general sense. and their enforcement in the State resisted. and not to proceedings in an appellate tribunal to review the action of such courts. The latter may be taken upon such notice. and the suit was commenced by the attachment of a bedstead belonging to the defendant. and that therefore it could be called in question only when its enforcement was elsewhere attempted. or instituted to partition real estate. Woodworth. and if that involves merely a determination of the personal liability of the defendant. or his voluntary appearance. See also Borden v. or where the judgment is sought as a means of reaching such property or affecting some interest therein. in connection with process against the person for commencing the action. 3 Wils. Preston. foreclose a mortgage. "due process of law would require appearance or personal service before the defendant could be personally bound by any judgment rendered. and exclude such as is forbidden. Be that as it may. they are substantially proceedings in rem in the broader sense which we have mentioned. but had none over his person. that a judgment which can be treated in any State of this Union as contrary to the first principles of justice. if the property attached were insufficient to satisfy the judgment. in all we have said. in a strict sense. or of some interest therein. there can be no doubt of their meaning when applied to judicial proceedings. the validity of such judgments may be directly questioned. as it always ought to have been. Johnson et al. Shupe. personal or constructive.) 37. Since the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. v. as the State creating the tribunal may provide. Hakes v. The court held that the attachment bound only the property attached as a proceeding in rem. is effectual only where. without reference to the title of individual claimants. on the ground that proceedings in a court of justice to determine the personal rights and obligations of parties over whom that court has no jurisdiction do not constitute due process of law. and has for its object the disposition of the property. Nations et al. or enforce a lien. In later cases.that is. they are tribunals of a different sovereignty. a proceeding in rem is one taken directly against property. the terms are applied to actions between parties where the direct object is to reach and dispose of property owned by them. The defendant in that judgment was not served with process. accompanied with a summons to appear. They then mean a course of legal proceedings according to those rules and principles which have been established in our systems of jurisprudence for the protection and enforcement of private rights. used in the case of Fisher v. Y. and the creditor should sue on that judgment in the State of the debtor. for any other purpose than to subject the property of a nonresident to valid claims against him in the State. it may be valid and binding. They are considered as rather a continuation of the original litigation than the commencement of a new action. as hereinafter mentioned. that to bind a defendant personally when he was never personally summoned or had notice of the proceeding would be contrary to the first principles of justice. Lane. property in the State is brought under the control of the court. Whatever difficulty may be experienced in giving to those terms a definition which will embrace every permissible exertion of power affecting private rights. because the court rendering the judgment had jurisdiction to that extent. Whilst they are not foreign tribunals in their relations to the State courts. served on his wife after she had left her place in Massachusetts. 123. 14 How. 38 Mo. In other words. 396. the courts of the United States are not required to give effect to judgments of this character when any right is claimed under them. 415. Hardeman et al. McCutchen. the decision has been accompanied with the observation that a personal judgment thus recovered has no binding force without the State in which it is rendered. observing.) 121. As stated by Cooley in his Treatise on Constitutional Limitations 405. To the same purport. Gray. but that. The language used can be justified only on the ground that there was no mode of directly reviewing such judgment or impeaching its validity within the State where rendered. and the cases there cited. 18 Ind. 5 Johns. (N. . it beginning to be considered. is not entitled to any respect in the State where rendered. we have had reference to proceedings in courts of first instance. where the action is in the nature of a proceeding in rem.it is difficult to see how the judgment can legitimately have any force within the State. 27 id. if the whole proceeding. Darrance v. because rendered without any jurisdiction of the tribunal over the party. is coram non judice and void. where actions are brought against nonresidents. implying that.
