Source: https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/1996/sep/15/prisoner-has-right-to-hunger-strike/
Timestamp: 2019-04-21 20:13:19+00:00

Document:
Filed under: Hunger Strikes, Preliminary Injunctions/TRO's, Mental Health, Involuntary Treatment/Drugging. Location: Florida.
A Florida appellate court has ruled that a prisoner has a right to refuse forced feeding or medical treatment based on an interpretation of the privacy clause of the Florida State constitution.
In late 1994 Michael V. Costello, a Florida state prisoner who was the nominal plaintiff in the state's monumental conditions of confinement class action, was transferred from Polk Correctional Institution to the state's historically "sweet" prison at Avon Park. However, after a very brief stop at Avon Park, Costello found himself transferred to Martin Correctional Institution, a close-management control unit notorious for its chronic mayhem.
Shortly after arriving at Martin, Costello commenced a protest of this apparently punitive, retaliatory transfer by refusing all food and restricting his intake to black coffee and water. Approximately one week later Costello filed a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief in the Martin County circuit court. This action sought a declaration of Costello's right to continue his fast devoid of non-consentual medical intervention. He also sought a permanent injunction prohibiting prison authorities from imposing such medical treatment or otherwise interfering with his fast.
Soon it became apparent to Costello that prison officials might intervene, and he filed a motion for a TRO. Although the government opposed Costello's motion, citing a litany of boiler plate interests, the trial court promptly conducted a two day evidentiary hearing during which Costello, 30 pounds lighter, appeared pro se. At the conclusion of the hearing the trial court solicited an amicus brief on Costello's behalf from a University of Florida law professor.
In an order issued on January 30, 1995, the trial court ruled that Costello had a constitutional and fundamental right to refuse medical treatment and that the state failed to establish a compelling interest of sufficient magnitude to override Costello's rights. As a result, the court enjoined the state from interfering with Costello's hunger strike. [See: "FL Prisoner Has Right to Die," PLN Vol.6 No.7].
The state promptly filed an interlocutory appeal, and although Costello voluntarily terminated his fast on March 6, 1995, the Florida appellate court exercised its inherent jurisdiction to decide the issue as one of great public importance.
On brief, Costello's position was ably presented by a private law firm and an ACLU attorney. The state was represented by attorneys from the Department of Legal Affairs.
The issue before the appellate court was whether Costello, as a state prisoner, had a legal right to refuse medical treatment and intervention stemming from a self-imposed hunger strike. In resolving this issue, the court of appeals explored the breadth of an individual's right to refuse medical treatment under both the federal and the Florida state constitutions.
After a thorough review of informed consent cases, it was decided that the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution affords competent persons the right to refuse lifesaving hydration and nutrition. In addition, the court noted that the federal constitution merely "represents the floor for basic freedoms, while the Florida state constitution embodies the ceiling." On the basis of this constitutional principal, the court expressly acknowledged that an individual's right to privacy under Article I, Section 23 of the Florida constitution "is much broader in scope than that of the Federal Constitution," and that the linchpin of the appeal was Florida's privacy clause.
In analyzing Costello's right of privacy in this respect, the court examined a dearth of Florida state case law, consisting of one analogous sister court opinion and a twenty year old opinion of Florida's attorney general, before concluding that Costello possessed a fundamental right to refuse non-consentual medical treatment, even though he was an incarcerated state prisoner.
Once establishing Costello's right to refuse medical treatment, the appeals court then examined the state's compelling interests in the matter to determine if they were great enough to subordinate Costello's rights. In analyzing this aspect, the court explicitly noted that any accommodation of the state's interest would necessarily have to be "narrowly tailored in the least intrusive manner possible to safeguard" Costello's rights.
The court went on to identify as compelling state interests: the preservation of life, prevention of suicide, protecting innocent third parties, maintaining the integrity of the medical profession, preserving internal order and discipline in prison, maintaining institutional security, and rehabilitation of prisoners. After analyzing an assortment of state and federal cases from foreign jurisdictions, the court systematically rejected each of the state's compelling interests, expressly noting that the bulk of the state's argument was "nothing more than speculation and conjecture."
