Source: https://www.patentdocs.org/2012/02/index.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-18 10:50:07+00:00

Document:
On Friday, Judge Naomi Reice Buchwald presiding in the Southern District of New York granted Monsanto's motion to dismiss a case brought by the Public Patent Foundation (PubPat) on behalf of "farmers and seed businesses, both organic and non-organic, as well as related membership organizations." Organic Seed Growers and Trade Assn. et al. v. Monsanto Co. This puts to an end (for now) PubPat's latest effort to influence U.S. patent policy through the courts (the other instance being, most (in)famously, Association for Molecular Pathology v. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ("the Myriad case"), although here PubPat was not aided by the American Civil Liberties Union). The complaint named almost seventy plaintiffs, and the patents at issue were U.S. Patent Nos. 5,322,938 (expired 6/21/2011), 5,532,605 (expired 7/28/2008), 5,362,865 (expired 11/8/2011), 5,378,619 (expired 1/3/2012), 5,424,412 (will expire 6/13/2012), 5,463,175 (will expire 10/31/2012), 5,530,196, 5,554,798, 5,593,874, 5,641,876, 5,659,122, 5,717,084, 5,728,925, 5,750,871, 5,859,347, 6,025,545, 6,040,497, 6,051,753, 6,083,878, 6,753,463, and 6,825,400, and U.S. Reissue Patent Nos. RE38825 and RE39247.
Monsanto asked the Court to dismiss the action for failure to allege a "case or controversy" under the Declaratory Judgments Act as required under Article III of the Constitution. The District Court began its opinion granting this motion by noting that a court's jurisdiction cannot exceed this Article III requirement under the Declaratory Judgment Act, citing Prasco, LLC v. Medicis Pharm. Corp., 537 F.3d 1329, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The Supreme Court's test for determining whether a sufficient case or controversy has been plead requires a plaintiff to establish that "the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment," citing (without apparent irony) Association for Molecular Pathology v. U.S. Patent & Trademark Office ("AMP"), 653 F.3d 1329, 1342-43 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (quoting MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 127 (2007)). The Court noted that this test has been "refined" by the Federal Circuit to require "an injury in fact traceable to the patentee," which only exists if plaintiffs have alleged "both (1) an affirmative act by the patentee related to the enforcement of his patent rights, and (2) meaningful preparation to conduct potentially infringing activity." Id. at 1343 (citing SanDisk Corp. v. STMicroelectronics, Inc., 480 F.3d 1372, 1380-81 (Fed. Cir. 2007).
[P]laintiffs attempt to circumvent this test first by arguing that MedImmune confers per se standing on any plaintiff who has purchased a license to a patent. (Pls.' Mem. 18.) The argument evinces a lack of understanding of MedImmune's holding, which was that purchasing a patent license does not preclude jurisdiction where the purchase has been coerced. See 549 U.S. at 129-31. Plaintiffs, relying on their misreading of MedImmune, next endeavor to extend the argument and contend that standing should be conferred on all parties who are able to purchase a license, whether or not they have done so. (Pls.' Mem. 19.) Accepting this suggestion would functionally eliminate the case or controversy requirement and should thus be rejected out of hand.
The Court explained that the first prong of the Federal Circuit's test ensures that the parties have "adverse legal interests," which is established "where a patentee asserts rights under a patent based on certain identified ongoing or planned activity of another party, and where that party contends that it has the right to engage in the accused activity without license." SanDisk, 480 F.3d at 1381. (The Court recognized that "it is possible that the first prong of the test may be satisfied upon some lesser showing.") In any case, there must be "an underlying legal cause of action that the declaratory defendant could have brought or threatened to bring, if not for the fact that the declaratory plaintiff had preempted it," because otherwise "any adverse economic interest that the declaratory plaintiff may have against the declaratory defendant is not a legally cognizable interest sufficient to confer declaratory judgment jurisdiction," citing Creative Compounds, LLC v. Starmark Labs., 651 F.3d 1303, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The "mere existence of a potentially adverse patent does not cause an injury [or] create an imminent risk of an injury; absent action by the patentee, a potential [infringer] is legally free to market its product in the face of an adversely-held patent," citing Prasco, 537 F.3d at 1338.
As to the second prong, the Federal Circuit's test requires that the declaratory judgment plaintiff has taken "significant, concrete steps to conduct infringing activity"; otherwise, "the dispute is neither 'immediate' nor 'real' and the requirements for justiciability have not been met," citing Cat Tech LLC v. TubeMaster, Inc., 528 F.3d 871, 880 (Fed. Cir. 2008). The Court notes that "the greater the length of time before potentially infringing activity is expected to occur" is "significant" and impacts the immediacy of the cause of action.
Here, the Court held that plaintiffs failed to assert a "case or controversy" that supported Article III jurisdiction. The facts supporting the Court's conclusion were that there was no evidence that Monsanto "ever demanded royalty payments from plaintiffs, identified any of plaintiffs' conduct as potentially infringing, or even initiated any contact with plaintiffs whatsoever." Plaintiffs only support for there being a "case or controversy," according to the Court, was "(1) defendants' pattern of enforcing their patent rights against non-plaintiff farmers through litigation or threats of litigation; (2) plaintiffs' assertion of the 'implicit threat' in defendants' statement that it is not their policy to enforce their patent rights against farmers whose crops inadvertently acquire trace amounts of patented seeds or traits; and (3) defendants' refusal to provide plaintiffs with a blanket covenant not to sue."
These reasons were not sufficient in the Court's opinion. The first reason, that Monsanto has a pattern of enforcing its patent rights through litigation or threat of litigation, was rejected by the Court because it did not include evidence that Monsanto had exercised its patent rights against the plaintiffs. While conceding that suits against third parties could support declaratory judgment jurisdiction, the Court noted that these circumstances required that suits against such third parties must be "sufficiently similar" to one that a patentee "may bring" against the plaintiffs (put another way, against "similarly situated parties"). The reason, according to the opinion, is that "a fear of future harm that is only subjective is not an injury or threat of injury caused by the defendant that can be the basis of an Article III case or controversy," citing Prasco, 537 F.3d at 1338. This is evaluated objectively, wherein "it is the reality of the threat of injury that is relevant to the standing inquiry, not the plaintiff's subjective apprehensions." Id. at 1338-39 and Hewlett-Packard Co. v. Acceleron LLC, 587 F.3d 1358, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2009). Specifically, the Court determined that the 144 patent infringement suits filed by Monsanto between 1997 and 2010 were not excessive, comparing the frequency of thirteen lawsuits a year with the "approximately two million" farms in America. In addition, these suits were not against "similarly situated plaintiffs" in the Court's view, since the declaratory judgment plaintiffs here averred that they had no interest in having their seed "contaminated by transgenic seed"; the defendants in Monsanto's other actions were farmers who infringed Monsanto's patents by replanting seeds or breaching their contractual obligations. There was "no evidence that defendants have commenced litigation against anyone standing in similar stead to plaintiffs and thus the evidence did not support the 'affirmative acts' prong of the Federal Circuit's test for declaratory judgment jurisdiction" according to the opinion. And any allegations by plaintiffs that Monsanto had threatened "similarly situated" farmers who wished to avoid inadvertent use of Monsanto's patented seed were, according to the Court, "equally lame" because "not one single plaintiff claims to have been so threatened."
