Source: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/243/617/
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 12:35:56+00:00

Document:
The Georgia Employers' Liability Act, Georgia Code of 1911, 2783, eliminates the defenses of assumed risk and contributory negligence when a violation of the federal Safety Appliance Acts contributes to cause the injury.
Under the federal Safety Appliance Acts, carriers in Interstate Commerce are liable in damages to their employees, injured in the discharge of duty, whenever the failure to comply with those acts is the proximate cause of injury and without reference to the physical position occupied by the employee or the nature of the work upon which he is engaged at the time when the injury occurs.
So held in a case where failure of couplers to work automatically in a switching operation resulted in a collision of cars from one of which the plaintiff was thrown to his injury while preparing to release brakes.
The plaintiff below was a switchman in the employ of the defendants when he suffered the injury for which he recovered the judgment which was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Georgia, and which is here for review on writ of error.
A train of many cars standing on a switch was separated by about two car lengths from five cars on the same track loaded with coal. An engine, pushing a stock car ahead of it, came into the switch, and failed in an attempt to couple to the five cars, but struck them with such force that, although the engine with the car attached stopped within half a car length, the five loaded cars were driven over the two intervening car lengths and struck so violently against the standing train that the plaintiff, who was on one of the five cars for the purpose of releasing the brakes, was thrown to the track, with the result that his right arm was crushed by the wheels and was amputated below the elbow.
with automatic couplers, which would couple by impact, as required by law, the claim being that, if the cars had coupled when they came together, the five cars of coal would not have run down against the others, causing the shock which threw the plaintiff under the wheels.
The purpose of this allegation with respect to automatic couplers was to make applicable to the case the Georgia Employers' Liability Act, which provides that an injured employee shall not be held guilty of either contributory negligence or of having assumed the risk when the violation of any statute enacted for his safety contributed to his injury.
The defendants admit that they were interstate carriers of commerce, and that the plaintiff was in the performance of his duty when he was thrown the car, as he claims, or fell, as the defendants claim, but they deny all allegations of negligence.
On this state of pleading and of fact, the court charged the jury that, before the plaintiff could recover on his allegation that the cars were not properly equipped with automatic couplers, "he must have shown to your satisfaction, by a preponderance of the evidence," either that the cars had never been equipped with proper couplers or that, if they had been so equipped, they were in such condition that they would not couple automatically by impact, and that such failure to so equip them contributed to cause the injury.
Upon this charge of the court, the verdict was against the defendant, and on it is based the only claim of error of sufficient substance to be noticed.
claim is that it is not so applicable because it is intended only for the benefit of employees injured when between cars for the purpose of coupling or uncoupling them. This claim is based wholly upon the expression, "without the necessity of men going between the ends of cars," following the automatic coupler requirement of § 2 of the Act of 1893, and it is urged in argument that this case is ruled by St. Louis & San Francisco R. Co. v. Conarty, 238 U. S. 243. In that case, however, it was not claimed that the collision resulting in the injury complained of was proximately attributable to a violation of the Safety Appliance Acts, and therefore the claim made for it cannot be allowed.
The declared purpose of the Safety Appliance Act of 1893 (c. 196, 27 Stat. 531), and of the amendatory Acts of 1903 and of 1910 is "to promote the safety of employees . . . upon railroads, by compelling common carriers engaged in interstate commerce to equip their cars with automatic couplers . . . and for other purposes," and, at the time the plaintiff was injured, these acts made it unlawful for any carrier engaged in interstate commerce to use on its railroad any car not so equipped. Southern Railway Co. v. United States, 222 U. S. 20; Southern Railway Co. v. Railroad Commission of Indiana, 236 U. S. 439. By this legislation, the qualified duty of the common law is expanded into an absolute duty with respect to car couplers, and if the defendant railroad companies used cars which did not comply with the standard thus prescribed, they violated the plain prohibition of the law, and there arose from that violation a liability to make compensation to any employee who was injured because of it. St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. Co. v. Taylor, 210 U. S. 281, 210 U. S. 295; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Ry. Co. v. United States, 220 U. S. 559; Texas & Pacific Ry. Co. v. Rigsby, 241 U. S. 33; Illinois Central R. Co. v. Williams, 242 U. S. 462.

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