Source: http://wienerlab.net/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 03:32:41+00:00

Document:
Our research targets the neurophysiological basis of spatial navigation and memory, in particular the network processes that integrate internal signals (representations, expectations, emotions) and multisensory information from the environment to store and update memories, and guide behavior. We record large neuronal ensembles and local field potential oscillations in freely moving animals performing learning and memory tasks. We focus on the hippocampal system (affected in epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease), where neurons code for the position and direction of the head in space. To understand how this activity is implicated in memorization and in informing ongoing behavior, we simultaneously record in downstream structures such as prefrontal cortex (affected in schizophrenia) and ventral striatum (affected in Parkinson's disease). This provides tractable experimental models for high-level cognitive representations at the level of single neurons and neural networks.
Our team includes researchers with backgrounds in neurophysiology, animal behavior and engineering. We are part of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology at the Collège de France, located in the historical center of Paris.
The 'two-stage' theory of memory posits that memory consolidation involves a dialogue during sleep between the hippocampus, where memory traces are initially formed, and the neocortex, where they are stored for long term retention. A prominent target is the medial prefrontal cortex, which over days becomes progressively involved in memory recall, concomitantly with a gradual hippocampal disengagement. During sleep, task-related neural activity patterns are replayed in both structures, orchestrated by various brain oscillations related to memory consolidation, that are often observed in temporal proximity.
We have recently confirmed that ripples play a critical role in memory consolidation, a long standing hypothesis that had inspired countless studies but had never been validated. We have also shown that encoding of episodic-like neuronal sequences during exploration requires fine timescale coordination between hippocampal cell assemblies. Our more recent data indicate a causal link between sequence encoding and replay during sleep and provide direct evidence for a hippocampo-cortical dialogue, involving enhanced coupling between ripples, cortical delta waves and spindles.
C. Drieu, R. Todorova, M. Zugaro. Nested sequences of hippocampal assemblies during behavior support subsequent sleep replay. Science 362(6415):675-679.
R. Todorova, M. Zugaro. Hippocampal ripples as a mode of communication with cortical and subcortical areas. Hippocampus doi: 10.1002/hipo.22997 (Review).
A. Cei, G. Girardeau, C. Drieu, K. El Kanbi, M.B. Zugaro. Reversed theta sequences of hippocampal cellassemblies during backward travel. Nature Neuroscience 17(5):719–24.
G. Girardeau, A. Cei, M.B. Zugaro. Learning-induced plasticity regulates hippocampal sharp wave-ripple drive. The Journal of Neuroscience 34(15):5176–83.
J. Catanese, A. Viggiano, E. Cerasti, M.B. Zugaro, and S.I. Wiener. Retrospectively and prospectively modulated hippocampal place responses are differentially distributed along a common path in a continuous T-maze. The Journal of Neuroscience 34(39):13163–9.
A. Arleo, C. Déjean, P. Allegraud, M. Khamassi, M.B. Zugaro, S.I. Wiener. Optic flow stimuli update anterodorsal thalamus head direction neuronal activity in rats. The Journal of Neuroscience 33(42):16790–5.
J. Catanese, E. Cerasti, M.B. Zugaro, A. Viggiano, S.I. Wiener. Dynamics of decision-related activity in hippocampus. Hippocampus 22(9):1901–11.
G. Girardeau, M.B. Zugaro. Hippocampal ripples and memory consolidation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 21(3):452–9 (Review).
S. Herwik, S. Kisban, A.A.A. Aarts, K. Seidl, G. Girardeau, K. Benchenane, M.B. Zugaro, S.I. Wiener, O. Paul, H.P. Neves, P. Ruther. Fabrication technology for silicon-based microprobe arrays used in acute and sub-chronic neural recording. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 19:074008.
A. Sirota, S. Montgomery, S. Fujisawa, Y. Isomura, M.B. Zugaro, G. Buzsáki. Entrainment of neocortical neurons and gamma oscillations by the hippocampal theta rhythm. Neuron 60(4):683–97.
