Source: http://masscases.com/cases/app/2/2massappct250.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-23 18:10:43+00:00

Document:
COMMONWEALTH vs. RICHARD F. FLEURANT.
Present: HALE, C.J., KEVILLE, & ARMSTRONG, JJ.
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court on September 15, 1972.
Pre-trial motions to suppress evidence were heard by Moriarty, J., and the cases were tried before him.
Conrad W. Fisher for the defendant.
1. (Assignment of Error No. 1.) The machine guns in question, together with other weapons and ammunition, were seized on May 16, 1972, when officers of the Worcester police department executed a search warrant at the defendant's place of business. The search warrant had been obtained earlier that day by Lieutenant Thomas Leahy. The defendant argues that his motion to suppress evidence seized pursuant to the warrant should have been allowed because the affidavit submitted in support of the application for the warrant failed to satisfy Federal constitutional or Massachusetts statutory requirements.
German machine pistol 40." The affidavit stated the defendant's prior arrests and convictions. The affidavit concluded: "Based upon information included in this affidavit and upon Fleurant's past record of convictions and observation at Bridgewater State Hospital I have reason to believe and do believe that if Richard Fleurant is in possession of a firearms Identification Card that he is in possession of it by reason of false statements and information provided to the licensing authorities and the same would apply in reference to any firearms license or permit to purchase." Attached to the affidavit were statements of Bonin and one Lemerise, in which both admitted participation with Fleurant in certain criminal activities not directly related to weapons offenses.
The defendant attacks the sufficiency of the affidavit on two grounds: that the familiar "two-pronged test" of Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964), was not met, and that the information supplied by Bonin was stale. We disagree with the defendant on both grounds.
The two-pronged test enunciated in the Aguilar case and refined by the Supreme Court in Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 (1969), and in United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573 (1971), requires that an affidavit accompanying an application for a search warrant inform the magistrate issuing the warrant (in this case an assistant clerk of the Central District Court of Worcester) of some of the underlying circumstances upon which the affiant concluded that the informant was reliable and of some of the underlying circumstances upon which the informant concluded that the defendant was engaged in criminal activity. Aguilar v. Texas, supra, at 112-116. Commonwealth v. Stewart, 358 Mass. 747 , 750 (1971). Commonwealth v. Stevens, 362 Mass. 24 , 27 (1972).
In applying that test to a particular affidavit, the affidavit is not to be subjected to hypertechnical scrutiny but is to be interpreted in a commonsense fashion. Commonwealth v. Stewart, supra, at 750. The affidavit is to be examined as a whole. Commonwealth v.
Moran, 353 Mass. 166 , 170 (1967). Commonwealth v. Victor, 1 Mass. App. Ct. 600 , 601 (1973). The test is applied to determine if the magistrate had probable cause to issue the warrant, not to determine whether there was evidence of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. at 584. Commonwealth v. Haefeli, 361 Mass. 271 , 284-285 (1972). The inquiry is ordinarily limited to those facts which the magistrate had before him as contained in the affidavit. Commonwealth v. Monosson, 351 Mass. 327 , 328-329 (1966). United States v. Sultan, 463 F. 2d 1066, 1070 (2d Cir. 1972). United States v. Harris, 482 F. 2d 1115, 1118 (3d Cir. 1973).
Examining the affidavit with these considerations in mind, we conclude that the affidavit was amply sufficient to satisfy each prong of the Aguilar test. It was not necessary for the affiant to allege that the informant was believed to be reliable. The facts presented in the affidavit itself may be sufficient indicia of the informant's credibility. United States v. Harris, supra, at 579-580. United States v. Unger, 469 F. 2d 1283, 1286-1287 (7th Cir. 1972). The specificity of the information supplied, the affiant's occasion to question the informant, and the fact that the informant was named and was not a paid informer are all relevant circumstances in determining the informant's credibility. United States v. Viggiano, 433 F. 2d 716, 718 (2d Cir. 1970). United States v. Bigos, 459 F. 2d 639, 641-642 (1st Cir. 1972). United States v. Unger, supra. United States v. Wilson, 479 F. 2d 936, 940 (7th Cir. 1973). The fact that the informant admitted his own involvement in criminal activity is also of some relevance, although it should be noted here that such criminal activity was not directly related to the offenses comprehended within the scope of the affidavit. An informant's admitted criminal involvement is not conclusive on the issue of reliability, but it may be taken into consideration if other factors indicative of reliability are also present. See Commonwealth v. Stewart, 358 Mass.
747, 752 (1971). See also United States v. Viggiano, supra, at n. 3.
The second prong of the Aguilar test is also satisfied. The affidavit discloses that the informant personally observed the criminal activity at issue. Evidence that the informant was an eye witness is a constitutionally sufficient demonstration of the source of his information. United States v. Bigos, supra, at 641. Commonwealth v. Stevens, 362 Mass. 24 , 28 (1972).
place recently. See United States v. Unger, 469 F. 2d 1283, 1287 (7th Cir. 1972). An affidavit need not, in every case, disclose the precise times at which the informant gleaned his information. The nature of the criminal activity at issue determines the necessity for specifying times. Unlike drugs or liquors, a collection of weapons is not likely to be consumed or destroyed. Bastida v. Henderson, 487 F. 2d 860, 864 (5th Cir. 1973). We think the affidavit recited "facts indicating activity of a protracted and continuous nature [and therefore] . . . the passage of time [became] less significant." United States v. Johnson, 461 F. 2d 285, 287 (10th Cir. 1972). Commonwealth v. Moran, 353 Mass. 166 , 171 (1967). Commonwealth v. Misci, 358 Mass. 804 (1970).
