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High-impedance Electromagnetic Band-Gap structures (EBG) surfaces have the capability to forbid flow of EM waves in a given band which and therefore surface waves in case of planar antennas like mictostrip antenna can be minimized with this characteristics of EBG plane. Shape, size, symmetry, and material used in their construction defines their operating band. In this research, a novel compact EBG structure also called high impedance structure (HIS) is proposed. The design is achieved through incorporation of ‘L’ shaped via to conventional mushroom type EBG/HIS instead of straight vias. The design includes distribution of square patches over substrate material below which there exists a ground plane. Vias passing through the substrate connecting square patches and the ground plane are also part of its design It has been observed that operating frequency of L shaped via based EBG is much lower than that of conventional mushroom type EBG/HIS having straight vias. Alternatively, we can say that size reduction has been achieved through incorporation of L shaped via to the EBG/HIS resulting in 62.5 % of size reduction. All the designs and simulations are carried out in CST microwave studio.
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This article is open access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors disclose no conflict of interest or having no competing interest.
In this study, AVO/AVA Synthetics and petrophysical well log analysis was carried out to discriminate between the reservoir and non-productive lithology for two wells Naimat Basal 01 & Siraj South-01. Synthetic AVO/AVA traces of Naimat Basal 01 & Siraj South-01 were generated. The behavior of the theoretical and NMO corrected synthetics for Naimat Basal 01 has a weak response, while Siraj South-01 indicated a clear sharp anomaly. AVA synthetic created for well Naimat Basal-01 and Siraj South-01 using Zoeppritz equation clearly indicated amplitude variations. On the basis of AVO/AVA anomalies petrophysical well log analysis was carried out for Naimat Basal-01 from 2600-3550 m depth. The two zones interval 3395m- 3411m and 3480m-3497m were studies in detail which confirmed the results obtained from AVO/AVA synthetics and 3395-3411m and 3480-3497m may be good reservoir zone for the hydrocarbon accumulation.
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To over come the lower absorption of solar radiation in thin film solar cell a novel technique of combining metallic grating and metallic nano particle is presented. The increase in absorption is associated with localized surface Plasmon’s resonance that depends on many factors ranging from the size of nano particle to its shape, material of nano particle, polarization of light and the medium of enviroment in which the solar cell is placed. The solar cell is designed in COMSOL Multiphysics environment which uses the numerical finite element method (FEM). The enhancement of absorption of spectral density in the solar radiation is demonstrated, theoretically. The collective oscillaton of the metallic nano particles and metallic grating produces individual electric field thus interacting with each other to produce higher modes of excitation. This collective mode supports the dark modes of nano partiles which is very useful for harnessing the long range of radiation. To reduce reflection from the top of solar cell, anti reflection coating is provided at the top whereas the back of solar cell is made of metallic reflector aluminium. The different simulations reveals that the antireflection coating has negligent effect on the absorption of solar cell by using the integrated structure of metallic grating and nano particles. Moreover, this approach is suited for thin film solar cell which will absorb more radiations due to the multiple peaks in the spectrum of the aforementioned proposed structure.
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This Paper presents the basic concept and methodology variable levels of DC voltage as well as reversal of polarity (without changing terminals physically). The circuit has been designed for this purpose can break into two parts: Dual H-bridge Converter and Microcontroller. Dual H-bridge converter is available in the form of L293D IC and L298N.The total power loss of existing system i.e. 8051 microcontroller with L293D was 1.7365W. While the total power loss of PIC microcontroller with L293D was1.56165W So, We have chosen proposed Atmega328 I.C because the power loss has been reduced to 1.560115w. The Microcontroller Atmega328is programmed with C++ language. The Atmega328 microcontroller provides pulses to the gate of the NPN and PNP transistor for the required output DC voltage and polarity, which runs the DC motor.
