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Outside of the urinary tract, foreign bodies that are implanted (such as pacemakers, central nervous system shunts, heart valves, and joints) usually remain uninfected. Urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomial infection in the United States, and the vast majority of such cases are the result of bladder catheterization. Other less common foreign-body infections in the urinary tract involve prosthetic devices such as stents, bladder sphincters, and penile implants. The diagnosis of catheter-related urinary tract infection is based on both clinical and laboratory information. Bladder catheterization is by far the most common situation in which infection associated with a foreign body occurs in the urinary tract. Complications of bladder catheterization are relatively frequent and may be serious. Urinary tract stones are a common problem in patients with chronic indwelling catheters and may occur in part as a result of chronic or repeated infections with urease-splitting organisms such as Proteus species. The frequency of symptomatic urinary tract infections in patients with ureteral stents varies greatly.
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