Source: https://www.michaelrehm.com/people-v-lopez-188-cal-app-3d-592-1986
Timestamp: 2019-04-26 00:04:20+00:00

Document:
FRANK LOPEZ, Defendant and Appellant.
Kyle Gee, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
John K. Van de Kamp, Attorney General, Robert D. Marshall and David de Alba, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Defendant appeals from a conviction for violating Penal Code sections 211 and 148.
On the evening of January 4, 1985, Kenneth Guinn left the High Hat Bar in Firebaugh. Mr. Guinn noticed a little dog and followed the dog toward a dumpster to feed it a burrito. Three men tackled him. One had a stick. They robbed him of his comb, glasses, wallet and $1.50 in spare change separate from the wallet. Mr. Guinn did not recognize the assailants nor did he see their faces or remember their voices.
Firebaugh Reserve Police Officers Vallejo and Pulido drove past the defendant and two other men standing in front of a donut shop on “O” Street. They were driving a marked patrol car visible to the three men as the officers drove past. Officer Pulido dropped off Officer Vallejo in an alley around the corner from the shop. Officer Pulido parked the patrol car next to the alley.
At that time, the three men were bent over something next to a dumpster. As they left the area, Guinn stood up and yelled, “I have been robbed.” After following the three men some distance on foot, Vallejo identified himself as a police officer and ordered the three men to stop. Two of them stopped. Frank Lopez, however, continued to walk away quickly.
Pulido had driven the squad car to Vallejo's location and as he left the vehicle, he too ordered the three men to stop after identifying himself as a police officer. Frank Lopez continued to walk away quickly. Officer Pulido again ordered Frank Lopez to halt. The defendant started running and Pulido again yelled, “Police.” Lopez continued to run away from the scene. During the ensuing chase, the defendant began to raise his right hand carrying what appeared to be a gun. Officer Pulido then fired a shot toward Lopez. Pulido finally caught and arrested Lopez. The stick, the gun and the wallet were never found.
The jury was instructed on the definition of the term “willful” and given CALJIC No. 16.100.
On appeal, the defendant asserts that knowledge is an element of section 148 requiring instruction. Failure to properly instruct the jury on an element of an offense was reversible per se. The trial court had a sua sponte duty to instruct that the excessive force used by Officer Pulido in arresting the defendant made the arrest unlawful. The trial court also had the duty, sua sponte, to instruct that the People had the burden of proving a lawful arrest. Because resisting arrest was indivisibly part of the robbery, the trial court erred in sentencing defendant concurrently for violation of sections 211 and 148. The sentence as to section 148 should have been stayed.
(1) Although the sections are parallel, unlike section 834a, section 148 does not expressly make knowledge an element of the offense of resisting arrest. (2a) Defendant argues that substantive due process requires that knowledge be an implied element in the statute. Otherwise, people could be found guilty of resisting arrest without realizing that someone is in fact a police officer. This would be especially true for officers working under cover.
The state replies that section 148 is a general intent crime that does not require proof of specific intent to thwart an arrest. Defendant knew or should have known that Officer Pulido was a policeman. The term “willful” is synonymous with intent. (In re Smith (1972) 7 Cal.3d 362, 364 [102 Cal. Rptr. 335, 497 P.2d 807].) The People argue that because the jury was instructed properly by the court's instruction of intent via its definition of willful, the jury necessarily decided the issue of defendant's intent to resist arrest. It is sufficient that a defendant intends to do an act without a separate showing of a specific intent to violate the law or of knowledge that an act is a crime.
In re Stanridge (1937) 23 Cal. App.2d 95 [72 P.2d 162], disapproved on other grounds, implies at page 97 that Penal Code section 148 requires a showing that a defendant must know that the person arresting him is an officer.
The Scrivens case is dictum on this point and is not binding on this court.
