Source: http://wikien4.appspot.com/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus
Timestamp: 2019-04-22 16:23:27+00:00

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Vibrio vuwnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motiwe, curved rod-shaped (baciwwus), padogenic bacteria of de genus Vibrio. Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastaw areas, V. vuwnificus is rewated to V. chowerae, de causative agent of chowera.
Infection wif V. vuwnificus weads to rapidwy expanding cewwuwitis or sepsis.:279 It was first isowated as a source of disease in 1976. The capsuwe, made of powysaccharides, is dought to protect against phagocytosis. The observed association of de infection wif wiver disease (associated wif increased serum iron) might be due to de capabiwity of more viruwent strains to capture iron bound to transferrin.
Acute gastroenteritis from eating raw or undercooked shewwfish: V. vuwnificus causes an infection often incurred after eating seafood, especiawwy raw or undercooked oysters. It does not awter de appearance, taste, or odor of oysters. Symptoms incwude vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominaw pain, uh-hah-hah-hah.
Necrotizing wound infections can occur in injured skin exposed to contaminated marine water. V. vuwnificus bacteria can enter de body drough open wounds when swimming or wading in infected waters, or by puncture wounds from de spines of fishes such as stingrays. Peopwe may devewop a bwistering dermatitis sometimes mistaken for pemphigus or pemphigoid.
Invasive sepsis can occur after eating raw or undercooked shewwfish, especiawwy oysters. V. vuwnificus is 80 times more wikewy to spread into de bwoodstream in peopwe wif compromised immune systems, especiawwy dose wif chronic wiver disease. When dis happens, severe symptoms incwuding bwistering skin wesions and septic shock can sometimes wead to deaf. This severe infection may occur regardwess of wheder de infection began from contaminated food or an open wound.
Among heawdy peopwe, ingestion of V. vuwnificus can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominaw pain, uh-hah-hah-hah. In someone wif a compromised immune system, particuwarwy dose wif chronic wiver disease, it can infect de bwoodstream, causing a severe and wife-dreatening iwwness characterized by fever and chiwws, decreased bwood pressure (septic shock), and bwistering skin wesions.
V. vuwnificus wound infections have a mortawity rate around 25%. In peopwe in whom de infection worsens into septicemia, typicawwy fowwowing ingestion, de mortawity rate rises to 50%. The majority of dese peopwe die widin de first 48 hours of infection, uh-hah-hah-hah. The optimaw treatment is not known, but in one retrospective study of 93 peopwe in Taiwan, use of a dird-generation cephawosporin and a tetracycwine (e.g., ceftriaxone and doxycycwine, respectivewy) was associated wif an improved outcome. Prospective cwinicaw triaws are needed to confirm dis finding, but in vitro data support de supposition dat dis combination is synergistic against V. vuwnificus. Likewise, de American Medicaw Association and de Centers for Disease Controw and Prevention (CDC) recommend treating de person wif a qwinowone or intravenous doxycycwine wif ceftazidime. The first successfuw documented treatment of fuwminant V. vuwnificus sepsis was in 1995. Treatment was Fortaz and intravenous (IV) Cipro and IV doxycycwine, which proved successfuw. Prevention of secondary infections from respiratory faiwure and acute renaw faiwure is cruciaw. Key to de diagnosis and treatment were de earwy recognition of buwwae in an immunocompromised person wif wiver cirrhosis and oyster ingestion widin de previous 48 hours, and de reqwest by de physician for STAT Gram staining and bwood cuwtures for V. vuwnificus.
V. vuwnificus often causes warge, disfiguring uwcers dat reqwire extensive debridement or even amputation, uh-hah-hah-hah.
The worst prognosis is in dose peopwe arriving at hospitaw in a state of shock. Totaw mortawity in treated peopwe (ingestion and wound) is around 33%.
Peopwe especiawwy vuwnerabwe are dose wif wiver disease (especiawwy cirrhosis and hepatitis) or immunocompromised states (some kinds of cancer, bone marrow suppression, HIV, diabetes, etc.). Wif dese cases, V. vuwnificus usuawwy enters de bwoodstream, where it may cause fever and chiwws, septic shock (wif sharpwy decreased bwood pressure), and bwistering skin wesions. About hawf of dose who contract bwood infections die.
V. vuwnificus infections awso disproportionatewy affect mawes; 85% of dose devewoping endotoxic shock from de bacteria are mawe. Femawes having had an oophorectomy experienced increased mortawity rates, as estrogen has been shown experimentawwy to have a protective effect against V. vuwnificus.
V. vuwnificus is commonwy found in de Guwf of Mexico, where more dan a dozen peopwe have died from de infection since 1990. Most deads at dat time were occurring due to fuwminant sepsis, eider in de area of oyster harvest and ingestion, or in tourists returning home. Lack of disease recognition, and awso of de risk factors, presentation, and cause, were and are major obstacwes to good outcome and recovery.
After de successfuw treatment of de first person, de Fworida Department of Heawf was abwe to trace de origin of de outbreak to Apawachicowa Bay oysters and deir harvesting in water prone to excessive growf of de organism. This contamination was due to warmf of de water and change in freshwater diwution because of a change in fwow of de Chattahoochee River into de Apawachicowa River, and in turn into Apawachicowa Bay. A simiwar situation occurred after Hurricane Katrina in New Orweans.
