Source: https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/40052/index.do?iframe=true
Timestamp: 2019-04-19 05:06:48+00:00

Document:
Mr. Hassan Almrei, (the "Applicant"), applies for judicial review of the decision of Debra Normolye, the Minister's Delegate (the "Delegate"), dated October 23, 2003. She determined that the Applicant is not at risk if returned or refouled to Syria so as to preclude his removal pursuant to subsection 115(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27 ("IRPA") and, alternatively, determined that the Applicant poses such a danger to the security of Canada that he may, pursuant to paragraph 115(2)(b), be returned to Syria.
 The Applicant asks this Court to quash the decision of the Delegate and remit his case to the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration for reconsideration by another Ministerial Delegate.
 The Applicant, a Syrian national, arrived in Canada on January 2, 1999, using a false United Arab Emirates passport. He filed a refugee claim on June 6, 1999, which was granted by the Convention Refugee Determination Division ("CRDD") of the Immigration and Refugee Board on June 2, 2000.
b) is a member of the Osama Bin Laden Network, an organization that there are reasonable grounds to believe will engage in terrorism or was engaged in terrorism.
 The Applicant was detained on October 19, 2001, pursuant to the October 16, 2001, security certificate, and has been in detention since that time.
[t]he confidential information strongly supported the view that Mr. Almrei is a member of an international network of extremist individuals who support the Islamic extremist ideals espoused by Osama Bin Laden and that Mr. Almrei is involved in a forgery ring with international connections that produces false documents. Almrei (Re) 2001 FCT 1288;  F.C.J. No. 1772, online: QL.
 On December 5, 2001, the Applicant received notice that the Minister would be seeking an opinion that the Applicant was a danger to the security of Canada which, if rendered, would permit the removal of Mr. Almrei to Syria. On February 11, 2001, following an inquiry, the Applicant was found to be inadmissible for engaging in terrorist activities. Deportation was ordered on that date.
 The Applicant was notified on January 15, 2003, that a Delegate of the Minister had rendered a decision to refoule him to Syria. The Applicant sought leave to have the decision judicially reviewed. An application on behalf of the Applicant to stay his imminent removal was withdrawn on the undertaking of the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration not to remove the Applicant until the judicial review application was dealt with. On April 23, 2003, with consent of the Minister, leave was granted and the application for judicial review was allowed. The Applicant's case was therefore referred back to the Minister for reconsideration.
 On July 28, 2003, the Applicant received notice that the Minister would make a further determination as to whether he should be removed from Canada on the basis that he poses a danger to the security of Canada. On October 23, 2003, the Minister's Delegate determined that the Applicant is not at risk of torture if returned to Syria and, in the alternative, that his removal to torture is justified because of the danger he poses to the security of Canada.
 On November 21, 2003, affidavit evidence was filed indicating that the removal date had been selected. It was scheduled to occur within two and one-half weeks. The specific date for removal was not disclosed for security reasons. Upon the Applicant's application, I granted a stay of the removal order on November 27, 2003, pending the disposition of the within judicial review application. Almrei v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2003 FC 1394;  F.C.J. No. 1790, online: QL (Almrei (2003)).
 On March 19, 2004, I dismissed, with reasons, the motion for statutory release from detention: Almrei v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2004 FC 420;  F.C.J. No. 509, online: QL (Almrei (2004)). That decision was appealed to the Federal Court of Appeal. The appeal was dismissed on February 8, 2005. (Almrei v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2005 FCA 54;  F.C.J. No. 213, online: QL).
 The Applicant did not wish to attend the hearing of his judicial review application and, as a consequence and upon the request of his counsel, an Order was issued revoking an earlier Order providing for his attendance before the Court. The hearing was held in Toronto on November 16 and 17, 2004, after which the Court reserved its decision.
 Upon application dated October 27, 2004, on behalf of the Respondents pursuant to section 87 of the IRPA, for the non-disclosure of secret information (the "secret information"), considered by the Delegate in her decision, a hearing was held in camera and in the absence of the Applicant and his counsel to consider the application. During the in camera hearing, I reviewed a secret affidavit and heard the submissions from and questioned counsel for the Respondents on the secret affidavit and the submissions made. The secret affiant was present at the hearing. On November 16, 2004, in open Court, the Applicant was provided an opportunity to make submissions with respect to the section 87 application. Upon being satisfied that disclosure of the secret information would be injurious to the national security or to the safety of any person, save for certain information which had already been disclosed to the Applicant, I granted the application.
 On December 20, 2004, I ordered that a second in camera hearing be held in the absence of the Applicant and his counsel for the purpose of having the CSIS deponent of the confidential affidavit attend with counsel to answer further questions from the Court on the confidential affidavit. The hearing was held on January 6, 2005. During the course of the hearing it became evident that the confidential information, which is the only information before the Minister's Delegate that is not contained in the tribunal record, consists only of the narrative portion of the original SIR dated October 15, 2001, and not the appendices which contained information that supported or accompanied the security intelligence report. Accordingly, I issued an Order affording an opportunity for the parties to file further submissions on this new information. Further submissions were filed by the parties on this new information, and on judgments from the Federal Court of Appeal, the House of Lords and the New Zealand Supreme Court which had issued since the hearing of the application for judicial review. The Applicant's supplementary submissions were filed on January 20, 2005, and the Respondents' supplementary submissions were filed on January 28, 2005.
 When the security-related proceedings began in the present case, they were governed by the Immigration Act. The security certificate was issued and referred to this Court under section 40.1 of that Act. On June 28, 2002, the Immigration Act was repealed and replaced by the IRPA. The relevant provisions of both the Immigration Act and the IRPA in respect of the "reasonableness" proceedings are reproduced in annex "A" to these reasons.
 Pursuant to section 327 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227 (the "Regulations"), a security certificate issued and determined to be reasonable under the Immigration Act is deemed to be a reasonable security certificate under the IRPA. As was the case under the Immigration Act, under the IRPA, the designated judge, on the basis of the information and evidence available, is required to determine whether the certificate is reasonable and whether the decision on the application for protection, if any, is lawfully made (subsection 80(1) of the IRPA).
 Subsection 115(1) of the IRPA prohibits the return of a protected person, including a Convention refugee, to a country where he or she would be at risk of persecution or torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. One of the exceptions to this rule of general application is found in paragraph 115(2)(b) which provides that subsection 115(1) of the IRPA does not apply if the named individual represents a danger to the security of Canada.
115. (1) A protected person or a person who is recognized as a Convention refugee by another country to which the person may be returned shall not be removed from Canada to a country where they would be at risk of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion or at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.
