Source: https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19830267/index.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 01:06:00+00:00

Document:
2 Early preventive measures must be taken in order to limit effects which could become harmful or a nuisance.
1 Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
Any person who causes measures to be taken under this Act must bear the costs.
1 Stricter regulations in other federal legislation are reserved.
1 Amended by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
2 Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
If the interests of national defence so require, the Federal Council regulates exemptions from the provisions of this Act by means of ordinances.
1 Repealed by Art. 2 No I of the Federal Decree of 27 Sept. 2013 (Aarhus Convention), with effect from 1 June 2014 (AS 2014 1021; BBl 2012 4323).
2 Air pollution, noise, vibrations and radiation are referred to as emissions when discharged from installations, and as ambient pollution levels2 at their point of impact.
4 Infrasound and ultra sound are regarded as noise.
7 Installations are buildings, traffic routes and other fixed facilities as well as modifications of the terrain. Appliances, machines, vehicles, ships and aircraft are also regarded as installations.
2 In context, 'pollution' can be replaced by the agent, i.e. 'ambient air pollution level', 'ambient noise level', 'ambient radiation level', 'ambient vibration level'.
3 Amended by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
4 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
5 Amended by Annex No II 2 of the Chemicals Act of 15 Dec. 2000, in force since 1 Aug. 2005 (AS 2004 4763, 2005 2293; BBl 2000 687).
6 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
7 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
8 Inserted by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
9 Amended by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
10 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
11 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445). Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
12 Inserted by Art. 2 No I of the Federal Decree of 27 Sept. 2013 (Aarhus Convention), in force since 1 June 2014 (AS 2014 1021; BBl 2012 4323).
13 Corrected by the Federal Assembly Drafting Committee (Art. 58 para. 1 ParlA; SR 171.10).
14 Inserted by the Annex to the FA of 21 March 2014, in force from 1 Aug. 2016 until 30 June 2020 (AS 2016 2661; BBl 2013 5737 5783).
Effects are assessed individually, collectively and according to their actions in combination.
1 Repealed by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, with effect from 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
1 Any person who operates or intends to operate installations which, in exceptional circumstances, could seriously damage people or their natural environment must take the measures required to protect the population and the environment.1 In particular, suitable sites must be chosen, the required safety distances must be observed, technical safety measures must be taken and the monitoring of the installation and organisation of the alarm system must be ensured.
2 The cantons coordinate the services responsible for disaster prevention and designate a reporting agency.
4 The Federal Council may prohibit by ordinance certain production methods and the keeping of certain stocks if there is no other way of protecting the population and the natural environment adequately.
2 Amended by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
1 Before taking any decision on the planning, construction or modification of installations, an authority must assess their impact on the environment at the earliest possible stage.
2 The requirement of an environmental impact assessment applies to installations that could cause substantial pollution to environmental areas to the extent that it is probable that compliance with regulations on environmental protection can only be ensured through measures specific to the project or site.
3 The Federal Council designates the types of installation that are subject to an environmental impact assessment; it may stipulate threshold values above which the assessment must be carried out. It reviews the types of installation and threshold values periodically and adjusts these if required.
1 Any person who wishes to plan, construct or modify an installation that is subject to an environmental impact assessment must submit an environmental impact report to the competent authority. This forms the basis for the environmental impact assessment.
the foreseeable residual environmental impact.
3 In order to prepare for the report, a preliminary investigation is carried out. If the preliminary investigation conclusively ascertains the effects on the environment and the environmental protection measures required, the results of the preliminary investigation are deemed to be the report.
4 The competent authority may request information or further clarification. It may call for expert reports; before doing so, the authority must allow interested parties the opportunity to state their opinions.
1 Amended by Art. 2 No I of the Federal Decree of 27 Sept. 2013 (Aarhus Convention), in force since 1 June 2014 (AS 2014 1021; BBl 2012 4323).
1 The environmental protection agencies assess the preliminary investigation and the report and proposes the measures required to the competent decision-making authority. The Federal Council issues regulations on the time limits for the assessment.
2 The competent authority must also consult the Federal Office for the Environment (the Federal Office) when the assessment concerns refineries, aluminium smelters, thermal power stations, or large cooling towers. The Federal Council may extend the duty to consult to cover other installations.
1 Any person may inspect the report and the results of the environmental impact assessment unless overriding public or private interests require secrecy.
2 Trade and business secrecy must be preserved in all cases.
the information under Article 46.
3 The environmental protection agencies shall advise the authorities and private individuals. They shall advise the public on environmentally sound behaviour and recommend measures to reduce environmental pollution.
4 Environmental information must if possible be made available as open digital data records.
The Federal Council shall assess the state of the environment in Switzerland at least every four years and shall submit a report on the results to the the Federal Assembly.
1 Any person has the right to inspect environmental information in official documents and information relating to energy regulations that relate the environment and to request information from the authorities about the content of these documents.
2 In the case of federal authorities, this right is governed by the Freedom of Information Act of 17 December 20041 (FoIA). Article 23 FoIA applies only to documents that contain information under paragraph 1 relating to nuclear installations.
3 The right to inspect also applies in the case of public corporations and private individuals who have been entrusted with enforcement duties but which do not have the power to issue rulings in accordance with Article 5 of the Administrative Procedure Act of 20 December 19682. In these cases, the competent enforcement authority shall issue rulings under Article 15 FoIA.
4 In the case of cantonal authorities, the right is governed by cantonal law. If the cantons have not issued provisions on the access to documents, they shall apply the provisions of this Act and the FoIA mutatis mutandis.
1 Air pollution, noise, vibrations and radiation are limited by measures taken at their source (limitation of emissions).