We hold that the search warrant was properly issued in conformity with G. L. c. 276, Sections 1-8, that the affidavit complied with Federal constitutional requirements and, therefore, that the motion to suppress was properly denied. We perceive no violation of G. L. c. 123, Section 36 (inserted by St. 1970, c. 888, Section 4), as alleged by the defendant.
2. In view of our decision that the motion to suppress was properly denied, we hold that the evidentiary rulings complained of in seven assignments of error (Nos. 2-7 and 10) were proper and do not require further discussion. The question complained of in the ninth assignment of error was properly allowed. There is no merit in the defendant's claim that the question, which pertained to the date of an earlier visit by a police officer to the defendant's place of business, tended or was intended to suggest the defendant's involvement in other crimes. Furthermore, testimony of the date of the visit had been elicited moments earlier without objection.
the entire conversation inadmissible on the basis of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). Admitting part of the conversation would have entitled the Commonwealth to elicit relevant portions of the entire conversation. Commonwealth v. Taylor, 327 Mass. 641 , 648-649 (1951), and cases cited. McCormick, Evidence (2d ed.) Section 56. Wharton's Criminal Evidence (13th ed. Torcia) Section 162. It is clear from the record that the defendant was unwilling to have the entire conversation admitted in evidence.
3. (Assignments of Error Nos. 11, 16, 31). The defendant argues that his motions for directed verdicts should have been allowed. He stipulated that he did not have a license to possess and carry a machine gun (see G. L. c. 140, Section 131, as amended through St. 1969, c. 799, Section 11) but maintains that he nevertheless did not violate G. L. c. 269, Section 10 (as amended through St. 1969, c. 799, Sections 14-16), [Note 2] because the firearm identification card issued to him entitled him to possess (so long as he did not carry) a machine gun. In other words, the defendant argues that his ownership of a firearm identification card brings him within the protection of the phrase "except as provided by law," as used in G. L. c. 269, Section 10.
(as amended through St. 1971, c. 456, Section 1), [Note 3] are used throughout c. 140 demonstrates a clear intention that machine guns be treated differently from other weapons. Assuming without deciding that certain machine guns -- i.e., those with barrels shorter than sixteen inches -- may be classified as "firearms," as defined under Section 121, it is nonetheless clear that additional restrictions are placed upon the possession of machine guns of any description, regardless of their barrel length. [Note 4] The additional restriction material to this case is that, in addition to a valid firearm identification card, the defendant was also required to secure a license to possess and carry a machine gun issued pursuant to Section 131 in order to avoid prosecution under G. L. c. 269, Section 10. The motions for directed verdicts were properly denied.
In view of our decision on this point, the error complained of in the thirty-first assignment, if it was error, was harmless.
[Note 1] Of the thirty-five assignments of error filed by the defendant, only thirteen will be considered. Nine assignments of error are deemed waived as they have not been briefed. Commonwealth v. Martin, 358 Mass. 282 , 283 (1970). Eighteen assignments of error (including five of those deemed waived) do not conform to the requirements of G. L. c. 278, Section 33D, in that no specific grounds upon which they are based are set forth. See Commonwealth v. Silvia, 343 Mass. 130 , 138 (1961).
[Note 2] The relevant portion of that statute provides: "Whoever, except as provided by law, possesses a machine gun as defined in section one hundred and twenty-one of chapter one hundred and forty, without permission under section one hundred and thirty-one of said chapter, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for life or for any term of years."
[Note 3] Section 121, as so amended, reads in part: "In . . . [Sections 122 to 131F], inclusive, `firearm' shall mean a pistol, revolver or other weapon of any description loaded or unloaded, from which a shot or bullet can be discharged and of which the length of barrel is less than sixteen inches or eighteen inches in the case of a shotgun, and the term `length of barrel' shall mean that portion of a firearm, rifle, shotgun or machine gun through which a shot or bullet is driven, guided or stabilized, and shall include the chamber. A `machine gun' is a weapon of any description, by whatever name known, loaded or unloaded, from which a number of shots or bullets may be rapidly or automatically discharged by one continuous pull of the trigger, and includes a submachine gun."
[Note 4] See, e.g., G. L. c. 140, Sections 123 and 131E, pertaining to the sale and purchase of firearms. Section 131E (as amended through St. 1969, c. 799, Section 12) authorizes the purchase of "firearms, rifles and shotguns from any . . . [licensed] dealer" by any resident who presents a "license to carry firearms issued . . . under the provisions of . . . [Section 131], or a permit to purchase issued . . . under . . . [Section 131A] together with a firearm identification card issued . . . under . . . [Section 129B]. . . ." Section 123 (as amended through St. 1969, c. 799, Section 3), however, specifically restricts the sale, rental, or leasing of a machine gun to persons who have "a license to possess the same issued under . . . [Section 131]." Thus, it would appear that one who has a license to carry firearms issued pursuant to Section 131, but who does not have a license to possess and carry a machine gun, also issued pursuant to Section 131, would be prohibited by Section 123 from lawfully purchasing a machine gun.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.

 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.