Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/204/470/
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 16:40:38+00:00

Document:
The guarantees extended by Congress to the Philippine Islands are to be interpreted as meaning what the like provisions meant when Congress made them applicable to those islands.
While a complaint on a charge of adultery under the Penal Code of the Philippine Islands may be fatally defective for lack of essential averments as to place and knowledge on the part of the man that the woman was married, objections of that nature must be taken at the trial, and if not taken, and the omitted averments are supplied by competent proof, it is not error for the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands to refuse to sustain such objections on appeal.
While the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands hears an appeal as a trial de novo and has power to reexamine the law and the facts it does so entirely on the record.
"The objections to the complaint, based upon an insufficient statement of the facts constituting the offense, cannot be considered here, because they were not presented in the court below. United States v. Sarabia, 3 Off. Gaz. No. 29."
was refused, and the sentence imposed below was increased to three years, six months, and twenty-nine days on the ground that this was the minimum punishment provided for the offense.
The errors assigned on this writ of error, and the propositions urged at bar to support them, are confined to the assertion that the refusal of the court below to consider the assignment of error concerning the insufficiency of the complaint amounted to a conviction of the accused without informing them of the nature and character of the offense with which they were charged, and was, besides, equivalent to a conviction without due process of law. It is settled that, by virtue of the Bill of Rights enacted by Congress for the Philippine Islands, 32 Stat. 691, 692, that guaranties equivalent to the due process and equal protection of the law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the twice in jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment, and the substantial guaranties of the Sixth Amendment, exclusive of the right to trial by jury, were extended to the Philippine Islands. It is further settled that the guaranties which Congress has extended to the Philippine Islands are to be interpreted as meaning what the like provisions meant at the time when Congress made them applicable to the Philippine Islands. Kepner v. United States, 195 U. S. 100.
crime was committed, nor does it expressly state that Vicente Serra, the accused man, knew that Maria Obleno, the woman accused, was at the time of the guilty cohabitation, a married woman. It results that there were deficiencies in the complaint which, if raised in any form in the trial court before judgment, would have required the trial court to hold that the complaint was inadequate. But the question for decision is not whether the complaint, which was thus deficient, could have been sustained, in view of the constitutional guaranties, if a challenge as to its sufficiency had been presented in any form to the trial court before final judgment, but whether, when no such challenge was made in the trial court before judgment, a denial of the guaranties of the statutory Bill of Rights arose from the action of the appellate court in refusing to entertain an objection to the sufficiency of the complaint because no such ground was urged in the trial court. Thus, reducing the case to the real issue enables us to put out of view a number of decisions of this Court referred to in the margin, [Footnote 3] as well as many decided cases of state courts referred to in the brief of counsel, because they are irrelevant, since all the former, and, if not all, certainly all of the latter, concern the soundness of objections made in the trial court by the accused to the sufficiency of indictments or informations.
"But the question whether it was or was not a crime within the statute was one which the district court was competent to decide. It was before the court and within its jurisdiction. "
"Whether an act charged in an indictment is or is not a crime by the law which the court administers [in this case, the statute law of the United States] is a question which has to be met at almost every stage of criminal proceedings -- on motions to quash the indictment, on demurrers, on motions to arrest judgment, etc. The court may err, but it has jurisdiction of the question. If it errs, there is no remedy, after final judgment, unless a writ of error lies to some superior court, and no such writ lies in this case."
In United States v. Ball, 163 U. S. 662, an attempt was made to prosecute for the second time one Millard H. Ball, who had been acquitted upon a defective indictment, which had been held bad upon the proceedings in error prosecuted by others, who had been convicted and who had been jointly prosecuted with Ball. Reversing the court below, the plea of autrefois acquit, relied on by Ball, was held good. It was pointed out that the acquittal of Ball upon the defective indictment was not void, and therefore the acquittal on such an indictment was a bar. This case was approvingly cited in Kepner v. United States, 195 U. S. 100, 195 U. S. 129. It being, then, settled that the conviction on a defective indictment is not void, but presents a mere question of error, to be reviewed according to law, the proposition to be decided is this: did the court below err in holding that it would not consider whether the trial court erred because it had not decided the complaint to be bad, when no question concerning its sufficiency was, either directly or indirectly, made in that court? Thus, to understand the proposition is to refute it. For it cannot be that the court below was wrong in refusing to consider whether the trial court erred in a matter which that court was not called upon to consider and did not decide. Undoubtedly, if a judgment of acquittal had resulted, it would have barred a further prosecution, despite the defective indictment. Kepner v. United States, supra.
the Philippine Islands take this case out of the general rule, since in that court on appeal a trial de novo is had even in a criminal case. But, as pointed out in the Kepner case, whilst that court on appeal has power to reexamine the law and facts, it does so on the record, and does not retry in the fullest sense. Indeed, when the power of the court below to review the facts is considered, that power, instead of sustaining, refutes the proposition relied on. Thus, the proposition is that the court should have reversed the conviction because of the contention as to the insufficiency of the complaint, when no such question had been raised before final judgment in the trial court, and when, as a necessary consequence of the facts found by the court, the testimony offered at the trial without objection or question in any form established every essential ingredient of the crime. In other words, the contention is that reversal should have been ordered for an error not committed, and when the existence of injury was impossible to be conceived, in view of the opinion which the court formed on the facts, in the exercise of the authority vested in it on that subject.
"Art. 433. Adultery shall be punished with the penalty of prision correctional in its medium and maximum degrees."
"Adultery is committed by the married woman who lies with a man not her husband, and by him who lies with her knowing that she is married, although the marriage be afterwards declared void."
"Art. 434. No penalty shall be imposed for the crime of adultery except upon the complaint of the aggrieved husband."
"The latter can enter a complaint against both guilty parties, if alive, and never, if he has consented to the adultery or pardoned either of the culprits."
"Philippine Islands, Eighth Judicial District"
"In the Court of First Instance of Albay"
"The United States and Macario Mercades,"
"in Behalf of Adriano Mortiga"
"Vicente Serra and Maria Obleno"
"The undersigned, a practicing attorney, in behalf of Adriano Mortiga, the husband of Maria Obleno, accuses Vicente Serra and the said Maria Obleno of the crime of adultery, committed as follows:"
"That on or about the year 1899, and up to the present time, the accused, being both married, maliciously, criminally, and illegally lived as husband and wife, and continued living together up to the present time, openly and notoriously, from which illegal cohabitation two children are the issue, named Elias and Jose Isabelo, without the consent of the prosecuting witness, and contrary to the statute in such cases made and provided."
"Sworn and subscribed to before me this 24th day of February, 1904."
United States v. Cook, 17 Wall. 168, 84 U. S. 174; United States v. Carll, 105 U. S. 611; Dunbar v. United States, 156 U. S. 185; Cochran v. United States, 157 U. S. 286; Markham v. United States, 160 U. S. 319.

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