Ubaid Hussain: PG Research student, Dept. of EEE, University of Engineering and technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
Sohail Gul: PG Research student, Dept. of EEE, University of Engineering and technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
Dr. Muhammad Naeem Arbaab: Research Scholar, Dept. of EEE, University of Engineering and technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
Amjad Khan: PG Research student, Dept. of EEE, University of Engineering and technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
L.Boaz1, S.Priyatharshini2“DC Motor Direction and Speed Control byArduino through RF Wireless Technique” International Journal of Innovative Research in Computerand Communication Engineering ,Vol. 4, Special Issue 2, April 2016.
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Recently, there has been extensive research on high impedance structure (HIS) and their applications in microstrip antennas and transmission lines. These periodic structures have unique property of preventing the propagation of electromagnetic waves for specific frequencies and directions which are defined by the shape, size, symmetry, and material used in their construction. These structures also facilitate in bandwidth enhancement of planar antennas. In this article, a mizrostrip patch antenna (MPA) is designed to operate at 3.5 GHz. Then a mushroom type HIS ground plane is designed in the operating band of MPA which is further integrated. Aim of this configuration is to enhance bandwidth of the MPA through incorporation of HIS plane, Bandwidth of the MPA is evaluated with and without HIS plane. All the designs and simulations are carried out in CST microwave studio.
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The environmental impact of using conventional thermal energy sources for generating electricity and fossil fuel’s depletion fear are two major factor pushing world towards alternative energy resources. Pakistan is blessed with high potential of solar energy but hight initial cost and unpredictable nature of solar energy makes it uneconomical. Because of the shortfall and due to the bad geographical location, most of the rural areas in Pakistan have no access to central grid.Although some of the remote community is served by the local fuel generator for just a couple of hour at night, but increasing rate of fuel is issue which makes this system non-economical and also have harmful effect on the surrounding to emit carbon dioxide and carbon mono oxide gases. To decrease dependency on hydrocarbon base generator and cope the unpredictable nature of Photovoltaic (PV) system, an off grid hybrid solar-gas generator with battery storage is presented in this research work for the electrification of rural areas of Pakistan. Purpose of this research work is to model optimize and stable system with minimum net present cost and low cost of electricity using HOMER software.
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In the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of photovoltaic (PV) Systems as the world shifts toward clean and sustainable energy resources. Seeing this rise in the Solar PV market, multiple new manufacturers are seeking entry into the marketplace and the need to identify the good performance modules from the bad becomes an absolute necessity. The Performance and reliable operation of PV Modules depend on many factors including materials, manufacturing processes and environmental constraints. Even best quality PV modules and systems degrade with time. The degradation rate largely depends on field conditions and manufacturers, as well as test engineers are highly interested in accurate performance modeling of the field installed PV modules. Thus two factors have been seen to give good indications of the degradation: the Performance Ratio and the Performance Index. As a power plant in Pakistan is analyzed for its degradation using these two factors in this paper, an indication on its possible lifetime can be predicted. The performance ratio method indicated at degradation of 0.61% while the performance index method indicated a degradation of 1.09%.
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Optimizing the thickness of organic solar cells (OSCs) is a potent way to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE). In the present work, we have investigated a novel structure in which poly (9, 9‐dioctylindenofluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (PIF8BT): N′‐bis (1‐ethylpropyl) ‐3, 4, 9, 10‐perylene tetracarboxy diimide (PDI) is used as a photoactive absorber layer. The influence of window layer material such as Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) with various electrode materials including Indium tin oxide (ITO), Fluorine tin oxide (FTO), aluminum(Al) Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) with different combinations have been investigated with the objective to enhance the absorption and PCE of the cell. Extracted results shows that the proposed scheme of the structure with ITO/Al as top and bottom electrode holds the highest performance parameters including Jsc=9.26 (mA/m2), Voc=0.59 (V), FF=68.86% and ƞ=3.86% respectively as compared to different electrode combination and window layers with the same photoactive absorber material( PIF8BT:PDI). This indicates that the proposed structure can be a good choice for replacing less efficient in-organic cell.
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