C. Geisler, D. Robbe, M.B. Zugaro, A. Sirota, G. Buzsáki. Hippocampal place cell assemblies are speed-controlled oscillators. PNAS 104(19):8149–54.
L. Hazan* & M.B. Zugaro* (premiers auteurs équivalents), G. Buzsáki. Klusters, NeuroScope, NDManager: a free software suite for neurophysiological data processing and visualization. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 155(2):207–16.
M.B. Zugaro, L. Monconduit, G. Buzsáki. Spike phase precession persists after transient intrahippocampal perturbation. Nature Neuroscience 8:67–71.
J. P. Bassett, M.B. Zugaro, G.M. Muir, E.J. Golob, R.U. Muller, J.S. Taube. Passive movements of the head do not abolish anticipatory firing properties of head direction cells. Journal of Neurophysiology 93(3):1304–16.
M.B. Zugaro, A. Arleo, C. Dejean, E. Burguiere, M. Khamassi, S.I. Wiener. Rat anterodorsal thalamic head direction neurons depend upon dynamic visual signals to select anchoring landmark cues. European Journal of Neuroscience 20:530–6.
P. Barthó, H. Hirase, L. Monconduit, M.B. Zugaro, K.D. Harris, G. Buzsáki. Characterization of neocortical principal cells and interneurons by network interactions and extracellular features. Journal of Neurophysiology 92:600–8.
M.B. Zugaro, A. Arleo, A. Berthoz, S.I. Wiener. Rapid spatial reorientation and head direction cells, The Journal of Neuroscience, 23(8):3478–82.
M.B. Zugaro, A. Berthoz, S.I. Wiener. Peak firing rates of rat anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells are higher during faster passive rotations, Hippocampus 12(4):481–6.
S.I. Wiener and M.B. Zugaro, Multisensory processing for the elaboration of place and head direction responses in the limbic system, Cognitive Brain Research 14(1):75–90.
M.B. Zugaro, E. Tabuchi, C.F. Fouquier, A. Berthoz, S.I. Wiener. Active locomotion increases peak firing rates of anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells, Journal of Neurophysiology 86(2):692–702.
M.B. Zugaro, A. Berthoz, S.I. Wiener. Background, but not foreground, spatial cues are taken as references for head direction responses by rat anterodorsal thalamus neurons, The Journal of Neuroscience 21(RC154):1–5.
M.B. Zugaro, E. Tabuchi, S.I. Wiener. Influence of conflicting visual, inertial and substratal cues on head direction cell activity, Experimental Brain Research 133:198–208.
S.V. Albertin, A.B. Mulder, E. Tabuchi, M.B. Zugaro, S.I. Wiener. Lesions of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens impair rats in finding larger rewards, but spare reward-seeking behavior, Behavioral Brain Research 117(1–2):173–83.
Our focus is on cognitive functions such as spatial navigation learning, memory and decision-making and how they are linked with neuro-electrical activity, ensembles of neurons and neural networks. With chronically implanted multiple electrodes, we record from rats as they perform tasks requiring specific types of cognitive processing. Much of the work is centered on a popular experimental model for abstract representations in the brain – the place and head direction cells in the hippocampal system and related areas. We have studied how self-movement cues are engaged for this activity and also how brain areas downstream from the hippocampus (ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex) exploit this for navigation, orienting behavior and spatial memory. The role of sleep and associated brain oscillations in off-line memory consolidation is another focus. Furthermore coherence between oscillatory local field potentials in multiple structures is studied as a potential mechanism of selection of active pathways within the massively interconnected brain. This work is carried out in collaboration with roboticians and computational modelers to facilitate creation of bio-inspired automatons.
Xiang L, Harel A, Gao HG, Pickering AE, Sara SJ, Wiener SI. Behavioral correlates of activity of optogenetically identified locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in rats performing t-maze tasks. Scientific Reports 9:1361.
Wiener-Vacher SR, Wiener SI. Video head impulse tests with a remote camera system: normative values of semicircular canal vestibulo-ocular reflex gain in infants and children. Front. Neurol. 8:434.