115. (1) Ne peut être renvoyée dans un pays où elle risque la persécution du fait de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques, la torture ou des traitements ou peines cruels ou inusités, la personne protégée ou la personne dont il est statué que la qualité de réfugié lui a été reconnue par un autre pays vers lequel elle peut être renvoyée.
(b) pour raison de sécurité ou pour atteinte aux droits humains ou internationaux ou criminalité organisée si, selon le ministre, il ne devrait pas être présent au Canada en raison soit de la nature et de la gravité de ses actes passés, soit du danger qu'il constitue pour la sécurité du Canada.
 In making her decision, the Delegate considered both secret evidence and evidence which may be publicly disclosed.
 The secret evidence consisted of the narrative portion of the SIR upon which the Ministers based their opinion which led to the issuance of the security certificate. The Delegate did not have before her the secret appendices which contained information that supported or accompanied the SIR.
 In addition to the secret evidence, the Delegate also had before her open-source evidence, that is to say public information. The following documentary evidence was before the Delegate: a memorandum to the Minister's Delegate from Louis Dumas, Director of Security Review; the Applicant's solemn declarations dated February 3, 2002, and November 10, 2002, his Personal Information Form (PIF) submitted in the course of his refugee status claim; transcripts of the hearing before the CRDD; transcripts of his July 2003 interview with the Service; the Applicant's submissions; Professor Kingston's statement dated August 18, 2003; a solemn declaration from a professor sworn November 8, 2002, (the first professor); a statement dated September 22, 2003, from a professor (the second professor) along with his curriculum vitae; a letter from Amnesty International dated November 7, 2002; documents relating to the security certificate process; country conditions reports and texts; articles from news services and organizations. A detailed list of the documents adduced before the Delegate is attached to these reasons as Annex "B". For ease of reference, I have regrouped the numerous documents in certain categories.
 In her decision, the Delegate was guided by the analysis set out by the Supreme Court of Canada in Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration,  1 S.C.R. 3, ("Suresh"). Her decision was divided in three sections: the risk to the Applicant if returned to Syria, the danger to the security of Canada, and the weighing of the risk to the Applicant against the danger to the security of the country.
 The Delegate noted that the threshold question in a decision as to whether a Convention refugee can be refouled, notwithstanding the claim that he may face a risk of torture in the country of return, is whether the refugee can establish that there is a substantial risk of torture or death. The Delegate states that the human rights record of the home state and the personal risk faced by the refugee are elements to be considered in applying this test.
 According to the Delegate, the evidence objectively reveals a poor human rights record in Syria where detention and torture are common occurrences. However, the Delegate found the evidence pertaining to the personal risk faced by the Applicant less conclusive. The Delegate did not accept the Applicant's argument that he is at risk due to his links to the Muslim Brotherhood. She found that, although certain relatives of the Applicant are members of the organization, the Applicant is not.
 Relying on the decision of the Federal Court of Appeal in Suresh, the Delegate considered whether, in the present case, there was a personal and present risk of torture or cruel or unusual punishment or treatment facing the Applicant: Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),  2 F.C. 592 ("Suresh (Court of Appeal)"). Although she acknowledged the difficulty in quantifying the level of risk, the Delegate concluded that, in the present case, the Applicant was not at a substantial risk if returned to Syria and that, consequently, subsection 115(1) of the IRPA did not preclude his removal.
 Due to the serious implications of concluding that the Applicant was not at a substantial risk of torture, and recognizing the difficulty inherent in making such a decision, the Delegate considered it prudent to continue her analysis and to consider, in the alternative, whether the Applicant posed a danger to the security of Canada.
 In her reasons, the Delegate found there to be considerable evidence relevant to the issue of whether Mr. Almrei poses a danger to the security of Canada. She based her conclusion on Mr. Almrei's membership in an organization whose aims and tactics are a danger to Canada's security and his involvement in the production and distribution of fraudulent travel documents. On the totality of the evidence, the Delegate concluded that Mr. Almrei poses a substantial danger to the security of Canada.
 The Delegate noted that any decision which would have the effect of allowing Mr. Almrei to be deported to a country where he faces a risk of torture is one which can be taken only where the danger to Canada is extraordinary. The Delegate found that the danger posed by Mr. Almrei "puts Mr. Almrei squarely within the exceptional circumstances envisioned by the Supreme Court that would allow the danger to outweigh the risk." In the result, the Delegate concluded that Mr. Almrei poses a direct and exceptional threat to Canada.
 In accordance with the principle established in Suresh, the Delegate concluded that even if the Applicant were at a substantial risk of torture if returned to Syria, the extraordinary danger he poses to the security of Canada requires that he not be allowed to remain in the country.
(1) Whether the Delegate erred in concluding that the Applicant does not face a substantial risk of torture, death, cruel or unusual treatment or punishment if returned to Syria.
(2) Whether the Delegate erred in concluding that the Applicant is a danger to the security of Canada.
(3) Whether the Delegate erred in concluding that exceptional circumstances exist in the present case warranting the return of the Applicant to Syria.
 The Court's task on judicial review is to determine whether the Minister has exercised her decision-making power within the constraints imposed by Parliament's legislation and the Constitution.
 The Delegate's decisions that Mr. Almrei does not face a substantial risk of torture, death, cruel or unusual treatment or punishment if returned to Syria and that he is a danger to the security of Canada are, essentially, fact driven inquiries. The Court must therefore adopt a deferential approach and intervene to set aside the Delegate's decision only if it is patently unreasonable. This means that, for the Court to intervene in a Minister's discretionary decision, it must be shown to be "...made arbitrarily or in bad faith, it cannot be supported on evidence, or the Minister failed to consider the appropriate factors. The Court should not reweigh the factors or interfere merely because it would have come to a different conclusion." See Suresh, at paragraphs 29, 39 and 41.
Further, contrary to the Minister's assertions that Justice Blanchard did not have the evidence before the Minister's delegate, it is noted that he was privy to the confidential information as he is the designated judge on the release application brought by Mr. Almrei to the Federal Court : he likely had more information than the Minister's delegate did.
 On March 19, 2004, I rendered a decision following a detention review application on behalf of the Applicant, pursuant to subsection 84(2) of the IRPA. In the detention review proceeding my task was to determine, on the evidence, whether Mr. Almrei will be removed from Canada within a reasonable time and if not, then to determine whether his "release will not pose a danger to national security or to the safety of any person". I determined that the Applicant had not established that he would not be removed from Canada within a reasonable time, and alternatively, that the evidence before the Court in the public summaries and the confidential security intelligence reports, "...grounds an objectively reasonable belief that Mr. Almrei's release would pose a danger to national security".