In affirming the trial court's order granting Costello a TRO, the court of appeals noted that their decision "should not be interpreted as universally holding that a prison inmate has the right to starve to death." However, as the state continues to implement oppressive inanities, such as chain gangs and control units, erect insurmountable barriers to prisoners' court access, and routinely retaliate against and repress litigious prisoners like Costello, such forms of protest will undoubtedly become more appealing to Florida prisoners. See: Singletary v. Costello, 665 So.2d 1099 (Fla.App. 4 Dist. 1996).
 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Martin County; Larry Schack, Judge. L.T. CASE NO. 95-0021 CA.
 Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Charles M. Fahlbusch and Amanda Wall, Assistant Attorneys General, Hollywood, for appellant.
 William R. Amlong and Maria Kate Northrup of Amlong & Amlong, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, and Andrew H. Kayton, Miami, for appellee.
 Gunther, C.j., Farmer, J., and Henning, Patti Englander, Associate Judge, concur.
 Appellants, Harry K. Singletary, as Secretary of the Florida Department of Corrections, Franklin H. Becker, Chester Lambdin and the Department of Corrections, defendants below (Appellants), appeal a temporary injunction enjoining them from providing any medical treatment, assistance, testing or procedure of any form or kind to or upon the appellee, Michael V. Costello (Costello). Because we determine Appellants failed to prove that compelling state interests outweighed Costello's privacy right, we affirm.
 In 1969, Costello was sentenced to life imprisonment for first degree murder. On or about January 11, 1995, Costello filed a pro se complaint against Appellants for declaratory and injunctive relief. Costello alleged that he had been on a total fast since January 3, 1995 to object to and protest the actions of the Department of Corrections (DOC). Apparently, Costello was fasting to protest his punitive transfer from Polk Correction Institution to Martin Correctional Institution as well as to protest an allegedly false disciplinary report filed against a Chaplain in the Polk Correctional Institution. Accordingly, Costello sought a declaratory judgment permitting him to "continue his fast devoid of non-consensual medical intervention." Thus, Costello sought to enjoin and restrain Appellants from "imposing non-consensual medical intervention ... or hindering or interfering with [Costello's] fast."
 Shortly thereafter, Costello filed a temporary injunction again seeking to enjoin Appellants from imposing non-consensual medical treatment during his fast. Appellants responded claiming that they possessed a compelling state interest in preserving life, preventing suicide, protecting innocent third parties, maintaining the integrity of the medical profession, preserving internal order and discipline, maintaining institutional security, and finally, the rehabilitation of prisoners. Therefore, Appellants requested the trial court to deny the motion for temporary injunction.
 have him sent to the emergency room, and have the Court Order there permitting non-consensual medical intervention; and have him tied down, strapped, and a tube placed into his nose, down into his stomach, and given nutriments through that.
 According to the doctor, not intervening in such a circumstance would result in suicide.
 (1) The unjust and unfounded accusations that were lodged against Chaplain Hankins; and (2) The unjust transfers that were imposed on me, and which directly resulted in the imposition of burdens on my visitation rights; ... My fasting is a form of protest with the Department of Corrections, requesting that two wrongs be righted.
 Costello further testified that he successfully conducted two previous hunger strikes to correct wrongs committed by the DOC. Finally, Costello realized that if he continued his hunger strike without medical intervention from Appellants, death was imminent.
 (1) he will suffer irreparable harm unless the status quo is maintained; (2) he has no adequate remedy at law; (3) he has a clear legal right to the relief requested; and (4) a temporary injunction will serve the public interest.
 South Fla. Limousines, Inc. v. Broward County Aviation Dep't, 512 So.2d 1059, 1061 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987). A trial court's ruling on a motion for an injunction arrives at the appellate court clothed in a presumption of correctness and will be reversed only upon a showing of a clear abuse of discretion. Id. at 1062; M.G.K. Partners v. Cavallo, 515 So.2d 368 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987).
 Quite obviously, the instant case centers around whether Costello has the legal right to the injunctive relief requested. That is, whether Costello has the legal right, as a prisoner, to refuse medical treatment and intervention when the need for the treatment and intervention stems from a self-induced hunger strike. In order to resolve this issue, it is necessary to determine the breadth of an individual's right to refuse medical treatment.