Albertin SV, Wiener SI. Neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus in rats during formation of seeking behavior in a radial maze. Bull Exp Biol Med. 158(4):405–9.
Catanese J, Viggiano A, Cerasti E, Zugaro MB, Wiener SI Retrospectively and prospectively modulated hippocampal place responses are differentially distributed along a common path in a continuous T-maze. J. Neurosci. 34(39):13163–9.
Arleo A, Déjean C, Allegraud P, Khamassi M, Zugaro M, Wiener SI Optic flow stimuli update anterodorsal thalamus head direction neuronal activity in rats. J. Neuroscience 33(42):16790–5.
Wiener-Vacher SR, Hamilton DA, Wiener SI Vestibular activity and cognitive development in children: Perspectives. Frontiers Integrative Neuroscience 7:92.
Battaglia FP, Benchenane K, Sirota A, Pennartz CM, Wiener SI The hippocampus: Hub of brain network communication for memory. Trends Cogn Sci 15:310–318.
Benchenane K, Peyrache A, Khamassi M, Tierney P, Gioanni Y, Battaglia FP, Wiener SI. Coherent theta oscillations and reorganization of spike timing in the hippocampal-prefrontal network upon learning. Neuron 66(6):921–36.
Peyrache A, Benchenane K, Khamassi M, Wiener SI, Battaglia FP Sequential reinstatement of neocortical activity during slow oscillations depends on cells’ global activity. Front Sys. Neurosci. 3:18.
Mulder A.B., Shibata R., Trullier O., Wiener S.I. Spatially selective reward site responses in tonically active neurons of the nucleus accumbens in behaving rats. Exp. Brain Res. 163:32–43.
Zugaro, M.B., Berthoz, A., Wiener S.I. Peak firing rates of rat anterodorsal thalamic head direction cells are higher during faster passive rotations. Hippocampus 12:481–486.
Wiener, S.I., Zugaro, M.B. Multisensory processing for the elaboration of place and head direction responses in the limbic system. Cognitive Brain Research 14:75–90.
Albertin, S.V., Mulder, A.B., Wiener, S.I. [Electrophysiological control in localization and selective lesioning in the nucleus accumbens] Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 88(5):663–9.
Wiener, S.I., Rondi-Reig, L., Zugaro, M.B. Comprendre les fonctions cognitives grâce à l’enregistrement de l’activité neuronale et l’analyse comportementale chez le rat libre de ses mouvements : les bases physiologiques des représentations internes de la topographie de l’environnement. Intellectica 32: 9–44.
The neurobiological basis of memory formation and retrieval has been the major focus of my research over the past four decades. Combining in vivo electrophysiology and pharmacology with astute behavioral analysis, my thesis and subsequent publications provided early challenges the consolidation hypothesis. We published the first paper demonstrating 'reconsolidation after reactivation of memory' and showed the importance of the noradrenergic system in this reconsolidation processs. We study the role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in cognitive processes by recording the activity of neurons in this nucleus in behaving rats, engaged in various cognitive tasks. In this way we have elucidated the functional role of this tiny nucleus in modulating encoding and off-line memory consolidation, in concert with activity in frontal cortex and hippocampus. More recently, we have been investigating the role of sleep oscillations and associated LC activity in modulation of memory processes. Currently we are using optogenetic methods to stimulate or inhibit activity of LC neurons at critical periods during learning or during off-line memory consolidation.
Born and educated in New York City, Susan J. Sara received a BA in psychology from Sarah Lawrence College and a PhD from University of Louvain (Belgium). After post doctoral studies at Oxford University and NYU Medical School, she was recruited into the CNRS (France). She founded the group 'Neuromodulation and Cognitive Processes' at the University Paris VI, which she headed until her retirement. She is currently Directrice de Recherche Emerite at the College de France and Adjunct Professor at New York University Medical School. SJS was a visiting Professor at the Institute of Neurosciences in Shanghai and at Yamaguchi Medical School, Japan and a visiting scientist at the Weizmann Institute, Israel. She is past president of the European Brain and Behavior Society and has served as Chair of FENS_IBRO schools committee, Chair of IBRO Alumni committee, FENS programme committee, FENS executive Committee. She has served on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Nencki Institute (Poland) and the Max Planck Insitute for Biological Cybernetics (Tuebingen), as well as on several advisory panels for the EU and ERC. She is past editor of Neural Plasticity and currently associate editor of Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.