 In view of the above-cited submission made on behalf of the Applicant, I thought it necessary to clearly state that I propose to treat the evidence in this proceeding in a manner which is consistent with the Court's role in any judicial review application. I will conduct my inquiry and render my decision based on the evidence that was before the delegate, the decision maker, and not on consideration of the evidence that was before me on the detention review.
(I) Whether the Delegate erred in concluding that the Applicant does not face a substantial risk of torture, death, cruel or unusual treatment or punishment if returned to Syria.
 Subsection 115(2) of the IRPA requires that the Applicant initially establish that there are substantial grounds upon which to believe that, if removed to Syria, he would be at risk of persecution on a Convention ground or at risk of torture, death, or cruel or unusual treatment or punishment. If the risk is not established, there is no need to pursue the analysis since the applicant is not entitled to the protection afforded by subsection 115(1) of the IRPA. This risk must be assessed on grounds that go beyond "mere theory" or "suspicion" but something less than "highly probable". This risk of torture must be "personal and present". The threshold to be met has been recast by asking whether refoulement will expose a person to a "serious" risk of torture. See Suresh (Court of Appeal), at paragraphs 150-152.
 With respect to the threshold issue of whether there are substantial grounds upon which to believe that, if removed to Syria, the Applicant would be at risk of torture, death, or cruel or unusual treatment or punishment, the Applicant raises a number of arguments. First, the Applicant argues that the Delegate's decision ignores or rejects the evidence provided by Mr. Almrei without explaining why it was rejected or ignored. Second, the decision is patently unreasonable since the Delegate failed to take into account documentary evidence directly relevant to the Applicant's personal circumstances. Finally that the Delegate breached the duty of fairness by taking into account evidence that was never disclosed to the Applicant.
 The Applicant claims that he is at risk by reason of his links to the Muslim Brotherhood, that he has been publicly identified as a refugee claimant and publicly linked to a terrorist organization.
 The Respondents submit that Mr. Almrei was not able to establish that he faced a present and personal risk of torture. The fact that he was previously found to be a Convention refugee is not sufficient to establish present risk. See Jeyarajah v. M.C.I. (1999), 236 N.R. 175;  F.C.J. No. 198, online: QL.
- Mr. Almrei was found, by the designated judge, to be associated with Al Qaeda.
The Respondents contend that the reasoning in Ahani v. Canada (M.C.I.)  1 S.C.R. 72 at 75, where credibility was at the heart of the matter, applies in the present case.
 Finally, the Respondents argue that in the context of the decision in Almrei v. M.C.I., 2003 FC 1214, the Court was dealing with an application for an order banning publication of portions of affidavits and an order permitting Mr. Almrei to testify in camera. The Court was not making findings that were determinative of Mr. Almrei's risk, an issue that the Delegate had to decide. Further, when that prior decision was made, the Court did not have the benefit of all the material that was before the Delegate when she rendered her decision.
 It is useful to review, in detail, the Delegate's reasons because this case turns to a large degree on its facts and the particular decision of the Delegate.
 The Delegate accepted that certain members of the Applicant's family were members of the Muslim Brotherhood, though he was not. The Delegate, citing reports from Amnesty International, also accepted that the human rights record of Syria is poor and that detention and torture are not uncommon. She concluded, however, that the evidence before her on the personal risk faced by the Applicant is less conclusive. In her findings, the Delegate states that the evidence suggest that members of the Applicant's family, including those member of the Muslim Brotherhood, were the subject of official scrutiny from Syrian authorities, but not torture. She also states that the Applicant's evidence is that his relatives have been able to leave Syria.
 The Delegate acknowledged that the Applicant was found to be a Convention refugee in need of protection by the CRDD. She found, however, upon reviewing the transcript of the refugee hearing, that the evidence presented by Mr. Almrei supports a risk of persecution generally rather than a specific risk. She also noted that she had before her information that was not before the CRDD which suggested inconsistencies in Mr. Almrei's evidence. She cited his evidence at the refugee hearing that his brother is unable to leave Syria, while he later indicated to an immigration officer that his brother was indeed allowed to leave Syria with his family.
 In respect of the Applicant's allegation that he is at greater risk because he has now been publicly identified as a refugee claimant in Canada with links to a terrorist organization, the Delegate states that there is evidence on the record suggesting that Syria's participation in the war against terrorism is largely illusory. She concludes that the totality of the evidence is inconclusive as to Syria's treatment of persons suspected of involvement in terrorism. In reaching this conclusion, the Delegate notes the evidence in respect of others, "particularly Mr. Arar", suspected of involvement in terrorist organizations and returned to Syria where they are alleged to have been tortured, killed or have been detained indefinitely without charge.
 A letter dated November 7, 2002, from Amnesty International was produced by Mr. Almrei. It was one of a number of documents that dealt specifically with the Applicant's personal circumstances. The letter expresses the opinion of Amnesty International (Canadian Section) with respect to the risk to Mr. Almrei should he be returned to Syria. The opinion is said to be based on information about his case obtained from the Internet which reveals that Mr. Almrei was granted refugee status after he came to Canada, was subsequently declared a threat to national security and was ordered deported. He is said to be a devotee of Osama Bin Laden and he once operated a honey business in Saudi Arabia, the same business allegedly used by Al Qaeda to transfer illicit goods. The Internet information also indicates that intelligence sources believe Mr. Almrei is linked to Nabil Al-Marabh who is being detained in the United States in connection with September 11 terror attacks.
Our international office advises us that given this background, Mr. Almrei will be at grave risk of being detained, tortured and ill-treated should he be returned to Syria. This concern is based on the fact that Mr. Almrei's father is believed to be a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, his convention refugee status in Canada and his suspected ties with al-Qaeda.
Our International research team Informs us that members of the Muslim Brotherhood and those affiliated to them are subject to the death penalty under Syrian law 40. In recent months several people connected to Muslim Brotherhood were detained and held incommunicado despite the fact that they went back home with the consent to the authorities after having lived as exiles since the early 1980's. One of these detainees died in custody in March 2002 while being held incommunicado.
The letter goes on to express concern about removals to Syria following the removal of Mr. Maher Arar, a Canadian citizen detained by U.S. authorities and interrogated about possible links with Al Qaeda and eventually deported to Syria from the United Stated. The letter states that, at that time, Mr. Arar was reportedly being held in a secret location in Syria. The events that have unfolded since the issuance of the letter in November 2002 in respect of the Maher Arar case are widely reported. The tribunal record reveals numerous reports and articles which document the Maher Arar case and the circumstances of his detention in Syria where he was allegedly tortured by Syrian authorities. Indeed, a public inquiry into Canada's involvement into the matter is ongoing at the present time.