It has never been, nor will it be[,] Monsanto policy to exercise its patent rights where trace amounts of our patented seeds or traits are present in [a] farmer's fields as a result of inadvertent means.
Indeed, plaintiffs' letter to defendants seems to have been nothing more than an attempt to create a controversy where none exists. This effort to convert a statement that defendants have no intention of bringing suit into grounds for maintaining a case, if accepted, would disincentivize patentees from ever attempting to provide comfort to those whom they do not intend to sue, behavior which should be countenanced and encouraged. In contrast, plaintiffs' argument is baseless and their tactics not to be tolerated.
Remarkably, the Court noted that these statements were made after filing the initial complaint, in view of the fact that it is impermissible for the Court to consider such conduct in evaluating whether declaratory judgment jurisdiction exists. The policy reason for this rule is that it would "invite a declaratory judgment plaintiff in a patent case to file suit at the earliest moment it conceives of any potential benefit to doing so" in an attempt to "draw an infringement suit in response (thereby retroactively establishing jurisdiction over their first-filed declaratory judgment suit)," said the Court, citing Innovative Therapies, Inc. v. Kinetic Concepts, Inc., 599 F.3d 1377, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2010). This is exactly what plaintiffs are attempting here, according to the opinion, which is "a further reason to discount their argument."
Finally, the Court deigned not to credit any effect of Monsanto's refusal to execute a covenant not to sue in plaintiffs' favor. Calling it a request for a "blanket waiver," the Court found it "unsurprising" that Monsanto declined plaintiffs' invitation to enter into such an agreement. Plaintiffs' argument was "groundless and their tactics unacceptable," the Court held. Monsanto's refusal to enter into the covenant was but one factor to be considered under Federal Circuit precedent and here "does not meaningfully add to plaintiffs' case." According to the opinion, "plaintiffs' letter was clearly intended to be used as a prop in this litigation, and the failure to sign a covenant not to sue borders on the wholly irrelevant."
The Court also found no evidence of the required "preparatory conduct" needed under the second prong of the Federal Circuit test. In this case, plaintiffs contended that there was no requirement for them to take affirmative action to infringe, since "defendants' patented seeds will spread with no action on plaintiffs' part and are self-replicating." Regardless of the accuracy of these allegations, the Court said that the "potential infringement " must be "a matter of immediate concern," and that plaintiffs' allegations fail in this regard. The opinion notes that not only have plaintiffs not alleged that any of them have "actually grown or sold contaminated seed," they have maintained their intention to "specifically avoid any such use." They do, however, allege that they "could . . . be accused of patent infringement" due to contamination of their seed with Monsanto's seed. The Court characterized this allegation as the sort of "intangible worry, unanchored in time" that the Federal Circuit has found "insufficient to support an 'actual or imminent' injury for standing without any specification of when the some day will be," citing AMP, 653 F.3d at 1346. Addressing plaintiffs' allegation that they are suffering injury because some of them have stopped planting certain crops due to fear of a lawsuit, the Court called this an injury of their own making that did not support declaratory judgment jurisdiction.
Finally, considering all the circumstances, the Court granted Monsanto's motion to dismiss, calling plaintiffs' allegations "diaphanous" and the complaint "a transparent effort to create a controversy where none exists."
Today, the Federal Circuit affirmed a decision by the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences holding that in an interference between Pioneer Hi-Bred International's U.S. Patent No. 6,258,999 and Monsanto Technology's U.S. Application No. 11/151,700, Monsanto was not time-barred under 35 U.S.C. § 135(b)(1) and Monsanto's '700 application claims were entitled to seniority.
1. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant comprised of stably incorporated foreign DNA, wherein said foreign DNA consists of DNA that is not from a corn plant and that is not comprised of a T-DNA border.
1. A fertile transgenic Zea mays plant containing heterologous DNA which is heritable, wherein said heterologous DNA confers a beneficial trait to the plant, wherein said beneficial trait is selected from the group consisting of pest resistance, stress tolerance, drought resistance, disease resistance, and the ability to produce a chemical, wherein the plant expresses a selectable marker gene, and wherein the plant is from a subsequent generation of a plant that is re-generated from a selected transformed cell.
A claim which is the same as, or for the same or substantially the same subject matter as, a claim of an issued patent may not be made in any application unless such a claim is made prior to one year from the date on which the patent was granted.
Because the claims of the '700 application were not presented to the USPTO prior to July 10, 2002 (i.e., one year from the date on which the '999 patent issued) -- the critical date -- Pioneer contended that it was entitled to a determination of priority. The Board, however, denied Pioneer's motion, holding that the interfering claims in Monsanto's '700 application related back to claims in the '983 application, which were presented before the critical date.
Monsanto also filed a motion, seeking to deny Pioneer the benefit of the '155 application, arguing that the '155 application did not contain sufficient disclosure supporting the claims involved in the interference. The Board granted Monsanto's motion, making Monsanto the senior party, and Pioneer stipulated to judgment in favor of Monsanto. Pioneer then appealed the Board's decision to the Federal Circuit.
On appeal, Pioneer argued that the Board erred in relying on multiple pre-critical date claims to support Monsanto's later claim. While the Board recognized that no single claim in the '983 application contained all of the limitations of claim 1 in Monsanto's '700 application, the Board determined that multiple claims from a pre-critical application, operating together, could serve as the basis for showing that a later claim was actually made before the one-year bar of § 135(b)(1). In particular, the Board held that when claims 1, 7-9, 12, 16, and 18 of the pre-critical '983 application were taken together (as shown in the comparison below), they were "sufficiently congruent" with the claims presented in Monsanto's '700 application to overcome the § 135(b)(1) time bar.