and every proceeding under it void. a purchaser of land under it obtained no title. and in every State. its judgment could not authorize the sale of land in said county. The complaining party would. 4 Exch. sect.It follows from the views expressed that the personal judgment recovered in the State court of Oregon against the plaintiff herein. their obligations enforced. is unsound in principle. and. and. The result of the authorities on the subject. I fear. there is no feature of this kind. it is proper to observe that we do not mean to assert by anything we have said that a State may not authorize proceedings to determine the status of one of its citizens towards a nonresident which would be binding within the State. It. or making contracts enforceable there. The State. Judgment affirmed. or in some other prescribed way. as to the former owner. Dumergue. it authorizes the service of the summons to be made by publication for not less than six weeks. 12 Gray (Mass." See also The Lafayette Insurance Co. Commercial Mutual Marine Insurance Co. Copin v. 9 Ex. Neither do we mean to assert that a State may not require a nonresident entering into a partnership or association within its limits. The precise case is this: a statute of Oregon authorizes suits to be commenced by the service of a summons. it is a case of depriving a person of his property without due process of law. MR. Parties becoming members of such corporations or institutions would hold their interest subject to the conditions prescribed by law. and overthrows a well settled rule of property. it invites litigation and strife. and. which shall require other than personal service upon their officers or members. 156. therefore. Nor do we doubt that a State. In my opinion. Judgment in a suit commenced by one Mitchell in the Circuit Court of Multnomah County. A sovereign State must necessarily have such control over the real and personal property actually being within its limits. The judgment of this Court is based upon the theory that the legislature had no power to pass the law in question. As was said by the Court of Exchequer in Vallee v. and that judgments rendered upon such service may not be binding upon the nonresidents both within and without the State. that. This is of comparatively little importance. unless it be shown that the residence is not known and cannot be ascertained. therefore. in a newspaper published in the county where the action is commenced. as a necessary result. In the present case. A copy of the summons must also be sent by mail. as that it may subject the same to the payment of debts justly due to its citizens. The jurisdiction which every State possesses to determine the civil status and capacities of all its inhabitants involves authority to prescribe the conditions on which proceedings affecting them may be commenced and carried on within its territory. may provide a mode in which their conduct may be investigated. and Div. by the law of the State. deeming the question involved to be important. and provide. though made without service of process or personal notice to the nonresident. This court now holds that. was obtained against Neff. The judgment of the court below was placed upon the ground that the provisions of the statute were not complied with. was bought by the defendant Pennoyer at a sale upon the judgment in such suit. and if application could not be made to the tribunals of the complainant's domicile in such case. association. for example. and consequently no consideration of what would be the effect of such legislation in enforcing the contract of a nonresident can arise. In the case of a nonresident of the State. was without any validity. to appoint an agent or representative in the State to receive service of process and notice in legal proceedings instituted with respect to such partnership. fail if a divorce were sought in the State of the defendant. Bish. I am compelled to dissent from the opinion and judgment of the court. v. JUSTICE HUNT dissenting. To prevent any misapplication of the views expressed in this opinion.). this decision is at variance with the long established practice under the statutes of the States of this Union. that the principle of the statute is vicious. or to designate a place where such service may be made and notice given. even though he may not have actual notice of them. past and future. and the sound conclusions to be drawn from the principles which should govern the decision. . upon their failure. 201. situate in Multnomah County.. on creating corporations or other institutions for pecuniary or charitable purposes. I take leave to record my views upon it. and Gillespie v. may be disastrous in its effects. the Circuit Court of Oregon had no jurisdiction.. 345. It tends to produce confusion in titles which have been obtained under similar statutes in existence for nearly a century. 18 How. and proceedings be there instituted without personal service of process or personal notice to the offending party. as I shall endeavor to show. has absolute right to prescribe the conditions upon which the marriage relation between its own citizens shall be created. and the land in question. It authorizes a judgment and execution to be obtained in such proceeding. French et al. 404. or their charters revoked. where the summons was thus served. Law Rep. or contracts. the injured citizen would be without redress. Marr. then a nonresident of the State. Adamson.. affects all like cases. by reason of the absence of a personal service of the summons on the defendant. to make such appointment or to designate such place that service may be made upon a public officer designated for that purpose. are these:-1. The question here respects only the validity of a money judgment rendered in one State in an action upon a simple contract against the resident of another without service of process upon him or his appearance therein. the present plaintiff. as it affects the present case only. a dissolution may be granted may have removed to a State where no dissolution is permitted. and the causes for which it may be dissolved. directed to the defendant at his place of residence. One of the parties guilty of acts for which. 290. and did not authorize a sale of the property in controversy. "It is not contrary to natural justice that a man who has agreed to receive a particular mode of notification of legal proceedings should be bound by a judgment in which that particular mode of notification has been followed.
