Source: http://supreme.nolo.com/us/139/96/case.html
Timestamp: 2019-04-24 04:30:41+00:00

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In 1872, an Iowa railroad corporation, being indebted to a construction company in the sum of $70,000 which it was unable to pay in money, had a settlement with the latter whereby the debt was paid in shares of the stock of the railroad company of the par value of $350,000. The stock was taken at 20 cents on the dollar, but was not at the time, worth anything in the market. Greene, a member of the construction company, received 910 shares as his part. Subsequently, in 1876, the railroad and its appurtenances were sold under a decree foreclosing a mortgage given to secure the bonds of the railroad company. Clark, a holder of bonds issued by the railroad company in 1874, obtained judgment for the amount due him, upon which execution was issued and returned in 1880, no property. Greene having died, Clark brought suit against his administrator in one of the circuit courts of Iowa, sitting in probate, to hold his estate liable for the difference between what was paid for the stock and its face value, upon the ground that the stock of the corporation was a trust fund for creditors, and that as between creditors and stockholders, the latter was bound to account for its face value. Upon the petition of Clark, the case was removed to and tried in the circuit court of the United States, where a verdict was returned by direction of the court for the defendant.
settlement and distribution of the estates of deceased persons, to exclude the jurisdiction in such matters of the courts of the United States where the constitutional requirement as to citizenship of the parties is met.
"exempts the stockholders of any corporation from individual liability to the amount of the unpaid installments on the stock owned by them or transferred by them for the purpose of defrauding creditors, and execution against the company may to that extent be levied upon such private property of any individual."
Revision of Iowa, 1860, sec. 1172; Code of 1873, sec. 1082.
(4) That whether a stockholder in law or in fact owed to the corporation any sum on the stock held by him was left by the statute to be determined in each case upon its own circumstances and in accordance with the principles of general law touching the rights and liabilities of creditors and stockholders.
While the capital stock of a corporation, especially its unpaid subscriptions, is a trust fund sub modo for the benefit of its general creditors, a corporation -- no statute forbidding -- may in good faith sell or dispose of its stock to creditors in discharge of their debts.
The principle reaffirmed that when the interest of the public or of a stranger is to be affected by any transaction between the stockholders owning a corporation and the corporation itself, such transaction is subject to rigid scrutiny, and if found to be infected with anything unfair toward such third person, calculated to injure him or designed intentionally and inequitably to screen the stockholder from loss at the expense of the general creditor, it will be disregarded or annulled so far as it inequitably affects him. Therefore, when the interest of creditors requires, those holding shares in a corporation purporting to be, but which are shown not to have been, paid for to the extent of their face value, should be held liable to pay for such shares unless it appears that they acquired the stock under circumstances that did not give creditors and other stockholders jest ground for complaint.
The doctrine reaffirmed that the federal courts sitting in any state have equal and coordinate jurisdiction with the state court in determining questions of general law, although they will, in cases of doubt, lean to an agreement of views with the state court.
In the year 1872, the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Minnesota Railway Company -- of which at the time the intestate, George Greene, was president, as well as a stockholder, and of which he continued to be president until February, 1875 -- had a settlement with the North western Construction Company, of which also Greene was a member, for work done in building a part of its road. This settlement showed the sum of $70,000 to be due the construction company. The railway company, being unable to pay this claim in money, delivered to the construction company thirty-five hundred shares of its stock at twenty cents on the dollar, each share being for $100, and the same was accepted in full satisfaction of the debt. The stock, which was not worth anything in the market, was issued directly to the members of the construction company, the intestate Greene receiving 910 shares as his portion. No other payment than this twenty percent was made for or on account of the stock. The good faith of the parties in making this arrangement is not impugned by allegation or proof. The construction company was reluctant to take the stock, and insisted upon payment in cash. What the original stockholders paid for their shares does not appear, nor does the record show whether or not Greene exercised any of the privileges of a stockholder.
when the settlement in question was made, it was without means to pay its floating debt or the interest on its bonded debt except from net earnings and such money as could be realized from its stock and bonds and by borrowing.
The railway company continued to operate the road until May 19, 1875, on which day, in a suit brought in the United States Circuit Court for the District of Iowa to foreclose mortgages given by it to secure outstanding bonds, a receiver of its property was appointed. At this time the general condition of the company was this: its bonded debt was $10,400,000, upon which no interest had been paid since November 1, 1873, and its floating debt amounted to $1,250,000, and it had no means with which to pay it. In the above suit, a sale under a decree of foreclosure was made in July, 1876, when the railroad and all its property were purchased and have since been owned by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Northern Railway Company. After the appointment of the receiver, the Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Minnesota Railway Company ceased to do business or to exercise its franchises as a corporation.