Pioneer also argued that the claims of the '983 application recite inventions that are so different that the Board erred in holding these claims to be "sufficiently congruent." In particular, Pioneer contended that the Board erred in determining that claim 9 and claims 7 and 8 of the '983 application were directed to the same invention. Finding no error in the Board's determination, the Federal Circuit concluded that "the pre-critical date claims here demonstrate intent to claim an invention reflecting both the limitations of claims 7 and 8 and of claim 9." The Court agreed with the Board that "nothing in claim 9 indicates a choice away from the limitations of claim 7 or claim 8."
Claim 16 specifically reaches the "R2 and higher generations." And while there is no claim expressly reciting an "R1" generation, Monsanto '983 claim 13 addresses the seed necessary to give rise to that generation and claim 18 limits the plant of Monsanto '983 claim 1 so that it is itself an "R1" plant.
Reviewing the Pioneer '155 application, we agree with the Board that it includes no express discussion of T-DNA borders at all. In its briefs and argument on appeal Pioneer presented no serious contention that the foreign DNA described in that application would inherently not comprise a T-DNA border, which is the only other way the required embodiment could be found.
The Court therefore affirmed the Board's decision that Monsanto's '700 application claims were entitled to seniority.
Earlier this month, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently published its long-awaited guidance documents on Biosimilars/Biosimilarity (see "FDA Publishes Draft Guidelines for Biosimilar Product Development" and "More on FDA Draft Guidelines for "Follow-on" Biologic Drug Approval Pathway"). Some of the first public statements made by the FDA regarding these newly-published biosimilar guidance documents were made in a February 15 presentation by Dr. Rachel E. Sherman, Associate Director for Medical Policy at the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Dr. Sherman moved through the guidance documents quickly, without exploring any particular issues in detail, but there were several notable messages in her presentation that expand beyond the text of the statute and the guidance documents.
Dr. Sherman (at left) opened by noting that the presentation represented the first opportunity for the FDA to interact with the audience targeted by the guidance documents. The FDA has continually emphasized the guidances' wide target audience, comprising consumers (patients), patient advocacy groups, health care providers, as well as those in the pharmaceutical industry. The FDA's effort to draft the guidelines so as to be understandable to the average consumer may partially explain the minimal specific requirements throughout the guidance documents. The presentation continued with an overview of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA) and its effects on the approval of biologics under the current statutory framework (PHSA and FFDCA). The BPCIA will consolidate the approval of all biologics, as the FDA strongly disapproves the current two-option framework, allowing certain biologics to be approved under either the PHSA or the FFDCA. The transition to a single approval pathway under the BPCIA is expected to be completed by 2020.
The FDA next responded to the criticism that the abbreviated approval pathway does not promote innovation. The FDA considers the biosimilarity approval pathway to be innovative because each analytical study required of biosimilar applicants will advance the field of knowledge regarding the molecule of interest. For example, a biosimilar applicant may have to characterize the function of particular amino acids in binding domains of its biosimilar product, thus providing date to others in the field as to the homology requirements of its biologic. The FDA would then make a determination of biosimilarity, and consider whether the FDA would require additional testing/studies to support a finding of biosimilarity. This determination is presented using an entertaining analogy. Dr. Sherman's presentation contains a line drawing of an elephant (below), where each line represents an analytical or clinical study performed by the biosimilar applicant (Wel J. "Least squares fitting of an elephant." Chemtech Feb. 128-29 (1975)). The FDA will have to compare the reference product (figure A) with the biosimilar products (figures B-E) to determine what level of detail is required for a determination of biosimilarity (whether the drawing is an elephant or not). The biosimilar applicant will attempt to draw the minimum amount of lines such that the FDA can make a finding that the biological product is biosimilar to the reference product (elephant). The FDA will not permit any "tracing" of the lines in the drawing, as these attributes of the biosimilar are already known. The FDA considers repetition of any animal or human studies to be unethical, therefore they must be avoided. Each test or study must add something to the whole body of evidence. This elephant analogy is also used to define "fingerprint" studies, which may tell the biosimilar applicant at an early stage that its product will not qualify for approval under 351(k) (e.g., if early lines in the drawing show a beak or fins).
Animal analogies aside, Dr. Sherman reiterated the importance of meeting with the FDA "early and often" during biosimilar development. By issuing the guidance documents, the FDA only intended to address the highest priority uncertainty in the biosimilarity standards. Only the minimum amount of information was included to provide biosimilar applicants with some level of expectation regarding the minimum studies required prior to contacting the FDA. The FDA expects the minimum characterization outlined in the guidance documents to be performed up front, and then the expectation is that the biosimilar applicant will contact the FDA armed with this subset of data. The FDA has every intention of, essentially, making up the standards as it goes, and is strongly encouraging anyone who is considering entering the biosimilar space to set up an FDA meeting as soon as possible to discuss.
Perhaps most interesting was the FDA's status report on the current status of received biosimilar proposals. According to Dr. Sherman, the FDA has currently received 35 pre-IND meeting requests for proposed biosimilar products, corresponding to eleven reference products. Of course, the applicants and the corresponding reference products were not disclosed. However, for comparison, the EU has approved fourteen biosimilar products, which correspond to three reference products: Filgrastim (Amgen's Neupogen), Epoetin (Amgen's Epogen), and Somatropin (Genentech's Nutropin). From this status report, it appears that many of the biosimilar applicants and sponsors are already aggressively meeting with the FDA regarding the future of their particular biological products. Other proposals have gone even farther, for there have been 21 pre-IND sponsor meetings held as of February 15, and the FDA has received nine IND applications thus far.
Dr. Sherman commented briefly on interchangeability, confirming that the FDA had not come to any type of conclusions on the standards for interchangeability. In contrast to the "biosimilarity" standard, the FDA will not be able to rely on the EU guidelines as a model for determining interchangeability, for the EU does not have a comparable provision in its biosimilar regulatory pathway. The FDA will have to start from scratch in generating this standard, which is unlikely to be clarified anytime soon. The presentation did note that, under the FDA's step-by-step analysis, the agency would have to first make a finding of biosimilarity before any requests for interchangeability would be accepted. So the clock on a FDA interchangeability guidance won't start ticking until after the first biologic is approved as a biosimilar. Unsurprisingly, Dr. Sherman stated that the FDA will "invariably" require at least one human clinical study to show interchangeability once biosimilarity is established.
