Source: https://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/mpage/copyright_glossary
Timestamp: 2019-04-20 18:48:38+00:00

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Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement. An international agreement under closed negotiation which seeks to address, among other things, piracy of intellectual property across borders. The agreement is controversial, partially, for the secrecy in which it is being conducted.
In a law suit, a defense which accepts the allegations, but which challenges the plaintiff's right to damages or injunctive relief. Fair use is a common affirmative defense in copyright cases.
As defined by Title 17, collective consist of works "such as a periodical issue, anthology, or encyclopedia, in which a number of contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole." (17 USC §1). Note that each component of a collective work, being a separate and independent work, is also a work that is individually subject to the exclusive rights defined in 17 USC §6.
As defined by statute, "copies" refers to "material objects, other than phonorecords, in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term "copies" includes the material object, other than a phonorecord, in which the work is first fixed" (17 USC §1). Note that both "copy" and "phonorecord" refer to material objects, but "copy" refers only to those which do not consist of recorded sound. Both the original item and any duplicates are considered "copies."
Works which are "based on preexisting works." (17 USC §1) Derivative works may include arrangements, translations, dramatizations, sequels, editions, recordings, or any case in which one work is either modified, or is substantially used to create another work. Derivative works are subject to copyright just as the original is, but the right to create derivative works is one of the exclusive rights reserved for the copyright holder.
For copyright purposes, display refers to the showing of a copy of a work, whether directly or through a device such as a projector or television. (17 USC §1).
In this context, rights to which the copyright holder is alone entitled. The exclusive rights for most works are limited to those specified in 17 USC §6. Works of art, under certain circumstances, are given additional rights in 17 USC §6A.
A privilege and affirmative defense, recognized by both courts and statute, which allows for copying of material without permission under certain circumstances. See What is fair use?
The principle that the copyright owner's right to sell copies of a copyrighted work extends only to the first sale of that copy that anyone is entitled to sell a copy of a copyrighted work, if they are the legitimate owner of that copy. In U.S. law this is contained in 17 USC §9.
"A work is 'fixed' in a tangible medium of expression when its embodiment in a copy or phonorecord, by or under the authority of the author, is sufficiently permanent or stable to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration." (17 USC §1) Fixation is a requirement for copyright protection, but note that the fixation must be authorized by the author. See also: Cartoon Network v. CSC Holdings.
Works which are under copyright, but whose owner (or the estate) either cannot be found or cannot be identified.
The body of literature that is not subject to copyright protection, either because it does not qualify for protection or because the copyright term has lapsed.
Article VI, clause 2 of the United States Constitution, which sets the U.S. Constitution, treaties and federal laws as the supreme law of the land, giving Congress the power to preempt state laws with Federal legislation.
Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act. A proposed law to bring uniformity to laws governing software licensing and its ilk.
The law, passed by Congress in 1994, implemented the Uruguay Round of GATT in the United States. For copyright purposes the law is important for having brought numerous works into copyright protection which had been in the public domain. The copyright portions of the act appear principally in 17 USC §4A.
Copyright Treaty, which was "concluded at Geneva Switzerland, on December 20, 1996." (17 USC §1) The United States ratified the WCT on September 14, 1999, and the treaty came into force on March 6, 2002.

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