Source: https://www.trans-lex.org/601550/_/louisiana-civil-code-2015/
Timestamp: 2019-04-25 22:12:33+00:00

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(3) Recover damages for the obligor's failure to perform, or his defective or delayed performance.
Art. 1761. A natural obligation is not enforceable by judicial action. Nevertheless, whatever has been freely performed in compliance with a natural obligation may not be reclaimed.
A contract made for the performance of a natural obligation is onerous.
(1) When a civil obligation has been extinguished by prescription or discharged in bankruptcy.
(2) When an obligation has been incurred by a person who, although endowed with discernment, lacks legal capacity.
Art. 1764. A real obligation is transferred to the universal or particular successor who acquires the movable or immovable thing to which the obligation is attached, without a special provision to that effect.
Art. 1765. An obligation is heritable when its performance may be enforced by a successor of the obligee or against a successor of the obligor.
Every obligation is deemed heritable as to all parties, except when the contrary results from the terms or from the nature of the contract.
Art. 1766. An obligation is strictly personal when its performance can be enforced only by the obligee, or only against the obligor.
When the performance requires the special skill or qualification of the obligor, the obligation is presumed to be strictly personal on the part of the obligor. All obligations to perform personal services are presumed to be strictly personal on the part of the obligor.
Art. 1767. A conditional obligation is one dependent on an uncertain event.
If the obligation may not be enforced until the uncertain event occurs, the condition is suspensive.
Art. 1770. A suspensive condition that depends solely on the whim of the obligor makes the obligation null.
Art. 1773. If the condition is that an event shall occur within a fixed time and that time elapses without the occurrence of the event, the condition is considered to have failed.
If no time has been fixed for the occurrence of the event, the condition may be fulfilled within a reasonable time.
Art. 1774. If the condition is that an event shall not occur within a fixed time, it is considered as fulfilled once that time has elapsed without the event having occurred.
Art. 1775. Fulfillment of a condition has effects that are retroactive to the inception of the obligation.
Art. 1777. A term for the performance of an obligation may be express or it may be implied by the nature of the contract.
Art. 1787. When each of different obligors owes a separate performance to one obligee, the obligation is several for the obligors.
When one obligor owes a separate performance to each of different obligees, the obligation is several for the obligees.
Art. 1788. When different obligors owe together just one performance to one obligee, but neither is bound for the whole, the obligation is joint for the obligors.
Art. 1789. When a joint obligation is divisible, each joint obligor is bound to perform, and each joint obligee is entitled to receive, only his portion.
Art. 1795. An obligee, at his choice, may demand the whole performance from any of his solidary obligors. A solidary obligor may not request division of the debt.
Art. 1803. Remission of debt by the obligee in favor of one obligor, or a transaction or compromise between the obligee and one obligor, benefits the other solidary obligors in the amount of the portion of that obligor.
Art. 1804. Among solidary obligors, each is liable for his virile portion. If the obligation arises from a contract or quasi-contract, virile portions are equal in the absence of agreement or judgment to the contrary. If the obligation arises from an offense or quasi-offense, a virile portion is proportionate to the fault of each obligor.
A solidary obligor who has rendered the whole performance, though subrogated to the right of the obligee, may claim from the other obligors no more than the virile portion of each.
Art. 1806. A loss arising from the insolvency of a solidary obligor must be borne by the other solidary obligors in proportion to their portion.
Art. 1855. Performance may be rendered by a third person, even against the will of the obligee, unless the obligor or the obligee has an interest in performance only by the obligor.
Art. 1857. Performance must be rendered to the obligee or to a person authorized by him.
However, a performance rendered to an unauthorized person is valid if the obligee ratifies it.
Art. 1859. A performance rendered to an obligee in violation of a seizure is not valid against the seizing creditor who, according to his right, may force the obligor to perform again.
Art. 1861. An obligee may refuse to accept a partial performance.
Art. 1862. Performance shall be rendered in the place either stipulated in the agreement or intended by the parties according to usage, the nature of the performance, or other circumstances.
Art. 1864. An obligor who owes several debts to an obligee has the right to impute payment to the debt he intends to pay.
Art. 1866. An obligor of a debt that bears interest may not, without the obligee's consent, impute a payment to principal when interest is due.
Art. 1868. When the parties have made no imputation, payment must be imputed to the debt that is already due.
If several debts are due, payment must be imputed to the debt that bears interest.
If all, or none, of the debts that are due bear interest, payment must be imputed to the debt that is secured.