It should be stated in this connection that Greene on the 10th of February, 1875, transferred the above 910 shares to John I. Blair, a gentleman of large fortune and financially responsible for the balance, if any, due on that stock. At the instance of the western managers of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Minnesota Railway Company, Mr. Blair undertook to save it from bankruptcy. But, ascertaining that the company's overissue of bonds was so great and its liabilities so large that it was necessary to commence foreclosure proceedings and to make application for the appointment of a receiver, he returned to Greene and others all the stock received by him.
secured by mortgage upon the company's net income, rolling stock, and additions, and convertible at the option of the holder into capital stock -- brought suit to recover the amount due thereon, and on the 4th of June, 1878, recovered judgment against the railroad company for the sum of $65,517, to bear interest from that date. We infer, though the record contains no distinct statement or proof on the subject, that the bonds became due and payable prior to this suit on account of default in the payment of interest. Execution was issued upon the judgment, and was returned August 10, 1880, "No property found."
"that of the value of said shares of stock owned by said decedent there has been paid only the sum of eighteen thousand two hundred dollars, or about twenty percentum of the full value of said stock, and there is still due upon said shares a balance of eighty percentum of their full value, amounting to the sum of seventy-two thousand and eight hundred dollars; that the said balance due upon said shares was a trust fund in the hands of said decedent for the payment of said judgment, and is still a trust fund for the purpose in the bands of decedent's administrator; that the defendant herein is the administrator of the estate of said George Greene, deceased, duly appointed and qualified; that said decedent in his lifetime failed and neglected to pay or cause to be paid the said judgment or any part thereof, and this defendant has failed and neglected to pay or cause to be paid the same, or any part thereof, and the said judgment is still due and wholly unpaid."
The prayer of the petition was for a judgment against the defendant as administrator for the whole amount of the plaintiff's claim, with interest and costs, and that it be allowed by the court as a just claim against Greene's estate.
The case was subsequently removed, upon the petition of Clark, to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Iowa, and thereafter by consent was transferred to the Eastern Division of the Southern District of that state.
The defendant, besides denying each allegation of the plaintiff's claim and petition, pleads, in bar of the action, the statute of limitations of Iowa and also a certain settlement and compromise between the plaintiff and the railway company. To this answer a replication was filed by the plaintiff.
After the evidence was concluded, the plaintiff asked several instructions based upon the general ground that the stock used in discharging the debt of the construction company was a trust fund for the benefit of creditors and that, without reference to the necessities of the railroad company or the good faith of the transaction, Greene was accountable to the creditors of the latter corporation for the par value of the stock issued to him under the settlement or compromise of 1872, whatever may have been its market value at the time he got it or at the time this action was commenced.
The court below refused to so instruct the jury, and held as matter of law that upon the evidence, the intestate, Greene, by taking the 910 shares of stock upon which the twenty percent was paid, did not become liable to pay anything further on account thereof to creditors of the railway company, and, pursuant to its direction, the jury returned a verdict for the defendant. Clark v. Bever, 31 F. 670.
The questions to be first considered relate to the jurisdiction of the court below and of this Court.
"It may be convenient that all debts to be paid out of the assets of a deceased man's estate shall be established in the court to which the law of the domicile has confided the general administration of these assets. And the courts of the United States will pay respect to this principle in the execution of the process enforcing their judgments out of these assets, so far as the demands of justice require. But neither the principle of convenience nor the statutes of a state can deprive them of jurisdiction to hear and determine a controversy between citizens of different states when such a controversy is distinctly presented, because the judgment may affect the administration or distribution in another form of the assets of the decedent's estate. The controverted question of debt or no debt is one which, if the representative of the decedent is a citizen of a state different from that of the other party, the party properly situated has a right, given by the Constitution of the United States, to have tried originally or by removal in a court of the United States, which cannot be defeated by state statutes enacted for the more convenient settlement of estates of decedents."