...our international office informs us that Syrians seeking political asylum are perceived as government opponents. The very fact of leaving the country with the intention of demanding asylum abroad is perceived to be a manifestation of opposition to the Syrian government. If the asylum-seeker has been affiliated with an unauthorized political party or group, he or she risks arrest and torture upon return to Syria, in an attempt by the authorities among other things to extract information about the group and its members. According to recent reports, torture in Syria continues to be systematic.
 I note that in the narrative portion of the Applicant's PIF, filed at the time of his refugee claim, he wrote that his father was an active member of the Muslim Brotherhood and that in 1978 the Syrian government began persecuting members. He wrote that he was informed by his mother that both his father and uncle were arrested on many occasions and beaten and tortured by Syrian authorities.
 The U.S. Department of State "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2002" also confirms that members of the Muslim Brotherhood have recently been targeted by Syrian authorities. At page 843 of the tribunal record, the report reads: "In 1999 and 2000, there were large-scale arrests, and torture in some cases, of Syrian and Palestinian Islamists affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood and the Islamic Salvation Party."
3. Letter from a professor (the second professor), whose name is withheld for security reasons, dated September 2003.
 These reports all conclude that the Applicant would be at serious risk of torture if returned to Syria. Although the Applicant's counsel portrayed the reports as "expert reports", it is not disputed that the authors of the reports were not qualified as expert witnesses before the Court. For this reason, the Respondents maintain that the opinions expressed in the respective reports cannot be received as expert opinions and that their probative value should be weighed accordingly. I will briefly review the evidence of the three professors.
 The first professor outlines, in his solemn declaration at page 730 of the tribunal record, the problem of state repression in Syria. Although he acknowledges that restrictions were somewhat lessened by the new regime in 2000, he maintains that there is, in fact, no change between the past and present government. With respect to the specific circumstances of Mr. Almrei's case, the professor writes that a return to Syria would put him at risk because of his Islamist activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, the public allegations that he is a supporter of Al Qaeda and the fact that he did not complete his compulsory military service in Syria. The professor submits that Mr. Almrei faces certain detention and torture, and likely execution in Syria. Finally, he claims that it is plausible for Mr. Almrei to have obtained passports through the Muslim Brotherhood and that he joined the war effort in Afghanistan due to the government's encouragement for young Syrian men to participate.
 For his part, Professor Kingston provides, at page 22 of the tribunal record, a background analysis as to the present state of affairs in Syria and submits that, despite the change in regime, the fundamental political make-up has not been altered. Syria has a history of human rights abuses. Where Mr. Almrei's case is concerned, Professor Kingston concludes that he is at risk due to his association to the Muslim Brotherhood, which remains illegal, and his involvement in Islamist activities.
 At page 35 of the tribunal record, the second professor also reports that torture is prevalent in Syria and that Islamists, such as Mr. Almrei, form the main domestic opposition to the Baath-run Syrian government. With respect to Mr. Almrei's personal situation, the professor concludes that, "on the basis of his Islamist profile and the entrenched practices of Syria's multiple security services, Mr. Almrei would face a significant risk of torture if he were returned to Syria."
 The problematic aspect of the opinions expressed in these letters and statements lies in the fact that they appear to be based essentially on information provided by Mr. Almrei's counsel and, in some cases, each other's opinions. Further, I accept the Respondents' contention that these opinions cannot be accepted as expert evidence since the professors were not qualified before this Court as experts to give opinion evidence on the issue. As a result, they ought to be afforded less probative weight than would otherwise be the case, had the opinions been those of properly qualified experts based on information obtained from independent sources. The reports were nevertheless before the Delegate, made specific reference to Mr. Almrei's particular circumstances, and were not dealt with by the Delegate in her reasons. It would have been preferable for the Delegate to have expressly dealt with this evidence in her reasons and explain what probative weight, if any, she would have given these reports. The question to consider then, is by failing to do so, did she commit a reviewable error. Later in these reasons, I review jurisprudence of this Court concerning that failure to mention specific probative evidence which appears squarely to contradict a decision maker's findings of fact may lead to an inference that the decision maker overlooked the evidence and as a result committed a reviewable error.
 In the circumstances, failure by the Delegate to expressly deal with the opinions of the three professors, alone, may not have been sufficient to set the decision aside. However, quite apart from the reports of the three professors, the Delegate also failed to expressly consider in her reasons the Amnesty International letter of November, 2002. This letter, reviewed earlier, provided significant documentary evidence, which dealt with Mr. Almrei's particular circumstances, and which pointed to a conclusion different than that reached by the Delegate in respect to the Applicant's risk. The risk assessment in the letter was supported by a detailed analysis of independently sourced evidence upon which the opinion was based. The Delegate failed to deal with the opinion expressed or to comment on the risk assessment in any way.
 The Applicant argues that this evidence is not merely generic but rather fact specific and must be addressed by the decision-maker. I am in agreement with the Applicant's submission not only because it is fact specific to the Applicant's case, but also because it is information that, if believed, would have significant probative value. It is evidence that should have been expressly considered by the delegate in her reasons, and was not.
A statement by the agency in its reasons for decision that, in making its findings, it considered all the evidence before it, will often suffice to assure the parties, and a reviewing court, that the agency directed itself to the totality of the evidence when making its finding of fact.
However, the more important the evidence that is not mentioned specifically and analyzed in the agency's reasons, the more willing a court may be to infer from the silence that the agency made an erroneous finding of fact "without regard to the evidence": Bains v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), (1993), 63 F.T.R. 312. In other words, the agency's burden of explanation increases with the relevance of the evidence in question to the disputed facts. Thus, a blanket statement that the agency has considered all the evidence will not suffice when the evidence omitted from any discussion in the reasons appears squarely to contradict the agency's finding of fact. Moreover, when the agency refers in some detail to evidence supporting its finding, but is silent in the evidence pointing to the opposite conclusion, it may be easier to infer that the agency overlooked the contradictory evidence when making its finding of fact.
 The Federal Court of Appeal later held in Ozdemir v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2001 FCA 331 at para. 10;  F.C.J. No. 1646, online: QL, that much will depend on the significance of the evidence when it is considered in light of the other material on which the decision is based.
Nor will a reviewing court infer from the failure of reasons for decision specifically to address a particular item of evidence that the decision-maker must have overlooked it, if the evidence in question is of little probative value of the fact for which it was tendered or if it relates to facts that are of minor significance to the ultimate decision, given the other material supporting the decision.