2 Irrespective of the existing environmental pollution, as a precautionary measure emissions are limited as much as technology and operating conditions allow, provided that this is economically acceptable.
3 Emissions are limited more strictly if the effects are found or expected to be harmful or a nuisance, taking account of the existing level of environmental pollution.
regulations on thermal and motor fuels.
2 Limits are prescribed by ordinance or, in cases where an ordinance makes no such provision, by rulings based directly on this Act.
1 The Federal Council stipulates by ordinance the ambient limit values1 for assessing harmful effects or nuisances.
2 In doing so, it also takes account of the effects of pollution levels on particularly sensitive groups such as children, the sick, the elderly and pregnant women.
does not harm soil fertility, vegetation or waters.
Ambient limit values for noise and vibrations must be set so that, in the light of current scientific knowledge and experience, ambient noise below these levels will not seriously disturb the well-being of the population.
1 Installations which do not comply with the provisions of this Act or with the environmental provisions of other federal acts must be improved.
2 The Federal Council enacts provisions on installations, the extent of the measures to be taken, the time limits and procedures.
3 Before ordering major improvement works, the authorities must request the operator of the installation to submit improvement proposals.
4 In urgent cases, the authorities must order improvements as a precautionary measure. In an emergency, they may order the shutdown of the installation.
1 The authorities must grant concessions if any improvement under Article 16, paragraph 2 is disproportionate in a particular case.
1 Amended by No I 10 of the FA of 17 March 2017 on the Stabilisation Programme 2017-2019, in force since 1 Jan. 2018 (AS 2017 5205; BBl 2016 4691).
1 Installations requiring improvement may be altered or extended only if they are improved at the same time.
2 Concessions granted under Article 17 may be qualified or revoked.
In order to assess the urgency of improvements (Art. 16 para. 2, and Art. 20), the Federal Council may set alarm values for ambient noise levels that are higher than the ambient limit values (Art. 15).
1 If ambient noise levels in existing buildings near existing roads, airports, railway installations or other public or licensed fixed installations cannot be reduced to below the alarm values by measures taken at their source, the owners of the buildings concerned are required to protect areas used for long-stay accommodation by providing soundproof windows or by other similar building measures.
the installation plans had already been made public.
1 Any person who wishes to construct a building for use as long-stay accommodation must take adequate soundproofing measures to protect it against internal and external noise and against vibration.
2 The Federal Council determines the minimum protection required by ordinance.
1 Building permits for new buildings intended for use as long-stay accommodation are issued, subject to paragraph 2, only if the ambient limit values are not exceeded.
The Federal Council lays down maximum planning values for the planning of new building zones and for protection against noise from new fixed installations. These planning values are lower than the ambient limit values.
2 If the planning values are exceeded in an existing but as yet undeveloped building zone intended for residential buildings or other buildings intended as long-stay accommodation, it must be reallocated for a use that is less sensitive to noise, unless the planning values can be met in the greater part of the area by the application of planning, design or structural measures.
1 Sentence inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
1 New fixed installations may be constructed only if the ambient noise levels emitted from these installations alone do not exceed the planning values in the surrounding area; the planning authority may request a forecast of noise levels.
2 Concessions may be granted if the installation is of overriding public benefit, in particular in relation to spatial planning, and compliance with the planning values would place a disproportionate burden on the project.1 However, subject to paragraph 3, the ambient limit values must not be exceeded in this case.
3 If ambient limit values cannot be met during the construction of new roads, airports, railway installations or other public or licensed fixed installations by measures taken at source, buildings affected by the noise must be protected by soundproof windows or other similar building measures and the owner of the installation must bear the costs.
2 To this end, the manufacturer or importer is responsible for their own self-regulation.
provide recipients with instructions so that, when the substances are handled correctly, they do not present a danger to the environment or indirectly endanger people.
2 Amended by Annex No II 2 of the Chemicals Act of 15 Dec. 2000, in force since 1 Aug. 2005 (AS 2004 4763, 2005 2293; BBl 2000 687).
1 Substances may only be handled in such a way that they, their derivatives or their waste cannot present a danger to the environment or indirectly endanger people.
2 Instructions from manufacturers or importers must be complied with.
1 The Federal Council may enact regulations on substances which, due to their properties, method of use or the quantities used, may present a danger to the environment or indirectly endanger people.
substances or their derivatives that can accumulate in the environment, such as chlorinated organic compounds and heavy metals.
2 The handling of genetically modified organisms is governed by the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 20031.
3 Regulations in other federal acts that serve to protect people's health against immediate danger from organisms are reserved.
1 Any person who handles pathogenic organisms that he may not release for experimental purposes (Art. 29c) or put into circulation for uses in the environment (Art. 29d) must take all the containment measures required, in particular due to the risk that the organisms represent to the environment and to people.
2 The Federal Council shall introduce a notification or authorisation obligation for handling of pathogenic organisms.
3 For certain pathogenic organisms and activities, the Federal Council may provide for a simplification of the notification or authorisation obligation or for exemptions if, in the light of current scientific knowledge or experience, an infringement of the principles contained in Article 29a is excluded.
1 Any person who wishes for experimental purposes to release pathogenic organisms that may not be put into circulation for uses in the environment (Art. 29d) requires the authorisation of the Confederation.
the information provided to the general public.
3 For certain pathogenic organisms, it may provide for a simplification of the authorisation obligation or for exemptions if, in the light of current scientific knowledge or experience, an infringement of the principles contained in Article 29a is excluded.
1 Organisms may not be put into circulation for uses in which the principles contained in Article 29a are infringed despite their being handled in accordance with the relevant provisions.
2 The manufacturer or importer carries out its own self-regulation for this purpose. The Federal Council enacts regulations on the nature, extent and supervision of the self-regulation.