See also Payne v. Hook, 7 Wall. 425; Boom Company v. Patterson, 98 U. S. 403; Ellis v. Davis, 109 U. S. 485; Delaware County v. Diebold Safe Co., 133 U. S. 473, 133 U. S. 487; Upshur County v. Rich, 135 U. S. 467, 135 U. S. 477.
estate of Greene for the sum of $65,523.20, with interest. The defendant disputes the whole of that claim. The sum sued for -- the entire claim having been rejected -- is the value of the matter in dispute here, and our jurisdiction to determine that dispute cannot depend upon an inquiry as to whether the estate of Greene, when fully distributed, may or may not yield to the plaintiff, if successful here, something in excess of $5,000. Such an inquiry is as inadmissible on this writ of error, as it would be if the judgment had established the claim of the plaintiff against Greene's administrator for the full amount, and a writ of error had been prosecuted by him to reverse that judgment. The case is different from Miller v. Clark, 138 U. S. 223, decided at the present term, where the appeal was dismissed because it appeared affirmatively that the appellant, who was the plaintiff below, did not claim, and could not possibly recover, for himself a sum in excess of $5,000.
to the two companies making the settlement of 1872, but from the obligations the law imposed for the benefit of creditors both upon the corporation issuing the stock and its stockholders. Of course under this view, everyone having claims against the railway company -- even laborers and employees -- who could get nothing except stock in payment of their demands became bound, by accepting stock at its market value in payment, to account to unsatisfied judgment creditors for its full face value, although at the time it was sought to make them liable, the corporation had ceased to exist, or its stock had remained, as it was when taken, absolutely worthless. Such the plaintiff in effect insists is the law of Iowa.
"to establish bylaws, and make all rules and regulations deemed expedient for the management of their affairs in accordance with law, and not incompatible with an honest purpose."
exempt from corporate debts. Sections 1154, 1155. A failure to comply with the above and other provisions in relation to organization and publicity rendered the individual property of all the stockholders liable for the corporate debts, except that stockholders in railway companies were made liable only for the amount of stock held by them in such companies. Sections 1166, 1338. Intentional fraud in failing to comply substantially with the articles of incorporation, or in deceiving the public or individuals in relation to their means or their liabilities, subjected those guilty thereof to fine and imprisonment, or both, at the discretion of the court. Section 1163. The practice of fraud in the manner mentioned caused a forfeiture of all the privileges conferred, and the courts could proceed, upon information, to wind up the business of the corporation. Section 1167. A copy of the bylaws of the corporation, and a statement of the amount of capital stock subscribed, the amount actually paid in, and the amount of the indebtedness in a general way, was required to be kept posted up in the principal places of business, subject to public inspection, such statement to be corrected as often as any material change took place in relation to any part of the subject matter of the statement. Sections 1161, 1162.
"SEC. 1169. The transfer of shares is not valid, except as between the parties thereto, until it is regularly entered on the books of the company so far as to show the name of the persons by and to whom transferred, the number or other designation of the shares, and the date of the transfer; but such transfer shall not in any way exempt the person or persons making such transfer from any liability or liabilities of said corporation which were created prior to such transfer. . . ."
"SEC. 1172. Nothing herein contained exempts the stockholders of any corporation from individual liability to the amount of the unpaid installments on the stock owned by them or transferred by them for the purpose of defrauding creditors, and execution against the company may to that extent be levied upon such private property of any individual. "
"SEC. 1173. In none of the cases contemplated in this chapter can the private property of the stockholders be levied upon for the payment of corporate debts while corporate property can be found with which to satisfy the same, but it will be sufficient proof that no property can be found if an execution has issued on a judgment against the corporation, and a demand thereon made of some one of the last acting officers of the body for property on which to levy, and if he neglects to point out any such property."
"SEC. 1174. The defendant in any stage of a cause may point out corporate property subject to levy, and upon his satisfying the court of the existence of such property, by affidavit or otherwise, the cause may be continued or execution against him stayed until the property can be levied on and sold, and the court may subsequently render judgment and order execution for any balance which there may be after disposing of the corporate property according to the stage of the cause; but if a demand of property has been made, as contemplated in the preceding section, the costs of such proceedings shall in any event be paid by the company or by the defendant."
These provisions are substantially preserved in the Iowa Code of 1873, §§ 1058, 1059, 1062, 1063, 1068, 1071, 1078, 1082-1084.