If several unsecured debts bear interest, payment must be imputed to the debt that, because of the rate of interest, is most burdensome to the obligor.
If several secured debts bear no interest, payment must be imputed to the debt that, because of the nature of the security, is most burdensome to the obligor.
If the obligor had the same interest in paying all debts, payment must be imputed to the debt that became due first.
Art. 1869. When the object of the performance is the delivery of a thing or a sum of money and the obligee, without justification, fails to accept the performance tendered by the obligor, the tender, followed by deposit to the order of the court, produces all the effects of a performance from the time the tender was made if declared valid by the court.
Art. 1871. After the tender has been refused, the obligor may deposit the thing or the sum of money to the order of the court in a place designated by the court for that purpose, and may demand judgment declaring the performance valid.
Art. 1873. An obligor is not liable for his failure to perform when it is caused by a fortuitous event that makes performance impossible.
An obligor is, however, liable for his failure to perform when he has assumed the risk of such a fortuitous event.
An obligor is liable also when the fortuitous event occurred after he has been put in default.
Art. 1874. An obligor who had been put in default when a fortuitous event made his performance impossible is not liable for his failure to perform if the fortuitous event would have likewise destroyed the object of the performance in the hands of the obligee had performance been timely rendered.
Art. 1876. When the entire performance owed by one party has become impossible because of a fortuitous event, the contract is dissolved.
Art. 1893. Compensation takes place by operation of law when two persons owe to each other sums of money or quantities of fungible things identical in kind, and these sums or quantities are liquidated and presently due.
In such a case, compensation extinguishes both obligations to the extent of the lesser amount.
Art. 1894. Compensation takes place regardless of the sources of the obligations.
Art. 1897. Compensation between obligee and principal obligor extinguishes the obligation of a surety.
Art. 1898. Compensation between the obligee and one solidary obligor extinguishes the obligation of the other solidary obligors only for the portion of that obligor.
Compensation between one solidary obligee and the obligor extinguishes the obligation only for the portion of that obligee.
Art. 1900. An obligor who has consented to an assignment of the credit by the obligee to a third party may not claim against the latter any compensation that otherwise he could have claimed against the former.
Art. 1913. A contract is accessory when it is made to provide security for the performance of an obligation. Suretyship, mortgage, pledge, and other types of security agreements are examples of such a contract.
Art. 1914. Nominate contracts are those given a special designation such as sale, lease, loan, or insurance.
Art. 1927. A contract is formed by the consent of the parties established through offer and acceptance.
Unless the law prescribes a certain formality for the intended contract, offer and acceptance may be made orally, in writing, or by action or inaction that under the circumstances is clearly indicative of consent.
Art. 1928. An offer that specifies a period of time for acceptance is irrevocable during that time.
Art. 1940. When, according to usage or the nature of the contract, or its own terms, an offer made to a particular offeree can be accepted only by rendering a completed performance, the offeror cannot revoke the offer, once the offeree has begun to perform, for the reasonable time necessary to complete the performance. The offeree, however, is not bound to complete the performance he has begun.
Art. 1952. A party who obtains rescission on grounds of his own error is liable for the loss thereby sustained by the other party unless the latter knew or should have known of the error.
Art. 1954. Fraud does not vitiate consent when the party against whom the fraud was directed could have ascertained the truth without difficulty, inconvenience, or special skill.
Art. 1959. Consent is vitiated when it has been obtained by duress of such a nature as to cause a reasonable fear of unjust and considerable injury to a party's person, property, or reputation.
Art. 1960. Duress vitiates consent also when the threatened injury is directed against the spouse, an ascendant, or descendant of the contracting party.
Art. 1962. A threat of doing a lawful act or a threat of exercising a right does not constitute duress.
Art. 1964. When rescission is granted because of duress exerted or known by a party to the contract, the other party may recover damages and attorney fees.
Art. 1967. Cause is the reason why a party obligates himself.
Art. 1973. The object of a contract must be determined at least as to its kind.
Art. 1974. If the determination of the quantity of the object has been left to the discretion of a third person, the quantity of an object is determinable.
Art. 1975. The quantity of a contractual object may be determined by the output of one party or the requirements of the other.
Art. 1976. Future things may be the object of a contract.
Art. 1977. The object of a contract may be that a third person will incur an obligation or render a performance.