Finally, Dr. Sherman indicated that the FDA intends to publish future guidance documents on several issues directed to biosimilars (beyond interchangeability): Package inserts; Product Naming and Pharmacovigilance; and an Orange Book-like publication listing which products are biosimilar and/or interchangeable for a particular reference product.
For those that are interested in viewing the full webinar, a link to the webinar can be found on the FDA's Biosimilars webpage.
On February 9th, Congressman Bobby Rush (former "defense minister" of the Black Panther Party and representative for the Illinois 1st Congressional District; at right) joined Congressman Henry Waxman (below) in introducing the latest legislative measure directed at preventing reverse payment settlements of lawsuits under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2) between branded innovator pharmaceutical companies and their generic competitors. The bill, named the "Protecting Consumer Access to Generic Drugs Act of 2012" (H.R. 3995), was introduced "[t]o prohibit brand name drug companies from compensating generic drug companies to delay the entry of a generic drug into the market, and for other purposes." The two Congressmen were also joined by Reps. Chris Van Hollen (D-MD), Frank Pallone (D-NJ), G.K. Butterfield (D-NC), and fellow Illinois Rep. Jan Schakowsky.
We should be concerned about what patients and the federal government are not getting out of these anticompetitive arrangements. Consumers and patients, a good many of whom are elderly and on fixed incomes are not getting access to more affordable generic drugs to help treat their conditions. And, the government is not getting the benefit of lower drug prices and related cost savings for Medicare and Medicaid that would help significantly in reducing our federal deficit.
His intention is clearly stated: "My bill would outlaw these settlement abuses and work to reverse the heavy tolls that they take on consumers' wallets and the Federal treasury from having to pay more money over a longer period of time for brand name drugs and authorized generics."
While certainly heart-felt, these sentiments fly in the face of careful economic analyses by several Federal Courts of Appeal that (in individual cases) lawful reverse payments actually reduce costs for consumers (in the long run) and avoid wasteful investment by innovator companies in litigation rather than innovation (see "Reverse Payments in Generic Drug Settlements" - Part I, Part II, Part III). Indeed, the only governmental agency more committed than some Congressmen to the need to eliminate the "scourge" of reverse payment settlements is the Federal Trade Commission, which posits that reverse payments only occur when the underlying patents are invalid or unenforceable (thus cynically refusing to consider that sound economics rather than nefarious lawyering is the basis for innovator companies to enter into reverse payment settlements).
It is thus a mixed blessing that H.R. 3995 specifies (Sec. 3) that violation of its provision fall within the FTC's purview rather than under the Sherman Act as an agreement in restraint of trade. This portion of the bill states that such an agreement will considered "an unfair and deceptive act or practice and an unfair method of competition in or affecting interstate commerce" under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. § 45). The FTC is given rulemaking authority to implement these enforcement provisions, and the power to exempt agreements on a case-by-case basis that it finds "to be in furtherance of market competition and for the benefit of consumers," regardless of how unlikely the Commission’s current stance on these agreements makes that eventuality. The bill also provides that an ANDA filer found to be in violation of the reverse payment provisions shall forfeit the 180-day exclusivity period provided by the FFDCA (Sec. 4), and in Sec. 5 that all agreements shall be filed with the Department of Justice and the FTC including "any other agreements the parties enter into within 30 days of entering into an agreement [settling an ANDA suit as currently provided by 21 U.S.C. 3155] (i.e., the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA)." This certification must be made by the CEO or other officer "responsible for negotiating any agreement" required to be filed under the MMA under penalty of perjury. The bill specifically spells out that this certification specify that it "(1) represent[s] the complete, final, and exclusive agreement between the parties; (2) include[s] any ancillary agreements that are contingent upon, provide a contingent condition for, or are otherwise related to, the referenced agreement; and (3) include[s] written descriptions of any oral agreements, representations, commitments, or promises between the parties that are responsive to subsection (a) or (b) of such section 1112 and have not been reduced to writing'".
The bill stands a chance of passage if only because it seems to promise reduction in drug prices and in the cost of drugs to the Federal government. As with much of what is happening in the country these days, it is long on short-term gain and short on long-term consequences, and contrary to the overwhelming experience of these agreements when scrutinized by courts in the context of antitrust litigation. While restricting enforcement to the FTC may prevent every state attorney general or aggrieved citizen from filing a lawsuit based on the Sherman Act (and avoid except for the perjury provisions the threat of criminal sanction), the bill represents another piece of political drama that may actually have much more negative consequences economically than the benefits it purports to pursue. Perhaps the improbability of its passage in view of the current political climate is a blessing. But it should not be too much to ask that our representatives actually consider all the consequences before they attempt to impose limits on the flexibility of innovator and generic companies to iron out their differences and provide both new drugs and generic copies of old drugs within the prevailing regulatory regime.
Cellectis S.A. v. Precision Biosciences Inc.
Declaratory judgment of invalidity and non-infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 8,119,361 ("Methods of Cleaving DNA with Rationally-Designed Meganucleases," issued February 21, 2012) and 8,119,381 ("Rationally Designed Meganucleases with Altered Sequence Specificity and DNA-Binding Affinity," issued February 21, 2012). View the complaint here.
Precision BioSciences, Inc. v. Cellectis SA et al.
• Plaintiff: Precision BioSciences, Inc.
• Defendants: Cellectis SA; Cellectis bioresearch; Cellectis bioresearch Inc.
Infringement of U.S. Patent No. 8,119,361 ("Methods of Cleaving DNA with Rationally-Designed Meganucleases," issued February 21, 2012) based on Cellectis' manufacture, use, and sale of certain products, including meganucleases targeting the HIV1 genome. View the complaint here.
Infringement of U.S. Patent No. 8,119,381 ("Rationally Designed Meganucleases with Altered Sequence Specificity and DNA-Binding Affinity," issued February 21, 2012) based on Cellectis' manufacture, use, and sale of certain products, including meganucleases targeting the HIV1 genome and meganucleases targeting the GS gene in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. View the complaint here.
Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. et al. v. InnoPharma Inc.
Infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,500,829 ("Substantially Pure Diastereoisomers of Tetrahydrofolate Derivatives," issued December 31, 2002) following a Paragraph IV certification as part of InnoPharma's filing of an ANDA to manufacture a generic version of Spectrum's Fusilev® (levoleucovorin, used to treat advanced metastatic colorectal cancer). View the complaint here.