The argument in behalf of the plaintiff assumes that, consistently with these statutory provisions, no one can, under any circumstances whatever, become the owner of the stock of an Iowa corporation except subject to the condition that where property of the corporation cannot be found, the private property of the stockholder may be seized under execution in favor of a judgment creditor to the extent of the difference between what he actually paid for the stock, whether in money or in property, and its face value. And it is further insisted that, independently of the statute, such is the doctrine of general law relating to subscriptions to the stock of corporations, as announced by this Court in several cases. We are of opinion that neither of these positions can be maintained.
that he would thereby become liable to account to creditors for its full face value without regard to the real value of the stock, and whether the corporation subsequently became bankrupt or not, he certainly would not have taken it. It is equally certain that no such result was contemplated by the other party to the settlement. It is also certain that the acceptance by the members of the construction company of worthless stock in full discharge of its claim was a benefit to both the existing creditors and the holders of stock of the railroad company not paid in full; to creditors, because it diminished the number of that class who would be entitled to share in the assets of the company; to stockholders so situated, because it lessened the number of creditors to whom, in any contingency, they would be liable in their private property for the debts of the corporation. Here was a corporation which, at the time of the settlement of 1872 with Greene and his associates, was unable from its net earnings to pay the interest on its bonded debt. It could not pay even its floating debt without borrowing money or making sale of stock. But its stock could not be sold for money. It had no market value, and the company could not get rid of the debt due for construction except by borrowing money or selling stock. If it had borrowed money and secured its payment by mortgage upon its real property or income, it would thereby have added to the burdens of creditors and original stockholders. So far as the record discloses, it did in good faith what was best for all then concerned in the railroad company -- namely, paid off a large claim for construction with worthless stock, those to whom it was issued taking their chances that it might at a future time acquire some value, but with the certainty that if the railroad company became bankrupt and ceased to do business, all of its assets would be appropriated by creditors, leaving nothing whatever to stockholders.
upon the books of the corporation as a stockholder, was held liable for the balance due upon the stock without proof of an "express" promise upon his part to pay. In Chubb v. Upton, the decision was that one receiving a certificate of stock for a certain number of shares at a given sum per share, thereby became liable to pay the amount thereof when called upon by the corporation or its assignee in bankruptcy, and in Pullman v. Upton that a transferee of stock who caused the transfer to be made to himself, as collateral security for a debt of the transferor, was liable for the balance due on such stock. The doctrine of the latter case was approved in Hawkins v. Glenn. In Morgan Co. v. Allen, it was decided that the subscription by a county to the capital stock of a railroad company, together with the bonds given therefor, constituted with other property of the company a trust fund, to which all its creditors could rightfully look for satisfaction of their claims, and that by no device or combination to which particular creditors were parties could it withdraw its bonds from that fund, and thereby avoid liability to the general creditors of the company. In Scoville v. Thayer, it was declared, among other things, that a contract between a corporation and its stockholders that they should never be called upon to pay any other assessment than that paid at the outset, while good as between the corporation and the stockholders, was a fraud in law upon creditors, which they could have set aside whenever their rights intervened and their claims were unsatisfied. In Richardson v. Green, it was held that the issuing by a corporation of bonus stock was in violation of a statute of the state declaring it to be unlawful to issue certificates of stock until the shares were fully paid, and that one exercising the privileges and powers of a stockholder in a corporation was not exempt from the liabilities attaching to a bona fide stockholder who took shares purporting to be, but which in fact were not, fully paid.
"neither the stockholders nor their agents, the directors, can rightfully withhold any portion of the stock from the reach of those who have lawful claims against the company,"
and that "the stock thus held in trust is the whole stock, not merely that percentage of it which has been called in and paid." The present case presents features that are not to be found in the others. It is not the case of an ordinary subscription of stock in a given amount. Nor is it strictly one of an ordinary purchase of stock for purposes of investment. It is the case of a creditor of a insolvent railroad corporation which, in consequence of its inability to pay creditors in money, was threatened with bankruptcy, and which refused or was unable to pay except in stock that was without market value. To say that a public corporation, charged with public duties, may not relieve itself from embarrassment by paying its debt in stock at its real value -- there being no statute forbidding such a transaction -- without subjecting the creditor, surrendering his debt, to the liability attaching to stockholders who have agreed, expressly or impliedly, to pay the face value of stock subscribed by them, is in effect to compel them either to suspend operations the moment they become unable to pay their current debts, or to borrow money secured by mortgage upon the corporate property. We do not think the statute of Iowa can be properly construed to cause such a result in respect to corporations organized under its laws.