Art. 1978. A contracting party may stipulate a benefit for a third person called a third party beneficiary.
Art. 1979. The stipulation may be revoked only by the stipulator and only before the third party has manifested his intention of availing himself of the benefit.
Art. 1981. The stipulation gives the third party beneficiary the right to demand performance from the promisor.
Art. 1986. Upon an obligor's failure to perform an obligation to deliver a thing, or not to do an act, or to execute an instrument, the court shall grant specific performance plus damages for delay if the obligee so demands. If specific performance is impracticable, the court may allow damages to the obligee.
Art. 1989. Damages for delay in the performance of an obligation are owed from the time the obligor is put in default.
Art. 1994. An obligor is liable for the damages caused by his failure to perform a conventional obligation.
Art. 1998. Damages for nonpecuniary loss may be recovered when the contract, because of its nature, is intended to gratify a nonpecuniary interest and, because of the circumstances surrounding the formation or the nonperformance of the contract, the obligor knew, or should have known, that his failure to perform would cause that kind of loss.
Art. 2000. When the object of the performance is a sum of money, damages for delay in performance are measured by the interest on that sum from the time it is due, at the rate agreed by the parties or, in the absence of agreement, at the rate of legal interest as fixed by R.S. 9:3500. The obligee may recover these damages without having to prove any loss, and whatever loss he may have suffered he can recover no more. If the parties, by written contract, have expressly agreed that the obligor shall also be liable for the obligee's attorney fees in a fixed or determinable amount, the obligee is entitled to that amount as well. [Acts 1984, No. 331, §1, eff. Jan. 1, 1985; Acts 1985, No. 137, §1, eff. July 3, 1985; Acts 1987, No. 883, §1; Acts 2004, No. 743, §3, eff. Jan. 1, 2005.] NOTE: SEE ACTS 1985, NO. 137, §2.
Art. 2003. An obligee may not recover damages when his own bad faith has caused the obligor's failure to perform or when, at the time of the contract, he has concealed from the obligor facts that he knew or should have known would cause a failure.
Art. 2004. Any clause is null that, in advance, excludes or limits the liability of one party for intentional or gross fault that causes damage to the other party.
Art. 2005. Parties may stipulate the damages to be recovered in case of nonperformance, defective performance, or delay in performance of an obligation.
Art. 2006. Nullity of the principal obligation renders the stipulated damages clause null.
Art. 2013. When the obligor fails to perform, the obligee has a right to the judicial dissolution of the contract or, according to the circumstances, to regard the contract as dissolved. In either case, the obligee may recover damages.
Art. 2015. Upon a party's failure to perform, the other may serve him a notice to perform within a certain time, with a warning that, unless performance is rendered within that time, the contract shall be deemed dissolved. The time allowed for that purpose must be reasonable according to the circumstances.
Art. 2018. Upon dissolution of a contract, the parties shall be restored to the situation that existed before the contract was made. If restoration in kind is impossible or impracticable, the court may award damages.
Art. 2021. Dissolution of a contract does not impair the rights acquired through an onerous contract by a third party in good faith.
Art. 2025. A contract is a simulation when, by mutual agreement, it does not express the true intent of the parties.
Art. 2028. A. Any simulation, either absolute or relative, may have effects as to third persons.
Art. 2030. A contract is absolutely null when it violates a rule of public order, as when the object of a contract is illicit or immoral. A contract that is absolutely null may not be confirmed.
Art. 2031. A contract is relatively null when it violates a rule intended for the protection of private parties, as when a party lacked capacity or did not give free consent at the time the contract was made. A contract that is only relatively null may be confirmed.
Art. 2032. Action for annulment of an absolutely null contract does not prescribe.
Action of annulment of a relatively null contract must be brought within five years from the time the ground for nullity either ceased, as in the case of incapacity or duress, or was discovered, as in the case of error or fraud.
Art. 2033. An absolutely null contract, or a relatively null contract that has been declared null by the court, is deemed never to have existed. The parties must be restored to the situation that existed before the contract was made. If it is impossible or impracticable to make restoration in kind, it may be made through an award of damages.
Nevertheless, a performance rendered under a contract that is absolutely null because its object or its cause is illicit or immoral may not be recovered by a party who knew or should have known of the defect that makes the contract null. The performance may be recovered, however, when that party invokes the nullity to withdraw from the contract before its purpose is achieved and also in exceptional situations when, in the discretion of the court, that recovery would further the interest of justice.
Art. 2035. Nullity of a contract does not impair the rights acquired through an onerous contract by a third party in good faith.