3 Pathogenic organisms may be put into circulation for uses in the environment only with the authorisation of the Confederation.
4 The Federal Council determines the requirements and the procedure and regulates the information provided to the general public. For certain pathogenic organisms, it may provide for a simplification of the authorisation obligation or for exemptions if, in the light of current scientific knowledge or experience, an infringement of principles contained in Article 29a is excluded.
1 Applications for authorisations under Articles 29c paragraph 1, 29d paragraph 3 and 29f paragraph 2 letter b shall be published by the issuing authority in the Federal Gazette and made available for public inspection for 30 days.
2 Any person who is a party in accordance with the Federal Act of 20 December 19682 on Administrative Procedure may file an objection with the issuing authority during the public inspection period. Persons who fail to file an objection are excluded from any further proceedings.
1 Inserted by No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435).
provide recipients with instructions so that handling according to the provisions will not result in any breach of the principles contained in Article 29a.
2 Instructions from manufacturers and importers must be complied with.
1 The Federal Council shall issue further regulations on handling of organisms, their metabolic products and wastes if, due to their properties, the form of their use or the quantity used, the principles contained in Article 29a may be breached.
require public hearings in connection with licensing procedures.
The Swiss Expert Committee for Biosafety and the Federal Ethics Committee on Non-human Biotechnology (Art. 22 and 23 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 20031) advise the Federal Council on the issue of regulations and on the enforcement of provisions on organisms.
1 The production of waste should be avoided wherever possible.
2 Waste must be recovered wherever possible.
3 Waste must be disposed of in an environmentally compatible way and, insofar as this is possible and reasonable, within Switzerland.
require manufacturers to avoid production waste where there is no known environmentally compatible process for its disposal.
1 The Federal Council may require certain types of waste that are suitable for recovery or that need special treatment to be handed over separately for disposal.
to charge a minimum deposit and to refund this when the product is returned.
the surplus to be used to cover losses from refunding deposits and to encourage the return of products on which deposits are paid.
1 Waste intended for deposit in a landfill must be treated so that it contains as little organic bound carbon as possible and is as insoluble as possible in water.
2 Waste must not be burned other than in incineration plants; the foregoing does not apply to the burning of natural forest, field and garden waste provided that this causes no excessive ambient pollution levels.
3 The Federal Council may issue further regulations on treatment for specific types of waste.
restrict the use of substances and products for certain purposes if this will promote the sale of equivalent products made from recovered waste without significant loss of quality or additional cost.
1 Waste may be deposited only in landfills.
2 Any person wishing to set up or operate a landfill requires authorisation from the relevant canton; this will be issued only if he furnishes proof that the site is necessary. The types of waste that may be deposited on the site are specified in the authorisation.
1 The Federal Council enacts regulations on handling of waste whose environmentally compatible disposal requires special measures (special waste). It also regulates the import, export and transit of such waste, paying special attention to the interests of regional cross-border cooperation as well as to the environmental impact of disposal facilities in Switzerland and abroad. It may also enact regulations for companies which from within Switzerland organise or are involved in handling of special waste.
may be accepted or imported only by companies with authorisation from the canton.
3 These authorisations are granted if environmentally compatible disposal is guaranteed.
1 Repealed by No I 2 of the FA of 21 Dec. 2007 on the Abolition and Simplification of Licensing Procedures, with effect from 1 June 2008 (AS 2008 2265; BBl 2007 315).
1 The Federal Council may enact regulations in accordance with Article 30f paragraphs 1 and 2 on handling of other forms of waste, if environmentally compatible disposal is not guaranteed.
1 The Federal Council enacts technical and organisational regulations on waste disposal facilities.
2 The authority may set a time limit for the operation of waste disposal facilities.
1 The cantons draw up a waste management plan. In particular, they establish their requirements for waste disposal facilities, avoid over-capacity, and decide on the sites for the waste disposal facilities.
2 They notify the Confederation of their waste management plan.
1 The cantons cooperate on waste management and disposal. They avoid over-capacity in waste disposal facilities.
to make suitable waste disposal facilities available to other cantons; where necessary, it determines how costs are to be shared.
1 Municipal waste, waste from the maintenance of public roads and from public waste water treatment as well as waste generated by persons unknown or unable to pay is disposed of by the cantons. For waste that must be recovered by the holder or the return of which must be accepted by third parties in accordance with special federal regulations, the duty of disposal is governed by Article 31c.
3 The holder must hand over the waste for collection by the services organised by the cantons or deliver it to the collection points determined by the cantons.
1 Amended by No II of the FA of 20 June 1997, in force since 1 Nov. 1997 (AS 1997 2243; BBl 1996 IV 1217).
1 Any other form of waste must be disposed of by its holder. He may instruct third parties to dispose of it.
2 Where necessary, the cantons may facilitate disposal of this waste by appropriate means. They may, in particular, determine catchment areas.
3 If the disposal of this waste requires only a few catchment areas in the whole of Switzerland, the Federal Council may determine them.
1 The holder of the waste bears the cost of its disposal, except for waste for which the Federal Council regulates the bearing of the cost in some other way.
2 If the holder cannot be identified or if he cannot fulfil his obligation under paragraph 1 because he is unable to pay, the cantons bear the cost of disposal.
the planned investment requirements for maintenance, improvements and replacements, for adaptation to statutory requirements and operational optimisation.
2 If imposing cost-covering charges on those responsible for the waste jeopardises the environmentally sustainable disposal of municipal waste, disposal may be financed differently to the extent required.