Swift KM, Gross BA, Frazer MA, Bauer DS, Clark KJD, Vazey EM, Aston-Jones G, Li Y, Pickering AE, Sara SJ, Poe GR. Abnormal Locus Coeruleus Sleep Activity Alters Sleep Signatures of Memory Consolidation and Impairs Place Cell Stability and Spatial Memory. Curr Biol. 28:3599-3609.
Sara SJ, Bouret S. Orienting and reorienting: the Locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal, Neuron 76:130-141.
Sara SJ. Reactivation, retrieval, replay, and reconsolidation in and out of sleep: connecting the dots. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 4:185.
Ramadan, W., Eschenko, O., & Sara, SJ. Hippocampal sharp wave/ripples during sleep for consolidation of associative memory, Front. Behav. Neurosci.
Sara S.J. The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic function. Nature Reviews in Neuroscience 10:211–223.
Molle, M, Eschenko, O. Gais S., Sara, SJ & Born J. The influence of learning on sleep slow oscillations and associated spindles and ripples in humans and rats. Eur J Neurosci 29:1071–1081.
Eschenko, O. Sara, SJ Learning-dependent, transient increase of activity in noradrenergic neurons of locus coeruleus during slow wave sleep in the rat: Brainstem-cortex interplay for memory consolidation? Cerebral Cortex 18:2596–2603.
Eschenko, O., Ramadan, W., Molle, M., Born, J. & Sara, SJ Sustained increase in hippocampal sharp-wave ripple activity during slow wave sleep after learning. Learning & Memory 15(4):222–228.
Chen, F & Sara, SJ Locus coeruleus activation by footshock or electrical stimulation inhibits amygdale neurons. Neuroscience 144:472–481.
Eschenko, O. Molle, M. Born, J. & Sara, SJ Elevated spindle density after learning and retrieval in rats. J. Neuroscience 26:12914–12920.
Molle, M., Eschenko, O. Sara, SJ , Born, J.Hippocampal sharp wave-ripples linked to slow oscillations in rat slow-wave sleep. J Neurophysiol. 96:62–70.
Torres-Garcia, M. Lelong, J & Sara, SJ Reconsolidation after remembering requires NMDA receptors Learning & Memory 12:18–22.
Bouret S. & Sara, SJ. Network reset: a new over-arching theory of locus ceruleus-noradrenergic function. Trends in Neuroscience 11,.
Tronel S. Feenstra, M. & Sara, S.J. Noradrenergic action in the prelimbic cortex in the late stages of memory consolidation, Learning & Memory 453–458.
Bouret, S. & Sara, SJ Reward expectation, attention, and locus coeruleus-medial frontal cortex interplay during learning, Eur J Neurosci 20:791–802.
Bouret,S. A. Duval, S. Onat, S. J. Sara Activation of Locus Coeruleus by the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala, J. Neuroscience 23:3491–97.
Foley, AG Hedigan, K. Roullet, P. Moricard, Y. Murphy, K. Sara, SJ, Regan, CM Consolidation of memory for odour-reward association requires transient polysialyation of the neural cell adhesion molecule in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. J. Neuroscience Research 74:570–576.
Tronel S. & Sara, SJ Blockade of NMDA receptors in prelimbic cortex induces an enduring amnesia for odor-reward associative learning. J Neuroscience 23:5472–5476.
Tronel, S. & Sara, S.J. Mapping of olfactory memory circuits: region specific c-fos activation after odor-reward associative learning or after its retrieval. Learning & Memory 9:4.
Bouret, S. & Sara, SJ Locus coeruleus activation modulates firing rate and temporal organization of odor-induced single cell responses in rat piriform cortex. Eur J Neurosci 12:2371–82.
Sara, SJ Retrieval and reconsolidation : toward a neurobiology of remembering. Learning & Memory 7:73–84.