Art. 2047. The words of a contract must be given their generally prevailing meaning.
Art. 2055. Equity, as intended in the preceding articles, is based on the principles that no one is allowed to take unfair advantage of another and that no one is allowed to enrich himself unjustly at the expense of another.
Art. 2056. In case of doubt that cannot be otherwise resolved, a provision in a contract must be interpreted against the party who furnished its text.
Art. 2057. In case of doubt that cannot be otherwise resolved, a contract must be interpreted against the obligee and in favor of the obligor of a particular obligation.
Art. 2298. A person who has been enriched without cause at the expense of another person is bound to compensate that person. The term "without cause" is used in this context to exclude cases in which the enrichment results from a valid juridical act or the law. The remedy declared here is subsidiary and shall not be available if the law provides another remedy for the impoverishment or declares a contrary rule.
The amount of compensation due is measured by the extent to which one has been enriched or the other has been impoverished, whichever is less.
Art. 2302. A person who paid the debt of another person in the erroneous belief that he was himself the obligor may reclaim the payment from the obligee.
Art. 2304. When the thing not owed is an immovable or a corporeal movable, the person who received it is bound to restore the thing itself, if it exists.
Art. 2464. The price must be fixed by the parties in a sum either certain or determinable through a method agreed by them. There is no sale unless the parties intended that a price be paid.
Art. 2466. When the thing sold is a movable of the kind that the seller habitually sells and the parties said nothing about the price, or left it to be agreed later and they fail to agree, the price is a reasonable price at the time and place of delivery. If there is an exchange or market for such things, the quotations or price lists of the place of delivery or, in their absence, those of the nearest market, are a basis for the determination of a reasonable price.
Art. 2643. The assignment of a right is effective against the debtor and third persons only from the time the debtor has actual knowledge, or has been given notice of the assignment.
Art. 2646. The assignor of a right warrants its existence at the time of the assignment.
Art. 2652. When a litigious right is assigned, the debtor may extinguish his obligation by paying to the assignee the price the assignee paid for the assignment, with interest from the time of the assignment.
A right is litigious, for that purpose, when it is contested in a suit already filed.
Art. 2654. The assignor of a right must deliver to the assignee all documents in his possession that evidence the right. Nevertheless, a failure by the assignor to deliver such documents does not affect the validity of the assignment.
Art. 2987. A procuration is a unilateral juridical act by which a person, the principal, confers authority on another person, the representative, to represent the principal in legal relations.
Art. 2993. The contract of mandate is not required to be in any particular form.
Art. 2995. The mandatary may perform all acts that are incidental to or necessary for the performance of the mandate.
The authority granted to a mandatary to perform an act that is an ordinary part of his profession or calling, or an act that follows from the nature of his profession or calling, need not be specified.
(1) Make an inter vivos donation, either outright or to a new or existing trust or other custodial arrangement, and, when also expressly so provided, to impose such conditions on the donation, including, without limitation, the power to revoke, that are not contrary to the other express terms of the mandate.
(2) Accept or renounce a succession.
(3) Contract a loan, acknowledge or make remission of a debt, or become a surety.
(4) Draw or endorse promissory notes and negotiable instruments.
(5) Enter into a compromise or refer a matter to arbitration.
(6) Make health care decisions, such as surgery, medical expenses, nursing home residency, and medication.
Art. 3004. The mandatary is bound to deliver to the principal everything he received by virtue of the mandate, including things he received unduly.
Art. 3006. In the absence of contrary agreement, the mandatary is bound to fulfill the mandate himself.
Art. 3007. When the mandatary is authorized to appoint a substitute, he is answerable to the principal for the acts of the substitute only if he fails to exercise diligence in selecting the substitute or in giving instructions.
When not authorized to appoint a substitute, the mandatary is answerable to the principal for the acts of the substitute as if the mandatary had performed the mandate himself.
Art. 3008. If the mandatary exceeds his authority, he is answerable to the principal for resulting loss that the principal sustains.
Art. 3010. The principal is bound to the mandatary to perform the obligations that the mandatary contracted within the limits of his authority. The principal is also bound to the mandatary for obligations contracted by the mandatary after the termination of the mandate if at the time of contracting the mandatary did not know that the mandate had terminated.
Art. 3012. The principal is bound to reimburse the mandatary for the expenses and charges he has incurred and to pay him the remuneration to which he is entitled.
(1) Death of the principal or of the mandatary.
(2) Interdiction of the mandatary.

