Source: http://courts.mrsc.org/supreme/067wn2d/067wn2d0824.htm
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 04:36:01+00:00

Document:
Contracts - Construction - Against Party Preparing. Contract language subject to interpretation is construed most strongly against the party who drafted it, or whose attorney prepared it.
 Vendor and Purchaser - Brokers - Compensation - Forfeited Earnest Money Distinguished From Commission. The words "commission" and "apportionment of forfeited earnest money," as used in an earnest money receipt and agreement, are legally distinguishable; hence, a provision in such an agreement that the broker had no right to a "commission" unless the sale actually occurred, did not prevent the broker's recovery under another provision of the agreement to the effect that when "earnest money is forfeited, it shall be apportioned" between the seller and broker 5(, long as the broker's share does not exceed the "agreed commission."
 Appeal and Error - Judgment - Summary Judgment - Adjudication of Part of Issues. On an appeal from a summary judgment, the cause was remanded for trial where, although one issue involved no genuine dispute as to material fact and could have been disposed of by an interlocutory summary adjudication pursuant to RPPP 56(d), other issues depended upon the resolution of factual questions and/or mixed questions of fact and law.
 Vendor and Purchaser - Brokers - Compensation - Disloyalty - Effect. A real-estate broker or agent is not entitled to any compensation, including an apportionment of forfeited earnest money, if he has willfully and deliberately breached his duty of loyalty, even though the service to which the compensation relates was properly performed.
«*» Reported in 410 P.2d 7.
 See Am. Jur. 2d, Contracts § 276.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court for King County, No. 617380, Stanley C. Soderland, J., entered April 10, 1964. Reversed and remanded.
Cross actions for damages. Defendant appeals from a summary judgment in favor of the plaintiff.
Powell, Liven good, Dunlap & Silvernale, for appellant.
Ostrander & Van Eaton and Robert H. Van Eaton, for respondent.
This lawsuit involves a controversy about the meaning and legal effect to be given certain language of an earnest money receipt and agreement. The fact pattern of the underlying real estate transaction was before us in Underwood v. Sterner, 63 Wn.2d 360, 387 P.2d 366 (1963). Therein, the defendant-purchaser, Joseph P. Sterner, appealed from a judgment of $50,000 entered in the trial court in favor of the plaintiff-vendor, Lucy N. Underwood. The plaintiff had sued for damages arising from the defendant's breach of a contract to purchase the plaintiff's commercial property.
We affirmed the judgment of the trial court except as to the amount of the judgment. In that respect, we limited the recovery of the plaintiff-owner to the amount specified ($25,000) in the bargained-for liquidated damages clause of the earnest money agreement.
commission. I further acknowledge receipt of true copy of this agreement signed by both parties. No commission shall be payable winless and until sale actually closes.
The defendant-vendor's attorney was solely responsible for drafting the earnest money receipt and agreement, and he added the italicized sentence by typewritten interlineation to what was otherwise a commonly-used form of "EARNEST MONEY RECEIPT AND AGREEMENT."
The plaintiff broker in the present lawsuit prayed for relief in the form of a judgment for damages in the amount of $10,000 - the maximum allowable upon a forfeiture of the earnest money - or, in the alternative, for an interest or lien to that extent in the judgment entered after remittitur in Underwood v. Sterner, supra. The defendant's amended answer admitted the execution of the earnest money receipt and agreement which was the basis of the plaintiff's claim herein. However, the amended answer set out the following affirmative defenses: (1) that the plaintiff corporation had not alleged that one "Larry Jackson," who had actually signed the earnest money agreement, was its employee; nor had it established its legal authority to act as a realtor in the state of Washington; (2) that the language of the agreement - "No commission shall be payable unless and until the sale actually closes."-was intended by the parties to preclude the plaintiff broker from recovering any compensation for its services unless the sale actually closed; and (3) that the plaintiff had breached its contractual and fiduciary responsibilities to the defendant by virtue of its disloyal, negligent and fraudulent conduct, and further that such conduct was the causal factor in preventing a consummation of the transaction, which resulted in a loss in excess of $60,000 to the defendant.