Shinba, T. Briois,L. & Sara, S.J. Spontaneous and auditory-evoked activity of the medial agranular cortex as a function of arousal state in the freely moving rat: interaction with locus coeruleus activity, Brain Research ; 887:293–300.
Roullet, P. Sara, SJ Consolidation of Memory after its reactivation: Involvement of beta noradrenergic receptors in the late phase. Neural Plasticity 6:63–68.
Przybyslawski, J , Roullet, P. , Sara, SJ Attenuation of emotional and nonemotional memories after their reactivation: role of Beta adrenergic receptors.J. Neuroscience 19:6623–6628.
SARA, SJ., Roullet, P., Przybyslawski, J., Consolidation of memory for odour-reward association: beta adrenergic receptor involvement in the late phase. Learning & Memory 6:88–96.
Lestienne, R. Hervé, A. Robinson, D. Brios. L. & SARA,SJ, Slow oscillations as aprobe of the dynamics of the locus coeurleus-frontal cortex interaction in anesthetized rats. J. Physiol (Paris) 91:273–284.
Sara, SJ Learning by Neurones: role of attention, reinforcement and behaviour. C.R.Acad Sci 321:193–198.
Przybyslawski, J. & Sara, SJ Reconsolidation after reactivation of memory. Behavioral Brain Research 84:241–246.
Alexinsky, T., Przybyslawski, J., Mileusnic, R., Rose, S, & Sara, SJ, Antibody to Day-Old Chick Brain Glycoprotein Produces Amnesia in Adult Rats, Neurobiology of Learning & Memory 67:14–20.
Kitchigina V. Vankov, A. Harley, C. & Sara, SJ; Novelty-elicited, norepinephrine-dependent enhancement of excitability in the rat dentate gyrus. European J. Neuroscience 9:41–47.
Sara, S.J., Dyon-Laurent, C. & Hervé, A. Novelty seeking behavior in the rat is dependent upon the integrity of the noradrenergic system. Cognitive Brain Research 2:181–187.
Vankov, A. Hervé-Minvielle, A. & Sara, SJ. Response to novelty and its rapid habituation in locus coeruleus neurons of the freely-exploring rat. European J. Neuroscience 7:1180–1187.
Sara, SJ & Hervé-Minvielle, A. Inhibitory influence of frontal cortex on locus coeruleus. PNAS 92:6032–6035.
Buda, M, Laucher, J, Devauges, V, Barbagli, B, Blizard, D, & Sara, SJ. Central noradrenergic reactivity to stress in Maudsley rat strains Neuroscience Letters 33–36.
Sara, S.J., Vankov, A., Hervé, A., Locus Coeruleus evoked responses in behaving rats: a clue to the role of noradrenaline in memory. Brain Research Bulletin 35:457–465.
Sara, SJ, Devauges, V., Biegon, A., & Blizard, D. The Maudsley rat strains as a probe to investigate noradrenergic-cholinergic interaction in cognitive function. J. Physiol (Paris) 88:337–345.
Sara, S. J., Devauges, V. & Biegon, A. Maudsley rat strains, selected for differences in emotional responses, differ in behavioral response to clonidine and alpha2 receptor binding in the locus coeruleus, Behavioral Brain Research 57:101–104.
Dyon-Laurent, C, Romand, S, Biegon, A & Sara, S.J. Functional reorganization of the noradrenergic system after partial fornix section: a behavioral and autoradiographic study. Exp Brain Res 96:203–211.
Sara, S.J., Dyon-Laurent, C. Guibert, B. & Leviel, V. Noradrenergic hyperactivity after partial fornix section: role in cholinergic dependent memory performance. Exp Brain Res 89:125–132.
Messing, R., Devauges, V., Sara, S.J. The limbic forebrain neurotoxin trimethyltin reduces behavioral supression by clonidine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 42:313–316.
Harley, C. & Sara, S.J. Locus coeruleus bursts induced by glutamate trigger delayed perforant path spike amplitude potentiation in the dentate gyrus. Exp Brain Res 89:581–587.