Novo Nordisk Inc. et al. v. Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. et al.
• Defendants: Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.; Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc.
Infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,677,358 ("NIDDM Regimen," issued January 13, 2004) following a Paragraph IV certification as part of Aurobindo's filing of an ANDA to manufacture a generic version of Novo Nordisk's Prandin® (repaglinide, used to treat non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in combination with metformin). View the complaint here.
• Teva v. Astrazeneca (Fed. Cir. Dec. 2011): First inventor is not required to appreciate why his invention works. Is this case the final development on 102(g)?
• General Protecht Group, Inc. v. Leviton Mfg. Co., Inc. (Fed. Cir. July 8, 2011): Settlement choices -- a covenant not to sue or a non-exclusive license?
• Advice of counsel after the America Invents Act: What effect will new 35 USC 298 have on the rendering and defensive use of non-infringement and invalidity opinions?
• Inequitable conduct cases post-Therasense: Has the claim gone away with the sliding scale?
• Marine Polymer Technologies, Inc. v. Hemcon, Inc., 2010-1548 (Fed. Cir. Sept. 26, 2011): Injunction and damages award vacated due to intervening rights from reissue -- Will post grant amendments under AIA have the same effect?
• E-discovery: Are sanctions for document discovery changing in view of Micron Technology Inc., et. al v. Rambus Inc. (Fed. Cir. May 2011)?
• Global-Tech v. SEB (Supreme Court May 2011): What changes may be coming for joint infringement?
A featured morning address will be given between 8:15 and 9:05 am by Director David Kappos of the U.S. Patent and Trademark office. The lunch keynote speaker will by Circuit Judge Sharon Prost of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
A preliminary program preview for the seminar can be found here.
The registration fee for the conference is $440 (for those registering by April 4, 2012) or $470 (for those registering after April 4, 2012). Those interested in registering for the conference can do so here or by submitting a reservation form that can be obtained here.
Last week, in AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical LP v. Intellipharmaceutics Corp., Civil Action No. 11-2973 (JAP), Judge Pisano of the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey dismissed a Hatch-Waxman Act patent infringement action based on a lack of personal jurisdiction because the ANDA filer did not have the requisite minimum contacts with the state to establish either general or specific jurisdiction. In this particular case, AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical LP and AstraZeneca UK Limited (together, "Astra") had filed suit against Intellipharmaceutics Corp. ("IPC") and Intellipharmaceutics International Inc. ("IPCI") in New Jersey because IPC had filed an ANDA to seek approval to market a generic version of Astra's Seroquel XR product. Both IPC and IPCI are Canadian companies. IPC and IPCI subsequently filed their motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) (lack of personal jurisdiction), or in the alternative, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) to transfer to the Southern District of New York. Astra followed-up by also filing suit in New York to preserve its right to the statutory 30-month stay, but that action was stayed pending the outcome in the New Jersey Court.
For those readers who have not had the pleasure of a first-year Civil Procedure course, due process requires that a defendant have minimum contacts with a state before that state can exercise jurisdiction over them. This is because "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice" prevent a plaintiff from hauling a defendant to court in a state in which that defendant does not have at least minimum contacts. There are two types of jurisdiction -- (1) general jurisdiction, in which the defendant has "continuous and systematic" contacts with a state such that a court can exercise jurisdiction for any action, and (2) specific jurisdiction, for cases in which general jurisdiction cannot be established, but there are sufficient limited contacts with the state that relate to the claims of the suit.
In the present case, the Judge first looked to whether IPC and IPCI were subject to general jurisdiction in New Jersey. Astra had claimed that IPC and IPCI had continuous and systematic contacts with New Jersey because they (1) had "repeatedly partnered" with New Jersey companies to develop pharmaceuticals, (2) had engaged a consultant in the state, (3) had used a New Jersey Transfer Agent, (4) had sourced materials and equipment from the state, (5) had paid more taxes in New Jersey than most, if not all, other states, (6) had entered into confidentiality agreements with entities in the state, and (7) had asserted counterclaims in the New Jersey Court in an unrelated matter. After jurisdictional discovery, the Court concluded that these contacts were not sufficient to establish general jurisdictional. IPC had in fact entered into drug development agreements in the past with New Jersey companies, but these were found to be inadequate to support jurisdiction. One of these agreements was with Elite Laboratories and Elite Pharmaceuticals to develop a generic Prevacid product. However, this agreement was in 2005, and no drug development actually commenced. IPC also entered into three agreements with Par Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Par") to develop generic Focalin XR, generic Coreg CR, and a third undisclosed generic product. The work for these agreements, however, was performed primarily in Canada. The Judge did note that all of these agreements were unrelated to the present ANDA product, but such a fact should be irrelevant to general jurisdiction analysis.
As for the other factors, the Judge noted that IPC had made "relatively random purchases" from companies located in New Jersey, and that these were insufficient, alone and with other contacts, to confer general jurisdiction (quoting the Supreme Court's 1984 Helicopteros opinion ("mere purchases, even if occurring at regular intervals, are not enough to warrant a State's assertion of in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident corporation in a cause of action not related to those purchase transcations"). As for the tax payments, IPCI did pay $26.95 to New Jersey in 2010 and $10.13 in 2009. However, even though these amounts "dwarfed" the single penny IPCI paid in taxes in Wyoming in 2009, the Court found that Astra's tax argument was "a bit overstated." Finally, the confidentiality agreements were with regard to "potential" or "possible" business relationships, with no evidence that they were ever consummated, and the litigation in question in which counterclaims had been filed was controlled by Par, not IPC. When viewed in their totality, the Court found that these contacts were insufficient to establish the continuous and systematic contacts with New Jersey necessary to establish general jurisdiction.
To establish specific jurisdiction, it is necessary to focus on the relationship between the claims and contacts. Of course, in a Hatch-Waxman action, the technical act of infringement is the filing of an ANDA. Astra pointed to three activities related to IPC's ANDA filing that were allegedly "purposefully directed" at New Jersey. First, Astra alleged that IPC sourced its magnesium stearate for the ANDA product from a New Jersey company. The evidence was to the contrary, however, showing that the dealings were with a Missouri office, and that the magnesium stearate was produced in St. Louis. Second, Astra pointed out that the packaging for the ANDA product was obtained from a New Jersey company. Even if this were true, however, the claim of the litigation arose from the quetiapine tablets themselves, not the packaging. Finally, Astra claimed that IPC relied on a Drug Master File held by Hetero Labs Ltd., which itself used a New Jersey Company, Pharm Q, Inc., as its U.S. Regulatory agent. However, the DMF relied upon by IPC in its ANDA filing was from a company located in Massachusetts, not Herero Labs. The Court, therefore, found that this case had nothing to do with the state of New Jersey, and that therefore Astra could not establish specific jurisdiction.