respecting proceedings in chancery where absent debtors are parties. 55. 718. Code. the judgment in which will authorize the sale of property in such State. and performance be compelled by sequestration of his real or personal property. provide for a similar publication. or whether it shall be sold upon an execution and judgment without such preliminary seizure. 10. 157. it is safe to say that nearly every State in the Union provides a process by which the lands and other property of a nonresident debtor may be subjected to the payment of his debts. 1093. 5. 52.. of an absent debtor. upon good cause shown.Laws. or where there was a specific claim upon the property. and if they are such as are reasonably likely to communicate to him information of the proceeding against him.Stat. and within seven years after its rendition.412.2. real and personal.Y. I doubt not that many valuable titles are now held by virtue of the provisions of these statutes.Rev. it is not competent to the judiciary to declare that such proceeding is void as not being by due process of law. where that relief is sought. is nearly a transcript of a series of provisions contained in the New York statute. And the provisions of the Pennsylvania statute regulating proceedings in equity. p. 1 Rev. or by causing possession of specific property to be delivered. It then declares: "But the title to property sold under such judgment to a purchaser in good faith shall not be thereby affected. The Code of Iowa. under which the question arises. adopted thirty years since. conveying absolute title to the property sold have been upon the statute book of New York for more than sixty years. it is like the statutes of Oregon and New York already referred to. in authorizing the commencement of suits by attachment against absent debtors. Provisions similar in their effect. if the defence be successful. is a refinement and a depreciation of a great general principle that. for a time not less than six weeks. 5988. if the property is levied upon at the commencement of a suit. restitution shall be ordered. A decree might pass against him. sects. This result is not altered by the circumstance that the owner of the property is nonresident. 1813. not merely that seized upon the attachment.. Nixon Dig. second. In its general character. that of Nevada. but included cases requiring the payment of money as well. 10. it is competent to the State to authorize substituted service by publication or otherwise. A reference to the statutes of the different States.. N. through a judgment or decree against the owner. give the same authority in substance. and are in good faith designed to give him such information. 4. and to the statutes of the United States. is a matter not of constitutional power. To say that a sovereign State has the power to ordain that the property of nonresidents within its territory may be subjected to the payment of debts due to its citizens. and a consideration of the principles on which they stand. Whenever a defendant resided out of the State. 2618. and the deposit of a copy of the summons and complaint in the post office. and so absent from the State that legal process cannot be served upon him personally. and the same result is produced as under the New York statute. and was adopted in all cases of chancery jurisdiction. 3. and that the defendant may come in to defend within five years after the entry of the judgment. 75. as the commencement of a suit against nonresidents. in my judgment. and to the decided cases. in such newspapers as shall be most likely to give notice to him. 2 Swan & Critchfield. his appearance might be compelled by publication in the manner pointed out. sects. The statute of New York. and make just distribution thereof. 2 and following. but that it has not such power if the property is levied upon at the end of the suit. p. directed to him at his residence. supra. pp. are to the same general effect. pp.473. The attachment laws of New Jersey.). of N. Without going into a wearisome detail of the statutes of the various States. 186. Whether the property of such nonresident shall be seized upon attachment as the commencement of a suit which shall be carried into judgment and execution. . p.. but that the title to property held by any purchaser in good faith under the judgment shall not be affected thereby. 2 Edm. p. sect. cannot be sustained. and that of Wisconsin. obtained upon a substituted service of the summons or writ commencing the action. permitting him to come in and defend upon the merits within one year after the entry of judgment. more or less. p. and provides for the allowance to defend the action before judgment. 70. The Revised Statutes of Ohio. had long been in use in that State. and that. Personal notice of a proceeding by which title to property is passed is not indispensable. 35. The statutes are of two classes: first. who sell it for the benefit of all the creditors. sect. Brightly's Purden's Dig. 193-195.Stat. 5 Edm. are like those of New York already quoted. 