 Both the federal and Florida constitutions protect an individual's right to refuse medical care. In the seminal case of Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S. 261, 110 S. Ct. 2841, 111 L. Ed. 2d 224 (1990), the United States Supreme Court determined that Missouri's clear and convincing evidentiary standard, before the termination of a life support system, did not interfere with a competent person's right to refuse medical treatment. More importantly, the Supreme Court concluded, after a thorough review of informed consent cases, that a competent person has a liberty interest under the Due Process Clause in refusing unwarranted medical treatment. 497 U.S. at 277, 110 S. Ct. at 2851, 111 L. Ed. 2d at 241. The high court reasoned that the logical corollary to the doctrine of informed consent is the conclusion that the patient generally possesses the right not to consent. 497 U.S. at 270, 110 S. Ct. at 2847, 111 L. Ed. 2d at 236. Thus, for the purposes of that case, the Supreme Court assumed that the United States Constitution would grant a competent person a constitutionally protected right to refuse lifesaving hydration and nutrition. 497 U.S. at 279, 110 S. Ct. at 2852, 111 L. Ed. 2d at 242.
 Every natural person has the right to be let alone and free from governmental intrusion into his private life except as otherwise provided herein. This section shall not be construed to limit the public's right of access to public records and meetings as provided by law.
 the citizens of Florida opted for more protection from governmental intrusion when they approved article I, section 23, of the Florida Constitution. This amendment is an independent, freestanding constitutional provision which declares the fundamental right to privacy. Article I, section 23, was intentionally phrased in strong terms. The drafters of the amendment rejected the use of the words "unreasonable" or "unwarranted" before the phrase "governmental intrusion" in order to make the privacy right as strong as possible. Since the people of this state exercised their prerogative and enacted an amendment to the Florida Constitution which expressly and succinctly provides for a strong right of privacy not found in the United States Constitution, it can only be concluded that the right is much broader in scope than that of the Federal Constitution.
 Winfield v. Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering, Dep't of Business Regulation, 477 So.2d 544, 548 (Fla. 1985).
 Not surprisingly, this broad, explicit privacy right has been applied in medical decision-making cases. See Rasmussen v South Fla. Blood Serv., 500 So.2d 533 (Fla. 1987)(society's interest in maintaining a strong volunteer blood donation system outweighed AIDS victim's right to subpoena names of blood donors); Public Health Trust of Dade County v. Wons, 541 So.2d 96 (Fla. 1989)(Jehovah Witness has fundamental right to refuse blood transfusion without which she may die). The leading case in Florida defining the right to medical decision-making is In re Browning, 568 So.2d 4 (Fla. 1990). Mrs. Browning was left in a vegetative state after suffering a stroke which destroyed the portion of her brain which controlled cognition. Browning, 568 So.2d at 8. The stroke left Browning in a non-communicative state, existing only by virtue of fluid and nutrition supplied by a nasogastric tube. Id. at 9. Pursuant to a living will, Browning's guardian petitioned to terminate the nasogastric feeding. Id. at 8. The supreme court determined that the guardian could, without prior judicial approval, discontinue the nasogastric feeding in accordance with Browning's prior instructions. 568 So.2d at 17.
 we can conceive of few more personal or private decisions concerning one's body that one can make in the course of a lifetime ... [than] the decision of the terminally ill in their choice of whether to discontinue necessary medical treatment.
 ... a competent person has the constitutional right to choose or refuse medical treatment and that right extends to all relevant decisions concerning one's health. Courts overwhelmingly have held that a person may refuse or remove artificial life-support, whether supplying oxygen by a mechanical respirator or supplying food and water through a feeding tube. We agree and find no significant legal distinction between these artificial means of life support.
 568 So.2d at 11-12. In a footnote, the supreme court reinforced the all encompassing nature of this right by stating "we see no reason to qualify that right on the basis of the denomination of a medical procedure as major or minor, ordinary or extraordinary, life-prolonging, life-maintaining, life-sustaining, or otherwise." 568 So.2d at 11, n.6.