3 The operators of the waste disposal facilities must form the required financial reserves.
4 The principles for the calculation of the charges must be made available to the public.
1 Inserted by No II of the FA of 20 June 1997, in force since 1 Nov. 1997 (AS 1997 2243; BBl 1996 IV 1217).
1 The Federal Council may require manufacturers and importers who put products into circulation which, after use by a large number of holders, become waste and have to be given special treatment or are suitable for recovery to pay a prepaid disposal fee to a private organisation appointed and supervised by the Confederation. This fee is used to finance the disposal of the waste by private individuals or public corporations.
2 The Federal Council sets the minimum and maximum amount of the fee on the basis of the cost of disposal. Within this framework, the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications2 determines the level of the fee.
3 The Federal Council lays down the methods of collecting and using the fee. It may, in particular, require that persons putting products into circulation inform customers in an appropriate manner of the level of the fee.
2 The designation of the administrative entity was amended according to Art. 16 para. 3 of the Publication O of 17 Nov. 2004 (AS 2004 4937). This amendment has been made throughout the text.
1 Any person who operates or wishes to operate a landfill must guarantee that the costs of closure, after-care and remediation are covered by making reserves, by taking out insurance or in some other way.
2 If the operator of the landfill is himself the guarantor, he must notify the authority annually of the amount of the guarantee.
3 If a third party acts as guarantor, he must notify the authority of the existence, suspension and termination of the guarantee. The Federal Council may provide that the guarantee must not be suspended or terminated until 60 days after receipt of the notification.
make provision for the land on which the landfill is situated to become the property of the canton when the site is closed, and enact regulations concerning any compensation.
the proprietor acquired the property between 1 July 1972 and 1 July 1997.
2 The claim may be filed in the civil court at the location of the property. The relevant civil procedure code applies.
3 Claims under paragraph 1 may be filed at the latest by 1 November 2021.
1 Inserted by No I of the FA of 16 Dec. 2005, in force since 1 Nov. 2006 (AS 2006 2677; BBl 2003 5008 5043).
1 The cantons ensure that landfills and other sites polluted by waste (polluted sites) are remediated if such sites lead to harmful effects or nuisances or if there is a concrete risk that such effects may arise. The Federal Council may enact regulations about the need for remediation and on the objectives and urgency of remediation work.
2 The cantons draw up a register of polluted sites that is accessible to the public.
the person liable fails to act despite being reminded and allowed time to do so.
1 The person responsible bears the costs of the measures required to investigate, monitor and remediate polluted sites.
2 If two or more persons are responsible, they bear the costs according to their shares of the responsibility. The first to bear the costs is the person who caused the measures to be needed through his conduct. Any person who is responsible simply as the proprietor of the site does not bear any costs if, by exercising the required care, he could not have had any knowledge of the pollution.
3 The public authority concerned bears the share of the costs of any person responsible who cannot be identified or is unable to pay.
4 The authority issues a ruling on the allocation of costs if any person responsible so requests or if the authority is carrying out the measures itself.
5 If an investigation of a site entered in the register (Art. 32c para. 2) or for which an entry is planned reveals that the site is not polluted, the public authority concerned bears the costs of the investigative measures required.
1 The authority may request the person responsible to provide appropriate security to cover his probable share of the costs of investigation, monitoring and remediation where a polluted site is expected to cause harmful effects or nuisances.
2 The amount of the security is fixed in particular on the basis of the extent, nature and intensity of the pollution. It is adjusted if justified on the basis of improved knowledge of the situation.
there is an overriding public interest in the sale or in the division.
4 The cantonal authority may have the entry in the register of polluted sites noted in the land register entry for the property in question.
1 Inserted by No I of the FA of 22 March 2013, in force since 1 Nov. 2013, para. 3 and 4 in force since 1 July 2014 (AS 2013 3241; BBl 2012 9391 9403).
by any person who exports waste for deposit in a landfill, on the export of waste.
the investigation of sites that are not found to be polluted (Art. 32d para. 5).
30 per cent of the chargeable costs if waste was deposited at the site after 1 February 1996 but no later than 31 January 2001.
5 The Federal Council issues regulations on the procedure for collecting the charges and making the payments as well as on the chargeable costs.
6 Provision may be made under cantonal law for cantonal charges to finance the investigation, monitoring and remediation of polluted sites.
1 Inserted by No I of the FA of 26 Sept. 2014, in force since 1 April 2015 (AS 2015 865; BBl 2014 3673 3685).
2 Amended by No I of the FA of 26 Sept. 2014, in force since 1 April 2015 (AS 2015 865; BBl 2014 3673 3685).
3 Inserted by No I of the FA of 26 Sept. 2014, in force since 1 April 2015 (AS 2015 865; BBl 2014 3673 3685).
4 Amended by No I of the FA of 26 Sept. 2014, in force since 1 April 2015 (AS 2015 865; BBl 2014 3673 3685).
5 Amended by No I of the FA of 20 March 2009 (Rights to Payment for the Remediation of Shooting Ranges), in force since 1 Oct. 2009 (AS 2009 4739; BBl 2008 9213 9223).
6 Amended by No I of the FA of 26 Sept. 2014, in force since 1 April 2015 (AS 2015 865; BBl 2014 3673 3685).
7 Amended by No I of the FA of 26 Sept. 2014, in force since 1 April 2015 (AS 2015 865; BBl 2014 3673 3685).
8 Inserted by No I of the FA of 26 Sept. 2014, in force since 1 April 2015 (AS 2015 865; BBl 2014 3673 3685).
9 Amended by No I of the FA of 20 March 2009 (Rights to Payment for the Remediation of Shooting Ranges), in force since 1 Oct. 2009 (AS 2009 4739; BBl 2008 9213 9223).
2 The soil may be physically affected only to the extent that its fertility is not durably degraded; this does not apply to land used for building. The Federal Council may issue regulations or recommendations on measures against physical impacts such as erosion or compaction.