51. 95 U. (4th ed. 2 id. and an opportunity to defend is provided for him in the event of his appearance in the suit. by which title may be transferred to all the property of a nonresident debtor. is placed under the control of trustees. The statute of Oregon relating to publication of summons. The latter authorizes the commencement of a suit against a nonresident by the publication of an order for his appearance. those giving the like mode of commencing a suit without an attachment. S. before the Code. upon which it shall then be sold. in which all of the property of the absent debtor." Code. will more clearly exhibit my view of the question. The statute of California authorizes the service of a summons on a nonresident defendant by publication. if it can be ascertained. those which authorize the commencement of actions by publication. accompanied by an attachment which is levied upon property. sects. but of municipal regulation only. sects. 37-39. m. 34.Rev. It belongs to the legislative power of the State to determine what shall be the modes and means proper to be adopted to give notice to an absent defendant of the commencement of a suit. The principle of substituted service is also a rule of property under the statutes of the United States. T he relief was not confined to cases of mortgage foreclosure.Y.
The point is simply whether land lying in the same State may be subjected to process at the end of a suit thus commenced. 1867. and the title transferred to the purchaser. 7) that publication may be substituted for personal service when the defendant cannot be found in suits for partition. which was a statutory proceeding to establish and to enforce the responsibility of the stockholders of a banking corporation. would be a violation of the Constitution. It enacts (sect. as we must in order to sustain this legislation. but it may possibly happen. The objection now made that suits commenced by substituted service. nor does the question arise as to the faith and credit to be given in one State to a judgment recovered in another. " In Happy v. or demand to or against any real or personal property within the jurisdiction of the court. except where a preliminary attachment was issued. beyond this. and cited by Mr. 403. In this case. the eminent and learned Judge Denio." approved Feb. It is here necessary only to maintain the principle laid down by Judge Cooley in his work on Constitutional Limitations. it then belongs to the legislature to determine whether the case calls for this kind of exceptional legislation. Page. after which he proceeds: "Various prudential regulations are made with respect to these remedies. 23. and the question is whether personal service of process or actual notice to the party is essential to constitute due process of law." has often been presented. Justice Field in Galpin v. a judgment can be obtained which. 18 N. A following section points out the mode of proceeding.The act of Congress "to amend the law of the District of Columbia in relation to judicial proceedings therein." Numerous provisions of the statutes of the State are commented upon. that the Constitution does not positively require personal notice in order to constitute a legal proceeding due process of law. in a suit commenced like the present one. will be conclusive against the debtor. but. due process of law would require appearance or personal service before the defendant could be personally bound by any judgment rendered. and resides elsewhere. and what manner of constructive notice shall be sufficient to reasonably apprise the party proceeded against of the legal steps which are taken against him. claim. by attachment. p. contains the same general provisions. notwithstanding all these precautions. The learning on that subject is not applicable. the court say: "An approved definition of due process of law is 'law in its regular administration through courts of justice. if sued upon in another State. The titles obtained under them are not of the value of the paper on which they are recorded. and closes in these words: "The decree. 313. I am of the opinion that the courts have not the power to pronounce the proceeding illegal. unless the defendant caused his appearance to be entered in the attachment proceedings." A formal judgment against the debtor is thus authorized by means of which any other property of the defendant within the jurisdiction of the court. may be deprived of his estate without any actual knowledge of the process by which it has been taken from him. as by publication. or by service at the residence of the parties who live in the county. It may therefore happen that some of the persons who are made liable will not have received actual notice. and has done none of the acts mentioned in the statute. 