 Based upon the expansive interpretation given to article I, section 23, it becomes evident that Costello, as a competent adult, had the right to refuse life-saving medical procedures. Costello was a competent adult who made a voluntary, conscious choice concerning his medical options. Costello, as a lucid adult, decided to forego any medical intervention should his hunger strike reach a point when such intervention was necessary. Accordingly, we preliminarily hold that such a determination falls within the broad scope attributable to Florida's privacy right.
 Having concluded that Costello enjoys the right to make a conscious decision concerning his medical options, it is now necessary to determine whether his status as a prisoner vitiated this right. It is firmly established that lawful incarceration brings about the necessary withdrawals or limitations of many privileges and rights, a retraction justified by the considerations underlying the penal system. Price v. Johnston, 334 U.S. 266, 68 S. Ct. 1049, 92 L. Ed. 1356 (1948). Accordingly, the state of Florida has the constitutional authority to deny basic civil rights, including the right to vote and to serve on a jury, to a person convicted of a felony. Calhoun v. Department of Health and Rehab. Servs., 500 So.2d 674 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987); § 944.292, Fla. Stat. (1993). However, a convicted prisoner does not forfeit all constitutional protections by reason of the conviction and confinement. O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 107 S. Ct. 2400, 96 L. Ed. 2d 282 (1987).
 Only one Florida case has alluded to a prisoner's right of privacy. In Metropolitan Dade County v. P.L. Dodge Foundations, Inc., 509 So.2d 1170 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987), the appellate court was confronted with a case involving a hospital's claim for payment for the treatment of a prison inmate. Apparently, a prisoner was transferred to Dodge Memorial Hospital for a psychiatric evaluation and treatment. Id. at 1171. Thereafter, the hospital sued and obtained a summary judgment against the county for the outstanding bill. Id. In reversing, the third district concluded that the prisoner remained liable unless it was first established that the prisoner-patient was indigent. 509 So.2d at 1175-76. Importantly, the third district preliminarily determined that "a prisoner, like any ordinary citizen, may not forcibly by given medical treatment without his express or implied consent." Id. at 1172.
 May the Division of Corrections forcibly treat an inmate patient who has refused medical or surgical treatment deemed necessary to save the inmate's life?
 ... it is my opinion that prisoners are governed by the same rule and may not be forcibly treated without consent, even though such treatment is necessary to save the prisoner's life.
 Although section 944.35(1)(f)(2) allows the DOC to use force in administering medical treatment, we hold that a prisoner retains the fundamental right to privacy espoused by Article I, section 23 of the Florida Constitution. Accordingly, Costello possessed a fundamental right to refuse non-consensual medical treatment even though he was incarcerated.
 Having established that Costello, as a prison inmate, enjoys a constitutionally protected fundamental right to refuse non-consensual medical intervention, it is now necessary to delineate and balance the various state interests. The state's obligation to assure a person's wishes regarding medical treatment must be respected and can only be overcome if the state has a compelling state interest great enough to override this constitutional right. In re Browning, 568 So.2d 4, 13-14 (Fla. 1990). Additionally, the means to carry out such a compelling state interest must be narrowly tailored in the least intrusive manner possible to safeguard the rights of the individual. Id. at 14.
 4. the maintenance of the ethical integrity of the medical profession.
 Public Health Trust of Dade County v. Wons, 541 So.2d 96, 97 (Fla. 1989).
 Generally, the state interest in the preservation of life is considered the most significant. In re Browning, 568 So.2d 4, 14 (Fla. 1990). In discussing this particular interest, the supreme court distinguished between curable and terminable afflictions.
 The state's interest in the preservation of life generally is considered the most significant state interest. However, "there is a substantial distinction in the State's insistence that human life be saved where the affliction if curable, as opposed to the State interest where, as here, the issue is not whether, but when, for how long and at what cost to the individual [his] [or her] life may be briefly extended." [citations omitted].
 recognition of the right to refuse necessary treatment in appropriate circumstances is consistent with existing medical mores; such a doctrine does not threaten either the integrity of the medical profession, the proper role of hospitals in caring for such patients or the State's interest in protecting the same.