 In the present circumstances, it cannot be said that the Amnesty International letter of November 7, 2002, is evidence of little probative value or relates to facts that are of minor significance to the ultimate decision. The Delegate relied specifically on reports from Amnesty International, among others, to assess the general conditions in Syria. On this evidence, she concluded "...that the human rights record of Syria is poor and that detention and torture are not uncommon." The letter at issue, from the same organization, deals with circumstances that are specific to the Applicant. It was important evidence which points to a conclusion that is contrary to that of the Delegate on the threshold issue. The Delegate had an obligation to explain why she rejected this evidence. Having failed to mention this evidence or deal with it in any way in her reasons, I am left to conclude that the Delegate overlooked this important and contradictory evidence when making her findings of fact, and in consequence committed a reviewable error.
 As a result, it is unnecessary to consider the other arguments raised by the Applicant in this application with respect to the threshold issue. In deciding that the Applicant is not at a substantial risk if returned to Syria and that, consequently, subsection 115(1) of the IRPA did not preclude his removal, the Delegate rendered a decision based on erroneous findings of fact that she made in a perverse manner and without regard to the material before her. In consequence, the Delegate erred in concluding that the Applicant would not be at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment if returned to Syria.
 The Delegate proceeded to make an alternative finding, namely that "...even if Mr. Hassan Almrei were to be at substantial risk, I am of the opinion, pursuant to paragraph 115(2)(b) of the IRPA, that he should not be allowed to remain in Canada on the basis of danger to the security to Canada." I will now consider this alternative finding.
(ii) Whether the Delegate erred in concluding that the Applicant is a danger to the security of Canada.
These consideration lead us to conclude that a person constitutes a "danger to the security of Canada" if he or she poses a serious threat to the security of Canada, whether direct or indirect, and bearing in mind the fact that the security on one country is often dependent on the security of other nations. The threat must be "serious", in the sense that it must be grounded in objectively reasonable suspicion based on evidence and in the sense that the threatened harm must be substantial rather than negligible.
 In Suresh, the Supreme Court also stated that the law does not suggest that Canada may never deport a person to torture. The Court left for future cases the determination of the "ambit of an exceptional discretion to deport to torture, if any". Such a determination is to be made by balancing the following competing interests: the real possibility of an adverse effect on Canada if the individual remained in Canada and the possible injustice to the individual if deported.
The Delegate found that the Applicant's presence in Canada poses a direct danger to the lives of Canadians, the lives of citizens of Canada's allies, and international security as a whole. In consequence, the Delegate found Mr. Almrei to be a direct and exceptional threat to Canada.
It [Al Qaeda] continues to attack civilian targets around the world. The threat to Canada is not academic or speculative; the organization has publicly identified Canada as a target. Its stated aims and the goals with which it seeks to attain them are in fundamental opposition to Canadian values and society. The organization poses a direct, tangible and ongoing threat to these values.
Mr. Almrei is linked to an organization whose aims, methods, and history render it an exceptional danger to the security of Canada.
Mr. Almrei is not a mere passive supporter of this organization. He directly facilitates the organizations's activities by furnishing travel documents that could allow Al Qaeda operatives access to target countries and to move internationally without detection. He has expressed solidarity of purpose and ideology with the organization. He has attended camps run by persons linked to this organization and received military training.
 Before considering whether the "ambit of an exceptional discretion to deport to torture, if any", is present in the circumstances of this case, I must first consider whether there is evidence that reasonably supports the Delegate's finding of danger to the security of Canada.
 The Delegate found there to be considerable evidence before her relevant to a determination of whether Mr. Almrei poses a danger to the security of Canada. In her reasons, she considered evidence regarding Mr. Almrei's membership in an organization whose aims and tactics are a danger to Canada's security and his involvement in the production and distribution of fraudulent travel documents.
7. The fact that Mr. Almrei was not originally forthcoming about his visits to a number of countries in which Al Qaeda and Bin Laden were active. In particular, the Applicant acknowledges that he was deliberately evasive about Afghanistan and Tajikistan because of fears of being labelled a terrorist.
 On the basis of the evidence before her, viewed in its entirety, the Delegate was satisfied that Mr. Almrei has links to the Bin Laden network.
 In respect to Mr. Almrei's involvement in the production and distribution of fraudulent travel documents, the Delegate points to Mr. Almrei's admission that he procured fraudulent travel documents for a number of persons, that he had been able to obtain more than one false passport for himself, and that he was evasive about the existence and his possession of false passports.
 The Delegate found that, due particularly to his links to the Bin Laden network, Mr. Almrei's activities in respect to fraudulent travel documents were a direct and serious threat to Canada's security.
 On the totality of the evidence, the Delegate concluded that Mr. Almrei poses a substantial danger to the security of Canada.
 Counsel on behalf of the Applicant argues that the Delegate's decision that Mr. Almrei poses a danger to the security of Canada is patently unreasonable. Counsel argues that the Delegate's conclusions are not supported by the evidence before her and that she failed to consider a number of relevant factors. The Delegate did not take into account that the allegations against Mr. Almrei do not include actual involvement in "terrorism" or that he is not said to have "committed" any acts particularly severe as to warrant a refusal to protect from torture, or even sufficiently serious and well-founded to support the laying of criminal charges.
 Central to the Applicant's argument is that the Delegate's conclusion that "Mr. Almrei has links to the Bin Laden network" improperly conflates his alleged membership in a terrorist movement with "danger to the security of Canada". It is argued that the Supreme Court in Suresh required something more than just "a person described in s. 19" of the former Act or, in other words, more than a person inadmissible on security grounds. The Applicant contends that there is no evidence of "something more" than a mere association with the Bin Laden network.
 Further, the Applicant contends that the factors relied on are insufficient for the delegate to conclude that he has links with the Bin Laden network. It is Mr. Almrei's contention that he has explained his involvement with Mr. Al Marabh, Al Haramin, and the photographs and materials on his computer. He also argues that he offered plausible explanations for having misled authorities about his travels and his attendance at camps run by Sayyaf and Khattab in Afghanistan, and his involvement in the honey trade which he considered a legitimate business. Further, he denies being involved in an international forgery ring.
 The Applicant contends that the Delegate's decision that Mr. Almrei is a danger to the security of Canada is also based on discriminatory assumptions, namely that as a Muslim teenager participating in the jihad against communist Afghanistan, he now represents a danger to the security of Canada.
