Source: http://supreme.nolo.com/us/190/160/case.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 06:59:22+00:00

Document:
1. The Constitution of the United States having given to Congress the power to regulate commerce not only with foreign nations, but among the several states, that power is necessarily exclusive whenever the subjects are national in their character or admit only of one uniform system or plan of regulation. Robbins v. Shelby Taxing District, 120 U. S. 489, 120 U. S. 492.
2. No state can compel a party, individual or corporation, to pay for the privilege of engaging in interstate commerce.
3. This immunity does not prevent a state from imposing ordinary property taxes upon property having a situs within its territory and employed in interstate commerce.
4. The franchise of a corporation, although that franchise is the business of interstate commerce, is, as a part of its property, subject to state taxation, providing at least the franchise is not derived from the United States.
6. No corporation, even though engaged in interstate commerce, can appropriate to its own use property, public or private, without liability to a charge therefor.
The reasonableness of such charges will depend upon all the circumstances involved in the particular case, and if, in a case tried before a jury, the evidence in regard thereto is not such as to exclude every conclusion except one, the question of reasonableness should be submitted to the jury.
This action was commenced in the Common Pleas Court of Philadelphia on December 31, 1891, to recover the sum of $3,715 as license fees alleged to be due the city for the six preceding years. The case was removed by the defendant to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. A trial was had before the court and a jury which resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff for a part of the sum claimed, which judgment was thereafter reversed by the circuit court of appeals. A second trial was had in April, 1901, before the court and a jury which resulted in a verdict and judgment for the full amount claimed, with interest. From such judgment, the case was brought to this Court directly on writ of error on the ground that it involved the construction and application of the Constitution of the United States; that the action was brought to recover from the telegraph company certain license charges imposed by the city which the company claimed the city had no right or power to impose, for the reason that it was a regulation of commerce between the states.
defendant (plaintiff in error), a corporation engaged in interstate commerce. Few questions are more important or have been more embarrassing than those arising from the efforts of a state or its municipalities to increase their revenues by exactions from corporations engaged in carrying on interstate commerce. There have been many cases, in whose decision some propositions have been adjudicated so often as to be no longer open to discussion.
"The Constitution of the United States having given to Congress the power to regulate commerce not only with foreign nations, but among the several states, that power is necessarily exclusive whenever the subjects of it are national in their character, or admit only of one uniform system or plan of regulation."
In addition to the many cases referred to by him, the following subsequent decisions may also be cited: Fargo v. Michigan, 121 U. S. 230, 121 U. S. 246; Philadelphia Steamship Company v. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. 326, 122 U. S. 336, 122 U. S. 346; Western Union Telegraph Company v. Pendleton, 122 U. S. 347, 122 U. S. 357; Bowman v. Chicago &c. Railway Company, 125 U. S. 465, 125 U. S. 497; Leloup v. Port of Mobile, 127 U. S. 640, 127 U. S. 648; Asher v. Texas, 128 U. S. 129, 128 U. S. 131; Stoutenburgh v. Hennick, 129 U. S. 141, 129 U. S. 148; Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U. S. 100, 135 U. S. 110; Lyng v. Michigan, 135 U. S. 161; McCall v. California, 136 U. S. 104, 136 U. S. 109; In re Rahrer, 140 U. S. 545, 140 U. S. 555; Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U. S. 47, 141 U. S. 58, 35 L. ed. 649, 652, 11 Sup.Ct. Rep. 851; Brennan v. Titusville, 153 U. S. 289; Interstate Commerce Commission v. Brimson, 154 U. S. 447, 154 U. S. 471; United States v. E. C. Knight Co., 156 U. S. 1, 156 U. S. 21; Schollenberger v. Pennsylvania, 171 U. S. 1; Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States, 175 U. S. 211; Stockard v. Morgan, 185 U. S. 27.
Second. No state can compel a party, individual, or corporation to pay for the privilege of engaging in interstate commerce. Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania, 114 U. S. 196, 114 U. S. 211; Pickard v. Pullman Car Co., 117 U. S. 34; Robbins v. Shelby Taxing District, 120 U. S. 489; Fargo v. Michigan, 121 U. S. 230, 121 U. S. 245; Philadelphia Steamship Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U.S.