 Satz v. Perlmutter, 362 So.2d 160, 163 (Fla. 4th DCA 1978), approved, 379 So.2d 359 (Fla. 1980)(quoting Superintendent of Belchertown State School v. Saikewicz, 373 Mass. 728, 370 N.E.2d 417, 426-27 (Mass. 1977)).
 In addition to necessitating special treatment for himself, the defendant's actions have the potential of causing more widespread institutional problems. If the defendant is successful in evading the prison's control over his behavior, this may jeopardize prison discipline and tax prison resources. [citations omitted]. We agree with the State that prison officials will lose much of their ability to enforce institutional order if any inmate can shield himself from the administration's control and authority by announcing that he is on a starvation diet. Prisoners are not permitted to live in accordance with their own desires, nor may they be permitted to die on their own terms without adversely and impermissibly affecting the State's legitimate authority over inmates. [citations omitted].
 The New Hampshire high court also found the state interest in the prevention of suicide implicated.
 Although the defendant contends that he is allowing himself to die, rather than committing suicide, it is important to note what this case does not involve. This is not a situation where an individual, facing death from a terminal illness, chooses to avoid extraordinary and heroic measures to prolong his life, albeit for a short duration. Rather, the defendant has set the death-producing agent in motion with the specific intent of causing his own death [citations omitted], and any comparison of the two situations is superficial.
 Id. at 97. Accordingly, the Caulk court concluded that the state's interests in preserving life, preventing suicide and maintaining an effective criminal justice system outweighed the prisoner's right to privacy. Id. ; see also Von Holden v. Chapman, 87 A.D.2d 66, 450 N.Y.S.2d 623 (N.Y. App. Div. 1982)(utilizing the preservation of life and prevention of suicide, coupled with evidence that hunger strike disrupted prison order, to determine prison inmate did not have right to starve himself to death).
 Similarly, in Department of Public Welfare, Farview State Hospital v. Kallinger, 134 Pa. Commw. 415, 580 A.2d 887 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1990), appeal dismissed, 532 Pa. 292, 615 A.2d 730 (Pa. 1992), the Pennsylvania judiciary determined that an inmate did not have the right to starve himself to death. In Kallinger, the inmate commenced a hunger strike after a vision of Christ appeared in a toilet bowl telling the prisoner to join him. 580 A.2d at 888. After delineating the inmate's right to privacy, the Pennsylvania court discussed the interest in maintaining prison security.
 In the present case, the uncontroverted testimony shows that if Kallinger would be permitted to die, other patients at Fairview would almost certainly copy the same tactic, manipulating the system to get a change of conditions, possibly resulting in their death ... Allowing a prisoner to die will cause other patients to become angry and lose faith in the system and make treatment more difficult; it may even spawn rioting at Fairview or from prisoners at Huntingdon or other state institutions ... It is clear that allowing a prisoner to starve to death while in state custody would have an unpredictable negative effect on the security and order within the prison system.
 The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has an overwhelming interest in the orderly administration of its prison system. The Commonwealth must maintain prison security, order and discipline. It must also fulfill its duty to provide proper medical care to the inmates, thus preserving life and preventing suicide. These vital interests, along with the need to preserve the integrity of the physicians and psychiatrists working within the penal system, clearly outweigh any diminished right to privacy held by Kallinger.
 under the special circumstances of this case, the Government's application must be granted. Mr. Sanchez is not on a hunger strike as a means of demonstrating on behalf of some political cause or religious belief... Nor is his situation analogous to a patient refusing life prolonging treatment. Rather, Sanchez is, by his own admission, attempting to bring maximum pressure to bear upon the Judge who will ultimately rule upon his motion to vacate the contempt order. Moreover, the prolongation of this hunger strike will soon render Mr. Sanchez physically or mentally incapable of testifying before the grand jury, thereby rendering further coercive sanctions futile. In one sense, therefore, Mr. Sanchez is attempting to escape from prison and to frustrate the lawful authority of the courts. This is a purpose that we cannot condone.
 The State has no right to monitor this man's physical condition against his will; neither does it have the right to feed him to prevent his death from starvation if that is his wish ... The State can incarcerate one who has violated the law and, in certain circumstances, even take his life. But it has no right to destroy a person's will by frustrating his attempt to die if necessary to make a point.