1 If soil fertility in certain areas is no longer guaranteed in the long term, the cantons must, in agreement with the Confederation, introduce to the required extent stricter regulations on requirements for sewage infiltration, limitation of emissions for installations, the use of substances and organisms or physical impacts on soil.
2 If the soil pollution endangers humans, animals or plants, the cantons must restrict the use of the soil to the required extent.
3 If the soil is intended for horticultural, agricultural or forestry use1 and it is impossible to cultivate it in a normal way in that location without endangering humans, animals or plants, the cantons must enact measures to reduce the soil pollution at least to such an extent that non-hazardous cultivation is possible.
1 Expression in German version in accordance with No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435). This amendment has been made throughout the Act.
1 The Federal Council may set guide values and soil remediation values for assessing pollution of the soil.
2 The guide values indicate the pollution level above which, in the light of current scientific knowledge or experience, soil fertility is no longer guaranteed in the long term.
3 The soil remediation values indicate the pollution level above which, in the light of current scientific knowledge or experience, certain uses are not possible without endangering humans, animals or plants.
1 Any person who imports volatile organic compounds or any person who, as a manufacturer, puts such compounds into circulation or uses them himself must pay an incentive tax to the Confederation.
2 The import of such compounds in paints and varnishes is also subject to the tax. The Federal Council may make the import of such compounds in other mixtures or articles subject to the tax if the quantities of these compounds are such as to pollute the environment to a considerable extent or if these compounds account for a significant proportion of the cost of the product.
they are used or treated in such a way that they are not released into the environment.
4 The Federal Council may grant tax relief to the extent of the additional costs incurred for volatile organic compounds which are so used or treated that their emissions are reduced to substantially below the legal requirements.
5 The Federal Council may exempt volatile organic compounds that are not environmentally hazardous from the tax.
6 The tax rate amounts to a maximum of five francs per kilogram of volatile organic compounds, plus a surcharge to take account of inflation from the date on which this provision comes into force.
the price of these substances and the price of alternative substances which are less harmful to the environment.
8 The Federal Council shall introduce the tax in stages and set the timetable and the rate for each stage in advance.
9 The revenue from the tax, including interest and under deduction of implementation costs, is shared equally among the population. The Federal Council regulates the distribution procedure. It may instruct the cantons, public corporations or private individuals to make the distribution.
2 Extra light heating oil with a sulphur content of more than 0.1 percent (% by mass) is exempted from the tax if it is in transit or being exported.
3 The tax rate amounts to a maximum of twenty francs per tonne of extra light heating oil with a sulphur content of more than 0.1 percent (% by mass), plus a surcharge to take account of inflation from the date on which this provision comes into force.
the requirements of the national economic supply.
5 The revenue from the tax, including interest and under deduction of implementation costs, is shared equally among the population. The Federal Council regulates the distribution procedure. It may instruct the cantons, public corporations or private individuals to make the distribution.
1 Amended by Annex 2 No 6 of the Mineral Oil Tax Act of 21 June 1996, in force since 1 Jan. 1997 (AS 1996 3376; BBl 1995 III 137).
1 Any person who imports, or in Switzerland produces or extracts petrol or diesel with a sulphur content of more than 0.001 per cent (% by mass) pays the Confederation an incentive tax.
2 Petrol and diesel with a sulphur content of more than 0.001 percent (% by mass) are exempted from the tax if they are in transit or being exported.
3 The tax amounts to a maximum of 5 centimes per litre plus a surcharge to take account of inflation from the date on which this provision comes into force.
4 The Federal Council may fix rates of tax that are different for petrol and diesel.
6 The revenue from the tax, including interest and under deduction of implementation costs, is shared equally among the population. The Federal Council regulates the distribution procedure. It may instruct the cantons, public corporations or private individuals to make the distribution.
1 Inserted by No I of the FA of 20 June 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4215; BBl 2002 6464).
2 If the conditions for exemption cannot be proved until after the tax has been collected, the taxes are refunded. The Federal Council may stipulate the requirements of proof and refuse a refund if this would cause disproportionate costs.
4 Any person who in Switzerland produces substances or organisms that are subject to the tax must declare them.
1 [BS 6 465; AS 1956 587, 1959 1343 Art. 11 No III, 1973 644, 1974 1857 Annex No 7, 1980 1793 No I 1, 1992 1670 No III, 1994 1634 No I 3, 1995 1816, 1996 3371 Annex 2 No 2, 1997 2465 Annex No 13, 2000 1300 Art. 92 1891 No VI 6, 2002 248 No I 1 Art. 41, 2004 4763 Annex No II 1, 2006 2197 Annex No 50. AS 2007 1411 Art. 131 para. 1]. See now: Customs Act 18 March 2005 (SR 631.0).
2 Amended by No I of the FA of 20 June 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4215; BBl 2002 6464).
4 Amended by Annex 2 No 6 of the Mineral Oil Tax Act of 21 June 1996, in force since 1 Jan. 1997 (AS 1996 3376; BBl 1995 III 137).
5 Amended by Annex 2 No 6 of the Mineral Oil Tax Act of 21 June 1996, in force since 1 Jan. 1997 (AS 1996 3376; BBl 1995 III 137).
6 Inserted by Annex 2 No 6 of the Mineral Oil Tax Act of 21 June 1996 (AS 1996 3376; BBl 1995 III 137). Amended by No I of the FA of 20 June 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4215; BBl 2002 6464).
1 If a substantial volume of biogenic motor and thermal fuels or mixtures that contain biogenic motor and thermal fuels that do not meet the requirements of Article 12b paragraphs 1 and 3 of the Mineral Oil Tax Act of 21 June 19961 are put into circulation, the Federal Council may provide that certain biogenic motor and thermal fuels that it designates may only be put into circulation if they meet specific ecological or social requirements.