404. was sold upon the judgment against him. In Matter of the Empire City Bank. are in violation of that constitutional provision that no man shall be deprived of his property "without due process of law." The learned author does not make it a condition that there should be a preliminary seizure of the property by attachment. neither must there be personal notice to the party whose property is in . Where a party has property in a State. 199. 14 Stat. It may be admitted that a statute which should authorize any debt or damages to be adjudged against a person upon a purely ex parte proceeding. may be sold. speaking as the organ of the Court of Appeals. and that he may have execution thereof as at law. 48 id. If we hold.Y. 13. We have not been referred to any adjudication holding that no man's right of property can be affected by judicial proceedings unless he have personal notice. or by advertisement as to others. All these statutes are now adjudged to be unconstitutional and void. and in all actions at law or in equity having for their immediate object the enforcement or establishment of any lawful right. in addition to that which is the subject of the lien. he lays down the rule that all a person's property in a State may be subjected to all valid claims there existing against him. and an opportunity is afforded him to defend.' 2 Kent Com. and be void. It need not be a legal proceeding according to the course of the common law. and for the enforcement of mechanics' liens and all other liens against real or personal property. his property is justly subject to all valid claims that may exist against him there. Mosher. that a citizen who owes nothing. divorce. property lying in the State where the suit was brought. is not before us. besides subjecting the thing upon which the lien has attached to the satisfaction of the plaintiff's demand against the defendant. says: "The notice of hearing is to be personal. 3 Sawyer 93. for the foreclosure of mortgages and deeds of trust. and judgments obtained without actual notice to the debtor. and the proceedings in which resulted in a personal judgment against the stockholders for the amount found due. The question whether. owned by the nonresident debtor. and it is on the title to that property that the controversy turns. The legislature has uniformly acted upon that understanding of the Constitution. in these words: "The fact that process was not personally served is a conclusive objection to the judgment as a personal claim. Some of the statutes and several of the authorities I cite go further than the present case requires. without a pretence of notice or any provision for defending. but where the legislature has prescribed a kind of notice by which it is reasonably probable that the party proceeded against will be apprised of what is going on against him. shall adjudge that the plaintiff recover his demand against the defendant.
extrajudicial. and that he could not recover. but that all the Indians who were made defendants under the name mentioned were also residents of Iowa. the purchase being made by one of the attorneys in the suit. however. 350 and again in 3 Sawyer 93. All that the court decided was that this judgment should be reversed. McGoon v. which distribute all of the nonresident's property. It is true also. Reynolds. The act was apparently an attempt dishonestly to obtain the Indian title. Smith. The learned justice who delivered the opinion in the Circuit Court and in this Court expressly affirms the authority of a State over persons not only. where the judgment was sustained. Titles obtained by purchase at a sale upon an erroneous judgment are generally good. 11 How. Evans and The Empire City Bank are cases not of proceedings against property to enforce a lien or claim. was reversed in this Court. collaterally or otherwise. or immediately accompanied (it is not clear which). By these statutes. the judgment of the court below. 25 Iowa. six in number." The same language is used in Westervelt v. which was an appeal from a personal judgment obtained by publication against the defendant. within its limits." and to enter up judgments which should be a lien on the lands. Webster v. is cited in hostility to the views I have expressed. and it provided that the trials should be by the court. and not by a jury. to reach the persons to be affected. and forms no bar to a recovery in opposition to it. and commence actions for the same. on account of the entire absence of an affidavit of nonresidence. and in several of the reported cases already referred to. and for the recovery of which this action was brought. It is sufficient if a kind of notice is provided by which it is reasonably probable that the party proceeded against will be apprised of what is going on against him. in each of them. 202. the action involved the title to certain lands in the State of Iowa. 1838. affirmed the title levied under the attachment laws of Ohio. he insists. 