 In his supplementary submissions, Mr. Almrei argues that the Delegate erred in law in reaching a conclusion on danger without having reviewed all of the relevant secret evidence upon which the security risk was based to be able to properly determine the strength of the case against Mr. Almrei and weigh it against the risk of torture he faces in return to Syria.
 The Respondents argue that even if the SIR did not include the secret appendices such a finding would be insufficient to set aside the decision of the Minister's Delegate that Mr. Almrei constitutes a danger to the security of Canada. The Respondents contend that there is overwhelming evidence upon which it can be said that Mr. Almrei constitutes a danger to the security of Canada. According to the Respondents, the record is replete with information that would have allowed the Delegate to form an independent assessment that Mr. Almrei poses a substantial danger to the security of Canada.
 The Respondents acknowledge that the decision of the Designated Judge on the reasonableness of the certificate is not determinative of whether Mr. Almrei constitutes a danger to the security of Canada. The Respondents contend, however, that the material placed before the Delegate for the purpose of assessing the danger Mr. Almrei may pose to the security of Canada need not be an exact replication of material placed before the Designated Judge.
 The Respondents point to new information provided by Mr. Almrei that was not before the Designated Judge when the security certificate was determined to be reasonable, in particular, the Respondents point to new information in Mr. Almrei's declaration of November 10, 2002, which was before the Delegate. First, that Mr. Almrei admitted misleading CSIS about being in Afghanistan; second, that he withheld information about the help he provided to Nabil Al Marabh in obtaining a false passport; third, that he disclosed for the first time that he had received funds from the Al Haramin organization, which is shown to have links to Al Qaeda, to establish a girls' school in Tajikistan,; and, fourth, that Mr. Almrei admits he mislead his own lawyer with respect to his activities.
 Central to the Respondents' case is that the Applicant has not been truthful and forthcoming on certain fundamental aspects of his case and, as a result, the Delegate was justified in rejecting his explanations and denials.
The confidential information, which I am unable to disclose, strongly supports the view that Mr. Almrei is a member of an international network of extremist individuals who support the Islamic extremist views espoused by Osama Bin Laden and that Mr. Almrei is involved in a forgery ring with international connections that produces false documents.
 The security certificate is issued on the basis of the SIR. Neither the SIR nor the decision of Justice Tremblay-Lamer were directed primarily to assessing the nature or extent of the risk to national security posed by Mr. Almrei. Neither was directed to assessing the seriousness of the danger to Canadian security that Mr. Almrei may present. The learned judge was tasked with considering the existence of reasonable grounds for the Minister's belief and made no decision as to the nature or extent of the risk Mr. Almrei poses to Canada's security. In consequence, her decision is evidence that there exist reasonable grounds to believe certain facts and not that those facts do exist. The Delegate could not, then, rely on the SIR, the ensuing security certificate and Madam Justice Tremblay-Lamer's decision to conclude that Mr. Almrei poses a danger to Canada. The SIR, the ensuing security certificate and Madam Justice Tremblay-Lamer's decision are certainly factors that may be considered in assessing danger, but do not constitute evidence that Mr. Almrei is a danger to Canada. The Supreme Court in Suresh, supra, clearly stated that "danger to the security of Canada" means something more than that a person is described in subsection 19(1) of the Immigration Act. Therefore, the Delegate could not conclude that Mr. Almrei poses a danger to the security of Canada on the sole basis of the security certificate and the "reasonableness" decision.
 The SIR and the summary of that report, which was provided to Mr. Almrei, were both before the Delegate. As noted earlier in these reasons, the decision-maker, the Delegate, did not have before her the confidential reference appendices to the security intelligence report that set out the detailed information relied on by CSIS in the preparation of the SIR. It is upon this information that the Service based its opinions and beliefs in respect to Mr. Almrei. To the extent to which the Delegate relied on the SIR and the summary of the SIR provided to Mr. Almrei to base her conclusion that Mr. Almrei poses a danger to the security of Canada, her conclusion cannot be said to be based upon an independent and proper assessment of the reports' underlying secret evidence. In the result, reliance solely on the reports cannot be determinative on the danger issue. Without this secret information, it is difficult to see how the Delegate could independently and properly assess the degree to which Mr. Almrei poses a threat to the security of Canada.
 The Delegate cannot adopt the conclusions expressed by Mr. Dumas without having first considered the secret evidence upon which those conclusions were based. Mr. Dumas is not the decision-maker. Mr.Dumas' report must therefore be considered for what it is worth, a recommendation, rather than direct evidence of the danger Mr. Almrei may pose to the security of Canada.
- Mr. Almrei's travels to Afghanistan and other countries in which Al Qaeda and Bin Laden were active, information which he initially kept from the authorities.
 The difficulty with the Delegate's consideration of the above evidence is that she appears to have also based her findings in respect to that evidence and, in particular, her findings in respect to Mr. Almrei's links to the Bin Laden network, on information she did not have before her. In her reasons, the Delegate stated that she relied on the totality of the evidence to conclude that Mr. Almrei has links to the Bin Laden network. The Delegate therefore considered the beliefs of the Service expressed in the SIR, the security certificate which was based on the information found in the SIR and on the reasonableness decision of Madam Justice Tremblay-Lamer, all of which she reviewed extensively in her reasons. These factors were essentially based on secret evidence which was not considered by the Delegate, namely, the secret appendices which formed the basis of the SIR. By basing her decision on the totality of the evidence and relying on the above factors, it is clear that the Delegate relied on information which was based on evidence she did not independently assess, since that evidence was not before her. It is not for me to speculate as to what the Delegate would have found had she confined her analysis to only the evidence referred to by the Respondents. A reviewing court must consider the entire evidentiary basis upon which a decision is made. In the instant case, the Delegate in making her decision relied on factors which were essentially based on evidence she did not see.
 In her reasons, the Delegate repeatedly expresses agreement with rulings of the Federal Court. With respect to Madam Justice Tremblay-Lamer's ruling on the reasonableness of the security certificate, the Delegate stated, "Upon reviewing the evidence before me, including the submissions by Mr. Almrei, I see no reason to differ from the conclusions of the Federal Court that Mr. Almrei poses a danger to the security of Canada." [As discussed earlier in these reasons, this finding misrepresents the Court's ruling. The Court ruled that it found the security certificate to be reasonable and expressed no opinion on the danger Mr. Almrei may pose to Canada's security.] In respect to Mr. Almrei's links with Mr. Al Marabh and Mr. Al Kaysee, the Delegate wrote, "As the Federal Court accepted and on the basis of the evidence before me, Mr. Almrei has links to Al Marabh and to Ahmed Al Kaysee, both of whom have been implicated in the Bin Laden network.". Further, in discounting Mr. Almrei's explanations of inconsistencies in his evidence on his business activities, the number and source of the passports in his possession and his visits to Afghanistan, the Delegate wrote, "...I see no reason to differ from the Federal Court's conclusion that Mr. Almrei is linked to an international network of Islamist extremists."