 Prevatte is not mentally incompetent, nor does he have dependents who rely on him for a means of livelihood. The issue of religious freedom is not present. Under this circumstances, we hold that Prevatte, by virtue of his right to privacy, can refuse to allow intrusions on his person, even though calculated to preserve his life. The State has not shown such a compelling state interest in preserving Prevatte's life, as would override his right to refuse medical treatment.
 that a physician has no duty to treat an individual who declines medical intervention after "reasonable disclosure of the available choices with respect to proposed therapy (including non-treatment) and of the dangers inherently and potentially involved in each." [citations omitted]. The competent adult patient's "informed refusal" supersedes and discharges the obligation to render further treatment.
 Thus, "(w)hile both of the() state interests in life are certainly strong, in themselves they will usually not foreclose a competent person from declining life-sustaining medical treatment .... This is because the life that the state is seeking to protect in such a situation is the life of the same person who has competently decided to forego the medical intervention; it is not some other actual or potential life that cannot adequate protect itself." [citations omitted].
 855 P.2d 375 at 384. Subsequently, the Thor court dismissed the state interest in the prevention of suicide because no state interest is compromised by allowing an individual to experience a dignified death rather that an excruciatingly painful life. Id. at 385 (quoting Donaldson v. Lungren, 2 Cal. App. 4th 1614, 580 A.2d at 890-91. 4 Cal. Rptr. 2d 59, 63 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1992)). Thereafter, the court found inapplicable the state interest in the protection of innocent third parties because the inmate was childless. 855 P.2d 375 at 387.
 The Thor court then proceeded to discuss the privacy right in light of Andrews' status as a prisoner. After recognizing that incarceration necessarily limits an individual's freedom, the California high court focused on the specific facts adduced in the case.
 In refusing to consent to further treatment, Andrews is exercising his fundamental right of self-determination in medical decisions. Petitioner has offered no evidence that allowing him to do so undermines prison integrity or endangers the public. [footnote omitted]. Thus, considering the magnitude of the right at issue ... we hold that petitioner must accede to Andrews' decision and may not force him to accept unwanted treatment. [citations omitted].
 We are not unmindful of the difficulties involved in maintaining an orderly and secure penal institution; and our holding does not imply any attenuation of the deference accorded the experience and expertise of administrative officials in such matters. [citations omitted]. In another case, or in this case if a change of circumstances warrant, we do not preclude prison authorities from establishing the need to override an inmate's choice to decline medical intervention. [citations omitted]. A custodial environment is uniquely susceptible to the catalytic effect of disruptive conduct; and courts will not interfere with reasonable measures required to forestall such untoward consequences. [citations omitted]. However, such measures must be demonstrably "reasonable" and "necessary," not a matter of conjecture.
 Id. at 388. Therefore, in analyzing the facts adduced in the particular case, the Thor court concluded that the record substantiated no countervailing state interest sufficient to override Andrews' right to self-determination. Id. at 390.
 Turning to the instant case, quite obviously, the state interest in the preservation of life, the most significant interest, is implicated. Importantly, as noted in In re Browning, 568 So.2d 4 (Fla. 1990), Costello's condition was curable rather than a terminal affliction. However, although the state interest in the preservation of life is powerful, in and of itself, it will not foreclose a competent person from declining life-sustaining medical treatment. Thor v. Superior Court, 5 Cal. 4th 725, 855 P.2d 375, 384 (Cal. 1993). This is because the life that the state is seeking to protect is the life of the same person who has competently decided to forego the medical intervention. Id. The cases utilizing this interest to deny the continuation of a hunger strike have also discussed and found additional state interests implicated. Thus, considering the breadth of Florida's privacy right, the state's interest in the preservation of life, in and of itself, cannot overcome Costello's fundamental right to forego life-sustaining medical intervention.
