Source: https://openjurist.org/230/f2d/243
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 22:27:50+00:00

Document:
United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.
Schwoerke & Schwoerke, Claude E. Love and James E. Grigsby, Oklahoma City, Okl., for appellants.
B. Jenkins Middleton, Atty., Dept. of Justice (Warren E. Burger, Asst. Atty. Gen., Paul W. Cress, U.S. Atty., Oklahoma City, Okl., and Samuel D. Slade, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., on the brief), for appellee.
Before BRATTON, Chief Judge, and HUXMAN, Circuit Judge, and MELLOTT, District Judge.
In a complaint filed on behalf of minor children, recovery of damages for the death of their father was sought under the Tort Claims Act.1 Motion to dismiss on the ground that the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted was sustained and this appeal followed.
It is clear the primary purpose of the organization was to encourage private citizens in the voluntary contribution of their efforts and services for the public welfare. This, it was contemplated, included development of aviation and maintenance of air supremacy through the education and training of its senior and cadet members, the fostering of civil aviation in local communities and the ultimate providing of an organization of private citizens with adequate facilities to assist in meeting local and national emergencies. The corporation had 'no power to issue capital stock or engage in business for pecuniary profits or gain, its objects and purposes being solely of a benevolent character and not for the pecuniary profit or gain of its members.'6 These provisions indicate, if they do not compel the conclusion, that the Civil Air Patrol was chartered as an independent, non-governmental entity.
But there are other circumstances tending to support such conclusion. That the Civil Air Patrol is not a wholly owned government corporation of the type listed in the act of December 6, 1945, c. 557, 59 Stat. 5977 and the amendments thereto, whose financial transactions and operations are kept under annual scrutiny by the Congress, is beyond cavil.8 Nor is it a 'mixed-ownership government corporation' whose financial transactions are required to be audited annually by the General Accounting Office, a typical example of which is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.9 The control of the Congress over this corporation is only such as is common to virtually all private corporations granted federal charters-- merely requiring the transmittal to Congress each year of a report of its proceedings and activities for the preceding calendar year. The fact that it was listed in the codification10 with the American National Red Cross, Daughters of the American Revolution and more than twenty such organizations is probably nugatory; but however that may be, the conclusion is inescapable that the Civil Air Patrol under its charter, should not be classified as a corporation 'primarily acting as (an) instrumentality of of the United States.' Since it is not a part of the executive department nor an 'independent establishment of the United States' it is not a federal agency.
Whether the pilot, under the facts pleaded, was an employee of the government simply because he, as 'a member of the Civil Air Patrol, and a licensed pilot * * * was piloting a Piper 14J aircraft, on loan from the Air Force'11 is the remaining question. In a case recently decided by the District Court of the United States for the Middle District of North Carolina12 it was held that an officer of the United States Air Force, assigned to a local wing of the Civil Air Patrol as a liaison officer, in which capacity he was flying an aircraft which had been assigned to the Civil Air Patrol, was acting in the line of duty and within the scope of his employment as an officer of the United States Air Force. Upon a showing that the crash occurred as a result of his negligence, recovery under the Tort Claims Act was allowed. In the cited case, the action was dismissed against the Civil Air Patrol because the evidence had established that the plane was owned, maintained, operated and exclusively controlled by the Army Air Force. The present question was not before that court nor was it decided.
In the present case, it should be emphasized, there is no claim that the pilot had been detailed by the Air Force to assist in the training program of the Civil Air Patrol, making subdivision 5 of the new act applicable, nor is it contended that the members of the Civil Air Patrol, including the pilot and the deceased, were engaged, in time of war or national emergency, in carrying out a mission specifically assigned by the Air Force, under subdivision 6 of the act. The principles established by the decisions pertaining to the negligent operation of vehicles or property belonging to the United States while in the custody of others than its employees, especially those who, although members of the National Guard, had not been ordered into the active service of the United States, are therefore applicable.15 The order dismissing the suit was correct.
1 Title 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b) and 2671 et seq.
"Federal agency' includes the executive departments and independent establishment of the United States, and corporations primarily action as, instrumentalities or agencies of the United States but does not include any contractor with the United States.
3 60 Stat. 346, c. 527, Title 36 U.S.C.A. §§ 201-208.
4 Title 36 U.S.C.A. § 205.
6 Title 36 U.S.C.A. § 204(a).
7 Title 31 U.S.C.A. § 841 et seq.
8 A complete list of such corporations (Commodity Credit Corporation; Federal Housing Administration, to mention some typical ones) is shown in 31 U.S.C.A. § 846 as last amended by the act of May 13, 1954, c. 201, § 6, 68 Stat. 95.
9 Title 31 U.S.C.A. § 856 et seq., Act of Dec. 6, 1945, c. 557, Title II, 59 Stat. 600.
10 Title 36 U.S.C.A., Patrotic Societies and Observances.
11 The quotation is from the complaint.
12 Alexander v. Civil Air Patrol, D.C., 134 F.Supp. 691.
'(6) to authorize, in time of war or national emergency hereafter declared by the Congress or the President, payment of travel expenses and allowances, in accordance with the Travel Expense Act of 1949, for members of the Civil Air Patrol while engaged in carrying out any mission specifically assigned by the Air Force. As amended Oct. 31, 1951, c. 654, § 2(5), 65 Stat. 706; May 27, 1954, c. 225, 68 Stat. 141; July 16, 1954, c. 531, § 1, 68 Stat. 485.' 5 U.S.C.A. § 626(l).
15 Williams v. United States, 10 Cir., 189 F.2d 607 and cases cited. Cf. King v. United States, 5 Cir., 178 F.2d 320, certiorari denied 339 U.S. 964, 70 S.Ct. 998, 94 L.Ed. 1373; United States v. Holly, 10 Cir., 192 F.2d 221; and O'Toole v. United States, 3 Cir., 206 F.2d 912.

References: § 205
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