Poincheval-Fuhrman, S. & Sara, S.J. Chronic nicotine ingestion improves radial maze performance in rats, Behavioural Pharmacology 4:534–539.
Devauges, V. and Sara, S.J. Activation of the noradrenergic system facilitates an attentional shift in the rat. Behavioral Brain Research 39:19–28.
Chapoutier, G. Jacquot, F. Save, E., Venault, P., Sara, S.J. Different effects of yohimbine and idazoxan in the light-dark choice procedure. Behavioural Pharmacology 1:459–461.
Richter-Levin, G. Segal, M. Sara, S.J. Idazoxan, an alpha2 antagonist enhances EPSP to spike coupling, Brain Research 540:291–294.
Devauges, V. and Sara, S.J. Memory retrieval enhancement by locus coeruleus stimulation: evidence for mediation by beta receptors. Behavioral Brain Research 43:93–97.
Sara, S.J. and Bergis, O. Enhancement of excitability and inhibitory processes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus by noradrenaline: a pharmacological study in awake rats. Neuroscience Letters 126:1–5.
Sara, S.J. & Segal, M. Plasticity of sensory responses in the locus coeruleus: significance for cognition. Progress in Brain Research 88:571–585.
Ammassari, M., Maho, C. & Sara, S.J. Clonidine reverses spatial learning deficits and reinstates theta frequencies in rats with partial fornix section. Behavioral Brain Research 45:1–8.
Sara, S.J., Devauges, V. Priming stimulation of locus coeruleus facilitates memory retrieval in the rat. Brain Research 438:299–303.
Sara, S.J. Glucose effects on firing rate of neurons of the locus coeruleus : another attempt to put memory back in the brain. Neurobiology of Aging 9:730–732.
Sara, S.J. and Devauges, V. Idazoxan, an alpha2 antagonist, facilitates memory retrieval in the rat. Behavioral and Neural Biology 51:328–338.
Sara S.J. Noradrenergic-cholinergic interactions : its possible role in memory dysfunctions associated with senile dementia. Archives of Gerontology 99–108.
Le Roch, K., Riche, D., Sara, S.J. Persistence of habituation deficits after neurological recovery from severe thiamine deprivation. Behavioral Brain Research 23.
Dekeyne, A., Deweer, B., Sara, S.J. Background stimuli as a reminder after spontaneous forgetting : potentiation by stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Psychobiology 15:161–166.
Sara, S.J. Forgetting of conditioned emotional response and its alleviation by pretest amphetamine. Physiological Psychology 12:17–22.
Deweer, B. and Sara, S.J. Background stimuli as a reminder after spontaneous forgetting: role of duration cuing and cuing-test interval. Animal Learning & Behavior 12:238–247.
Sara, S.J, Grecksch, G. and Leviel, V. Intercerebral ventricular apomorphine alleviates spontaneous fotgetting and increases cortical noradrenaline. Behavioral Brain Research 13:43–52.
Sara, S. J. The locus coeruleus and cognitive function: Attempts to relate noradrenergic enhancement of signal/noise in the brain to behavior. Physiological Psychology 13:151–162.
Sara, S.J. Haloperidol facilitates memory retrieval in the rat., Psychopharmacology 89:307–310.
Sara, S.J., David-Reacle, M., Weyers, M. and Giurgea, C. Piracetam facilitates retrieval but does not impaired extinction of bar pressing in rats. Psychopharmacology 61:71–75.
Sara, S.J., Deweer, B. and Hars, B. Reticular stimulation facilitates retrieval of a "forgotten" maze habit. Neuroscience Letters 18:211–217.
Deweer, B., Sara, S.J. and Hars, B. Contextual cues and memory retrieval in rats: alleviation of forgetting by a pretest exposure to background stimuli. Animal Learning & Behavior 8:265–272.
Sara, S.J. Facilitation of memory retrieval by etiracetam nootropic drug. Psychopharmacology 68:235–241.
Sara, S.J. and David-Remacle, M. Discrimination learning, behavioral stategies and long term retention in hippocampal lesioned rats. Physiological Psychology 9:37–48.
