Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/140/529/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 18:38:26+00:00

Document:
When the judgment of a state court is against an assignee in bankruptcy in an action between him and the bankrupt, where the question at issue is whether the matter in controversy passed by the assignment, this Court has jurisdiction in error to review the judgment.
The sum awarded by the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva, when paid, constituted a national fund in which no individual claimant had any rights legal or equitable, and which Congress could distribute as it pleased.
The decisions and awards of the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims, under the statutes of the United States, were conclusive as to the amount to be paid upon each claim adjudged to be valid, but not as to the party entitled to receive it.
A claim decided by that court to be a valid claim against the United States is property which passes to the assignee of a bankrupt under an assignment made prior to the decision.
Comegys v. Vasse, 1 Pet. 193, again affirmed and applied, and United States v. Weld, 127 U. S. 51, distinguished.
of buying and shipping steamers for China, receiving merchandise from China, and selling the same, and insuring merchandise and vessels. During that period, the plaintiffs bore true allegiance to the government of the United States, and after the sailing of the first Confederate cruiser, they made, in the course of their business, certain enhanced payments of insurance, otherwise called payments of premiums for war risks or war premiums, on merchandise and vessels, to an amount exceeding the sum awarded on their account by the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims, as hereinafter set forth."
On May 31, 1865, the said firm of Augustine Heard and Company was dissolved by the agreement of the members thereof. On August 5, 1875, the plaintiffs were severally adjudicated bankrupts in the United States District Court for the district of Massachusetts. On September 11, 1875, assignments in bankruptcy in the usual form were made to the defendants, and on July 20, 1877, the plaintiffs received their discharge in bankruptcy. The said firm and each of the plaintiffs individually were solvent when said firm was dissolved, and all the debts owed by the plaintiffs at the time of their said adjudication in bankruptcy were incurred after said dissolution. The estate of said bankrupts received by the defendants hitherto has been insufficient to pay in full the debts of the bankrupts.
In December, 1886, an award was made by the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims established under the Act of Congress approved June 5, 1882, to the defendants as assignees in bankruptcy of the plaintiffs in proceedings in said court to which the plaintiffs in his action were parties, on account of the said payments of war premiums by the plaintiffs, and was in part paid to the defendants by the United States. Of the sum so awarded and paid there remains in the hands of the defendants, after paying the reasonable expenses of prosecuting the claim before said court of commissioners and collecting the award, the sum of thirteen thousand six hundred and twelve and 85/100 ($13,612.85) dollars. The amount of the Geneva award remaining unappropriated was insufficient to pay the war premium awards in full.
"The Treaty of Washington, between the United States and Great Britain, promulgated July 4, 1871; the decisions rendered by the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva, and the final decision and award made by said tribunal on September 18, 1872; the Acts of Congress of June 23, 1874, and June 5, 1882, respectively, creating and reestablishing the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims; the several acts of Congress relating to the said courts and the payment of their awards, are to be treated as facts in this case, and may be referred to at the argument."
"No controversy or question exists between the parties as to the proportions in which the several plaintiffs are entitled, if at all, to the sum recovered or as to the distribution of the same, and it is agreed that if upon the foregoing facts the plaintiffs are entitled to recover, judgment is to be entered for them and the case is to stand for the assessment of damages; otherwise judgment for the defendants. It is further agreed that in either event the expenses of this action and reasonable counsel fees to each party may be paid out of the fund in the defendants' hands."
There was a judgment for the plaintiffs, two of the judges dissenting (146 Mass. 545), the rescript being entered April 25, 1888. By agreement, damages were assessed at $10,000, and in accordance therewith judgment for that amount was entered on the 5th of June, 1888. To review that judgment, this writ of error was prosecuted.
One of the defendants having died and the other having resigned his trust, the present plaintiff in error was appointed assignee, and he thereafter regularly entered his appearance in the case.
MR. JUSTICE LAMAR, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the Court.
The single question on the merits of the case is whether, at the date of their adjudication in bankruptcy, the claim of the defendants in error for war premiums passed to their assignees in bankruptcy as a part of their estate.
award, the defendants in error asserting that it did not pass to their assignees in bankruptcy under section 5044 of the Revised Statutes and the plaintiff in error insisting that the claim was a part of their estate at the date of their adjudication in bankruptcy, and did pass to the assignees under that section of the Revised Statutes. The assignee's claim to the award is based on that section of the statutes, and as the state court decided against him, this Court has jurisdiction under section 709 of the Revised Statutes to review that judgment, for the decision of the state court was against a "right" or "title" claimed under a statute of the United States, within the meaning of that section.
