Source: https://www.trans-lex.org/133300/_/liber-amicorum-eric-bergsten-at-489-et-seq/
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 22:15:43+00:00

Document:
Wilske/Fox, Corruption in International Arbitration and Problems with standard of proof, in: Kröll et al. (eds.), International Arbitration and International Commercial Law: Synergy, Convergenz and Evolution - Liber Amicorum Eric Bergsten (2011), at 489 et seq.
Document-Id: 133300, Please cite as: "https://www.trans-lex.org/133300"
Baseless Allegations or Prima Facie Evidence?
consideration paid by the claimant to obtain a contract.44 In other cases, government investigations or corporate compliance programs bring forth legally binding admissions, making discussion about the appropriate standard of proof in such cases unnecessary.45 There are also cases where the arbitral tribunal has no difficulty in finding the existence of corruption.46 However, more often than not, the evidence is not so clear-cut.
32 George M. von Mehren & Claudia Salomon, 'Submitting Evidence in an International Arbitration: The Common Lawyer's Guide', Journal of International Arbitration 20, no. 3 (2003): 285, 289-290 ('The degree or level of proof that must be achieved in practice in an international arbitration is not capable of precise definition ...').
33 Noradèle Radjai, 'Where there's smoke, there's fire? Proving illegality in international arbitration?' IBA Arbitration Newsletter (March 2010): 139, 142; Dragor Hiber & Vladimir Pavic, 'Arbitration and Crime', Journal of International Arbitration 25, no. 4: 461, 467 (arguing that in 'most of the cases, the evidence bar is set very high.'); see also Waguih Elie George Siag and Clorinda Vecchi v. The Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID case no. ARB/05/15 (Award of 1 June 2009), para. 326 ('It is common in most legal systems for serious allegations such as fraud to be held to a high standard of proof); EDF (Services) Ltd. v. Romania, ICSID case no. ARB/05/13 (8 October 2009), p. 64, para. 221 ('There is general consensus among international tribunals and commentators regarding the need for a high standard of proof of corruption.').
34 ICC case no. 6401, Westinghouse and Burns & Roe (USA) v. National Power Company and the Republic of the Philippines, Award of 19 December 1991, Mealey's International Arbitration Report, 7(1) (1992): 31.
35 ICC case no. 6401, Westinghouse and Burns & Roe (USA) v. National Power Company and the Republic of the Philippines, Award of 19 December 1991, Mealey's International Arbitration Report, 7(1) (1992): 31, 34; see also Sayed, 103-104.
36 International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce, Final Award of 1988 in case no. 5622, in ed. Albert Jan van den Berg, Yearbook Commercial Arbitration, vol. XIX (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1994), 105, 111.
37 International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce, Final Award of 1988 in case no. 5622, in ed. Albert Jan van den Berg, Yearbook Commercial Arbitration, vol. XIX (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1994), 105, 111.
38 Mourre, 101 with references. Final Award of 4 May 1999, Himpurna California Energy Ltd. v. Perusahaan Listruik Negara, in ed. Albert Jan van den Berg, Yearbook Commercial Arbitration, vol. XXV (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000), 11, 42 ('a finding of illegality or other invalidity must not be made lightly, but most be supported by clear and convincing proof'). EDF (Services) Ltd. v. Romania, ICSID case no. ARB/05/13 (8 October 2009), p. 64, para. 221.
39 Reiner, 334-335; Sayed, 102-106; Matthias Scherer, 'Circumstantial Evidence in Corruption Cases Before International Arbitral Tribunals' (International Arbitration and Corruption - Synopsis of Selected Arbitral Awards), International Arbitration Law Review 5, no. 2 (2002): 37-40; Martin, Appendix (Summary of International Arbitration Cases) all with many orfier reported and unreported theses.
41 Matthias Scherer, 'Circumstantial Evidence in Corruption Cases Before International Arbitral Tribunals', International Arbitration Law Review 5, no. 2 (2002): 29, 30 (who decided to leave open this question in his very careful study).
42 EDF (Services) Ltd. v. Romania, ICSID case no. ARB/05/13 (8 October 2009), p. 64. para. 221.
43 World Duty Free Company Ltd v. The Republic of Kenya (ICSID case no. ARB/00/7), International Legal Materials 46 (2007): 339.
44 World Duty Free Company Ltd v. The Republic of Kenya (ICSID case no. ARB/00/7), Award (4 October 2006), pp. 20-21, paras 62-66.
46 International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce, Award of 1963 in ICC case no. 1110, Arbitration International 10, no.3 (1994): 282, 292, para. 17 ('it is, in my judgement, plainly established from the evidence taken by me that the agreement between the parties contemplated the bribing of Argentine officials for the purpose of obtaining the hoped-for business.').
48 EDF (Services) Ltd. v. Romania, ICSID case no. ARB/05/13 (8 october 2009), p. 64, para. 221.
50 Kyriaki Karadelis, 'Corruption and the standard of proof', Global Arbitration Review, 26 July 2010 (last visited 18 August 2010) (quoting Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer partner Constantine Partasides).
52 EDF (Services) Ltd. v. Romania, ICSID case no. ARB/05/13 (8 october 2009).
53 EDF (Services) Ltd. v. Romania, ICSID case no. ARB/05/13 (8 actober 2009), p. 64, para. 221.
54 EDF (Services) Ltd. v. Romanina, ICSID case no. ARB/05/13 (8 october 2009), p. 69, para. 231.
55 Stephan Wilske, 'Sanctions for Unethical and Illegal Behavior in International Arbitration: A Double-Edged Sword?', Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal 3, no. 2 (November 2010): 211, 220; see also Mohamed Abdel Raouf, 'How Should International Arbitrators Tackle Corruption Issues?', in Liber Amicorum Bernardo Cremades, ed. M. Á. Fernández-Ballesteros & David Arias (Madrid: Wolters Kluwer España, 2010): 1, 15.

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