In addition, the defendant's amended answer set out, by way of counterclaim for damages, the allegations of fraud and disloyalty which were the basis of the third affirmative defense to the plaintiff's claim. The counterclaim further asked for dismissal of the plaintiff's claim.
The trial court rendered a summary judgment in favor of the plaintiff realtor. In effect, the trial court ruled that there was no genuine issue of material facts - either with respect to the plaintiff's claim or the defendant's counterclaim - and, as a matter of law, ruled: (1) in favor of the plaintiff on its complaint, and (2) dismissed the defendant's counterclaim with prejudice.
 We are convinced that the trial court's summary judgment was premature in all but one respect. There are no genuine issues of material fact in dispute with reference to the legal effect of the pertinent portions of the earnest money agreement set out above. Initially, it should be noted that contract language subject to interpretation is construed most strongly against the party who drafted it, or whose attorney prepared it. Underwood v. Sterner, supra; Wise v. Farden, 53 Wn.2d 162, 332 P.2d 454 (1958); Restatement, Contracts § 236(d) (1932). As mentioned heretofore, the record shows that the defendant's attorney selected a commonly-used form of "EARNEST MONEY RECEIPT AND AGREEMENT," and that he inserted therein the typewritten language that "No commission shall be payable unless and until sale actually closes."
we have previously denominated as an "interlocutory summary adjudication" pursuant to Rule of Pleading, Practice and Procedure 56 (d). Crosthwaite v. Crosthwaite, 56 Wn.2d 838, 358 P.2d 978 (1960). The legal effect of the language hereinbefore quoted was to apportion forfeited earnest money between the plaintiff broker and the defendant vendor, but the plaintiff's share was to be no more than $10,000. The plaintiff had no right to a commission from the seller unless, and until, the sale actually occurred.
The defendant-appellant next claims that our denial of her petition for rehearing in Underwood v. Sterner, supra, necessarily limited the effect of that decision to enforcement of a liquidated damages clause, and the decision can not be construed as being tantamount to a judicial enforcement of the forfeiture of earnest money provided for in the earnest money agreement. The gravamen of Underwood's petition for rehearing was that the case should be remanded to the trial court for a determination of reasonable attorney's fees to be paid by the forfeiting purchaser in accordance with the provisions of his promissory note. But Underwood in that action elected to sue on the contract rather than on the $24,000 note, which, with $1,000 cash paid in, constituted the actual earnest money deposit. Consequently, we denied Underwood's petition for rehearing inasmuch as she had elected to sue for damages for the buyer's wrongful repudiation of the contract rather than suing on the note which was the major portion of the earnest money deposit. Our decision in that appeal simply limited the damages recoverable for breach. of the purchaser's contract to the amount agreed upon in the liquidated damages clause. Nevertheless, the effect is essentially the same as if Underwood had elected to sue on the note - either alternative is tantamount to working a forfeiture of the earnest money.
plaintiff in that respect. The record is replete with material questions of fact which are in dispute and are germane to the resolution of the affirmative defense and the disposition of the defendant's counterclaim. Some of these are hybrid questions of law and fact - but they still must be resolved after presentation of testimony before the trier of fact rather than by summary judgment. For example: What, if any, were the fiduciary responsibilities of the plaintiff to the defendant? Did the fiduciary relationship, if any, terminate upon the signing of the earnest money agreement? Did those fiduciary obligations, if any, include an affirmative duty of disclosure to the principal of oral repudiations made by the prospective buyer to the agent?If there was a breach of the alleged fiduciary relationship, what damages suffered by the defendant were caused thereby?
This case is remanded for trial on the defendant's affirmative defenses and counterclaim.
ROSELLINI, C. J., HILL WEAVER, and HAMILTON, JJ., concur.

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