326, 122 U. S. 336; Leloup v. Port of Mobile, 127 U. S. 640, 127 U. S. 645; Asher v. Texas, 128 U. S. 129; Lyng v. Michigan, 135 U. S. 161, 135 U. S. 166; McCall v. California, 136 U. S. 104, 136 U. S. 113; Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U. S. 47, 141 U. S. 58; Adams Express Co. v. Ohio, 165 U. S. 194, 165 U. S. 220.
Third. This immunity does not prevent a state from imposing ordinary property taxes upon property having a situs within its territory, and employed in interstate commerce. State Tax on Railway Gross Receipts, 15 Wall. 284, 82 U. S. 293; Delaware Railroad Tax, 18 Wall. 206, 85 U. S. 232; Telegraph Co. v. Texas, 105 U. S. 460, 105 U. S. 464; Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania, 114 U. S. 196, 114 U. S. 211; Western U. Tel. Co. v. Massachusetts, 125 U. S. 530; Marye v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 127 U. S. 117, 127 U. S. 123; Leloup v. Port of Mobile, 127 U. S. 640, 127 U. S. 649; Pullman's Car Co. v. Pennsylvania, 141 U. S. 18; Massachusetts v. Western Union Tel. Co., 141 U. S. 40; Pittsburgh &c. Railway Co. v. Backus, 154 U. S. 421; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Taggart, 163 U. S. 1; Adams Express Co. v. Ohio, 165 U. S. 194, 165 U. S. 220.
Fourth. The franchise of a corporation, although that franchise is the business of interstate commerce, is, as a part of its property, subject to state taxation, providing at least the franchise is not derived from the United States. Delaware Railroad Tax, 18 Wall. 206, 85 U. S. 232; Postal Tel. Cable Company v. Adams, 155 U. S. 688, 155 U. S. 696; Erie Railroad v. Pennsylvania, 158 U. S. 431, 158 U. S. 437; Central Pacific Railroad v. California, 162 U. S. 91; Western Union Telegraph Company v. Taggart, 163 U. S. 1, 163 U. S. 18; Western Union Telegraph Company v. Missouri ex Rel. Gottlieb, post, 190 U. S. 412.
Fifth. No corporation, even though engaged in interstate commerce, can appropriate to its own use property, public or private, without liability to charge therefor. Packet Company v. St. Louis, 100 U. S. 423; Packet Co. v. Catlettsburg, 105 U. S. 559; Transportation Company v. Parkersburg, 107 U. S. 691; Huse v. Glover, 119 U. S. 543; Ouachita Packet Company v. Aiken, 121 U. S. 444; St. Louis v. Western Union Telegraph Company, 148 U. S. 92; St. Louis v. Western Union Telegraph Company, 149 U. S. 465; Postal Tel. Cable Company v. Baltimore, 156 U. S. 210; Richmond v. Southern Bell Telegraph Company, 174 U. S. 761, 174 U. S. 771.
"This license fee was not a tax on the property of the company, or on its transmission of messages, or on its receipts from such transmission, or on its occupation or business, but was a charge in the enforcement of local governmental supervision, and as such not in itself obnoxious to the clause of the Constitution relied on."
Following that decision, we hold that the City of Philadelphia had power to pass such an ordinance as this, requiring the company to pay a reasonable license fee for the enforcement of local governmental supervision. In other words, if a corporation, although engaged in the business of interstate commerce, so carries on its business as to justify at the hands of any municipality, a police supervision of the property and instrumentalities used therein, the municipality is not bound to furnish such supervision for nothing, and may, in addition to ordinary property taxation, subject the corporation to a charge for the expense of the supervision.
expenses. It is authorized to fix such charge in advance, and need not wait until the end of the period for which the license is granted. It may not act arbitrarily or unreasonably, but the risk may rightfully be cast upon the licensee, and the charge cannot be avoided because it subsequently appears that it was somewhat in excess of the actual expense of the supervision, nor can the licensee then recover the difference between the amount of the license and such cost.