2 Ethanol used for thermal purposes is exempted from the authorisation requirement.
Subject to the reservation of Article 41, the enforcement of this Act is the responsibility of the cantons.
Cantonal implementing provisions on disaster prevention (Art. 10), the environmental impact assessment (Art. 10a), improvement (Art. 16-18), soundproofing of buildings (Art. 20 and 21) and waste (Art. 30-32 and 32abis-32e) require the approval of the Confederation to be valid.
1 Amended by No I of the FA of 20 December 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701, 2012 2389; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
1 The Confederation supervises the enforcement of this Act.
2 It coordinates the enforcement measures of the cantons and of its own institutions and establishments.
3 The Federal Council decides on the methods of testing, measurement and calculation to be applied.
1 The Federal Council enacts the implementing provisions.
1 Inserted by Annex No II 2 of the Chemicals Act of 15 Dec. 2000, in force since 1 Jan. 2005 (AS 2004 4763, 2005 2293; BBl 2000 687).
3 Inserted by Annex No II 2 of the Chemicals Act of 15 Dec. 2000, in force since 1 Aug. 2005 (AS 2004 4763, 2005 2293; BBl 2000 687).
4 Amended by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
5 Repealed by Art. 12 No 2 of the Consultation Procedure Act of 18 March 2005, with effect from 1 Sept. 2005 (AS 2005 4099; BBl 2004 533).
1 The Federal Council may make placing series-produced installations on the market dependent on conformity assessments, labelling, registration or licensing according to the environmental pollution they produce.
2 It may recognise foreign tests, conformity assessments, labelling, registrations and authorisations.
1 Amended by Annex No 2 of the FA of 6 Oct. 1995 on Technical Barriers to Trade, in force since 1 July 1996 (AS 1996 1725; BBl 1995 II 521).
1 Amended by the Annex to the FA of 21 March 2014, in force from 1 Aug. 2016 until 30 June 2020 (AS 2016 2661; BBl 2013 5737 5783).
3 Amended by No I 14 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of Decision-making Procedures, in force since 1 Jan. 2000 (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591).
4 Amended by No I 14 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of Decision-making Procedures, in force since 1 Jan. 2000 (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591).
1 The Confederation and, within the scope of their responsibilities, the cantons shall cooperate with private sector organisations in enforcing this Act.
2 They may promote sectoral agreements by setting quantitative targets and deadlines for meeting them.
3 Before enacting implementing regulations, they must examine voluntary private sector measures. Wherever possible and necessary, they shall incorporate sectoral agreements into the implementing regulations in whole or in part.
1 The cantons shall set up a specialist agency to consider environmental questions or designate existing public agencies to carry out this task.
The enforcement authorities may entrust public corporations or private entities with enforcement duties, and in particular with control and monitoring.
a voluntary system for the evaluation and improvement of environmental protection in establishments (environmental management and auditing).
2 In so doing, it must take account of international law and internationally recognised technical standards.
1 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
1 The Confederation and the cantons conduct surveys on environmental pollution and check the effectiveness of measures taken in terms of this Act.
2 The Federal Council coordinates the federal and cantonal surveys and data collections.
1 If several sources of air pollution cause or are expected to cause harmful effects or nuisances, the authority concerned must draw up a plan of the measures that will contribute to reducing or eliminating these effects within a set time (action plan).
2 Action plans are binding for the authorities that are entrusted with enforcement by the cantons. They must make a distinction between measures which may be ordered immediately and measures for which the legal framework still has to be enacted.
3 If a plan provides for measures which come within the area of responsibility of the Confederation, the cantons must make the necessary applications to the Federal Council.
The Federal Council may require the regular inspection of installations such as oil-fired furnaces, waste disposal facilities and construction machinery.
1 Everyone is obliged to provide the authorities with the information required to enforce this Act and, if necessary, to conduct or acquiesce in the conduct of enquiries.
3 All those responsible for enforcing this Act as well as experts and members of commissions and technical committees are bound by official secrecy.
2 Repealed by Art. 2 No I of the Federal Decree of 27 Sept. 2013 (Aarhus Convention), with effect from 1 June 2014 (AS 2014 1021; BBl 2012 4323).
3 Amended by Annex No II 2 of the Chemicals Act of 15 Dec. 2000, in force since 1 Aug. 2005 (AS 2004 4763, 2005 2293; BBl 2000 687).
1 A fee is charged for licences, inspections and special services under this Act.
2 The rates are set by the Federal Council at federal level and by the competent authority under cantonal law at cantonal level.
1 Amended by Annex No 18 of the FA of 5 Oct. 1990 on Financial Aid and Subsidies (Subsidies Act), in force since 1 April 1991 (AS 1991 857; BBl 1997 I 369). The amendment in accordance with the FA of 20 June 2014 on Continuing Education and Training, in force since 1 Jan. 2017, relates only to the French and Italian texts (AS 2016 689; BBl 2013 3729).
3 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).
of noise abatement and soundproofing measures as part of the upgrading of the remainder of the road network on the basis of programme agreements with the cantons; the level of the contributions is based on the effectiveness of the measures.
2 The cantons shall report to the Confederation on the use of the contributions towards environmental protection measures along main roads that are to be upgraded with federal aid, and along other roads.
1 Amended by No II 22 of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006 on the New System of Fiscal Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFE), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 5779 5817; BBl 2005 6029).
The Confederation may contribute towards the cost of building and equipping the measuring, control and monitoring installations required to enforce this Act, provided these installations are used by two or more cantons.