This brings up the question as to where an NDA holder can bring a Hatch-Waxman action when the ANDA filer conducts most, if not all, of its activities outside the U.S. (other than the filing of the ANDA, of course). The present opinion had no need to opine on this issue. In fact, in this case, IPC and IPCI had already consented to personal jurisdiction in New York, and had sought in the alternative a transfer of the New Jersey action to New York. The reason that IPC and IPCI believed that they were continuously and systematically doing business in New York was because IPCI was listed on the NASDAQ exchange, executives from both companies regularly travelled to New York for business, both companies used numerous New York companies to handle their affairs, and the companies worked with Par in New York. The problem is that it is the ANDA filing that is the act of infringement, and such a filing seeks approval to market an ANDA product throughout the United States, including New Jersey. By dismissing the case, the New Jersey Court was essentially allowing IPC and IPCI to select its own forum, thereby depriving Astra, the NDA holder, of one of the benefits of bringing suit. Nevertheless, IPC and IPCI's contacts with New Jersey were tenuous at best, and Astra could have selected a more appropriate forum in the first place.
Earlier this month, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office announced that the Office and eight other patent offices had agreed to implement an enhanced Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) pilot program. The new pilot builds off an enhanced PPH framework that went into effect in July (see "USPTO Expands Patent Prosecution Highway").
The enhanced PPH pilot program implemented last summer has been called PPH MOTTAINAI, for the Japanese term meaning "a sense of regret concerning waste when the intrinsic value of an object or resource is not properly utilized." Under the PPH MOTTAINAI pilot program, eight patent offices -- the USPTO, Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO), Japan Patent Office (JPO), IPAustralia, National Board of Patents and Registration of Finland (NBPR), Federal Service on Intellectual Property, Patents & Trademarks of Russia (Rospatent), Spanish Patent and Trademark Office (SPTO), and United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) -- implemented enhanced PPH programs in which the requirements for participation were modified to make the programs easier to use and more widely available to a greater number of applicants. In particular, participation in the PPH MOTTAINAI program could be requested on the basis of results available on any patent family member from any office participating in the pilot, regardless of whether it was the office where the priority application was filed. In addition, the enhanced program utilized a new definition of claim correspondence, which the USPTO indicated would make the system more flexible and user-friendly without compromising efficiency or quality.
Under the new version of the PPH MOTTAINAI program, which is being called PPH 2.0, the European Patent Office (EPO) has joined the original MOTTAINAI offices, bringing the total number of participating offices to nine. The PPH 2,0 program, which commenced on January 29, will run until January 28, 2013 (although the program could be extended for one additional year, if needed, or terminated early if, for example, the volume of participation were to exceed a manageable level).
1. One of the other PPH 2.0 participating offices has determined that at least one claim is allowable/patentable (under the PPH 2.0 program, applicants no longer need to submit a copy of the allowed claim or any English translation thereof).
2. The application before the PPH 2.0 participating office (i.e., containing the allowable/patentable claim) and the U.S. application for which participation in the PPH 2.0 program is being requested must have the same priority/filing date (the Annex to the USPTO's notice on the PPH 2.0 program provides fifteen schematics outlining situations in which this requirement would be satisfied).
3. All claims on file, as originally filed, or as amended in the U.S. application must sufficiently correspond to one or more of the claims indicated as allowable in the application filed in the PPH 2.0 participating office (the USPTO notice states that "[a] claim is considered to 'sufficiently correspond' where, accounting for differences due to translations and claim format, the claim in the U.S. application is of the same or similar scope as a claim indicated as allowable in the application filed in the PPH 2.0 participating office"). Under the PPH 2.0 program, applicants must submit a claims correspondence table (in English), indicating how all the claims in the U.S. application correspond to the allowable/patentable claims in the application filed in the PPH 2.0 participating office.
4. Examination of the U.S. application for which participation in the PPH 2.0 program is being requested has not yet begun.
5. The applicant has filed a request to participate in the PPH 2.0 program.
6. The applicant must submit a copy of the office action issued just prior to the "Decision to Grant a Patent" (along with an English translation, which may be a machine translation) for the application before the PPH 2.0 participating office (under the PPH 2.0 program, applicants no longer need to submit a statement that the English translation is accurate).
7. The applicant must submit an information disclosure statement listing all documents cited in the office action of the PPH 2.0 participating office.
8. All of the documents described above must be filed via the EFS-Web and indexed using the document description: "Petition to make special under Patent Pros Hwy."
Additional information regarding the enhanced framework may be found here.
Prohibit "Pay for Delay" Agreements to Increase the Availability of Generic Drugs and Biologics. The high cost of prescription drugs places a significant burden on Americans today, causing many to skip doses, split pills, or forgo needed medications altogether. The Administration proposes to increase the availability of generic drugs and biologics by authorizing the Federal Trade Commission to stop companies from entering into anti-competitive deals, known also as "pay for delay" agreements, intended to block consumer access to safe and effective ge­nerics. Such deals can cost consumers billions of dollars because generic drugs are typically priced significantly less than their branded counter­parts. These agreements reduce competition and raise the cost of care for patients both directly, through higher drug and biologic prices, and indi­rectly through higher health care premiums. The Administration's proposal facilitates greater ac­cess to lower-cost generics and will generate $11 billion over 10 years in savings to Federal health programs including Medicare and Medicaid.
Modify the Length of Exclusivity to Facili­tate Faster Development of Generic Biolog­ics. Access to affordable lifesaving medicines is essential to improving the quality and efficiency of health care. The Administration’s proposal ac­celerates access to affordable generic biologics by modifying the length of exclusivity on brand name biologics. Beginning in 2013, this proposal would award brand biologic manufacturers seven years of exclusivity rather than 12 years under current law and prohibit additional periods of ex­clusivity for brand biologics due to minor changes in product formulations, a practice often referred to as "evergreening." Reducing the exclusivity pe­riod increases the availability of generic biolog­ics by encouraging faster development of generic biologics while retaining appropriate incentives for research and development for the innovation of breakthrough products. The Administration's proposal strikes a balance between promoting affordable access to medications and encourag­ing innovation to develop needed therapies. The proposal will result in $4 billion in savings over 10 years to Federal health programs including Medicare and Medicaid.