The padogen was first isowated in 1976 from a series of bwood cuwture sampwes submitted to de CDC in Atwanta. It was described as a "wactose-positive vibrio". It was subseqwentwy given de name Beneckea vuwnifica, and finawwy Vibrio vuwnificus by Farmer in 1979.
Increasing seasonaw temperatures and decreasing coastaw sawinity wevews seem to favor a greater concentration of Vibrio widin fiwter-feeding shewwfish of de US Atwantic seaboard and de Guwf of Mexico, especiawwy oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Scientists have freqwentwy demonstrated de presence of V. vuwnificus in de gut of oysters and oder shewwfish and in de intestines of fish dat inhabit oyster reefs. The vast majority of peopwe who devewop sepsis from V. vuwnificus became iww after dey ate raw oysters; most of dese cases have been men, uh-hah-hah-hah.
In 2005, heawf officiaws cwearwy identified strains of V. vuwnificus infections among evacuees from New Orweans due to de fwooding dere caused by Hurricane Katrina.
In 2015 in Fworida, eight cases of V. vuwnificus infection wif two resuwting in deaf were reported.
Naturaw transformation is a bacteriaw adaptation for DNA transfer between individuaw cewws. V. vuwnificus was found to become naturawwy transformabwe during growf on chitin in de form of crab shewws. The abiwity to now carry out transformation experiments in de waboratory shouwd faciwitate mowecuwar genetic anawysis of dis opportunistic padogen.
^ a b Reichewt JL, Baumann P, Baumann L (October 1976). "Study of genetic rewationships among marine species of de genera Beneckea and Photobacterium by means of in vitro DNA/DNA hybridization". Arch. Microbiow. 110 (1): 101–20. doi:10.1007/bf00416975. PMID 1015934.
^ a b Farmer JJ (October 1979). "Vibrio ("Beneckea") vuwnificus, de bacterium associated wif sepsis, septicaemia, and de sea". Lancet. 314 (8148): 903. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92715-6. PMID 90993.
^ Owiver JD, Kaper J (2001). Vibrio species. pp. 263-300 In: Food Microbiowogy: Fundamentaws and Frontiers. (Doywe MP et aw., editors) (2nd ed.). ASM Press. ISBN 978-1-55581-117-4.
^ a b Owiver JD (2005). "Wound infections caused by Vibrio vuwnificus and oder marine bacteria". Epidemiow Infect. 133 (3): 383–91. doi:10.1017/S0950268805003894. PMC 2870261. PMID 15962544.
^ a b c Howwis DG, Weaver RE, Baker CN, Thornsberry C (Apriw 1976). "Hawophiwic Vibrio species isowated from bwood cuwtures" (PDF). J. Cwin, uh-hah-hah-hah. Microbiow. 3 (4): 425–31. PMC 274318. PMID 1262454.
^ "Vibrio Species Causing Vibriosis". Centers for Disease Controw. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
^ "Vibrio vuwnificus". NCBI Genome Project. Retrieved 2005-09-01.
^ a b "Vibrio Species Causing Vibriosis - Questions and Answers". Centers for Disease Controw. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
^ a b Liu JW, Lee IK, Tang HJ, et aw. (2006). "Prognostic factors and antibiotics in Vibrio vuwnificus septicemia". Archives of Internaw Medicine. 166 (19): 2117–23. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.19.2117. PMID 17060542.
^ "Vibrio vuwnificus fact sheet" (PDF). issc.org. Archived from de originaw (PDF) on 21 Juwy 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Owiver JD, Kaper J (2005). Vibrio vuwnificus. In: Oceans and Heawf: Padogens in de Marine Environment. (Bewken SS, Cowweww RR, editors) (2nd ed.). Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-387-23708-4.
^ Merkew SM, Awexander S, Zufaww E, Owiver JD, Huet-Hudson YM (2001). "Essentiaw Rowe for Estrogen in Protection against Vibrio vuwnificus-Induced Endotoxic Shock". Infection and Immunity. 69 (10): 6119–22. doi:10.1128/IAI.69.10.6119-6122.2001. PMC 98741. PMID 11553550.
^ Fwynn, Dan (November 22, 2011). "Stiww Too Many Raw Oyster Deads in Guwf States". Food Safety News. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Diaz, James H. (May 2014). "Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Fowwowing Marine Injuries and Exposures in Travewers". Journaw of Travew Medicine. 21 (3): 207–213. doi:10.1111/jtm.12115. ISSN 1195-1982. PMID 24628985.
^ Gowd, Scott (September 6, 2005). "Newest Periw from Fwooding Is Disease". Los Angewes Times.
^ Katy Gawimberti (June 18, 2015). "Fwesh-Eating Bacteria Kiwws Two in Fworida as Water Temperatures Rise". msn, uh-hah-hah-hah.com. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Guwig PA, Tucker MS, Thiaviwwe PC, Joseph JL, Brown RN (2009). "USER friendwy cwoning coupwed wif chitin-based naturaw transformation enabwes rapid mutagenesis of Vibrio vuwnificus". Appw. Environ, uh-hah-hah-hah. Microbiow. 75 (15): 4936–49. doi:10.1128/AEM.02564-08. PMC 2725515. PMID 19502446.
This page was wast edited on 28 February 2019, at 23:08 (UTC).

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