 Although Costello "set the death producing agent in motion" by engaging in a hunger strike, the state interest in the prevention of suicide is truly not implicated in the instant case. In the cases relying upon the prevention of suicide interest, the inmate actually desired the hunger strike to produce death. In re Caulk, 125 N.H. 226, 480 A.2d 93 (N.H. 1984); Von Holden v. Chapman, 87 A.D.2d 66, 450 N.Y.S.2d 623 (N.Y. App. Div. 1982). In the instant case, however, Costello testified that he did not want to die. Costello commenced his hunger strike as a form of protest, with the resolution of his complaints as the desired end. Thus, the purpose of the hunger strike was to bring about change, not death. Therefore, the state interest in the prevention of suicide is not implicated in the instant case.
 The interest in the protection of innocent third parties is inapplicable in the instant case. This concern arises when the refusal of medical treatment endangers the public health or implicates the emotional or financial welfare of the patient's minor children. Satz v. Perlmutter, 362 So.2d 160, 162 (Fla. 4th DCA 1978), approved, 379 So.2d 359 (Fla. 1980); Thor v. Superior Court, 5 Cal. 4th 725, 855 P.2d 375, 389 (Cal. 1993). The death of a prison inmate serving a life sentence in no way endangers the public health. Additionally, there was no evidence of minor children depending emotionally or financially on Costello. Accordingly, the interest in the protection of innocent third parties is not implicated.
 Likewise, no evidence was adduced in the instant case regarding the maintenance of ethical integrity of the medical profession. Moreover, as noted by the California supreme court, patient autonomy and medical ethics are not reciprocals; one does not come at the expense of the other. Thor v. Superior Court, 5 Cal. 4th 725, 855 P.2d 375, 386 (Cal. 1993). Rather, the latter is a necessary component and complement of the former and should serve to enhance rather that constrict the individual's ability to resolve a medical decision. Id. Thus, there is no threat to the interest in maintaining the ethical integrity of the medical profession, the least significant state interest, in upholding Costello's intelligent and conscious decision to forego medical intervention. Lastly, because Costello is a prison inmate, the interest in maintaining an orderly and secure penal institution must be considered. In the instant case, however, the Appellants adduced no evidence that Costello's actions undermined the security, safety or welfare within the prison. There was no testimony that Costello has in any way caused a disruption or has posed as a security risk to the Martin County Correctional Institution. In the cases relying on this interest to deny the continuation of a hunger strike, evidence was present concerning the effect of the inmate's conduct upon the prison. See Department of Pub. Welfare, Farview State Hosp. v. Kallinger, 134 Pa. Commw. 415, 580 A.2d 887 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1990), appeal dismissed, 532 Pa. 292, 615 A.2d 730 (Pa. 1992); In re Caulk, 125 N.H. 226, 480 A.2d 93 (N.H. 1984); Von Holden v. Chapman, 87 A.D.2d 66, 450 N.Y.S.2d 623 (N.Y. App. Div. 1982). Obviously, a prison environment is uniquely susceptible to the "catalytic effect of disruptive conduct." Thor v. Superior Court, 5 Cal. 4th 725, 855 P.2d 375, 388 (Cal. 1993). However, in the instant case, arguments concerning the effect of Costello's conduct are nothing more than speculation and conjecture. See Id.
 Thus, in the instant case, Costello's privacy right to refuse medical intervention must be balanced against only the state interest in the preservation of life. This interest, in and of itself, cannot overcome the fundamental nature of Costello's privacy right. As such, the trial court did not err in determining that Costello, as a prison inmate, had the legal right to refuse medical treatment where the need for the treatment stemmed from a self-induced hunger strike. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in enjoining Appellants from providing Costello with any medical treatment or assistance while Costello engaged in a hunger strike.
 Public Health Trust of Dade County v. Wons, 541 So.2d 96, 97 (Fla. 1989). In the instant case, under the evidence adduced, the state interests did not override Costello's constitutional right of privacy.
 FARMER, J., and HENNING, PATTI ENGLANDER, Associate Judge, concur.
 *fn1 Although no actual case is in controversy, we hereby exercise our inherent jurisdiction to decide this issue of great public importance that is capable of repetition while evading effective review. Holly v. Auld, 450 So.2d 217 (Fla. 1984); Fey v. Curtis, 624 So.2d 770 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993).

References: V. 
 v. 
 V. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 § 944
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.