The case upon the merits is more difficult. There is high authority in the state courts in support of the judgment of the court below. The same general question had arisen in New York, in Maryland, and in Maine, and in each instance the decision has been, like the one we are reviewing, against the assignee. See Taft v. Marsily, 120 N.Y. 474; Brooks v. Ahrens, 68 Md. 212, and Kingsbury v. Mattocks, 81 Me. 310. But as the question is one arising under the bankruptcy statute of the United States, we cannot rest our judgment upon those adjudications alone, however persuasive they may be.
"after the most careful perusal of all that has been urged on the part of the government of the United States in respect of these claims, they have arrived individually and collectively at the conclusion that these claims do not constitute, upon the principles of international law applicable to such cases, good foundation for an award of compensation of computation of damages between nations, and should upon such principles be wholly excluded from the consideration of the tribunal in making its award, even if there were no disagreement between the two governments as to the competency of the tribunal to decide thereon."
Messages and Documents, Department of State, vol. 4, pt. 2, 1872-73, p. 20.
This declaration of the tribunal was accepted by the President of the United States as determinative of their judgment upon the question of public law involved, and accordingly those indirect claims were not insisted upon before the tribunal, and were not in fact taken into consideration in making their award. Id., 21.
The tribunal finally awarded to the United States $15,500,000 as indemnity for losses sustained by citizens of this country by reason of the acts of the aforesaid cruisers, and that sum was paid over by Great Britain.
most natural disposition of the fund that could be made by Congress was in the payment of such losses. But no individual claimant had, as a matter of strict legal or equitable right, any lien upon the fund awarded, nor was Congress under any legal or equitable obligation to pay any claim out of the proceeds of that fund.
We premise this much to show that, as respects the various claims both of the first and second classes for which payment was after wards provided by Congress, they stood on a basis of equality in the matter of legal right on the part of the claimants to demand their payment, or legal obligation on the part of the government of the United States to pay them. There was undoubtedly a moral obligation on the United States to bestow the fund received upon the individuals who had suffered losses at the hands of the Confederate cruisers, and in this sense all the claims of whatsoever nature were possessed of greater or less pecuniary value. There was at least a possibility of their payment by Congress -- an expectancy of interest in the fund, that is, a possibility coupled with an interest.
The first provision made for the distribution of this fund was by the Act of June 23, 1874, 18 Stat. 245, c. 459. By that act, there was established a court known as the "Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims," to be composed of five judges, whose duties, among other things, were to receive and examine all claims admissible under the act that might be presented to them, directly resulting from damage caused by the aforementioned Confederate cruisers. By section 8, the court was to exist for one year from the date of its first convening and organizing, and the President might by proclamation extent its existence for six months more. By subsequent acts of Congress, the existence of the court was continued until January 1, 1877, to enable it to complete the business for which it was created.
"directly resulting from damage done on the high seas by Confederate cruisers during the late Rebellion, including vessels and cargoes attacked on the high seas, although the loss or damage occurred within four miles of the shore,"
and claims of the second class were those "for the payment of premiums for war risks, whether paid to corporations, agents, or individuals, after the sailing of any Confederate cruiser."
As already stated, the defendants in error were adjudicated bankrupts August 5, 1875, and were discharged July 20, 1877. No steps were taken in the matter of their claim until after the passage of the act of 1882. The award was made by the court of commissioners in December, 1886, that court finding that the assignees of the defendants in error were entitled to such award.
It is urged on behalf of the plaintiff in error that this finding, that the assignees were entitled to the amount of the award on this claim, was final and not subject to review in any other court or tribunal. In other words, it is insisted that the decision of that court, both as respects the amount to be paid on the claims and also as to who was entitled to receive that amount, was final and irrevocable.
judgment of the court as to who were the owners of the respective claims submitted should be considered final and irrevocable.
Passing now to the most important question in the case, we are to consider whether the claim passed to the assignees of the defendants in error by virtue of the deed of assignment in their bankruptcy proceedings, or whether, on the other hand, it never constituted a part of the estate until the passage of the act of 1882. From the agreed statement of facts, it is ascertained that the assignments in bankruptcy were in the usual form.