General intent crimes proscribe particular acts. Reference is not made to the actor's intent to achieve further acts or future consequences as to the restricted action. There must be, however, awareness by the actor that the illegal act is being done within the terms of the statute. This is knowledge, not specific intent. Specific intent is the requirement that the criminal actor intends to do a further act or to achieve an additional consequence beyond the initial culpable act.
(2b) In the instant action, the act of fleeing from an officer trying to make a lawful arrest is proscribed. Before one can be found culpable, however, he or she must know, or through the exercise of reasonable care should have known, that the person attempting to make the arrest is an officer. Otherwise the statute is overbroad. It would make mere flight or fear of capture an offense.
The anomaly that section 834a requires knowledge while section 148 does not is also avoided by this holding. The instant action is analogous to Calban, Hernandez and Vogel. The opposite conclusion would be inconsistent with Penal Code section 20, which requires mens rea. It is also inconsistent with Penal Code section 26 which also requires mens rea, although it defines mens rea negatively as ignorance or mistake of fact negating criminal intent. In effect, Penal Code section 20 makes mens rea a requirement to act culpably. Section 26 creates an affirmative defense by allowing a defendant to show that there was no criminal intent.
Calban also confronted inconsistent Elections Code sections. Unlike other Elections Code sections, section 29218 left out any reference to knowledge as an element of the crime. This court nevertheless concluded that to be culpable a defendant charged under section 29218 had to have knowledge that affidavits were falsely prepared.
The underlying policy of the law, identified by Justice Rouse in the Parker case, is to avoid making crimes strict liability offenses. That policy would be better served if Penal Code sections 148 and 834a were both found to contain a knowledge element.
The standard applied here is not the subjective belief by the defendant that he was being chased by someone other than a police officer. The standard used in section 834a is that of actual knowledge or what a reasonable person should have known. This is an objective standard for measuring the knowledge of the actor. Under this ruling, section 148 still remains a broader statute. This is so because it not only proscribes resisting arrest, but it also limits other forms of hindering a police officer or other public official from executing the duties of his or her office.
The trial court and counsel on both sides relied upon CALJIC No. 16.100. This instruction is in turn founded upon the misleading dictum of People v. Scrivens, supra, 276 Cal. App.2d 429, 433. CALJIC No. 16.100 in future cases involving violations of section 148 should include knowledge as an element.
The trial court's failure to instruct the jury on the element of knowledge was error. The question remains whether the error is reversible.
The Garcia-Croy automatic reversal standard of review recognizes four exceptions: (1) the defendant is acquitted of the charge for which the erroneous instruction was given; (2) the issue of intent is conceded as a defense; (3) the actual defense posed by omitting the instruction was necessarily resolved against the defendant under proper instructions; and (4) the parties recognize intent as an issue, address the issue with all the evidence at their command, and intent is not only established as a matter of law but the contrary evidence is shown unworthy of consideration. The Garcia-Croy exceptions to automatic reversal have been applied very sparingly.
(5) Knowledge in the instant action has been demonstrated as an element to resisting arrest. Knowledge, like intent, is a fundamental element to the crime charged. The failure to instruct the jury on the definition of the term knowledge was error.
Rose v. Clark reasons that the very purpose of a trial is to decide the factual question of guilt or innocence. Where a trial is tainted with constitutional error that undermines the trial as a vehicle for determining guilt or innocence, then a reviewing court need not consider particular evidence. The high court uses three examples of fundamentally unfair cases requiring automatic reversal: (1) introduction of coerced confessions; (2) complete denial of the right to counsel; or (3) adjudication by a biased judge.
As this court recently recognized at footnote 8 in People v. Herbst (1986) 186 Cal. App.3d 793, 803 [233 Cal. Rptr. 123], the Garcia-Croy rule is based upon the California Supreme Court's interpretation of the United States Constitution. As we recognized in People v. Herbst, the Garcia-Croy standard of review has been superseded by Rose v. Clark. Rose v. Clark uses the Chapman standard for review of error.