2 Inserted by Annex No 18 of the Subsidies Act of 5 Oct. 1990, in force since 1 April 1991 (AS 1991 857; BBl 1997 I 369).
to funds that support developing and transition countries in the implementation of international agreements on the environment.
2 Contributions under paragraph 1 letter d are authorised as framework credits for two or more years in each case.
3 The Federal Council monitors the effective use of the funds authorised under this Act and reports to the Federal Assembly thereon.
1 Repealed by Annex No 18 of the Subsidies Act of 5 Oct. 1990 (AS 1991 857; BBl 1997 I 369). Amended by No I of the FA of 20 June 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4061; BBl 2002 7911).
Appeal proceedings are governed by the general provisions on the administration of federal justice.
1 Amended by Annex No 91 of the Administrative Court Act of 17 June 2005, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (AS 2006 2197; BBl 2004 4202).
2 Repealed by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, with effect from 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
it pursues non-profit making objects; any commercial activities must serve to achieve the non-profit making objects.
2 The right of appeal is available to organisations only for complaints in legal fields that have formed their objects in terms of their articles for a minimum of ten years.
3 The Federal Council designates the organisations that have the right to appeal.
4 The supreme executive body of the organisation is responsible for filing the appeal.
5 The organisations may authorise their legally independent cantonal and supra-cantonal subsidiary organisations to file objections and on a case-by-case basis to file appeals that relate to their local field of activity.
1 Amended by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391). The provision on economic activity in para. 1 let. b comes into force on 1 July 2010 (see No III para. 3 of the said amendment).
1 The authority notifies the organisations of its ruling under Article 55 paragraph 1 by written notice or by publication in the Official Federal Gazette or in the cantonal organ of publication.
2 If federal or cantonal law provides for an objection procedure, applications must also be published in accordance with paragraph 1.
1 Inserted by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
1 Organisations that have not sought legal recourse may only participate in subsequent proceedings as a party if they are prejudiced by a change in the ruling. For compulsory purchases, the Federal Act of 20 June 19302 on Compulsory Purchase applies.
2 If an organisation has not participated in objection proceedings under federal or cantonal law, it may no longer file an appeal.
3 If an organisation has not filed a permitted complaint against a land use plan that has the character of a ruling or if the complaint has been rejected with full legal effect, the organisation may no longer file the same complaints in subsequent proceedings.
4 Paragraphs 2 and 3 also apply to objections and appeals under cantonal law against land use plans.
1 If an applicant and organisation enter into an agreement on obligations that relate to public law matters, these agreements are deemed exclusively to be joint applications to the authority. The authority takes account of the result in its ruling or in its decision. It does not take account of the result if it is defective in terms of Article 49 of the Federal Act of 20 December 19682 on Administrative Procedure.
compensation for a waiver of legal action or for any other procedural conduct.
3 The appeal authority does not consider an appeal if it constitutes an abuse of the law or if the organisation has demanded unlawful benefits in terms of paragraph 2.
Construction work may begin before conclusion of the proceedings provided the outcome of the proceedings cannot have any influence on the work.
If the organisation loses the proceedings, it is liable for the costs of conducting the appeal before the federal authorities.
The organisation is active in Switzerland on a national basis.
It was established at least ten years prior to the filing of the appeal.
2 The Federal Council designates the organisations that have the right to appeal.
3 The Articles 55a and 55b paragraphs 1 and 2 apply.
2 The cantons also have this right in cases where effects from neighbouring cantons on their territory are a matter of contention.
1 Amended by No I 14 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of Decision-making Procedures, in force since 1 Jan. 2000 (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591).
2 Repealed by Annex No 91 of the Administrative Procedure Act of 17 June 2005, with effect from 1 Jan. 2007 (AS 2006 2197; BBl 2004 4202).
Communes have the right of appeal under federal and cantonal law against rulings by the cantonal and federal authorities made on the basis of this Act if they are affected by such rulings and have a legitimate interest in having them reversed or amended.
the President of the Federal Compulsory Purchase Tribunal may authorise the summary procedure if those affected by the compulsory purchase can be clearly identified.
3 Federal legislation on compulsory purchase applies to projects located on the territory of more than one canton.3 The Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications decides on the compulsory purchase in such cases.
The cost of measures taken by the authorities to prevent imminent pollution of the environment, to establish its existence, or to remedy it are charged to the person responsible for the pollution.
those in which substances are present for which the Federal Council has introduced a licensing requirement or other special regulations to protect the environment.
3 Any person who proves that the loss or damage was caused by force majeure or by gross negligence on the part of the injured party or of a third party is relieved of liability.
5 The reservation in Article 3 applies to liability provisions in other federal acts.
6 The Confederation, cantons and communes may also be held liable in accordance with paragraphs 1-5.
2 Wording of the second sentence according to Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
3 Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
5 Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
1 Persons subject to an authorisation or notification obligation who handle pathogenic organisms in a contained system, release such organisms for experimental purposes or put them into circulation without authorisation are liable for any loss or damage that arises from such conduct.
originate from such auxiliary agents.
3 In the case of liability under paragraph 2, recourse is reserved against persons who have handled such organisms improperly or have otherwise contributed to causing or aggravating the loss or damage.
4 If loss or damage is caused by any other pathogenic organisms that are authorised to be put into circulation, the person required to obtain authorisation is liable if the organisms are defective. He is also liable for any defect that he was unable to detect according to the standards of science and technology at the time that the organism was put into circulation.
the time at which they were put into circulation.
6 A product containing pathogenic organisms is not defective simply because an improved product has subsequently been put into circulation.
7 The loss or damage must be due to the pathogenicity of the organisms.
8 The burden of proving a causal connection lies with the person claiming damages. If such proof cannot be provided with certainty or if the person subject to the burden cannot reasonably be expected to present the required evidence, the court may satisfy itself on the balance of probability. The court may also order that the facts of the case be established ex officio.