The Administration is proposing to give consumers more access to affordable pharmaceuticals by: 1) reducing the exclusivity period for brand biologics to encourage faster development of generic biologics; and 2) giving the Federal Trade Commission the authority to prohibit brand and generic drug companies from entering into anticompetitive or "pay-for-delay" agreements intended to keep more generics off the market.
Generic Biologics. Under current law, innovator brand biologics have 12 years of exclusivity and broad "evergreening" authority, whereby innovator manufacturers are able to make relatively minor changes to the "potency, purity, and safety" of their products to receive an additional 12 years of exclusivity.
Under the Administration proposal, beginning in 2012, innovator brand biologic manufacturers would have 7 years of exclusivity and would be prohibited from receiving additional exclusivity by "evergreening" their products. According to the Federal Trade Commission, 12-year exclusivity is unnecessary to promote innovation by brand biologic drug manufacturers and can potentially harm consumers by directing scarce research and development funding toward developing low-risk clinical data for drug products with proven mechanisms of action rather than toward new products to address unmet medical needs. The Administration policy strikes a balance between promoting affordable access to medication while at the same time encouraging innovation to develop needed therapies.
Pay-for-Delay. In these agreements, a brand name company settles its patent law suit by paying the generic firm to delay entering the market. Such deals can cost consumers billions of dollars because generic drugs are typically priced significantly less than their branded counterparts. The Administration proposal would give the Federal Trade Commission the authority to prohibit pay-for-delay agreements in order to facilitate access to lower-cost generics.
With respect to the specific savings that would be derived from each of the renewed proposals, the Administration predicts in the 2013 budget that by "[p]rohibiting brand and generic drug companies from delaying the availability of new generic drugs and biologics," $4.333 billion and $10.991 billion would be saved over the next five and ten years, and that if the Administration were to "[m]odify [the] length of exclusivity to facilitate faster development of generic biologics," $667 million and $3.825 billion would be saved over the next five and ten years. The Administration's predicted cost savings this time around are higher than its 2012 budget projections -- when it estimated 10-year savings of $8.79 billion for eliminating pay-for-delay agreements and $2.34 billion for reducing the data exclusivity period -- which is perhaps not too surprising given that the Administration was unable to realize either objective last year.
Last month, Castle Biosciences Inc., a Friendswood, Texas-based corporation specializing in rare cancer molecular diagnostics, announced that it had acquired an exclusive worldwide license to intellectual property covering a gene expression profiling test for thymoma, which is a rare tumor derived from the epithelial cells of the thymus gland. Castle Biosciences acquired intellectual property rights from Indiana University Research and Technology Corp., a non-profit technology transfer group associated with the university which discovered the gene profile signature that facilitates Castle Biosciences' DecisionDx-Thymoma test.
Castle Biosciences stated that the test has displayed accurate prediction of metastatic risk in patients with thymoma, while also accurately confirming the disease stage at diagnosis. Castle Biosciences continues to work with Indiana University to complete clinical validation and is aiming to have the test clinically available by the end of this quarter. Patrick Loehrer, director of the Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center in Indianapolis, stated that "[t]he ability to accurately assess metastatic risk based upon the thymoma's molecular signature will enable personalizing therapeutic options and assist in deciding which patients should receive post-operative therapy."
In addition to its new DecisionDx-Thymoma test, Castle Biosciences also markets tests for diagnosis of uveal melanoma, gliomas and glioblastoma.
Dr. Ellen Jorgensen of Genspace, one of the witnesses at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's first hearing regarding the advisability of permitting "second opinions" for patented genetic diagnostic tests without patent infringement liability, advocated "at-home" or "do-it-yourself" DNA testing as a solution (see "USPTO Holds First Hearing on 'Second Opinion' Genetic Testing"). This proposal raises a significant number of questions, particularly with regard to the potential for harm to the public due to errors that might arise from such "at-home" genetic diagnostic testing or whether precautions in interpreting results would be taken concerning the emotional consequences of finding a genetic mutation in an individual's BRCA genes.
However, the saliency of any technical objections to the idea must be considered to be significantly reduced by an announcement from Oxford Nanopore Technologies at the Advances in Genome Biology and Technology Conference at Marco Island, FL last week: a disposable gene sequencing machine the size of a standard USB thumb drive and capable of providing a complete genomic sequence for about $900. Terming the business model for the device "pay-as-you-go" sequencing, the chief technology officer of the company, Clive G. Brown stated that the new device eliminates the need for expensive ($50,000 - $750,000) machines currently in use for gene sequencing, and touted the use of the device for bedside genetic testing, biological field work, and food safety (e.g., for identifying pathogens in situ in real time).
The basis of the device is so-called "nanopore" sequencing (explained in greater detail for the interested in "The $1,000 Genome: The revolution in DNA sequencing and the new era of personalized medicine" by Kevin Davies). Briefly, the technology employs alpha-hemolysin, a bacterial membrane "pore" protein, stabilized with cyclodextrin, to measure changes in electrical current as each base moves through the pore after exonuclease cleavage. The devices take advantage of parallel processing on a chip and computer analysis of the data to create the linear sequence. Initially each chip will contain 2,000 pores with machines using chips having 8,000 pored being developed for release in 2013. While the sequencing capacity ("tens of thousands bases per read") is higher than with competing machines, so is its error rate (4%). This level of error would preclude use of the device for genetic diagnostic sequencing, for example.
But machines and methodologies will get better, which raises the possibility that DNA sequencing soon may be within the reach of the consumer (much like accurate blood glucose determinations are now done with devices requiring nothing more than a pinprick of blood). Under these circumstances, much of the current patent protection (and the IP protection model underlying it) for genetic diagnostic testing may become obsolete. First, determination of an entire sequence does not per se infringe gene-specific DNA or method claims unless gene-specific primers are used (and even these claims are subject to some reevaluation; see "Caught in a Time Warp: the (In)validity of BRCA1 Oligonucleotide Claims"). This is one reason why the majority of the claims at issue in the Myriad case (i.e., claims to isolated genes) are not infringed by the practice of genetic diagnostic methods and why even if the plaintiffs and their ACLU masters prevail, the women will have no remedy. Thus, the only direct infringer using these "mini-sequencer" devices would be the consumer, and unlike situations where suing consumers has been successful (like music file-sharing), the individual damage from any specific consumer defendant's infringement would be minimal. While the damage to the patent-holder might be large cumulatively, it is unlikely that a patentee could successfully sue consumers as a class. Inducement to infringe might also be challenging to prove since it is unlikely that Oxford Nanopore Technologies will provide instructions relating to any particular gene with specificity. In any event, the identity of disease-related mutations is (and might continue to be) in the public record and so the consumer herself would remain the only infringer.