"such transaction should be subject to a rigid scrutiny, and, if found to be infected with anything unfair toward such third person calculated to injure him, or designed intentionally and inequitably to screen the stockholder from loss at the expense of the general creditor, it should be disregarded or annulled so far as it may inequitably affect him."
"unpaid subscriptions to stocks are assets, and have frequently been treated by courts of equity as if impressed with a trust sub modo in the sense that neither the stockholders nor the corporations can misappropriated subscriptions so far as creditors are concerned."
See also Graham v. Railroad Co., 102 U. S. 148, 102 U. S. 161; Wabash, St. Louis &c. Railway v. Ham, 114 U. S. 587, 114 U. S. 594; Fogg v. Blair, 133 U. S. 534, 133 U. S. 541.
worth more than they could have been sold for, but we are to look at the circumstances as they were when the transaction took place in considering what was its nature, and whether it was legal. . . . Certainly it [the compromise] did not place the company in any worse position than it must have held had it not been made. . . . Besides, as we have seen, the arrangement assailed by the complainants was not a modification of the subscription previously made, or a bonus given for a release. It was rather a purchase of the city debt. We think it was not beyond the power of the contracting parties."
"No doubt the subscribed capital stock of a corporation is a fund held by it in trust for its creditors, as is also all its other property, and had the railroad company released, without equivalent consideration, or given it away, its action would have been fraudulent, and might have been set aside by a court of equity. But certainly it was in the power of the directors to apply the subscription on bonds taken in payment to the extinguishment of debts, and if thus applied in good faith, all being obtained for it that it was worth, no one has been wronged. It is therefore a question of fact to be determined by the evidence whether the bonds and the balance of the city's subscription were thus applied. . . . We may add the evidence is convincing that the contract between the city and the company was made in the utmost good faith, with no intention to wrong the creditors of the latter; that it was at the time considered advantageous to the company, and it is not proved that all was not paid for the bonds issued and to be issued that they could have been sold for in the market."
incorporation give to this company all the powers described in section 674 of the Code of 1851. The sixth clause of that section invests the company with power to make contracts, acquire and transfer property, possessing the same powers in such respects as private individuals now enjoy. There was no lack of power, therefore, in this company, nor do we think there would have been in the board of directors, to rescind the contract with or without the consent of the stockholders or others, when it was done in good faith and under the peculiar and equitable circumstances of the case."
The clause in the Code of 1851, above referred to, was reproduced in Revision 1860, § 1151, and in the Code of 1873, § 1059.
subject is Jackson v. Traer, above cited. It involved the liability of Greene's estate to another judgment creditor of the railroad company for the difference between the face value of his stock and the price at which it was received in payment of his claim. Upon the first hearing in the supreme court of the state, all its members except one held that the stock should be treated as fully paid. Upon a rehearing at the October term, 1884, some time after this action was brought and had been removed into the court below, three of the judges held that Greene's estate was bound to account to creditors for eighty percent of the face value of the stock received by him. Chief Justice Rothrock and Judge Seevers dissented. The two cases since Jackson v. Traer -- we allude to Boulton Carbon Co. v. Mills, 78 Ia. 460, and Tama Water Power Co. v. Hopkins, 79 Ia. 653 -- do not rest upon any ground that is inconsistent with the views we have expressed. We cannot, consistently with our deliberate judgment upon this question of general law, accept the decision in Jackson v. Traer as controlling the determination of the present case. Upon questions of that character, the federal courts administering justice in Iowa have equal and coordinate jurisdiction with the courts of that state, although they will lean "towards an agreement of views with the state court if the question seems to them balanced with doubt." Railroad Co. v. Lockwood, 17 Wall. 357, 84 U. S. 367; Burgess v. Seligman, 107 U. S. 20; Pana v. Bowler, 107 U. S. 529; Hough v. Railway Co., 100 U. S. 213, 100 U. S. 226; Railroad Co. v. National Bank, 102 U. S. 14, 102 U. S. 30-31; Myrick v. Michigan Central Railroad, 107 U. S. 102, 107 U. S. 109; Carroll County v. Smith, 111 U. S. 556; Bolles v. Brimfield, 120 U. S. 759. The judgment below, in our opinion, is in accordance with the law as it was adjudged to be when Greene received the stock in question and surrendered his claim upon the railroad company, and with the law as this Court has since that time frequently declared it to be, and our duty is to so declare in the case before us.
MR. JUSTICE BROWN, not having been a member of the Court when this case was argued, did not participate in its decision.

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