9 The person required to obtain authorisation or file a report must also reimburse the costs of the required and appropriate measures that have been taken to reconstitute elements of the environment that have been destroyed or damaged or to replace such elements with their equivalents. If the destroyed or damaged elements of the environment are not the subject of a property right or if the person entitled does not take the measures required in the circumstances, the right to damages becomes that of the public authority concerned.
10 Any person who proves that the loss or damage was caused by force majeure or by gross negligence on the part of the injured party or of a third party is relieved of liability.
11 Articles 42-47 and 49-53 of the Code of Obligations3 apply.
12 The Confederation, cantons and communes may also be held liable in accordance with paragraphs 1-11.
1 Inserted by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
2 Expression in German version in accordance with No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435). This amendment has been made throughout the Act.
provide that land on which a waste disposal site is situated becomes the property of the canton when the site is closed, and enact regulations concerning any compensation.
1 The right to damages prescribes in accordance with Article 60 of the Code of Obligations2.
the pathogenic organisms were put into circulation.
The right of recourse prescribes in accordance with Article 59c. The three-year period begins to run as soon as payment of the damages has been made in full and the identity of the person jointly liable is known.
4 Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
6 Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
7 Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
8 Repealed by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, with effect from 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
9 Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435).
10 Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435).
11 Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435).
2 If the offender acts negligently, the penalty is a fine.
2 Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435).
3 Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435).
2 Amended by the Annex to the FA of 21 March 2014, in force from 1 Aug. 2016 until 30 June 2020 (AS 2016 2661; BBl 2013 5737 5783).
3 Amended by No I of the FA of 20 June 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4215; BBl 2002 6464).
4 Amended by the Annex to the FA of 21 March 2014, in force from 1 Aug. 2016 until 30 June 2020 (AS 2016 2661; BBl 2013 5737 5783).
5 Amended by the Annex to the FA of 21 March 2014, in force from 1 Aug. 2016 until 30 June 2020 (AS 2016 2661; BBl 2013 5737 5783).
6 [BS 6 465; AS 1956 587, 1959 1343 Art. 11 No III, 1973 644, 1974 1857 Annex No 7, 1980 1793 No I 1, 1992 1670 No III, 1994 1634 No I 3, 1995 1816, 1996 3371 Annex 2 No 2, 1997 2465 Annex No 13, 2000 1300 Art. 92 1891 No VI 6, 2002 248 No I 1 Art. 41, 2004 4763 Annex No II 1, 2006 2197 Annex No 50. AS 2007 1411 Art. 131 para. 1]. See now: Customs Act 18 March 2005 (SR 631.0).
7 Amended by Annex 2 No 6 of the Mineral Oil Tax Act of 21 June 1996, in force since 1 Jan. 1997 (AS 1996 3376; BBl 1995 III 137).
1 Articles 6 and 7 of the Federal Act of 22 March 19741 on Administrative Criminal Law apply to offences under this Act.
2 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445). Amended by the Annex to the FA of 21 March 2014, in force from 1 Aug. 2016 until 30 June 2020 (AS 2016 2661; BBl 2013 5737 5783).
1 Repealed by No II 32 of the FA of 20 March 2008 on the Formal Revision of Federal Legislation, with effect from 1 Aug. 2008 (AS 2008 3437; BBl 2007 6121).
If regulations relating to environmental protection enacted under other federal acts contradict or fail to comply with the provisions of this Act, they must be adapted or supplemented in accordance with a schedule to be laid down by the Federal Council.
1 Unless and until the Federal Council expressly exercises its power to enact ordinances, the cantons may enact their own regulations in terms of this Act, after consulting the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications.
2 The cantons may not stipulate any new ambient limit values, alarm levels or planning values nor enact any new regulations governing conformity assessments for series-produced installations or for the handling of substances or organisms.1 Existing cantonal regulations apply until related Federal Council regulations come into force.
Applications for payments towards the costs of measures under Article 32e paragraph 4 letter b number 2 shall in derogation from Article 36 of the Subsidies Act of 5 October 19902 be assessed in accordance with the law applicable after the date on which the application is filed if work began on the measures before the Amendment of 26 September 2014 comes into force. The applications must be filed two years at the latest after the Amendment comes into force.
1 The amendments may be inspected in AS 1984 1122.
1 SR 101.2 Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 19 March 2010, in force since 1 Aug. 2010 (AS 2010 3233; BBl 2009 5435).3 BBl 1979 III 7494 Inserted by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).5 Inserted by Art. 2 No I of the Federal Decree of 27 Sept. 2013 (Aarhus Convention), in force since 1 June 2014 (AS 2014 1021; BBl 2012 4323).6 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445). Amended by Annex No 4 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).7 Originally Chapter 3. Amended by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).8 Amended by No I of the FA of 16 Dec. 2005, in force since 1 Nov. 2006 (AS 2006 2677; BBl 2003 5008 5043).9 Originally Chapter 4. Amended by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).10 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).11 Inserted by the Annex to the FA of 21 March 2014, in force from 1 Aug. 2016 until 30 June 2020 (AS 2016 2661; BBl 2013 5737 5783).12 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).13 Inserted by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).14 Inserted by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).15 Inserted by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).16 Inserted by No I of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).17 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155; BBl 1993 II 1445).18 Originally Title 4.19 Originally Title 5.20 Federal Council Decree of 12 Sept. 1984.

References: Art. 2
 Art. 2
 Art. 2
 Art. 20
 Art. 16
 Art. 11
 Art. 92
 Art. 41
 Art. 131
 Art. 12
 Art. 2
 Art. 11
 Art. 92
 Art. 41
 Art. 131
 Art. 2