10 Pet. nor garnishee charged. The court held that there was a failure of jurisdiction in the court under which the plaintiff claimed title. the validity of substituted service. nor held then by a purchaser in good faith. for aught that appears to the contrary. but. I have found no case in which it is adjudged that a statute must require a preliminary seizure of such property as necessary to the validity of the proceeding against it. but the judgment is in harmony with those principles. nor any foundation for a title claimed under it. also. This Court sustained the title founded upon the suit commenced against the nonresident by attachment. as is asserted. that. Reid. and January. and in Campbell v. nor appearance entered. reported in 18 Wall. not merely that levied on by the attachment. The language is very general. Campbell v. and an opportunity afforded him to defend. there may be remarks. In Cooper v. in many cases where the question respecting due process of law has arisen. that the process of a State cannot be supposed to run beyond its own territory. 12 id. that. There may be general expressions which will justify his suggestion. it was held that the title of the purchaser under a decree against a nonresident infant was invalid. a judgment based on a publication of the pendency of the suit will be void. giving a notice thereof of eight weeks in the Iowa "Territorial Gazette. It is undoubtedly true. or that there must have been a previous specific lien upon it. the decision itself sustaining the judgment obtained under the State statute by publication. 1839. is also cited. the case in hand was that of a proceeding in rem. They are. or was reasonably designed. 356. a personal judgment in damages was rendered against the party complaining. Scales. 9 Wall. 449.both of which are conditions precedent to the jurisdiction of the court to take any action on the subject. Evans. and may be impeached. and the title was not taken at the sale. which is thus brought under the control of the court and subjected to its judgment. it is said that where no process is served on the defendant. as the court say. and title was claimed against the Indian right under the statutes of June 2. for refusing to sustain the title thus obtained. and not intended to give a substitution for a personal service which would be likely. and where. Page. that there was no jurisdiction of the proceeding under the statute of California. by way of argument or illustration. 269. that is. The title was held void. The judgment so obtained. for two reasons: 1st. There. tending to show that a judgment obtained in a suit not commenced by the levy of an attachment will not give title to land purchased under it. can properly be used as a means of reaching property within the State. It is equally true. but the words "owners of the half-breed lands lying in Lee County" should be a sufficient designation of the defendants in such suits. the petition was not properly verified. and. in every instance where the question has been presented. This is quite a different question from the one before us. in the case of the attachment laws of New York and of New Jersey. The case of Galpin v. On the contrary. presumptively. and of diligent inquiry for the residence of the debtor. nor property attached. and goes much beyond the requirement of the case. but property as well. . 311. 10 Wall. is cited for the same purpose. It was provided that it should not be necessary to name the defendants in the suits. 45 id. they were Indians. and the title being transferred to his law partner after the reversal of the decree.question. The case of Voorhees v. It will be observed that the lands were not only within the limits of the territory of Iowa. not citizens of any State. which is used to subject property within the State belonging to a nonresident to a judgment obtained by means thereof has been sustained. Gregg. for the reason that the decree under which it was obtained had been reversed in the State court. however. In the case as reported in this Court. The suit was commenced. In the opinion delivered in that case. commissioners were appointed who were authorized to hear claims for accounts against the Indians. of the very county of Lee in which the proceeding was taken. 308. The case of Cooper v. and laid down the principle of assuming that all had been rightly done by a court having general jurisdiction of the subject matter. This is the precise point in controversy in the present action. and the judgments under which the lands were sold were rendered by the commissioners for their own services under the act. and this by means of a substituted service. 2d. although the judgment itself be afterwards reversed. Jackson. Moreover. There. neither of these preliminary facts existed. and. I have found no case where such has been the judgment of the court upon facts making necessary the decision of the point. 437. being lands formerly belonging to the half-breeds of the Sac and Fox tribes. Nonresidence was not a fact in the case. refusing to give effect to a judgment obtained upon an order of publication against a nonresident. by an attachment which was levied upon the real estate sold. The court found abundant reasons. the absence of any order for publication in Eaton's case -.