"Doubtless no state could add to the taxation of property, according to the rule of ordinary property taxation, the burden of a license or other tax on the privilege of using, constructing, or operating an instrumentality of interstate or international commerce, or for the carrying on of such commerce; but the value of property results from the use to which it is put, and varies with the profitableness of that use, and by whatever name the exaction may be called, if it amounts to no more than the ordinary tax upon property, or a just equivalent therefor, ascertained by reference thereto, it is not open to attack as inconsistent with the Constitution."
that there was no testimony from which either a court or jury could find that the charge was unreasonable.
"Whether an ordinance be reasonable and consistent with the law or not is a question for the court, and not the jury, and evidence to the latter on this subject is inadmissible."
"When it is said in some of the cases that such a question is for the determination of the court, it is not meant that the question may not properly be submitted to a jury. What is meant by such observations is that courts are not precluded from considering the reasonableness of the legislative act prescribing the terms and amount of the charges. . . . Regarding, then, the issue to be tried as one of fact, we think it is one which, from its nature, is eminently fit for the determination of a jury. The expenses attending direct regulations and oversight are not only to be considered, but also the incidental cost to which the municipality is subjected in providing for and maintaining a proper system of supervision. We cannot undertake to specify all the particulars which should be brought into view where the reasonableness of a municipal ordinance is challenged in a court, but we think that the rule laid down in Cooley, Const.Lim. (ed. 1886) p. 242, may be safely adopted:"
of issuing it and the additional labor of officers and other expenses thereby incurred."
It is urged by the city that, inasmuch as the license fees here charged are the same as those charged by the Borough of New Hope, the validity of which was sustained in Western Union Telegraph Company v. New Hope, supra, it necessarily follows that the charges here imposed are reasonable. But this is a mistake. What is reasonable in one municipality may be oppressive and unreasonable in another.
"In determining this question, the court will have to regard all the circumstances of the particular city or corporation, the objects sought to be attained, and the necessity which exists for the ordinance. Regulations proper for a large and prosperous city might be absurd or oppressive in a small and sparsely populated town, or in the country."
1 Dillon's Municipal Corporations, 4th ed. sec. 327.
"as an inducement to have the wires placed underground, and the only requirement was that whoever did it should supply the city or furnish the city with one duet or chamber for the use of the city. There was no other charge connected with it. It was to remove all license charges, to have them place their wires underground."
There was evidence of the expenses of the electrical bureau for the years in question, and that such electrical bureau supervised all electrical work upon the streets, but there was no testimony definitely disclosing how much of the labor of that bureau was in respect to telegraph wires and poles, and how much in respect to electric light wires and poles, although there was evidence of the general manner in which the electrical bureau conducted its work of supervision and the matters which came within the scope of its attention. On the other hand, the company showed the extent of its own supervision and the cost of repair, maintenance, and supervision, which, for the years from 1885 to 1891, inclusive, amounted to only $1.60 3/7 per mile. There was also proof of the number of electric light lamps, poles, and miles of wire within the city, and other kindred facts.
of supervision, but rather to make a charge so burdensome as to compel the company to remove its wires from poles and put them in conduits. We do not say that a city has not, by virtue of its police powers, authority directly to compel the removal of wires from poles to conduits, but it may be questionable whether a city can seek the same results by an excessive and unreasonable charge upon overhead wires. We think, therefore, the court erred in withdrawing the case from the jury.
Before concluding, we repeat that we are not intending to express any opinion as to the effect of the testimony as a whole, or to intimate what the verdict of a jury ought to be, nor do we mean to imply that there must be satisfactory evidence of the actual cost of supervision. All we mean to decide is that there was sufficient testimony to go to the jury, and obtain its judgment whether the ordinance passed by the city, and the charges imposed thereby, were, considering all the circumstances of the case, reasonable or oppressive.
The judgment is reversed, and the case remanded, with instructions to set aside the verdict and grant a new trial.
MR. JUSTICE WHITE, MR. JUSTICE PECKHAM, and MR. JUSTICE McKENNA concurred in the judgment.

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