 Expressing agreement with the beliefs of the Service or a ruling of the Federal Court is not, in and of itself, problematic as long as this reliance does not form the basis for the danger opinion. I am satisfied, from a comprehensive review of the Delegate's reasons, that her conclusion was, to a significant extent, based on opinions of others formed from information that was not before her. The recommendation of Mr. Dumas, the beliefs of the Service expressed in the SIR upon which is based the security certificate and the reasonableness ruling of the Designated Judge are essentially founded on secret information which was not before the Delegate and which she did not independently assess.
 A reviewing court must be able to know and assess the evidentiary basis upon which findings are made in order to determine if they are properly based on the evidence. In the instant case, the Delegate based her finding in respect to Mr. Almrei's links to "the Bin Laden network" on "...the evidence before [her]" which included the beliefs, opinions, recommendations and rulings made by others which, in turn, were based on secret evidence not considered by the Delegate. In making her decision, the Delegate could not substitute the beliefs of the Service, the recommendations of Mr. Dumas, or the opinions of the Designated Judge for her own. As decision-maker, she must not only independently consider and assess all of the evidence upon which she relies relating to the danger posed to Canada's security, she must be in a position to weigh the factors which go to the reliability, cogency and value of that information. I am left to conclude that the Delegate's findings were based on information that she did not have before her. The decision was therefore made without regard to the evidence. As a result, the Delegate was not in a position to properly articulate the nature of the danger posed in order to properly balance the competing interests at the final stage of the analysis.
 I have reviewed the "new evidence" and its treatment by the Delegate in her reasons. This "new evidence" consists essentially of the Applicant's solemn declarations adduced subsequent to the reasonableness decision. The Delegate relied on this information and disbelieved Mr. Almrei's explanations concerning his involvement with the Al Haramin organization and Al Qaeda. She rejected Mr. Almrei's explanation of the inconsistent information about his involvement with Al Marabh and other persons linked to Bin Laden. These findings alone, though they may have been reasonably open to the Delegate on the evidence, do not support the Delegate's conclusion as to the nature of the threat posed by Mr. Almrei to Canada's security.
 For the above reasons, I conclude that the Delegate's decision in respect to the danger Mr. Almrei poses to the security of Canada is not supported on the evidence before the decision-maker. As a result, the decision is patently unreasonable. Without a proper foundation for the danger alleged to be posed by Mr. Almrei, the Delegate could not properly balance the competing interests. In consequence, the entire decision must be set aside.
 This application for judicial review will therefore be allowed, the matter will be remitted for redetermination before another delegate of the Minister and in accordance with these reasons.
 The Applicant argues that allowing this application for technical reasons only would delay a resolution of the ultimate issue, which is whether Canada can refoule Mr. Almrei to a substantial risk of torture, or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment in Syria. The Applicant contends that all of the substantial issues before the Court should be decided, including the constitutional issues, in order to avoid any further and new litigation on this issue.
 In view of my conclusion on the application for judicial review, I am of the view that it would not be advisable to deal with the constitutional issues raised by Mr. Almrei in this case.
There is not, before me, a proper evidentiary record which would support the determination of the constitutional issues. The Delegate committed reviewable errors in assessing both Mr. Almrei's risk of return and the danger he poses to the security of Canada. Both errors are based on the Delegate's appreciation of the factual evidence before her. The Supreme Court has stated that constitutional issues are to be decided on a proper evidentiary record. See Phillips v.Nova Scotia (Commission of Inquiry into the Westray Mine Tragedy),  2 S.C.R. 97, at paragraphs 6 to 12; and R. v. Mills,  3 S.C.R. 668, at paragraph 38. In the circumstances, a proper factual foundation is essential to inform the assessment of exceptional circumstances and the danger said to be posed to Canada, as contemplated by the Supreme Court in Suresh.
 In Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub v. The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration and the Solicitor General of Canada, 2005 FC 156, Madam Justice Dawson was recently seized with an application for judicial review of a decision made pursuant to paragraph 115(2)(b) of the IRPA. In that case, the Minister decided that the Applicant should be removed to Egypt notwithstanding that he could be at substantial risk of ill-treatment and human rights abuses such that it would preclude his removal based on subsection 115(1) of the IRPA. The application was allowed on the basis that the Delegate's conclusion as to the danger posed by Mr. Mahjoub was not supported on the evidence before the decision-maker. Madam Justice Dawson had before her the same constitutional issues that are before me in this case. She declined to deal with the constitutional issues raised by Mr. Mahjoub for essentially the same reasons that I have in this case.
I acknowledge an issue of importance has been raised which I do not decide: whether circumstances would ever justify deportation to face torture. The Supreme Court of Canada has left the issue open by not excluding the possibility that, in exceptional circumstances, such deportation may be justified, either as a consequence of the balancing process required by section 7 of the Charter or under section 1 of the Charter. There are, however, powerful indicia that deportation to face torture is conduct fundamentally unacceptable; conduct that shocks the Canadian conscience and therefore violates fundamental justice in a manner than can not be justified under section 1 of the Charter. Those indicia were canvassed by the Supreme Court in Suresh and include: Canadian domestic law prohibits torture; section 12 of the Charter prohibits cruel and unusual treatment or punishment (reflecting that, within Canada, torture is seen to be so repugnant that it can never be an appropriate punishment); extraditing a person to face torture has been found to be inconsistent with fundamental justice; and, a strong argument exists that international law prohibits deportation to torture, even where national security interests are at stake.
3. in exceptional circumstances, deportation to face torture might be justified, either as a consequence of the balancing process mandated by section 7 of the Charter or under section 1, but only in cases arising out of exceptional conditions, such as natural disasters, the outbreak of war, epidemics and the like.
 The onus is on the Minister to establish that such special circumstances and conditions are present before deporting to torture. There is little doubt that the Supreme Court envisaged a high threshold before Canada can constitutionally deport an individual to torture.
 I will allow counsel the opportunity to review these reasons before making submissions about the certification of any serious question of general importance. Accordingly, counsel for the Respondents may serve and file correspondence proposing certification of a question within seven days of receipt of these reasons. Thereafter, counsel for Mr. Almrei will have seven days from receipt of the Respondents' correspondence to serve and file a responsive submission. A reply submission, if any, may be served and filed by counsel for the Respondents within five days of receipt of Mr. Almrei's submissions.