Sara, S.J. Memory deficits in rats with hippocampal and cortical lesions: retrograde effects. Behavioral and Neural Biology 32:504–509.
Sara S.J., Barnett, J. and Toussaint, P. Facilitation of appetitive brightness discrimination by lysine vasopressin. Behavioral Processes 7:157–167.
Sara, S.J. and Deweer, B. Facilitation of retrieval of a "forgotten" maze task by pretest amphetamine. Behavioral & Neural Biology 36:146–160.
Sara, S.J. and Remacle, J.F. Strychnine-induced passive avoidance facilitation: a retieval effect. Behavioral Biology 19:465–475.
Sara, S.J. et David-Remacle, M. Recovery from electroconsulsive shock amnesia by exposure to the training environment: pharmacological enhancement by Piracetam. Psychopharmacology 36:59–66.
Sara, S.J. Delayed development of amnestic behaviour after hypoxia. Physiology and Behaviour 13:693–696.
Sara, S.J., David-Remacle, M. and Lefèvre, D. Passive avoidance behaviour in rats after electroconvulsive shock: facilitative effect of response retardation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89:489–497.
Sara, S.J. and Lefèvre, D. Reexamination of the role of familiarization in retrograde amnesia in the rat. Journal of comparative and Physiological Psychology 85:361–364.
Sara, S.J. Recovery from hypoxia and ECS induced amnesia after a single exposure to the training environment. Physiology and Behaviour , l0:85–89.
Sara, S.J. Progressive development of avoidance response after training, ECS and repeated testing. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 2:l34-l36.
Sara, S.J. and Lefèvre, D. Hypoxia induced amnesia in one trial learning and pharmacological protection by Piracetam. Psychopharmacologia 25:32–40.
Sara, S.J. Reconsolidation: historical perspective and theoretical aspects. In H.L. Roediger, III (Ed.), Cognitive Psychology of Memory. Vol.  of Learning and Memory: Comprehensive Reference, 4 vols. (J.Byrne Editor). Oxford: , Elsevier.
Sara, S.J. & Gisquet-Verrier, P. La Reconstruction de la Mémoire, Science & Vie, June,.
Sara S.J. Noradrenaline and memory: neuromodulatory effects on retrieval. In "Memory: Neurochemical and clinical aspects", J. Weinman and J. Hunter (eds), Harwood Academic Publishers: London , pp 105–128.
Sara S.J. Interaction des systèmes noradrénergiques et cholinergiques au cours des troubles de la mémoire. In "Mémoire et Vieillissement : approche méthodologique", Collection de l'Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Doin Paris, pp. 105–116.
Sara, S.J., Devauges, V. and Segal, M. Locus coeruleus engagement in memory retrieval and attention. In "Progress in Catecholamine Research", Alan R. Liss (ed) pp. 155–161.
Sara, S. J. et Segal, M. The locus coeruleus in learning and memory retrieval. In H. Matthies (Ed) Learning and Memory: Mechanisms of Information Processing in the Nervous System : Oxford, Pergamon Press.
Sara, S.J. Noradrenergic modulation of selective attention : its role in memory retrieval. In D. Olton, E. Gamzu and S. Corkin (Eds), Memory dysfunctions: An integration of Animal and Human Research from preclinical and clinical perspectives. Ann NY Acad Science 444:178–193.
Sara, S.J. Selective attention, memory and the locus coeruleus. In P. Schmidt and B. Will (Eds) Brain Plasticity, Learning and Memory, Plenum Press: New York, 211–218, l985.
We use state-of-the art technologies: 256 channel recording systems, multisite silicon probes and custom designed 3D-printed octrode microdrives, miniature calcium imaging systems (inscopix, C. Ventalon's custom fiberscope), as well as automated mazes to train rats in diverse learning tasks. Our data processing infrastructure includes 4 GPU processing servers, a 96-core computer cluster and 8 centralized storage servers. To process, visualize and analyze our data, we use our custom application suite NeuroSuite and Matlab toolbox FMAToolbox.
in front of the Panthéon – just a few hundred meters from our lab.
Image credits here, here, here and here.

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