he will be aware of the fact. 45 id. In Drake on Attachment. and not whether it has been attached. in this: in the first case. is matter of discretion and of judgment only. the question arose in debt on the judgment. The particular means to be used are always within the control of the legislature. It was decided upon the express language of the statute of Maine. and to cases arising under other provisions of the Constitution. the property is supposed to be so near to its owner that.. made with an honest intention to reach the debtor.In Darrance v. Bridger. if it authorizes a particular mode of giving notice to a debtor. nor necessarily better than a publication of the pendency of the suit. means. It is said that the case where a preliminary seizure has been made. to the legal tender act." If the legislature shall think that publication and deposit in the post office are likely to give the notice. Such seizure is not in itself notice to the defendant. Washington Insurance Co. Smith v. (Mass. This. and Bruce v. with an opportunity to defend when appearance is made. but. McCutchen. H. however. Barrett. and did not arise upon a contest for property sold under the judgment. the distinction is pointed out between the validity of a judgment as to the amount realized from the sale of property within the jurisdiction of the court and its validity beyond that amount. Swan. 14 Wis. are to the same effect and upon the same statute. but none of the cases cited by him will control the present case. its action is unconstitutional and void? The rule is universal that modes. Ewer v. and it was held that the statute was intended to extend to that class of cases. it is not the only one. McCutchen. 1 Cush. 162. Briggs. there seems to be nothing in the nature of things to prevent their adoption in lieu of the attachment. Dodge was a proceeding in the same action to obtain a reversal on appeal of the general judgment. . The court say the judgment was "not only unauthorized by law. This is a matter of detail. or actually appeared and answered in the suit. 44 id. is to the same effect. . not upon a holding of land purchased under the judgment. and is based upon Smith v. but neither of them in its facts touches the question before us. Abbott v. The court say: "The essential fact on which the publication is made to depend is property of the defendant in the State. Adopted as a means of communicating it. in Eastman v. Shepard. are cited. 33 N. such is the holding. . The same legislative power which devised it can devise some other. so that the end be not beyond the scope of legislative power. 415. That a State can subject land within its limits belonging to nonresident owners to debts due to its own citizens as it can legislate upon all other local matters -. and that the judiciary cannot review them. differs from that where the property is seized at the end of the action. There is no magic about the writ [of attachment] which should make it the exclusive remedy. and have his opportunity to defend. 251. 228. and although a very good means. was decided upon the peculiar terms of the New Hampshire statute. and declare that it shall have the same force and effect. Coffin. 18 Iowa. Preston. and jurisdiction of the person is thus obtained. This has been so held in relation to a bank of the United States. if reasonable notice be given." Johnson v. but rendered in violation of its express provisions. the rule is laid down in very general language. They are the following:-Eaton v. supra.that it can prescribe the mode and process by which it is to be reached -. and jurisdiction thereby conferred.) 23. 5 Mas. 65 Me. Picquet v. 273. Bissell v. strongly implying the power of the legislature to make it otherwise. which forbids the entry of a judgment unless the debtor was served with process. if it adopts any or all others.seems to me very plain. Cloutman. The point of power cannot be thus controlled. or that the power to do so depends upon the fact whether its statute shall authorize the property to be levied upon at the commencement of the suit or at its termination. Who shall assume to say to the legislature that. had they so chosen. and I am of opinion that. its action may be sustained. the question of power will be fully satisfied. In Jarvis v. 37. Carleton v. questions of expediency or necessity are exclusively within the judgment of the legislature. Wadleigh. 462. I am not willing to declare that a sovereign State cannot subject the land within its limits to the payment of debts due to its citizens. 35. 396. and it is not certain that he will by that means receive notice. 9 Mass. 591. So. if seizure is made of it. 35 id. was a motion in the former suit to set aside the execution by a garnishee. . 38 Mo.

References: V. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.