References: Art. 1761

Art. 1764

Art. 1765

Art. 1766

Art. 1767

Art. 1770

Art. 1773

Art. 1774

Art. 1775

Art. 1777

Art. 1787

Art. 1788

Art. 1789

Art. 1795

Art. 1803

Art. 1804

Art. 1806

Art. 1855

Art. 1857

Art. 1859

Art. 1861

Art. 1862

Art. 1864

Art. 1866

Art. 1868

Art. 1869

Art. 1871

Art. 1873

Art. 1874

Art. 1876

Art. 1893

Art. 1894

Art. 1897

Art. 1898

Art. 1900

Art. 1913

Art. 1914

Art. 1927

Art. 1928

Art. 1940

Art. 1952

Art. 1954

Art. 1959

Art. 1960

Art. 1962

Art. 1964

Art. 1967

Art. 1973

Art. 1974

Art. 1975

Art. 1976

Art. 1977

Art. 1978

Art. 1979

Art. 1981

Art. 1986

Art. 1989

Art. 1994

Art. 1998

Art. 2000
 §1
 §1
 §1
 §3
 §2

Art. 2003

Art. 2004

Art. 2005

Art. 2006

Art. 2013

Art. 2015

Art. 2018

Art. 2021

Art. 2025

Art. 2028

Art. 2030

Art. 2031

Art. 2032

Art. 2033

Art. 2035

Art. 2047

Art. 2055

Art. 2056

Art. 2057

Art. 2298

Art. 2302

Art. 2304

Art. 2464

Art. 2466

Art. 2643

Art. 2646

Art. 2652

Art. 2654

Art. 2987

Art. 2993

Art. 2995

Art. 3004

Art. 3006

Art. 3007

Art. 3008

Art. 3010

Art. 3012