The error cited by this defendant is not reversible under the Rose decision. It is uncontradicted that the arresting officers were driving a marked patrol car in plain view on city streets. After hearing the victim shout, “I have been robbed,” Officer Vallejo jumped out of the patrol car ordering all three suspects to stop. He identified himself as a police officer. Two of the suspects in fact stopped.
The defendant, however, fled. Officer Pulido pursued him. Twice during the chase he identified himself as a police officer and ordered the defendant to stop. He also fired at the defendant once. The only fact not established at trial is whether the officers were in uniform at the time of the arrests. No evidence was offered to rebut the officers' testimony of these facts. The defendant failed to state any facts that he lacked knowledge that these were police officers. This sort of negative evidence would act as an affirmative defense under Penal Code section 26, the Hernandez and Vogel cases.
There was no evidence, for instance, that the defendant was deaf and could not hear Officers Vallejo and Pulido as they ordered him to halt. There was no testimony that the officers were in plain clothes. There was no evidence offered by the defendant that he was blind or in some other way handicapped so that he could not perceive that these were police officers.
Under the Rose-Chapman standard of review, there is nothing factually to support the defendant's theory on appeal. The evidence that defendant knew, or exercising reasonable care should have known, that these were police officers attempting to arrest him is overwhelming. There is no evidence to the contrary. The alleged error did not contribute to the verdict on section 148 beyond a reasonable doubt.
Connecticut v. Johnson, supra, 460 U.S. 73, and Garcia-Croy advanced exception number two to the automatic reversal rule: that the issue of intent is conceded as a defense. Here, defendant's counsel advanced the theory that his client fled the police because he had been involved in an earlier altercation. This is a concession that the defendant knew he was being chased by police after being told to stop. The issue of knowledge is directly analogous to the intent issue analyzed in the federal and California decisions. Even if the automatic reversal rule under Garcia and Croy survives under the California Constitution, exception two applies to this case. Defense counsel conceded the issue at trial. Furthermore, the defendant never raised this issue at trial. The verdict below is affirmed.
A careful analysis of the Penal Code shows that knowledge is indeed an element of Penal Code section 148. Knowledge should not be confused with specific intent. Penal Code section 148, even with a knowledge element, is still a general intent crime. The trial court should have instructed the jury on the definition of the term “knowledge.” In the instant case, however, the evidence that the defendant had actual knowledge (or reasonably should have known) that he was being arrested by a police officer was overwhelming. Furthermore, the defendant actually conceded the issue that he had knowledge that these were police officers by the closing argument his counsel made at trial. Under the Rose v. Clark and the Garcia-Croy standards of review, the error is not reversible.
Brown (G.A.), P.J., and Best, J., concurred.
Appellant's petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied March 18, 1987.
[*] Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 976.1, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of parts III and IV.
 The jury was instructed, in part, as follows: “The word willful, when applied to the intent with which an act is done or omitted and as used in my instructions implies simply a purpose or willingness to commit the act or to make the admission in question. The word does not require in its meaning any intent to violate law or to injure another or to acquire any advantange [sic].
“…. …. …. …. ….
“The defendant, Frank Lopez, is charged in Count II with the violation of Penal Code Section 148, which provides every person who willfully resists, delays, or obstructs any peace officer in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of his office is guilty of a misdemeanor.
 Correcting current CALJIC No. 16.100 would be accomplished by incorporating knowledge into CALJIC No. 16.100 and defining knowledge using CALJIC No. 1.21. As modified, paragraph one of CALJIC No. 16.100 would read: Every person is guilty of a misdemeanor when he resists, delays, or obstructs any [public officer] [peace officer] discharging or attempting to discharge any duty of his office where the person knows, or should have known by exercising reasonable care, that the [public officer] [peace officer] is a [public officer] [peace officer].
[*] See footnote on page 592, ante.

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