It may also be expected that Oxford Nanopore Technologies will provide information on genetic counselors to be consulted to assist the consumer to interpret the meaning of her deduced nucleotide sequence. These genetic counselors will be practicing a method involving comparing the deduced consumer sequence with the canonical "normal" sequence, and should not be infringing any valid claims. This is because the Federal Circuit unanimously held in AMP v. USPTO (the "Myriad" case) that mere "comparison" claims do not satisfy the Bilski test and are thus invalid. In addition, under this scenario the issue of "joint infringement" would arise, because the consumer would produce the sequence and its interpretation relating to inherited propensity for disease would be performed by the genetic counselor. Unless the Federal Circuit dramatically changes the jurisprudential landscape in deciding the McKesson and Akamai cases en banc, infringement would not lie against either Oxford Nanopore Technologies or the genetic counselors.
The development of such an eventuality provides yet one more impetus for genetic diagnostic testing to avoid patents as a protection for the technology, and to use instead trade secret protection and other means that avoid disclosure. These prospects make it even more imperative, perhaps, that whatever actions are taken by the Office, Congress, or the courts regarding genetic diagnostic testing be done cautiously and in a limited fashion. Otherwise, we may find that we have imposed impediments to future technologies, just as progress in the technologies we intend to regulate make the regulation obsolete. Certainly this can't be the kind of progress the Founders had in mind.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office announced last week that senior agency officials would be hosting a free public webinar on Tuesday, February 21 at 4:30 pm (ET). The webinar will be moderated by Peter Pappas, Chief of Staff for the Office of the Director, and will feature Director David Kappos, Deputy Director Teresa Stanek Rea, Commissioner for Patents Peggy Focarino, USPTO General Counsel Bernard Knight, and BPAI Chief Administrative Patent Judge James D. Smith. The agency leaders will outline proposals for new patent fees and discuss other issues related to implementation of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. In addition, the group will answer selected questions, which may be submitted in advance to webinar@uspto.gov. The webinar can be viewed here (the event number is 998 930 187, and the event password is 123456). Those wishing to listen in can do so by calling 408-600-3600, and using the access code 998 930 187.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has made the webcast for the first of two public hearings on fees available. As the Office indicated in a Federal Register notice issued last month, the Patent Public Advisory Committee (PPAC) is to hold two public hearings this month regarding proposed patent fees (see "PPAC to Hold Public Hearings on Proposed Fee Schedule"). The first hearing took place on February 15 in Alexandria, Virginia, and the second is scheduled to take place from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm (PST) on February 23 at the Sunnyvale Public Library, 665 W. Olive Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94086.
The public hearings are being held pursuant to § 10 of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, which concerns the Office's fee setting authority. Under that section, the Director is permitted to set or adjust any fee established, authorized, or charged under Title 35 (but "only to recover the aggregate estimated costs to the Office for processing, activities, services, and materials relating to patents"). Pursuant to § 10 of the AIA, the Director must submit a proposed fee change to the PPAC not less than 45 days before publishing the proposed fee in the Federal Register, after which the PPAC shall have 30 days to deliberate, consider, and comment on the proposal as well as hold a public hearing on the proposal. The Director shall then consider and analyze the PPAC's comments, advice, or recommendations before setting or adjusting the fee. AIA § 10 also requires that the Director provide the public with a 45-day period in which to comment on any fee change, and specifies that fee changes shall not become effective until 45 days after the final rule regarding such change is published in the Federal Register (in order to give Congress an opportunity to enact a law disapproving of the fee change).
The first hearing, which ran for 2 hours and 11 minutes, can be viewed or downloaded here.
On February 1, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Director David Kappos appeared before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition and the Internet of the House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary to give testimony on prior user rights. A webcast of the hearing on "Prior User Rights: Strengthening U.S. Manufacturing and Innovation" has been made available at the House Judiciary Committee website. The written testimony for the five witnesses that appeared before the Subcommittee has also been made available on the website. In addition to Director Kappos, the witnesses included Robert A. Armitage, Senior Vice President and General Counsel for Eli Lilly and Company; Dan Lang, Vice President, Intellectual Property for Cisco Systems; Dr. John C. Vaughn, Executive Vice President for the Association of American Universities; and Prof. Dennis Crouch, Associate Professor of Law at the University of Missouri School of Law (the written testimony for each witness can be obtained by clicking on the witness' name).
Merck & Cie et al. v. Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. et al.
• Plaintiffs: Merck & Cie; Bayer Pharma AG; Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
• Defendants: Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Watson Laboratories Inc.
Merck & Cie et al. v. Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc. et al.
• Defendants: Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Watson Laboratories Inc.
The complaints in these cases are substantially identical. Infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,441,168 ("Stable Crystalline Salts of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic Acid," issued August 27, 2002) following a Paragraph IV certification as part of Watson's filing of an ANDA to manufacture a generic version of Merck's Beyaz® (drospirenone, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, and levomefolate calcium, used for oral contraception). View the Delaware complaint here.
Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. et al. v. Apotex Inc. et al.
• Plaintiffs: Senju Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Allergan Inc.
Infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,333,045 ("Aqueous Liquid Pharmaceutical Composition Comprised of Gatifloxacin," issued December 25, 2001) and 5,880,283 ("8-Alkoxyquinolonecarboxylic Acid Hydrate With Excellent Stability and Process for Producing the Same," issued March 9, 1999) following a Paragraph IV certification as part of Apotex's filing of an ANDA to manufacture a generic version of Allergan's Zymaxid® (gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution, used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis). View the complaint here.
Panagene, Inc. v. Bio-Synthesis, Inc.
Infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,395,474 ("Peptide Nucleic Acids," was issued May 28, 2002) and 7,378,485 ("Peptide Nucleic Acids with Polyamide-Containing Backbones," issued May 27, 2008) based on Biosyn's manufacture, use, and sale of Peptide Nucleic Acid compounds. View the complaint here.

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