 Following consideration of these submissions, an order will issue allowing the application for judicial review, remitting this matter for redetermination in accordance with these reasons by another delegate of the Minister, and dealing with the issue of certification of a question.
signer et remettre une attestation à cet effet à un agent d'immigration, un agent principal ou un arbitre.
(b) within three days after the certificate has been filed, cause a notice to be sent to the person named in the certificate informing the person thata certificate under this section has been filed and that following a reference to the Federal Court a deportation order may be made against the person.
b) d'autre part, dans les trois jours suivant la remise, d'envoyer un avis à l'intéressé l'informant de la remise et du fait que, à la suite du renvoi à la Cour fédérale, il pourrait faire l'objet d'une mesure d'expulsion.
a) être l'auteur de tout acte de violence dont il y a des motifs raisonnables de croire qu'elle est, a été ou sera l'auteur d'un acte visé aux alinéas a), b) ou c).
that effect with an immigration officer, a seniorimmigration officer or an adjudicator.
sera l'auteur d'un acte visé aux alinéas a), b), ou c).
engaged or will engage in acts referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c).
(j) the judge may receive into evidence anything that, in the opinion of the judge, is appropriate, even if it is inadmissible in a court of law, and may base the decision on that evidence.
information and evidence available, determine whether the certificate is reasonable and whether the decision on the application for protection, if any, is lawfully made.
(2) The judge shall quash a certificate if the judge is of the opinion that it is not reasonable. If the judge does not quash the certificate but determines that the decision on the application for protection is not lawfully made, the judge shall quash the decision and suspend the proceeding to allow the Minister to makea decision on the application for protection.
(3) The determination of the judge is final and may not be appealed or judicially reviewed.
87.(1) The Minister may, in the course of a judicial review, make an application to the judge for the non-disclosure of any information with respect to information protected under subsection 86(1) or information considered under section 11, 112 or 115.
(2) Section 78, except for the provisions relating to the obligation to provide a summary and the time limit referred to in paragraph 78(d), applies to the determination of the application, with any modifications that the circumstances require.
j) il peut recevoir et admettre en preuve tout élément qu'il estime utile - même inadmissible en justice - et peut fonder sa décision sur celui-ci.
80. (1) Le juge décide du caractère raisonnable du certificat et, le cas échéant, de la légalité de la décision du ministre, compte tenu des renseignements et autres éléments de preuve dont il dispose.
(2) Il annule le certificat dont il ne peut conclure qu'il est raisonnable; si l'annulation ne vise que la décision du ministre il suspend l'affaire pour permettre au ministre de statuer sur celle-ci.
(3) La décision du juge est définitive et n'est pas susceptible d'appel ou de contrôle judiciaire.
87.(1) Le ministre peut, dans le cadre d'un contrôle judiciaire, demander au juge d'interdire la divulgation de tout renseignement protégé au titre du paragraphe 86(1) ou pris en compte dans le cadre des articles 11, 112 ou 1i5.
(2) l'article 78 s'applique à l'examen de la demande, avec les adaptations nécessaires, sauf quant à l'obligation de fournir un résumé et au délai.
p. 42 : Text from the United States Embassy, "Text : State Dept. Report Cites Seven State-Sponsors of Terrorism"
p. 50 : Syrian Human Rights Committee, "Syria Annual Report - 2003 : Unlawful detentions files"
p. 57 : Syrian Human Rights Committee, "SHRC Annual Report - 2003 : Torture and Abuse: Oppressive Methods to Punish Dissidents"
p. 59 : Syrian Human Rights Committee, "SHRC Annual Report - 2003: Prisons, detentionand interrogation centres : the most widespread and the most terrifying"
p. 506: Report from the Damascus Centre for Theoretical and Civil Rights Studies, "Palmyra: from an oasis to a barbaric state"
p. 523 : Syrian Human Rights Committee, "Annual Report 2001"
p. 532: Derechos Human Rights report, "The ACIJLP's commentary on the Arab Agreementagainst terrorism"
p. 601 : Human Rights Watch World Report 2002, "Syria"
p. 631 : Amnesty International Report 2001, "Saudi Arabia"
p. 636: Human Rights Watch World Report 2002, "Saudi Arabia"
p. 710: Human Rights Watch World Report 2002, "Syria"
p. 714: Amnesty International Report 2002, "Syria"
p. 851: Human Rights Watch World Report 2003, "Syria"
p. 28 : Newspaper article on Maher Arar, source unknown, dated August 8, 2003, "Is myhusband still alive? Wife of jailed Canadian asks"
p. 41 : Article from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "Maher Arar"
p. 47 : Article from Globe and Malcom, "Syria to charge Ottawa man"
p. 49 : Article dated September 16, 2003, source unknown, "Deportation fears ended : return to Syria nixed at last minute"
p. 452: Syria Daily article dated January 23, 2002, "Syrian refugee in Canada complains"
p. 459 : Article, source unknown, "Al-Qaeda operatives in Canada"
p. 484: New York Times article, "Czechs confirm Iraqi agent met with terror ringleader"
p. 485 : Associated Press article, "EgyptAir says it will provide passenger list to US customs"
p. 486 : Guardian article, "The elite force who are ready to die"
p. 487: The Star article, "Anger over killing of innocents"
p. 488 : Washington Post article, "Prism on Palestine"
p. 233: Washington Post article, "US cites 6 nations in report on religious intolerance"
p. 234: Reuters article, "Arabs unlikely to use public relations weapon"
p. 491 : Arabic News article, "Saudi Arabia and the US bases"
p. 502 : Article, source unknown, "Syria cracks down on bin Laden supporters"
p. 510 : SHRC article, "Syria - Human rights rating 2001"
p. 132: BBC News article, "Saudis seek own Guantanamo probe"
p. 133: Amnesty International article, "Defying world trends - Saudi Arabia's extensive use of capital punishment"
p. 148: Amnesty International article, "Saudi Arabia : 100 executed - time to stop the killing"
p. 717: Human Rights Watch, "Opportunism in the face of tragedy : repression in the nameof anti-terrorism"
p. 740: Russian journal article, "Khattab"
p. 864: RW online article, "A closer look at the Northern alliance"
p. 909: Council on Foreign Relations article, "Chechnya-based terrorists"
p. 1062 : Associated Press article, "Assad doubts existence of al-Qaeda"
REASONS FOR ORDER BY: BLANCHARD, J.

References: v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v. 
 v.