By section 5044, Rev.Stat., it is provided that "all the estate, real and personal, of the bankrupt, with all his deeds, books, and papers relating thereto," shall be conveyed to the assignee immediately after he is appointed and qualified. Section 5046 puts the assignee in the same position as regards all manner and description of the bankrupt's property (except that specifically exempt) as the bankrupt himself would have occupied had no assignment been made. And subsequent sections establish in the assignee the right to sue for and recover all the bankrupt's "estate, debts, and effects" in his own name, and otherwise represent the bankrupt in every particular as respects the latter's property, of whatever species or description.
nevertheless there was at all times a moral obligation on the part of the government to do justice to those who had suffered in property. As we have shown from the history of the proceedings leading up to the organization of the tribunal at Geneva, these war premiums of insurance were recognized by the government of the United States as valid claims for which satisfaction should be guaranteed. There was thus at all times a possibility that the government would see that they were paid. There was a possibility of their being at some time valuable. They were rights growing out of property -- rights, it is true, that were not enforceable until after the passage of the act of Congress for the distribution of the fund. But the act of Congress did not create the rights. They had existed at all times since the losses occurred. They were created by reason of losses having been suffered. All that the act of Congress did was to provide a remedy for the enforcement of the right.
The claims in this case differ very materially from a claim for a disability pension, to which they are sought to be likened. They are descendible, are a part of the estate of the original claimants which, in case of their death, would pass to their personal representatives and be distributable as assets, or might have been devised by will, while a claim for a pension is personal, and not susceptible of passing by will, or by operation of law, as personalty.
courts determine the ownership of the money awarded only on the ground that it follows the ownership of the property as compensation for which the awards were made. Congress did not, however, in these statutes, specify the persons entitled to receive the money otherwise than by describing the claims to be admitted, except that it provided for the exclusion of claims for the loss of property insured to the extents of the indemnity received from the insurance, and that no claim should be allowed 'in favor of any person not entitled at the time of the loss to the protection of the United States in the premises,' nor 'in favor of any person who did not at all times during the late Rebellion bear true allegiance to the United States.'"
"It is not universally, though it may ordinarily be, one test of right that it may be enforced in a court of justice. Claims and debts due from a sovereign are not ordinarily capable of being so enforced. Neither the King of Grant Britain nor the government of the United States is suable in the ordinary courts of justice for debts due by either; yet who will doubt that such debts are rights? It does not follow because an unjust sentence is irreversible that the party has lost all right to justice, or all claim, upon principles of public law, to remuneration. With reference to mere municipal law, he may be without remedy. but with reference to principles of international law, he has a right both to the justice of his own and the foreign sovereign."
1 Pet. 26 U. S. 216.
still an interest, or at all events a possibility coupled with an interest."
1 Pet. 26 U. S. 218-219.
The principles of that case were applied in Milnor v. Metz, 16 Pet. 221, to the case of a claim for extra pay for services rendered by a bankrupt as gauger at the port of Philadelphia, which, although presented to Congress prior to his adjudication in bankruptcy, was not recognized by that body or satisfied until afterwards, the court holding that the claim passed to the assignee as part of the bankrupt's estate, and that the doctrine of donation did not apply.
"There is no element of a donation in the payment ultimately made in such cases. Nations no more than individuals make gifts of money to foreign strangers. Nor is it material that the claim cannot be enforced by a suit under municipal law which authorizes such a proceeding. In most instances, the payment of the simplest debt of the sovereign depends wholly upon his will and pleasure. The theory of the rule is that the government is always ready and willing to pay promptly whatever is due to the creditor. . . . It is enough that the right exists when the transfer is made, no matter how remote or uncertain the time of payment. The latter does not affect the former. . . . If the thing be assigned, the right to collect the proceeds adheres to it and travels with it whithersoever the property may go. They are inseparable. Vested rights ad rem and in re -- possibilities coupled with an interest on claims growing out of property -- pass to the assignee."
99 U.S. 99 U. S. 303-304. To the same effect are Erwin v. United States, 97 U. S. 392; Bachman v. Lawson, 109 U. S. 659.
There is nothing in United States v. Weld, 127 U. S. 51, that militates against the view herein presented. In that case it was held that, as respects the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims to entertain the suit against the United States under section 1066, Rev.Stat., the claim must be regarded as growing out of the act of 1882, because that act furnished the remedy by which the rights of the claimant might be enforced. But that is an entirely different proposition from the one contended for here by the defendants in error -- that the claim was created by that act.
Reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
MR. JUSTICE BRADLEY was not present at the argument, and took no part in the decision.

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