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In 1944, Van Loghem proposed a new genus, Yersinia, to honor A. J. E. Yersin, the discoverer of the plague bacillus. Yersinia species are distributed worldwide but occur mainly in moderate or subtropical climes of the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Today, Yersinia pestis is responsible for epizootic plague in a number of rodent species including ground squirrels, chipmunks, and prairie dogs. In England in 1999, a survey reporting infectious intestinal diseases both in the community and in patients reporting to general practitioners found the incidence of Yersinia spp. was 6.8 and 0.58/1,000 person-years, respectively. Y. pestis septicemia without lympadenopathy occurs in ~25% of plague cases, based on epidemiologic data from the early 1980s. Separation of yersiniae from other genera and speciation among members of the genus Yersinia are generally quite straightforward with conventional media. Paradoxically, Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis are genetically more closely related to each other than to Y. enterocolitica, but the latter two species have more similarities in regard to pathogenesis, including route of infection (oral) and primary clinical presentations (enterocolitis). Multiple functions have been ascribed to individual virulence factors in vitro, making it difficult to determine which attribute is critical in the infective process. Iron-regulated gene expression in yersiniae is under the control of a Fur (for ferric uptake regulation)- like protein analogous to that found in Escherichia coli. Using an invasive mouse model, the best results for treating Y. pseudotuberculosis infections have been obtained by using quinolones, doxycycline, and gentamicin.
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